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Battle of Villinghausen
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Battle of Villinghausen
Part of the Seven Years' War

Bataille de Willinghausen, print, Frankfurt 1789
Date
15–16 July 1761
Location
Vellinghausen, near Hamm, present-day Germany
Result
Prussian-Hanoverian-British victory
Belligerents
Prussia
Hanover
Great Britain France
Commanders and leaders
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick Duc de Broglie
Prince de Soubise
Strength
~65,000 ~90,000
Casualties and losses
1,400 5,000 (Broglie 4,700, Soubise 300)
[hide]
v
t
e
Seven Years' War:
European theatre
Bohemia and Moravia
Lobositz
Reichenberg
Prague
Siege of Prague
Kolín
Olomouc
Domstadtl
Prussian Bohemia Incursion
Westphalia, Hesse, Lower Saxony
Hastenbeck
Rheinberg
Krefeld
1st Lutterberg
Bergen
Minden
Corbach
Emsdorf
Warburg
Kloster Kampen
Langensalza
1st Cassel
Grünberg
Villinghausen
Ölper
Wilhelmsthal
2nd Lutterberg
Nauheim
2nd Cassel
Upper Saxony
Pirna
Rossbach
Hochkirch
Hoyerswerda
Maxen
Meissen
Dresden
Torgau
Freiberg
Brandenburg
1st Berlin
Zorndorf
Kay
Kunersdorf
2nd Berlin
Silesia
Moys
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Leuthen
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Landeshut
Glatz
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Pasewalk
Kolberg
Neuensund
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Almeida
Valencia de Alcántara
Vila Velha de Ródão
Marvão
Naval Operations
Fort St Philip
Minorca
Rochefort
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Bay of Biscay
St Malo
Cherbourg
Saint Cast
Britain
Quiberon Bay
Belle Île
Cádiz
Cape Finisterre
The Battle of Villinghausen (or Vellinghausen) was a battle in the Seven Years' War fought on the 15th and 16th of July, 1761, between a large French army and a combined Prussian-Hanoverian-British force led by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Battle
3 Aftermath
4 Other notable officers and regiments
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Sources
Background[edit]
Two French armies, under two Marshals, Duc de Broglie and Prince de Soubise met up in July 1761, intending to force Prince Ferdinand out of Lippstadt, an important town. Allied reinforcements under General Spörcken arrived bringing Ferdinand's forces up to 65,000 while the combined French armies numbered around 90,000.[1]
Battle[edit]
The allied Prussian-Hanoverian-British forces lined up along a series of hills, with their left anchored by the Lippe River (in the north), and the Ahse River in their centre. The French army advanced on 15 July, and Broglie's troops in the north made progress against German troops under Wutginau. However, British troops under Granby just south of Wutginau held their ground and the French assault stalled. Reinforcements for both sides arrived that night and Ferdinand strengthened his left at the expense of his right.
The next morning, Broglie continued his attack on the Allied left, expecting Soubise to attack the weakened Allied right. However, Soubise only ordered a few small actions against the right, due in part that both French commanders were the same rank and reluctant to take orders from the other. Allied reinforcements under Wolff soon arrived along the Lippe River and attacked the French flank, halting Broglie's attack and forcing his men to withdraw. By about noon, the French were in full retreat and the battle was over.
Aftermath[edit]
Monument to the battle
News of the battle provoked euphoria in Britain, and led William Pitt to take a much tougher line in the ongoing peace negotiations with France.[2] Despite the defeat the French still had a significant superiority in numbers and continued their offensive, although the two armies split again and operated independently. Despite further attempts to push an offensive strategy in Germany, the French were pushed back and finished the war in 1762 having lost the strategic post of Cassel. The Treaty of Paris led France to evacuate the remaining German territory it had occupied during the war.
Other notable officers and regiments[edit]
Lieutenant General John Manners, Marquess of Granby, 21st Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Royal Forresters)
Lieutenant-Colonel (brevet) Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis (later 1st Marquess Cornwallis), 12th Regiment of Foot
Major General George Townshend, 4th Viscount Townshend (later 1st Marquess Townshend), possibly the 24th Regiment of Foot
Pierre-François, Marquess of Rougé, lieutenant-general, who died in action at this Battle, such as his cousin the Duke of Croÿ-Havré
See also[edit]
Great Britain in the Seven Years War
France in the Seven Years War
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Szabo p.352
Jump up ^ Szabo p.353
Bibliography[edit]
Szabo, Franz A.J. The Seven Years War in Europe, 1757-1763. Pearson, 2008.
Sources[edit]
Military History Encyclopedia
BritishBattles.com
Coordinates: 51°39′44″N 7°59′43″E / 51.66222°N 7.99528°E / 51.66222; 7.99528
Authority control
GND: 4230382-5
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text:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
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"Transactions of the Royal Society" redirects here. For other uses, see Transactions of the Royal Society (disambiguation).
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Title page to volume 1 of Philosophical Transactions
ISO 4 abbreviation
Philos. Trans. Royal Soc.
Language
English
Philosophical Transactions, titled Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (often abbreviated as Phil. Trans.) from 1776, is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society. In its earliest days, it was a private venture of the Royal Society's secretary.[1][2] It became an official society publication in 1752.[3] It was established in 1665,[4] making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science,[2] and therefore also the world's longest-running scientific journal.[2] The use of the word "Philosophical" in the title refers to "natural philosophy", which was the equivalent of what would now be generally called "science".
Contents
[hide]
1 Current publication
2 Origins and history
2.1 Origins
2.2 Eighteenth century
2.3 Nineteenth century
2.4 Twentieth century
3 Famous and notable contributors
4 Pirate Bay episode
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Current publication[edit]
In 1887 the journal expanded and divided into two separate publications, one serving the physical sciences (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Sciences) and the other focusing on the life sciences (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences). Both journals now publish themed issues and issues resulting from papers presented at the Discussion Meetings of the Royal Society. Primary research articles are published in the sister journals Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biology Letters, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, and Interface Focus.
