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Home on the Range
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This article is about the song. For other uses, see Home on the Range (disambiguation).
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"Home on the Range"
Song
Genre
Western folk song
Composer(s)
Daniel E. Kelley
Lyricist(s)
Brewster M. Higley
"Home on the Range" is a classic western folk song sometimes called the "unofficial anthem" of the American West. The lyrics were originally written by Dr. Brewster M. Higley of Smith County, Kansas, in a poem entitled "My Western Home" in 1872.[1][2] In 1947, it became the state song of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 western songs of all time.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Modern usage
3 Major versions compared
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Dr. Brewster M. Higley, late 19th century
In 1871, Higley moved from Indiana to Smith County, Kansas, under the Homestead Act. He lived in a small cabin near West Beaver Creek.[4] He was so inspired by his new bucolic surroundings that he decided to create a poem in praise of the prairie. Thus, the lyrics to "Home on the Range" were originally published as a poem published in the Smith County Pioneer in 1872 under the title "My Western Home".[5] That home is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Home on the Range Cabin.
The music was later added by Daniel E. Kelley (1808–1905), a carpenter and friend of Higley.[6] Higley's original words are similar to those of the modern version of the song, but not identical; the original did not contain the words "on the range".[5] The song was eventually adopted by ranchers, cowboys, and other western settlers and spread across the United States in various forms.[7] In 1925, the song was arranged as sheet music by Texas composer David W. Guion (1892–1981), who occasionally was credited as the composer.[8] The song has since gone by a number of names, the most common being "Home on the Range" and "Western Home".[9] It was officially adopted as the state song of Kansas on June 30, 1947, and is commonly regarded as the unofficial anthem of the American West.[9][10]
The most popular version of the song was the version recorded by Bing Crosby on September 27, 1933, with Lennie Hayton and his orchestra for Brunswick Records[11] which appeared in the various charts of the day.[12] This turned a little-known saddle song into a most renowned western hymn. The origin of "Home on the Range" was obscure and widely debated at the time. It was published in 1910 in Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads by John Lomax, who said he learned it from a black saloonkeeper in Texas. In 1925 a sheet-music arrangement found some popularity, and in 1927 Vernon Dalhart recorded it for Brunswick Records. California's radio cowboys picked it up from him, and in 1930 Hollywood's first crooning western star, Ken Maynard, recorded the song. However, it was not until the Crosby version that the song was seen as a national anthem for the west. Its popularity led to a plagiarism suit that created a search for its background.[13]
Crosby's rendition is described by the writer Gary Giddins as transforming "a nostalgic lament into an ode to pioneering, a dream of shared history, a vaguely religious affirmation of fortitude in the face of peril". Giddins praises Crosby's subtle embellishments, which enhance the melody.[13]
Modern usage[edit]
Bing Crosby recorded the song again in 1938 and 1939.[14] Frank Sinatra also recorded the song on March 10, 1946; his version was released in Great Britain and was not available in the United States until 1993. Others who have recorded the song include Connie Francis, Gene Autry, Burl Ives, Pete Seeger, Johnnie Ray, Slim Whitman, Steve Lawrence and Tori Amos. "Home on the Range" is often performed in programs and concerts of American patriotic music and is frequently used in plays and films. The song is also the theme opening music for the early Western Films starring Ray "Crash" Corrigan and his 2 co-stars under their movie roles as "The Three Mesqueteers". It is also featured in the 1937 screwball comedy The Awful Truth (sung by Irene Dunne and Ralph Bellamy), the 1948 film Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (sung by both Cary Grant and Myrna Loy), the 1967 off-Broadway musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown (sung by the cast as a glee club rehearsal number), the 1980 film Where the Buffalo Roam (sung by Neil Young over the opening credits), the 2009 film The Messenger (sung by Willie Nelson over the closing credits), and the 1946 western film Colorado Serenade (sung by actor Roscoe Ates). A parody version is sung by villain Percival McLeach in the 1990 animated film The Rescuers Down Under.
The song has naturally also made its way into screen shorts for children and adults, as in the 1954 Looney Tunes cartoon Claws for Alarm, where it is sung by Porky Pig. Likewise, Bugs Bunny sings the song in both The Fair-Haired Hare (1951) and Oily Hare (1952), the latter containing original lyrics specific to Texas oilmen.
