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To Kill a Mockingbird (film)
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To Kill a Mockingbird
film poster
Directed by
Robert Mulligan
Produced by
Alan J. Pakula
Screenplay by
Horton Foote
Based on
To Kill a Mockingbird
by Harper Lee
Starring
Gregory Peck
Mary Badham
Phillip Alford
John Megna
Ruth White
Paul Fix
Brock Peters
Frank Overton
Narrated by
Kim Stanley
Music by
Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography
Russell Harlan, A.S.C.
Edited by
Aaron Stell, A.C.E.
Production
companies
Brentwood Productions
Pakula-Mulligan
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
December 25, 1962 (1962-12-25)
Running time
129 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million[2]
Box office
$13.1 million[2]
To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout.
The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success, earning more than 10 times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture.
In 1995, the film was listed in the National Film Registry. In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007 the film ranked twenty-fifth on the AFI's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time. In 2005, the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.
To Kill a Mockingbird marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Music
4 Critical response
4.1 Gregory Peck
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Academy Awards
5.2 Golden Globe Awards
5.3 Cannes Film Festival
6 Restoration
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The film's young protagonists, Jean Louise "Scout" Finch (Mary Badham) and her brother Jeremy Atticus "Jem" Finch (Phillip Alford), live in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the early 1930s. The story covers three years, during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives. They are innocent children, spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur "Boo" Radley (Robert Duvall) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate. Their widowed father, Atticus (Gregory Peck), is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly, to turn the other cheek, and to stand for what you believe. He also allows his children to call him by his first name. Early in the film, the children see their father accept hickory nuts, and other produce, from Mr. Cunningham (Crahan Denton) for legal work because the client has no money.[3] Through their father's work as a lawyer, Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town, aggravated by poverty; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it.
The local judge (Paul Fix) appoints Atticus to defend a black man, Tom Robinson (Brock Peters), against an accusation of rape of a white girl, Mayella Ewell (Collin Wilcox). Atticus accepts the case. Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father's decision. Later, as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson, a lynch mob arrives, which includes Mr. Cunningham. Scout, Jem and their friend, Dill (John Megna), interrupt the confrontation. Scout, unaware of the mob's purpose, recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son, who is her schoolmate. Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses.
At the trial, it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayella's home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe, and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time. Among Atticus' chief arguments is that Tom has a crippled left arm, yet the supposed rapist would have had to make extensive use of his left hand in assaulting Mayella before raping her. Atticus then points out that Mayella's father, Bob Ewell (James Anderson), is left handed, implying that he – rather than Tom – was the one who beat Mayella. Atticus also states that the girl had not been examined by a doctor to check for signs of rape after the supposed assault. In his closing argument Atticus asks the all-white male jury to cast aside their prejudices and instead focus on Tom's obvious innocence. In taking the stand in his own defense, Tom denies he attacked Mayella, but states she kissed him. He testifies he voluntarily assisted Mayella because "I felt sorry for her because…". Although Tom does not finish his sentence, the prosecutor (William Windom) hammers home the point that he was a black man feeling sorry for a white woman. In a town where whites are viewed as superior to blacks, Tom's sympathy for Mayella dooms his case, and he is found guilty.
As Atticus leaves the courtroom, the black spectators in the balcony rise to their feet as a sign of respect and appreciation. Reverend Sykes says to Scout, "Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing." When Atticus arrives home, Sheriff Heck Tate (Frank Overton) tells him that Tom has been killed by a deputy during his transfer to prison. According to this deputy, Tom was trying to escape, "running like a crazy man" before he was shot. Atticus and Jem go to the Robinson family home to inform them of Tom's death. Bob Ewell, Mayella's father, appears and spits in Atticus' face while Jem waits in the car. Atticus wipes his face and leaves.
Autumn arrives, and Scout and Jem attend a nighttime Halloween pageant at their school. Scout wears a large hard-shelled ham costume, portraying one of Maycomb county's products. At some point during the pageant, Scout's dress and shoes are misplaced. She is forced to walk home without shoes, wearing her ham costume. While cutting through the woods, Scout and Jem are attacked by an unidentified man who has been following them. Scout's costume, like an awkward suit of armor, protects her from the attack but restricts her movement and severely restricts her vision. Jem is knocked unconscious and Scout escapes unharmed in a brief but violent struggle. Their attacker is thwarted and overcome by another unidentified man. Scout escapes her costume in time to see the second man carrying Jem to their home. Scout follows the stranger inside and runs into the arms of a concerned Atticus. Doc Reynolds comes over and treats the broken arm of an unconscious Jem.
