text:
Trafalgar Square
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Trafalgar Square (disambiguation).
Trafalgar Square
View of the square in 2009
Location within Central London
Former name(s)
Charing Cross
Namesake
Battle of Trafalgar
Maintained by
Greater London Authority
Location
City of Westminster, London, England
Postal code
WC2
Coordinates
51°30′29″N 0°07′41″W / 51.508056°N 0.128056°W / 51.508056; -0.128056Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 0°07′41″W / 51.508056°N 0.128056°W / 51.508056; -0.128056
North
Charing Cross Road
East
The Strand
South
Northumberland Avenue
Whitehall
West
The Mall
Construction
Completion
c. 1840
Other
Designer
Sir Charles Barry
Website
www.london.gov.uk/trafalgarsquare
Trafalgar Square (/trəˈfælɡər/ trə-FAL-gər) is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars with France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain.
The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century and originally contained the King's Mews. After George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace, the area was redeveloped by John Nash, but progress was slow after his death, and the square did not open until 1844. The 169-foot (52 m) Nelson's Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues. A number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999.
The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday, the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, and campaigns against climate change. A Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day. The square is a centre of annual celebrations on New Year's Eve. It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removals in the early 21st century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
2.1 Clearance and development
2.2 Nelson's Column
2.3 Redevelopment
3 Statues and monuments
3.1 Plinths
3.1.1 Fourth plinth
3.2 Other sculptures
4 Fountains
5 Pigeons
6 Events
6.1 New Year
6.2 Christmas
6.3 Political demonstrations
6.4 Sport
6.5 Other uses
7 Other Trafalgar Squares
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Geography[edit]
Trafalgar Square is owned by the Queen in Right of the Crown[a] and managed by the Greater London Authority, while Westminster City Council owns the roads around the square, including the pedestrianised area of the North Terrace.[2] The square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north, in front of the National Gallery. The roads around the square form part of the A4, a major road running west of the City of London.[3] The square was formerly surrounded by a one-way traffic system, but works completed in 2003 reduced the width of the roads and closed the northern side to traffic.[4]
Nelson's Column is in the centre of the square flanked by fountains designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens between 1937 and 1939[5] as replacements for two fountains of Peterhead granite (now in Canada) and guarded by four monumental bronze lions sculpted by Sir Edwin Landseer.[6] At the top of the column is a statue of Horatio Nelson who commanded the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Surrounding the square are the National Gallery on the north side and St Martin-in-the-Fields Church to the east.[6] To the south west is The Mall leading towards Buckingham Palace via Admiralty Arch, while Whitehall is to the south and the Strand to the east. Charing Cross Road passes between the National Gallery and the church.[3]
London Underground's Charing Cross station on the Northern and Bakerloo lines has an exit in the square. The lines had separate stations, of which the Bakerloo line one was called Trafalgar Square until they were linked and renamed in 1979 as part of the construction of the Jubilee line,[7] which was rerouted to Westminster in 1999.[8] Other nearby tube stations are Embankment connecting the District, Circle, Northern and Bakerloo lines, and Leicester Square on the Northern and Piccadilly lines.[9]
London bus routes 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 23, 24, 29, 53, 87, 88, 91, 139, 159, 176, 453 pass through Trafalgar Square.[10]
Trafalgar Square, 1908
A 360-degree view of Trafalgar Square in 2009
History[edit]
A painting by James Pollard showing the square before the erection of Nelson's Column
Building work on the south side of the square in the late 1950s revealed deposits from the last interglacial. Among the findings were the remains of cave lion, rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant and hippopotamus.[11][12][13]
The site of Trafalgar Square has been a significant location since the 13th century. During Edward I's reign, the area was the site of the King's Mews, running north from the original Charing Cross, where the Strand from the City met Whitehall coming north from Westminster.[14] From the reign of Richard II to that of Henry VII, the mews was at the western end of the Strand. The name "Royal Mews" comes from the practice of keeping hawks here for moulting; "mew" is an old word for this. After a fire in 1534, the mews were rebuilt as stables, and remained here until George IV moved them to Buckingham Palace.[15]
Clearance and development[edit]
After 1732, the King's Mews were divided into the Great Mews and the smaller Green Mews to the north by the Crown Stables, a large block, built to the designs of William Kent. Its site is occupied by the National Gallery.[16]
In 1826 the Commissioners of H.M. Woods, Forests and Land Revenues instructed John Nash to draw up plans for clearing a large area south of Kent's stable block, and as far east as St Martin's Lane. His plans left open the whole area of what became Trafalgar Square, except for a block in the centre, which he reserved for a new building for the Royal Academy.[17] The plans included the demolition and redevelopment of buildings between St Martin's Lane and the Strand and the construction of a road (now called Duncannon Street) across the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields.[18] The Charing Cross Act was passed in 1826 and clearance started soon after.[17] Nash died soon after construction started, impeding its progress. The square was to be named for William IV commemorating his ascent to the throne in 1830.[19] Around 1835, it was decided that the square would be named after the Battle of Trafalgar as suggested by architect George Ledwell Taylor, commemorating Nelson's victory over the French and Spanish in 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars.[14][20]
Ten frames of Trafalgar Square shot by Wordsworth Donisthorpe in 1890
After the clearance, development progressed slowly. The National Gallery was built on the north side between 1832 and 1838 to a design by William Wilkins,[17] and in 1837 the Treasury approved Wilkins' plan for the laying out of the square, but it was not put into effect.[21] In April 1840, following Wilkins' death, new plans by Charles Barry were accepted, and construction started within weeks.[17][22] For Barry, as for Wilkins, a major consideration was increasing the visual impact of the National Gallery, which had been widely criticised for its lack of grandeur. He dealt with the complex sloping site by excavating the main area to the level of the footway between Cockspur Street and the Strand,[23] and constructing a 15-foot (4.6 m) high balustraded terrace with a roadway on the north side, and steps at each end leading to the main level.[22] Wilkins had proposed a similar solution with a central flight of steps.[21] Plinths were provided for sculpture and pedestals for lighting. All the stonework was of Aberdeen granite.[22] In 1841 it was decided that two fountains should be included in the layout.[24] The estimated budget, excluding paving and sculptures, was £11,000.[22] The earth removed was used to level Green Park.[23] The square was originally surfaced with tarmacadam, which was replaced with stone in the 1920s.[25]
Trafalgar Square was opened to the public on 1 May 1844.[26]
Nelson's Column[edit]
The lions at Nelson's Column were not finished until nearly 30 years after the square opened.
Nelson's Column was planned independently of Barry's work. In 1838 a Nelson Memorial Committee had approached the government proposing that a monument to the victor of Trafalgar, funded by public subscription, should be erected in the square. A competition was held and won by the architect William Railton, who proposed a 218 feet 3 inches (66.52 m) Corinthinan column topped by a statue of Nelson and guarded by four sculpted lions. The design was approved, but received widespread objections from the public. Construction went ahead beginning in 1840 but with the height reduced to 145 feet 3 inches (44.27 m).[27] The column was completed and the statue raised in November 1843.[28]