In the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, a version of this song titled "Home on the Wastes" appears, with the lyrics referring to a nice, radiation-free place to live. In the altered lyrics, the original animals mentioned in the older versions, such as buffalo, deer, antelope, and prairie dogs, are replaced with bighorners, mole rats, fire geckos, and radscorpions.
The song is also used in Wizards of Waverly Place, sung by the character Maxine in episode "Back to max", The Wild Kratts episode “Prairie Who” parodies the Song as “Home On The Prairie” which is sung by Chris, Martin, Aviva, Koki, And Jimmy.
Major versions compared[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Home on the Range
A recording of the song from Raiford Penitentiary, Florida, 1939.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Dr. Brewster Higley (1872, 1927, 1960) William and Mary Goodwin (1904) John A. Lomax (1910)
Oh, give me a home where the Buffalo roam
Where the Deer and the Antelope play;
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word,
And the sky is not cloudy all day.
Chorus
Home, home on the range,
Where the Deer and the Antelope play,
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word,
And the sky is not cloudy all day.
Oh! give me a land where the bright diamond sand
Throws its light from the glittering streams,
Where glideth along the graceful white swan,
Like the maid in her heavenly dreams.[15]
Chorus
Oh! give me a gale of the Solomon vale,
Where the life streams with buoyancy flow;
On the banks of the Beaver, where seldom if ever,
Any poisonous herbage doth grow.
Chorus
How often at night, when the heavens were bright,
With the light of the twinkling stars
Have I stood here amazed, and asked as I gazed,
If their glory exceeds that of ours.
Chorus
I love the wild flowers in this bright land of ours,
I love the wild curlew's shrill scream;
The bluffs and white rocks, and antelope flocks
That graze on the mountains so green.
Chorus
The air is so pure and the breezes so fine,
The zephyrs so balmy and light,
That I would not exchange my home here to range
Forever in azures so bright.
Chorus
Oh, give me a home where the buffalo roam,
Where the deer and the antelope play;
There seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the sky is not cloudy all day.
Chorus
A home, a home
Where the deer and the antelope play,
There seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the sky is not cloudy all day.
Yes, give me the gleam of the swift mountain stream
And the place where no hurricane blows;
Oh, give me the park where the prairie dogs bark
And the mountain all covered with snow.
Chorus
Oh, give me the hills and the ring of the drills
And the rich silver ore in the ground;
Yes, give me the gulch where the miner can sluice
And the bright, yellow gold can be found.
Chorus
Oh, give me the mine where the prospectors find
The gold in its own native land;
And the hot springs below where the sick people go
And camp on the banks of the Grande.
Chorus
Oh, give me the steed and the gun that I need
To shoot game for my own cabin home;
Then give me the camp where the fire is the lamp
And the wild Rocky Mountains to roam.
Chorus
Yes, give me the home where the prospectors roam
Their business is always alive
In these wild western hills midst the ring of the drills
Oh, there let me live till I die.
Chorus
Oh, give me a home where the buffalo roam,
And the deer and the antelope play,
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the skies are not cloudy all day.
Chorus
Home, home on the range,
Where the deer and the antelope play;
Where seldom is heard a discouraging word
And the skies are not cloudy all day.
Where the air is so pure, the zephyrs so free,
The breezes so balmy and light,
That I would not exchange my home on the range
For all of the cities so bright.
Chorus
The red man was pressed from this part of the West
He's likely no more to return,
To the banks of Red River where seldom if ever
Their flickering camp-fires burn.
Chorus
How often at night when the heavens are bright
With the light from the glittering stars
Have I stood here amazed and asked as I gazed
If their glory exceeds that of ours.
Chorus
Oh, I love these wild prairies where I roam
The curlew I love to hear scream,
And I love the white rocks and the antelope flocks
That graze on the mountain-tops green.
Chorus
Oh, give me a land where the bright diamond sand
Flows leisurely down the stream;
Where the graceful white swan goes gliding along
Like a maid in a heavenly dream.
Chorus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/home-on-the-range/17165
Jump up ^ International, Rotary (September 1955). "Home on the Range". The Rotarian: 40.
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kansas Historical Society: Home on the Range". Kansas Historical Society.
^ Jump up to: a b Pulver, Florence (1946). "Re: Home on the Range". The Rotarian. 68 (2): 2&ndash, 3, 54. Dr. Spaeth accepted this later Spaeth 1948, p. 205
Jump up ^ "Home on the Range". Kansas Historical Society.