When Sheriff Tate asks Scout what happened, she sees a man standing quietly in the corner behind the door of Jem's room. Atticus formally introduces Scout to Arthur Radley, whom she has known as Boo, the man who came to the aid of Jem and Scout in the woods. It is revealed that Boo had overpowered Bob Ewell before carrying Jem home. The sheriff reports that Ewell was discovered dead at the scene of the attack with a knife in his ribs. Atticus assumes that Jem killed Ewell in self-defense. Sheriff Tate, however, believes that Boo killed Ewell in defense of the children, and he tells Atticus that to drag the shy and reserved Boo into the spotlight for his heroism would be "a sin". To protect Boo, Sheriff Tate suggests that Ewell "fell on his knife". Scout draws a startlingly precocious analogy, to likening unwelcome public attention to Boo to the killing of a mockingbird.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters
In the order of the film's opening credits:
Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch
John Megna as Charles Baker "Dill" Harris
Frank Overton as Sheriff Heck Tate
Rosemary Murphy as Miss Maudie Atkinson
Ruth White as Mrs Dubose
Brock Peters as Tom Robinson
Estelle Evans as Calpurnia
Paul Fix as Judge John Taylor
Collin Wilcox as Mayella Violet Ewell
James Anderson as Robert E. Lee "Bob" Ewell
Alice Ghostley as Miss Stephanie Crawford
Robert Duvall as Arthur "Boo" Radley
William Windom as Horace Gilmer, District Attorney
Crahan Denton as Walter Cunningham
Richard Hale as Nathan Radley
Mary Badham as Scout
Phillip Alford as Jem
Uncredited roles (in order of appearance)
Kim Stanley.........Unseen narrator—the voice of adult Scout—"Maycomb was a tired old town – even in 1932 when I first knew it – that summer I was six years old."
Paulene Myers.........Mrs. Dubose's servant, sitting close to her on the Dubose porch (she has no speaking lines).
Jamie Forster.........Mr. Townsend, sitting on a bench, with three men, near the courthouse: "If you're lookin' for your daddy, he's inside the courthouse."
Steve Condit.........Mr. Cunningham's son Walter, at dinner with the Finch family: "Yes, sir. I don't know when I had roast. We been havin' squirrels and rabbits lately."
David Crawford.........David, Tom Robinson's son, sitting on the steps to the Robinsons' shack: "Good evening."
Kim Hamilton.........Helen, Tom Robinson's wife, inside the Robinsons' shack: "Good evening, Mr. Finch."
Dan White.........Mob leader approaching as Atticus Finch sits in front of the jailhouse: "He in there, Mr. Finch?"
Kelly Thordsen.........Heavyset member of the mob who grabs and picks up Jem: "Well, I'll send you home."
William "Bill" Walker.........Reverend Sykes, at the courthouse for Tom Robinson's trial: "Miss Jean Louise? Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passin'."
Charles Fredericks.........Court clerk at Tom Robinson's trial: "Place your hand on the bible, please. Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth...?"
Guy Wilkerson.........Jury foreman at Tom Robinson's trial: We find the defendant guilty as charged."
Jay Sullivan.........Court reporter at Tom Robinson's trial: "Yes."
Jester Hairston.........Tom Robinson's father in front of the Robinsons' shack: "Hello Mr. Finch. I'm Spence, Tom's father."
Hugh Sanders.........Doctor who examines Jem: "He's got a bad break, so far as I can tell. Somebody tried to wring his arm off."
Music[edit]
To Kill a Mockingbird
Soundtrack album by Elmer Bernstein
Released
Early April 1963[4]
Recorded
August 1–2, 1996, City Halls, Glasgow
Label
Varèse Sarabande
Elmer Bernstein's score for To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the greatest film scores[5] and has been recorded three times. It was first released in April 1963 on Ava; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series; and finally, he recorded the complete score (below) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese Sarabande Film Classics series.
"Main Title" – 3:21
"Remember Mama" – 1:08
"Atticus Accepts The Case – Roll in the Tire" – 2:06
"Creepy Caper – Peek-A-Boo" – 4:10
"Ewell's Hatred" – 3:33
"Jem's Discovery" – 3:47
"Tree Treasure" – 4:23
"Lynch Mob" – 3:04
"Guilty Verdict" – 3:10
"Ewell Regret It" – 2:11
"Footsteps in the Dark" – 2:07
"Assault in the Shadows" – 2:28
"Boo Who" – 3:00
"End Title" – 3:25
Critical response[edit]
The film received widespread critical acclaim. As of March 2017, it maintains a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 56 reviews.[6] According to Bosley Crowther:[7]
"Horton Foote's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply, but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters. Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship, which can occur at only one brief period, are worth all the footage of the film. Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor, Brock Peters as the Negro on trial, and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters, too. James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures. But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the film for focusing less on the blacks, denouncing the cliché of the honest, white man standing for a helpless black:[8]
"It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time, the early 1960s, and it goes very easy on the realities of small-town Alabama in the 1930s. One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch mob facing Atticus, who is all by himself on the jailhouse steps the night before Tom Robinson's trial. The mob is armed and prepared to break in and hang Robinson, but Scout bursts onto the scene, recognizes a poor farmer who has been befriended by her father, and shames him (and all the other men) into leaving. Her speech is a calculated strategic exercise, masked as the innocent words of a child; one shot of her eyes shows she realizes exactly what she's doing. Could a child turn away a lynch mob at that time, in that place? Isn't it nice to think so."