Origins and history[edit]
Origins[edit]
Henry Oldenburg, founding editor and publisher
The first issue, published in London on 6 March 1665,[5] was edited and published by the Society's first secretary, Henry Oldenburg, four-and-a-half years after the Royal Society was founded.[6] The full title of the journal, as given by Oldenburg, was Philosophical Transactions, Giving some Account of the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of the World. The society's council minutes dated 1 March 1664 (in the Julian calendar; equivalent to 11 March 1665 in the modern Gregorian system) ordered that "the Philosophical Transactions, to be composed by Mr Oldenburg, be printed the first Munday of every month, if he have sufficient matter for it, and that that tract be licensed by the Council of this Society, being first revised by some Members of the same". Oldenburg published the journal at his own personal expense and seems to have entered into an agreement with the society's council allowing him to keep any resulting profits. He was to be disappointed, however, since the journal performed poorly from a financial point of view during his lifetime, just about covering the rent on his house in Piccadilly.[7] Oldenburg put out 136 issues of the Transactions before his death in 1677.[3]
The familiar functions of the scientific journal – registration (date stamping and provenance), certification (peer review), dissemination and archiving − were introduced at inception by Philosophical Transactions. The beginnings of these ideas can be traced in a series of letters from Oldenburg to Robert Boyle:[8]
[24 November 1664] "We must be very careful as well of regist'ring the person and time of any new matter, as the matter itselfe, whereby the honor of the invention will be reliably preserved to all posterity" (registration and archiving)
[03/12/1664] "...all ingenious men will thereby be incouraged to impact their knowledge and discoverys" (dissemination)
The council minutes of 1 March 1665 made provisions for the tract to be revised by members of the council of the Royal Society, providing the framework for peer review to eventually develop, becoming fully systematic as a process by the 1830s.
The printed journal replaced much of Oldenburg's letter-writing to correspondents, at least on scientific matters, and as such can be seen as a labour-saving device. Oldenburg also described his journal as "one of these philosophical commonplace books", indicating his intention to produce a collective notebook between scientists.[9]
Issue 1 contained such articles as: an account of the improvement of optic glasses; the first report on the Great Red Spot of Jupiter; a prediction on the motion of a recent comet (probably an Oort cloud object); a review of Robert Boyle's Experimental History of Cold; Robert Boyle's own report of a deformed calf; A report of a peculiar lead-ore from Germany, and the use thereof; "Of an Hungarian Bolus, of the Same Effect with the Bolus Armenus; Of the New American Whale-Fishing about the Bermudas," and "A Narrative Concerning the Success of Pendulum-Watches at Sea for the Longitudes". The final article of the issue concerned "The Character, Lately Published beyond the Seas, of an Eminent Person, not Long Since Dead at Tholouse, Where He Was a Councellor of Parliament". The eminent person recently deceased was Pierre de Fermat, although the issue failed to mention his last theorem.[10]
Oldenburg referred to himself as the "compiler" and sometimes "Author" of the Transactions, and always claimed that the journal was entirely his sole enterprise – although with the Society's imprimatur and containing reports on experiments carried out and initially communicated by of many of its Fellows, many readers saw the journal as an official organ of the Society.[1] It has been argued that Oldenburg benefitted from this ambiguity, retaining both real and perceived independence (giving the publication an air of authenticity) and the prospect of monetary gain, while simultaneously enjoying the credibility afforded by the association. The Society also enjoyed the benefits of ambiguity: it was able to communicate advances in natural philosophy, undertaken largely in its own name, without the worry that it was directly responsible for its content. In the aftermath of the Interregnum, the potential for censorship was very real. Certainly the tone of the early volumes was set by Oldenburg, who often related things he was told by his contacts, translated letters and manuscripts from other languages, and reviewed books, always being sure to indicate the provenance of his material and even to use this to impress the reader.[2]
By reporting ongoing and often unfinished scientific work that may otherwise have not been reported, the journal had a central function of being a scientific news service. At the time of Philosophical Transactions' foundation, print was heavily regulated, and there was no such thing as a free press. In fact, the first English newspaper, The London Gazette (which was an official organ of Government and therefore seen as sanitised), did not appear until after Philosophical Transactions in the same year.
Oldenburg's compulsive letter writing to foreign correspondents led to him being suspected of being a spy for the Dutch and interned in the Tower of London in 1667. A rival took the opportunity to publish a pirate issue of Philosophical Transactions, with the pretense of it being Issue 27. Oldenburg repudiated the issue by publishing the real 27 upon his release.
Upon Oldenburg's death, following a brief hiatus, the position of Editor was passed down through successive secretaries of the Society as an unofficial responsibility and at their own expense. Robert Hooke changed the name of the journal to Philosophical Collections in 1679 – a name that remained until 1682, when it changed back. The position of editor was sometimes held jointly and included William Musgrave (Nos 167 to 178) and Robert Plot (Nos 144 to 178).[11]
Eighteenth century[edit]
Hans Sloane by Stephen Slaughter, 1736
By the mid-eighteenth century, the most notable editors, besides Oldenburg, were Hans Sloane, James Jurin and Cromwell Mortimer.[3][12] In virtually all cases the journal was edited by the serving secretary of the society (and occasionally by both secretaries working in tandem). These editor-secretaries carried the financial burden of publishing the Philosophical Transactions. By the early 1750s, the Philosophical Transactions came under attack, most prominently by John Hill, an actor, apothecary, and naturalist. Hill published three works in two years, ridiculing the Royal Society and the Philosophical Transactions. The Society was quick to point out that it was not officially responsible for the journal. Yet, in 1752 the Society took over the Philosophical Transactions. The journal would henceforth be published "for the sole use and benefit of this Society"; it would be financially carried by the members' subscriptions; and it would be edited by the Committee of Papers.[3]
After the takeover of the journal by the Royal Society, management decisions including negotiating with printers and booksellers, were still the task of one of the Secretaries—but editorial control was exercised through the Committee of Papers. The Committee mostly based its judgements on which papers to publish and which to decline on the 300 to 500-word abstracts of papers read during its weekly meetings. But the members could, if they desired, consult the original paper in full.[3] Once the decision to print had been taken, the paper appeared in the volume for that year. It would feature the author's name, the name of the Fellow who had communicated the paper to the Society, and the date on which it was read. The Royal Society covered paper, engraving and printing costs.[3] The Society found the journal to be a money-losing proposition: it cost, on average, upwards of £300 annually to produce, of which they seldom recouped more than £150. Because two-fifths of the copies were distributed for free to the journal's natural market, sales were generally slow, and although back issues sold out gradually it would usually be ten years or more before there were fewer than 100 left of any given print run.[3]
In 1787, Caroline Herschel became the first woman published in the journal and the only one in the 18th century, Publishing 350 Exhibit, 2015
During the Presidency of Joseph Banks the work of the Committee of Papers continued fairly efficiently, with the President himself in frequent attendance. There was a number of ways in which the President and Secretaries could bypass or subvert the Royal Society's publishing procedures. Papers could be prevented from reaching the Committee by not allowing them to be read in the first place. Also—though papers were rarely subjected to formal review—there is evidence of editorial intervention, with Banks himself or a trusted deputy proposing cuts or emendations to particular contributions. Publishing in the Philosophical Transactions carried a high degree of prestige and Banks himself attributed an attempt to unseat him, relatively early in his Presidency, to the envy of authors whose papers had been rejected from the journal.[3][13]
Nineteenth century[edit]
Transactions continued steadily through the turn of the century and into the 1820s. In the late 1820s and early 1830s, a movement to reform the Royal Society rose. The reformers felt that the scientific character of the Society had been undermined by the admission of too many gentleman dilettantes under Banks. In proposing a more limited membership, to protect the Society's reputation, they also argued for systematic, expert evaluation of papers for Transactions by named referees.[14]
