text:
List of banks in Bahrain
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The following is a list of banks & financial institutions in Bahrain as of 30 June 2015:[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Central Bank
2 Retail Conventional Banks[2]
3 Wholesale Conventional Banks[2]
4 Retail Islamic Banks[3]
5 Wholesale Islamic Banks[3]
6 References
Central Bank[edit]
Central Bank of Bahrain - CBB
Retail Conventional Banks[2][edit]
National Bank of Bahrain B.S.C. - NBB
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait B.S.C. - BBK
Ahli United Bank B.S.C. AUB
Arab Bank plc
Bahrain Development Bank B.S.C. - BDB
BMI Bank B.S.C (c) - Subsidiary of Al Salam Bank
BNP Paribas
Citibank N.A.
Credit Libanais SAL
Eskan Bank B.S.C.(c)
Future Bank B.S.C. (c)
Habib Bank Limited - HBL
HSBC Bank Middle East Limited
ICICI Bank Limited
Mashreq Bank PSC
National Bank of Abu Dhabi (Bahrain Branch)
National Bank of Kuwait S.A.K. - NBK
Standard Chartered Bank - SCB
State Bank of India
The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance - Jordan United Bank Limited
United Bank Limited - UBL
Wholesale Conventional Banks[2][edit]
Addax Bank B.S.C (c)
Allied Bank Limited
Alubaf Arab International Bank (Bahrain) B.S.C. (c)
Arab Bank plc
Arab Banking Corporation (B.S.C.)
Arab Investment Company S.A.A.(The)
Arab Petroleum Investments Corporation APICORP
Askari Bank Limited
Awal Bank B.S.C. (c)
Bahrain Arab International Bank (BAIB) Under liquidation
Bahrain International Bank E.C. Under liquidation
Bank Al Habib Limited
Bank of Baroda
BNP Paribas
BNP Paribas 3U
Cairo Amman Bank
Canara Bank
Capital Union E.C. (c) Under liquidation
Citibank N.A.
Citicorp Banking Corporation
Denizbank A.Ş.
Finansbank A.Ş.
Gulf International Bank B.S.C.
Gulf Investment Corporation
Gulf One Investment Bank B.S.C (c)
Habib Bank Limited
HDFC Bank
HSBC Bank Middle East Limited
ING Bank A.Ş.
International Bank for Commerce Under liquidation
Investcorp Bank B.S.C.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
JS Bank Limited
Korea Exchange Bank
Kuwait Asia Bank E.C. Under liquidation
Maybank (Malayan Banking Berhad)
MCB Bank Limited
National Bank of Abu Dhabi
National Bank of Pakistan
Philippine National Bank
Saudi National Commercial Bank (The)
Securities & Investment Company B.S.C (c)
Standard Chartered Bank
State Bank of India
TAIB Bank B.S.C. (c)
The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd.
The International Banking Corporation B.S.C. (c)
Türk Ekonomi Bankası Under liquidation
Türkiye Halk Bankası A.Ş.
Türkiye İş Bankası A.Ş.
UBS Global Asset Management (UK) Ltd.
United Gulf Bank (B.S.C) E.C.
Vakıfbank Türkiye Vakıflar Bankası
Woori Bank
Yapı ve Kredi Bankası A.Ş.
°wallstreet exchange
Retail Islamic Banks[3][edit]
Al Baraka Islamic Bank (Bahrain) B.S.C. (c) - AIB
Al-Salam Bank (Bahrain) B.S.C.
Bahrain Islamic Bank B.S.C. - BisB
Ithmaar Bank B.S.C.
Khaleeji Commercial Bank B.S.C. - KHCB
Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain) B.S.C. (c) - KFH
Wholesale Islamic Banks[3][edit]
ABC Islamic Bank (E.C.)
Al Baraka Banking Group B.S.C. - ABG
Arab Islamic Bank (E.C)
Bank Al-Khair B.S.C. (c)
Citi Islamic Investment Bank E.C.
First Energy Bank B.S.C. (c)
GFH Investment Bank (B.S.C) E.C.
Global Banking Corporation BSC (c) - G.B.CORP.
Ibdar Bank B.S.C.
