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Death Lineup
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The Death Lineup is a group of smaller basketball players on the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Developed under head coach Steve Kerr, it began during their 2014–15 run that led to an NBA championship. Unlike typical small-ball units, this Warriors lineup is versatile enough to defend larger opponents, while also aiming to create mismatches on offense with their shooting and playmaking skills.[1][2][3]
The lineup features the Splash Brothers, a three-point shooting backcourt consisting of two-time NBA MVP Stephen Curry, and perennial two-way All-Star Klay Thompson. It also features versatile defender Andre Iguodala on the wing alongside scorer Kevin Durant, and 2016–17 Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green at center.[4] Green's defensive versatility has been described as the "key" that allows the lineup to be so effective; although his natural position is power forward, he is able to play as an undersized center in lieu of a traditional center who might be slower or lack the playmaking and shooting abilities of Green.[5][6] The lineup originally included Harrison Barnes, who was replaced by former league MVP Durant in 2016–17, when the group also began to be known as the Hamptons Five.[7][8]
The Death Lineup is considered to be indicative of a larger overall trend in the NBA towards "positionless" basketball, where traditional position assignments and roles have less importance.[9][10][11]
History[edit]
In 2014–15, Golden State won 67 games in the regular season, led by NBA MVP Stephen Curry. The Warriors' starting lineup with the 7-foot (2.1 m) Andrew Bogut at center played 813 minutes together and outscored opponents by 19.6 points per 100 possessions. After falling behind 2–1 in the 2015 NBA Finals, Warriors coach Steve Kerr inserted Andre Iguodala into the starting unit for Bogut, who had been named to NBA All-Defensive Team in 2014.[12] The change was first suggested by Kerr's special assistant, Nick U'Ren, who was a fan of the lineup because it always seemed to pick up the pace of the game to a faster speed, which the Warriors preferred.[13][14] The five-man lineup of Iguodala, Curry, Thompson, Green, and Barnes had played together for 102 minutes during the regular season and 62 minutes through the first 18 games of the playoffs.[13] Although the tallest player was only 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m), the unit was also strong defensively.[15] They were all able to switch on defense,[16] spearheaded by Green's ability to guard players taller and heavier than him.[15][17] The Warriors won 103–82 in Game 4,[12] and captured the series 4–2 to win their first championship since 1975.[18] Iguodala was named the Finals MVP, becoming the first player to garner the award without starting every game in the series,[19] as well as the first winner to have not started a game during the regular season.[20]
It took months after it was deployed in the Finals before the Warriors' small lineup was referred to as the Death Lineup.[13][21] Despite the unit's success, the 2015–16 Warriors continued to start a traditional lineup with Bogut as their center.[22] Golden State won an NBA-record 73 games behind Curry's league-leading 30.1 points per game and an NBA-record 402 three-pointers made in a season. He was named the MVP for the second straight season, becoming the first unanimous winner in league history.[23] During the season, the Death Lineup was generally reserved to finish the first half and the end of games.[24] It was deployed in 37 games, outscoring opponents by 166 points in 172 minutes for an average advantage of 4.5 points per game and 47.0 points per 100 possessions.[18][21][25][26] Despite their regular season success, the Warriors lost the 2016 NBA Finals, becoming the first team to lose a Finals series after being ahead 3–1.[27]
During the off-season, Golden State signed former league MVP and four-time scoring champion Kevin Durant to replace Harrison Barnes, who had averaged just five points and made only 5 of 32 shots during the last three losses in the Finals.[27][28] With Durant leaving the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Warriors' opponents in the 2016 Western Conference Finals, the move was seen as a disruption in the competitive balance of the NBA, and the Warriors instantly became title favorites.[29][30] The move gave the Death Lineup four players who have averaged at least five assists in a season.[31] San Francisco Bay Area journalist Tim Kawakami coined the nickname "Hamptons Five" for the new group, which included the four players who traveled with team officials to The Hamptons to recruit Durant.[7][32][33] The Warriors won the 2017 NBA Finals 4–1, and Durant was unanimously voted the Finals MVP.[34] Kerr had used the Death Lineup for just 16 minutes in the series until deploying it for 17 in the Game 5 clincher.[35] Iguodala scored 20 points in 38 minutes after averaging less than 30 minutes in the first four games of the series. Kerr used him in the small-ball lineup in favor of big men Zaza Pachulia (10 minutes) and JaVale McGee (0).[36]
Injuries limited Golden States' use of the Death Lineup in 2017–18.[37][38] Opponents had also adapted by rarely leaving their centers in the game against the Warriors' small lineup. Through 49 games, the unit had a -1.2 plus-minus rating.[38] However, it was still considered the team's most potent lineup.[3][38][39] In the final 17 games of the regular season, the Warriors were 7–10 with Curry missing all but one game after an ankle and later a knee injury. Durant, Thompson, Green, and Iguodala each missed four to eight games as well.[40] In Game 4 of the conference semifinals in the 2018 playoffs, Kerr started the Hamptons Five with Durant for the first time ever, and they posted a plus-minus of +26 in 18 minutes to lead a 118–92 win over the New Orleans Pelicans, giving Golden State a 3–1 lead in the series.[33] After eliminating the Pelicans in five games, the Warriors continued with the starting lineup in the conference finals to build a 2–1 series lead against the Houston Rockets.[41] Golden State won the series 4–3, but Iguodola missed the last four games with a bruised leg.[42] The Warriors entered the NBA Finals for the fourth straight time versus their longterm rivals, the Cleveland Cavaliers. They swept the Cavaliers in four games, leading to their third championship in four years.