Jump up ^ Spaeth, Sigmund Gottfried (1948). A History of Popular Music in America. New York: Random House. p. 205.
Jump up ^ "Kansas Historical Society: Home on the Range History". Kansas Historical Society. April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Silber, Irwin, ed. (1967). Songs of the Great American West. New York: Macmillan. pp. 221–223. OCLC 1268417.
Jump up ^ Harris, Cecilia (2014). "A Symbolic State: Home on the Range" (PDF). Kansas! Magazine. 2014 (Spring): 17&ndash, 26, page 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin: Record Research inc. p. 104. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Giddins, Gary (2001). A Pocketful of Dreams. New York: Little, Brown & Co. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0-316-88188--0.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flatt, Christina. "10 of the Best Cowboy Songs". www.rtpr.com. Real Time Pain Relief. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Lickteig, Steve (29 April 2002). "Home on the Range, Present at the Creation". NPR (National Public Radio). Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. "Home on the Range, Present at the Creation (audio clip)". NPR (National Public Radio).
McCool, John (25 May 2004). "Roam Is Where The Heart Is (Day in History: June 30, 1947)". Kansas History Online. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007.
(for additional history) "Kansas Sights: 'Home on the Range'". University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 12 July 2004.
Brewster Higley Ohio Historical Marker
Home on the Range Cabin, cabin near Athol, Kansas where the song Home on the Range was written.
The sheet music
free-scores.com
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Economy of London
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bishopsgate, in the City of London.
London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, is the world's leading financial centre for international business and commerce and is one of the "command centres" for the global economy.[1][2][3]
The economy of London is dominated by service industries, particularly financial services and associated professional services, which have strong links with the economy in other parts of the United Kingdom and internationally.[4] According to the Brookings Institution, in 2011 London had the fifth largest metropolitan economy in the world.[5] By way of comparison, London's economy is roughly the same size as that of Sweden or Iran.[6]
With an estimated 8,615,246 residents in 2015,[7] London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom.[8] London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP.[9][10] 841,000 private sector businesses were based in London at the start of 2013, more than in any other region or country in the UK. 18 per cent are in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector while 15 per cent are in the construction sector. Many of these are small and medium-sized enterprises.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Service industries
1.1 Business districts
1.2 Domestic and international corporate headquarters
1.3 Financial services
1.4 Professional services
1.5 Media
1.6 Tourism
1.7 Technology
1.8 Retail
2 Manufacturing and construction
2.1 Manufacturing
2.2 Construction
3 Transport
3.1 Crossrail
3.2 Airports
3.3 Ports
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Service industries[edit]
London shifted to a mostly service-based economy earlier than other European cities, particularly following the Second World War. A number of factors contribute to London's success as a service industry and business centre:
English being the native language and the dominant international language of business;
its past role as the capital of the former British Empire;[12][13]
its position in Europe, since Europe has a population and GDP larger than those of the US,[14] and a central time zone that allows London to act as a bridge between US and Asian markets;.[15]
the Special Relationship between the United Kingdom and United States,[16] and the United Kingdom's close relationships with many countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, particularly those in the Commonwealth of Nations;[17][18]
English contract law being the most important and most used contract law in international business;[19]
a business friendly environment (e.g. relatively low taxes for corporations and non-domiciled foreign individuals;[20][21] in the City of London the local government is not elected by the resident population but instead by resident businesses – the City of London is a business democracy);[22][23]
good transport infrastructure particularly its aviation industry;[24][25]
a high quality of life.[26][27]
Currently, over 85% (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the service industries. Another half a million employees resident in Greater London work in manufacturing and construction, almost equally divided between both.[28]
Business districts[edit]
London has five major business districts: the City, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 26,721,000 m2 of office space in 2001.