Gregory Peck's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch. Producer Alan J. Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role: "He called back immediately. No maybes. […] I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike".[9] Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla, California.[10] "Hardly a day passes that I don't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film", Peck said in a 1997 interview. "I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14 years old, and she said it changed her life. I hear things like that all the time".[11]
Gregory Peck[edit]
The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens with the following: The Southern town of Maycomb, Alabama, reminds me of the California town I grew up in. The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy. I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known. It is to me a universal story – moving, passionate and told with great humor and tenderness. Gregory Peck.
Harper Lee, in liner notes written for the film's DVD re-release by Universal, wrote: "When I learned that Gregory Peck would play Atticus Finch in the film production of To Kill a Mockingbird, I was of course delighted: here was a fine actor who had made great films – what more could a writer ask for? ...The years told me his secret. When he played Atticus Finch, he had played himself, and time has told all of us something more: when he played himself, he touched the world".[12] Upon Peck's death in 2003, Brock Peters, who played Tom Robinson in the film version, quoted Harper Lee at Peck's eulogy, saying, "Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself". Peters concluded his eulogy stating, "To my friend Gregory Peck, to my friend Atticus Finch, vaya con Dios".[13] Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled, "It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life, one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced".[14] Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life.
Peck himself admitted that many people have reminded him of this film more than any other film he has ever done.[15]
Awards and honors[edit]
In 1995 To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[16] It is also Robert Duvall's big-screen debut, as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley. Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, The Midnight Caller.[17]
The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century.[18] Additionally, the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years... 100 Cheers list, behind It's a Wonderful Life.[19] The film was ranked number 34 on AFI's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time, but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list.[20] In June 2008, the AFI revealed its "Ten top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre.[21]
In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie. She was the last surviving African-American adult who had a speaking part in the movie. When told of the award, she said, "I think it is terrific. I'm very pleased and very surprised".[22]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #34
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
Atticus Finch – #1 Hero
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing." – Nominated[23]
"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it." – Nominated[23]
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #17
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #2
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies: 10th Anniversary Edition– #25
AFI's 10 Top 10 – #1 Courtroom Drama
Academy Awards[edit]
The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated.[24]
Academy Award for Best Actor — Gregory Peck (The award was presented to Peck by Sophia Loren)
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay – Horton Foote
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Set Decoration, Black-and-White — (Henry Bumstead, Alexander Golitzen, and Oliver Emert)
Other nominations were for
Best Picture (Producer, Alan J. Pakula)
Best Director (Robert Mulligan)
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White (Russell Harlan),
Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Mary Badham)
Best Music, Score — Substantially Original (Elmer Bernstein)
Its main competition was Lawrence of Arabia, which won the Oscar for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Score. Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T. E. Lawrence, but Peck won for Mockingbird. The Longest Day claimed the award for Best Cinematography, while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in The Miracle Worker.
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama — Gregory Peck
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score — Motion Picture — Elmer Bernstein
Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding — To Kill a Mockingbird
Cannes Film Festival[edit]
The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category, winning the Gary Cooper Award.[25][26]
Restoration[edit]
The film was restored and released on Blu-ray and DVD in 2012 as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures.[27]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1962
La Joven (The Young One), the 1960 film
Trial film
White savior narrative in film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD (A)". British Board of Film Classification. December 20, 1962. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "To Kill A Mockingbird – Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Harper Lee. "To Kill a Mockingbird: Chapters 2–3". SparkNotes. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Jump up ^ Billboard Apr 13, 1963
Jump up ^ Erikson, Matthew. "Elmer Bernstein: 'One of the Greatest Film Composers Ever'". Hartford Courant. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "To Kill A Mockingbird". www.rottentomatoes.com. 1962-12-25. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley (February 15, 1963). "One Adult Omission in a Fine Film: 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "To Kill a Mockingbird". Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Nichols, Peter. "Time Can't Kill 'Mockingbird'; [Review]." New York Times: February 27, 1998. pg. E.1
Jump up ^ King, Susan. "How the Finch Stole Christmas; Q & A WITH GREGORY PECK." Los Angeles Times: December 22, 1997. pg. 1
Jump up ^ Bobbin, Jay. "Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird." Birmingham News (Alabama): December 21, 1997 Pg. 1F.
Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Legacy Series DVD 2005
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Allison, Rubin, H. "Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man; The longtime star is remembered for his integrity and constancy". Los Angeles Times: June 17, 2003. pg. B.1.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Myrna. "Obituaries; Brock Peters, 78; Stage, Screen, TV Actor Noted for Role in 'To Kill a Mockingbird'; " Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Calif.: August 24, 2005. pg. B.8.
Jump up ^ Gregory Peck Interview with Jimmy Carter at YouTube
Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird – Awards – IMDb
Jump up ^ Robert Duvall (actor), Gary Hertz (director) (2002-04-16). Miracles & Mercies (Documentary). West Hollywood, California: Blue Underground. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246
Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/cheers100.pdf?docID=202
Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/100Movies.pdf?docID=301
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10". American Film Institute. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Harlem community honors 'Mockingbird' actress" from the USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NY Times: To Kill a Mockingbird". NY Times. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: To Kill a Mockingbird". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Jump up ^ "1963 Cannes Film Festival". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Appelo, Tim (2012-01-10). "Universal Celebrates 100th Birthday With New Logo and 13 Film Restorations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
External links[edit]
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To Kill a Mockingbird study notes
Atticus Finch's closing argument in text and audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
To Kill A Mockingbird location and production notes
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Mulligan
Fear Strikes Out (1957)
The Rat Race (1960)
The Great Impostor (1961)
Come September (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)
Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965)
Inside Daisy Clover (1965)
Up the Down Staircase (1967)
The Stalking Moon (1968)
The Pursuit of Happiness (1971)
Summer of '42 (1971)
The Other (1972)
The Nickel Ride (1974)
Bloodbrothers (1978)
Same Time, Next Year (1978)
Kiss Me Goodbye (1982)
Clara's Heart (1988)
The Man in the Moon (1991)
[show]
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Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)
Characters
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To Kill a Mockingbird
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)&oldid=823161980"
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Dewey Decimal Classification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Dewey Decimal" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Duodecimal.
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1] It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011, and has grown from a four-page pamphlet in 1876. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey.
The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic. The classification's notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects.[2] A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library, on the basis of its subject. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves.[notes 1] The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1873–1885: Early development
1.2 1885–1942: Period of adoption
1.3 1942–present: Forging an identity
2 Administration and publication
3 Design
3.1 Classes
3.2 Tables
3.3 Relative Index
4 Influence and criticism
4.1 Treatment of homosexuality
4.2 Treatment of religion
4.3 Treatment of women
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the Dewey Decimal classification
1873–1885: Early development[edit]
Melvil Dewey (1851–1931) was an American librarian and self-declared reformer.[5] He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business.[6] He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library.[7] He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson.[8] His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication "Public Libraries in America" in 1876.[9] In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index.[10] The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies.[11]
1885–1942: Period of adoption[edit]
The second edition of the Dewey Decimal system, published in 1885 with the title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging, cataloging, and indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets, clippings, notes, scrap books, index rerums, etc.,[notes 2] comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Five hundred copies were produced.[11] Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title.[12] Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that "nearly 100 persons hav [spelling of 'have' per English-language spelling reform, which Dewey championed] contributed criticisms and suggestions".[13]
One of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics. When the system was first introduced, most libraries in the US used fixed positioning: each book was assigned a permanent shelf position based on the book's height and date of acquisition.[14] Library stacks were generally closed to all but the most privileged patrons, so shelf browsing was not considered of importance. The use of the Dewey Decimal system increased during the early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the advantages of relative positioning and of open shelf access for patrons.[14]
New editions were readied as supplies of previously published editions were exhausted, even though some editions provided little change from the previous, as they were primarily needed to fulfill demand.[15] In the next decade, three editions followed closely on: the 3rd (1888), 4th (1891), and 5th (1894). Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 to 1922. The 6th edition was published in a record 7,600 copies, although subsequent editions were much lower. During this time, the size of the volume grew, and edition 12 swelled to 1243 pages, an increase of 25% over the previous edition.[16]
In response to the needs of smaller libraries which were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use, in 1894, the first abridged edition of the Dewey Decimal system was produced.[14] The abridged edition generally parallels the full edition, and has been developed for most full editions since that date. By popular request, in 1930, the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification numbers on nearly all of its cards, thus making the system immediately available to all libraries making use of the Library of Congress card sets.[17]
Dewey's was not the only library classification available, although it was the most complete. Charles Ammi Cutter published the Expansive Classification in 1882, with initial encouragement from Melvil Dewey. Cutter's system was not adopted by many libraries, with one major exception: it was used as the basis for the Library of Congress Classification system.[18]
