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Titan (mythology)
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This article is about the race of the Titans in Greek mythology. For the Greek sun-deity sometimes referred to as "Titan", see Helios. For other uses, see Titan (disambiguation).
Greek deities
series
Titans
Olympians
Aquatic deities
Chthonic deities
Mycenaean deities
Personified concepts
Other deities
Titans
The Twelve Titans
Oceanus and Tethys,
Hyperion and Theia,
Coeus and Phoebe,
Cronus and Rhea,
Mnemosyne, Themis,
Crius, Iapetus
Children of Cronus
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades,
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Children of Oceanus
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Sons of Iapetus
Atlas, Prometheus,
Epimetheus, Menoetius
Sons of Crius
Astraeus, Pallas, Perses
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In Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek: Τιτάν, Titán, plural: Τiτᾶνες, Titânes) and Titanesses (or Titanides; Greek: Τιτανίς, Titanís, plural: Τιτανίδες, Titanídes) were members of the second generation of divine beings, descending from the primordial deities and preceding the Olympians. Based on Mount Othrys, the Titans most famously included the first twelve children of Gaia (Mother Earth) and Uranus (Father Sky). They ruled during the legendary Golden Age, and also comprised the first pantheon of Greek deities.
The first twelve Titans were the females Mnemosyne, Tethys, Theia, Phoebe, Rhea, and Themis and the males Oceanus, Hyperion, Coeus, Cronus, Crius, and Iapetus.
They begat more Titans: Hyperion's children Helios, Selene, and Eos; Coeus' children Leto and Asteria; Iapetus' sons Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius; Oceanus' daughter Metis; and Crius' sons Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses.
Just as Cronus overthrew his father Uranus, the Titans were overthrown by Cronus's children (Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera and Demeter), in the Titanomachy (or "War of the Titans"). The Greeks may have borrowed this mytheme from the Ancient Near East.[1]
Contents
1 Titanomachy
2 Genealogy
3 Orphic sources
4 Modern interpretations
5 In astronomy
6 In popular culture
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Titanomachy[edit]
Main article: Titanomachy
Greeks of the classical age knew several poems about the war between the Olympians and Titans. The dominant one, and the only one that has survived, was in the Theogony attributed to Hesiod. A lost epic, Titanomachia (attributed to the legendary blind Thracian bard Thamyris) was mentioned in passing in an essay On Music that was once attributed to Plutarch. The Titans also played a prominent role in the poems attributed to Orpheus. Although only scraps of the Orphic narratives survive, they show interesting differences with the Hesiodic tradition.
The classical Greek myths of the Titanomachy fall into a class of similar myths throughout Europe and the Near East concerning a war in heaven, where one generation or group of gods largely opposes the dominant one. Sometimes the elders are supplanted, and sometimes the rebels lose and are either cast out of power entirely or incorporated into the pantheon. Other examples might include the wars of the Æsir with the Vanir in Scandinavian mythology, the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish, the Hittite "Kingship in Heaven" narrative, the obscure generational conflict in Ugaritic fragments, Virabhadra's conquest of the early Vedic Gods, and the rebellion of Lucifer in Christianity. The Titanomachy lasted for ten years.[2] The Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus after the war had ended. Tartarus is said to be the deepest part of the Underworld and the place where the evilest beings are tortured for all eternity.
Genealogy[edit]
hideTitan Family Tree [3]
Uranus Gaia Pontus
Oceanus Tethys Hyperion Theia Crius Eurybia
The Rivers The Oceanids Helios Selene [4] Eos Astraeus Pallas Perses
Cronus Rhea Coeus Phoebe
Hestia Hera Poseidon Zeus Leto Asteria
Demeter Hades Apollo Artemis Hecate
Iapetus Clymene (or Asia) [5] Themis (Zeus) Mnemosyne
Atlas [6] Menoetius Prometheus [7] Epimetheus The Horae The Muses
Orphic sources[edit]
Rhea, a Titan daughter of the earth goddess Gaia, was both sister and wife to Kronos.
Hesiod does not have the last word on the Titans. Surviving fragments of poetry ascribed to Orpheus preserve some variations on the myth. In such text, Zeus does not simply set upon his father violently. Instead, Rhea spreads out a banquet for Cronus so that he becomes drunk upon fermented honey. Rather than being consigned to Tartarus, Cronus is dragged – still drunk – to the cave of Nyx (Night), where he continues to dream throughout eternity.