Business District
Office Space (m2)
Business Concentration
The City 7,740,000 finance, broking, insurance, legal, fund managers, banking
Westminster 5,780,000 head offices, real estate, private banking, hedge funds, government
Camden & Islington 2,294,000 creative industries, finance, design, art, fashion, architecture, media
Canary Wharf 2,120,000 banking, media, legal
Lambeth & Southwark 1,780,000 accountancy, consultancy, local government
Waterside, the headquarters of British Airways in the Borough of Hillingdon
A useful guide to the distribution of wealth across London is the cost of renting office space. Mayfair and St. James's are historically and currently the most expensive areas – approximately £146 per sq ft per annum. The least expensive commercial districts are Waterloo & Southwark and East London Tech City, a new, but growing hub of start up technology companies, also known as Silicon Roundabout – approximately £65 per sq ft per annum.[29]
Domestic and international corporate headquarters[edit]
The London Stock Exchange is the most international stock exchange and the largest in Europe.[30][31] More than half of the London Stock Exchange top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies are headquartered in central London. Over 70% of the FTSE 100 are located within London's metropolitan area, and 75% of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London. According to research by Deloitte, "London has the most internationally diverse executive community in the world, attracting business leaders from 95 nationalities and with alumni working in 134 countries".[32]
Financial services[edit]
London's largest industry remains finance, it is the largest financial exporter in the world which makes a significant contribution to the UK's balance of payments.[33][34] In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, London was ranked as having the most competitive financial center in the world, alongside cities such as New York City, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto.[35] The City of London is home to exchanges, banks, brokers, investment managers, pension funds, hedge funds,[36] private equity firms, insurance companies and reinsurance markets. London is notable as a centre of international finance where foreign participants in financial markets come to deal with one another.[2][37] It is also home to the Bank of England, the second oldest central bank in the world, and the European Banking Authority, although the latter is expected to move following the Brexit referendum of 2016[citation needed]. Other key institutions are Lloyd's of London for insurance, the Baltic Exchange for shipping.[38]
A second financial district has developed at Canary Wharf to the east of the City, which includes the global headquarters of two of the world's largest banks, HSBC and Barclays, the rest-of-the-world headquarters of Citigroup and the headquarters of the global news service Reuters. London handled 36.7% of global currency transactions in 2009[update] – an average daily turnover of US$1.85 trillion – with more US dollars traded in London than New York, and more Euros traded than in every other city in Europe combined.[39][40][41] London is the leading centre for international bank lending,[42] derivatives markets,[43] money markets,[44] international insurance,[45] trading in gold, silver and base metals through the London bullion market and London Metal Exchange,[46] and issuance of international debt securities.[47][48][49]
Financial services in London benefited from the UK's membership of the European Union, although this may end following the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union.[50][51][52] The position of London as a financial centre may be further enhanced by the EU-US Free Trade Agreement currently under negotiation or a free trade agreement between the UK and the USA.[53]
The combination of lax regulation and London's financial institutions providing sophisticated methods to launder proceeds from criminal activity around the world, including those from drug trade, makes the City a global hub for illicit finance and London a safe haven for the world′s malfeasants, according to research papers and reports published in the mid-2010s.[54][55][56][57][58][59]
BT Centre, the headquarters of BT Group, in the City of London
Professional services[edit]
See also: Legal services in the United Kingdom
London is a leading global centre for professional services.[60][61] Many different types of professional service providers are located in the city including the big four accountants and major management consulting firms. London is the headquarters for four of the world's six largest law firms and is a leading international centre for legal services.[62][63]
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in London
Media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[64] The BBC is a key employer, other broadcasters also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers are edited in London, having traditionally been associated with Fleet Street in the City, they are now dispersed across the capital. Soho is the centre of London's post-production industry. Hollywood's links with the United Kingdom are centred on London, which contributes billions to the economy.[65][66]
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in London
Tourism is one of London's prime industries. London is the most visited city in the world by international tourists with 18.8 million international visitors forecast in 2015, ahead of Bangkok (18.2 million) and Paris (16.1 million).[67] Within the UK, London is home to the ten most-visited tourist attractions.[68] Tourism employed the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in London in 2003,[69] whilst annual expenditure by tourists is around £15bn.[70]
Technology[edit]
A growing number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City also known as Silicon Roundabout. Investment in London's technology sector was $2.28 billion in 2015, 69 per cent higher than the $1.3 billion raised in 2014. Since 2010, London-based technology companies have collectively raised $5.2 billion of venture capital funding.[71] A report by EY highlighted the importance of London to the UK's FinTech industry in terms of availability of expertise and demand for services.[72]
Retail[edit]
London is a major retail centre,[73][74] and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.[75] The UK's fashion industry, centred on London, contributes tens of billions to the economy.[76]
Manufacturing and construction[edit]
See also: Manufacturing in the United Kingdom and Construction industry of the United Kingdom
Tate & Lyle sugar refinery, Silvertown
For the 19th and much of the 20th centuries London was a major manufacturing centre (see Manufacturing in London), with over 1.5 million industrial workers in 1960. Manufacturing suffered dramatic decline from the 1960s on.[77] Entire industries have been lost including shipbuilding (which ended in 1912 after hundreds of years with the closure of the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company), consumer electronics, aircraft manufacture and most of the vehicle construction industry. This trend continues, with the loss of the pharmaceutical manufacturing sites of Aesica (formerly Merck Sharp and Dohme) at Ponders End in 2011,[78][79] and Sanofi-Aventis (originally May & Baker) at Dagenham by 2013.[80] Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in the United Kingdom still have a presence in London, including the world headquarters of GlaxoSmithKline.[81][82]
Manufacturing[edit]
A substantial industrial plant remaining in operation is Ford Dagenham, the largest diesel engine manufacturing site in the world.[83] Food and drink manufacture remain in places, for example baking at Warburtons in Brimsdown, biscuits at United Biscuits in Harlesden, brewing at Fuller's Brewery in Chiswick, manufacture of coffee and chocolate by Nestlé in Hayes, and refining of sugar and syrup by Tate & Lyle in Silvertown. At 2.8%, London was the region containing the lowest proportion of employees engaged in UK manufacturing.