International Investment Bank B.S.C (c)
Investment Dar Bank B.S.C (c)
Investors Bank B.S.C. (c)
Kuwait Turkish Participation Bank Inc.
Liquidity Management Center B.S.C (c) - LMC
RA Bahrain B.S.C. (c)
Seera Investment Bank B.S.C (c)
Türkiye Finans Katılım Bankası A.Ş.
Venture Capital Bank B.S.C (c) - VC
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Central Bank of Bahrain - CBB Register".
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Bank of Bahrain - Bahrain" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Bank of Bahrain - Bahrain" (PDF).
[show]
v
t
e
Bahrain All Share Index companies of the Bahrain Stock Exchange
Arab Banking Corporation
Al-Ahlia Insurance
Arab Insurance Group
Ahli United Bank
Banader Hotels
Al Baraka Banking Group
Bah. Ship Repairing & Engineering
Bahrain Telecommunications
BBK
Bahrain Commercial Facilities
Bahrain Flour Mills
Gulf Hotel Group
Bahrain Islamic Bank
Bahrain Kuwait Insurance
Bahrain Kuwait Insurance Co
Bahrain Mari. & Mer. Inter.
Bahrain National Holding
The Bahraini Saudi Bank
Bahrain Tourism
Bahrain Cinema
Bahrain Car Park
Bahrain Duty Free Shop Complex
Esterad Investment Company
Bahrain Family Leisure
Gulf Finance House
INOVEST
Investcorp Bank
Ithmaar Bank
Khaleeji Commercial Bank
Kuwait Finance House
Nass Corporation
National Bank of Bahrain
National Hotels
Delmon Poultry
Al Salam Bank
Seef Properties
TAIB Bank
Takaful International Company
General Trading & Food Proc.
United Gulf Bank
United Gulf Investment Corporation
[show]
v
t
e
List of banks in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
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Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
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States with
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text:
Miranda v. Arizona
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
United States Supreme Court case
Miranda v. Arizona
Supreme Court of the United States
Decided June 13, 1966
Full case name
Miranda v. State of Arizona; Westover v. United States; Vignera v. State of New York; State of California v. Stewart
Citations
384 U.S. 436 (more)
86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 L. Ed. 2d 694; 1966 U.S. LEXIS 2817; 10 A.L.R.3d 974
Argument
Oral argument
Prior history
Defendant . Superior Ct.; affirmed, 401 P.2d 721 (Ariz. 1965); cert. granted, 382 U.S. 925 (1965)
Subsequent history
Retrial on remand, defendant convicted, Ariz. Superior Ct.; affirmed, 450 P.2d 364 (Ariz. 1969); rehearing denied, Ariz. Supreme Ct. March 11, 1969; cert. denied, 396 U.S. 868 (1969)
Holding
The Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney. Supreme Court of Arizona reversed and remanded.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan Jr. · Potter Stewart
Byron White · Abe Fortas
Case opinions
Majority
Warren, joined by Black, Douglas, Brennan, Fortas
Concur/dissent
Clark
Dissent
Harlan, joined by Stewart, White
Dissent
White, joined by Harlan, Stewart
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court. In a 5–4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.
This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States, by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights. The Supreme Court decided Miranda with three other consolidated cases: Westover v. United States, Vignera v. New York, and California v. Stewart.
The Miranda warning (often shortened to "Miranda", or "Mirandizing" a suspect) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by law enforcement in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial situation) before they are interrogated, in accordance with the Miranda ruling. Its purpose is to ensure the accused are aware of, and reminded of, these rights before questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.
Per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Berghuis v. Thompkins (June 1, 2010), criminal suspects who are aware of their right to silence and to an attorney, but choose not to "unambiguously" invoke them, may find any subsequent voluntary statements treated as an implied waiver of their rights, and used as or as part of evidence. At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Legal aid movement
1.2 Arrest and conviction
2 Opinion of the Supreme Court
2.1 Clark's concurrence in part, dissent in part
2.2 Harlan's dissent
2.3 White's dissent
3 Subsequent developments
3.1 Retrial
3.2 Reaction
3.3 Miranda warning
3.4 Legal developments
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background[edit]
Legal aid movement[edit]
During the 1960s, a movement which provided defendants with legal aid emerged from the collective efforts of various bar associations.