Another myth concerning the Titans that is not in Hesiod revolves around Dionysus. At some point in his reign, Zeus decides to give up the throne in favor of the infant Dionysus, who like the infant Zeus, is guarded by the Kouretes. The Titans decide to slay the child and claim the throne for themselves; they paint their faces white with gypsum, distract Dionysus with toys, then dismember him and boil and roast his limbs. Zeus, enraged, slays the Titans with his thunderbolt; Athena preserves the heart in a gypsum doll, out of which a new Dionysus is made. This story is told by the poets Callimachus and Nonnus, who call this Dionysus "Zagreus", and in a number of Orphic texts, which do not.
One iteration of this story, of the Late Antique Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus, recounted in his commentary of Plato's Phaedo,[8] affirms that humanity sprang up out of the fatty smoke of the burning Titan corpses. Pindar, Plato, and Oppian refer offhandedly to the "Titanic nature" of humans. According to them, the body is the titanic part, while soul is the divine part of humans. Other early writers imply that humanity was born out of the malevolent blood shed by the Titans in their war against Zeus. Some scholars consider that Olympiodorus' report, the only surviving explicit expression of this mythic connection, embodied a tradition that dated to the Bronze Age, while Radcliffe Edmonds has suggested an element of innovative allegorized improvisation to suit Olympiodorus' purpose.[9]
Modern interpretations[edit]
Cronus armed with sickle; after a carved gem (Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison, Galerie mythologique, 1811).
Some 19th- and 20th-century scholars, including Jane Ellen Harrison, have argued that an initiatory or shamanic ritual underlies the myth of the dismemberment and cannibalism of Dionysus by the Titans.[10] She also asserts that the word "Titan" comes from the Greek τίτανος, signifying white "earth, clay, or gypsum," and that the Titans were "white clay men", or men covered by white clay or gypsum dust in their rituals.[11] Martin Litchfield West also asserts this in relation to shamanistic initiatory rites of early Greek religious practices.[12]
Beekes connects the word with τιτώ (a now-obscure word for "day").[13] Other scholars connect the word to the Greek verb τείνω ("teino", to stretch), through an epic variation τιταίνω and τίσις (titaino and tisis, "retribution" and "vengeance"). Hesiod appears to share that view when he narrates:
But their father, great Ouranos, called them Titans by surname, rebuking his sons, whom he had begotten himself; for he said they had "strained" (τιταίνοντας, titainontas) in their wickedness to perform a mighty deed, and at some later time there would be "vengeance" (τίσιν, tisin) for this.
—  Hesiod, Theogony, 207–210.
In astronomy[edit]
The planet Saturn is named for the Roman equivalent of the Titan Cronus. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is named after the Titans generally, and the other moons of Saturn are named after individual titans, specifically Tethys, Phoebe, Rhea, Hyperion, and Iapetus. Astronomer Pickering claimed to discover another moon of Saturn which he named Themis, but this discovery was never confirmed, and the name Themis was given to an asteroid, 24 Themis. Asteroid 57 Mnemosyne was also named for a titan.
A proto-planet Theia is hypothesized to have been involved in a collision in the early solar system, forming the Earth's moon.
In popular culture[edit]
Main article: Titans in popular culture
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Burkert, pp. 94f, 125–27.
Jump up ^ About.com's Ancient/Classical History section; Hesiod, Theogony, 617–643: "So they, with bitter wrath, were fighting continually with one another at that time for ten full years, and the hard strife had no close or end for either side..."
Jump up ^ Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
Jump up ^ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony 371–374, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
Jump up ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 507–511, Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351, was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
Jump up ^ According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
Jump up ^ In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.
Jump up ^ Olympiodorus, In Plat. Phaedr. I.3–6.
Jump up ^ West; Albert Bernabé, "La toile de Pénélope: a-t-il existé un mythe orphique sur Dionysos et les Titans?", Revue de l'histoire des religions (2002:401–33), noted by Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, "A Curious concoction: tradition and innovation in Olympiodorus' creation of mankind".
Jump up ^ Harrison, Jane Ellen (1908). Proleoromena to the Study of Greek Religion (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 490.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Jane Ellen (1908). Proleoromena to the Study of Greek Religion (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 491ff.
Jump up ^ West.
Jump up ^ Beekes 2010 Etymological Dictionary of Greek, sv. τιτώ
References[edit]
Burket, Walter, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-674-64364-2.