Construction[edit]
London was named the city with the best real estate investment opportunities for foreign investors in 2014.[84] Office development was at a four-year high in 2013 with 9.7 million sq ft across 71 schemes under construction.[85]
A multibillion-pound 10-year construction programme has begun in Nine Elms on the South Bank of the river Thames in central London. This will develop the area from a semi-derelict, light industrial zone into a modern residential and business district. The programme includes regeneration of Battersea Power Station, construction of new embassies for the United States and the Netherlands, and regeneration of New Covent Garden Market which is the largest fresh produce market in the UK. Transport improvement plans include two new Northern line tube stations, riverbus piers, new bus services and a network of cycle lanes and footpaths. A new bridge across the river Thames will link Nine Elms to Pimlico on the opposite bank. Around 25,000 permanent jobs will be created once the new buildings are occupied and around 16,000 new homes.[86][87][88]
Other large construction projects include Kings Cross Central and Paddington Waterside. In 2014, the government identified 20 new housing zones across London,[89] and in February 2015 the development of the first nine zones was approved, which will create 28,000 new homes by 2025 from £260m of investment.[90]
Transport[edit]
See also: Transport in the United Kingdom
Transportation contributes to both the service and construction sectors of the London economy.
London has an integrated public transport system operated by Transport for London under a single electronic ticketing system, the Oyster card. The city's network successfully provided transport for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[91] It includes the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, London Buses and London River Services. A ring of 18 railway stations provides train links to cities, towns and villages around the country as well Paris and Brussels via the high-speed Eurostar. The Thameslink rail network is undergoing a £6bn programme to upgrade and expand the line.
Crossrail[edit]
Crossrail, due to open in 2018, will be a new railway line running east to west through London and into the surrounding countryside. It will run on 118 km (73 mi) of track with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[92] The main feature of the project is construction of 42 km (26 mi) of new tunnels connecting stations in central London including a branch to Canary Wharf in east London. It is Europe's biggest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost.[93][94] An additional line, Crossrail 2, has been proposed.
Airports[edit]
London is served by six international airports which are the world's busiest city airport system by passenger traffic. These are Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, London City, and Southend.
There are a number of proposals for expanding airport capacity for London including expansion of London Heathrow Airport and expansion of Gatwick Airport. The principal argument in favour of airport expansion is to support economic growth in the UK by providing an international hub for air-transport links to fast-growing developing countries around the world.[95] The Heathrow proposal expects to create 120,000 new jobs across the UK and bring economic benefits of more than £100 billion.[96] It also anticipates boosting exports as a result of the expansion.[97]
Ports[edit]
Once the largest port in the world, the Port of London is today the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 48 million tonnes of cargo each year.[98] The port is not located in one area – it stretches along the tidal Thames, including central London, with many individual wharfs, docks, terminals and facilities built incrementally over the centuries. As with many similar historic European ports the bulk of activities has steadily moved downstream towards the open sea, as ships have grown larger and other city uses take up land closer to the city's centre. Today, much of the Port of London cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.
