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Reign of Terror
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This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. For other uses, see Reign of Terror (disambiguation).
"The Terror" redirects here. For other uses, see The Terror (disambiguation).
Nine emigrés are executed by guillotine, 1793
Heads of aristocrats, on pikes
The Reign of Terror or The Terror (French: la Terreur) is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.
Several historians consider the "reign of terror" to have begun in 1793, placing the starting date at either 5 September,[1] June [2] or March (birth of the Revolutionary Tribunal), while some consider it to have begun in September 1792 (September Massacres), or even July 1789 (when the first beheadings took place),[3] but there is a general consensus that it ended with the fall of Robespierre in July 1794.[1][2]
Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794, there were 16,594 official death sentences in France, of which 2,639 were in Paris.[2][4] However, the total number of deaths in France was much higher, owing to death in imprisonment, suicide and casualties in foreign and civil war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Barère and Robespierre glorify "terror"
2 Major events during 'the terror'
3 Thermidorian Reaction
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
6.1 Primary sources
6.2 Secondary sources
6.3 Historiography
7 External links
Barère and Robespierre glorify "terror"[edit]
See also: History of France § Counter-revolution subdued (July 1793–April 1794)
Bertrand Barère.
There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution. Mr. Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the Convention: "Let's make terror the order of the day!"[5][6]
They were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government.[4]
Maximilien Robespierre, member of the Committee of Public Safety.
Robespierre in February 1794 in a speech explained the necessity of terror:
If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue, the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue, without which terror is baneful; terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing more than speedy, severe and inflexible justice; it is thus an emanation of virtue; it is less a principle in itself, than a consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie [homeland, fatherland].[7][4]
Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances.[8] Others suggest there were also other causes, including ideological[9] and emotional.[10]
Major events during 'the terror'[edit]
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Main articles: History of France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799), and France § Revolutionary France (1789–1799)
On 10 March 1793 the National Convention created the Revolutionary Tribunal. Among those charged by the tribunal, about a half were acquitted (though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial).In March rebellion broke out in the Vendée in response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil war that lasted until after the Terror.
On 6 April the Committee of Public Safety was created, which gradually became the de facto war-time government.
On 2 June, the Parisian sans-culottes surrounded the National Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. With the backing of the national guard, they persuaded the convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders.[11] In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolt against the National Convention in Paris, which was ultimately crushed. On 24 June, the convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force.
On 13 July the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat – a Jacobin leader and journalist – resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, was removed from the committee. On July 27, 1793, Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety.[12]
The execution of the Girondins.
On 23 August, the National Convention decreed the Levée en masse, "The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn all lint into linen; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic."
On 9 September, the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies", to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. On 17 September, the Law of Suspects was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. On 29 September, the convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods, and also fixed wages.
On 10 October, the Convention decreed that "the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace." On 24 October, the French Republican Calendar was enacted. The trial of the Girondins started on the same day and they were executed on 31 October.
The execution of Olympe de Gouges, feminist writer close to the Girondins
Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred. On 10 November (20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar), the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason.
On 14 Frimaire (5 December 1793) was passed the Law of Frimaire, which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission.
On 16 Pluviôse (4 February 1794), the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies.
On 8 and 13 Ventôse (26 February and 3 March), Saint-Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the Ventôse Decrees.
By the end of 1793, two major factions had emerged, both threatening the Revolutionary Government: the Hébertists, who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection, and the Dantonists, led by Georges Danton, who demanded moderation and clemency. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both. The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March, tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April.
On 20 Prairial (8 June) was celebrated across the country the Festival of the Supreme Being, which was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being, a deist national religion. On 22 Prairial (10 June), the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon, known as the Law of 22 Prairial, which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. With the enactment of the law, the number of executions greatly increased, and the period from this time to the Thermidorian Reaction became known as "The Grand Terror".
On 8 Messidor (26 June), the French army won the Battle of Fleurus, which marked a turning point in France's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government.
