text:
Baseball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the sport. For the ball used in the sport, see Baseball (ball). For other uses, see Baseball (disambiguation).
"Base ball" redirects here. For old time baseball, see vintage base ball.
game
Baseball
A baseball game at Angel Stadium in Anaheim, California, United States
Highest governing body
World Baseball Softball Confederation
First played
18th-century England
Characteristics
Contact
Limited
Team members
9
Mixed gender
Yes, separate competitions
Type
Team sport, bat-and-ball
Equipment
Baseball
Baseball bat
Baseball glove
Bases
Venue
Baseball field
Glossary
Glossary of baseball
Presence
Country or region
Worldwide (most prominent in the Americas and East Asia)
Olympic
Demonstration sport: 1912, 1936, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1984 and 1988
Medal Sport: 1992–2008, 2020–
World Games
1981[1]
Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding. The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat. The objectives of the offensive team (batting team) are to hit the ball into the field of play, and to run the bases—having its runners advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team (fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases.[2] A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate (the place where the player started as a batter). The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner.
The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely. A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called "out" can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner, either immediately or during teammates' turns batting. The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners "out", which forces them out of the field of play. Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team's players out. The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding; the batting team's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs. One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning. A game is usually composed of nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins. If scores are tied at the end of nine innings, extra innings are usually played. Baseball has no game clock, although most games end in the ninth inning.
Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball is popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, particularly in Japan and South Korea.
In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL), each with three divisions: East, West, and Central. The MLB champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series. The top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The World Baseball Classic, organized by the World Baseball Softball Confederation, is the major international competition of the sport and attracts the top national teams from around the world.
Contents
1 Rules and gameplay
2 Personnel
2.1 Players
2.2 Other
3 Strategy and tactics
3.1 Pitching and fielding tactics
3.2 Batting and baserunning tactics
4 History
4.1 In the United States
4.1.1 Establishment of professional leagues
4.1.2 Rise of Ruth and racial integration
4.1.3 Attendance records and the age of steroids
4.2 Around the world
5 Distinctive elements
5.1 No clock to kill
5.2 Individual focus
5.3 Uniqueness of each baseball park
6 Statistics
6.1 Sabermetrics
7 Popularity and cultural impact
7.1 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Rules and gameplay
Further information: Baseball rules and Outline of baseball
Diagram of a baseball field (the term diamond may be used to refer to the square area defined by the four bases or to the entire playing field). The dimensions given are for professional and professional-style games. Children often play on smaller fields.
A baseball game is played between two teams, each composed of nine players, that take turns playing offense (batting and baserunning) and defense (pitching and fielding). A pair of turns, one at bat and one in the field, by each team constitutes an inning. A game consists of nine innings (seven innings at the high school level and in doubleheaders in college and minor leagues, and six innings at the Little League level).[3] One team—customarily the visiting team—bats in the top, or first half, of every inning. The other team—customarily the home team—bats in the bottom, or second half, of every inning. The goal of the game is to score more points (runs) than the other team. The players on the team at bat attempt to score runs by circling or completing a tour of the four bases set at the corners of the square-shaped baseball diamond. A player bats at home plate and must proceed counterclockwise to first base, second base, third base, and back home to score a run. The team in the field attempts to prevent runs from scoring and record outs, which remove opposing players from offensive action until their turn in their team's batting order comes up again. When three outs are recorded, the teams switch roles for the next half-inning. If the score of the game is tied after nine innings, extra innings are played to resolve the contest. Many amateur games, particularly unorganized ones, involve different numbers of players and innings.[4]
The game is played on a field whose primary boundaries, the foul lines, extend forward from home plate at 45-degree angles. The 90-degree area within the foul lines is referred to as fair territory; the 270-degree area outside them is foul territory. The part of the field enclosed by the bases and several yards beyond them is the infield; the area farther beyond the infield is the outfield. In the middle of the infield is a raised pitcher's mound, with a rectangular rubber plate (the rubber) at its center. The outer boundary of the outfield is typically demarcated by a raised fence, which may be of any material and height. The fair territory between home plate and the outfield boundary is baseball's field of play, though significant events can take place in foul territory, as well.[5]
There are three basic tools of baseball: the ball, the bat, and the glove or mitt:
The baseball is about the size of an adult's fist, around 9 inches (23 centimeters) in circumference. It has a rubber or cork center, wound in yarn and covered in white cowhide, with red stitching.[6]
The bat is a hitting tool, traditionally made of a single, solid piece of wood. Other materials are now commonly used for nonprofessional games. It is a hard round stick, about 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters) in diameter at the hitting end, tapering to a narrower handle and culminating in a knob. Bats used by adults are typically around 34 inches (86 centimeters) long, and not longer than 42 inches (106 centimeters).[7]
The glove or mitt is a fielding tool, made of padded leather with webbing between the fingers. As an aid in catching and holding onto the ball, it takes various shapes to meet the specific needs of different fielding positions.[8]
Protective helmets are also standard equipment for all batters.[9]
At the beginning of each half-inning, the nine players on the fielding team arrange themselves around the field. One of them, the pitcher, stands on the pitcher's mound. The pitcher begins the pitching delivery with one foot on the rubber, pushing off it to gain velocity when throwing toward home plate. Another player, the catcher, squats on the far side of home plate, facing the pitcher. The rest of the team faces home plate, typically arranged as four infielders—who set up along or within a few yards outside the imaginary lines (basepaths) between first, second, and third base—and three outfielders. In the standard arrangement, there is a first baseman positioned several steps to the left of first base, a second baseman to the right of second base, a shortstop to the left of second base, and a third baseman to the right of third base. The basic outfield positions are left fielder, center fielder, and right fielder. With the exception of the catcher, all fielders are required to be in fair territory when the pitch is delivered. A neutral umpire sets up behind the catcher.[10] Other umpires will be distributed around the field as well.[11]
David Ortiz, the batter, awaiting a pitch, with the catcher and umpire
Play starts with a batter standing at home plate, holding a bat.[12] The batter waits for the pitcher to throw a pitch (the ball) toward home plate, and attempts to hit the ball[13] with the bat.[12] The catcher catches pitches that the batter does not hit—as a result of either electing not to swing or failing to connect—and returns them to the pitcher. A batter who hits the ball into the field of play must drop the bat and begin running toward first base, at which point the player is referred to as a runner (or, until the play is over, a batter-runner). A batter-runner who reaches first base without being put out is said to be safe and is on base. A batter-runner may choose to remain at first base or attempt to advance to second base or even beyond—however far the player believes can be reached safely. A player who reaches base despite proper play by the fielders has recorded a hit. A player who reaches first base safely on a hit is credited with a single. If a player makes it to second base safely as a direct result of a hit, it is a double; third base, a triple. If the ball is hit in the air within the foul lines over the entire outfield (and outfield fence, if there is one), or otherwise safely circles all the bases, it is a home run: the batter and any runners on base may all freely circle the bases, each scoring a run. This is the most desirable result for the batter. A player who reaches base due to a fielding mistake is not credited with a hit—instead, the responsible fielder is charged with an error.[12]
Any runners already on base may attempt to advance on batted balls that land, or contact the ground, in fair territory, before or after the ball lands. A runner on first base must attempt to advance if a ball lands in play. If a ball hit into play rolls foul before passing through the infield, it becomes dead and any runners must return to the base they occupied when the play began. If the ball is hit in the air and caught before it lands, the batter has flied out and any runners on base may attempt to advance only if they tag up (contact the base they occupied when the play began, as or after the ball is caught). Runners may also attempt to advance to the next base while the pitcher is in the process of delivering the ball to home plate; a successful effort is a stolen base.[14]
A pitch that is not hit into the field of play is called either a strike or a ball. A batter against whom three strikes are recorded strikes out. A batter against whom four balls are recorded is awarded a base on balls or walk, a free advance to first base. (A batter may also freely advance to first base if the batter's body or uniform is struck by a pitch outside the strike zone, provided the batter does not swing and attempts to avoid being hit.)[15] Crucial to determining balls and strikes is the umpire's judgment as to whether a pitch has passed through the strike zone, a conceptual area above home plate extending from the midpoint between the batter's shoulders and belt down to the hollow of the knee.[16]
A shortstop tries to tag out a runner who is sliding headfirst, attempting to reach second base.
While the team at bat is trying to score runs, the team in the field is attempting to record outs. In addition to the strikeout, common ways a member of the batting team may be put out include the flyout, ground out, force out, and tag out. It is possible to record two outs in the course of the same play. This is called a double play. Three outs in one play, a triple play, is possible, though rare. Players put out or retired must leave the field, returning to their team's dugout or bench. A runner may be stranded on base when a third out is recorded against another player on the team. Stranded runners do not benefit the team in its next turn at bat as every half-inning begins with the bases empty.[17]
An individual player's turn batting or plate appearance is complete when the player reaches base, hits a home run, makes an out, or hits a ball that results in the team's third out, even if it is recorded against a teammate. On rare occasions, a batter may be at the plate when, without the batter's hitting the ball, a third out is recorded against a teammate—for instance, a runner getting caught stealing (tagged out attempting to steal a base). A batter with this sort of incomplete plate appearance starts off the team's next turn batting; any balls or strikes recorded against the batter the previous inning are erased. A runner may circle the bases only once per plate appearance and thus can score at most a single run per batting turn. Once a player has completed a plate appearance, that player may not bat again until the eight other members of the player's team have all taken their turn at bat. The batting order is set before the game begins, and may not be altered except for substitutions. Once a player has been removed for a substitute, that player may not reenter the game. Children's games often have more liberal substitution rules.[18]
If the designated hitter (DH) rule is in effect, each team has a tenth player whose sole responsibility is to bat (and run). The DH takes the place of another player—almost invariably the pitcher—in the batting order, but does not field. Thus, even with the DH, each team still has a batting order of nine players and a fielding arrangement of nine players.[19]
Personnel
See also: Baseball positions
Players