London Gateway, the UK's newest container port, opened in 2013. The £1.5bn facility at Thurrock, Essex, is 20 miles (32 km) down the River Thames from London. It is expected to be able to handle 3.5 million containers a year. The development is forecast to create 27,000 jobs in London and the South East and contribute £2.4bn a year to its economy.[99]
Artist's impression of the London skyline in 2012
See also[edit]
London portal
England portal
Book: London
Agriculture in London
Economy of Croydon
Economy of Europe
Economy of the United Kingdom
List of companies based in London
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Research and statistics FAQ". The City of London. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
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Jump up ^ "External loans and deposits of banks" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. April 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Triennial Central Bank Survey: OTC interest rate derivatives turnover in April 2013" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. September 2013. p. 11. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "International money market instruments – all issuers By residence of issuer" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. March 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
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Jump up ^ "LBMA says banks back its plan to change London gold market". Financial Times. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016 ; "A guide to The London Bullion Market Association" (PDF). London Bullion Market Association. May 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2016 ; "London Metal Exchange". The London Metal Exchange. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "International debt securities – all issuers All maturities, by residence of issuer" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. March 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Professor Ranald Michie, Durham University (July 2012). "The City of London as a Global Financial Centre: An historical and comparative perspective". Retrieved 23 May 2015. [permanent dead link]
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Jump up ^ London is now the global money-laundering centre for the drug trade, says crime expert The Independent, 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "London property market turned into money laundering safe haven by inadequate supervision, MPs say". The Independent. 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "UK draws billions in unrecorded inflows, much from Russia – study". Reuters. 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Russian money infects London
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Jump up ^ "The Global 100: Most Revenue 2009". American Lawyer. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
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Jump up ^ "London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005-6" (PDF). (960 KiB), p19, Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. Published November 2005. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "UK film's contribution to UK GDP over £4.6b". BFI. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "We must build on this golden age for British film". London Evening Standard. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "London Retains Crown in 2015 MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index". Mastercard. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
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Jump up ^ "London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK", PersonnelToday.com, 15 February 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Importance of Tourism in London Archived 28 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine.", Visit London. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "UK tech firms smash venture capital funding record". London & Partners. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "An evaluation of the international FinTech sector" (PDF). EY. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "JLL announces Europe's retail gateway cities". JLL Research. 26 November 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Why London must retain its lead as the world's number one retail destination". City A.M. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Potter, Mark (17 February 2011). "London tops world cities spending league". Reuters. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "London Fashion Week: Fashion industry worth £26 billion to UK economy". The Telegraph. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Deindustrialisation 1960 to 1980". Exploring 20th century London. Museum of London. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pharmaceutical plant under_threat of closure". Enfield Independent. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Complete Plant Closure of Aesica Pharmaceuticals Enfield, UK Facility". PRWeb. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sanofi pulls out of Dagenham". InPharm. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "The UK is finally catching up with US in biotech investment – venture capital funding more than doubled last year". CityAM. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. Big push for London
Jump up ^ "The pharmaceutical industry and market in the UK". The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ford Dagenham at 80". Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
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Jump up ^ "NineElms Future". Wandsworth Council. Spring 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nine Elms on the South Bank". Wandsworth Council. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nine Elms London".
Jump up ^ "London housing zones to create 50,000 new homes". HM Treasury and Department for Communities and Local Government. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mayor names London's first Housing Zones". Greater London Authority. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "2012 Olympics transport strategy hailed a success". BBC. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013 ; "The TfL Olympic Legacy: Measuring the Unmeasurable". 29 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013 ; "The London 2012 Games Transport Legacy: One Year On". Transport for London. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013 ; "TfL Olympic Legacy". 9 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crossrail Regional Map". Crossrail Ltd. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled". BBC News. 2 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Leftly, Mark (29 August 2010). "Crossrail delayed to save £1bn". The Independent on Sunday. London.
Jump up ^ "The global race". Your Heathrow. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "New UK jobs". Your Heathrow. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Boosting exports". Your Heathrow. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Provisional Port Statistics 2010" (PDF). Department for Transport. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "London Gateway 'super-port' welcomes first vessel". BBC. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
External links[edit]
Labour Market Profile – London Office for National Statistics Official Labour Market Statistics (Nomis)
Regional accounts Office for National Statistics
Neighbourhood Statistics (NeSS) Office for National Statistics
London: The Global Powerhouse Greater London Authority
Economy and employment Greater London Authority
Economic research and information The City of London Corporation
Research TheCityUK
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Amniotic fluid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Amniotic fluid
10-week-old human fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a gravid Amniote. This fluid serves as a cushion for the growing fetus, but also serves to facilitate the exchange of nutrients, water, and biochemical products between mother and fetus.