In the civil realm, it led to the creation of the Legal Services Corporation under the Great Society program of President Lyndon Baines Johnson. Escobedo v. Illinois, a case which closely foreshadowed Miranda, provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation. This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices, which were considered by many[who?] to be barbaric and unjust. Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the "third degree".[citation needed]
Arrest and conviction[edit]
On March 13, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested, by the Phoenix Police Department, based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an eighteen-year-old woman ten days earlier.[2] After two hours of interrogation by police officers, Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement: "I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion, or promises of immunity, and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me."[3]
However, at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel. Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession he had already given orally, he was not advised of his right to remain silent, nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him. At trial, when prosecutors offered Miranda's written confession as evidence, his court-appointed lawyer, Alvin Moore, objected that because of these facts, the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded. Moore's objection was overruled and based on this confession and other evidence, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping. He was sentenced to 20–30 years of imprisonment on each charge, with sentences to run concurrently. Moore filed Miranda's appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court, claiming that Miranda's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings. The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda, 401 P.2d 721 (Ariz. 1965). In affirmation, the Arizona Supreme emphasized heavily the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney.[4]
Attorney John Paul Frank, former law clerk to Justice Hugo Black, represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.[5]
Opinion of the Supreme Court[edit]
Chief Justice Earl Warren, a former prosecutor, delivered the opinion of the Court[6], ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police (Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments), no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self-incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them:
The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him.[7]
Thus, Miranda's conviction was overturned. The Court also made clear what had to happen if the suspect chose to exercise his or her rights:
If the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease... If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning.
Justice Brennan's comments on the Miranda decision.
Warren pointed to the existing practice of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the rules of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, both of which required notifying a suspect of his right to remain silent; the FBI warning included notice of the right to counsel.
However, the dissenting justices accused the majority of overreacting to the problem of coercive interrogations, and anticipated a drastic effect. They believed that, once warned, suspects would always demand attorneys, and deny the police the ability to gain confessions.
Clark's concurrence in part, dissent in part[edit]
In a separate concurrence in part, dissent in part, Justice Tom C. Clark argued that the Warren Court went "too far too fast". Instead, Justice Clark would use the "totality of the circumstances" test enunciated by Justice Goldberg in Haynes v. Washington. Under this test, the court would:
consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and, further, that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel. In the absence of warnings, the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances, including the failure to give the necessary warnings, the confession was clearly voluntary.
Harlan's dissent[edit]
In dissent, Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote that "nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy-handed and one-sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities". Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice Robert H. Jackson: "This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law, and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added."
White's dissent[edit]
Justice Byron White took issue with the court announcing a new constitutional right when it had no "factual and textual bases" in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion. He stated: "The proposition that the privilege against self-incrimination forbids in-custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment." Nor did Justice White believe it had any basis in English common law.
White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion:
I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process.
In some unknown number of cases, the Court's rule will return a killer, a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him, to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him. As a consequence, there will not be a gain, but a loss, in human dignity.
Subsequent developments[edit]
Retrial[edit]
Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out. This time the prosecution, instead of using the confession, introduced other evidence and called witnesses. One witness was Twila Hoffman, a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime.[8][9] Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years.[9] The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed,[10] and the United States Supreme Court denied review.[11] Miranda was paroled in 1972. After his release, he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers' "Miranda cards" which contained the text of the warning, for reading to arrestees. He was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31, 1976.[12] A suspect was arrested, but he, unlike Miranda, exercised his right to remain silent. With no evidence against him, he was released.[13]
Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda's – an armed robber, a stick-up man, and a bank robber – either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions.[14]
Reaction[edit]
The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down, as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights, as outlined in the decision. Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police, and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime. Nixon, upon becoming President, promised to appoint judges who would be "strict constructionists" and who would exercise judicial restraint. Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision's negative view of police officers.[citation needed]
Miranda warning[edit]
Main article: Miranda warning
After the Miranda decision, the nation's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling prior to custodial interrogation.[15] Such information is called a Miranda warning. Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights, courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.[16]
Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms which a suspect must sign and date (after hearing and reading the warnings again) if an interrogation is to occur.[17][18]
Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports shows a sharp reduction in the clearance rate of violent and property crimes after Miranda.[19] However, according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s, "contrary to popular belief, Miranda had little, if any, effect on detectives’ ability to solve crimes."[9]
Legal developments[edit]
The federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 purported to overrule Miranda for federal criminal cases and restore the "totality of the circumstances" test that had prevailed previous to Miranda.[20] The validity of this provision of the law, which is still codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3501, was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial.[citation needed]
Miranda was undermined by several subsequent decisions which seemed to grant exceptions to the "Miranda warnings", challenging its claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment. The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included:
The Court found in Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971), that a confession obtained in violation of the Miranda standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant's testimony: that is, if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant's credibility, the Miranda holding will not prohibit this.