Thermidorian Reaction[edit]
Main article: Thermidorian Reaction
The execution of Maximilien Robespierre
The fall of Robespierre was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety (and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government. They had, between them, made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him, so that, after his fall, to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic, putting the advocate's own head at risk. Between his arrest and his execution, Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself, although the bullet wound he sustained, whatever its origin, only shattered his jaw. Alternatively, he may have been shot by the gendarme Merda. The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris, where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge, make it impossible to be sure of the wound's origin. In any case, Robespierre was guillotined the next day.[13]
The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's execution, and limits on terms of office were fixed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months). The Committee's powers were gradually eroded.
See also[edit]
Bals des victimes
Tricoteuse
Drownings at Nantes
State terrorism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Reign of Terror". Encyclopædia Britannica (2015). Retrieved 19 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Linton, Marisa. "The Terror in the French Revolution" (PDF). Kingston University. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The dates July 1789, September 1792, March 1793 as starting date for the Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) are given in the French Wikipedia, referring to source: Jean-Clément Martin, La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution ('The Terror, the cursed part of the Revolution'), coll. Découvertes Gallimard (n° 566), Paris: Gallimard, 2010, p. 14–15.
^ Jump up to: a b c Linton, Marisa (August 2006). "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history". History Today. 8 (56): 23. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman – The French Revolution. Faith, Desire, and Politics. Routledge, London and New York, 2014. Chapter 7 (p. 175–203): The federalist revolt, the Vendée, and the start of the Terror (summer–fall 1793).
Jump up ^ (in French) '30 août 1793 – La terreur à l'ordre du jour!' Website Vendéens & Chouans. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Halsall, Paul (1997). "Maximilien Robespierre: On the Principles of Political Morality, February 1794". Fordham University. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Mathiez, Albert. La Révolution Française. Librairie Armand Colin. ISBN 978-7-100-07058-4.
Jump up ^ Furet, Francois. A Deep-rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance, p. 224.
Jump up ^ Tackett, Timothy (2015-02-23). The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674736559.
Jump up ^ Jones, Peter. The French Revolution 1787–1804. Pearson Education, 2003, p. 57.
Jump up ^ "Maximilien Robespierre | Biography, Facts, & Execution". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
Jump up ^ Merriman, John (2004). "Thermidor" (2nd ed.). A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present, p 507. W.W. Norton & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-393-92495-5
Further reading[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
Cléry, Jean-Baptiste; Henry Essex Edgeworth (1961) [1798]. Sidney Scott, ed. Journal of the Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 3153946.
Secondary sources[edit]
Andress, David (2006). The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-27341-3.
Baker, Keith M. François Furet, and Colin Lucas, eds. (1987) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror (London: Pergamon Press, 1987)
Beik, William (August 2005). "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article". Past and Present. 188: 195–224. doi:10.1093/pastj/gti019.
Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Hunt, Lynn (1984). Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gough, Hugh. The terror in the French revolution (London: Macmillan, 1998)
Hibbert, Christopher (1981). The Days of the French Revolution. New York: Quill-William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-16978-7.
Kerr, Wilfred Brenton (1985). Reign of Terror, 1793–1794. London: Porcupine Press. ISBN 0-87991-631-1.
Linton, Marisa (August 2006). "Robespierre and the terror: Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history, (Maximilien Robespierre)(Biography)". History Today. 8 (56): 23.
Linton, Marisa, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Loomis, Stanley (1964). Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-401-9.
Moore, Lucy (2006). Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-720601-1.
Steel, Mark (2003). Vive La Revolution. London: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-0806-4.
Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian, 23 December 2006.
Palmer, R. R. (2005). Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12187-7.
Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 678–847. ISBN 0-394-55948-7.
Scott, Otto (1974). Robespierre, The Fool as Revolutionary – Inside the French Revolution. Windsor, New York: The Reformer Library. ISBN 978-1-887690-05-8.