Defensive positions on a baseball field, with abbreviations and scorekeeper's position numbers (not uniform numbers)
See also: the categories Baseball players and Lists of baseball players.
The number of players on a baseball roster, or squad, varies by league and by the level of organized play. A Major League Baseball (MLB) team has a roster of 25 players with specific roles. A typical roster features the following players:[20]
Eight position players: the catcher, four infielders, and three outfielders—all of whom play on a regular basis
Five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation
Six relief pitchers, including one closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)
One backup, or substitute, catcher
Two backup infielders
Two backup outfielders
One pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever
Most baseball leagues worldwide have the DH rule, including MLB's American League, Japan's Pacific League, and Caribbean professional leagues, along with major American amateur organizations.[21] The Central League in Japan and the National League do not have the rule, and high-level minor league clubs connected to National League teams are not required to field a DH.[22] In leagues that apply the designated hitter rule, a typical team has nine offensive regulars (including the DH), five starting pitchers,[23] seven or eight relievers, a backup catcher, and two or three other reserve players.[24][25]
Other
The manager, or head coach, oversees the team's major strategic decisions, such as establishing the starting rotation, setting the lineup, or batting order, before each game, and making substitutions during games—in particular, bringing in relief pitchers. Managers are typically assisted by two or more coaches; they may have specialized responsibilities, such as working with players on hitting, fielding, pitching, or strength and conditioning. At most levels of organized play, two coaches are stationed on the field when the team is at bat: the first base coach and third base coach, occupying designated coaches' boxes just outside the foul lines, assist in the direction of baserunners when the ball is in play, and relay tactical signals from the manager to batters and runners during pauses in play.[26] In contrast to many other team sports, baseball managers and coaches generally wear their team's uniforms; coaches must be in uniform to be allowed on the field to confer with players during a game.[27]
Any baseball game involves one or more umpires, who make rulings on the outcome of each play. At a minimum, one umpire will stand behind the catcher, to have a good view of the strike zone, and call balls and strikes. Additional umpires may be stationed near the other bases, thus making it easier to judge plays such as attempted force outs and tag outs. In MLB, four umpires are used for each game, one near each base. In the playoffs, six umpires are used: one at each base and two in the outfield along the foul lines.[28]
Strategy and tactics
See also: Baseball positioning
Many of the pre-game and in-game strategic decisions in baseball revolve around a fundamental fact: in general, right-handed batters tend to be more successful against left-handed pitchers and, to an even greater degree, left-handed batters tend to be more successful against right-handed pitchers.[29] A manager with several left-handed batters in the regular lineup who knows the team will be facing a left-handed starting pitcher may respond by starting one or more of the right-handed backups on the team's roster. During the late innings of a game, as relief pitchers and pinch hitters are brought in, the opposing managers will often go back and forth trying to create favorable matchups with their substitutions: the manager of the fielding team trying to arrange same-handed pitcher-batter matchups, the manager of the batting team trying to arrange opposite-handed matchups. With a team that has the lead in the late innings, a manager may remove a starting position player—especially one whose turn at bat is not likely to come up again—for a more skillful fielder.[30]
Pitching and fielding tactics
A first baseman receives a pickoff throw, as the runner dives back to first base.
The tactical decision that precedes almost every play in a baseball game involves pitch selection.[31] By gripping and then releasing the baseball in a certain manner, and by throwing it at a certain speed, pitchers can cause the baseball to break to either side, or downward, as it approaches the batter.[32] Among the resulting wide variety of pitches that may be thrown, the four basic types are the fastball, the changeup (or off-speed pitch), and two breaking balls—the curveball and the slider.[33] Pitchers have different repertoires of pitches they are skillful at throwing. Conventionally, before each pitch, the catcher signals the pitcher what type of pitch to throw, as well as its general vertical and/or horizontal location.[34] If there is disagreement on the selection, the pitcher may shake off the sign and the catcher will call for a different pitch. With a runner on base and taking a lead, the pitcher may attempt a pickoff, a quick throw to a fielder covering the base to keep the runner's lead in check or, optimally, effect a tag out.[35] Pickoff attempts, however, are subject to rules that severely restrict the pitcher's movements before and during the pickoff attempt. Violation of any one of these rules could result in the umpire calling a balk against the pitcher, which permits any runners on base to advance one base with impunity.[36] If an attempted stolen base is anticipated, the catcher may call for a pitchout, a ball thrown deliberately off the plate, allowing the catcher to catch it while standing and throw quickly to a base.[37] Facing a batter with a strong tendency to hit to one side of the field, the fielding team may employ a shift, with most or all of the fielders moving to the left or right of their usual positions. With a runner on third base, the infielders may play in, moving closer to home plate to improve the odds of throwing out the runner on a ground ball, though a sharply hit grounder is more likely to carry through a drawn-in infield.[38]
Batting and baserunning tactics
Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base, including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base. The hit and run is sometimes employed with a skillful contact hitter: the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base, creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through.[39] The sacrifice bunt calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield, allowing the runner to advance into scoring position even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first—a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice. (A batter, particularly one who is a fast runner, may also attempt to bunt for a hit.) A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base, aimed at bringing that runner home, is known as a squeeze play.[40] With a runner on third and fewer than two outs, a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that, even if it is caught, will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score—a successful batter, in this case, gets credit for a sacrifice fly.[38] The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is ahead in the count (i.e., has more balls than strikes) to take, or not swing at, the next pitch.[41]
History
Main article: History of baseball
Further information: Origins of baseball
Part of a series on the
History of baseball
Origins
Early years
Knickerbocker Rules
The Massachusetts Game
Philadelphia town ball
Alexander Cartwright
Doc Adams
Doubleday myth
First league
First pro team
First pro league
Team nicknames
By country
United States
Outside the United States
Australia
Canada
Cuba
Greece
India
Ireland
Israel
Japan
South Korea
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Palau
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Spain
United Kingdom
Venezuela
Other topics
Negro league baseball
Cuban League
Women in baseball
Minor League Baseball
Comparison with cricket
Baseball (TV documentary series)
Baseball Hall of Fame
Society for American Baseball Research
Years in baseball
Major League Baseball seasons
Related games
Stoolball
Rounders
Old cat
Softball
Pesäpallo
Baseball portal
v
t
e
The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision. Consensus once held that today's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game (2005), by American baseball historian David Block, suggests that the game originated in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and "tut-ball".[42] The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery.[43] Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player.[44] This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants.[45]
By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America.[46] In 1845, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, led the codification of the so-called Knickerbocker Rules.[47] While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19, 1846, in Hoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings.[48] With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half-century.[49]
In the United States
Further information: Baseball in the United States and History of baseball in the United States
Establishment of professional leagues
In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area,[50] and by 1856, local journals were referring to baseball as the "national pastime" or "national game".[51] A year later, the sport's first governing body, the National Association of Base Ball Players, was formed. In 1867, it barred participation by African Americans.[52] The more formally structured National League was founded in 1876.[53] Professional Negro leagues formed, but quickly folded.[54] In 1887, softball, under the name of indoor baseball or indoor-outdoor, was invented as a winter version of the parent game.[55] The National League's first successful counterpart, the American League, which evolved from the minor Western League, was established in 1893, and virtually all of the modern baseball rules were in place by then.[56][57]
The National Agreement of 1903 formalized relations both between the two major leagues and between them and the National Association of Professional Base Ball Leagues, representing most of the country's minor professional leagues.[58] The World Series, pitting the two major league champions against each other, was inaugurated that fall.[59] The Black Sox Scandal of the 1919 World Series led to the formation of a new National Commission of baseball that drew the two major leagues closer together.[60] The first major league baseball commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, was elected in 1920. That year also saw the founding of the Negro National League; the first significant Negro league, it would operate until 1931. For part of the 1920s, it was joined by the Eastern Colored League.[61]
Rise of Ruth and racial integration
Compared with the present, professional baseball in the early 20th century was lower-scoring, and pitchers were more dominant.[62] The so-called dead-ball era ended in the early 1920s with several changes in rule and circumstance that were advantageous to hitters. Strict new regulations governed the ball's size, shape and composition, along with a new rule officially banning the spitball and other pitches that depended on the ball being treated or roughed-up with foreign substances, resulted in a ball that traveled farther when hit.[63] The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game.[64] In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system.[65] A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania.[66]
Jackie Robinson in 1945, with the era's Kansas City Royals, a barnstorming squad associated with the Negro American League's Kansas City Monarchs
A large number of minor league teams disbanded when World War II led to a player shortage. Chicago Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley led the formation of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League to help keep the game in the public eye.[67] The first crack in the unwritten agreement barring blacks from white-controlled professional ball occurred in 1945: Jackie Robinson was signed by the National League's Brooklyn Dodgers and began playing for their minor league team in Montreal.[68] In 1947, Robinson broke the major leagues' color barrier when he debuted with the Dodgers.[69] Latin American players, largely overlooked before, also started entering the majors in greater numbers. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-born Chico Carrasquel and black Cuban-born Minnie Miñoso, became the first Hispanic All-Stars.[70][71] Integration proceeded slowly: by 1953, only six of the 16 major league teams had a black player on the roster.[70]
Attendance records and the age of steroids
In 1975, the union's power—and players' salaries—began to increase greatly when the reserve clause was effectively struck down, leading to the free agency system.[72] Significant work stoppages occurred in 1981 and 1994, the latter forcing the cancellation of the World Series for the first time in 90 years.[73] Attendance had been growing steadily since the mid-1970s and in 1994, before the stoppage, the majors were setting their all-time record for per-game attendance.[74][75] After play resumed in 1995, non-division-winning wild card teams became a permanent fixture of the post-season. Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997 and the second-highest attendance mark for a full season was set.[76] In 2000, the National and American Leagues were dissolved as legal entities. While their identities were maintained for scheduling purposes (and the designated hitter distinction), the regulations and other functions—such as player discipline and umpire supervision—they had administered separately were consolidated under the rubric of MLB.[77]