For humans, the amniotic fluid is commonly called water or waters (Latin liquor amnii),
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 Contents
1.2 Volume
1.3 Rupture of membranes
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Collection
3.2 Analysis
3.3 Complications related to amniotic fluid
3.4 Stem cell research
4 See also
5 References
Development[edit]
Amniotic fluid, also known as Camerons fluid is present from the formation of the gestational sac. Amniotic fluid is in the amniotic sac. It is generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes by osmotic and hydrostatic forces. When fetal kidneys begin to function in about week 16, fetal urine also contributes to the fluid.[1] In earlier times, it was believed that the amniotic fluid was composed entirely of fetal urine.
The fluid is absorbed through the fetal tissue and skin.[citation needed] After the 15th-25th week of pregnancy when the keratinization of an embryo's skin occurs,[citation needed] the fluid is primarily absorbed by the fetal gut.[1]
Contents[edit]
At first, amniotic fluid is mainly water with electrolytes, but by about the 12-14th week the liquid also contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and phospholipids, and urea, all of which aid in the growth of the fetus.
Volume[edit]
The volume of amniotic fluid increases with the growth of fetus. From the 10th to the 20th week it increases from 25ml to 400ml approximately.[citation needed] Approximately in the 10th-11th week the breathing and swallowing of the fetus slightly decrease the amount of fluid, but neither urination nor swallowing contributes significantly to fluid quantity changes, until the 25th week, when keratinization of skin is complete. Then the relationship between fluid and fetal growth stops. It reaches a plateau of 800ml by the 28-week gestational age. The amount of fluid declines to roughly 400 ml at 42 weeks.[2] There is about 1L of amniotic fluid at birth.[1]
Rupture of membranes[edit]
The forewaters are released when the amnion ruptures. This is commonly known as the time when a woman's "water breaks". When this occurs during labour at term, it is known as "spontaneous rupture of membranes". If the rupture precedes labour at term, however, it is referred to as "premature rupture of membranes". The majority of the hindwaters remain inside the womb until the baby is born. Artificial rupture of membrane (ARM), a manual rupture of the amniotic sac, can also be performed to release the fluid if the amnion has not spontaneously ruptured.[3]
Function[edit]
Swallowed amniotic fluid creates urine and contributes to the formation of meconium. Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen, allowing for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal development. Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract. Contrary to popular belief, amniotic fluid has not been conclusively shown to be inhaled and exhaled by the fetus. In fact, studies from the 1970s show that in a healthy fetus, there is no inward flow of amniotic fluid into the airway.[4] Instead, lung development occurs as a result of the production of fetal lung fluid which expands the lungs. It also prevents the fetus from mechanical jerks and shocks.
Clinical significance[edit]
Collection[edit]
Amniotic fluid is removed from the mother by an amniocentesis procedure, where a long needle is inserted through the abdomen into the amniotic sac, using ultrasound guidance such that the fetus is not harmed. Amniocentesis is an abnormal procedure, and is only performed if there is a suspicion of health defects in the fetus, or if an early delivery of the fetus may be necessary, since there can be complications from the procedure. If warranted, fluid is collected between 16–42 weeks of fetal development, and 20-30ml of fluid are removed.
Analysis[edit]
Analysis of amniotic fluid can reveal many aspects of the baby's genetic health as well as the age and viability of the fetus. This is because the fluid contains metabolic wastes and compounds used in assessing fetal age and lung maturity, but amniotic fluid also contains fetal cells, which can be examined for genetic defects.
Amniotic fluid normally has a pH of 7.0 to 7.5.[5] Because pH in the upper vagina is normally acidic (pH 3.8-4.5), a vaginal pH test showing a pH of more than 4.5 strengthens a suspicion of rupture of membranes in case of clear vaginal discharge in pregnancy.[5] Other tests for detecting amniotic fluid mainly include nitrazine paper test and fern test.[6] One main test that is performed on amniotic fluid is the L/S ratio test (lecithin/sphigomyelin). This test is used to determine fetal lung maturity. Both lecithin and sphingomyelin are lung surfactants that are present in increasing amounts in the maturing fetus, though past week 33, sphigomyelin levels remain relatively constant. Measuring a ratio of L/S of 2:1 or greater indicates that the fetus can be safely delivered, with functioning lungs.