Harrison, Jane Ellen, Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion, 1913.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Ancientlibrary.com, article on "Titan"
West, Martin Litchfield, The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0-19-814854-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titans.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Theogony of Hesiod
Theoi Project, Titans references to Titans in classical literature, in translation
Greek Mythology Link, Titans summary of the Titans myth
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titan_(mythology)&oldid=852058114"
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Airedale Terrier
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Airedale Terrier
An Australian and New Zealand Champion
Other names
Waterside Terrier
Bingley Terrier
Common nicknames
Airedale
King of Terriers
Origin
United Kingdom
[show]Traits
Weight
Male 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg)
Female 35–40 pounds (16–18 kg)
Height
Male 22–24 inches (56–61 cm)
Female 22–23 inches (56–58 cm)
Coat
Broken
Color
Black saddle with tan ears, legs, and head; dark grizzle saddle (black mixed with gray and white)
Litter size
9 pups
Life span
11.5 yrs
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 3, Section 1 Large/medium-sized Terriers #7 standard
AKC
Terrier standard
ANKC
Group 2 - (Terriers) standard
CKC
Group 4 - (Terriers) standard
KC (UK)
Terrier standard
NZKC
Terrier standard
UKC
Terriers standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale"), also called Bingley Terrier and Waterside Terrier, is a dog breed of the terrier type that originated in the valley (dale) of the River Aire, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is traditionally called the "King of Terriers" because it is the largest of the terrier breeds. The Airedale was bred from the Old English Black and Tan Terrier (now extinct), the Bull Terrier, the Otterhound and probably some other Terrier breeds, originally to serve as an all around working farm dog. In Britain this breed has also been used as a war dog, guide dog and police dog. In the United States, this breed has been used to hunt big game, upland birds, and water fowl, and serve in many other working capacities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Appearance
1.1.1 Coat
1.1.2 Tail
1.1.3 Size
1.2 Temperament
2 Health
3 History
4 Notable Airedales
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Description[edit]
Airedale
Appearance[edit]
Airedale Terriers being judged at a dog show.
The Airedale is the largest of the British terriers. They weigh 19–25 kilograms (42–55 lb) in fit condition and have a height at the withers of 58–61 centimetres (23–24 in) for males, with females slightly smaller.[1] The American Kennel Club standard specifies a very slightly smaller dog. Larger Airedales, up to 55 kilograms (121 lb) can sometimes be found in North America. They are sometimes referred to as "Oorangs" as this was the name of a kennel in Ohio in the early 1900s that produced this much larger variation.[2]
The Airedale has a medium-length black and tan coat with a harsh topcoat and a soft undercoat. They are an alert and energetic breed, "not aggressive but fearless."[1] It has been claimed that the larger "Oorang" type Airedales are more eager than the smaller, breed standard Airedales, but this is not necessarily so. The large type have been used for big game hunting and as family guardians or as pets, but usually do poorly in AKC (American Kennel Club) conformation shows. This larger type is also significantly more prone to hip dysplasia than the standard Airedales.
Coat[edit]
Like many terriers, the breed has a 'broken' coat, which is hard and wiry. It is meant to be kept not so long as to appear ragged, and lies straight and close, covering body and legs. The outer coat is hard, wiry and stiff, the undercoat softer. The hardest coats are crinkly or just slightly waved. Curly soft coats are highly undesirable.
The coat is hypoallergenic, tending not to generate allergic reactions in people.
Airedales bearing undercoats are generally groomed by hand stripping where a small serrated edged knife is used to pull out loose hair from the dog's coat.[3] Most Airedales require frequent (6 to 8 weeks) clipping or stripping as they do not shed.
The AKC breed standard states that the correct coat color is either a black saddle, with a tan head, ears and legs; or a dark grizzle saddle (black mixed with gray and white). Grizzle that is a mix of red hair in the black, often on the area of back before the tail are often the best and harshest coats. There are, however, examples of non-standard black-coated and "red" (tan) coated Airedales, (the solid colored Airedales are NOT able to be AKC registered, since they are deviations from breed standard and have yet to be proven 'purebred' Airedale Terriers.) There are also the short coated "Redline" type Airedales, they appear to be genetic throwbacks in looks to the Airedale's early days when the breed's coats were much shorter than today's Airedale. Even with their shorter coat they still have the same hard wiry outer coat with a soft under coat and fall well within the criteria of the breed standard and therefore can be AKC registered and most are registered.