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tjarks, Jonathan (September 6, 2016). "The NBA's New Lineups of Death". The Ringer. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Slater, Anthony (May 15, 2016). "A clash of styles: The Thunder's big lineup against the Warriors' small-ball unit". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dubin, Jared (March 7, 2018). "Golden State's Death Lineup Has Been DOA on Defense". Vice Sports. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Warriors waited until the right moment to unleash their greatest weapon, and the Cavs had no answer". Business Insider. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tsan, Pin. "How Draymond Green Drives the Golden State Machine – Warriors World". Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Warriors' Draymond Green as NBA's top center? It's no joke". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Warriors Monday Mailbag: What's up with the center spot? Death lineup overuse?". mercurynews.com. December 5, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NBA Power Rankings: Warriors back into top spot, Raptors up to third". yahoo.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Epitome Of Positionless Basketball – RealGM Articles". basketball.realgm.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Orlando Magic are embracing positionless basketball". Orlando Magic Daily. July 28, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Positionless basketball defines NBA's copycat nature". Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 15, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Golliver, Ben (June 12, 2015). "Warriors start small, then stay small, to blow out Cavs and even NBA Finals". SI.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Arnovitz, Kevin (October 14, 2015). "How the Warriors discovered the cheat code to basketball in the 2015 NBA Finals". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kawakami, Tim (June 3, 2016). "Nick U'Ren on the "Death Lineup" and what it does for the Warriors: "It works because there are no other players like those guys"". The San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenberg, Neil (May 12, 2016). "No one can stop the Warriors' small-ball lineup". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alipour, Sam (December 8, 2015). "Stephen Curry on copying the Warriors' way: 'You won't have the personnel'". ESPN The Magazine. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Zach (June 9, 2017). "One year later, Draymond Green has no regrets". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kawakami, Tim (June 1, 2016). "How the Warriors' "Death Lineup" was unleashed on Cleveland in last year's Finals, and probably will be again this time". The San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Ethan Sherwood (June 16, 2015). "Andre Iguodala named Finals MVP after coming off bench to begin series". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarecevic, Al (June 17, 2015). "Andre Iguodala: unlikely Finals MVP". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jenkins, Lee (June 7, 2016). "The birth of the Warriors' death lineup". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Scott (February 12, 2016). "The NBA is still trying to solve the Warriors' deadliest weapon". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Warriors' Stephen Curry first player to win unanimous MVP". SI.com. May 10, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lou, William (September 4, 2016). "Kerr: Warriors will play Death Lineup with Durant at power forward". TheScore. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Kyle (June 1, 2017). "The Warriors Aren't A Small-Ball Team Anymore". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Slater, Anthony (October 31, 2016). "Examining five early season Warriors trends by the numbers". The San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Dwayne (July 4, 2016). "Mavericks back in business with Warriors exes Bogut, Barnes on board". Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Golliver, Ben (July 4, 2016). "Grades: Warriors outdo themselves with Kevin Durant blockbuster deal". SI.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Golliver, Ben. "KD to Warriors bad for NBA? Adam Silver chimes in". SI.com. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Durant's decision makes Warriors odds-on NBA title favorites". Las Vegas Review-Journal. July 4, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Steven (July 4, 2016). "The Warriors new 'Death Lineup' is going to terrorize the NBA". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCallum, Jack (2017). Golden Days: West's Lakers, Steph's Warriors, and the California Dreamers who Reinvented Basketball. Ballantine Books. p. 28. ISBN 9780399179075. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, Marc (May 7, 2018). "To Dominate in New Orleans and Beyond, the Warriors Head to the Hamptons". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Blinebury, Fran. "Golden State Warriors forward Kevin Durant claims Finals MVP". NBA.com. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Kyle; Herring, Chris (June 13, 2017). "They Are Kevin Durant's Warriors Now". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kawakami, Tim (June 13, 2017). "Coaching edge: Steve Kerr's best move of the championship-clinching Game 5". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Rob (January 5, 2018). "The Warriors' Death Lineup Is on Ice". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kawakami, Tim (January 26, 2018). "The Warriors' Death Lineup isn't so revolutionary these days, but it's still the unit opponents fear the most". The Athletic. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Kurtenback, Dieter (February 25, 2018). "What we learned in the Warriors' emphatic win over the Thunder". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Slater, Anthony (April 11, 2018). "Five observations on the Warriors' 119-79 blowout loss in Utah to cap the regular season". The Athletic. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Botemps, Tim (May 22, 2018). "Rockets draw even with Warriors in Western Conference finals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Warriors reach 4th straight NBA Finals with win over Houston". ESPN.com. Associated Press. May 29, 2018. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018.
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Covalent bond
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Covalent" redirects here. For other uses, see Covalent (disambiguation).
A covalent bond forming H2 (right) where two hydrogen atoms share the two electrons
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.[1][better source needed] For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.
Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agostic interactions, bent bonds, and three-center two-electron bonds.[2][3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939.[4] The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree, etc.; thus a "co-valent bond", in essence, means that the atoms share "valence", such as is discussed in valence bond theory.
In the molecule H
2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding.[5] Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities. Thus, covalent bonding does not necessarily require that the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electronegativity. Covalent bonding that entails sharing of electrons over more than two atoms is said to be delocalized.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types of covalent bonds
3 Covalent structures
4 One- and three-electron bonds
5 Resonance
5.1 Aromaticity
5.2 Hypervalence
5.3 Electron-deficiency
6 Quantum mechanical description
6.1 Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
History
Early concepts in covalent bonding arose from this kind of image of the molecule of methane. Covalent bonding is implied in the Lewis structure by indicating electrons shared between atoms.
The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Langmuir wrote that "we shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons that a given atom shares with its neighbors."[6]
The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years before 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis, who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.[7] He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure, in which valence electrons (those in the outer shell) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols. Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds. Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds, such as double bonds and triple bonds. An alternative form of representation, not shown here, has bond-forming electron pairs represented as solid lines.