Complications related to amniotic fluid[edit]
Too little amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) can be a cause or an indicator of problems for the mother and baby. The majority of pregnancies proceed normally and the baby is born healthy, but this isn't always the case. Babies with too little amniotic fluid can develop contractures of the limbs, clubbing of the feet and hands, and also develop a life-threatening condition called hypoplastic lungs. If a baby is born with hypoplastic lungs, which are small underdeveloped lungs, this condition is potentially fatal and the baby can die shortly after birth due to inadequate oxygenation. Potter sequence refers to a constellation of findings related to insufficient amniotic fluid and includes shortened and malformed limbs with clubbed feet and the underdeveloped lungs that can lead to perinatal death.
On every prenatal visit, the obstetrician/gynaecologist or midwife should measure the patient's fundal height with a tape measure. It is important that the fundal height be measured and properly recorded to track proper fetal growth and the increasing development of amniotic fluid. The obstetrician/gynaecologist or midwife should also routinely ultrasound the patient—this procedure will also give an indication of proper fetal growth and amniotic fluid development. Oligohydramnios can be caused by infection, kidney dysfunction or malformation (since much of the late amniotic fluid volume is urine), procedures such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Oligohydramnios can sometimes be treated with bed rest, oral and intravenous hydration, antibiotics, steroids, and amnioinfusion.[citation needed] It is also important to keep the baby warm and moist.
The opposite of oligohydramnios is polyhydramnios, an excess volume of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.
A rare but very often fatal condition (fatal for both mother and child) connected with amniotic fluid is amniotic fluid embolism.
Stem cell research[edit]
Main article: Amniotic stem cells
Recent studies show that amniotic fluid contains a considerable quantity of stem cells.[7] These amniotic stem cells[8][9] are pluripotent and able to differentiate into various tissues, which may be useful for future human application.[10][11][12] Some researchers have found that amniotic fluid is also a plentiful source of non-embryonic stem cells.[13] These cells have demonstrated the ability to differentiate into a number of different cell-types, including brain, liver and bone.
It is possible to conserve the stem cells extracted from amniotic fluid in private stem cells banks. Some private companies offer this service for a fee.
See also[edit]
Liquid breathing
Potter's Syndrome
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Larsen, William J. (2001). Human embryology (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p. 490. ISBN 0443065837.
Jump up ^ Underwood, Mark A; Gilbert, William M; Sherman, Michael P (24 March 2005). "Amniotic Fluid: Not Just Fetal Urine Anymore". Journal of Perinatology. 25 (5): 341–348. PMID 15861199. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211290.
Jump up ^ Forewaters and hindwaters in Q&A section at babyworld.co.uk
Jump up ^ Lily A.W. Disorder of Amniotic Fluid: ASSALI, N.S. Pathophysiology of Gestation Volume II. Academic Press, New York & London. 1972
^ Jump up to: a b Vaginal pH Test from Point of Care Testing, July 2009, at: University of California, San Francisco – Department of Laboratory Medicine. Prepared by: Patricia Nassos, PhD, MT and Clayton Hooper, RN.
Jump up ^ Bennett, S.; Cullen, J.; Sherer, D.; Woods Jr, J. (2008). "The Ferning and Nitrazine Tests of Amniotic Fluid Between 12 and 41 Weeks Gestation". American Journal of Perinatology. 10 (2): 101–104. PMID 8476469. doi:10.1055/s-2007-994637.
Jump up ^ "Stem cells in amniotic fluid show promise", Los Angeles Times, Jan 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009 [1]
Jump up ^ "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 25: 100–106. doi:10.1038/nbt1274.
Jump up ^ "Scientists See Potential In Amniotic Stem Cells", Washington Post, Jan 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009 [2]
Jump up ^ "Amniotic Fluid Yields New Type of Stem Cell", PBS - The Online News Hour, Jan 8 2007, retrieved 27 July 2009 [3]
Jump up ^ "Versatile Stem Cell Identified in Amniotic Fluid", Pamela J. Hines, International Society of Stem Cell Research, March 21, 2008, retrieve 27 July 2009 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Amniotic Stem Cells - "Mesenchimal Stem Cells in Human Application", Biocell Center Group, 2009, retrieved 27 July 2009 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-19. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nature Biotechnology. 25: 100–106. doi:10.1038/nbt1274. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
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