Shulim, Joseph I. "Robespierre and the French Revolution," American Historical Review (1977) 82#1 pp. 20–38 in JSTOR
Soboul, Albert. "Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4", Past and Present, No. 5. (May 1954), pp. 54–70. in JSTOR
Sutherland, D.M.G. (2003) The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order pp 174–253
Wahnich, Sophie (2016). In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution (Reprint ed.). Verso. ISBN 978-1784782023.
Reviewed by Ruth Scurr in The Guardian, 17 August 2012
Weber, Caroline. (2003) Terror and Its Discontents: Suspect Words in Revolutionary France online
Historiography[edit]
Kafker, Frank, James M. Lauz, and Darline Gay Levy (2002). The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
Rudé, George (1976). Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-60128-4. A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre, examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an 'ideologue', as a political democrat, as a social democrat, as a practitioner of revolution, as a politician and as a popular leader/leader of revolution, it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Revolution.
"The Terror" from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)
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Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
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Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
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Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
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Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
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Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
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André Masséna
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Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
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Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
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Józef Poniatowski
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Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
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József Alvinczi
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Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
Madame Roland
Father Henri Grégoire
Étienne Clavière
Marquis de Condorcet
Charlotte Corday
Marie Jean Hérault
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Philippe Égalité
Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
Jean Joseph Mounier
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
François de Neufchâteau
Montagnards
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Camille Desmoulins
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
Louis Philippe I
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
Jacques-Louis David
Marquis de Sade
Jacques-Louis David
Georges Couthon
Roger Ducos
Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
Jean-Henri Voulland
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
Prieur de la Marne
Gilbert Romme
Jean Bon Saint-André
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Pierre Louis Prieur
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Antoine Christophe Saliceti
Hébertists
and Enragés
Jacques Hébert
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
François-Nicolas Vincent
François Chabot
Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Jean-François Varlet
Theophile Leclerc
Claire Lacombe
Pauline Léon
Gracchus Babeuf
Sylvain Maréchal
Others
Charles X
Louis XVI
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Louis XVIII
Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
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Marie Antoinette
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Lucien Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Fesch
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Joachim Murat
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
Talleyrand
Thérésa Tallien
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
Catherine Théot
List of people associated with the French Revolution
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Influential thinkers
Les Lumières
Beaumarchais
Edmund Burke
Anacharsis Cloots
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Pierre Claude François Daunou
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Antoine Lavoisier
Montesquieu
Thomas Paine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Abbé Sieyès
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft
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Cultural impact
La Marseillaise
French Tricolour
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Marianne
Bastille Day
Panthéon
French Republican Calendar
Cult of the Supreme Being
Cult of Reason
Temple of Reason
Sans-culottes
Metric system
Phrygian cap
Women in the French Revolution
Symbolism in the French Revolution
Historiography of the French Revolution
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UEFA Euro 2024 bids
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The bidding process of UEFA Euro 2024 ended on 27 September 2018 in Nyon, Switzerland, when Germany was announced to be the host.[1] Two bids came before the deadline, 3 March 2017, which were Germany and Turkey as single bids.[2][3]
Contents
1 Hosting requirements
2 Schedule
3 Bids
3.1 Germany
3.2 Turkey
4 Voting results
5 Decided not to bid
5.1 Denmark–Finland–Norway–Sweden
5.2 Estonia–Russia
5.3 Netherlands
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Hosting requirements[edit]
Press agencies revealed on 5 November 2014, that the European football governing body UEFA will decide on the host of Euro 2024 in 2018.[4] The bidding concept for UEFA Euro 2024 was ratified on 9 December 2016.[5]
For the first time ever, bid requirements must contain specific criteria relating to the respect of human rights, based on the United Nations "Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights".[6][7][8]
The tournament is expected to continue the format of the 2016 and 2020 editions, with a total of 51 matches taking place for a duration of up to 32 days, with 24 teams competing in the tournament.