In 1895, the International Institute of Bibliography, located in Belgium and led by Paul Otlet, contacted Dewey about the possibility of translating the classification into French, and using the classification system for bibliographies (as opposed to its use for books in libraries). This would have required some changes to the classification, which was under copyright. Dewey gave permission for the creation of a version intended for bibliographies, and also for its translation into French. Dewey did not agree, however, to allow the International Institute of Bibliography to later create an English version of the resulting classification, considering that a violation of their agreement, as well as a violation of Dewey's copyright. Shortly after Dewey's death in 1931, however, an agreement was reached between the committee overseeing the development of the Decimal Classification and the developers of the French Classification Decimal. The English version was published as the Universal Decimal Classification and is still in use today.[19]
According to a study done in 1927, the Dewey system was used in the US in approximately 96% of responding public libraries and 89% of the college libraries.[20] After the death of Melvil Dewey in 1931, administration of the classification was under the Decimal Classification Committee of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation, and the editorial body was the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee with participation of the American Library Association (ALA), Library of Congress, and Forest Press.[17] By the 14th edition in 1942, the Dewey Decimal Classification index was over 1,900 pages in length and was published in two volumes.[21]
1942–present: Forging an identity[edit]
1885 - Dewey Decimal Classification
The growth of the classification to date had led to significant criticism from medium and large libraries which were too large to use the abridged edition but found the full classification overwhelming. Dewey had intended issuing the classification in three editions: the library edition, which would be the fullest edition; the bibliographic edition, in English and French, which was to be used for the organization of bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf; and the abridged edition.[22] In 1933, the bibliographic edition became the Universal Decimal Classification, which left the library and abridged versions as the formal Dewey Decimal Classification editions. The 15th edition, edited by Milton Ferguson, implemented the growing concept of the "standard edition", designed for the majority of general libraries but not attempting to satisfy the needs of the very largest or of special libraries.[23] It also reduced the size of the Dewey system by over half, from 1,900 to 700 pages. This revision was so radical that an advisory committee was formed right away for the 16th and 17th editions.[24] The 16th and 17th editions, under the editorship of the Library of Congress, grew again to two volumes. However, by now, the Dewey Decimal system had established itself as a classification for general libraries, with the Library of Congress Classification having gained acceptance for large research libraries.[25]
The first electronic version of "Dewey" was created in 1993.[26] Hard-copy editions continue to be issued at intervals; the online WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are updated quarterly.[27]
Administration and publication[edit]
Dewey and a small editorial staff managed the administration of the very early editions. Beginning in 1922, the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation, a not-for-profit organization founded by Melvil Dewey, managed administrative affairs. The ALA set up a Special Advisory Committee on the Decimal Classification as part of the Cataloging and Classification division of ALA in 1952. The previous Decimal Classification Committee was changed to the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, with participation of the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification, and of the Library of Congress.[28][need quotation to verify]
Melvil Dewey edited the first three editions of the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931. May Seymour became editor in 1891 and served until her death in 1921. She was followed by Dorcas Fellows, who was editor until her death in 1938. Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition. Milton Ferguson functioned as editor from 1949 to 1951. The 16th edition in 1958 was edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press, with David Haykin as director.[17] Editions 16–19 were edited by Benjamin A. Custer and the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi. Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013, covering editions 21 to 23.[29] As of 2013[update] the Editor-in-Chief is Michael Panzer of OCLC.[30]
Dewey himself held copyright in editions 1 to 6 (1876–1919). Copyright in editions 7–10 was held by the publisher, The Library Bureau.[31] On the death of May Seymour, Dewey conveyed the "copyrights and control of all editions" to the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation, a non-profit chartered in 1922.[32] The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) of Dublin, Ohio, US, acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification system when it bought Forest Press in 1988. In 2003 the Dewey Decimal Classification came to national[quantify] attention when OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement for using the classification system as the hotel theme.[33] The case was settled shortly thereafter.[34]
The OCLC has maintained the classification since 1988, and also publishes new editions of the system. The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC. Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, a ten-member international board which meets twice each year. The four-volume unabridged edition is published approximately every six years, the most recent edition (DDC 23) in mid-2011.[35] The web edition is updated[by whom?] on an ongoing basis, with changes announced each month.[36] An experimental version of Dewey in RDF is available at dewey.info.[37] This includes access to the top three levels of the classification system in 14 languages.[38]
In addition to the full version, a single-volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895. "Abridged 15" was published in early 2012.[39]
Full edition
Publication year
Abridged edition
Publication year
1st 1876
2nd 1885
3rd 1888
4th 1891
5th 1894 1st 1895
6th 1899
7th 1911
8th 1913 2nd 1915
9th 1915
10th 1919
11th 1922 3rd 1926
12th 1927 4th 1929
13th 1932 5th 1936
14th 1942 6th 1945
15th 1951 7th 1953
16th 1958 8th 1959
17th 1965 9th 1965
18th 1971 10th 1971
19th 1979 11th 1979
20th 1989 12th 1990
21st 1996 13th 1997
22nd 2003 14th 2004
23rd 2011 15th 2012
Design[edit]