Lewis proposed that an atom forms enough covalent bonds to form a full (or closed) outer electron shell. In the diagram of methane shown here, the carbon atom has a valence of four and is, therefore, surrounded by eight electrons (the octet rule), four from the carbon itself and four from the hydrogens bonded to it. Each hydrogen has a valence of one and is surrounded by two electrons (a duet rule) – its own one electron plus one from the carbon. The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell, which can hold eight electrons, whereas the outer (and only) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell, which can hold only two.
While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding, quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules. Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond (molecular hydrogen) in 1927.[8] Their work was based on the valence bond model, which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms.
Types of covalent bonds
Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds. Sigma (σ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head-on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms. A single bond is usually a σ bond. Pi (π) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p (or d) orbitals. A double bond between two given atoms consists of one σ and one π bond, and a triple bond is one σ and two π bonds.
Covalent bonds are also affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond. Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make nonpolar covalent bonds such as H–H. An unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond such as with H−Cl. However polarity also requires geometric asymmetry, or else dipoles may cancel out resulting in a non-polar molecule.
Covalent structures
There are several types of structures for covalent substances, including individual molecules, molecular structures, macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures. Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together, but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules. Such covalent substances are usually gases, for example, HCl, SO2, CO2, and CH4. In molecular structures, there are weak forces of attraction. Such covalent substances are low-boiling-temperature liquids (such as ethanol), and low-melting-temperature solids (such as iodine and solid CO2). Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains, including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon, and biopolymers such as proteins and starch. Network covalent structures (or giant covalent structures) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets (such as graphite), or 3-dimensional structures (such as diamond and quartz). These substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity. Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures.[9]
One- and three-electron bonds
Bonds with one or three electrons can be found in radical species, which have an odd number of electrons. The simplest example of a 1-electron bond is found in the dihydrogen cation, H+
2. One-electron bonds often have about half the bond energy of a 2-electron bond, and are therefore called "half bonds". However, there are exceptions: in the case of dilithium, the bond is actually stronger for the 1-electron Li+
2 than for the 2-electron Li2. This exception can be explained in terms of hybridization and inner-shell effects.[10]
Comparison of the electronic structure of the three-electron bond to the conventional covalent bond.[11]
The simplest example of three-electron bonding can be found in the helium dimer cation, He+
2. It is considered a "half bond" because it consists of only one shared electron (rather than two); in molecular orbital terms, the third electron is in an anti-bonding orbital which cancels out half of the bond formed by the other two electrons. Another example of a molecule containing a 3-electron bond, in addition to two 2-electron bonds, is nitric oxide, NO. The oxygen molecule, O2 can also be regarded as having two 3-electron bonds and one 2-electron bond, which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2.[12] Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues bromine dioxide and iodine dioxide also contain three-electron bonds.
Molecules with odd-electron bonds are usually highly reactive. These types of bond are only stable between atoms with similar electronegativities.[12]
Resonance
Main article: Resonance (chemistry)
There are situations whereby a single Lewis structure is insufficient to explain the electron configuration in a molecule, hence a superposition of structures are needed. The same two atoms in such molecules can be bonded differently in different structures (a single bond in one, a double bond in another, or even none at all), resulting in a non-integer bond order. The nitrate ion is one such example with three equivalent structures. The bond between the nitrogen and each oxygen is a double bond in one structure and a single bond in the other two, so that the average bond order for each N–O interaction is 2 + 1 + 1/3 = 4/3.
Aromaticity
Main article: Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, when a molecule with a planar ring obeys Hückel's rule, where the number of π electrons fit the formula 4n + 2 (where n is an integer), it attains extra stability and symmetry. In benzene, the prototypical aromatic compound, there are 6 π bonding electrons (n = 1, 4n + 2 = 6). These occupy three delocalized π molecular orbitals (molecular orbital theory) or form conjugate π bonds in two resonance structures that linearly combine (valence bond theory), creating a regular hexagon exhibiting a greater stabilization than the hypothetical 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene.
In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes, the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behaviour of aromatic ring bonds, which otherwise are equivalent.
Hypervalence
Main article: Hypervalent molecule
Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher co-ordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule. This is explained by the three-center four-electron bond ("3c–4e") model which interprets the molecular wavefunction in terms of non-bonding highest occupied molecular orbitals in molecular orbital theory and ionic-covalent resonance in valence bond theory.
Electron-deficiency
Main article: Electron deficiency
In three-center two-electron bonds ("3c–2e") three atoms share two electrons in bonding. This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane. Each such bond (2 per molecule in diborane) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape, with a proton (nucleus of a hydrogen atom) in the middle of the bond, sharing electrons with both boron atoms. In certain cluster compounds, so-called four-center two-electron bonds also have been postulated.
Quantum mechanical description
Main article: Chemical bonding model
After the development of quantum mechanics, two basic theories were proposed to provide a quantum description of chemical bonding: valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory. A more recent quantum description[13] is given in terms of atomic contributions to the electronic density of states.
Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states
In COOP,[14] COHP[15] and BCOOP,[16] evaluation of bond covalency is dependent on the basis set. To overcome this issue, an alternative formulation of the bond covalency can be provided in this way.
The center mass cm(n,l,ml,ms) of an atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩, with quantum numbers n, l, ml, ms, for atom A is defined as
c m A ( n , l , m l , m s ) = ∫ E 0 E 1 E g | n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E ∫ E 0 E 1 g | n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E {\displaystyle cm^{\mathrm {A} }(n,l,m_{l},m_{s})={\frac {\int \limits _{E_{0}}\limits ^{E_{1}}Eg_{|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }^{\mathrm {A} }\left(E\right)dE}{\int \limits _{E_{0}}\limits ^{E_{1}}g_{|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }^{\mathrm {A} }\left(E\right)dE}}}
where gA
|n,l,ml,ms⟩(E) is the contribution of the atomic orbital |n,l,ml,ms⟩ of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g(E) of the solid
g ( E ) = ∑ A ∑ n , l ∑ m l , m s g | n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) {\displaystyle g\left(E\right)=\sum _{\mathrm {A} }\sum _{n,l}\sum _{m_{l},m_{s}}{g_{|n,l,m_{l},m_{s}\rangle }^{\mathrm {A} }\left(E\right)}}
where the outer sum runs over all atoms A of the unit cell. The energy window [E0,E1] is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all relevant bands participating in the bond. If the range to select is unclear, it can be identified in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along the considered bond.
The relative position CnAlA,nBlB of the center mass of |nA,lA⟩ levels of atom A with respect to the center mass of |nB,lB⟩ levels of atom B is given as
C n A l A , n B l B = − | c m A ( n A , l A ) − c m B ( n B , l B ) | {\displaystyle C_{n_{\mathrm {A} }l_{\mathrm {A} },n_{\mathrm {B} }l_{\mathrm {B} }}=-\left|cm^{\mathrm {A} }(n_{\mathrm {A} },l_{\mathrm {A} })-cm^{\mathrm {B} }(n_{\mathrm {B} },l_{\mathrm {B} })\right|}
where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed. According to this definition, the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is
C A , B = − | c m A − c m B | {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {A,B} }=-\left|cm^{\mathrm {A} }-cm^{\mathrm {B} }\right|}
where, for simplicity, we may omit the dependence from the principal quantum number n in the notation referring to CnAlA,nBlB.
In this formalism, the greater the value of CA,B, the higher the overlap of the selected atomic bands, and thus the electron density described by those orbitals gives a more covalent A–B bond. The quantity CA,B is denoted as the covalency of the A–B bond, which is specified in the same units of the energy E.
See also
Bonding in solids
Bond order
Coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dipolar bond or a dative covalent bond
Covalent bond classification (or LXZ notation)
Covalent radius
Disulfide bond
Hybridization
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Linear combination of atomic orbitals
Metallic bonding
Noncovalent bonding
Resonance (chemistry)
References
Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Williamson, Brad; Heyden, Robin J. (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. Retrieved 2012-02-05. [better source needed]
Jump up ^ March, Jerry (1992). Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-60180-2.
Jump up ^ Gary L. Miessler; Donald Arthur Tarr (2004). Inorganic Chemistry. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-035471-6.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster – Collegiate Dictionary (2000).
Jump up ^ "Chemical Bonds". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
Jump up ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919-06-01). "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916-04-01). "The atom and the molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 38 (4): 762–785. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002.
Jump up ^ Heitler, W.; London, F. (1927). "Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik" [Interaction of neutral atoms and homeopolar bonds according to quantum mechanics]. Zeitschrift für Physik. 44 (6–7): 455–472. Bibcode:1927ZPhy...44..455H. doi:10.1007/bf01397394. English translation in Hettema, H. (2000). Quantum Chemistry: Classic Scientific Papers. World Scientific. p. 140. ISBN 978-981-02-2771-5. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
Jump up ^ Stranks, D. R.; Heffernan, M. L.; Lee Dow, K. C.; McTigue, P. T.; Withers, G. R. A. (1970). Chemistry: A structural view. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-522-83988-6.
Jump up ^ Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. (2005). Valency and Bonding. Cambridge. pp. 96–100. ISBN 0-521-83128-8.
Jump up ^ Harcourt, Richard D., ed. (2015). "Chapter 2: Pauling "3-Electron Bonds", 4-Electron 3-Centre Bonding, and the Need for an "Increased-Valence" Theory". Bonding in Electron-Rich Molecules: Qualitative Valence-Bond Approach via Increased-Valence Structures. Springer. ISBN 9783319166766.
^ Jump up to: a b Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Cornell University Press. pp. 340–354.
Jump up ^ Cammarata, Antonio; Rondinelli, James M. (21 September 2014). "Covalent dependence of octahedral rotations in orthorhombic perovskite oxides". Journal of Chemical Physics. 141 (11): 114704. Bibcode:2014JChPh.141k4704C. doi:10.1063/1.4895967. PMID 25240365.
Jump up ^ Hughbanks, Timothy; Hoffmann, Roald (2002-05-01). "Chains of trans-edge-sharing molybdenum octahedra: metal-metal bonding in extended systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (11): 3528–3537. doi:10.1021/ja00349a027.
Jump up ^ Dronskowski, Richard; Bloechl, Peter E. (2002-05-01). "Crystal orbital Hamilton populations (COHP): energy-resolved visualization of chemical bonding in solids based on density-functional calculations". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (33): 8617–8624. doi:10.1021/j100135a014.
Jump up ^ Grechnev, Alexei; Ahuja, Rajeev; Eriksson, Olle (2003-01-01). "Balanced crystal orbital overlap population—a tool for analysing chemical bonds in solids". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 15 (45): 7751. Bibcode:2003JPCM...15.7751G. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/15/45/014. ISSN 0953-8984.
Sources
"Covalent bonding – Single bonds". chemguide. 2000. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
"Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds". Department of Chemistry University of Oxford. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
"Chemical Bonds". Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
External links
Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
Structure and Bonding in Chemistry—Covalent Bonds
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Temple of Artemis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other shrines dedicated to Artemis, see Temple of Artemis (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 37°56′59″N 27°21′50″E / 37.94972°N 27.36389°E / 37.94972; 27.36389
This model of the Temple of Artemis, at Miniatürk Park, Istanbul, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the first temple.
The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον, Turkish: Artemis Tapınağı), also known less precisely as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis. It was located in Ephesus (near the modern town of Selçuk in present-day Turkey). One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was completely rebuilt three times before its final destruction in 401 AD.[1] Only foundations and sculptural fragments of the latest of the temples at the site remain.