In 2001, Barry Bonds established the current record of 73 home runs in a single season. There had long been suspicions that the dramatic increase in power hitting was fueled in large part by the abuse of illegal steroids (as well as by the dilution of pitching talent due to expansion), but the issue only began attracting significant media attention in 2002 and there was no penalty for the use of performance-enhancing drugs before 2004.[78] In 2007, Bonds became MLB's all-time home run leader, surpassing Hank Aaron, as total major league and minor league attendance both reached all-time highs.[79][80]
Around the world
Main article: History of baseball
Widely known as America's pastime, baseball is well established in several other countries as well. As early as 1877, a professional league, the International Association, featured teams from both Canada and the US.[81] While baseball is widely played in Canada and many minor league teams have been based in the country,[82][83] the American major leagues did not include a Canadian club until 1969, when the Montreal Expos joined the National League as an expansion team. In 1977, the expansion Toronto Blue Jays joined the American League.[84]
Sadaharu Oh managing the Japan national team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. Playing for the Central League's Yomiuri Giants (1959–80), Oh set the professional world record for home runs.
In 1847, American soldiers played what may have been the first baseball game in Mexico at Parque Los Berros in Xalapa, Veracruz.[85] The first formal baseball league outside of the United States and Canada was founded in 1878 in Cuba, which maintains a rich baseball tradition. The Dominican Republic held its first islandwide championship tournament in 1912.[86] Professional baseball tournaments and leagues began to form in other countries between the world wars, including the Netherlands (formed in 1922), Australia (1934), Japan (1936), Mexico (1937), and Puerto Rico (1938).[87] The Japanese major leagues have long been considered the highest quality professional circuits outside of the United States.[88]
After World War II, professional leagues were founded in many Latin American countries, most prominently Venezuela (1946) and the Dominican Republic (1955).[89] Since the early 1970s, the annual Caribbean Series has matched the championship clubs from the four leading Latin American winter leagues: the Dominican Professional Baseball League, Mexican Pacific League, Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, and Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. In Asia, South Korea (1982), Taiwan (1990) and China (2003) all have professional leagues.[90]
Many European countries have professional leagues as well; the most successful, other than the Dutch league, is the Italian league, founded in 1948.[91] In 2004, Australia won a surprise silver medal at the Olympic Games.[92] The Confédération Européene de Baseball (European Baseball Confederation), founded in 1953, organizes a number of competitions between clubs from different countries. Other competitions between national teams, such as the Baseball World Cup and the Olympic baseball tournament, were administered by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF) from its formation in 1938 until its 2013 merger with the International Softball Federation to create the current joint governing body for both sports, the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC).[93] Women's baseball is played on an organized amateur basis in numerous countries.[94]
After being admitted to the Olympics as a medal sport beginning with the 1992 Games, baseball was dropped from the 2012 Summer Olympic Games at the 2005 International Olympic Committee meeting. It remained part of the 2008 Games.[95] While the sport's lack of a following in much of the world was a factor, more important was MLB's reluctance to have a break during the Games to allow its players to participate.[96] MLB initiated the World Baseball Classic, scheduled to precede the major league season, partly as a replacement, high-profile international tournament. The inaugural Classic, held in March 2006, was the first tournament involving national teams to feature a significant number of MLB participants.[97][98] The Baseball World Cup was discontinued after its 2011 edition in favor of an expanded World Baseball Classic.[99]
Distinctive elements
Baseball has certain attributes that set it apart from the other popular team sports in the countries where it has a following. All of these sports use a clock;[100] in all of them, play is less individual and more collective;[101] and in none of them is the variation between playing fields nearly as substantial or important.[102] The comparison between cricket and baseball demonstrates that many of baseball's distinctive elements are shared in various ways with its cousin sports.[103]
No clock to kill
A well-worn baseball
In clock-limited sports, games often end with a team that holds the lead killing the clock rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team. In contrast, baseball has no clock; a team cannot win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time. At almost any turn in any baseball game, the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy.[104] In contrast, again, the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day Test and first-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss.[105]
While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball, the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years. At the turn of the 20th century, games typically took an hour and a half to play. In the 1920s, they averaged just less than two hours, which eventually ballooned to 2:38 in 1960.[106] By 1997, the average American League game lasted 2:57 (National League games were about 10 minutes shorter—pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters).[107] In 2004, Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of 2:45.[106] By 2014, though, the average MLB game took over three hours to complete.[108] The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half-innings for television commercials, increased offense, more pitching changes, and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery, and batters stepping out of the box more frequently.[106][107] Other leagues have experienced similar issues. In 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade's average of 3:18.[109]
In 2016, the average nine-inning playoff game in Major League baseball was 3 hours and 35 minutes. This was up 10 minutes from 2015 and 21 minutes from 2014.[110]
Individual focus
Babe Ruth in 1920, the year he joined the New York Yankees
Although baseball is a team sport, individual players are often placed under scrutiny and pressure. In 1915, a baseball instructional manual pointed out that every single pitch, of which there are often more than two hundred in a game, involves an individual, one-on-one contest: "the pitcher and the batter in a battle of wits".[111] Contrasting the game with both football and basketball, scholar Michael Mandelbaum argues that "baseball is the one closest in evolutionary descent to the older individual sports".[112] Pitcher, batter, and fielder all act essentially independent of each other. While coaching staffs can signal pitcher or batter to pursue certain tactics, the execution of the play itself is a series of solitary acts. If the batter hits a line drive, the outfielder is solely responsible for deciding to try to catch it or play it on the bounce and for succeeding or failing. The statistical precision of baseball is both facilitated by this isolation and reinforces it. As described by Mandelbaum,
It is impossible to isolate and objectively assess the contribution each [football] team member makes to the outcome of the play... [E]very basketball player is interacting with all of his teammates all the time. In baseball, by contrast, every player is more or less on his own... Baseball is therefore a realm of complete transparency and total responsibility. A baseball player lives in a glass house, and in a stark moral universe... Everything that every player does is accounted for and everything accounted for is either good or bad, right or wrong.[101]
Cricket is more similar to baseball than many other team sports in this regard: while the individual focus in cricket is mitigated by the importance of the batting partnership and the practicalities of tandem running, it is enhanced by the fact that a batsman may occupy the wicket for an hour or much more. There is no statistical equivalent in cricket for the fielding error and thus less emphasis on personal responsibility in this area of play.[113]
Uniqueness of each baseball park
Further information: Baseball park
Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox. The Green Monster is visible beyond the playing field on the left.
Unlike those of most sports, baseball playing fields can vary significantly in size and shape. While the dimensions of the infield are specifically regulated, the only constraint on outfield size and shape for professional teams following the rules of MLB and Minor League Baseball is that fields built or remodeled since June 1, 1958, must have a minimum distance of 325 feet (99 m) from home plate to the fences in left and right field and 400 feet (122 m) to center.[114] Major league teams often skirt even this rule. For example, at Minute Maid Park, which became the home of the Houston Astros in 2000, the Crawford Boxes in left field are only 315 feet (96 m) from home plate.[115] There are no rules at all that address the height of fences or other structures at the edge of the outfield. The most famously idiosyncratic outfield boundary is the left-field wall at Boston's Fenway Park, in use since 1912: the Green Monster is 310 feet (94 m) from home plate down the line and 37 feet (11 m) tall.[116]
Similarly, there are no regulations at all concerning the dimensions of foul territory. Thus a foul fly ball may be entirely out of play in a park with little space between the foul lines and the stands, but a foulout in a park with more expansive foul ground.[117] A fence in foul territory that is close to the outfield line will tend to direct balls that strike it back toward the fielders, while one that is farther away may actually prompt more collisions, as outfielders run full speed to field balls deep in the corner. These variations can make the difference between a double and a triple or inside-the-park home run.[118] The surface of the field is also unregulated. While the adjacent image shows a traditional field surfacing arrangement (and the one used by virtually all MLB teams with naturally surfaced fields), teams are free to decide what areas will be grassed or bare.[119] Some fields—including several in MLB—use an artificial surface, such as AstroTurf. Surface variations can have a significant effect on how ground balls behave and are fielded as well as on baserunning. Similarly, the presence of a roof (seven major league teams play in stadiums with permanent or retractable roofs) can greatly affect how fly balls are played.[120] While football and soccer players deal with similar variations of field surface and stadium covering, the size and shape of their fields are much more standardized. The area out-of-bounds on a football or soccer field does not affect play the way foul territory in baseball does, so variations in that regard are largely insignificant.[121]
A New York Yankees batter and a Boston Red Sox catcher at Fenway Park.
These physical variations create a distinctive set of playing conditions at each ballpark. Other local factors, such as altitude and climate, can also significantly affect play. A given stadium may acquire a reputation as a pitcher's park or a hitter's park, if one or the other discipline notably benefits from its unique mix of elements. The most exceptional park in this regard is Coors Field, home of the Colorado Rockies. Its high altitude—5,282 feet (1,610 m) above sea level—is responsible for giving it the strongest hitter's park effect in the major leagues due to the low air pressure.[122] Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, is known for its fickle disposition: a hitter's park when the strong winds off Lake Michigan are blowing out, it becomes more of a pitcher's park when they are blowing in.[123] The absence of a standardized field affects not only how particular games play out, but the nature of team rosters and players' statistical records. For example, hitting a fly ball 330 feet (100 m) into right field might result in an easy catch on the warning track at one park, and a home run at another. A team that plays in a park with a relatively short right field, such as the New York Yankees, will tend to stock its roster with left-handed pull hitters, who can best exploit it. On the individual level, a player who spends most of his career with a team that plays in a hitter's park will gain an advantage in batting statistics over time—even more so if his talents are especially suited to the park.[124]
Statistics
Further information: Baseball statistics