The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study. Main divisions include philosophy, social sciences, science, technology, and history. The scheme is made up of ten classes, each divided into ten divisions, each having ten sections. The system's notation uses Arabic numbers, with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub-classes and decimals creating further divisions. The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy. Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right-most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification.[40] For example:
500 Natural sciences and mathematics
510 Mathematics
516 Geometry
516.3 Analytic geometries
516.37 Metric differential geometries
516.375 Finsler geometry
The classification was originally enumerative, meaning that it listed all of the classes explicitly in the schedules. Over time it added some aspects of a faceted classification scheme, allowing classifiers to construct a number by combining a class number for a topic with an entry from a separate table. Tables cover commonly used elements such as geographical and temporal aspects, language, and bibliographic forms. For example, a class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe to create the class 330.94 European economy. Or one could combine the class 973 for United States + .05 for periodical publications on the topic to arrive at the number 973.05 for periodicals concerning the United States generally. The classification also makes use of mnemonics in some areas, such that the number 5 represents the country Italy in classification numbers like 945 (history of Italy), 450 (Italian language), 195 (Italian philosophy). The combination of faceting and mnemonics makes the classification synthetic in nature, with meaning built into parts of the classification number.[41]
The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects, including fiction, although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author's surname. Each assigned number consists of two parts: a class number (from the Dewey system) and a book number, which "prevents confusion of different books on the same subject." [7] A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number, which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic.[42]
Classes[edit]
Main article: List of Dewey Decimal classes
(From DDC 23[43])
000 – Computer science, information & general works
100 – Philosophy and psychology
200 – Religion
300 – Social sciences
400 – Language
500 – Pure Science
600 – Technology
700 – Arts & recreation
800 – Literature
900 – History & geography
Tables[edit]
(From DDC 23[43])
T1 Standard Subdivisions
T2 Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Biography
T3 Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms
T3A Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors
T3B Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author
T3C Notation to Be Added Where Instructed in Table 3B, 700.4, 791.4, 808–809
T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
T5 Ethnic and National Groups
T6 Languages
Relative Index[edit]
The Relative Index (or, as Dewey spelled it, "Relativ Index") is an alphabetical index to the classification, for use both by classifiers but also by library users when seeking books by topic. The index was "relative" because the index entries pointed to the class numbers, not to the page numbers of the printed classification schedule. In this way, the Dewey Decimal Classification itself had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either as an entry point to the classification, by catalogers, or as an index to the Dewey-classed library itself.[44]
Influence and criticism[edit]
A library book shelf in Hong Kong classified using the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries, an adaption of the Dewey Classification Scheme
Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.). Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English-speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification, the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries, and the Nippon Decimal Classification (Japanese).[45][46]
Despite its widespread usage, the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited scope of scheme-adjustment. In particular, the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and as being biased towards an Anglo-American world view.[47][48] In 2007–08, the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona, abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications (BISAC) system, one that is commonly used by commercial bookstores,[49] in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons. Several other libraries across the United States,[50] and other countries (including Canada and the Netherlands) followed suit.[49] The classification has also been criticized as being a proprietary system licensed by a single entity (OCLC), making it expensive to adopt. However, book classification critic Justin Newlan stands by the Dewey Decimal System, stating newer, more advanced book classification systems "are too confusing to understand for newcomers".[51]
Treatment of homosexuality[edit]
In 1932 topics relating to homosexuality were first added to the system under 132 (mental derangements) and 159.9 (abnormal psychology). In 1952 homosexuality was also included under 301.424 (the study of sexes in society). In 1989 it was added to 363.49 (social problems), a classification that continues in the current edition.[52]
In 1996 homosexuality was added to 306.7 (sexual relations) which remains the preferred location in the current edition, although books can also be found under 616.8583 (sexual practices viewed as medical disorders), however the official direction states that "Use 616.8583 for homosexuality only when the work treats homosexuality as a medical disorder, or focuses on arguing against the views of those who consider homosexuality to be a medical disorder. . . . If in doubt, prefer a number other than 616.8583."[52]
Treatment of religion[edit]
The subject of religion has been very heavily favored toward Christianity, with nearly the whole 200s being used for Christianity, and only the 290s being used for all other religions, of which there are thousands.[53] While Christianity is a popular religion with 33% of the world subscribing to it, Islam has a very large following as well and only has DDC 297 to work with.[54] The entire 200 section has been largely the same since DDC 1,and it would likely be a large undertaking to completely rewrite this section, particularly for individual libraries to adapt to. Despite topics such as Islam only having a single digit associated with it, there is adequate room in that number, due to the ability to expand beyond the decimal point.[55]
Treatment of women[edit]
The topics of women have had bias in them as well as far as the classification scheme, but have been easier to edit than the religion schema, and changes have been made. Some changes that have been made have been on what items are side by side numerically.[56] Those items that are side by side are related to each other in the classification scheme. For example, the topic on women used to be next to etiquette.[56] Those two terms being next to each other would associate women with etiquette rather than etiquette being gender neutral. This was changed in DDC version 17.[56]