Sectional Committees, each with responsibility for a particular group of disciplines, were initially set up in the 1830s to adjudicate the award of George IV's Royal Medals. But individual members of these committees were soon put to work reporting on and evaluating papers submitted to the Royal Society. These evaluations began to be used as the basis of recommendations to the Committee of Papers, who would then rubber-stamp decisions made by the Sectional Committees. Despite its flaws – it was inconsistent in its application and not free of abuses – this system remained at the heart of the Society's procedures for publishing until 1847, when the Sectional Committees were dissolved. However, the practice of sending most papers out for review remained.[14]
During the 1850s, the cost of the Transactions to the Society was increasing again (and would keep doing so for the rest of the century); illustrations were always the largest outgoing. Illustrations had been a natural and essential aspect of the scientific periodical since the later seventeenth century. Engravings (cut into metal plates) were used for detailed illustrations, particularly where realism was required; while wood-cuts (and, from the early nineteenth century, wood-engravings) were used for diagrams, as they could be easily combined with letterpress.[3]
By the mid-1850s, the Philosophical Transactions was seen as a drain on the Society's finances and the treasurer, Edward Sabine, urged the Committee of Papers to restrict the length and number of papers published in the journal. In 1852, for example, the amount expended on the Transactions was £1094, but only £276 of this was offset by sales income. Sabine felt this was more than the Society could comfortably sustain. The print run of the journal was 1000 copies. Around 500 of these went to the fellowship, in return for their membership dues, and since authors now received up to 150 off-prints for free, to circulate through their personal networks, the demand for the Transactions through the book trade must have been limited. The concerns with cost eventually led to a change in printer in 1877 from Taylor & Francis to Harrison & Sons – the latter was a larger commercial printer, able to offer the Society a more financially viable contract, although it was less experienced in printing scientific works.[3]
Sir George Stokes
While expenditure was a worry for the Treasurer, as Secretary (from 1854), George Gabriel Stokes was preoccupied with the actual content of the Transactions and his extensive correspondence with authors over his thirty-one-years as Secretary took up most of his time beyond his duties as Lucasian Professor at Cambridge. Stokes was paramount in establishing a more formalised refereeing process at the Royal Society. It was not until Stokes's Presidency ended, in 1890, that his influence over the journal diminished. The introduction of fixed terms for Society officers precluded subsequent editors from taking on Stokes's mantle, and meant that the Society operated its editorial practices more collectively than it had done since the mechanisms for it were established in 1752.[14]
By the mid-nineteenth century, the procedure of getting a paper published in the Transactions still relied on the reading of papers by a Fellow. Many papers were sent immediately for printing in abstract form in Proceedings of the Royal Society. But those which were being considered for printing in full in Transactions were usually sent to two referees for comment before the final decision was made by the Committee of Papers. During Stokes's time, authors were given the opportunity to discuss their paper at length with him before, during and after its official submission to the Committee of Papers.[3]
In 1887, the Transactions split into series A and B, dealing with the physical and biological sciences respectively. In 1897, the model of collective responsibility for the editing of the Transactions was emphasised by the re-establishment of the Sectional Committees. The six sectional committees covered mathematics, botany, zoology, physiology, geology, and (together) chemistry and physics, and were composed of Fellows of the Society with relevant expertise. The Sectional Committees took on the task of managing the refereeing process after papers had been read before the Society. Referees were usually Fellows, except in a small number of cases where the topic was beyond the knowledge of the fellowship (or at least, of those willing to referee). The Sectional Committees communicated referee reports to authors; and sent reports to the Committee of Papers for final sanction. The Sectional Committees were intended to reduce the burden on the Secretaries and Council. Consequently, the Secretary in the 1890s, Arthur Rucker, no longer coordinated the refereeing of papers, nor did he generally correspond extensively with authors about their papers as Stokes had done. However, he continued to be the first port of call for authors submitting papers.[3]
Twentieth century[edit]
Authors were increasingly expected to submit manuscripts in a standardised format and style. From 1896, they were encouraged to submit typed papers on foolscap-folio-sized paper to lighten the work of getting papers ready for printing, and to reduce the chance of error in the process. A publishable paper now had to present its information in an appropriate manner, as well as being of remarkable scientific interest. For a brief period between 1907 and 1914, authors were under even more pressure to conform to the society's expectations, due to a decision to discuss cost estimates of candidate papers alongside referees' reports. The committees could require authors to reduce the number of illustrations or tables or, indeed, the overall length of the paper, as a condition of acceptance. It was hoped that this policy would reduce the still-rising costs of production, which had reached £1747 in 1906; but the effect appears to have been negligible, and the cost estimates ceased to be routine practice after 1914.[3]
It was only after the Second World War that the Society's concerns about the cost of its journals were finally allayed. There had been a one-off surplus in 1932, but it was only from 1948 that the Transactions began regularly to end the year in surplus. That year, despite a three-fold increase in production costs (it was a bumper year for papers), there was a surplus of almost £400. Part of the post-war financial success of the Transactions was due to the rising subscriptions received, and a growing number of subscriptions from British and international institutions, including universities, industry, and government; this was at the same time as private subscriptions, outside of fellows, were non-existent. By the early 1970s, institutional subscription was the main channel of income from publication sales for the society. In 1970–1971, 43,760 copies of Transactions were sold, of which casual purchasers accounted for only 2070 copies.[3]
All of the Society's publications now had a substantial international circulation; in 1973, for example, just 11% of institutional subscriptions were from the UK; 50% were from the USA. Contributions, however, were still mostly from British authors: 69% of Royal Society authors were from the UK in 1974. A Publications Policy Committee suggested that more overseas scientists could be encouraged to submit papers if the requirement to have papers communicated by Fellows was dropped. This did not happen until 1990. There was also a suggestion to create a ‘C' journal for molecular sciences to attract more authors in that area, but the idea never materialised. The conclusion in 1973 was a general appeal to encourage more British scientists (whether Fellows or not) to publish papers with the Society and to pass on the message to their overseas colleagues; by the early 2000s, the proportion of non-UK authors had risen to around a half; and by 2009 it had passed 70%.[3]
As the twentieth century came to a close, the editing of the Transactions and the Society's other journals became more professional with the employment of a growing in-house staff of editors, designers and marketers. In 1968 there were about eleven staff in the Publishing Section; by 1990, the number had risen to twenty-two. The editorial processes were also transformed. In 1968 the Sectional Committees had been abolished (again). Instead, the secretaries, Harrie Massey (physicist) and Bernard Katz (physiologist), were each assigned a group of Fellows to act as Associate Editors for each series (A and B) of the Transactions. The role of the Committee of Papers was abolished in 1989 and since 1990 two Fellows (rather than the Secretaries) have acted as the Editors with assistance from associate editors. The editors serve on the Publishing Board, established in 1997 to monitor publishing and report to the Council. In the 1990s, as these changes to the publishing and editorial teams were implemented, the Publishing Section acquired its first computer for administration; the Transactions were first published online in 1997.[3]
Famous and notable contributors[edit]
Over the centuries, many important scientific discoveries have been published in the Philosophical Transactions. Famous contributing authors include:
Isaac Newton His first paper New Theory about Light and Colours,[15] (1672) can be seen as the beginning of his public scientific career.