Tail[edit]
This Airedale's tail is natural (undocked)
Traditionally the fluffy tail is long and erect. In most European countries and Australia it is illegal to dock dogs' tails unless it is for the dog's benefit (e.g., if the tail is broken). This has resulted in the emergence of a spitz tail in some dogs. Selective breeding should see this change over time and the required slightly curled tail set high on the back again become common.
In other parts of the world the Airedale's tail is commonly docked within five days of birth, but this is not considered a breed standard custom. To show an Airedale in the United States, the official AKC standard states "The root of the tail should be set well up on the back. It should be carried gaily but not curled over the back. It should be of good strength and substance and of fair length."
Size[edit]
Airedales weigh approximately 35 - 50 pounds, being active and agile enough to perform well, while not too small to function as a physical deterrent, retriever or hunter. Some breeders have produced larger Airedale Terriers, such as the 'Oorang Airedale', developed in the 1920s.[4]
Ex-Army captain and Airdale breeder Walter Lingo's monthly magazine "Oorang Comments" (#25, page 81), stated that "When full grown your Airedale dog will weigh from forty to fifty-five pounds and if a female will weigh slightly less. This is the standard weight, but when required, we can furnish oversized Airedales whose weight will be from sixty to one hundred pounds."
Because Lingo tried to fill orders for everyone, the Oorang strain size was never standardized. Airedales weighing from 40 to 100 pounds were produced, but for the most part they were approximately 50 pounds and 22 to 24 inches at the shoulder. In the United States, the male Airedales measure 40 to 70 pounds, with the Oorang strain typically in the 80 to 120 pound range.
Temperament[edit]
The Airedale can be used as a working dog and also as a hunting dog. Airedales exhibit some herding characteristics as well, and have a propensity to chase animals. They have no problem working with cattle and livestock. However, an Airedale that is not well trained will agitate and annoy the animals.
The Airedale Terrier, like most terriers, has been bred to hunt independently. As a result, the dog is very intelligent, independent, strong-minded, stoic, and can sometimes be stubborn. If children and Airedales are both trained correctly, Airedales can be an excellent choice for a family dog. Airedales can do well with cats and other small animals, especially when they are raised with them.
Albert Payson Terhune wrote of the Airedale: "Among the mine-pits of the Aire, the various groups of miners each sought to develop a dog which could outfight and outhunt and outthink the other miner's dogs. Tests of the first-named virtues were made in inter-mine dog fights. Bit by bit, thus, an active, strong, heroic, compactly graceful and clever dog was evolved – the earliest true form of the Airedale.
He is swift, formidable, graceful, big of brain, an ideal chum and guard. ....To his master he is an adoring pal. To marauders he is a destructive lightning bolt."
Health[edit]
A young puppy.
Airedale Terriers in UK, USA, and Canadian surveys had a median lifespan of about 11.5 years,[5] which is similar to other breeds of their size.[6]
In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (39.5%), old age (14%), urologic (9%), and cardiac (7%).[7] In a 2000–2001 USA/Canada Health Survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (38%), urologic (17%), old age (12%), and cardiac (6%)[8] A very hardy breed, although some may suffer from eye problems, hip dysplasia and skin infections.
Airedales can be affected by hip dysplasia. Like most terriers, they have a propensity towards dermatitis. Skin disorders may go unnoticed in Airedales, because of their hard, dense, wiry coats. Itchy skin may be manifest as acral lick dermatitis (also known as lick granuloma; caused by licking one area excessively) or acute moist dermatitis or "hot spots" (an oppressively itchy, inflamed and oozing patch of skin, made worse by intense licking and chewing). Allergies, dietary imbalances, and under/over-productive thyroid glands are the main causes of skin conditions.
An Airedale's coat was originally designed to protect the dog from its predators—the coat was designed to come out in the claws of the predator the dog was designed to hunt, leaving the dog unharmed. Because of this, some forms of skin dermatitis can respond to hand stripping the coat. Clipping the coat cuts the dead hair, leaving dead roots within the hair follicles. It is these dead roots which can cause skin irritations. However, hand stripping removes these dead roots from the skin and stimulates new growth.[3]
Gastric dilatation volvulus, also known as bloat, affects Airedale Terriers. The stomach can twist and block the esophagus, causing a buildup of gas and leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. Signs of bloat include gastric distress (stomach pain), futile attempts at vomiting, and increased salivation. Bloat usually occurs when the dog is exercised too soon after eating. They will eat up to 4-6 cups of food at a time.