See also[edit]
Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification
Books in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Consider as an example a book on the network protocol IPv6. It will be located at 004.62, after general networking books (004.6). The shelf location is thus defined.
Jump up ^ Note that the title makes use of Dewey's "reformed spelling" in some areas.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dewey, Melvil (1876), Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library (Project Gutenberg eBook), retrieved 31 July 2012
Jump up ^ Chapter 17 in Joudrey, Daniel N.; Taylor, Arlene G.; Miller, David P. (2015). Introduction to Cataloging and Classification (11th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited/ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-856-4.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Services". OCLC. 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009. Offers library users familiarity and consistency of a time-honored classification system used in 200,000 libraries worldwide
Jump up ^ "Countries with libraries that use the DDC". OCLC. 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009. Libraries in more than 135 countries use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system to organize their collections for their users. [135 countries are listed.]
Jump up ^ Wiegand, Wayne A. (1996), Irrepressible reformer, Chicago: American Library Association, ISBN 083890680X, 083890680X
Jump up ^ Krajewski, Markus (2011), Paper machines, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press
^ Jump up to: a b Dewey, Melvil (1876), A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a .., [s.n.], OCLC 78870163
Jump up ^ Comaromi, John P. (1976), The eighteen editions of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Albany, N.Y: Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Education Foundation, p. 43, ISBN 0-910608-17-2
Jump up ^ United States. Bureau of Education. (1876), Public libraries in the United States of America, Washington: Govt. Print. Off., pp. 623–648
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 88
^ Jump up to: a b Comaromi (1976), p. 155
Jump up ^ "Dewey decimal classification and relative index (1971)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 171.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chan, Lois Mai (2007), Cataloging and classification (Third ed.), The Scarecrow Press, Inc., p. 321, ISBN 978-0-8108-5944-9, 0810859440
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 218.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 315.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Timeline". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cutter Classification". Forbes Library Subject Guides. Forbes Library. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), pp. 297–313.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 321.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 376.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 381
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 345
Jump up ^ COMAROMI, JOHN P. "The Historical Development of The Dewey Decimal Classification System".
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 321–323
Jump up ^ Trotter, Ross (6 July 1995). "Electronic Dewey: The CD-ROM Version of the Dewey Decimal Classification". Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 19 (3-4): 213–234. doi:10.1300/J104v19n03_17. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Majumder, Apurba Jyoti; Gautam Sarma. "Webdewey: The Dewey Decimal Classification in The Web" (PDF). INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad, Planner 2007 [held at Gauhati University]. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 416
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 323
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Joan (24 January 2013). "Michael Panzer named Editor-in-Chief of the Dewey Decimal Classification system". OCLC Press Release. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Dewey, Melvil (1922). Decimal classification and relative index for libraries and personal use. Lake Placid Club, N.Y.: Forest Press. p. 2. OCLC 1367992.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 286
Jump up ^ Luo, Michael (September 23, 2003). "Where Did Dewey File Those Law Books?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "OCLC and The Library Hotel settle trademark complaint". Library Technology Guides. October 24, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Latest versions". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Updates". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Web Services". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Decimal Classification/Linked Data". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Abridged". OCLC. 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 326–331
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), p. 331
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), p. 333-362
^ Jump up to: a b OCLC. "Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification". Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ United States. Office of Education. (1876), Public libraries in the United States of America, Washington: Govt. print. off., p. 628
Jump up ^ "A Brief Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification". OCLC. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Insup; Wang Guizhi. "Library Systems in East Asia". McLuhan Studies. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Tali Balas. "Done with Dewey". ALSC. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Fandino, Marta (2008). "UDC or DDC: a note about the suitable choice for the National Library of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Extensions and Corrections to the UDC. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, Rachel Ivy (May 7, 2013). "Picturing Classification The Evolution and Use of Alternative Classification in Dutch Public Libraries". Public Libraries Online. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Fister, Barbara (October 1, 2009). "In the search for better browsability, librarians are putting Dewey in a different class". The Library Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Laena (January 2009). "New Classification System for Public Libraries?". The Public Library Association Blog. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, Doreen. "A brief history of homophobia in Dewey decimal classification". Overland. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "DDC - 200 - Religion". bpeck.com. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ "World's Muslim Population Will Surpass Christians This Century, Pew Says". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ Olson, Hope (2002). The Power to Name. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Springer-Science+Business Medida, B.V. p. 22. ISBN 9789048160846.