Benjamin Franklin The American statesman was the sole or co-author of 19 papers in Philosophical Transactions, including an experiment on the calming effects of oil on water (of great significance to current scientific fields including surface chemistry and physics, and self-assembly) carried out on Clapham Common pond. But it was his "Philadelphia Experiment", A Letter of Benjamin Franklin, Esq; to Mr. Peter Collinson, F. R. S. concerning an Electrical Kite – recognized as one of the most famous scientific experiments of all time – and published in Phil. Trans in 1753, that secured his reputation. He later founded the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, closely modelled on the Royal Society.
William Roy Major General William Roy measured the distance between the Greenwich and Paris observatories, using a method of triangulation and instruments designed and built by Jesse Ramsden. This work led to much more accurate records of longitudes for both the British and French – remarkable during a century of near-constant warfare between the two nations. The work was written up in three papers in Philosophical Transactions, culminating in a 1790 publication, An Account of the Trigonometrical Operation, Whereby the Distance between the Meridians of the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and Paris Has Been Determined (with Isaac Dalby). While, like most English maps at the time, the prime meridian is centred on St Paul's cathedral (a system the vestiges of which can be found in the naming of the British road network), Roy's figure showing the triangulation of major distances between England and France takes Greenwich as the prime meridian. While this had been suggested before, notably by Edmund Halley in 1710, this was one of the first major works to take Greenwich as prime meridian, anticipating its status as the universal prime meridian. Roy's work in Philosophical Transactions led to the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain.
Caroline Herschel The first paper by a woman in the journal, An account of a new comet appeared in 1787.[16] Caroline Herschel was paid a salary of £50 per annum by the King to work with her brother William Herschel as an astronomer – unusual at a time when most who worked in astronomy or science did so without pay, regardless of gender
Mary Somerville On the Magnetizing Power of the More Refrangible Solar Rays[17] was one of two papers submitted to Philosophical Transactions by the Scottish polymath, translator of Laplace and friend of J. M. W. Turner. In it, she communicates her finding that the ultraviolet components of the electromagnetic spectrum could magnetise a steel needle. While subsequent experiments were not able to reproduce this finding, leading Somerville to retract her claim (exactly in accordance with what would be expected of a scientist today), her reputation was secured. In some ways, her hypothesis remarkably prescient: the photoelectric effect is more likely to occur when metals are irradiated by light at the violet end of the spectrum.
Charles Darwin Darwin's only paper in Philosophical Transactions, the snappily titled Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of Other Parts of Lochaber in Scotland, with an Attempt to Prove That They Are of Marine Origin[18] (1837) describes remarkable geological formations in the Scottish Highlands, and offers an explanation for their formation based on similar features he had seen at Coquimbo in Chile while on the Beagle. They were subsequently explained by French geologist Louis Agassiz.
Michael Faraday Publishing over 40 papers in the journal, Faraday rose from a fairly humble background to become a world-famous and highly respected scientist. His final paper in the journal, which was given as the Bakerian Lecture in 1857, Experimental Relations of Gold (and Other Metals) to Light,[19] introduced the idea of metal particles that were smaller than the wavelength of light – colloidal sols or what would now be called nanoparticles.
James Clerk Maxwell In On the Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field[20] (1865) Maxwell described how electricity and magnetism could travel as a wave and inferred from the velocity given by the wave equation, and by known experimental determinations of the speed of light, that light was an electromagnetic wave.
Kathleen Lonsdale Lonsdale's work carried out at the Royal Institution led to 17 papers in Royal Society journals, two of which were in Philosophical Transactions Like many notable figures in the 'new sciences' of structural and cell biology, and also the new physics (which included luminaries such as Paul Dirac), she published the bulk of her work in the more regular Proceedings of the Royal Society. Her 1947 paper, Divergent-Beam X-Ray Photography of Crystals,[21] built on earlier work to show how this nuanced technique could reveal information about the purity and degree of 'perfection' of a crystal.
Dorothy Hodgkin Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin's record of publishing in Royal Society journals spanned 50 years, beginning in 1938. Out of 20 papers, only two were published in Philosophical Transactions, the first in 1940, when she was still called Dorothy Crowfoot and was working with JD Bernal. The second, in 1988, was her final publication in a Royal Society journal. Hodgkin used advanced techniques to crystallise proteins, allowing their structures to be elucidated by X-ray crystallography, including Vitamin B-12[22] and insulin[23]
Alan Turing Turing's 1952 paper, On the Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis,[24] gave a chemical and physical basis for many of the patterns and forms found in nature, a year before the structure of DNA was reported by Watson and Crick. They published their initial findings in Nature and subsequently published an expanded version in Proceedings of the Royal Society A. In the paper, Turing coins the term morphogen, which is now used in the sciences of developmental biology and epigenetics, to denote a chemical species that modulates the growth of a species.
Stephen Hawking A 1983 paper The Cosmological Constant[25] was actually Hawking's seventh in a Royal Society journal, but his first in Philosophical Transactions (all the others appeared in Proceedings). The paper was first presented at a themed meeting at the Royal Society, providing a model for the journal's content that continues to this day (unlike Proceedings, which publishes new research on any scientific subject, divided along the physical and life sciences, Philosophical Transactions is now always themed and roughly half of the time taken from open 'discussion' meetings at the Society's headquarters in London, which are free to attend). The meeting in this instance also featured papers given by future Astronomer Royal and President of the Royal Society, Martin Rees, then-recent Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, future winners of Royal Society premier medals Chris Llewellyn Smith and John Ellis, and Michael Faraday Prize winner and popular science author John D Barrow.