Organized baseball lends itself to statistics to a greater degree than many other sports. Each play is discrete and has a relatively small number of possible outcomes. In the late 19th century, a former cricket player, English-born Henry Chadwick of Brooklyn, was responsible for the "development of the box score, tabular standings, the annual baseball guide, the batting average, and most of the common statistics and tables used to describe baseball."[125] The statistical record is so central to the game's "historical essence" that Chadwick came to be known as Father Baseball.[125] In the 1920s, American newspapers began devoting more and more attention to baseball statistics, initiating what journalist and historian Alan Schwarz describes as a "tectonic shift in sports, as intrigue that once focused mostly on teams began to go to individual players and their statistics lines."[126]
The Official Baseball Rules administered by MLB require the official scorer to categorize each baseball play unambiguously. The rules provide detailed criteria to promote consistency. The score report is the official basis for both the box score of the game and the relevant statistical records.[127] General managers, managers, and baseball scouts use statistics to evaluate players and make strategic decisions.
Rickey Henderson—the major leagues' all-time leader in runs and stolen bases—stealing third base in a 1988 game
Certain traditional statistics are familiar to most baseball fans. The basic batting statistics include:[128]
At bats: plate appearances, excluding walks and hit by pitches—where the batter's ability is not fully tested—and sacrifices and sacrifice flies—where the batter intentionally makes an out in order to advance one or more baserunners
Hits: times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without fielding error or fielder's choice
Runs: times circling the bases and reaching home safely
Runs batted in (RBIs): number of runners who scored due to a batter's action (including the batter, in the case of a home run), except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error
Home runs: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error
Batting average: hits divided by at bats—the traditional measure of batting ability
The basic baserunning statistics include:[129]
Stolen bases: times advancing to the next base entirely due to the runner's own efforts, generally while the pitcher is preparing to deliver or delivering the ball
Caught stealing: times tagged out while attempting to steal a base
Cy Young—the holder of many major league career marks, including wins and innings pitched, as well as losses—in 1908. MLB's annual awards for the best pitcher in each league are named for Young.
The basic pitching statistics include:[130]
Wins: credited to pitcher on winning team who last pitched before the team took a lead that it never relinquished (a starting pitcher must pitch at least five innings to qualify for a win)
Losses: charged to pitcher on losing team who was pitching when the opposing team took a lead that it never relinquished
Saves: games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher's team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either (a) the lead was three runs or less when the pitcher entered the game; (b) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck; or (c) the pitcher pitched three or more innings
Innings pitched: outs recorded while pitching divided by three (partial innings are conventionally recorded as, e.g., "5.2" or "7.1", the last digit actually representing thirds, not tenths, of an inning)
Strikeouts: times pitching three strikes to a batter
Winning percentage: wins divided by decisions (wins plus losses)
Earned run average (ERA): runs allowed, excluding those resulting from fielding errors, per nine innings pitched
The basic fielding statistics include:[131]
Putouts: times the fielder catches a fly ball, tags or forces out a runner, or otherwise directly effects an out
Assists: times a putout by another fielder was recorded following the fielder touching the ball
Errors: times the fielder fails to make a play that should have been made with common effort, and the batting team benefits as a result
Total chances: putouts plus assists plus errors
Fielding average: successful chances (putouts plus assists) divided by total chances
Among the many other statistics that are kept are those collectively known as situational statistics. For example, statistics can indicate which specific pitchers a certain batter performs best against. If a given situation statistically favors a certain batter, the manager of the fielding team may be more likely to change pitchers or have the pitcher intentionally walk the batter in order to face one who is less likely to succeed.[132]
Sabermetrics
Sabermetrics refers to the field of baseball statistical study and the development of new statistics and analytical tools. The term is also used to refer directly to new statistics themselves. The term was coined around 1980 by one of the field's leading proponents, Bill James, and derives from the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR).[133]
The growing popularity of sabermetrics since the early 1980s has brought more attention to two batting statistics that sabermetricians argue are much better gauges of a batter's skill than batting average:[134]
On-base percentage measures a batter's ability to get on base. It is calculated by taking the sum of the batter's successes in getting on base (hits plus walks plus hit by pitches) and dividing that by the batter's total plate appearances (at bats plus walks plus hit by pitches plus sacrifice flies), except for sacrifice bunts.[135]
Slugging percentage measures a batter's ability to hit for power. It is calculated by taking the batter's total bases (one per each single, two per double, three per triple, and four per home run) and dividing that by the batter's at bats.[136]
Some of the new statistics devised by sabermetricians have gained wide use:
On-base plus slugging (OPS) measures a batter's overall ability. It is calculated by adding the batter's on-base percentage and slugging percentage.[137]
Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) measures a pitcher's ability at preventing hitters from reaching base. It is calculated exactly as its name suggests.[138]
Popularity and cultural impact
Two players on the baseball team of Tokyo, Japan's Waseda University in 1921
Writing in 1919, philosopher Morris Raphael Cohen described baseball as America's national religion.[139] In the words of sports columnist Jayson Stark, baseball has long been "a unique paragon of American culture"—a status he sees as devastated by the steroid abuse scandal.[140] Baseball has an important place in other national cultures as well: Scholar Peter Bjarkman describes "how deeply the sport is ingrained in the history and culture of a nation such as Cuba, [and] how thoroughly it was radically reshaped and nativized in Japan."[141] Since the early 1980s, the Dominican Republic, in particular the city of San Pedro de Macorís, has been the major leagues' primary source of foreign talent.[142] In 2017, 83 of the 868 players on MLB Opening Day rosters (and disabled lists) were from the country. Among other Caribbean countries and territories, a combined 97 MLB players were born in Venezuela, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.[143] Hall-of-Famer Roberto Clemente remains one of the greatest national heroes in Puerto Rico's history.[144] While baseball has long been the island's primary athletic pastime, its once well-attended professional winter league has declined in popularity since 1990, when young Puerto Rican players began to be included in the major leagues' annual first-year player draft.[145] In Asia, baseball is among the most popular sports in Japan and South Korea.[146]
The major league game in the United States was originally targeted toward a middle-class, white-collar audience: relative to other spectator pastimes, the National League's set ticket price of 50 cents in 1876 was high, while the location of playing fields outside the inner city and the workweek daytime scheduling of games were also obstacles to a blue-collar audience.[147] A century later, the situation was very different. With the rise in popularity of other team sports with much higher average ticket prices—football, basketball, and hockey—professional baseball had become among the most blue-collar-oriented of leading American spectator sports.[148]
Overall, baseball has a large following in the United States; a 2006 poll found that nearly half of Americans are fans.[149] In the late 1900s and early 2000s, baseball's position compared to football in the United States moved in contradictory directions. In 2008, MLB set a revenue record of $6.5 billion, matching the NFL's revenue for the first time in decades.[150] A new MLB revenue record of more than $10 billion was set in 2017.[151] On the other hand, the percentage of American sports fans polled who named baseball as their favorite sport was 9%, compared to pro football at 37%.[152] In 1985, the respective figures were pro football 24%, baseball 23%.[153] Because there are so many more major league games played, there is no comparison in overall attendance.[154] In 2008, total attendance at major league games was the second-highest in history: 78.6 million, 0.7% off the record set the previous year.[79] The following year, amid the U.S. recession, attendance fell by 6.6% to 73.4 million.[155] Eight years later, it dropped under 73 million.[156] Attendance at games held under the Minor League Baseball umbrella set a record in 2008, with 43.3 million.[157]
An Afghan girl playing baseball in August 2002
In Japan, where baseball is inarguably the leading spectator team sport, combined revenue for the twelve teams in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), the body that oversees both the Central and Pacific Leagues, was estimated at $1 billion in 2007. Total NPB attendance for the year was approximately 20 million. While in the preceding two decades, MLB attendance grew by 50 percent and revenue nearly tripled, the comparable NPB figures were stagnant. There are concerns that MLB's growing interest in acquiring star Japanese players will hurt the game in their home country.[158] In Cuba, where baseball is by every reckoning the national sport,[159] the national team overshadows the city and provincial teams that play in the top-level domestic leagues.[160] Revenue figures are not released for the country's amateur system. Similarly, according to one official pronouncement, the sport's governing authority "has never taken into account attendance ... because its greatest interest has always been the development of athletes".[161]
As of 2018, Little League Baseball oversees leagues with close to 2.4 million participants in over 80 countries.[162] The number of players has fallen since the 1990s, when 3 million children took part in Little League Baseball annually.[163] Babe Ruth League teams have over 1 million participants.[164] According to the president of the International Baseball Federation, between 300,000 and 500,000 women and girls play baseball around the world, including Little League and the introductory game of Tee Ball.[165]
A varsity baseball team is an established part of physical education departments at most high schools and colleges in the United States.[166] In 2015, nearly half a million high schoolers and over 34,000 collegians played on their schools' baseball teams.[167] By early in the 20th century, intercollegiate baseball was Japan's leading sport. Today, high school baseball in particular is immensely popular there.[168] The final rounds of the two annual tournaments—the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring, and the even more important National High School Baseball Championship in the summer—are broadcast around the country. The tournaments are known, respectively, as Spring Koshien and Summer Koshien after the 55,000-capacity stadium where they are played.[169] In Cuba, baseball is a mandatory part of the state system of physical education, which begins at age six. Talented children as young as seven are sent to special district schools for more intensive training—the first step on a ladder whose acme is the national baseball team.[160]
In popular culture
The American Tobacco Company's line of baseball cards featured shortstop Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1909 to 1911. In 2007, the card shown here sold for $2.8 million.[170]
Baseball has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the United States and elsewhere. Dozens of English-language idioms have been derived from baseball; in particular, the game is the source of a number of widely used sexual euphemisms.[171] The first networked radio broadcasts in North America were of the 1922 World Series: famed sportswriter Grantland Rice announced play-by-play from New York City's Polo Grounds on WJZ–Newark, New Jersey, which was connected by wire to WGY–Schenectady, New York, and WBZ–Springfield, Massachusetts.[172] The baseball cap has become a ubiquitous fashion item not only in the United States and Japan, but also in countries where the sport itself is not particularly popular, such as the United Kingdom.[173]