The last of the bronze reliefs on the column's pedestals was not completed until May 1854, and the four lions, although part of the original design, were only added in 1867.[29] Each lion weighs seven tons.[30] A hoarding remained around the base of Nelson's Column for some years and some of its upper scaffolding remained in place.[31] Landseer, the sculptor, had asked for a lion that had died at the London Zoo to be brought to his studio. He took so long to complete sketches that its corpse began to decompose and some parts had to be improvised. The statues have paws that resemble cats more than lions.[32]
Barry was unhappy about Nelson's Column being placed in the square. In July 1840, when its foundations had been laid, he told a parliamentary select committee that "it would in my opinion be desirable that the area should be wholly free from all insulated objects of art".[22]
In 1940 the Nazi SS developed secret plans to transfer Nelson's Column to Berlin[b] after an expected German invasion, as related by Norman Longmate in If Britain Had Fallen (1972).[33]
The square has been Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens since 1996.[34]
Redevelopment[edit]
A major 18-month redevelopment of the square led by W.S. Atkins with Foster and Partners as sub-consultants was completed in 2003. The work involved closing the eastbound road along the north side and diverting traffic around the other three sides of the square, demolishing the central section of the northern retaining wall and inserting a wide set of steps to the pedestrianised terrace in front of the National Gallery. The construction includes two lifts for disabled access, public toilets and a café. Access between the square and the gallery had been by two crossings at the northeast and northwest corners.[35][36]
Statues and monuments[edit]
Plinths[edit]
The statue of Sir Henry Havelock by William Behnes
Barry's scheme provided two plinths for sculptures on the north side of the square.[37] A bronze equestrian statue of George IV by Sir Francis Chantrey, originally intended to be placed on top of the Marble Arch,[17] was installed on the eastern plinth in 1844, while the other remained empty until the late-20th century.[37] There are two other statues on plinths, both installed during the 19th century: General Sir Charles James Napier by George Cannon Adams in the south-west corner in 1855, and Major-General Sir Henry Havelock by William Behnes in the south-east in 1861.[17] In 2000, the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, suggested replacing the statues with figures more familiar to the general public.[38]
Fourth plinth[edit]
Main article: Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square
In the 21st century, the empty plinth in the north-west corner of the square, the "Fourth Plinth", has been used to show specially commissioned artworks. The scheme was initiated by the Royal Society of Arts and continued by the Fourth Plinth Commission, appointed by the Mayor of London.[39]
A new sculpture, The Gift Horse designed by Hans Haacke was installed on the fourth plinth on 5 March 2015. It is a model of a horse's skeleton with a live display of the London Stock Exchange.[40]
Other sculptures[edit]
There are three busts of admirals against the north wall of the square. Those of Lord Jellicoe by Sir Charles Wheeler and Lord Beatty, by William MacMillan were installed in 1948 in conjunction with the square's fountains, which also commemorate them.[41][42] The third, of the Second World War First Sea Lord Admiral Cunningham by Franta Belsky was unveiled alongside them on 2 April 1967.[43]
On the south side on the site of the original Charing Cross, is a bronze equestrian statue of Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. It was cast in 1633, and placed in its present position in 1678.[44]
The two statues on the lawn in front of the National Gallery are the statue of James II by Grinling Gibbons to the west of the portico, and of one George Washington, a replica of a work by Jean-Antoine Houdon, to the east[36] that was a gift from the Commonwealth of Virginia installed in 1921.[45]
Two statues erected in the 19th century have since been removed. One of Edward Jenner, pioneer of the smallpox vaccine, was set up in the south-west corner of the square in 1858, next to that of Napier. Sculpted by William Calder Marshall, it showed Jenner sitting in a chair in a relaxed pose, and was inaugurated at a ceremony presided over by Prince Albert. It was moved to Kensington Gardens in 1862.[46][47] The other, of General Charles George Gordon by Hamo Thornycroft, was erected on an 18-foot high pedestal between the fountains in 1888. It was removed in 1943 and re-sited on the Victoria Embankment ten years later.[48]
Fountains[edit]
Fountain at Trafalgar Square, 2014
In 1841, following suggestions from the local paving board, Barry agreed that two fountains should be installed to counteract the effects of reflected heat and glare from the asphalt surface. The First Commissioner of Woods and Forests welcomed the plan because the fountains reduced the open space available for public gatherings and reduced the risk of riotous assembly.[49] The fountains were fed from two wells, one in front of the National Gallery and one behind it connected by a tunnel. Water was pumped to the fountains by a steam engine housed in a building behind the gallery.[17]
In the late-1930s it was decided to replace the pump and the centrepieces of the fountains. The new centrepieces, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, were memorials to Lord Jellicoe and Lord Beatty, although busts of the admirals, initially intended to be placed in the fountain surrounds were placed against the northern retaining wall when the project was completed after the Second World War.[50] The fountains cost almost £50,000. The old ones were presented to the Canadian government and are now located in Ottawa's Confederation Park and Regina's Wascana Centre.[51][52]
A programme of restoration was completed by May 2009. The pump system was replaced with one capable of sending an 80-foot (24 m) jet of water into the air.[53] A LED lighting system that can project different combinations of colours on to the fountains was installed to reduce the cost of lighting maintenance and to coincide with the 2012 Summer Olympics.[51]
Pigeons[edit]
See also: Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
People sitting on lions and feeding pigeons in the square
The square was once famous for feral pigeons and feeding them was a popular activity. Pigeons began flocking to the square before construction was completed and feed sellers became well known in the Victorian era.[54] The desirability of the birds' presence was contentious: their droppings disfigured the stonework and the flock, estimated at its peak to be 35,000, was considered a health hazard.[55][56] A stall seller, Bernie Rayner, infamously sold bird seed to tourists at inflated prices.[57]
In February 2001, the sale of bird seed in the square was stopped[55] and other measures were introduced to discourage the pigeons including the use of birds of prey.[58] Supporters continued to feed the birds but in 2003 the mayor, Ken Livingstone, enacted bylaws to ban feeding them in the square.[59] In September 2007 Westminster City Council passed further bylaws banning feeding birds on the pedestrianised North Terrace and other pavements in the area.[60] Nelson's column was repaired from years of damage from pigeon droppings at a cost of £140,000.[57]
Events[edit]
New Year[edit]
For many years, revellers celebrating the New Year have gathered in the square despite a lack of celebrations being arranged. The lack of official events was partly because the authorities were concerned that encouraging more partygoers would cause overcrowding. Since 2003, a firework display centred on the London Eye and South Bank of the Thames has been provided as an alternative. Since 2014, New Year celebrations have been organised by the Greater London Authority in conjunction with the charity Unicef, who began ticketing the event to control crowd numbers.[61]
Christmas[edit]
See also: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree
The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree in 2008
A Christmas ceremony has been held in the square every year since 1947.[62] A Norway spruce (or sometimes a fir) is presented by Norway's capital city, Oslo as London's Christmas tree, a token of gratitude for Britain's support during World War II.[62] (Besides war-time support, Norway's Prince Olav and the country's government lived in exile in London throughout the war.[62])
The Christmas tree is decorated with lights that are switched on at a seasonal ceremony.[63] It is usually held twelve days before Christmas Day. The festivity is open to the public and attracts a large number of people.[64] The switch-on is usually followed by several nights of Christmas carol singing and other performances and events.[65] On the twelfth night of Christmas, the tree is taken down for recycling. Westminster City Council threatened to abandon the event to save £5,000 in 1980 but the decision was reversed.[62]