The required capacities for the ten stadiums are as follows:
3 stadia with 50,000 seats (preferably one of which with at least 60,000 seats)
3 stadia with 40,000 seats
4 stadia with 30,000 seats
Schedule[edit]
Date[9][10]
Notes
9 December 2016 Applications formally invited
3 March 2017 Closing date for registering intention to bid
10 March 2017 Announcement of bidders
17 March 2017 Bid requirements made available to bidders
27–28 April 2017 Opening workshop for bidders
27 April 2018 Submission of bid dossier
21 September 2018 Publication of the evaluation report by UEFA and bid books by bidders
27 September 2018 Bid presentation and announcement of host
Bids[edit]
UEFA announced that only two countries, Germany and Turkey, had announced their intentions to host the tournament.[2][3]
On 21 September 2018, UEFA published its UEFA Euro 2024 bid evaluation report.[11][12] The German Football Association and the Turkish Football Federation published also their respective bid book.[11][13][14]
Germany[edit]
Berlin
Cologne
Dortmund
Düsseldorf
Frankfurt
Gelsenkirchen
Hamburg
Leipzig
Munich
Stuttgart
German stadia map
On 23 October 2013, the executive committee of the German Football Association (DFB), under president Wolfgang Niersbach, had voted to place a bid for hosting the tournament. This was announced publicly the following day on 24 October 2013 at the 41st DFB-Bundestag in Nuremberg.[15][16][17] On 20 January 2017, the DFB executive committee under president Reinhard Grindel unanimously confirmed the bid for UEFA Euro 2024.[18][19][20] On 1 March 2017, the DFB submitted an official declaration of interest to UEFA General Secretary Theodore Theodoridis.[21]
Previously, UEFA Euro 1988 had been held in West Germany, as well as the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. German media has also reported that the DFB was willing to let Wembley Stadium host the final for UEFA Euro 2020, in return for support from The Football Association for Germany's 2024 bid.
Until 17 February 2017, cities and stadiums interested in hosting the tournament were able to submit a non-committal statement of interest to the DFB.[22] By the deadline, 18 cities and stadia had submitted the necessary documents, including the 12 hosts of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.[23] The DDV-Stadion in Dresden was the first stadium turned down on 1 March 2017, as it failed to meet the mandatory capacity of 30,000 seats.[21] The formal application procedure began on 11 April 2017, with a total of 17 potential venues requesting bidding documents.[24] The city of Freiburg im Breisgau withdrew its bid on 25 April 2017, citing that the guidelines announced by the DFB would not result in a promising application for the stadium.[25] On 26 April 2017, the city of Karlsruhe withdrew its application.[26] A total of 15 cities expressed their interest in hosting by the 26 April 2017 deadline.[27] The Fritz-Walter-Stadion in Kaiserslautern later withdrew its bid on 15 May 2017 due to "irresponsible financial risk", leaving 14 cities remaining.[28]
According to UEFA requirements, stadiums must at least have a capacity of 30,000 seats publicly available seats (not including media seating and places with a restricted view). The cities of Freiburg im Breisgau and Karlsruhe planned their bids with respective new stadia.