Baseball has inspired many works of art and entertainment. One of the first major examples, Ernest Thayer's poem "Casey at the Bat", appeared in 1888. A wry description of the failure of a star player in what would now be called a "clutch situation", the poem became the source of vaudeville and other staged performances, audio recordings, film adaptations, and an opera, as well as a host of sequels and parodies in various media. There have been many baseball movies, including the Academy Award–winning The Pride of the Yankees (1942) and the Oscar nominees The Natural (1984) and Field of Dreams (1989). The American Film Institute's selection of the ten best sports movies includes The Pride of the Yankees at number 3 and Bull Durham (1988) at number 5.[174] Baseball has provided thematic material for hits on both stage—the Adler–Ross musical Damn Yankees—and record—George J. Gaskin's "Slide, Kelly, Slide", Simon and Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson", and John Fogerty's "Centerfield".[175] The baseball-inspired comedic sketch "Who's on First", popularized by Abbott and Costello in 1938, quickly became famous. Six decades later, Time named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century.[176]
Literary works connected to the game include the short fiction of Ring Lardner and novels such as Bernard Malamud's The Natural (the source for the movie), Robert Coover's The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop., and W. P. Kinsella's Shoeless Joe (the source for Field of Dreams). Baseball's literary canon also includes the beat reportage of Damon Runyon; the columns of Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young, and Peter Gammons; and the essays of Roger Angell. Among the celebrated nonfiction books in the field are Lawrence S. Ritter's The Glory of Their Times, Roger Kahn's The Boys of Summer, and Michael Lewis's Moneyball. The 1970 publication of major league pitcher Jim Bouton's tell-all chronicle Ball Four is considered a turning point in the reporting of professional sports.[177]
Baseball has also inspired the creation of new cultural forms. Baseball cards were introduced in the late 19th century as trade cards. A typical example featured an image of a baseball player on one side and advertising for a business on the other. In the early 1900s they were produced widely as promotional items by tobacco and confectionery companies. The 1930s saw the popularization of the modern style of baseball card, with a player photograph accompanied on the rear by statistics and biographical data. Baseball cards—many of which are now prized collectibles—are the source of the much broader trading card industry, involving similar products for different sports and non-sports-related fields.[178]
Modern fantasy sports began in 1980 with the invention of Rotisserie League Baseball by New York writer Daniel Okrent and several friends. Participants in a Rotisserie league draft notional teams from the list of active MLB players and play out an entire imaginary season with game outcomes based on the players' latest real-world statistics. Rotisserie-style play quickly became a phenomenon. Now known more generically as fantasy baseball, it has inspired similar games based on an array of different sports.[179] The field boomed with increasing Internet access and new fantasy sports-related websites. By 2008, 29.9 million people in the United States and Canada were playing fantasy sports, spending $800 million on the hobby.[180] The burgeoning popularity of fantasy baseball is also credited with the increasing attention paid to sabermetrics—first among fans, only later among baseball professionals.[181]
See also
Baseball portal
Baseball awards
Baseball clothing and equipment
Glossary of baseball
List of organized baseball leagues
Related sports
Brännboll (Scandinavian bat-and-ball game)
British baseball
Cricket
Lapta (game) (Russian bat-and-ball game)
Oină (Romanian bat-and-ball game)
Pesäpallo ("Finnish baseball")
Stickball
Stoop ball
Vitilla
Wiffleball
References
Jump up ^ Sargis, Joe (August 3, 1981). "The World Games slipped out of town Monday, quietly..." United Press International. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules of MLB, 2017" (PDF). 2017.
Jump up ^ League, Little. "Rules, Regulations, and Policies - Little League". Little League. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
Jump up ^ Thurston (2000), p. 15; "Official Rules/Foreword". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.01–1.03)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/4.00—Starting and Ending a Game (Rule 4.10)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.04–1.07)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Porterfield (2007), p. 23; "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.09)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.10a)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. Fitzgerald, Stephen; et al. (November 8, 2005). "Polymer Composite Baseball Bat Endcap (U.S. Patent Application 20050176531)". FreePatentsOnline.com. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.12–1.15)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Thurston (2000), pp. 21, 30, 31; "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.16)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; "Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire (Rule 9.03a)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ "AP source: 7 umpires rotate at World Series". USA Today. Associated Press. September 29, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.09)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.06, 10.12)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Epstein, David (August 8, 2011). "It's All About Anticipation: Ryan Howard and Rafael Nadal don't have quicker reflexes than you do. They hit the fastest pitches and return the hardest serves because they can see the future". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball (Rule 5.09e)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05a)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08d, 7.10a)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.08b)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03. "Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08, 7.10)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Thurston (2000), p. 100; "Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.03)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02. "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rules 6.01, 6.04)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Porterfield (2007), p. 19; Thurston (2000), p. 153; "Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.10)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., "Nationals Finalize 25-Man Roster". Washington Nationals/Major League Baseball. April 4, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Charles C. (1991). Our Game: An American Baseball History. Macmillian. p. 290. ISBN 9780805015942.
Jump up ^ Ringolsby, Tracy (January 20, 2016). "Tide is turning toward a universal DH". Major League Baseball. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Dan (July 12, 2011). "Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball". Grantland. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Jay (June 21, 2017). "Jay Dunn: It's Time For MLB Teams to Consider Grooming Two-Way Players". The Trentonian. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Steven (April 26, 2016). "It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen". VICE Media. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Walfoort, Cleon, "Most 'Signs' Given by Coaches Are Merely Camouflage", Baseball Digest, December 1960 – January 1961, pp. 47–49.
Jump up ^ "The Fans Speak Out" [Baseball Digest staff], Baseball Digest, August 1999, pp. 9–10; "Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.15)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), p. 293; "Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
Jump up ^ Bast, Andrew (July 18, 2008). "Southpaw's Revenge". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Davis, Hank, Small-town Heroes: Images of Minor League Baseball (Univ. of Iowa Press, 1997), p. 186.
Jump up ^ Paine, Neil (August 13, 2015). "Game Theory Says R.A. Dickey Should Throw More Knuckleballs". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Mechanics Of A Breaking Pitch". Popular Mechanics. December 6, 2004. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walsh, John (December 20, 2007). "Fastball, Slider, Change-up, Curveball—An Analysis". The Hardball Times. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 192.
Jump up ^ McCarver, Tim; Peary, Danny (2013). Tim McCarver's Baseball for Brain Surgeons and Other Fans: Understanding and Interpreting the Game So You Can Watch It Like a Pro. Random House. pp. 71, 272–273. ISBN 9780307831774.
Jump up ^ "Balk". Major League Baseball. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 126–132.
^ Jump up to: a b Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 45.
Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 5, 46–47.
Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett (2003), pp. 42–43, 47–48.
Jump up ^ Stallings and Bennett (2003), p. 186.
Jump up ^ Block (2005), pp. 86, 87, 111–113, 118–121, 135–138, 144, 160; Rader (2008), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Block (2005), pp. 139, 140, 151, 164, 178, 179, et seq.; Hellier, Cathy. "Mr. Newbery's Little Pretty Pocket-Book". Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved 2008-04-12. See Wikisource edition of A Little Pretty Pocket-Book.
Jump up ^ "Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?". BBC News. 2013-07-26. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Block (2005), pp. 58, 160, 300, 307, 310; Miller, Doug (August 2, 2005). "Pittsfield: Small City, Big Baseball Town". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on March 21, 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Block (2005), pp. 4–5, 11–15, 25, 33, 59–61, et. seq.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), p. 292.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), pp. 32, 80, 95.
Jump up ^ Tygiel (2000), pp. 8–14; Rader (2008), pp. 71–72.
Jump up ^ Rader (2008), pp. 9, 10.
Jump up ^ Tygiel (2000), p. 6.
Jump up ^ Rader (2008), p. 27; Sullivan (1997), pp. 68, 69.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), pp. 83, 130, 243.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), p. 115.
Jump up ^ Heaphy, Leslie, "Women Playing Hardball", in Baseball and Philosophy: Thinking Outside the Batter's Box, ed. Eric Bronson (Open Court, 2004), pp. 246–256: p. 247.
Jump up ^ Rader (2008), p. 71.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), pp. 243–246.
Jump up ^ Rader (2008), p. 110; Zimbalist (2006), p. 22. See "National Agreement for the Government of Professional Base Ball Clubs". roadsidephotos.sabr.org. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), pp. 13–16.
Jump up ^ Powers (2003), pp. 39, 47, 48.
Jump up ^ Burgos (2007), pp. 117, 118.
Jump up ^ Sullivan (1997), p. 214.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), p. 90.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), p. 192.
Jump up ^ Burk (2001), pp. 34–37.
Jump up ^ "History of Little League". Little League. Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
Jump up ^ Lesko, Jeneane (2005). "League History". All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burgos (2007), p. 158.
Jump up ^ Burgos (2007), pp. 180, 191.
^ Jump up to: a b Powers (2003), p. 111.
Jump up ^ "Baseball: White Sox and Fans Speak Same Language, with a Spanish Accent". The New York Times. October 26, 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
Jump up ^ Powers (2003), pp. 178, 180, 245.
Jump up ^ Powers (2003), pp. 184–187, 191, 192, 280–282.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Rob, "The Demand for Spectator Sports", in Handbook on the Economics of Sport, ed. Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski (Edward Elgar, 2006), pp. 77–89.
Jump up ^ Koppett (2004), pp. 376, 511.
Jump up ^ Koppett (2004), p. 481.
Jump up ^ Koppett (2004), p. 489.
Jump up ^ Rader (2008), pp. 254, 271; Zimbalist (2007), pp. 195, 196; Verducci, Tom (May 29, 2012). "To Cheat or Not to Cheat". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "MLB Regular-Season Attendance Just Shy of Last Year's Record". Street & Smith's SportsBusiness Daily. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Minor League Baseball History". Minor League Baseball. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), p. 73; Burk (2001), p. 58.
Jump up ^ "Canada: Baseball participation, popularity rising across the nation". World Baseball Softball Confederation. October 12, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, David H.; Manning, Frank E., eds. (1993). The Beaver Bites Back?: American Popular Culture in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9780773511200.
Jump up ^ Riess, Steven A. (2015). Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 172, 656–657. ISBN 9781317459477.
Jump up ^ Terry (1909), p. 506.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. 356, 123, 137, xxiv, 11, 233; Gmelch (2006), p. 296.
Jump up ^ McNeil (2000), p. 113.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. xxiv, xxv; Burgos (2007), p. 46.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. 362, 368; Gmelch (2006), pp. 100, 75, 59.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. xv.
Jump up ^ Mayo, Jonathan (January 28, 2009). "Perspective: Baseball in the Holy Land". Minor League Baseball. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
Jump up ^ "International Baseball Federation (Confederations/Member Federations)". International Baseball Federation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Seymour Mills, Dorothy (2009). Chasing Baseball: Our Obsession with its History, Numbers, People and Places. McFarland & Company. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780786455881.