The Court found in Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980), that a "spontaneous" statement made by a defendant while in custody, even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present, is admissible in evidence, as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response.
The Court found in Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984), that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda, regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested.
The Court found in New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649 (1984), that there is also a "public safety" exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning: for example, if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances which require protection of the public, the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses, though incriminating, will be admissible in evidence. In 2009, the California Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Richard Allen Davis, finding that the public safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered.[21]
The Court found in Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986), that the words "knowing, intelligent, and voluntary" mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been insane at the time.
United States v. Garibay (1998) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda. Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding; indeed, "the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused."[22] The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a "clear error" when the district court found that Garibay had "knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights" due to the defendant’s low I.Q. and poor English language skills.[23] The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for: he never signed a waiver, he only received his warnings verbally and in English, and no interpreter was provided although they were available. With an opinion that stressed "the requirement that a defendant 'knowingly and intelligently' waive his Miranda rights", the Court reversed Garibay's conviction and remanded his case.[23]
Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), where the validity of Congress's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested. At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution, or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy.[citation needed] In Dickerson, the Court, speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist, upheld Miranda 7–2 and stated that "the warnings have become part of our national culture". In dissent, Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required. He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then-current court, counting himself, and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, and Thomas, as well as the Chief Justice (who had just delivered a contrary opinion), "[were] on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution".[citation needed]
Over time, interrogators began to think of techniques to honor the "letter" but not the "spirit" of Miranda. In the case of Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004), the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices. Missouri police were deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions, then giving the warnings, getting waivers, and getting confessions again. Justice Souter wrote for the plurality: "Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda cannot accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson held Congress could not do by statute."[24]
Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) is a ruling where the Supreme Court held that a suspect's "ambiguous or equivocal" statement or no statements do not mean that police must end an interrogation.[25] At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda. In The Right to Remain Silent, Charles Weisselberg wrote that "the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona’s prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects" and that
But in Thompkins, neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning. Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators. In finding a waiver on these facts, Thompkins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids.[1]
See also[edit]
United States constitutional criminal procedure
Berghuis v. Thompkins
Berkemer v. McCarty
Escobedo v. Illinois
Stansbury v. California
List of criminal competencies
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384
Miranda warning
Schmerber v. California
R. v. Hebert
R. v. Brydges
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Charles Weisselberg and Stephanos Bibas, The Right to Remain Silent, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. PENNumbra 69 (2010), Available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2181 (Retrieved May 2, 2016)
Jump up ^ Miranda also matched the description given by a robbery victim of the perpetrator in a robbery several months earlier. He was simultaneously interrogated about both of these crimes, confessed to both, but was not asked to and did not write down his confession to the robbery. He was separately tried and convicted of the robbery and sentenced to 20 to 25 years of imprisonment. This crime, trial, and sentence is separate from the rape-kidnapping case appealed to the Supreme Court.
Jump up ^ Michael S. Lief and H. Mitchell Caldwell "'You Have the Right to Remain Silent,'" American Heritage, August/September 2006.
Jump up ^ Miranda's oral confession in the robbery case was also appealed and the Arizona Supreme Court likewise affirmed the trial decision to admit it in State v. Miranda, 401 P.2d 716. This case was not part of the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Myrna (September 12, 2002). "John P. Frank, 84; Attorney Won Key Decision in 1966 Miranda Case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States. 2/2/1790- (1966-06-13). Opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Case of Miranda v. Arizona. File Unit: Appellate Jurisdiction Case File Miranda v. Arizona, 1965 - 1966.