Due to the breed's stoic nature, injuries can go unnoticed for a time as the dog will not give obvious signs of pain or distress like whining. For example, the first indication of a cut on the foot might be limping or favoring that foot a few days after the actual injury, so owners should be aware of their pets usual movement to spot irregularities. Excessive licking of a spot may also indicate a problem other than the skin conditions listed above.
History[edit]
Thunder, a Bingley Terrier and one of the founders of the Airedale Terrier, from The Illustrated Book of the Dog, London/New York 1881
Airedale, a valley (dale) in the West Riding of Yorkshire, named for the River Aire that runs through it, was the birthplace of the breed. In the mid-19th century, working-class people created the Airedale Terrier by crossing the old English rough-coated Black and Tan Terrier with the Otterhound and an assortment of other breeds. In 1886, the Kennel Club of England formally recognized the Airedale Terrier breed.
In 1864 they were exhibited for the first time at a championship dog show sponsored by the Airedale Agricultural Society. They were classified under different names, including Rough Coated, Bingley and Waterside Terrier. In 1879 breed fanciers decided to call the breed the Airedale Terrier, a name accepted by the Kennel Club (England) in 1886.
Well-to-do hunters of the era were typically accompanied by a pack of hounds and several terriers, often running them both together. The hounds would scent and pursue the quarry and the terriers would "go to ground" or enter into the quarry's burrow and make the kill. Terriers were often the sporting dog of choice for the common man. Early sporting terriers needed to be big enough to tackle the quarry, but not so big as to prevent them from maneuvering through the quarry's underground lair. As a result, these terriers had to have a very high degree of courage and pluck to face the foe in a tight, dark underground den without the help of human handlers.
Airedale Terrier circa 1915
During the middle of the 19th century, regular sporting events took place along the River Aire in which terriers pursued the large river rats that inhabited the area. A terrier was judged on its ability to locate a "live" hole in the riverbank and then, after the rat was driven from its hole by a ferret brought along for that purpose, the terrier would pursue the rat through water until it could make a kill. As these events became more popular, demand arose for a terrier that could excel in this activity. One such terrier was developed through judicious crossings of the Black-and-Tan Terrier and Bull and Terrier dogs popular at the time with the Otter Hound. The result was a long-legged fellow that would soon develop into the dog we recognize today as the Airedale Terrier. This character was too big to "go to ground" in the manner of the smaller working terriers; however, it was good at everything else expected of a sporting terrier, and it was particularly adept at water work. This big terrier had other talents in addition to its skill as a ratter. Because of its hound heritage it was well equipped to pick up the scent of game and due to its size, able to tackle larger animals. It became more of a multipurpose terrier that could pursue game by powerful scenting ability, be broken to gun, and taught to retrieve. Its size and temperament made it an able guardian of farm and home. One of the colorful, but less-than legal, uses of the early Airedale Terrier was to assist its master in poaching game on the large estates that were off-limits to commoners. Rabbits, hare, and fowl were plentiful, and the Airedale could be taught to retrieve game killed by its master, or to pursue, kill, and bring it back itself.
The first imports of Airedale Terriers to North America were in the 1880s. The first Airedale to come to American shores was named Bruce. After his 1881 arrival, Bruce won the terrier class in a New York dog show.
An Airedale sitting
The patriarch of the breed is considered to be CH Master Briar (1897–1906). Two of his sons, Crompton Marvel and Monarch, also made important contributions to the breed.[9]
The first Canadian registrations are recorded in the Stud book of 1888–1889.
In 1910, the ATCA (Airedale Terrier Club of America) offered the Airedale Bowl as a perpetual trophy, which continues to this day. It is now mounted on a hardwood pedestal base, holding engraved plates with the names of the hundreds of dogs that have been awarded Best of Breed at the National Specialties.
The Airedale was extensively used in World War I to carry messages to soldiers behind enemy lines and transport mail. They were also used by the Red Cross to find wounded soldiers on the battlefield. There are numerous tales of Airedales delivering their messages despite terrible injury. An Airedale named "Jack" ran through half a mile of enemy fire, with a message attached within his collar. He arrived at headquarters with his jaw broken and one leg badly splintered, and right after he delivered the message, he dropped dead in front of its recipient.[10] [11]
Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Hautenville Richardson was responsible for the development of messenger and guard dogs in the British Army. He, along with his wife, established the British War Dog School at Shoeburyness in Essex, England. In 1916, they provided two Airedales (Wolf & Prince) for use as message carriers. After both dogs proved themselves in battle, Airedales were given more duties, such as locating injured soldiers on the battlefield, an idea taken from the Red Cross.