The first sanctuary (temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century BC, the old temple was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes, at the expense of Croesus of Lydia: the project took 10 years to complete. The temple was destroyed in 356 BC by Herostratus in an act of arson and was again rebuilt, this time as the Wonder.
Antipater of Sidon, who compiled the list of the Seven Wonders, describes the finished temple:
I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the colossus of the Sun, and the huge labour of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, "Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and history
2 Second phase
2.1 Destruction
3 Third phase
4 Rediscovery of the temple
5 Cult and influence
6 Ephesian Artemis
7 Panorama
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Works cited
10 External links
Location and history[edit]
The fame of the Temple of Artemis was known in the Renaissance, as demonstrated in this imagined portrayal of the temple in a 16th-century hand-colored engraving by Martin Heemskerck
The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 75 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of Selçuk.
The sacred site (temenos) at Ephesus was far older than the Artemision itself. Pausanias was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didyma.[3] He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis attributed the earliest temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagined already centered upon an image (bretas) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias says that Pindar believed the temple's founding Amazons to have been involved with the siege at Athens. Tacitus also believed in the Amazon foundation, however Pausanias believed the temple predated the Amazons.[4]
Modern archaeology cannot confirm Callimachus's Amazons, but Pausanias's account of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by David George Hogarth identified three successive temple buildings.[5] Re-excavations in 1987–88[6] confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the Bronze Age, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to Middle Geometric times, when a peripteral temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC.[7] The peripteral temple at Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere.
In the 7th century BC, a flood[8] destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved ivory plaque of a griffin and the Tree of Life, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped amber drops of elliptical cross-section. These probably once dressed a wooden effigy (xoanon) of the Lady of Ephesus, which must have been destroyed or recovered from the flood. Bammer notes that though the site was prone to flooding, and raised by silt deposits about two meters between the 8th and 6th centuries, and a further 2.4 m between the sixth and the fourth, its continued use "indicates that maintaining the identity of the actual location played an important role in the sacred organization".[9]
Timeline and map of the Temple of Artemis and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
Second phase[edit]
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The new temple was sponsored at least in part by Croesus, who founded Lydia's empire and was overlord of Ephesus,[10] and was designed and constructed from around 550 BC by the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. It was 115 m (377 ft) long and 46 m (151 ft) wide, supposedly the first Greek temple built of marble. Its peripteral columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the cella that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to Pliny, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood cult statue was sculpted by Endoios,[11] and a naiskos to house it was erected east of the open-air altar.
A rich foundation deposit from this era yielded more than a thousand items, including what may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy electrum. Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (illustration below) were versions of this earlier feature. Pliny the Elder, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site, claims that the new temple's architects chose to build it on marshy ground as a precaution against earthquakes.
The temple became an important attraction, visited by merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of whom paid homage to Artemis in the form of jewelry and various goods. It also offered sanctuary to those fleeing persecution or punishment, a tradition linked in myth to the Amazons who twice fled there seeking the goddess' protection from punishment, firstly by Dionysus and later, by Heracles.
Destruction[edit]
In 356 BC, the temple was destroyed in a vainglorious act of arson by a man, Herostratus, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term herostratic fame.[12] For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and forbade anyone from mentioning his name; but Theopompus later noted it.[13] In Greek and Roman historical tradition, the temple's destruction coincided with the birth of Alexander the Great (around 20/21 July 356 BC). Plutarch remarked that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her burning temple.[14]
Third phase[edit]
Alexander offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding; the Ephesians tactfully refused, and eventually rebuilt it after his death, at their own expense. Work started in 323 BC and continued for many years. The third temple was larger than the second; 137 m (450 ft) long by 69 m (225 ft) wide and 18 m (60 ft) high, with more than 127 columns. Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a pupil of Daedalus, as sculptor of Artemis' main cult image.[15]
A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding, now in the British Museum.
Pausanias (c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the Temple, dedicated to Artemis Protothronia (Artemis "of the first seat") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of Nyx (the primordial goddess of Night) by the sculptor Rhoecus (6th century BC). Pliny describes images of Amazons, the legendary founders of Ephesus and Ephesian Artemis' original protégés, carved by Scopas. Literary sources describe the temple's adornment by paintings, columns gilded with gold and silver, and religious works of renowned Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon.[15]
This reconstruction survived for 600 years, and appears multiple times in early Christian accounts of Ephesus. According to the New Testament, the appearance of the first Christian missionary in Ephesus caused locals to fear for the temple's dishonor.[16] The 2nd-century Acts of John includes an apocryphal tale of the temple's destruction: the apostle John prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis, exorcising its demons and "of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces... and half the temple fell down," instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed or took flight.[17]
Against this, a Roman edict of 162 AD acknowledges the importance of Artemesion, the annual Ephesian festival to Artemis, and officially extends it from a few holy days over March–April to a whole month, "one of the largest and most magnificent religious festivals in Ephesus' liturgical calendar".[18]