The tree is selected by the Head Forester from Oslo's municipal forest and shipped, across the North Sea to the Port of Felixstowe, then by road to Trafalgar Square. The first tree was 48 feet (15 m) tall, but more recently has been around 75 feet (23 m). In 1987, protesters chained themselves to the tree.[62] In 1990, a man sawed into the tree with a chainsaw a few hours before a New Year's Eve party was scheduled to take place. He was arrested and the tree was repaired by tree surgeons who removed gouged sections from the trunk while the tree was suspended from a crane.[66]
Political demonstrations[edit]
A demonstration in Trafalgar Square
The square has become a social and political focus for visitors and Londoners, developing over its history from "an esplanade peopled with figures of national heroes, into the country's foremost place politique", as historian Rodney Mace has written. Since its construction, it has been a venue for political demonstrations.[36] The great Chartist rally in 1848, a campaign for social reform by the working class began in the square.[36] A ban on political rallies remained in effect until the 1880s, when the emerging Labour movement, particularly the Social Democratic Federation, began holding protests. On 8 February 1886 (also known as "Black Monday"), protesters rallied against unemployment leading to a riot in Pall Mall. A larger riot ("Bloody Sunday") occurred in the square on 13 November 1887.[67]
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's first Aldermaston March, protesting against the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), began in the square in 1958.[36] One of the first significant demonstrations of the modern era was held in the square on 19 September 1961 by the Committee of 100, which included the philosopher Bertrand Russell. The protesters rallied for peace and against war and nuclear weapons. In March 1968, a crowd of 10,000 demonstrated against US involvement in the Vietnam War before marching to the American Embassy in Grosvenor Square.[68]
Protesting against harassment of photographers under anti-terrorism law, 23 January 2010
Throughout the 1980s, a continuous anti-apartheid protest was held outside South Africa House. In 1990, the Poll Tax Riots began by a demonstration attended by 200,000 people and ultimately caused rioting in the surrounding area.[36] More recently, there have been anti-war demonstrations opposing the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War.[69] A large vigil was held shortly after the terrorist bombings in London on Thursday, 7 July 2005.[70]
In December 2009, participants from the Camp for Climate Action occupied the square for the two weeks during which the UN Conference on Climate Change took place in Copenhagen.[71] It was billed as a UK base for direct action on climate change and saw various actions and protests stem from the occupation.[72][73][74]
In March 2011, the square was occupied by a crowd protesting against the UK Budget and proposed budget cuts. During the night the situation turned violent as the escalation by riot police and protesters damaged portions of the square.[75] In November 2015 a vigil against the terrorist attacks in Paris was held. Crowds sang the French national anthem, La Marseillaise, and held banners in support of the city and country.[76]
Every year on the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October), the Sea Cadet Corps holds a parade in honour of Admiral Lord Nelson and the British victory over the combined fleets of Spain and France at Trafalgar.[77] The Royal British Legion holds a Silence in the Square event on Armistice Day, 11 November, in remembrance of those who died in war. The event includes music and poetry readings, culminating in a bugler playing the Last Post and a two-minute silence at 11 am.[78]
Sport[edit]
In the 21st century, Trafalgar Square has been the location for several sporting events and victory parades. In June 2002, 12,000 people gathered to watch the England national football team's World Cup quarter-final against Brazil on giant video screens which had been erected for the occasion.[79] The square was used by the England national rugby union team on 9 December 2003 to celebrate their victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup,[80] and on 13 September 2005 for the England national cricket team's victory in the Ashes series.[81]
On 6 July 2005 Trafalgar Square hosted the announcement of London's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.[82] A countdown clock was erected in March 2011, although engineering and weather-related faults caused it to stop a day later.[83] In 2007, it hosted the opening ceremonies of the Tour de France[84] and was part of the course for subsequent races.[85]
Other uses[edit]
Trafalgar Square temporarily grassed over in May 2007
The Sea Cadets hold an annual celebration of the Battle of Trafalgar victory along the square. The parade runs from Horse Guard's Parade, along Whitehall to Nelson's Column.[86]
As an archetypal London location, Trafalgar Square featured in film and television productions during the Swinging London era of the late 1960s, including The Avengers,[87] Casino Royale,[88] Doctor Who,[89] and The Ipcress File.[90] It was used for filming several sketches and a cartoon backdrop in the BBC comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus.[91] In May 2007, the square was grassed over with 2,000 square metres of turf for two days in a campaign by London authorities to promote "green spaces" in the city.[92]
In July 2011, due to building works in Leicester Square, the world premiere of the final film in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, was held in Trafalgar Square, with a 0.75-mile (1.21 km) red carpet linking the squares. Fans camped in Trafalgar Square for up to three days before the premiere, despite torrential rain. It was the first premiere ever to be held there.[93]
Other Trafalgar Squares[edit]
A Trafalgar Square in Stepney is recorded in Lockie's Topography of London, published in 1810.[94] Trafalgar Square in Scarborough, North Yorkshire gives its name to the Trafalgar Square End at the town's North Marine Road cricket ground.[95]
National Heroes Square in Bridgetown, Barbados, was named Trafalgar Square in 1813, before its better-known British namesake. It was renamed in 1999 to commemorate national heroes of Barbados.[96] There is a life scale replica of the square in Bahria Town, Lahore, Pakistan where it is a tourist attraction and centre for local residents.[97]
See also[edit]
Canada House
Parliament Square
South Africa House
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Queen in Right of the Crown" is legal fiction denoting the land is privately owned by the Queen and it is legally possible, though unlikely, to be sold to another individual. The Crown Jewels are under similar ownership.[1]
Jump up ^ Hitler had specifically requested that all of Rembrandt's paintings in the National Gallery be seized as part of the move, as he particularly admired the artist's work.[33]
Citations
Jump up ^ "The convenient fiction of who owns priceless treasure". The Guardian. 30 May 2002. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trafalgar Square (Hansard, 27 November 2003)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 27 November 2003. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Trafalgar Square". Google Maps. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "TRAVEL ADVISORY; Boon to Pedestrians In Central London". The New York Times. 3 August 2003. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Barker 2005, p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Thornbury, Walter (1878). Trafalgar Square and the National Gallery. Old and New London. 3. London. pp. 141–149. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Antony (2000). Subterranean City: Beneath the Streets of London. Historical Publications. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-948667-69-5.
Jump up ^ "Take a behind-the-scenes tour of the disused parts of Charing Cross tube station". Time Out. 16 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Standard tube map" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Central London Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Sutcliffe, A.J. (1985). On the track of Ice Age mammals. https://archive.org/stream/ontrackoficeagem00sutc: Harvard University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0674637771.