Jump up ^ "Fewer Sports for London Olympics". BBC News. July 8, 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
Jump up ^ McCauley, Janie (August 23, 2008). "MLB Wants Baseball Back in Olympics". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Isidore, Chris (March 11, 2006). "The Spring Classic?". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ McNeal, Stan (March 3, 2006). "Your Guide to the '06 World Baseball Classic". Sporting News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2009-02-03 – via HighBeam. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "IBAF Congress Approves New Format of International Tournaments" (Press release). International Baseball Federation. December 3, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Guttmann (2007), p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b Mandelbaum (2005), pp. 55–57.
Jump up ^ Morris (2007), p. xi.
Jump up ^ Brancazio, Peter J. (December 22–29, 1983). "The Hardest Blow of All". New Scientist. pp. 880–883. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Mount, Nicholas James, "Team Sports", in Encyclopedia of Time, ed. Samuel L. Macey (Taylor & Francis, 1994), pp. 588–590: p. 590.
Jump up ^ Eastaway, Rob, What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained (Anova, 2005), p. 134.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bodley, Hal (February 26, 2004). "Baseball Wants Just a Few More Minutes". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenfield, Jeff (July 13, 1998). "Midnight Baseball". Time. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
Jump up ^ Berg, Ted (September 30, 2014). "Why Are Baseball Games Getting So Much Longer?". USA Today. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Japan's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6%". Japan for Sustainability. July 13, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
Jump up ^ Crasnick, Jerry (2017-10-17). "Major league teams playing marathon-length games in October". ESPN. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ Clarke and Dawson (1915), p. 48.
Jump up ^ Mandelbaum (2005), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Morton, Richard, "Baseball in England", Badminton Magazine, August 1896, pp. 157–158: "The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America [baseball]. Every detail of play is recorded, and a man's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes... A line in a cricket score may read, 'Lockwood, caught Stoddart, bowled J. T. Hearne; 30.'... [T]here is so much that is left out! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored, and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten. These are items that go to make cricket history; but there is no record of them in the analysis... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention, but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity."
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04a)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Nightengale, Bob (August 20, 2008). "No. 8: Out in Left Field in Houston's Crawford Boxes". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Jump up ^ Powers (2003), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Powers (2003), p. 219.
Jump up ^ Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 198; Shaikin, Bill (May 27, 2006). "Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Shaikin, Bill (October 8, 2002). "No Fly Ball Routine in Dome". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Jump up ^ Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 207.
Jump up ^ Keri (2007), pp. 295–301.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Steve (September 30, 2008). "Wrigley's Winds Don't Rattle Lowe". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
Jump up ^ Sheinin, Dave (March 26, 2008). "After Move, a Breaking In Process". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-17. See also Powers (2003), p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b Tygiel (2000), p. 16.
Jump up ^ Schwarz (2004), p. 50.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.02a, 10.04, 10.21b)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.15, 10.17, 10.19, 10.21a, 10.21e)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.09, 10.10, 10.12, 10.21d)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Albert, Jim, and Jay Bennett, "Situational Effects", ch. 4 in Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game, 2d ed. (Springer, 2003), pp. 71–110.
Jump up ^ Gray, Scott, The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball (Doubleday, 2006), p. ix.
Jump up ^ Guzzo (2007), pp. 20–21, 67; Schwarz (2004), p. 233; Lewis (2003), p. 127.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21f)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21c)" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
Jump up ^ Guzzo (2007), pp. 22, 67, 140; Schwarz (2004), p. 233.
Jump up ^ Guzzo (2007), pp. 140–141.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Morris Raphael, "Baseball as a National Religion" (1919), in Cohen, The Faith of a Liberal (Transaction, 1993 [1946]), pp. 334–336: p. 334.
Jump up ^ Stark, Jayson (February 8, 2009). "A-Rod Has Destroyed Game's History". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), p. xix.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), pp. 159–165.
Jump up ^ "Opening Day Rosters Feature 230 Players Born Outside the U.S." Major League Baseball. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), p. 487.
Jump up ^ Castillo, Jorge (January 16, 2012). "Puerto Rico Traces Baseball's Slide to the Draft". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Dylan (March 21, 2017). "World Baseball Classic keeps sport relevant in Japan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
Jump up ^ Riess (1991), pp. 69–71.
Jump up ^ Riess (1991), pp. 247–248.
Jump up ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (April 4, 2006). "Nearly Half of Americans are Baseball Fans". Gallup. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kercheval, Nancy (October 1, 2008). "Major League Baseball Revenue Reaches Record, Attendance Falls". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2009. Battista, Judy (December 9, 2008). "Feeling Pinch, N.F.L. Will Cut About 150 Jobs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-08. Haudricourt, Tom (October 20, 2007). "Bases Loaded". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Report: MLB revenues exceed $10 billion for the first time". USA Today. November 22, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bonesteel, Matt (January 10, 2018). "Despite all the bad news, poll shows football still is America's favorite sport by a wide margin". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Professional Football Continues Dominance over Baseball as America's Favorite Sport". Business Wire. AllBusiness. January 27, 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
Jump up ^ McGinty, Jo Craven (April 10, 2015). "Popularity Contest: Baseball vs. Football". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2018-05-18. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Brown, Maury (February 25, 2010). "MLB Sees a Record $6.6 Billion in Revenues for 2009". Biz of Baseball. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jeff Passan (April 16, 2018). "10 Degrees: MLB's enormous attendance drop due to bad weather or something far worse for baseball?". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Minor League attendance tops 42.5 million". Minor League Baseball. September 9, 2015. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Robert (April 11, 2007). "Is the MLB Destroying Japan's National Pastime?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
Jump up ^ González Echevarría (2001), pp. 76, 133, 278–279, 352.
^ Jump up to: a b Weissert, Will (March 5, 2009). "Cubans' Baseball Dreams Take Root on Rocky Fields". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ González Echevarría (2001), p. 366.
Jump up ^ "Little League International General Media Guide 2018" (PDF). Little League Baseball. 2018. p. 3. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Mark (April 5, 2015). "Baseball is struggling to hook kids – and risks losing fans to other sports". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "History of the Babe Ruth League Program". Babe Ruth League Online. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Frommer, Frederic J (April 6, 2009). "Baseball to Add Women to Olympic Bid". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-04-29.
Jump up ^ Bradford, Marcia (2008). "Expanding Opportunities on the Ball Fields". SportsEvents Magazine. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Estimated probability of competing in college athletics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bjarkman (2004), p. xxiv; Gmelch (2006), pp. 23, 53.
Jump up ^ Ellsesser, Stephen (August 11, 2006). "Summer Tournament Is Big in Japan". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Honus Wagner Card Sells for Record $2.8 Million". ESPN. Associated Press. September 6, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ Kte'pi (2009), p. 66.
Jump up ^ Rudel (2008), pp. 145–146.
Jump up ^ Lam, Andrew (July 6, 2007). "Too Much Self Esteem Spoils Your Child". New America Media. Retrieved 2009-05-02. "Happy 50th, Baseball Caps". BBC News. April 27, 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
Jump up ^ "AFI 10 Top 10—Top 10 Sports". American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), pp. 373–374.
Jump up ^ "The Best of the Century". Time. December 26, 1999. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Neyer, Rob (June 15, 2000). "'Ball Four' Changed Sports and Books". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), pp. 16–25.
Jump up ^ Zoss (2004), pp. 27–31.
Jump up ^ "Fantasy Sports Industry Grows to a $800 Million Industry with 29.9 Million Players". PRWeb. July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
Jump up ^ Lewis (2003), pp. 86–88.
Sources
Bjarkman, Peter C. (2004). Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32268-6. OCLC 58806121.
Block, David (2005). Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6255-3. OCLC 70261798.
Burgos, Adrian (2007). Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25143-4. OCLC 81150202.
Burk, Robert F. (2001). Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4961-3. OCLC 28183874.
Charlton, James (ed.) (1991). The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-523971-5. OCLC 22704314. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Clarke, William Jones & Fredrick Thomas Dawson (1915). Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail. Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 2781766.
Gmelch, George (2006). Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7125-8. OCLC 64594333.
González Echevarría, Roberto (2001). The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514605-9. OCLC 46601626.
Guttmann, Allen (2007). Sports: The First Five Millennia. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-610-1. OCLC 5912442808.
Guzzo, Glenn (2007). The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan. ACTA. ISBN 978-0-87946-318-2. OCLC 123083947.
Keri, Jonah (ed.) (2007). Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong. Basic. ISBN 978-0-465-00547-5. OCLC 77795904. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Koppett, Leonard (2004). Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1286-1. OCLC 54674804.
Kte'pi, Bill (2009). "Baseball (Amateur)". In Rodney Carlisle. Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2. OCLC 251215353.
Lewis, Michael M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32481-5. OCLC 54896532.
Mahony, Phillip (2014). Baseball Explained. McFarland Books. ISBN 978-0-7864-7964-1. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014.
Mandelbaum, Michael (2005). The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Football, and Basketball and What They See When They Do. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-330-2. OCLC 55539339.
McNeil, William (2000). Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0784-2. OCLC 42976826.
Morris, Peter (2007). Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1110-0. OCLC 70884952.
Porterfield, Jason (2007). Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety. Rosen. ISBN 978-1-4042-0991-6. OCLC 67773742.
Powers, Albert Theodore (2003). The Business of Baseball. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1426-0. OCLC 50866929.
Puhalla, Jim, Jeff Krans, and Mike Goatley (2003). Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-44793-1. OCLC 50959054. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Rader, Benjamin G. (2008). Baseball: A History of America's Game (3rd ed.). University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07550-6. OCLC 176980876.
Riess, Steven A. (1991). City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06216-2. OCLC 23739530.
Rudel, Anthony J. (2008). Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-15-101275-6. OCLC 192042215.
Schwarz, Alan (2004). The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics. Thomas Dunne. ISBN 978-0-312-32222-9. OCLC 54692908.
Stallings, Jack; Bob Bennett, eds. (2003). Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game. American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-4218-5. OCLC 50203866.
Sullivan, Dean (ed.) (1997). Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9244-4. OCLC 36258074. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Terry, Thomas Philip (1911). Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers (2nd rev. ed.). Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News. OCLC 7587420.