In 268 AD, the Temple was destroyed or damaged in a raid by the Goths, an East Germanic tribe;[19] in the time of emperor Gallienus: "Respa, Veduc and Thuruar,[20] leaders of the Goths, took ship and sailed across the strait of the Hellespont to Asia. There they laid waste many populous cities and set fire to the renowned temple of Diana at Ephesus," reported Jordanes in Getica.[21]
Thereafter it may have been rebuilt or repaired but its later history is highly unclear. At least some of the stones from the temple were used in construction of other buildings.[22] Some of the columns in Hagia Sophia originally belonged to the temple of Artemis,[23] and the Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai records the re-use of several statues and other decorative elements from the temple, throughout Constantinople.
The main primary sources for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus are Pliny the Elder's Natural History XXXVI.xxi.95, Pomponius Mela i:17, and Plutarch's Life of Alexander III.5 (referencing the burning of the Artemiseum).
Rediscovery of the temple[edit]
Reconstructive plan of Temple of Artemis at Ephesus according to John Turtle Wood (1877).
The site of the temple today.
After six years of searching, the site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869 by an expedition led by John Turtle Wood and sponsored by the British Museum. These excavations continued until 1874.[24] A few further fragments of sculpture were found during the 1904–1906 excavations directed by David George Hogarth. The recovered sculptured fragments of the 4th-century rebuilding and a few from the earlier temple, which had been used in the rubble fill for the rebuilding, were assembled and displayed in the "Ephesus Room" of the British Museum.[25] In addition, the museum has part of possibly the oldest pot-hoard of coins in the world (600 BC) that had been buried in the foundations of the Archaic temple.[26]
Today the site of the temple, which lies just outside Selçuk, is marked by a single column constructed of dissociated fragments discovered on the site.
Cult and influence[edit]
The archaic temeton beneath the later temples clearly housed some form of "Great Goddess" but nothing is known of her cult. The literary accounts that describe it as "Amazonian" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek emigres who developed the cult and temple of Artemis Ephesia. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite the successive traumas of Temple destruction, each rebuilding – a gift and honor to the goddess – brought further prosperity.[27] Large numbers of people came to Ephesus in March and in the beginning of May to attend the main Artemis Procession.[28]
Artemis' shrines, temples and festivals (Artemisia) could be found throughout the Greek world, but Ephesian Artemis was unique. The Ephesians considered her theirs, and resented any foreign claims to her protection. Once Persia ousted and replaced their Lydian overlord Croesus, the Ephesians played down his contribution to the Temple's restoration. On the whole, the Persians dealt fairly with Ephesus, but removed some religious artifacts from Artemis' Temple to Sardis and brought Persian priests into her Ephesian cult; this was not forgiven.[29] When Alexander conquered the Persians, his offer to finance the Temple's second rebuilding was politely but firmly refused.[30] Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge.
Under Hellenic rule, and later, under Roman rule, the Ephesian Artemisia festival was increasingly promoted as a key element in the pan-Hellenic festival circuit. It was part of a definitively Greek political and cultural identity, essential to the economic life of the region, and an excellent opportunity for young, unmarried Greeks of both sexes to seek out marriage partners. Games, contests and theatrical performances were held in the goddess's name, and Pliny describes her procession as a magnificent crowd-puller; it was shown in one of Apelles' best paintings, which depicted the goddess's image carried through the streets and surrounded by maidens.[31] In the Roman Imperial era, the emperor Commodus lent his name to the festival games, and might have sponsored them.[32]
Ephesian Artemis[edit]
Traditional many-breasted interpretation in a 16th-century fountain of Diana Efesina, Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy
From the Greek point of view Ephesian Artemis is a distinctive form of their goddess Artemis. In Greek cult and myth, Artemis is the twin of Apollo, a virgin huntress who supplanted the Titan Selene as goddess of the Moon. At Ephesus, a goddess whom the Greeks associated with Artemis was venerated in an archaic, certainly pre-Hellenic cult image[33] that was carved of wood and kept decorated with jewelry.
The Lady of Ephesus, 1st century AD, Ephesus Archaeological Museum
An 18th-century engraving of a Roman marble copy of a Greek replica of a lost Geometric period xoanon
Robert Fleischer identified as decorations of the primitive xoanon the changeable features that since Minucius Felix and Jerome's Christian attacks on pagan popular religion had been read as many breasts or "eggs"—denoting her fertility (others interpret the objects to represent the testicles of sacrificed bulls that would have been strung on the image, with similar meaning). Most similar to Near-Eastern and Egyptian deities, and least similar to Greek ones, her body and legs are enclosed within a tapering pillar-like term, from which her feet protrude. On the coins minted at Ephesus, the apparently many-breasted goddess wears a mural crown (like a city's walls), an attribute of Cybele (see polos).[33]
On the coins she rests either arm on a staff formed of entwined serpents or of a stack of ouroboroi, the eternal serpent with its tail in its mouth. Something the Lady of Ephesus had in common with Cybele was that each was served by temple holy, sacred women, or hierodules (hiero "holy, sacred ", doule "female assistant"), under the direction of a priestess who inherited her role, attended by a college of eunuch priests called "Megabyzoi"[34] and also by young virgins (korai).[35]
The "eggs" or "breasts" of the Lady of Ephesus, it now appears, must be the iconographic descendants of the amber gourd-shaped drops, elliptical in cross-section and drilled for hanging, that were rediscovered in the excavations of 1987–1988; they remained in situ where the ancient wooden cult figure of the Lady of Ephesus had been caught by an 8th-century flood (see History above). This form of breast-jewelry, then, had already been developed by the Geometric Period. A hypothesis offered by Gerard Seiterle, that the objects in Classical representations represented bulls' scrotal sacs[36] cannot be maintained.[37][38]
A votive inscription mentioned by Florence Mary Bennett,[39] which dates probably from about the 3rd century BC, associates Ephesian Artemis with Crete: "To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering [a statue of] the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light-Bearer."
The Greek habits of syncretism assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the Olympian pantheon familiar to them—in interpretatio graeca—and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the Ionian settlers made of the "Lady of Ephesus" was slender. The Christian approach was at variance with the tolerant syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus[40] suggests why so little remains at the site:
Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ.