^ Jump up to: a b c Olson 2002, p. 8.
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The Game of Love and Chance
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The Game of Love and Chance
Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard
Written by
Pierre de Marivaux
Characters
Silvia
Dorante
Monsieur Orgon
Mario
Arlequin
Lisette
Date premiered
23 January 1730
Original language
French
Subject
love
Genre
Romantic comedy
Setting
Monsieur Orgon's home
The Game of Love and Chance (French: Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard) is a three-act romantic comedy by French playwright Marivaux. The Game of Love and Chance was first performed 23 January 1730 by the Comédie Italienne. In this play, a young woman is visited by her betrothed, whom she does not know. To get a better idea of the type of person he is, she trades places with her servant and disguises herself. However, unbeknownst to her, her fiancé has the same idea and trades places with his valet. The "game" pits the two false servants against the two false masters, and in the end, the couples fall in love with their appropriate counterpart.
Like many of Marivaux's other comedies, The Game of Love and Chance makes use of stock characters from the Commedia dell'arte. In this play, Arlequin is featured. Lisette, who appears in other Marivaux plays, also takes on a stock personality as the feisty servant.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Adaptations
4 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Silvia is engaged to marry Dorante, a man she has never met. She is afraid to marry him without knowing what type of man he is, and he is planning to visit her very soon to formalize the engagement. In order to observe Dorante's true personality during his visit, she asks her father if she can change clothes with her servant, Lisette, so that she can watch him without his knowing her identity. Monsieur Orgon immediately agrees, having coincidentally received a letter from Dorante's father explaining how Dorante planned to disguise himself as his servant in order to achieve the same goal as Silvia. Monsieur Orgon sees this as an opportunity to play the game of love and chance, allowing the two to fall in love in spite of themselves.
Dorante arrives at Monsieur Orgon's house disguised as a servant named Bourguignon, while Arlequin comes dressed as Dorante. However, Silvia and Dorante's refined behavior is evident, in spite of their servant's attire; and Arlequin and Lisette are unable to recognize the difference between true manners and the gross exaggerations they exact while playing their roles as master.
Dorante and Silvia fall in love, but as neither knows the other's true status, they find themselves in a social dilemma, each believing to be a noble in love with a servant. Finally, Dorante relents and reveals his identity to Silvia. Relieved, Silvia nonetheless decides to continue to play the game, hoping that Dorante will go so far as to renounce his fortune in order to marry her (thinking she is a servant).
The play ends with the union of the two couples: Silvia and Dorante, and Lisette and Arlequin.
Characters[edit]
Silvia - a headstrong young woman, engaged to Dorante
Dorante - a proper young man, engaged to Silvia
Monsieur Orgon - Silvia's father
Mario - Silvia's brother
Arlequin - Dorante's valet
Lisette - Silvia's maid
A lackey
Adaptations[edit]
The play The Game of Love and Chance has been produced several times in France:
Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard (made for TV, 1954)
Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard (made for TV, 1967)
Although it is not really an adaptation, the French film L'Esquive (2003) revolves around modern high school students in the suburbs of Paris who attempt to produce The Game of Love and Chance as part of a literature course. Several scenes from the play are shown in rehearsal or in performance.
The Takarazuka Revue will produce a musical adaptation of the play in 2011.
External links[edit]
Jeu de l'amour et du hasard in French with literary commentaries of select scenes. (in French)
Jeu de l'amour et du hasard on Cesar.org.uk
A Selection from the Comedies of Marivaux at Project Gutenberg (in French) with notes in English
Authority control
BNF: cb119727419 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Game_of_Love_and_Chance&oldid=664948603"
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Plays by Pierre de Marivaux
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