Before the adoption of the German Shepherd as the dog of choice for law enforcement and search and rescue work, the Airedale terrier often filled this role.
In 1906, Richardson tried to interest the British Police in using dogs to accompany officers, for protection on patrol at night. Mr. Geddes, Chief Goods Manager for Hull Docks in Yorkshire, was convinced after he went and saw the impressive work of police dogs in Belgium. Geddes convinced Superintendent Dobie of the North Eastern Railway Police, to arrange a plan for policing the docks. Airedale Terriers were selected for duty as police dogs because of their intelligence, good scenting abilities and their hard, wiry coats that were easy to maintain and clean. They were trained in Hull to attack people not in uniform which could cause problems for their handlers when off duty. The first four dogs began patrols in Hull Docks in 1908, and the scheme was later extended to other docks policed by the North Eastern Railway Police.[12]
At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, the Russian embassy in London contacted Lt. Colonel Richardson for help acquiring dogs for the Russian Army, trained to take the wounded away from the battlefields. He sent terriers, mostly Airedale Terriers, for communication and sanitary services. Although these original imports perished, Airedale Terriers were reintroduced to Russia in the early 1920s for use by the Red Army. Special service dog units were created in 1923, and Airedale Terriers were used as demolition dogs, guard dogs, police tracking dogs and casualty dogs. [13]
Two Airedales were among the dogs lost with the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The Airedale "Kitty" belonged to Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, the real-estate mogul. The second Airedale belonged to William E. Carter of Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Mr. Carter was the owner of the Renault automobile in which Jack and Rose trysted in the movie Titanic. Carter, his wife and two children survived the sinking.
During the 1930s, when airedales were farmed like livestock, a few American breeders developed the Oorang Airedale offshoot.
Capt. Walter Lingo, of LaRue, Ohio, developed the Oorang Airedale strain. The name came from a line of bench champions, headed by King Oorang 11, a dog which was said to have been the finest utility dog. King could retrieve waterfowl and upland game, tree raccoons, drive cattle and sheep, and bay mountain lions, bears, and wolves. King even fought one of the best fighting bull terriers, and killed his opponent. He also trained in Red Cross work, and served the American Expeditionary Force at the front in France.
Lingo simply wasn't satisfied with the average strain of Airedale, and after an incredible series of breedings, for which he brought in great Airedales from all over the world, he created the "King Oorang." At the time, Field and Stream magazine called it, "the greatest utility dog in the history of the world." The Oorang Kennel Company continued until Walter Lingo's death in 1969. To help promote the King Oorang, as well as his kennels, Lingo created the Oorang Indians football team headed up by Jim Thorpe. The team played in National Football League from 1922–1923.[14] Jerry Siebert, an Airedale breeder in Buckeye Lake, Ohio, followed in Lingo's footsteps, and bred "Jerang Airedales." There is a kennel in Tennessee that claims to have original Oorang Airedales.[2]
After the First World War, the Airedales' popularity rapidly increased thanks to stories of their bravery on the battlefield
After the First World War, the Airedales' popularity rapidly increased thanks to stories of their bravery on the battlefield and also because Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren Harding owned Airedales. President Harding's Airedale, Laddie Boy, was the "first celebrity White House pet".[15] President Harding had a special chair hand carved for him to sit on at very important Cabinet meetings. In the 1920s, the Airedale became the most popular breed in the USA.
President Roosevelt claimed that "An Airedale can do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other dog, if he has to."
1949 marked the peak of the Airedales' popularity in the USA, ranked 20th out of 110 breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club.
The Airedale Terrier was recognized by United Kennel Club in 1914.[9]
The Airedale Terrier was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1888.[16]
The Airedale Terrier Club of America (ATCA), founded in 1900 is the parent club of the breed in the United States and the official-spokes organization for the breed with the American Kennel Club (AKC).[17]
The Airedale Terrier Club of America periodically holds performance and conformation events. The Airedale judged to be Best of Breed at these national specialty shows is awarded the Airedale Bowl.[18]
Notable Airedales[edit]
Laddie Boy and his portrait
Kitty, owned by John Jacob Astor IV, perished during the sinking of the Titanic.
Laddie Boy
Paddy the Wanderer
The dog Myrtle Wilson buys in The Great Gatsby is said to be an Airedale, but Nick Carraway notices it has white paws.[19]
Muggs, "The Dog That Bit People" owned by James Thurber as described in My Life and Hard Times.