Jump up ^ Franks, J.W. (1960). "Interglacial deposits at Trafalgar Square, London". The New Phytologist. 59: 145–150. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1960.tb06212.x. JSTOR 2429192. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ J W Franks (9 September 1959). "Interglacial Deposits at Trafalgar Square, London". University of Manchester. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 934.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Royal Mews". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g G. H. Gater (1940). F. R. Hiorns, ed. "Trafalgar Square and the National Gallery". Survey of London. Institute of Historical Research. 20: St Martin-in-the-Fields, pt III: Trafalgar Square & Neighbourhood: 15–18. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Moore 2003, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Cardinal, Marc (2010). Wanderlust: Based on the true-life journals of Sydney Taylor. AuthorHouse. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-4490-7907-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "Design for a national Naval Monument". The Architectural Magazine and Journal. 4: 524. 1837. quoting the ' 'Observer' ' of 24 September 1837
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Report from the Select Committee on Trafalgar Square together with the Minutes of Evidence, Printed by the House of Commons, 1840, retrieved 6 October 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "Public Buildings &c Trafalgar Square". The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. 3: 255. 1840.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003). London 6: Westminster. The Buildings of England. Yale UniversityPress.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Peter (1849). "London Occurrences 1837–1843". Handbook of London Past and Present. London: John Murray. p. lxv.
Jump up ^ Moore 2003, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, pp. 107–8.
Jump up ^ Bow Bells - A Magazine of General Literature, John Dicks, 1867, retrieved 31 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Opening of Trafalgar Square". The Times. 31 July 1839. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "The faulty lions of Trafalgar Square". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Longmate 2012, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Historic England, "Trafalgar Square (1001362)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 July 2017
Jump up ^ "Trafalgar Square redevelopment". Foster+Partners. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 935.
^ Jump up to: a b "Suggestions for Trafalgar Square's Vacant Plinth". Government News. 27 December 1999. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul Kelso (20 October 2000). "Mayor attacks generals in battle of Trafalgar Square". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fourth Plinth". Greater London Council. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fourth plinth: politically provocative Gift Horse is unveiled in London". The Guardian. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Baker, Margatet (2008), Discovering London Statues and Monuments, Osprey Publishing, p. 9
Jump up ^ "McMillan, William (1887–1977)". Your Archives, The National Archives. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Bust of Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope by Franta Belsky, Your Archives, The National Archives, retrieved 27 November 2007 [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ John Gorton: A Topographical Dictionary of Great Britain and Ireland, 1833, p. 687
Jump up ^ Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 875.
Jump up ^ "The Jenner Monument". Dublin Hospital Gazette. 5: 176. 1858. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Edward Walford (1878). "Kensington Gardens". Old and New London: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, pp. 125–6.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Mace 1976, pp. 130–1.
^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, Maev (29 May 2009), "Trafalgar Square fountain spurts to new heights", The Guardian, London, retrieved 25 May 2010
Jump up ^ "Trafalgar Square fountains". 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (29 May 2009). "Trafalgar Square fountain spurts to new heights". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Moore 2003, p. 181.
^ Jump up to: a b Pigeon feed seller takes flight, BBC News, 7 February 2001, retrieved 30 April 2013
Jump up ^ Jones, Richard (2015). House Guests, House Pests: A Natural History of Animals in the Home. Bloomsbury. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4729-0624-3.
^ Jump up to: a b McSmith, Andy (23 October 2011). "The pigeons have gone, but visitors are flocking to Trafalgar Square". The Independent. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Bird control contractor appointed in 2004 to deter pigeons from Trafalgar Square, vvenv.co.uk, 8 October 2004, retrieved 19 October 2011
Jump up ^ "Feeding Trafalgar's pigeons illegal". BBC News. 17 November 2003. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Pigeon feeding banned in Trafalgar Square, 24dash.com, 10 September 2007, archived from the original on 29 June 2012, retrieved 17 September 2007
Jump up ^ "London New Year's Eve with Unicef". Greater London Authority. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Shedding light on Christmas". BBC News. 21 December 1997. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trafalgar Square tree lighting ceremony". Met Office. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Trafalgar Square sparkles blue as Christmas tree lights go on". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Christmas in Trafalgar Square". Greater London Council. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (31 December 1990). "Man Takes Chain Saw to Trafalgar Square Tree, but Tannenbaum Stands". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Crick 1994, p. 47.
Jump up ^ "On This Day – 17 March – 1968: Anti-Vietnam demo turns violent". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Keith Flett (8 January 2005), "The Committee of 100: Sparking a new left", Socialist Worker (1933)
Jump up ^ London falls silent for bomb dead, BBC News, 14 July 2005
Jump up ^ "COP OUT CAMP OUT Âť Camp for Climate Action". Climatecamp.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Indymedia – Climate protestors scale Canadian Embassy and deface flag". Indymedia.org.uk. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Indymedia – Climate Camp Trafalgar- Ice Bear action". Indymedia.org.uk. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Indymedia – Thur Dec 17 protest outside Danish Embassy, London". Indymedia.org.uk. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Wikinews:Battle for Trafalgar Square, London as violence breaks out between demonstrators and riot police
Jump up ^ "Paris terror attacks". The Independent. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sea Cadets in Battle of Trafalgar parade". The Daily Telegraph. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Armistice Day: Nation remembers war dead". BBC News. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
Jump up ^ England fans mourn defeat, BBC News, 21 June 2002
Jump up ^ "England honours World Cup stars". BBC Sport. 9 December 2003. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fans hail England's Ashes heroes". BBC News. 13 September 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "2005: London to host 2012 Olympics". BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Magnay, Jacquelin (15 March 2011). "London 2012 Olympics: Trafalgar Square countdown clock stops". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Crowds turn out for Tour opening". BBC News. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "London gets ready to welcome back the Tour de France on Monday". Transport For London. 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sea Cadets in Battle of Trafalgar parade". The Daily Telegraph. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapman, James (2002). Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s. I.B.Tauris. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-86064-753-6.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (2012). The Music of James Bond. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-986330-3.
Jump up ^ Muir, John Kenneth (1999). A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television. McFarland. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-7864-3716-0.
Jump up ^ James, Simon (2007). London Film Location Guide. Anova Books. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7134-9062-6.
Jump up ^ Larsen 2008, p. 203.
Jump up ^ Trafalgar Square green with turf, BBC News, 24 May 2007, retrieved 18 December 2015
Jump up ^ Masters, Tim (7 July 2011). "Harry Potter premiere: Stars and fans bid tearful goodbye". BBC Entertainment & Arts. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Lockie, John (1810). Lockie's Topography of London and its Environs. London.
Jump up ^ "Ground Development". Scarborough Cricket Club. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Keith (2012). Barbados Adventure Guides Series. Hunter Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58843-652-8.