Jump up ^ Syllabus to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona, holding 1.(d).
Jump up ^ State v. Miranda, 104 Ariz. 174, 176, 450 P.2d 364, 366 (1969).
^ Jump up to: a b c Lief, Michael S.; H. Mitchell Caldwell (Aug–Sep 2006). "You Have The Right To Remain Silent". American Heritage. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
Jump up ^ State v. Miranda, 104 Ariz. 174, 450 P.2d 364 (1969)
Jump up ^ 396 U.S. 868 (1969).
Jump up ^ "Miranda Slain; Main Figure in Landmark Suspects' Rights Case". The New York Times. February 1, 1976. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Charles Montaldo, Miranda Rights and Warning: Landmark Case Evolved from 1963 Ernesto Miranda Arrest, about.com; accessed 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Law: Catching Up with Miranda". Time. March 3, 1967. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "What Are Your Miranda Rights". ExpertLaw. 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., "Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 856-57 (1987)". Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Edwards, H. Lynn (1966). "The Effects of Miranda on the Work of the Federal Bureau of Investigation". American Criminal Law Quarterly. 159: 160–161. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Miranda Waiver" (PDF). University Police Department. University of North Alabama. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Handcuffing the Cops: Miranda's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement | NCPA". 2015-05-18. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2016-09-28. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Cite Miranda And Go Free". Sarasota Journal. 31 May 1968. p. 7.
Jump up ^ People vs. Davis, S056425.
Jump up ^ Einesman, Floralynn (1999). "Confessions and Culture: The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 90 (1): 1–48 [p. 41]. JSTOR 1144162. NCJ 182327.
^ Jump up to: a b United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit (May 5, 1998), UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jose Rosario GARIBAY, Jr., Defendant-Appellant. No. 96-50606., retrieved February 15, 2017
Jump up ^ "Missouri v. Seibert, section VI". Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-07. Hosted by Duke University School of Law.
Jump up ^ Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370 (2010).
Further reading[edit]
Baker, Liva (1983). Miranda: Crime, law, and politics. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-11240-8.
Kassin, Saul M.; Norwick, Rebecca J. (2004). "Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights: The Power of Innocence". Law and Human Behavior. 28 (2): 211–221. doi:10.1023/B:LAHU.0000022323.74584.f5.
Levy, Leonard W. (1986) [1969]. Origins of the Fifth Amendment (Reprint ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-919580-2.
Soltero, Carlos R. (2006). "Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and the rights of the criminally accused". Latinos and American Law: Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 61–74. ISBN 0-292-71411-4.
Stuart, Gary L. (2004). Miranda: The Story of America's Right to Remain Silent. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2313-4.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Miranda v. Arizona
Text of Miranda v. Arizona, (1966)384 U.S. 436 (1966) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar
"Supreme Court Landmark Case Miranda v. Arizona" from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions
An online publication titled "Miranda v. Arizona: The Rights to Justice" containing the most salient documents and other primary and secondary sources from the Law Library of Congress
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&oldid=847797867"
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The birds and the bees
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Birds and the Bees (disambiguation).
"The Birds and the Bees" is an English-language idiomatic expression and euphemism that refers to courtship and sexual intercourse. The "Birds and the Bees talk" (sometimes known simply as "The Talk"[1][2]) is generally the event in most children's lives in which the parents explain what sexual relationships are.