The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known at Ephesus from Acts 19:35:
What man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the [image] which fell down from Jupiter?
Lynn LiDonnici observes that modern scholars are likely to be more concerned with origins of the Lady of Ephesus and her iconology than her adherents were at any point in time, and are prone to creating a synthetic account of the Lady of Ephesus by drawing together documentation that ranges over more than a millennium in its origins, creating a falsified, unitary picture, as of an unchanging icon.[41]
Panorama[edit]
A 360 degree panoramic view of the site of the temple
See also[edit]
Ephesia Grammata
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Temple of Diana
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Freely, The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts 2004, p. 148; Clive Foss, Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 86–89 & footnote 83.
Jump up ^ Antipater, Greek Anthology IX.58.
Jump up ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 7.7–8.
Jump up ^ Steinem, Gloria; Chesler, Phyllis; Feitler, Bea (1972). Wonder Woman. Hole, Rinehart and Winston and Warner Books. ISBN 0-03-005376-5.
Jump up ^ D.G. Hogarth, editor, 1908. Excavations at Ephesus.
Jump up ^ Bammer 1990, pp. 137–160
Jump up ^ Bammer 1990, p. 142 noted some still earlier placements of stones, Mycenaean pottery and crude clay animal figurines, but warned "it is still to early to come to conclusions about a cult sequence."
Jump up ^ The flood is dated by fragmentary ceramics: Bammer 1990, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Bammer 1990, pp. 144,153.
Jump up ^ Herodotus' statement to this effect is confirmed by the conjectural reading of a fragmentary dedicatory inscription, conserved in the British Museum (A Guide to the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum 84).
Jump up ^ Pliny's Natural History, 16.79.213-16; Pliny's source was the Roman Mucianus, who thought that the cult image by an "Endoios" was extremely ancient, however. Endoios' name appears in late sixth-century Attic inscriptions, and Pausanias notes works attributed to him. Most importantly, the Ephesians of Mucianus' time maintained the tradition that a particular sculptor had created the remade image (LiDonnici 1992, p. 398).
Jump up ^ Valerius Maximus, Memorable deeds and sayings, 8. 14. 5: "A man was found to plan the burning of the temple of Ephesian Diana so that through the destruction of this most beautiful building his name might be spread through the whole world."Valerius Maximus, VIII.14.ext.5
Jump up ^ Smith, William (1849). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. p. 439. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, Life of Alexander.
^ Jump up to: a b Pausanias, 10.38.6, trans Jones and Ormerod, 1918, from perseus.org. For Artemis Protothronia as a separate aspect of Ephesian cult to Artemis, see Strelan, R., Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus, de Gruyter, 1996, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Acts 19:27
Jump up ^ Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100-400 1984, p 26.
Jump up ^ Rick Strelan, Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus, 1996, 57–58 and footnote 83. The edict was made as a form of official apology and compensation; a senior Roman official had unwittingly offended the goddess by conducting business during one or more of her holy days. The political, economic and religious importance of Ephesian Artemis was undiminished, more than one hundred years after Paul's visit.
Jump up ^ 268: Herwig Wolfram, Thomas J. Dunlap, tr., History of the Goths (1979) 1988 p.52f, correlating multiple sources, corrects the date of the Gothic advance into the Aegean against the Origo Gothica, which scrambles the events of several years, giving 267 for this event.
Jump up ^ Respa, Veduco, Thurar: these names are otherwise unknown (Wolfram 1988, p.52 and note 84).
Jump up ^ Jordanes, Getica xx.107.
Jump up ^ Clive Foss, Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 86–87 & footnote 83.
Jump up ^ "Explore Turkey :: St. Sophia :: Construction for the Third Time". exploreturkey.com.
Jump up ^ "Ephesos—An Ancient Metropolis: Exploration and History". Austrian Archaeological Institute. October 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
Jump up ^ The sculptures were published in the British Museum Catalogue of Sculpture, vol. II, part VI.
Jump up ^ British Museum Highlights
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Gregory (2001). Power and place: Temple and identity in the Book of Revelation. de Gruyter. p. 77, citing Aelius Aristides, Concerning Concord, 25. For an exposition of the mechanisms involved in these social, religious and economic advantages, see Stevenson, 2001, pp. 70–80 ff.
Jump up ^ Bohstrom Philippe [1] "Archaeologists Unveil Blazing Mosaics From Apostle Paul-era Ephesus". "Haaretz" 11 Aug 2016.
Jump up ^ LiDonnici 1992, p. 401.
Jump up ^ The intended offering might have included a divine statue of Alexander himself, or simply an inscription commemorating his subsidy as a gift to the Goddess, with himself as her particular protege. The Ephesians protested with great diplomacy, it being "inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to a god". See Strabo, Geography, 14.1.22, variously interpreted in Strelan, p. 80, and Gregory Stevenson, Power and place: Temple and identity in the Book of Revelation, de Gruyter, 2001, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 35–93.
Jump up ^ Arnold 1972, p. 18, citing Xenophon for marriage-broking at the Ephesian Artemesia.
^ Jump up to: a b The iconic images have been most thoroughly assembled by Robert Fleischer, Artemis von Ephesos und der erwandte Kultstatue von Anatolien und Syrien EPRO 35 (Leiden: Brill) 1973.
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geographica, 14.1.23<; sometimes the existence of a college is disputed and rather, a succession of priests given the title of "Megabyzos" is preferred.
Jump up ^ Xenophon, Anabasis, v.3.7.
Jump up ^ Seiterle (1979). "Artemis: die Grosse Göttin von Ephesos". Antike Welt. 10: 3–16. accepted in the 1980s by Walter Burkert and Brita Alroth, among others, criticised and rejected by Robert Fleischer, but widely popularized.
Jump up ^ Fleischer (1983). "Neues zur kleinasiatischen Kultstatue". Archäologischer Anzeiger. 98: 81–93.
Jump up ^ Bammer 1990, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (on-line text).
Jump up ^ Quoted in Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire AD 100–400 1984, ch. III "Christianity as presented" p. 18.
Jump up ^ LiDonnici 1992.
Works cited[edit]
Arnold, Irene Ringwood (1972). "Festivals of Ephesus". American Journal of Archaeology. 77 (1): 17–22. JSTOR 503607.
Bammer, Anton (1990). "A Peripteros of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus". Anatolian Studies. 40: 137–160. doi:10.2307/3642799. JSTOR 3642799.
LiDonnici, Lynn R. (1992). "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration". Harvard Theological Review. 85 (4): 389–415. JSTOR 1510059.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.
Temple of Artemis (Ephesos) objects at the British Museum website
Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons: (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
James Grout: Temple of Artemis, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)
Pictures of the current situation
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values: هيكل آرتميس – Arabic