Jump up ^ "Safe Behind Their Walls". Newsweek. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Sources
Barker, Michael (2005). Sir Edwin Lutyens. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-0582-3.
Crick, Martin (1994). The History of the Social-Democratic Federation. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-85331-091-1.
Larsen, Darl (2008). Monty Python's Flying Circus: An Utterly Complete, Thoroughly Unillustrated, Absolutely Unauthorized Guide to Possibly All the References. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-6131-2.
Longmate, Norman (2012). If Britain Had Fallen: The Real Nazi Occupation Plans (reprinted / illustrated ed.). Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-647-7.
Mace, Rodney (1976). Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire. London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 0-85315-368-X. Second edition published as Mace, Rodney (2005). Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 1-905007-11-6.
Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-943386-6.
Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; Keay, John (2008). The London Encyclopedia. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5.
Further reading[edit]
"Fourth Plinth". blitzandblight.com. 12 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Hackman, Gill (2014). Stone to Build London: Portland's Legacy. Monkton Farleigh: Folly Books. ISBN 978-0-9564405-9-4. OCLC 910854593. Book includes details of the Portland stone buildings around Trafalgar Square, including St Martin in the Fields, the National Gallery and Admiralty Arch.
Hargreaves, Roger (2005). Trafalgar Square: Through the Camera. London: National Portrait Gallery Publications. ISBN 1-85514-345-3.
Holt, Gavin (1934). Trafalgar Square. London: Hodder & Stoughton. OCLC 220695363.
Hood, Jean (2005). Trafalgar Square: A Visual History of London's Landmark through Time. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8967-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Trafalgar Square (category)
Official website of Trafalgar Square on the Mayor of London's website
Trafalgar Square webcam from Camvista.com
[show]
v
t
e
Trafalgar Square, London
Buildings
Current
Clockwise from North: National Gallery
St Martin-in-the-Fields
South Africa House
Drummonds Bank
Admiralty Arch
Uganda House
Embassy of Burundi
High Commission of Uganda
Canadian Pacific building
Admiralty (pub)
Canada House
Former
Morley's Hotel
Northumberland House
Royal Mews
Statues
Plinths
SE: Henry Havelock
SW: Charles Napier
NE: George IV
NW: Fourth plinth
Busts
Lord Beatty
Lord Jellicoe
Lord Cunningham
Other
Charles I
Charing Cross
Nelson's Column
James II
George Washington
Adjacent streets
Charing Cross Road
Cockspur Street
Northumberland Avenue
Strand
Whitehall
People
Architects
Charles Barry
Norman Foster
Edwin Lutyens
John Nash
Fourth plinth
sculptors
Elmgreen and Dragset
Katharina Fritsch
Hahn/Cock
Antony Gormley
One & Other
Marc Quinn
Thomas Schütte
Yinka Shonibare
Mark Wallinger
Rachel Whiteread
Bill Woodrow
Events
Poll Tax Riots
Miscellaneous
Christmas tree
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
London landmarks
Buildings and
structures
Bridges
Albert Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges
Lambeth Bridge
London Bridge
Millennium Footbridge
Southwark Bridge
Tower Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Entertainment
venues
Cinemas
Empire, Leicester Square
BFI IMAX
Odeon, Leicester Square
Football stadia
Wembley Stadium (national stadium)
Craven Cottage (Fulham)
The Den (Millwall)
Emirates Stadium (Arsenal)
Loftus Road (Queens Park Rangers)
London Stadium (West Ham United)
Selhurst Park (Crystal Palace)
Stamford Bridge (Chelsea)
The Valley (Charlton Athletic)
White Hart Lane (Tottenham Hotspur)
Other major
sports venues
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
The Championship Course (rowing)
Crystal Palace National Sports Centre
Lord's (cricket)
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
The Oval (cricket)
Twickenham Stadium (rugby)
Theatres
Adelphi
Apollo Victoria
Coliseum
Criterion
Dominion
Lyceum
Old Vic
Palladium
Royal National Theatre
Royal Opera House
Shakespeare's Globe
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
Theatre Royal Haymarket
Vaudeville
Other
Alexandra Palace
Brixton Academy
ExCeL
Hammersmith Apollo
O2 Arena
Royal Albert Hall
Royal Festival Hall
Wembley Arena
Government
10 Downing Street
Admiralty Arch
Bank of England
City Hall
County Hall
Guildhall
Horse Guards
Mansion House
National Archives
Old Bailey
Palace of Westminster
Royal Courts of Justice
Scotland Yard
SIS Building
Museums and
galleries
British Museum
Cutty Sark
Golden Hinde
HMS Belfast
Imperial War Museum
Madame Tussauds
Museum of London
National Gallery
National Maritime Museum
Natural History Museum
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Observatory
Science Museum
Tate Britain
Tate Modern
Tower of London
Victoria and Albert Museum
Places of worship
All Hallows-by-the-Tower
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
Bevis Marks Synagogue
Methodist Central Hall
Regent's Park Mosque
St Martin-in-the-Fields
St Mary-le-Bow
St Paul's Cathedral
Southwark Cathedral
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Cathedral
Retailing
Shops
Fortnum & Mason
Hamleys
Harrods
Liberty
Peter Jones
Selfridges
Shopping centres
and markets
Borough Market
Brent Cross
Burlington Arcade
Kensington Arcade
Leadenhall Market
The Mall Wood Green
One New Change
Petticoat Lane Market
Royal Exchange
Westfield London
Westfield Stratford City
Royal buildings
Partly occupied by
the Royal Family
Buckingham Palace
Clarence House
Kensington Palace
St James's Palace
Unoccupied
Banqueting House
Hampton Court Palace
Kew Palace
The Queen's Gallery
Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace
Skyscrapers
Broadgate Tower
1 Canada Square
8 Canada Square
25 Canada Square
1 Churchill Place
20 Fenchurch Street
Heron Tower
Leadenhall Building
The Shard
St George Wharf Tower
30 St Mary Axe
Tower 42
Structures
Albert Memorial
ArcelorMittal Orbit
Big Ben
Cleopatra's Needle
Crystal Palace transmitting station
London Eye
London Wall
Marble Arch
The Monument
Nelson's Column
Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")
Thames Barrier
Wellington Arch
Transport
City Airport
Heathrow Airport
Charing Cross station
Clapham Junction station
Euston station
King's Cross station
Liverpool Street station
London Bridge station
Paddington station
St Pancras station
Stratford station
Victoria station
Waterloo station
Victoria Coach Station
Emirates Air Line cable car
Other
Barbican Estate
Battersea Power Station
British Library
BT Tower
Kew Gardens
Lambeth Palace
Lloyd's building
London Zoo
Oxo Tower
St Bartholomew's Hospital
Smithfield Market
Somerset House
Parks
Royal Parks
Bushy Park
Green Park
Greenwich Park
Hampton Court Park
Hyde Park
Kensington Gardens
Regent's Park
Richmond Park
St. James's Park
Other
Battersea Park
Burgess Park
Clapham Common
College Green
Epping Forest
Finsbury Park
Gunnersbury Park
Hampstead Heath
Holland Park
Mitcham Common
Osterley Park
Trent Park
Victoria Park
Wandsworth Common
Wimbledon Common
Squares and
public spaces
Covent Garden
Horse Guards Parade
Leicester Square
Parliament Square
Piccadilly Circus
Sloane Square
Trafalgar Square
Streets
Aldwych
Baker Street
Bishopsgate
Bond Street
Carnaby Street
Charing Cross Road
Cheapside
Cornhill
Denmark Street
Fenchurch Street
Fleet Street
Haymarket
Jermyn Street
Kensington High Street
King's Road
Lombard Street
The Mall
Oxford Street
Park Lane
Piccadilly
Portobello Road
Regent Street
Shaftesbury Avenue
Sloane Street
Strand
Tottenham Court Road
Victoria Embankment
Whitehall
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trafalgar_Square&oldid=838862967"
Categories:
Trafalgar Square
1845 establishments in England
Art gallery districts
Battle of Trafalgar
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1845
Fountains in the United Kingdom
Horatio Nelson
London Monopoly places
Monuments and memorials in London
National squares
Regency London
Road junctions in London
Squares in the City of Westminster
Tourist attractions in London
Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster
Works of Edwin Lutyens
A4 road (England)
Grade I listed parks and gardens in London
Charles Barry buildings
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Good articles
Use dmy dates from March 2015
Use British English from January 2012
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
58 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 April 2018, at 19:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Trafalgar_Square_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Trafalgar Square (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values: Trafalgar Square, London 2 - Jun 2009.jpg