According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible and easy-to-explain parallel to male fertilisation. Another example, birds lay eggs, a similarly visible and easy-to-explain parallel to female ovulation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Possible origins
2 Usages and popular culture
3 See also
4 References
Possible origins[edit]
Word sleuths William and Mary Morris[3] hint that it may have been inspired by words like these from the poet Samuel Coleridge (1825): 'All nature seems at work ... The bees are stirring—birds are on the wing ... and I the while, the sole unbusy thing, not honey make, nor pair, nor build, nor sing.'"[4]
Even earlier instances of this idiomatic expression appear in the Cavalier poet, Thomas Carew's work, "The Spring" (c.1640), in which Carew uses earth and its change of seasons as a metaphorical depiction of women and their sensuality (The Norton Anthology of English Literature 1696).[5] To abet his ends, Carew alludes to the "birds and the bees" in lines 7-8 with the use of "swallow", "cuckoo", and "humble-bee" as seen here (lines included are 5-8): "But the warm sun thaws the benumbed earth/And makes it tender; gives a sacred birth/To the dead swallow; wakes in hollow tree/The drowsy cuckoo and the humble-bee/Now do a choir of chirping minstrels bring" (emphasis added; lines 5-9 from "The Spring").[6]
Cole Porter
Dr. Emma Frances Angell Drake (b. 1849) wrote a section of a publication called The Story of Life which was published in 1909. This piece was later picked up and included in Safe Counsel, a product of the Eugenics movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. The author tells her daughters "when you discovered the tiny blue eggs in the robin's nest and I told you that wrapped in each shell was a baby robin that was growing there, kept warm by the mamma bird..." the narrative continues on in vague terms without actually describing sexual intercourse. Later she describes the father's role in reproduction like this; "Sometimes it is the wind which blows the pollen dust from one plant to the other, and sometimes it is the bees gathering honey from the flowers. As they suck the honey from the blossoms some of the plant dust sticks to their legs and bodies, and as they go to another plant in search of sweets this is rubbed off and so the parts of the father and mother plant get together and the seed is made fertile." Safe counsel was reprinted at least 40 times from 1893 through 1930 and may have been widely enough repeated to have contributed to the euphemism, "the birds and the bees."[7]
Several sources give credit to Cole Porter for coining the phrase.[8] One of the musician's more famous songs was "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love." In Porter's publication from 1928, the opening line for the chorus carried derogatory racial references like "Chinks" and "Japs", later changed following CBS recommendation and NBC adaptation:[9]
And that's why birds do it, bees do it
Even educated fleas do it
Let's do it, let's fall in love
Usages and popular culture[edit]
John Burroughs, a naturalist who lived and worked in the Catskill Mountains, wrote a small pamphlet called "Birds and Bees: Essays"[10] in which he explained the workings of nature in a way that children could understand.
In the 1993 film The Remains of the Day, Stevens uses the metaphor on Lord Darlington's godson.
In the American hidden-camera comedy show Impractical Jokers, the 4 guys frequently make use of the verse.
Robie Harris has written children's works such as It's Not the Stork!, It's Perfectly Normal, and It's So Amazing, which have been the center of controversy and book challenges in the United States.
In the song "It Must Be Love", originally recorded in 1971 by Labi Siffre, then also recorded by ska/pop band Madness in 1981. The line goes "Bless you and bless me, Bless the bees, And the birds".
In 1968 The Monkees released an album called The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees.
In the Placebo song "Meds", Brian Molko sings "I was confused by the birds and the bees".
In the Eminem song "I'm Shady" the line goes "I like birds, bees, I like people".
American indie pop musical duo from Los Angeles - The Bird and the Bee.
Many songs feature an extended version of this phrase; "the birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees".
The song "Hummingbird Heartbeat" by Katy Perry also states "this is the story of the birds and the bees", referring to sexual intercourse.
The American classic song "Let's Fall in Love" contains the suggestive lyric, "Birds do it. Bees do it."
The song "Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears has this phrase among the lyrics.
The Little Mix song "Nothing Else Matters" from Glory Days contains the lyrics "only the birds and the bees know that we go, a little bit high, little bit low".
One of the Simpsons episodes is titled "The Burns and the Bees".
An episode of Futurama is entitled "The Bots and the Bees", as is an episode of Malcolm in the Middle.
One of the tracks is called “The Bird and The Bees” in the debut album It’s Classy Not Classic by the Electronic Rock band Breathe Carolina
"The birds and bees" lecture was mentioned in James Dasner's "The Maze Runner".
See also[edit]
Sexual reproduction
Siamese twins (linguistics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boynton, Petra (6 September 2013). "How to talk about the 'birds and bees' with your child in the 21st century". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ James, Susan (22 September 2011). "Birds and Bees: Tips for Having 'The Talk' With Kids". ABC News. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, William & Morris, Mary (1977). Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013058-9. Cited in Zimmer, Ben (May 5, 2003). "Where does the phrase 'The birds and the bees' come from". alt.usage.english – via Google Groups.
Jump up ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (February 21, 1825). "Work without Hope". EServer. Iowa State University.