Duke, owned by American actor John Wayne (from which Wayne got his nickname).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Kennel Club breed standard
^ Jump up to: a b Isabel, Greg. "What's an Oorang?". Archived from the original on 2009-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Jane Harvey. "How to Groom an Airedale".
Jump up ^ Duffey, David Michael. "Dogdom's Greatest Sales Pitch". Outdoor Life Magazine. 168 (1).
Jump up ^ Cassidy, K. M. "Breed Data page". Dog Loasfasdasd ngevity Web Site. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cassidy, K. M. "Weight and Longevity page". Dog Longevity Web Site. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Purebred Dog Health Survey". Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Airedale Terrier Club of America in collaboration with L. Glickman from the Purdue School of Veterinary Medicine. "Airedale Terrier Health Survey 2000–2001" (PDF). Purdue University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2003. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Airedale Terrier Official UKC Breed Standard". United Kennel Club. April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
Jump up ^ Miskow, Catherine (2001). "A History of the Airedale Terrier". Retrieved 2009-03-05.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Amanda (1999). Dogs. London: Kingfisher. p. 56. ISBN 0-7534-5175-1.
Jump up ^ Rogerson, Bill (February 2016). "Preserving our heritage for tomorrow". Backtrack. 30 (2): 67.
Jump up ^ "Airedale in Russia". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
Jump up ^ "The Oorang Indians" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
Jump up ^ "The White House's First Celebrity Dog". Retrieved 2011-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Airedale Terrier". AKC. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ Alex Cartabio (1997-11-18). "Airedale Terrier Club of America". Airedale.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Complete list of Airedale Bowl winners" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-09.
Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-7432-7356-5.
Further reading[edit]
Cummins, Bryan (June 2001). Airedales: The Oorang story. Detselig Enterprises Ltd. ISBN 1-55059-212-2. Tells the story of the Oorang Kennel operation in LaRue, Ohio, run by Walter Lingo.
Edwards, Gladys (1978). The New Complete Airedale Terrier. Howell Books. ISBN 0-87605-005-4.
Evans, Hubert (1928). Derry, Airedale of the Frontier. Grosset & Dunlap.
Hawkes, Clarence; Bridgman, L. J. (1924). A gentleman from France: An Airedale hero. Lothop, Lee and Shepard Co.
Hayes, Irene E. (1980). The Airedale Terrier. W & G Foyle Ltd. ISBN 0-7071-0634-6.
Huxley, Janet (2000). Airedale Terrier. Ringpress Books. ISBN 1-86054-009-0.
Huxley, Janet (2000). The Airedale Terrier Today. Ringpress Books. ISBN 1-86054-142-9. Cites the Airedale as a police dog and as a dispatch bearer in war.
Jardine, Deborah. "A Short History About the Aire-dale (âr'dal) Terrier". Keegan's Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
Jenkins, Alexandra C. (1930). Pal: The Story of an Airedale. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Miner, Dorothy (1998). Airedale Terriers (Complete Pet Owner's Manuals). Boston: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0307-5.
Richardson, Lieut.-Col. E. H. (2005). Watch Dogs: Their Training & Management. Vintage Dog Books. ISBN 1-84664-041-5.
Robinson, Tom (1941). Pete. The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-54909-6.
Strebeigh, Barbara; McCready, Pauline I. (1977). Your Airedale Terrier. Denlingers Pub Ltd. ISBN 0-87714-040-5.
Swash, Mary; Millar, Donald (1991). Airedale Terriers: An Owner's Companion. Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 1-85223-315-X.
"Airedale Terriers (Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals)" MAB(2010)el S.t(p203)inkt
Wertan, Lawrence (1997). International Grand Crown. Boxer Books. ISBN 0-9653624-1-8.
Woollcott, Alexander (1928). Two Gentlemen and a Lady.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airedale Terrier.
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List of military operations of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2015)
The Indian Armed Forces is the overall unified military of the Republic of India encompassing the Indian Army, the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy. The President of India serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. With an estimated total active force of 1,325,000 personnel, maintains the world's second largest armed forces.
Contents
[hide]
1 Army Operations
2 Navy Operations
3 Air Operations
4 See also
5 References
Army Operations[edit]
During First Kashmir War (1947)
Operation Polo (1948) - Indian armed forces ended the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and led to the incorporation of the princely state of Hyderabad in Southern India, into the Indian Union.