The full application documents for the cities had to be submitted to the DFB by 10 July 2017. This date was originally 12 June 2017, but it was postponed due to a delay in receiving documents from UEFA.[29][30] All 14 remaining cities submitted their applications to the DFB by the deadline. The DFB's application committee evaluated the submitted documents in the following weeks. In addition, as of the end of July 2017, the DFB visited all 14 stadiums in order to take into account the conditions and examine the possible reconstruction and expansion plans.[31]
The selection criteria used for the venues was primarily the stadium capacity. In order to allow as many spectators as possible for the European Championship, the DFB increased the net seating capacity required by UEFA for three stadiums from at least 50,000 to at least 60,000. Other criteria include security aspects and infrastructure. On the basis of these qualitative criteria and the application documents of the cities, a ranking of the applicant venues was established by the DFB's application committee. To ensure that the European Championships take place throughout Germany as a whole, a regional classification of the applicants was carried out in four zones spread across the country. From each of the four zones, one to four stadiums may be chosen.[32] Zone I (north) includes Bremen, Hamburg, and Hanover. Zone II (west) was assigned to Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Gelsenkirchen, and Mönchengladbach. Zone III (south) includes Frankfurt, Munich, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart. Zone IV (east) includes Berlin and Leipzig.[33]
The candidate cities have to make commitments to UEFA, for example, that within the "commercial zone" of 500 meters around the stadiums that political and religious demonstrations would be prevented. The cities also have to enact laws to protect UEFA's marketing rights. This includes preventing pubs near the stadiums from broadcasting matches on large screens. Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem, former Federal Constitutional Court judge, considered parts of the requirements unconstitutional. First, interventions in the freedom of assembly are not allowed for commercial interests. Also, only parliaments, not cities, have the power to legislate. Finally, the ban on large screens in nearby restaurants is an unlawful interference of occupational freedom. The leaders of the city of Bremen shared these concerns, while officials in Hamburg and Leipzig did not see any concerns.[34] However, the DFB responded that the UEFA regulations were to ensure safety and security around the host stadiums, and that cities are not required to enact laws relating to UEFA marketing rights.[35]
German bid logo
Taking into account all these criteria and conditions, the DFB executive committee selected the final 10 cities and stadia as candidate venues from the remaining 14 applicants on 15 September 2017. The executive committee unanimously followed the recommendation of the DFB bid committee, which had ranked the 14 applicants. Berlin, Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Gelsenkirchen, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart were all selected, having been ranked from 1–10. The Max-Morlock-Stadion in Nuremberg, HDI-Arena in Hanover, Borussia-Park in Mönchengladbach, and Weser-Stadion in Bremen were all dropped from the final bid, having been ranked from 11–14.[36][37] The zoning rule did not have to be applied, since according to the ranking no more than four and at least one venue per zone were ranked in the top ten.
The following are the host cities and stadia selected for Germany's bid:[38]
Berlin – Olympiastadion, capacity 74,461[a][b]
Munich – Allianz Arena, capacity 70,076[b]
Dortmund – Westfalenstadion, capacity 65,849[a][b]
Gelsenkirchen – Arena AufSchalke, capacity 54,740[b]
Stuttgart – Mercedes-Benz Arena, capacity 54,697[a][c][b]
Hamburg – Volksparkstadion, capacity 52,245[a][c][b]
Düsseldorf – Esprit Arena, capacity 51,031
Cologne – Müngersdorfer Stadion, capacity 49,827[b]
Leipzig – Red Bull Arena, capacity 49,539[b]
Frankfurt – Waldstadion, capacity 48,387[a][c][b]
Until the end of September, applications for team base camp locations will be accepted by the DFB. Each of the 24 teams requires a base camp before and during the tournament for accommodation and training facilities. A team base camp consists of a hotel or accommodation facility with appropriate comfort, privacy, and safety standards as well as a nearby, first-class training facility. Good infrastructure is required around the base camp, including a nearby airport. A base camp is also needed for the UEFA referees for the tournament.[39][40]