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature. vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 1993. p. 1696.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Arthur, ed. (n.d.). The Poems of Thomas Carew. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ozora S. & Drake, Emma F.A. (1930). "The Story of Life". In Jeffries, B.G.; Nichols, J.L.; Drake, Emma F.A. & Davis, Ozora Stearns. Safe Counsel or Practical Eugenics (40th ed.). Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols. pp. 469–486. OCLC 26103651.
Jump up ^ "Where did the phrase 'the birds and the bees' come from?". Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Bundy, June (December 25, 1954). "Mr. J.Q. Grows Up; He's Less Prudish About Music on Air". Billboard. p. 16. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 2, 2011 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Burroughs, John (2009) [1887]. Birds and Bees, Sharp Eyes and, Other Papers (Digital reprint). Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_birds_and_the_bees&oldid=843379816"
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Partition of Bengal (1905)
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Map showing the modern day nation of Bangladesh and Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Nagaland and Manipur within the Province before division into Bihar and Orissa and East Bengal and Assam
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The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গভঙ্গ) was announced in 7 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa.[1] Hindus were outraged at what they recognised as a "divide and rule" policy,[2] where the colonisers turned the native population against itself in order to rule, even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency. The partition animated the Hindus and led the Muslims to form their own national organisation on communal lines. Bengal was reunited in 1911 in an effort to appease Bengali sentiment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Partition
3 Political crisis
4 Re-unification
5 Aftermath
6 Significance
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External resources
Background[edit]
The provincial state of Bengal had an area of 189,000 mi2 and a population of nearly 78.5 million. It comprised to West Bengal with a Hindu majority and East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority. It included the Hindi-speaking regions of Bihar, the Odia-speaking regions of Odisha as well as the Assamese-speaking region of Assam, making it a huge administrative entity. Moreover, the capital, Calcutta, was also the capital of the entire British India. With the growing efforts of the Indian National Congress to secure the independence of India, Lord Curzon decided to address both these problems by partitioning Bengal into two entities, which would result in a Muslim-majority in the eastern half, and a Hindu-majority in the western half. This he hoped would reduce the administrative pressures and divide the population on religious grounds, quelling the Indian Independence Movement.
Partition[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The government announced the idea for partition in January 1904. The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief Commissioner of Assam (1896–1902).
The partition was made on 16 October, by Viceroy Curzon. The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces "Bengal" (comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa) and Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dacca as the capital of the latter.[3] Partition was promoted for administrative reasons since Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population. Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under-governed. By splitting the province, an improved administration could be established in the east, where subsequently, the population would benefit from new schools and employment opportunities.
The partition was generally supported by the Muslims of East Bengal by both their poor economic conditions in East Bengal and the perceived dominance of the Hindu businessmen and landlords in West Bengal over the governance of Bengal. Most of the factories and mills in Bengal were established in and around Calcutta, while many sources of raw materials for these factories were in East Bengal. Furthermore, most of the educational institutions of the Province were in Calcutta, including the lone university in Bengal.
The scars resulting from the partition of Bengal have never completely healed and can still be seen today.
Given below is the proclamation of partition:
"The Governor-General is pleased to constitute the territories at present under the administration of the Chief Commissioner of Assam to be for the purposes of the Indian Councils Act 1861... a province to which the provisions of that Act touching the making of laws and regulations for the peace and good order of the presidencies of Fort St. George and Bombay shall be applicable and to direct that the said province shall be called and known as the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam.... The Governor-General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October, 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant-Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations. The Governor-General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, the districts of Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunge, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Rajashahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, and Malda which now form part of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William shall cease to be subject to or included within the limits of that Division, and shall thenceforth be subject to and included within the limits of the Lieutenant-Governorship of the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam."