Pirate Bay episode[edit]
In July 2011 programmer Greg Maxwell released through The Pirate Bay, the nearly 19 thousand articles that had been published before 1923, and were therefore in the public domain. They had been digitised for the Royal Society by JSTOR, for a cost of less than USD100,000, and public access to them was restricted through a paywall.[26][27] In October of the same year, the Royal Society released for free all its articles prior to 1941, but denied that this decision had been influenced by Maxwell's actions.[26]
See also[edit]
Journal des sçavans: the first academic journal (started two months earlier than the present one), although it is not the longest-running journal because publication was interrupted for 24 years (between 1792 and 1816); it published some science, but also contained subject matter from other fields of learning, and its main content type was book reviews.[28][29][30]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kronick, David (1962). A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals: the Origins and Development of the Scientific and Technological Press. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Publishing the Philosophical Transactions: the economic, social and cultural history of a learned journal, 1665–2015". Royal Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Philosophical Transactions: 350 years of publishing at the Royal Society (1665–2015)" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, H. (1665). "Epistle Dedicatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1: 0. doi:10.1098/rstl.1665.0001.
Jump up ^ David Banks. "The use of modality in the early academic article. The Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions, 1665‐1700" (PDF). UCM. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – History". Royal Society Publishing. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Bluhm, R. K. (1960). "Henry Oldenburg, F.R.S. (c. 1615–1677)". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 15: 183. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1960.0018.
Jump up ^ Royal Society Archives
Jump up ^ Notebooks, Virtuosi and Early-Modern Science – Richard Yeo [clarification needed]
Jump up ^ "Table of Contents". Philosophical Transactions. Royal Society Publishing. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ A. J. Turner, 'Plot, Robert (bap. 1640, d. 1696)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
Jump up ^ The Record of the Royal Society: 36. 1940. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Chambers, Neil (2006). The Scientific Correspondence of Joseph Banks. London: Pickering & Chatto.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hall, Marie (1984). All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Newton, I. (1671). "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton, Professor of the Mathematicks in the University of Cambridge; Containing His New Theory about Light and Colors: Sent by the Author to the Publisher from Cambridge, Febr. 6. 1671/72; in Order to be Communicated to the R. Society". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 6 (69–80): 3075–3087. doi:10.1098/rstl.1671.0072.
Jump up ^ Herschel, C. (1787). "An Account of a New Comet. In a Letter from Miss Caroline Herschel to Charles Blagden, M. D. Sec. R. S.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 77: 1. doi:10.1098/rstl.1787.0001.
Jump up ^ Somerville, M. (1826). "On the Magnetizing Power of the More Refrangible Solar Rays". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 116: 132. doi:10.1098/rstl.1826.0014.
Jump up ^ Darwin, C. (1839). "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of Other Parts of Lochaber in Scotland, with an Attempt to Prove That They Are of Marine Origin". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 129: 39. doi:10.1098/rstl.1839.0005.
Jump up ^ Faraday, M. (1857). "The Bakerian Lecture: Experimental Relations of Gold (and Other Metals) to Light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 147: 145. doi:10.1098/rstl.1857.0011.
Jump up ^ Maxwell, J. C. (1865). "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 155: 459. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008.
Jump up ^ Lonsdale, K. (1947). "Divergent-Beam X-Ray Photography of Crystals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 240 (817): 219. Bibcode:1947RSPTA.240..219L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1947.0002.
Jump up ^ Hodgkin, D. C.; Kamper, J.; Lindsey, J.; MacKay, M.; Pickworth, J.; Robertson, J. H.; Shoemaker, C. B.; White, J. G.; Prosen, R. J.; Trueblood, K. N. (1957). "The Structure of Vitamin BFormula I. An Outline of the Crystallographic Investigation of Vitamin BFormula". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 242 (1229): 228. Bibcode:1957RSPSA.242..228H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1957.0174.
Jump up ^ Hodgkin, D. C. (1974). "The Bakerian Lecture, 1972: Insulin, its Chemistry and Biochemistry". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 338 (1614): 251. Bibcode:1974RSPSA.338..251H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1974.0085.
Jump up ^ Turing, A. M. (1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 237 (641): 37–64. Bibcode:1952RSPTB.237...37T. doi:10.1098/rstb.1952.0012.
Jump up ^ Hawking, S. W. (1983). "The Cosmological Constant [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 310 (1512): 303. Bibcode:1983RSPTA.310..303H. doi:10.1098/rsta.1983.0092.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Noorden, Richard Royal Society frees up journal archive, 26 October 2011
Jump up ^ Murphy, y Samantha Guerilla Activist' Releases 18,000 Scientific Papers, 22 July 2011
Jump up ^ Banks, David (March 2009). "Starting science in the vernacular. Notes on some early issues of the Philosophical Transactions and the Journal des Sçavans, 1665–1700". ASP. Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Anglais de Spécialité. 55. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Banks, David (2010). "The beginnings of vernacular scientific discourse: genres and linguistic features in some early issues of the Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions". E-rea. 8 (1). doi:10.4000/erea.1334. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Special Collections | The Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology". Retrieved 17 April 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions (1665–1886) at Royal Society Publishing
List of freely accessible online archives that have the Transactions, Online Books Page, University of Pennsylvania
Henry Oldenburg's copy of vol I & II of Philosophical Transactions', manuscript note on a flyleaf, a receipt signed by the Royal Society's printer: "Rec. October 18th 1669 from Mr Oldenburgh Eighteen shillings for this voll: of Transactions by me John Martyn".