Thurston, Bill (2000). Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-135822-4. OCLC 43031493.
Tygiel, Jules (2000). Past Time: Baseball as History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508958-5. OCLC 42290019.
Votano, Paul (2013). Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1588-5. OCLC 52047315.
Zimbalist, Andrew (2007). In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12824-4. OCLC 62796332.
Zoss, Joel (2004). Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9920-7. OCLC 54611393.
Further reading
Dickson, Paul. The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, 3d ed. (W. W. Norton, 2009). ISBN 0-393-06681-9
Fitts, Robert K. Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-8093-2629-9
Gillette, Gary, and Pete Palmer (eds.). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia, 5th ed. (Sterling, 2008). ISBN 1-4027-6051-5
Peterson, Robert. Only the Ball was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). ISBN 0-19-507637-0
Reaves, Joseph A. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (Bison, 2004). ISBN 0-8032-3943-2
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. Baseball: An Illustrated History (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). ISBN 0-679-40459-7
External links
Find more aboutBaseballat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
World Baseball Softball Confederation
"Baseball". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Baseball Prospectus
Society for American Baseball Research
Mister Baseball European baseball news
Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio
show
v
t
e
Baseball concepts
Outline, Glossary
Rules
Rules of baseball
Ground rules
Infield fly rule
Interference
Pitch clock
Park/Field
Backstop
Baseball diamond
Batter's box
Batter's eye
Bullpen
Dugout
Foul pole
Foul territory
Infield
On-deck circle
Outfield
Warning track
Equipment
Ball
Bat
Batting cage
Batting glove
Batting helmet
Cap
Doughnut
Glove (defense)
Pitching machine
Protective cup
Shin guard
Stirrups
Uniform
Uniform number
Game process
Batting order
Extra innings
Innings
On-deck
Out
Positions
Run
Seventh-inning stretch
Pace of play
Batting
At bat
Baltimore chop
Bat flip
Chinese home run
Batting count
Bunt
sacrifice bunt
slap bunt
squeeze play
Checked swing
Cleanup hitter
Designated hitter
Double
Double switch
Foul ball
Foul tip
Golden sombrero
Grand slam
Ground rule double
Hat trick
Hit
Hit and run
Hit by pitch
Hitting for the cycle
Home run
Infield hit
Inside-the-park home run
Leadoff hitter
Lefty-righty switch
Line drive
Moonshot
Plate appearance
Platoon system
Pull hitter
Sacrifice fly
Single
Strikeout
Strike zone
Sweet spot
Switch hitter
Triple
Walk
Walk-off home run
Pitching
Balk
Beanball
Breaking ball
Brushback pitch
Changeup
Curveball
Eephus
Fastball
Full count
Immaculate inning
Inside pitching
Intentional walk
Knuckleball
No-hitter
Perfect game
Pitch count
Pitchout
Quick pitch
Screwball
Shutout
Slider
Spitball
Strikeout
Striking out the side
Time of pitch
Wild pitch
Base running
Balk
Bases loaded
Caught stealing
Contact play
Hit and run
Left on base
Obstruction
Safe
Scoring position
Slide
Small ball
Squeeze play
Stolen base
Tag up
Fielding
(positioning)
Appeal play
Assist
Blocking the plate
Catch
Defensive indifference
Double play
Error
Fielder's choice
Fifth infielder
Force play
Fourth out
Hidden ball trick
In-between hop
Infield fly rule
Infield shift
Interference
Passed ball
Pickoff
Putout
Rundown
Tag out
Triple play
unassisted
Uncaught third strike
Wall climb
Wheel play
Miscellaneous
Baseball statistics
Bench jockey
Bench-clearing brawl
Dead ball
Jargon
In flight
Pepper
Scorekeeping
Series
Shagging
Slump
Streak (losing)
Streak (winning)
Category
Portal
WikiProject
show
v
t
e
Baseball positions
Pitchers
by role
Ace pitcher
Starting pitcher
Relief pitcher
Middle relief pitcher
Long reliever
Setup man
Closer
Left-handed specialist
by style
Power pitcher
Control pitcher
Ground ball pitcher
Fly ball pitcher
Switch pitcher
Defensive
players
by number
Pitcher (1 / P)
Catcher (2 / C)
First baseman (3 / 1B)
Second baseman (4 / 2B)
Third baseman (5 / 3B)
Shortstop (6 / SS)
Left fielder (7 / LF)
Center fielder (8 / CF)
Right fielder (9 / RF)
by type
Pitcher
Catcher
Infielder
Outfielder
Utility player
Utility infielder
Position player
Fourth outfielder
Corner outfielder
Offensive
players
by role
Batter
Runner
Batting order (1–9)
Designated hitter
Pinch hitter
Pinch runner
Lead off
Leadoff hitter
Cleanup hitter
by style
Clutch hitter
Contact hitter
Power hitter
Switch hitter
Non-players
Official scorer
Umpire
Manager
Coaches
Batboy
Ball boy/girl
General manager
Related
Captain
Battery
Disabled list
Phantom ballplayer
Platoon system
show
v
t
e
Baseball statistics
Batting
Batting average
On-base percentage
Slugging percentage
Hit
Single
Double
Triple
Home run
Extra-base hit
Grand slam
Total bases
RBI
Game-winning RBI
Walk
Bunt
Sacrifice bunt
Sacrifice fly
On-base plus slugging
Times on base
Walk-to-strikeout ratio
Walk percentage
Base running
Run
Stolen base
Stolen base percentage
Caught stealing
Pitching
Win–loss record
Innings pitched
Pitchers of record
Save
Hold
Run
Earned
ERA
Strikeout
Walk
Perfect game
No-hitter
WHIP
BB/9
K/9
Quality start
Complete game
Shutout
Wild pitch
Strikeout-to-walk ratio
Fielding
Fielding percentage
Assist
Putout
Error
Fielder's choice
Defensive indifference
Passed ball
Sabermetrics
Adjusted ERA+
Base runs
Batting park factor
Catcher's ERA
Defensive Runs Saved
Extrapolated Runs
Game score
Isolated Power
Range factor
Runs created
Secondary average
Speed Score
NERD
Out of zone plays made
Ultimate zone rating
Value over replacement player
Weighted on-base average
Wins Above Replacement
Win probability added
Win Shares
show
v
t
e
International baseball
WBSC (former governing body: IBAF)
World Rankings
Teams
WBSC Events
World Baseball Classic
WBSC Premier12
U23 World Cup
U18 World Cup
U15 World Cup
U12 World Cup
Women's Baseball World Cup
Minor World Events
Grand Forks International
Haarlem Baseball Week
Summer Universiade
World Baseball Challenge
World Port Tournament
World University
Defunct World Events
Baseball at the Summer Olympics
World Games
Baseball World Cup
Intercontinental Cup
Women's Baseball World Series
Africa
African Baseball & Softball Association – All-Africa Games
Americas
Pan American Baseball Confederation – Pan American Games
America Cup
Caribbean Series
Central American and Caribbean Games
South American Games
Asia
Baseball Federation of Asia – Asian Championship
Asian Games
Junior (under 18)
Southeast Asian Games
SAARC Baseball Championship
Asia Series
Europe
Confederation of European Baseball – European Championship
European Cup
"Final Four"
U-23
U-21
Junior (U-18)
Youth (U-15)
Juveniles (U-12)
Oceania
Baseball Confederation of Oceania – Oceania Championship
Pacific Games
show
v
t
e
Team sports
Sport
Governing bodies
Sportspeople
National sport
Basket sports
Basketball
beach
deaf
3x3
water
wheelchair
Cestoball
Korfball
Netball
Fast5
indoor
wheelchair
Rezball
Ringball
Slamball
Football codes
Association football
amputee
beach
freestyle
Futsal
indoor
Jorkyball
paralympic
powerchair
roller
street
walking
Australian rules football
AFLX
Lightning football
Metro footy
Nine-a-side
Rec footy
Gaelic football
Ladies'
Circle rules football
Gridiron codes
American football
eight-man
flag
nine-man
six-man
sprint
touch
wheelchair
Canadian football
Indoor American football
Arena football
Hybrid codes
Austus
Eton wall game
International rules football
Samoa rules
Speedball
Swedish football
Universal football
Volata
Medieval football codes
Ba game
Caid
Calcio fiorentino
Camping
Cnapan
Cornish hurling
Cuju
Harpastum
Kemari
Ki-o-rahi
Jegichagi
La soule
Lelo burti
Marn grook
Pasuckuakohowog
Royal Shrovetide
Uppies and downies
Yubi lakpi
Rugby codes
Beach
Rugby league
masters
mod
nines
sevens
tag
wheelchair
Rugby union
American flag
mini
sevens
snow
tag
touch
tens
Touch
Wheelchair
Bat-and-ball games
Baseball
Brännboll
British baseball
Corkball
Cricket
One Day
Test
Twenty20
Danish longball
Indoor cricket
Kickball
Lapta
Matball
Oină
Over-the-line
Pesäpallo
Rounders
Softball
Fastpitch
Stickball
Stoolball
Town ball
Vigoro
Vitilla
Wiffle ball
Wireball
Stick and ball sports
Bando
Cammag
Hurling
Camogie
Super11s
Shinty–Hurling
Indigenous North American stickball
Iomain
Knattleikr
Knotty
Lacrosse
box/indoor
field
intercrosse
women's
Ritinis
Shinty
Shinty–Hurling
Hockey sports
Ball hockey
Bandy
rink
Broomball
Moscow
Field hockey
indoor
Floor hockey
Floorball
Ice hockey
pond
power
ice sledge
underwater
Ringette
Rinkball
Roller hockey
in-line
quad
Rossall hockey
Shinny
Street hockey
Underwater hockey
Unicycle hockey
Polo sports
Auto polo
Cowboy polo
Cycle polo
Elephant polo
Horseball
Motoball
Pato
Polo
Arena polo
chovgan
snow polo
Polocrosse
Segway polo
Yak polo
Net sports
Ball badminton
Beach tennis
Biribol
Bossaball
Fistball
Footbag net
Football tennis
Footvolley
Jianzi
Jokgu
Newcomb ball
Peteca
Sepak takraw
Throwball
Volleyball
beach
paralympic
Other sports
Airsoft
Angleball
Balle à la main
Ballon au poing
Basque pelota
frontenis
jai alai
xare
Bo-taoshi
Boules
Bocce
Bocce volo
Boccia
Bowls
Jeu provençal
Pétanque
Raffa
Buzkashi
Combat (juggling)
Curling
wheelchair
Cycle ball
Digor
Dodgeball
Flickerball
Gateball
Goalball
Guts
Handball
beach
Czech
field
Hornussen
Ice stock sport
Jereed
Kabaddi
indoor
beach
Kho kho
Kin-Ball
Lagori
Longue paume
Makura-Nage
Mesoamerican ballgame
Paintball
Pelota mixteca
Prisonball
Pushball
Quidditch
Rollball
Roller derby
Slahal
Snow snake
Synchronized skating
Synchronized swimming
Tamburello
Tchoukball
beach
Tejo
Tug of war
Ulama
Ultimate
Underwater football
Underwater rugby
Valencian pilota
Llargues
Water polo
canoe
inner tube
beach
Waboba
Whirlyball
Woodball
Yukigassen
show
v
t
e
Professional baseball leagues
Americas
Major
Major League Baseball
American League
National League
Minor
Triple-A
International League
Pacific Coast League
Mexican League
Double-A
Eastern League
Southern League
Texas League
Class A Advanced
California League
Carolina League
Florida State League
Class A
Midwest League
South Atlantic League
Class A Short Season
New York–Penn League
Northwest League
Rookie Advanced
Appalachian League
Pioneer League
Rookie
Arizona League
Dominican Summer League
Gulf Coast League
Independent
American Association
Atlantic League
Can-Am League
Empire League
Frontier League
Pacific Association
Pecos League
United Shore League
Off-season
MLB-affiliated
Arizona Fall League
Dominican Professional Baseball League
Liga Paralela
Mexican Pacific League
Puerto Rico Baseball League
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Independent
Colombian Professional Baseball League
Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League
Panamanian Professional Baseball League
Veracruz Winter League
Defunct
Major Leagues
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
American Association
Continental League
Cuban League
Federal League
National Association
Negro league baseball
Players' League
Union Association
United States Baseball League
Defunct minor leagues
Asia
China
Major
China Baseball League
Japan
Major
Nippon Professional Baseball
Central League
Pacific League
Minor
Eastern League
Western League
Off-season
Miyazaki Phoenix League
Independent
Baseball Challenge League
Shikoku Island League Plus
Women's
Japan Women's Baseball League
South Korea
Major
KBO League
Minor
KBO Futures League
Taiwan
Major: Chinese Professional Baseball League
Minor: Popcorn League
Europe
Euro
Euro League Baseball
Italy
Major
Italian Baseball League 1D
Minor
Italian Baseball League 2D
Netherlands
Major
Honkbal Hoofdklasse
Minor
Honkbal Overgangsklasse
Rookie
Honkbal Rookie League
Oceania
Australia
MLB-affiliated:
Australian Baseball League
Inter-league and Professional National Team Championships
Asia Professional Baseball Championship
Caribbean Series
Triple-A National Championship Game
World Baseball Classic
show
v
t
e
Summer Olympic sports
Core program
Aquatics
Diving
Swimming
Water polo
Synchronised swimming
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
3x3
Boxing
Canoeing
Canoe slalom
Canoe sprint
Cycling
BMX racing
Freestyle BMX
Mountain bike
Road cycling
Track cycling
Equestrian
Dressage
Eventing
Show jumping
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics
Trampolining
Handball
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Rowing
Rugby sevens
Sailing
Shooting
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Beach volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Freestyle wrestling
Greco-Roman wrestling
2020 addition
Baseball / Softball
Karate
Skateboarding
Sport climbing
Surfing
See also: Paralympic sports and Winter Olympic sports
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4144091-2
LCCN: sh85012026
NARA: 10639906
NDL: 00574218
VIAF: 180227358
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball&oldid=854824183"
Categories:
Baseball
Team sports
Ball and bat games
Sports originating in the United States
Summer Olympic sports
1846 introductions
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Articles with short description
Use American English from July 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from July 2015
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Featured articles
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Ladino
Лакку
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Papiamentu
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Lingua Franca Nova
111 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 August 2018, at 01:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