The reason behind the partition that was officially announced was that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and so it would be partitioned on administrative purpose. The real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus. Partition was yet another part of the divide and rule policy. The following excerpts from Curzon's letter of 2 February 1905 to St. John Brodrick, Secretary of State for India, give an idea of his aims in partitioning Bengal:
"Calcutta is the centre from which the Congress Party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal, and indeed the whole of India. Its best wire pullers and its most frothy orators all reside here. The perfection of their machinery, and the tyranny which it enables them to exercise are truly remarkable. They dominate public opinion in Calcutta; they affect the High Court; they frighten the local Government, and they are sometimes not without serious influence on the Government of India. The whole of their activity is directed to creating an agency so powerful that they may one day be able to force a weak government to give them what they desire. Any measure in consequence that would divide the Bengali-speaking population; that would permit independent centres of activity and influence to grow up; that would dethrone Calcutta from its place as the center of successful intrigue, or that would weaken the influence of the lawyer class, who have the entire organisation in their hands, is intensely and hotly resented by them. The outcry will be loud and very fierce, but as a native gentleman said to me – 'my countrymen always howl until a thing is settled; then they accept it'."
Political crisis[edit]
Partition sparked an extremely major political crisis along religious lines. Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions, meetings and processions, forming committees, propaganda through press, and diplomatic pressure. Hitherto untouched sections of Indian society participated in these movements, providing base for later movements. Richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature. Masses were educated for a bolder form of politics and colonial hegemony was undermined. The Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment, hence, they opposed those movements.[4] Rabindranath Tagore wrote Banglar Mati Banglar Jol as a rallying cry for proponents of annulment of Partition.[5]
Opposition to the partition was supported by Sir Henry John Stedman Cotton who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam, but Curzon was not to be moved. Later, Cotton, now Liberal MP for Nottingham East coordinated the successful campaign to oust the first lieutenant- governor of East Bengal, Sir Bampfylde Fuller.
Re-unification[edit]
Due to these political protests, the two parts of Bengal were reunited on 12 December 1911. A new partition which divided the province on linguistic, rather than religious grounds followed, with the Hindi, Oriya and Assamese areas separated to form separate administrative units: Bihar and Orissa Province was created to the west, and Assam Province to the east. The administrative capital of British India was moved from Calcutta to New Delhi as well.
Aftermath[edit]
In 1909, separate elections were established for Muslims and Hindus. Before this, many members of both communities had advocated national solidarity of all Bengalis. With separate electorates, distinctive political communities developed, with their own political agendas. Muslims, too, dominated the Legislature, due to their overall numerical strength of roughly twenty two to twenty eight million. Nationally, Hindus and Muslims began to demand the creation of two independent states, one to be formed in majority Hindu and one in majority Muslim areas.[6]
In 1947, Bengal was partitioned for the second time, solely on religious grounds, as part of the Partition of India following the formation of the nations India and Pakistan.[7] In 1955, East Bengal became East Pakistan, and in 1971 became the independent state of Bangladesh after a successful war of independence with West Pakistan.[8]
Significance[edit]
The partition left a significant impact on the people of Bengal as well as the political scene of the Indian subcontinent. This event also created a sense of political awareness among the Muslims of East Bengal. To mollify the people of East Bengal, Lord Curzon declared that a university as a center of excellence would be established in Dacca (which would later be named as University of Dhaka) and formed a committee in this regard consisting Khwaja Salimullah, A. K. Fazlul Huq and others. The decision was severely criticised by some Hindu leaders in West Bengal. The most significant impact of this event was greater communal dissonance between the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal.
See also[edit]
West Bengal
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "the creation of the barrier" http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/60754/partition-of-Bengal
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandre Lal, "History of Modern India", ISBN 978-81-250-3684-5, pp. 248–249
Jump up ^ David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman (1994), pp. 271–3
Jump up ^ Gordon Johnson, "Partition, Agitation and Congress: Bengal 1904 To 1908," Modern Asian Studies, (May 1973) 7#3, pp. 533–588
Jump up ^ The heritage of Bangla patriotic songs
Jump up ^ Judith M. Brown, Modern India (1985), pp. 184, 366
Jump up ^ Haimanti Roy, "Partition of Contingency? Public Discourse in Bengal, 1946–1947," Modern Asian Studies, (November 2009), 43#6, pp. 1355–1384
Jump up ^ Judith M. Brown, Modern India (1985), p. 366
Further reading[edit]
Edwardes, Michael. High Noon of Empire: India under Curzon (1965)
McLane, John R.. "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905," Indian Economic and Social History Review, July 1965, 2#3, pp. 221–237
External resources[edit]
Ahmed, Sufia (2012). "Partition of Bengal, 1905". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
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