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Greta Van Fleet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
American rock band from Frankenmuth, Michigan
Greta Van Fleet
The band onstage at the Red River Valley Fair, West Fargo, North Dakota, 2017 (L–R: Sam Kiszka, Josh Kiszka, Jake Kiszka, Danny Wagner)
Background information
Origin
Frankenmuth, Michigan, US[1]
Genres
Hard rock
blues rock
Years active
2012–present
Labels
Lava
Republic
Website
Official website
Members
Josh Kiszka
Jake Kiszka
Sam Kiszka
Danny Wagner
Past members
Kyle Hauck
Greta Van Fleet is an American rock band from Frankenmuth, Michigan, formed in 2012. It consists of vocalist Josh Kiszka, guitarist Jake Kiszka, bassist Sam Kiszka, and drummer Danny Wagner. They were signed to Lava Records in March 2017[2] and a month later the band released their debut studio EP, Black Smoke Rising. Their debut single, "Highway Tune", topped the Billboard US Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts in September 2017 for four weeks in a row.[3] A second EP From the Fires, containing the four songs from Black Smoke Rising and four new songs, was released on November 10, 2017, alongside a second single, "Safari Song". Their debut full length studio album, Anthem of the Peaceful Army, was released on October 19, 2018, with the first single, "When the Curtain Falls", being released ahead of it in July 2018.[4]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Formation and early years (2012–2015)
1.2 Black Smoke Rising and From the Fires (2016–2017)
1.3 Anthem of the Peaceful Army (2018–present)
2 Music and influences
3 Members
3.1 Current members
3.2 Former member
3.3 Timeline
4 Discography
4.1 Albums
4.2 EPs
4.3 Singles
4.4 Other charted songs
4.5 Music videos
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
History
Formation and early years (2012–2015)
The band was formed in Frankenmuth, Michigan in 2012 by brothers Josh Kiszka, Sam Kiszka, and Jake Kiszka, plus Kyle Hauck.[5] The band name was created when one of its members heard a relative mention Gretna Van Fleet, a resident of Frankenmuth; their use of the variation on her name was done with her (subsequent) blessing.[6][7] At the time Hauck was the drummer, the band recorded and released three songs: "Highway Tune", "Load Train", and "Standing On". Hauck left the band in October 2013 and was replaced by Danny Wagner the same year. On February 28, 2014, a live EP was recorded in one take and subsequently released on June 7, 2014.[8] In 2014, their song "Standing On" was featured in 2014 Chevy Equinox advertisements in the Detroit area.[9] It is one of several songs, along with "By the Riverside", "Cloud Train", "Down to the River", "Motown Funk No. 4", "Sing in the Rain", "Thunder Stomp", and "Written in Gold", that were previously released but are currently unavailable.[10][11][12][13][14]
Black Smoke Rising and From the Fires (2016–2017)
On January 17, 2016, the song "Highway Tune" was featured on the Showtime show Shameless.[15] On March 31, 2017, the first single "Highway Tune" was released on iTunes. On April 2, 2017, iTunes started streaming the song "Highway Tune".[16] On April 18, 2017, the music video for the song "Highway Tune" was released exclusively on Loudwire.[17] The band's debut EP titled Black Smoke Rising was released April 21, 2017. On April 21, 2017, Apple Music named Greta Van Fleet new artist of the week.[18] The band toured with The Struts during May 2017.[19][20]
In October 2017, the band won Best New Artist at the Loudwire Music Awards.[21] The band released an eight-song double EP titled From the Fires on November 10, 2017. In addition to the four tracks from Black Smoke Rising, From the Fires features the new recordings "Edge of Darkness" and "Talk on the Street", as well as covers of Sam Cooke's "A Change Is Gonna Come" and Fairport Convention's "Meet on the Ledge". The four new tracks were recorded in September 2017 at Rust Belt Studios in Detroit and produced by Al Sutton and Marlon Young, the same duo that produced Black Smoke Rising.[22] The band also released "Safari Song" as a single in October 2017.[23]
Greta Van Fleet opened for fellow Michigan native Bob Seger at the Dow Event Center in Saginaw, Michigan (just minutes from their hometown) on September 7.[24] In November 2017, the band announced that they would begin recording their first full-length studio album shortly after the release of From the Fires, and that they expected its release by mid-2018.[25]
Anthem of the Peaceful Army (2018–present)
The group performed at Elton John's Academy Award Party on March 4, 2018 at the host's personal request. John joined Greta Van Fleet onstage for his "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" and their "You're the One".[26] After the set Elton John recommended the band get more dramatic and flamboyant with their performance and wardrobe.[27]
On July 26, 2018, the band made their TV debut on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon performing "When the Curtain Falls", the first single off of their upcoming debut album.[28]
In September 2018, the band announced the name of their debut album – Anthem of the Peaceful Army, and its release date, October 19, 2018.[29]
Music and influences
Josh Kiszka performing at the Mercury Lounge on August 24, 2017.
Greta Van Fleet's music has been categorized as hard rock and blues rock.[30] Although all four members bonded over blues, each does have his own music tastes; Jake gravitates towards rock and roll, Sam likes jazz, Danny prefers folk, and Josh likes world music.[31] Sam stated that "It's not like we set out to be a rock and roll band, it's just that sound that comes out [when] we get together and play."[30] Songwriting is done by the band as a whole after one of the four members finds the concept for a song.[32] Danny said a lot of their songs are first written in a "folk set up" before evolving into something else.[30]
Greta Van Fleet are often compared to Led Zeppelin.[33] Jake related that he "... went through a year of really intensely studying what [Jimmy] Page did to the point I knew how he thought.", but he has studied other classic rock guitarists in a similar manner, specifically mentioning Pete Townshend.[34] Likewise, on his voice being compared to Robert Plant's, Josh said that Plant has certainly been an influence, "though it's not what I was going for."[35] Stating that he did not even know who Led Zeppelin was until high school, he explained that his singing style came out naturally one day while struggling to be heard over the rest of the band.[34] In a March 2018 interview, Plant cited Greta Van Fleet as one of his favorite up-and-coming bands, saying "they are Led Zeppelin I" and describing Josh as "a beautiful little singer."[36]
Some of Jake's guitar influences include John Lee Hooker, Elmore James, Bert Jansch, Eric Clapton and Keith Richards.[37] Some of the drummers that inspired Danny are Carmine Appice, John Bonham, Mitch Mitchell and Michael Shrieve.[37] Sam's favorite bass player is Motown session bassist James Jamerson.[38]
Members
Current members
Josh Kiszka – lead vocals, tambourine, acoustic guitar (2012–present)
Jake Kiszka – guitars, backing vocals (2012–present)
Sam Kiszka – bass guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, organ, piano, backing vocals (2012–present)
Danny Wagner – drums, acoustic guitar, backing vocals (2013–present)[39]
Former member
Kyle Hauck – drums (2012–2013)[40][41]
Timeline
Discography
Albums
Album
Details
Chart positions
US
[42]
AUS
[43]
CAN
[44]
GER
[45]
IRE
[46]
ITA
[47]
NZ
[48]
NOR
[49]
SWE
[50]
UK
[51]
Anthem of the Peaceful Army
Release: October 19, 2018
Label: Republic
Formats: Digital download, CD, vinyl
3
[52] 10 2 3 41 6 7 14 6 12
EPs
Jake Kiszka performing in 2017.