values: Trafalgar Square is located in City of Westminster

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Fourth_Plinth
mw-redirect
Fourth Plinth

values:
/wiki/Demonstration_(people)
mw-redirect
Demonstration (people)

values:
/wiki/Aldermaston_March
mw-redirect
Aldermaston March

values:
/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)
mw-redirect
National Gallery (London)

values:
/wiki/London_Buses_route_91
mw-redirect
London Buses route 91

values:
/wiki/London_Buses_route_139
mw-redirect
London Buses route 139

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1008px;

values: A 360-degree view of Trafalgar Square in 2009

values: File:Trafalgar Square 360 Panorama Cropped Sky, London - Jun 2009.jpg

values: A painting by James Pollard showing the square

values:
/wiki/Panthera_leo_spelaea
mw-redirect
Panthera leo spelaea

values:
/wiki/King%27s_Mews
mw-redirect
King's Mews

values: Animated picture using ten frames taken by Wordsworth Donisthorpe

values: Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England

values: Statue of Henry Havelock, Trafalgar Square

values:
/wiki/Francis_Chantrey
mw-redirect
Francis Chantrey

values:
/wiki/George_Cannon_Adams
mw-redirect
George Cannon Adams

values: Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope

values: Equestrian statue of Charles I, Charing Cross

values: Pigeons flocking to London's Trafalgar Square

values:
/wiki/Rock_pigeon#Human_health
mw-redirect
Rock pigeon

values:
/wiki/Norway_spruce
mw-redirect
Norway spruce

values:
/wiki/Twelfth_night
mw-redirect
Twelfth night

values:
/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots
mw-redirect
Poll Tax Riots

values:
/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_(United_Kingdom)
mw-redirect
Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)

values:
/wiki/Royal_British_Legion
mw-redirect
Royal British Legion

values:
/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_2002
mw-redirect
FIFA World Cup 2002

values:
/wiki/England_national_cricket_team
mw-redirect
England national cricket team

values: Trafalgar Square temporarily grassed over

values:
/wiki/Horse_Guard%27s_Parade
mw-redirect
Horse Guard's Parade

values:
/wiki/Swinging_London
mw-redirect
Swinging London

values:
/wiki/The_Ipcress_File
mw-redirect
The Ipcress File

values: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

values:
/wiki/Trafalgar_Square,_Barbados
mw-redirect
Trafalgar Square, Barbados

values:
/wiki/South_Africa_House
mw-redirect
South Africa House

values:
/wiki/Crown_Jewels
mw-redirect
Crown Jewels

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2429192

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values: wikinews:Battle for Trafalgar Square, London as violence breaks out between demonstrators and riot police

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34783337

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/910854593

values: National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/220695363

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Statue of Charles James Napier, Trafalgar Square

values: Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square

values: Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank

values:
/wiki/Elmgreen_and_Dragset
mw-redirect
Elmgreen and Dragset

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Buildings and structures in London

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values: Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges

values: All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club

values:
/wiki/Brixton_Academy
mw-redirect
Brixton Academy

values: Category:Art museums and galleries in London

values:
/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle_(London)
mw-redirect
Cleopatra's Needle (London)

values:
/wiki/Smithfield_Market
mw-redirect
Smithfield Market

values:
/wiki/St._James%27s_Park
mw-redirect
St. James's Park

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1845

values: Category:Fountains in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Monuments and memorials in London

values: Category:Squares in the City of Westminster

values: Category:Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster

values: Category:Grade I listed parks and gardens in London

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Use British English from January 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Trafalgar_Square
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: ميدان ترفلغار – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ট্রাফালগার স্কয়ার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Трафальгарская плошча – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Трафальгарская плошча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Трафалгар (площад) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πλατεία Τραφάλγκαρ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: میدان ترافالگار – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 트라팔가 광장 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Թրաֆալգարյան հրապարակ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: ट्राफलगर स्क्वायर – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: כיכר טרפלגר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಟ್ರಾಫಲ್ಗರ್ ಚೌಕ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ტრაფალგარის მოედანი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Плоштад Трафалгар – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ട്രഫാൽഗർ സ്ക്വയർ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: ट्रफाल्गर स्क्वेअर – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: トラファルガー広場 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ٹریفلگر سکوائر – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Трафальгарская площадь – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Трафалгар сквер – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: டிரபல்கர் ஸ்குயர் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Трафальгар мәйданы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ట్రఫాల్గర్ స్క్వేర్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: จัตุรัสทราฟัลการ์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Трафальгар-сквер – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 特拉法加廣場 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Trafalgar_Square rootpage-Trafalgar_Square skin-vector action-view