On 25 August 2017, the DFB announced that the logo of the German application would be determined by a design contest on the "jovoto" platform.[41] There, creative members submitted potential designs. A total of 2,076 designs were submitted by 990 participants from 82 countries. The community on the platform then selected 20 potential logos in a voting phase, with the DFB choosing 5 additional logos. The 25 proposals were evaluated by a jury consisting of DFB executives and experts from the design and communications industry, as well as representatives from the sports world, with the top 5 submissions being announced on 15 September 2017.[42] An online vote on "fussball.de" took place from 15 to 22 September 2017 between the five remaining logos to determine the winning design which would be used for the German bid.[43] The winning logo will be used on the "bid book" which the DFB will submit to UEFA, along with all communicative actions relating to the DFB bid.[44][45] The winning logo was presented by the DFB on 7 October 2017, with 44% of the votes in favour of the draft by Serbian graphic designer Igor Petrović. The logo, which features two hearts and a "24" in the German national colors of black, red, and gold.[46]
On 14 November 2017, the DFB announced the official motto of the German bid: "United by Football – Vereint im Herzen Europas" (United by Football – United in the Heart of Europe). In order to show their support for the German bid, the German national team players wore badges on their kits with the German bid logo during the international friendly match against France in Cologne on the same day. The slogan, along with the bid logo, will be used in all communicative measures by the DFB in connection with bid. The official bid website "united-by-football.de" was also unveiled on 14 November.[47]
On 24 April 2018, the DFB officially submitted their bid book to UEFA.[48]
Turkey[edit]
Ankara
Antalya
Bursa
Eskişehir
Gaziantep
Istanbul
İzmit
Konya
Trabzon
Turkish stadia map
In April 2014, the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) announced they would not bid for the semi-finals and final for UEFA Euro 2020, but rather plan a bid for hosting UEFA Euro 2024.[49] On 15 February 2017, the TFF confirmed Turkish bid.[50] Turkey has only previously hosted one major football tournament, the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. However, the country previously attempted to host the European Championship in 2008 (in a joint bid with Greece), 2012, and 2016, but failed on all occasions.[2] On 20 October 2017, the TFF announced the venues for the Turkish bid following a meeting of the bid committee.[51]
Turkish bid logo
The following are the host cities and stadia selected for Turkey's bid:[51]
Ankara – New Ankara Stadium, capacity 65,307[52]
Antalya – New Antalya Stadium, capacity 43,616 (after expansion)[52]
Bursa – Timsah Arena, capacity 43,331[52]
Eskişehir – New Eskişehir Stadium, capacity 34,930[52]
Gaziantep – New Gaziantep Stadium, capacity 35,219[52]
Istanbul – Atatürk Olympic Stadium, capacity 92,208 (after expansion)[52]
Istanbul – Türk Telekom Stadium, capacity 53,611 (after renovation)[52]
İzmit – İzmit Stadium, capacity 34,712[52]
Konya – Konya Büyükşehir Stadium, capacity 37,829 (after renovation)[52]
Trabzon – Şenol Güneş Stadium, capacity 43,233 (after renovation)[52]
The bid logo and slogan were unveiled on 19 January 2018. The logo is inspired by the heart with football and the star from the Turkish flag combined with the number "24" represents year 2024 and turkish national flag colors. The logo was designed by Turkish graphic designer Erhan Yalur. And Turkey announced the official slogan as Share Together (Turkish: Birlikte Paylaşalım) for the competition.[53]
On 26 April 2018, the TFF officially submitted their bid book to UEFA.[54]
Voting results[edit]
The UEFA Executive Committee voted for the host in a secret ballot, with only a simple majority required to determine the host. In the event of a tie, Aleksander Čeferin, the UEFA president, would cast the decisive vote.[9] Of the 20 members of the Executive Committee, Reinhard Grindel (Germany) and Servet Yardımcı (Turkey) were ineligible to vote, and Lars-Christer Olsson (Sweden) was absent through illness, leaving a total of 17 voting members.[1]
Voting results
Country
Votes
Germany 12
Turkey 4
Abstention 1
Total
17
Decided not to bid[edit]
Denmark–Finland–Norway–Sweden[edit]
On 4 March 2016, the Danish Football Association announced preparation of a joint bid together with the FAs of fellow Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, and Finland for either UEFA Euro 2024 or 2028.[55] Sweden has previously hosted UEFA Euro 1992, and Denmark is one of the 13 hosts of the 2020 edition. Stockholm (1912) and Helsinki (1952) hosted Summer Olympic Games.