Album
Details
Chart positions
Certifications
US
[42]
US
Hard Rock
[53]
US
Heat
[54]
US
Rock
[55]
AUS
[56]
CAN
[57]
ITA
[58]
POL
[59]
Black Smoke Rising
Release: April 21, 2017
Label: Republic
Format: Digital download; CD; vinyl
182 10 2 30 — — — —
From the Fires
Release: November 10, 2017
Label: Republic
Format: Digital download; CD
36 1 — 4 75 23 60 25
MC: Gold[60]
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Singles
List of singles, showing year released and album name
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album
US Alt.
[61]
US
Main.
Rock
[62]
US
Rock
[63]
US
Rock
Air.
[64]
US
Rock
Digi.
[65]
US
AAA
[66]
2017
"Highway Tune"
34 1 21 12 — 39
MC: Gold[60]
Black Smoke Rising
"Safari Song"
— 1 25 12 — —
2018
"When the Curtain Falls"
32 2 9 12 11 30 Anthem of the Peaceful Army
"Watching Over"
— — 41 — — —
"Lover, Leaver"
— — 32 — — —
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.
Sam Kiszka playing bass guitar at Rock am Ring in Germany on June 1, 2018.
Other charted songs
List of other songs, showing year released and album name
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
US
Main.
Rock
[62]
US
Rock
[63]
US
Rock
Digi.
[65]
2017
"Black Smoke Rising"
39 — — Black Smoke Rising
"Edge of Darkness"
— 38 15 From the Fires
2018
"You're the One"
— 30 — Anthem of the Peaceful Army
Music videos
As lead artist
Title
Year
Director(s)
"Highway Tune"
2017 Ford Fairchild[67]
"When the Curtain Falls" (two versions)
2018 Benjamin Kutsko[68][69]
Awards and nominations
Loudwire Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Greta Van Fleet Best New Artist Won[70]
References
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet's Profile – Musicpage". Musicpage.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chartbreaker: Greta Van Fleet on Led Zeppelin's Influence and 'Living In the Resurgence of Rock'". Billboard. November 10, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "GRETA VAN FLEET's 'Highway Tune' Claims #1 Spot At U.S. Active And Mainstream Rock Radio". Blabbermouth.net. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Announce Debut LP, 'Anthem of the Peaceful Army'". Ultimateclassicrock.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ White, Sue (June 6, 2014). "Here's the lowdown on Frankenmuth band Greta Van Fleet". Mlive.com. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Kelly (April 28, 2017). "Rock Band 'Greta Van Fleet' Call Frankenmuth, Michigan Their Home and Unleash a Bluesy Wonderland with New EP "Black Smoke Rising"". Huff Post. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greta Van Fleet Talk Classic Rock Influences, the Woman Behind the Band Name, More (Q1043 New York interview, published to YouTube on December 18, 2017)
Jump up ^ "The Greta Van Fleet Live Video is Posted!". Pledgemusic.com. March 24, 2014. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Cara (March 19, 2014). "Get Lost in the Raw & Eclectic Sounds of Greta Van Fleet". Chevydetroit.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Music, Lyrics, Songs, and Videos". Reverbnation.com. March 11, 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "North Star Media Greta Van Fleet profile". North Star Media. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Myspace Profile". MySpace. 2013. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robert "Bo", White (January 9, 2014). "Greta Van Fleet: Gemutlichkeit & Pursuit of the Right Sound". Newreviewsite.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet". Facebook.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jessica. "Showtime's 'Shameless' to feature song by Frankenmuth's Greta Van Fleet". Mlive.com. Saginaw, Michigan. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Future Of Real Rock' Greta Van Fleet Stream New Song ::Greta Van Fleet News ::antiMusic.com". Antimusic.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Childers, Chad (April 18, 2017). "Greta Van Fleet, Highway Tune Exclusive Video Premiere". Loudwire.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What a thrill to be @AppleMusic's #NewArtistOfTheWeek!". Twitter.com. April 21, 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ralph, Caitlyn (April 1, 2017). "10 new songs we bet you didn't catch this week". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on April 29, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Simpson-Mersha, Isis (May 21, 2017). "Frankenmuth's Greta Van Fleet talks record deal, tour and graduation". Mlive.com. Frankenmuth, Michigan. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist – 2017 Loudwire Music Awards". Loudwire. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ CHRISTOPHER, MICHAEL (October 25, 2017). "GRETA VAN FLEET ANNOUNCE DOUBLE EP 'FROM THE FIRES/". Loudwire.com. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet battles being "overly creative" with "Safari Song" – Music News – ABC News Radio". ABC News Radio. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet makes hot rock out of Frankenmuth". The Oakland Press. September 28, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Meet Alice Cooper–Approved Kids Bringing Riff Rock Back on the Charts". Revolvermag.com. November 13, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Watch Greta Van Fleet Jam With Elton John". Loudwire. March 5, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet's Jake Kiszka Reveals the Advice Elton John Gave". Loudwire.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Get Standing Ovation For Blistering 'Tonight Show' Debut With 'When the Curtain Falls': Watch". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Metal Hammer 11: The best new music in rock and metal". Loudersound.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "[Interview] Greta Van Fleet Shed Light On Their Surprise Success And Life On The Road". Bullet Music. September 3, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "GRETA VAN FLEET Vocalist On LED ZEPPELIN Comparisons: 'We'll Take It'". Blabbermouth.net. September 16, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Interview: Danny Wagner". Blues Rock Review. October 27, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Interview ~ Sam Kiszka of Greta Van Fleet". I'm Music Magazine. May 9, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greta Van Fleet's Misty Mountain Revival". Rolling Stone. January 9, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Bring Rock Back to the Future on Debut EP, Talk Influences & Brotherly Love". Billboard. August 23, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Robert Plant on Greta Van Fleet: 'They are Led Zeppelin I'". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "INTERVIEW: Jake Kiszka and Danny Wagner of Greta Van Fleet". Go Venue Magazine. December 8, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Talks Bob Dylan, 'Highway Tune' + More – Interview". Audio Ink Radio. November 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ywain Evans, Morgan (April 26, 2017). "Interview: Greta Van Fleets Black Smoke Rising might just make you believe". Metalriot.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet". Facebook.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A BAND FOUNDED BY JAKE KISZKA, JOSH M. KISZKA, KYLE HAUCK, AND SAM KISZKA!". Facebook.com. August 7, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Canadian Albums". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Offizielle Deutsche Charts". offiziellecharts.de (in German). Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 26 October 2018". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 43 (dal 2018-10-19 al 2018-10-25)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 43, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved October 27, 2018. Click on "Veckans albumlista".