text:
Prime Minister of Israel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prime Minister of Israel
רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה
Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel[1]
Incumbent
Benjamin Netanyahu
since 31 March 2009
Prime Minister's Office
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Beit Aghion
Nominator
Knesset
Appointer
President of Israel
Term length
4 years (maximum)
Inaugural holder
David Ben-Gurion
Formation
14 May 1948
Deputy
Deputy Prime Minister
Website
pmo.gov.il
The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: רה״מ; Arabic: رئيس الحكومة, Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma) is the head of government of Israel and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics. Although the President of Israel is the country's head of state, the President's powers are largely ceremonial; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the Prime Minister, Beit Aghion is in Jerusalem. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud, the ninth person to hold the position (excluding caretakers).
Following an election, the President nominates a member of the Knesset to become Prime Minister after asking party leaders whom they support for the position. The nominee then presents a government platform and must receive a vote of confidence in order to become Prime Minister. In practice, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the governing coalition. Between 1996 and 2001, the Prime Minister was directly elected, separately from the Knesset.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Direct election
1.2 2003 onwards
2 Order of succession
2.1 Acting, Vice and Deputy Prime Minister
2.2 Interim government
3 Prime Minister's residence
4 List of Prime Ministers of Israel
4.1 Term of office in years
4.2 List of Prime Ministers by longevity
5 Living former Prime Ministers
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History
The office of Prime Minister came into existence on 14 May 1948, the date of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, when the provisional government was created. David Ben-Gurion, leader of Mapai and head of the Jewish Agency became Israel's first Prime Minister. The position became permanent on 8 March 1949, when the first government was formed. Ben-Gurion retained his role until late 1953, when he resigned in order to settle in the Kibbutz of Sde Boker. He was replaced by Moshe Sharett. However, Ben-Gurion returned in a little under two years to reclaim his position. He resigned for a second time in 1963, breaking away from Mapai to form Rafi. Levi Eshkol took over as head of Mapai and prime minister. He became the first Prime Minister to head the country under the banner of two parties when Mapai formed the Alignment with Ahdut HaAvoda in 1965. In 1968 he also became the only party leader to command an absolute majority in the Knesset, after Mapam and Rafi merged into the Alignment, giving it 63 seats in the 120-seat Knesset.
On 26 February 1969, Eshkol became the first Prime Minister to die in office, and was temporarily replaced by Yigal Allon. However, Allon's stint lasted less than a month, as the party persuaded Golda Meir to return to political life and become prime minister in March 1969. Meir was Israel's first woman prime minister, and the third in the world (after Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Indira Gandhi).
Meir resigned in 1974 after the Agranat Commission published its findings on the Yom Kippur War, even though it had absolved her of blame. Yitzhak Rabin took over, though he also resigned towards the end of the eighth Knesset's term following a series of scandals. Those included the suicide of Housing Minister Avraham Ofer after police began investigating allegations that he had used party funds illegally, and the affair involving Asher Yadlin (the Governor-designate of the Bank of Israel), who was sentenced to five years in prison for having accepted bribes. Rabin's wife, Leah, was also found to have had an overseas bank account, which was illegal in Israel at the time.
Menachem Begin became the first right-wing prime minister when his Likud won the 1977 elections, and retained the post in the 1981 elections. He resigned in 1983 for health reasons, passing the reins of power to Yitzhak Shamir.
After the 1984 elections had proved inconclusive with neither the Alignment nor Likud able to form a government, a national unity government was formed with a rotating prime ministership – Shimon Peres took the first two years, and was replaced by Shamir midway through the Knesset term.
Although the 1988 elections produced another national unity government, Shamir was able to take the role alone. Peres made an abortive bid to form a left-wing government in 1990, but failed, leaving Shamir in power until 1992.
Rabin became prime minister for the second time when he led Labour to victory in the 1992 elections. After his assassination on 4 November 1995, Peres took over as prime minister.
Direct election
Israel
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Israel
Constitution[show]
Basic Laws
Jerusalem Law
Law of Return
Presidency[show]
President (list)
Reuven Rivlin
Designated Acting President
Yuli-Yoel Edelstein
Executive[show]
Prime Minister (list)
Benjamin Netanyahu
Office of the Prime Minister
Deputy leaders
Cabinet
Current (34th)
Security Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet
State Comptroller
Legislature[show]
Speaker: Yuli Edelstein
Members (Arab)
Leader of the Opposition
Isaac Herzog
Knesset Guard
Elections[show]
Political parties
Elections Law
Central Elections Committee
Referendums
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
President: Esther Hayut
Attorney General
Avichai Mandelblit
Administrative divisions[show]
Districts
Local government
Municipalities
Local councils
Regional councils
Foreign relations[show]
Arab League
International law
Status of territories
Israel, Palestine, United Nations
Israel and the European Union
Ambassadors
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
During the thirteenth Knesset (1992–1996) it was decided to hold a separate ballot for prime minister modeled after American presidential elections. This system was instituted in part because the Israeli electoral system makes it all but impossible for one party to win a majority. While only two parties—Mapai/Labour and Likud—had ever led governments, the large number of parties or factions in a typical Knesset usually prevents one party from winning the 61 seats needed for a majority.
In 1996, when the first such election took place, the outcome was a surprise win for Benjamin Netanyahu after election polls predicted that Peres was the winner.[3] However, in the Knesset election held at the same time, Labour won more votes than any other party (27%). Thus Netanyahu, despite his theoretical position of power, needed the support of the religious parties to form a viable government.
Ultimately Netanyahu failed to hold the government together, and early elections for both prime minister and the Knesset were called in 1999. Although five candidates announced their intention to run, the three representing minor parties (Benny Begin of Herut – The National Movement, Azmi Bishara of Balad and Yitzhak Mordechai of the Centre Party) dropped out before election day, and Ehud Barak beat Netanyahu in the election. However, the new system again appeared to have failed; although Barak's One Israel alliance (an alliance of Labour, Gesher and Meimad) won more votes than any other party in the Knesset election, they garnered only 26 seats, the lowest ever by a winning party or alliance. Barak needed to form a coalition with six smaller parties in order to form a government.
In early 2001, Barak resigned following the outbreak of the al-Aqsa Intifada. However, the government was not brought down, and only elections for prime minister were necessary. In the election itself, Ariel Sharon comfortably beat Barak, taking 62.4% of the vote. However, because Likud only had 21 seats in the Knesset, Sharon had to form a national unity government. Following Sharon's victory, it was decided to do away with separate elections for prime minister and return to the previous system.
2003 onwards
The 2003 elections were carried out in the same manner as prior to 1996. Likud won 38 seats, the highest by a party for over a decade, and as party leader Sharon was duly appointed PM. However, towards the end of his term and largely as a result of the deep divisions within Likud over Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Sharon broke away from his party to form Kadima, managing to maintain his position as prime minister and also becoming the first prime minister not to be a member of either Labour or Likud (or their predecessors). However, he suffered a stroke in January 2006, in the midst of election season, leading Ehud Olmert to become acting prime minister in the weeks leading to the elections. He was voted by the cabinet to be interim prime minister just after the 2006 elections, when Sharon had reached 100 days of incapacitation. He thus became Israel's third interim prime minister, only days before forming his own new government as the official Prime Minister of Israel.
In 2008, amid accusations of corruption and challenges from his own party, Olmert announced that he would resign. However his successor Tzipi Livni was unable to form a coalition government. In the election in the following year, while Kadima won the most seats, it was the Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu who was given the task of forming a government. He was able to do so, thus beginning his second term as Prime Minister of Israel.
In the 2013 election, the Likud Yisrael Beiteinu alliance emerged as the largest faction. After forming a coalition, Netanyahu secured his third prime ministership.
Order of succession
If the prime minister dies in office, the cabinet chooses an interim prime minister,[4] to run the government until a new government is placed in power. Yigal Allon served as interim prime minister following Levi Eshkol's death, as did Shimon Peres following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.
According to Israeli law, if a prime minister is temporarily incapacitated rather than dies (as was the case following Ariel Sharon's stroke in early 2006), power is transferred to the acting prime minister, until the prime minister recovers (Ehud Olmert took over from Sharon), for up to 100 days. If the prime minister is declared permanently incapacitated, or that period expires, the President of Israel oversees the process of assembling a new governing coalition, and in the meantime the acting prime minister or other incumbent minister is appointed by the cabinet to serve as interim prime minister.
In the case of Sharon, elections were already due to occur within 100 days of the beginning of his coma; thus, the post-election coalition-building process pre-empted the emergency provisions for the selection of a new prime minister. Nevertheless, Olmert was appointed interim prime minister on 16 April 2006, after the elections, just days before he had formed a government on 4 May 2006, to become the official prime minister.
Acting, Vice and Deputy Prime Minister
Main article: Deputy leaders of Israel
Aside from the position of Acting Prime Minister, there are also Vice Prime Ministers and Deputy Prime Ministers.
Interim government
Main article: Deputy leaders of Israel § Interim Government
Prime Minister's residence
During his term of office, the prime minister lives in Jerusalem. Since 1974, the official residence of the prime minister is Beit Aghion, at the corner of Balfour and Smolenskin streets in Rehavia.[5]
List of Prime Ministers of Israel
Main article: List of Prime Ministers of Israel
Term of office in years
Main article: List of Prime Ministers of Israel § Term of office in years
List of Prime Ministers by longevity
Main article: List of Prime Ministers of Israel by longevity
Living former Prime Ministers
As of March 2017, there are two living former Prime Ministers. The most recent Prime Minister to die was Shimon Peres (1977; 1984–1986; 1995–1996), who died on 28 September 2016. Benjamin Netanyahu, who served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 1999, is currently serving and is thus excluded from this list.
Ehud Barak
(1999–2001)
(1942-02-12) February 12, 1942 (age 76)
Ehud Olmert
(2006–2009)
(1945-09-30) September 30, 1945 (age 72)
See also
Prime Minister's Office (Israel)
Beit Aghion
Beit Rosh ha-Memshala
References
Jump up ^ Flags of the Israel Defense Forces
Jump up ^ Basic Law: The Government (2001) Sections 7a, 13d.
Jump up ^ Prime Minister Netanyahu. Remember? Maariv, 30 August 2005
Jump up ^ Q&A: Israel's political future BBC News, 11 January 2006
Jump up ^ From modesty to monstrosity Haaretz, 1 May 2009
Further reading
Avner, Yehuda (2010). The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. Israel: Toby Press. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6. OCLC 758724969.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Israel.
Official website
All Prime Ministers of Israel Knesset website
The PM's Who Shaped Israel – slideshow by The First Post
Family Trees of all Prime Minister of Israel
[show]
v
t
e
Prime Ministers of Israel
Ben-Gurion (1948–53)
Sharett (1953–55)
Ben-Gurion (1955–63)
Eshkol (1963–69)
Allon (acting)
Meir (1969–74)
Rabin (1974–77)
Begin (1977–83)
Shamir (1983–84)
Peres (1984–86)
Shamir (1986–92)
Rabin (1992–95)
Peres (1995–96)
Netanyahu (1996–99)
Barak (1999–2001)
Sharon (2001–06)
Olmert (2006–09)
Netanyahu (2009–present)
[show]
v
t
e
Prime minister
Prime Ministers
by country
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Artsakh
Aruba
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Kinshasa)
Cook Islands
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
East Timor
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Ghana
Georgia
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
North Korea
South Korea
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Myanmar (Burma)
Nagorno-Karabakh
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Ossetia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Yemen
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2007137136
VIAF: 134074810
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Israel&oldid=839170046"
Categories:
Prime Ministers of Israel
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction
Use dmy dates from September 2011
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lëtzebuergesch
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
اردو
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
28 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 May 2018, at 18:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is extended-confirmed protected