Unsuccessfully, the Nordic countries joined forces to bid for UEFA Euro 2008, losing out to Austria–Switzerland. There were also just ten over 20,000+ seater stadiums which could host matches, and these are: Solna (final venue), Gothenburg, Stockholm, Malmö (Sweden), Copenhagen, Brøndby, Aarhus (Denmark), Oslo, Trondheim (Norway), and Helsinki (Finland). While not hosting any matches, related events will be held in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, too.[56] However, the federations ditched plans to bid for the 2024 European Championship on 28 February 2017.[57]
Estonia–Russia[edit]
In December 2012, it was reported that the Estonian Football Association were negotiating the possibility of a joint bid together with Russia. Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[58] Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games, in 1980, when Russia and Estonia were part of the Soviet Union.
Netherlands[edit]
On 23 March 2012, Bert van Oostveen said, the Netherlands have plan to host Euro 2024. In 2000, the Netherlands and Belgium co-hosted the tournament.[59] Cities would be Rotterdam (two stadiums), Amsterdam (two stadiums), Eindhoven, Heerenveen, Groningen, Enschede, Arnhem, and Utrecht (over 20,000 each with possibility to expand least to 30,000). Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympic Games, in 1928.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Host venue for the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Host venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
^ Jump up to: a b c Host venue for UEFA Euro 1988.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Germany to host UEFA EURO 2024". UEFA. 27 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Euro 2024: Tournament to be held in Germany or Turkey". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Germany and Turkey officially interested in hosting UEFA EURO 2024". UEFA. 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "DFB: Deutschland bewirbt sich um EM 2024". europeonline-magazine.eu. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lyon to host 2018 UEFA Europa League final". UEFA. 9 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Germany and Turkey receive bid requirements for hosting UEFA EURO 2024". UEFA. 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2024 Tournament Requirements" (PDF). UEFA.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2024 Bid Dossier Template" (PDF). UEFA.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA EURO 2024: bid regulations" (PDF). UEFA.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2024 host announcement". UEFA. 10 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA EURO 2024 bid evaluation report published". UEFA. 21 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "UEFA EURO 2024 Evaluation Report" (PDF). UEFA. line feed character in |title= at position 15 (help)
Jump up ^ "Germany Bid Book" (PDF). German Football Association.
Jump up ^ "Turkey Bid Book" (PDF). Turkish Football Federation.
Jump up ^ "DFB bewirbt sich um Europameisterschaft 2024" [DFB is applying for UEFA Euro 2024]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "DFB möchte die EURO 2024 nach Deutschland holen" [DFB wants to bring EURO 2024 to Germany]. fussball-em-total.de (in German). FUSSBALL-EM-total. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deutschland bewirbt sich um EM 2024" [Germany is applying for Euro 2024]. spiegel.de (in German). Spiegel Online. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EM 2024: DFB bewirbt sich um Ausrichtung" [Euro 2024: DFB is applying for alignment]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Germany confirm bid to host Euro 2024 with 10-stadium plan". independent.co.uk. The Independent. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "DFB bewirbt sich um Fußball-EM 2024" [DFB is applying for UEFA Euro 2024]. sportschau.de (in German). Sportschau. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grindel hinterlegt Interesse an Ausrichtung der EURO 2024" [Grindel interested in the orientation of EURO 2024]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: Bewerbungsunterlagen für Städte und Stadien" [EURO 2024: Application documents for cities and stadia]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 22 January 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "18 Städte und Stadien bekunden Interesse an EURO 2024" [18 cities and stadiums show interest in EURO 2024]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nationales Bewerbungsverfahren zur UEFA EURO 2024 gestartet" [National application procedure started for UEFA EURO 2024]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EM 2024: Freiburg zieht zurück" [Euro 2024: Freiburg withdraws]. kicker.de (in German). kicker-sportmagazin. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bewerbungsverfahren um EM 2024 beendet: Karlsruhe ist nicht mit dabei" [Application procedure completed for Euro 2024: Karlsruhe not included]. regio-news.de (in German). Radio Karlsruhe GmbH & Co. KG. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EM 2024: 15 Spielorte beim Nationalen Bewerbungsverfahren dabei" [Euro 2024: 15 locations in the national bidding procedure]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Keine EM-Bewerbung von Kaiserslautern" [No European Championship application from Kaiserslautern]. kicker.de (in German). kicker-sportmagazin. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nationales Bewerbungsverfahren für EURO 2024: Frist verlängert" [National bidding process for EURO 2024: Deadline extended]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: Zweiter Workshop zum Nationalen Bewerbungsverfahren" [EURO 2024: Second workshop on the national application procedure]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: 14 Städte und Stadien reichen Bewerbungsunterlagen ein" [EURO 2024: 14 cities and stadiums submit application documents]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EM 2024: DFB verabschiedet Auswahlverfahren der Spielorte" [Euro 2024: DFB adopts selection procedures for the venues]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Verfahren zur Auswahl der Spielorte durch den DFB" [Procedure for the selection of the venues by the DFB] (PDF). DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EM-Bewerbung: Städte unterwerfen sich der UEFA" [European Championship bid: Cities submit to UEFA]. NDR.de (in German). Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stellungnahme des DFB" [Statement by the DFB]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "DFB-Präsidium legt Spielorte für Bewerbung um EURO 2024 fest" [DFB executie committee sets venues for EURO 2024 application]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Das Ranking der Bewerberstädte" [The ranking of the candidate cities] (PDF). DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Evaluierungsbericht Stadien/Städte" [Evaluation report stadiums/cities] (PDF). DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Teamquartiere für EURO 2024 gesucht" [Team base camps for EURO 2024 wanted]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ausschreibung Team Base Camps im Rahmen der Bewerbung des DFB als Ausrichter der UEFA EURO 2024" [Invitation of tenders for team base camps within the framework of the DFB's application as host of UEFA EURO 2024]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aim, shoot, score: Your 2024 bid logo!". jovoto.com. Jovoto GmbH. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: DFB startet Design-Wettbewerb fürs Bewerbungslogo" [EURO 2024: DFB launches design competition for the application logo]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: Fans wählen Bewerbungslogo auf FUSSBALL.DE" [EURO 2024: Fans choose application logo on FUSSBALL.DE]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Letzte Chance: Fans wählen EM-Bewerbungslogo auf FUSSBALL.DE" [Last chance: Fans choose European Championship application logo on FUSSBALL.DE]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: Logo-Voting ist beendet" [Euro 2024: Logo voting is over]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024: DFB stellt Bewerbungslogo vor" [Euro 2024: DFB presents application logo]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "DFB stellt Slogan der EM-Bewerbung vor" [DFB presents the slogan of the European Championship bid]. DFB.de (in German). German Football Association. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Germany officially submits UEFA EURO 2024 bid book". UEFA.com. 24 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "EURO 2024 adaylık bilgilendirme toplantısı Çarşamba günü yapılacak". Turkish Football Federation.
Jump up ^ "Turkey announces EURO 2024 bid". Turkish Football Federation.
^ Jump up to: a b "EURO 2024'e aday şehirler belli oldu" [Candidate cities to host EURO 2024 are announced]. TFF.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "stadiums list (p. 50), Turkish Football Federation UEFA EURI 2024 bid brochure". tff.org. 26 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "TURKEY UEFA EURO 2024 CANDIDATE - SHARE TOGETHER". www.euro2024adayiturkiye.com.
Jump up ^ "Turkish Football Federation submits bid book to host UEFA EURO 2024". UEFA.com. 26 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "DBU går efter EM-værtsskab".
Jump up ^ "Nordic nations combine for Euros 2024/28 bid". 4 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nordic nations scrap Euro24 bid plans leaving Germany and Turkey to battle it out". Inside world Football. 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Estonia wants to hold Euro-2024 together with Russia".
Jump up ^ "'Nederland kandidaat organisatie EK 2024' - Sport - de Volkskrant".
External links[edit]
German bid official website
DFB bid information page
Turkish bid official website
UEFA Euro 2024 tournament requirements
UEFA Euro 2024 bid regulations
Bid dossier template
UEFA EURO 2024 bid evaluation report
Germany Bid Book
Turkey Bid Book
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