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet UK Chart History". Official Charts. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (October 28, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart, Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Top Hard Rock Albums". Billboard. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Top Rock Albums". Billboard. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #485". Auspop.com. August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Billboard Canadian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 42 (dal 2018-10-12 al 2018-10-18)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Polish Albums. Retrieved February 15, 2018". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gold/Platinum". Music Canada. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet AChart History – Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greta Van Fleet Chart History – Mainstream Rock Tracks". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greta Van Fleet Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greta Van Fleet Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Chart History". Billboard.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet – Highway Tune". Youtube.com. April 18, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet unveil retro-looking vertical video for "When the Curtain Falls"". Consequence of Sound. August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet – When The Curtain Falls". Youtube.com. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Greta Van Fleet Win Best New Artist – 2017 Loudwire Music Awards". Loudwire.com. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greta Van Fleet.
Official website
Lava Records Greta Van Fleet profile
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From the Fires
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"Safari Song"
"When the Curtain Falls"
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Semantic satiation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Semantic satiation (also semantic saturation) is a psychological phenomenon in which repetition causes a word or phrase to temporarily lose meaning for the listener, who then perceives the speech as repeated meaningless sounds.
Contents
1 History and research
2 Applications
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History and research[edit]
Leon Jakobovits James coined the phrase "semantic satiation" in his 1962 doctoral dissertation at McGill University.[1] Prior to that, the expression "verbal satiation" had been used along with terms that express the idea of mental fatigue. The dissertation listed many of the names others had used for the phenomenon:
Many other names have been used for what appears to be essentially the same process: inhibition (Herbert, 1824, in Boring, 1950), refractory phase and mental fatigue (Dodge, 1917; 1926a), lapse of meaning (Bassett and Warne, 1919), work decrement (Robinson and Bills, 1926), cortical inhibition (Pavlov, 192?), adaptation (Gibson, 1937), extinction (Hilgard and Marquis, 1940), satiation (Kohler and Wallach, 1940), reactive inhibition (Hull, 1913 [sic]), stimulus satiation (Glanzer, 1953), reminiscence (Eysenck, 1956), verbal satiation (Smith and Raygor, 1956), and verbal transformation (Warren, 1961b).
—  From Leon Jakobovits James, 1962
The dissertation presents several experiments that demonstrate the operation of the semantic satiation effect in various cognitive tasks such as rating words and figures that are presented repeatedly in a short time, verbally repeating words then grouping them into concepts, adding numbers after repeating them out loud, and bilingual translations of words repeated in one of the two languages. In each case subjects would repeat a word or number for several seconds, then perform the cognitive task using that word. It was demonstrated that repeating a word prior to its use in a task made the task somewhat more difficult.
The explanation for the phenomenon is that, in the cortex, verbal repetition repeatedly arouses a specific neural pattern that corresponds to the meaning of the word. Rapid repetition makes both the peripheral sensorimotor activity and central neural activation fire repeatedly. This is known to cause reactive inhibition, hence a reduction in the intensity of the activity with each repetition. Jakobovits James (1962) calls this conclusion the beginning of "experimental neurosemantics".
Applications[edit]
An application has been developed to reduce speech anxiety by stutterers by creating semantic satiation through repetition, thus reducing the intensity of negative emotions triggered during speech.[2]
In popular culture[edit]
In Edgar Allan Poe's 1835 short story Berenice, the protagonist describes a mental state that induced him "to repeat, monotonously, some common word, until the sound, by dint of frequent repetition, ceased to convey any idea whatever to the mind".[3]
In James Thurber's 1933 short story "More Alarms At Night", Thurber describes the phenomenon as follows: "I began to indulge in the wildest fancies as I lay there in the dark, such as that there was no such town, and even that there was no such state as New Jersey. I fell to repeating the word 'Jersey' over and over again, until it became idiotic and meaningless. If you have ever lain awake at night and repeated one word over and over, thousands and millions and hundreds of thousands of millions of times, you know the disturbing mental state you can get into."[4]
In the Friends episode "The One with the Stoned Guy", the character referenced in the title repeats the word "tartlets" until he notes that it has "lost all meaning".[5]
Semantic satiation is used extensively in Tony Burgess's novel Pontypool Changes Everything, as well as in the film adaptation of the novel.[citation needed]
In William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, the character of Addie Bundren speaks of the phenomenon as repeating a word until the meaning drains from it, leaving it an empty container.[citation needed]
In Kathryn Lasky's book Guardians of Ga'Hoole, one of the brainwashing techniques the antagonists use against young owls is making them repeat their own name until it loses all meaning to them.
In The Simpsons episode "Radioactive Man", Milhouse Van Houten tells Bart Simpson that "making movies is so horribly repetitive; I've said 'jiminy jillikers!' so many times the words have lost all meaning!'"[6]
See also[edit]
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
Gestaltzerfall
Jamais vu
Mantra
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leon Jakobovits James (April 1962). "Effects of Repeated Stimulation on Cognitive Aspects of Behavior: Some Experiments on the Phenomenon of Semantic Satiation". Retrieved 2018-08-13.
Jump up ^ Dr. Leon James (formerly Leon A. Jakobovits) University of Illinois. "SEMANTIC SATIATION AND COGNITIVE DYNAMICS1".
Jump up ^ "Berenice by Edgar Allan Poe". Online-literature.com. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
Jump up ^ James Thurber (August 26, 1933). "MY LIFE AND HARD TIMES-V: MORE ALARMS AT NIGHT". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for "Friends" The One with the Stoned Guy (1995), IMDB.com
Jump up ^ "[2F17] Radioactive Man". Archived from the original on January 20, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dodge, R. (1917). "The laws of relative fatigue". Psychol. Rev. 24 (2): 89–113. doi:10.1037/h0075549.
Don, V.J.; Weld, H.P. (1924). "Lapse of meaning with visual fixation". American Journal of Psychology. 35 (3): 446–450. doi:10.2307/1414024. JSTOR 1414024.
Duncan, C.P. (1956). "On the similarity between reactive inhibition and neural satiation". American Journal of Psychology. 69 (2): 227–235. doi:10.2307/1418151. JSTOR 1418151. PMID 13327083.
Eysenck, H.J. (1955). "Cortical inhibition, figural after-effect, and theory of personality". Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 51 (1): 94–106. doi:10.1037/h0043564. PMID 13242293.
Gaynor, Miriam (1954). "An effect of satiation on recall". New York: New School for Social Research Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.
Severance, Elisabeth; Washburn, Margaret. (1907). "The loss of associative power in words after long fixation". American Journal of Psychology. 18 (2): 182–186. doi:10.2307/1412411. JSTOR 1412411.
Smith, D.E. P.; Raygor, A.L. (1956). "Verbal satiation and personality". J. Abnrom, soc. Psychol. 52 (3): 323–326. PMID 13318837.
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