values: আর্টেমিসের মন্দির – Bangla

values: Артемида ғибәҙәтханаһы – Bashkir

values: Храм Артэміды Эфескай – Belarusian

values: Храм на Артемида (Ефес) – Bulgarian

values: Эфесри Артемида чиркĕвĕ – Chuvash

values: އާޓިމިސް ފައްޅި – Divehi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Ναός της Αρτέμιδος της Εφέσου – Greek

values: معبد آرتمیس – Persian

values: 아르테미스 신전 – Korean

values: Արտեմիսի տաճարը Եփեսոսում – Armenian

values: अर्टेमिस का मन्दिर – Hindi

values: מקדש ארטמיס באפסוס – Hebrew

values: ეფესოს ტაძარი – Georgian

values: Артемида ғибадатханасы – Kazakh

values: Артемида храмы – Kyrgyz

values: Храм на Артемида во Ефес – Macedonian

values: ആർട്ടെമിസ്സ് ക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam

values: आर्टेमिसचे मंदिर – Marathi

values: Артемисийн сүм – Mongolian

values: အီဖီးဆပ်ရှိ အာတဲမိ ဘုရားကျောင်း – Burmese

values: आर्टेमिसको मन्दिर – Nepali

values: アルテミス神殿 – Japanese

values: Artemistempelet i Efesos – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Templul zeiței Artemis din Efes – Romanian

values: Храм Артемиды Эфесской – Russian

values: ආටිමිස් දේවස්ථානය – Sinhala

values: پەرستگای ئارتیمیس – Central Kurdish

values: Артемидин храм – Serbian

values: ஆர்ட்டெமிஸ் கோயில் – Tamil

values: วิหารอาร์ทิมิส – Thai

values: Храм Артеміди – Ukrainian

values: معبد آرتمیس – Urdu

values: 阿耳忒弥斯神庙 – Chinese

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