Operation Vijay (1961) - the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa, Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands from the Portuguese colonial holding in 1961.
During Sino-Indian War (1962)
During Second Kashmir War (1965)
Operation Steeplechase (1971)
During Bangladesh Liberation War-1971 (See also Battle of Longewala, Battle of Hilli, Battle of Basantar)
Amalgamation of Sikkim- Indian Army disarmed and disbanded the Royal Guard of the Sikkimese King, after which Sikkim joined India as a State of India.
During Siachen conflict (1980)
Operation Blue Star (1984)
Operation Woodrose (1984)
Operation Meghdoot (1984) — Indian military's capture of the majority of Siachen Glacier.
Operation Rajiv (1987) — Indian military's capture of Quaid Post/Bana Top.
Operation Pawan (1987) – Operations by the Indian Peace Keeping Force to take control of Jaffna from the LTTE in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord.
Operation Viraat (1988) – It was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.
Operation Trishul (1988) - Along with Operation Viraat, was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the IPKF against the LTTE in April 1988 in Northern Sri Lanka.
Operation Checkmate (1988) - It was an anti-insurgency operation carried out by the IPKF against the LTTE in the Vadamarachi area of northern Sri Lanka in June 1988.
Operation Cactus (1988) — Paracommandos of Indian Army and MARCOS of Indian Navy oust Tamil nationalist mercenaries of PLOTE who instigated a coup in Malé in the Maldives.
Operation Vijay (1999) - name of the successful Indian operation to push back the infiltrators from the Kargil Sector, in the 1999 Kargil War.
Operation Parakram (2001)
Operation Black Tornado, and Operation Cyclone, (2008)
Operation Goodwill- humanitarian tasks in J&K
Operation Good Samaritan- humanitarian tasks in Manipur/Nagaland
Operation Surya Hope - for saving people trapped in the 2013 North India floods
Operation All Out (2015) - for flushing out Bodo militants Assam
Operation Maitri (2015) -India's Army-led rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Nepal
2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar - A cross-border counter-insurgency raid in Myanmar.
2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation - On 29 September 2016, Director General of Military Operation disclosed that Indian Para Commandos have carried out a surgical strike 2–3 km inside Pakistan administered Kashmir crossing the Line of Control. As per the statement, the operation was started at 12:30 AM and ended at 4:30 AM. It was reported that nearly 5-8 terror launch pads were destroyed and the operation caused significant casualties including death of several militants and 2 Pakistani Rangers.[1]
Navy Operations[edit]
Operation Vijay (1961)
Operation Trident (1971)
Operation Python (1971)
Operation Cactus (1988)
During Operation Restore Hope (1992–2003)
Operation Parakram (2001)
During Operation Enduring Freedom (2001)
During 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Operation Madath, Operation Sea Waves, Operation Castor, Operation Rainbow, Operation Gambhir & Operation Rahat-II)
Operation Sukoon (2006)
Operation Search Light-The Search Operation Undertaken by Indian Navy to find the missing Boieng 777 M.H 17 Malaysian Flight
Operation Raahat (2015) - Operation by the Indian Armed Forces to evacuate Indian citizens and other foreign nationals from Yemen during the 2015 military intervention by Saudi Arabia and its allies in that country during the Yemeni Crisis.
Air Operations[edit]
During World War II (1939–1945) (Main article- India during World War 2)
During First Kashmir War (1947)
During Congo Crisis (1961)
During Sino-Indian War (1962)
During Second Kashmir War (1965)
During Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
Meghna Heli Bridge (1971)
Tangail Airdrop (1971)
Operation Meghdoot (1984)
Operation Poomalai (1987)
Operation Cactus (1988)
Operation Safed Sagar (1999)
Atlantique Incident (1999)
Operation Rahat (2013) in Uttarakhand floods
Operation Maitri (2015) Indian Military's rescue and relief mission in quake-hit Nepal
Operation Sankat Mochan (2016) An operation of the Indian Air Force in view of 2016 Juba Clashes to evacuate Indian Citizens and other foreign nationals from South Sudan during the South Sudanese Civil War.
Operation Insaniyat ( 2017) an Humanitarian assistance aimed to supply relief packages to Bangladesh for migrant Rohingya Muslims.
See also[edit]
Indian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force
Indian Armed Forces
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pak Summons Indian High Commissioner Over Surgical Strikes". The Quint. September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_military_operations_of_India&oldid=804882579"
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Indian military-related lists
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