values: mw-indicator-featured-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Baseball_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Baseball (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values:
/wiki/Fielding_team_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Fielding team (baseball)

values:
/wiki/Batting_team_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Batting team (baseball)

values: History of baseball in the United States

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Dead_ball_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Dead ball (baseball)

values:
/wiki/Baseball_league
mw-redirect
Baseball league

values: National Association of Base Ball Players

values: National Association of Professional Base Ball Players

values: History of baseball outside the United States

values: National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Western_League_(original)
mw-redirect
Western League (original)

values:
/wiki/Minor_league_baseball
mw-redirect
Minor league baseball

values: Robinson posing in the uniform cap of the Kansas City Royals, a California Winter League barnstorming team, November 1945 (photo by Maurice Terrell)

values: All-American Girls Professional Baseball League

values:
/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers
mw-redirect
Brooklyn Dodgers

values:
/wiki/Banned_substances_in_baseball
mw-redirect
Banned substances in baseball

values: International Association for Professional Base Ball Players

values: Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League

values:
/wiki/Serie_A1_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Serie A1 (baseball)

values:
/wiki/2004_Olympic_Games
mw-redirect
2004 Olympic Games

values:
/wiki/Olympic_sport
mw-redirect
Olympic sport

values:
/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympic_Games
mw-redirect
2012 Summer Olympic Games

values:
/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympic_Games
mw-redirect
2008 Summer Olympic Games

values:
/wiki/Stalling_(gaming)
mw-redirect
Stalling (gaming)

values:
/wiki/On_deck_(baseball)
mw-redirect
On deck (baseball)

values:
/wiki/Fielding_average
mw-redirect
Fielding average

values: National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament

values: National High School Baseball Championship

values: English language idioms derived from baseball

values:
/wiki/Baseball_movie
mw-redirect
Baseball movie

values:
/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel
mw-redirect
Simon and Garfunkel

values:
/wiki/Who%27s_on_First
mw-redirect
Who's on First

values: The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop.

values:
/wiki/Lawrence_S._Ritter
mw-redirect
Lawrence S. Ritter

values:
/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(author)
mw-redirect
Michael Lewis (author)

values:
/wiki/Fantasy_sports
mw-redirect
Fantasy sports

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842

values:
nofollow
external text
http://m.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk

values:
nofollow
http://www.ibaf.org/
external text

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/58806121

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70261798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/81150202

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28183874

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/22704314

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2781766

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/64594333

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46601626

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5912442808

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123083947

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/77795904

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54674804

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/251215353

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54896532

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.baseballexplained.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55539339

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42976826

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70884952

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/67773742

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50866929

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50959054

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/176980876

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23739530

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/192042215

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54692908

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50203866

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36258074

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7587420

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43031493

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42290019

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52047315

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62796332

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54611393

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://www.wbsc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.baseballprospectus.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.sabr.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mister-baseball.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://baseballheritagemuseum.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cleveland, Ohio

values:
/wiki/Backstop_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Backstop (baseball)

values:
/wiki/Batter%27s_box
mw-redirect
Batter's box

values:
/wiki/Foul_territory
mw-redirect
Foul territory

values:
/wiki/Baltimore_chop
mw-redirect
Baltimore chop

values:
/wiki/Immaculate_inning
mw-redirect
Immaculate inning

values:
/wiki/Quick_pitch
mw-redirect
Quick pitch

values:
/wiki/Bases_loaded
mw-redirect
Bases loaded

values:
/wiki/Left_on_base
mw-redirect
Left on base

values:
/wiki/Defensive_indifference
mw-redirect
Defensive indifference

values:
/wiki/Bench_jockey
mw-redirect
Bench jockey

values:
/wiki/Losing_streak_(sports)#Baseball
mw-redirect
Losing streak (sports)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: col navbox-title 3 background:lightgrey;

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-right:1.0em;

values:
/wiki/Corner_outfielder
mw-redirect
Corner outfielder

values:
/wiki/Pitching_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Pitching (baseball)

values:
/wiki/Pitchers_of_record
mw-redirect
Pitchers of record

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #61DE76; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #61DE76; box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #61DE76;

values:
/wiki/Baseball_at_the_All-Africa_Games
mw-redirect
Baseball at the All-Africa Games

values: width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #EDA93C; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #EDA93C; box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #EDA93C;

values:
/wiki/2008_America_Cup_(Baseball)
mw-redirect
2008 America Cup (Baseball)

values: Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games

values: Baseball at the 2010 South American Games

values: width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F06083; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F06083; box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F06083;

values: width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #6085EF; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #6085EF; box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #6085EF;

values: European Juveniles Baseball Championship

values: width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F4F223; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F4F223; box-shadow: inset -0.5em 0 0 0 #F4F223;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
*_Sport
*_Governing_bodies
*_Sportspeople
*_National_sport

values:
/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty-hurling
mw-redirect
Composite rules shinty-hurling

values:
/wiki/Ice_sledge_hockey
mw-redirect
Ice sledge hockey

values:
/wiki/Synchronized_swimming
mw-redirect
Synchronized swimming

values: American Association of Independent Professional Baseball

values: Atlantic League of Professional Baseball

values: Canadian American Association of Professional Baseball

values: United Shore Professional Baseball League

values: Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente

values: List of defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States

values: MLB-affiliated: row navbox-group width:1%

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports
mw-redirect
Summer Olympic sports

values:
/wiki/Aquatic_sports
mw-redirect
Aquatic sports

values:
/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports
mw-redirect
Winter Olympic sports

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4144091-2

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/180227358

values: Category:Sports originating in the United States

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Use American English from July 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Baseball
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofbal
Bofbal – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: كرة القاعدة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beysbol
Beysbol – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: বেসবল – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Бэйсбол – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseboi
Baseboi – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejzbol
Bejzbol – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbol
Beisbol – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesapall
Pesapall – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μπέιζμπολ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basbalo
Basbalo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbol
Beisbol – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بیسبال – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkbal
Honkbal – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Բեյսբոլ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: बेसबॉल – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejzbol
Bejzbol – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basbalo
Basbalo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbol
Bisbol – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-iu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: בייסבול – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbol
Bisbol – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಬೇಸ್‌ಬಾಲ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ბეისბოლი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbol
Beisbol – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Lak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

values: ເບດບອນ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basipila
Basipila – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbols
Beisbols – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbolas
Beisbolas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: बेसबॉल – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besbol
Besbol – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbol
Bisbol – Minangkabau
min
min
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisebol
Beisebol – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ဗေ့စဘော – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkbal
Honkbal – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: बेसबल – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisbol
Beisbol – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beysbol
Beysbol – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਬੇਸਬਾਲ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values: បេស្បល – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebol
Basebol – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyzbol
Beyzbol – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Бейсбал – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebaw
Basebaw – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejsbolli
Bejsbolli – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: බේස්බෝල් – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejzbal
Bejzbal – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Бејзбол – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejzbol
Bejzbol – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseboll
Baseboll – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beysbol
Beysbol – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: அடிபந்தாட்டம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Бейсбол – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: เบสบอล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyzbol
Beyzbol – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: بیس بال – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball
Baseball – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: בעיסבאל – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebal
Basebal – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Baseball rootpage-Baseball skin-vector action-view