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class style dir

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial, FreeSerif, FreeSans;

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel.svg

attrs: href class

value: sup

value: td

values: text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

values:
/wiki/Hebrew_acronyms
mw-redirect
Hebrew acronyms

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Government_of_Israel
mw-redirect
Government of Israel

values:
/wiki/Jewish_Agency
mw-redirect
Jewish Agency

values:
/wiki/Alignment_(political_party)
mw-redirect
Alignment (political party)

values:
/wiki/Labor_Party_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Labor Party (Israel)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein
mw-redirect
Yuli Edelstein

values: List of members of the nineteenth Knesset

values:
/wiki/Knesset_Elections_Law
mw-redirect
Knesset Elections Law

values:
/wiki/Israeli_judicial_system
mw-redirect
Israeli judicial system

values:
/wiki/Municipality_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Municipality (Israel)

values: Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict

values: International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict

values: Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967

values: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18.5em;

values: Israeli prime ministerial election, 1996

values:
/wiki/Balad_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Balad (Israel)

values: Israeli prime ministerial election, 1999

values:
/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Intifada
mw-redirect
Al-Aqsa Intifada

values: Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001

values: List of Prime Ministers of Israel by longevity

values:
/wiki/Beit_Rosh_ha-Memshala
mw-redirect
Beit Rosh ha-Memshala

values: commons:Category:Flags of the Israel Defense Forces

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/758724969

values: commons:Category:Prime ministers of Israel

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belize

values:
/wiki/Premiers_of_Bermuda
mw-redirect
Premiers of Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Bhutan

values: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burkina Faso

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Cape Verde

values: Prime Minister of the Central African Republic

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Chad

values: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Prime_ministers_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Prime ministers of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Djibouti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Grenada

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guinea

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Guyana

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ha%C3%AFti
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Haïti

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Kuwait

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Morocco

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Burma

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Nepal

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Qatar

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Saint Lucia

values: Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Solomon Islands

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Sudan

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Swaziland

values: Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/134074810

values: Category:Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2011

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: رئيس وزراء إسرائيل – Arabic

values: ইসরায়েলের প্রধানমন্ত্রী – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Министър-председател на Израел – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: نخست‌وزیر اسرائیل – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values: 이스라엘의 총리 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: इज़राइल के प्रधानमन्त्री – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ראש ממשלת ישראל – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ისრაელის პრემიერ-მინისტრების სია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Premierministere vun Israel – Luxembourgish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values: Премиер на Израел – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: इस्रायलचे पंतप्रधान – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: イスラエルの首相 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Statsminister i Israel – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Primeiro-ministro de Israel – Portuguese

values: Премьер-министр Израиля – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Prime Minister of Israel – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Премијер Израела – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: وزیر اعظم اسرائیل – Urdu

values: פרעמיער מיניסטער פון ישראל – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prime_Minister_of_Israel rootpage-Prime_Minister_of_Israel skin-vector action-view