text:
Osborne House
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Coordinates: 50°45′02″N 1°16′11″W / 50.750546°N 1.26973°W / 50.750546; -1.26973
Osborne House
North façade
Location within Isle of Wight
General information
Architectural style
Italian Renaissance
Location
Isle of Wight
Town or city
East Cowes
Country
United Kingdom
Coordinates
50°45′02″N 1°16′11″W / 50.750546°N 1.269730°W / 50.750546; -1.269730
Construction started
1845
Completed
1851
Design and construction
Architect
Prince Albert (designer)
Engineer
Thomas Cubitt (builder)
Osborne House is a former royal residence in East Cowes, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. The house was built between 1845 and 1851 for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert as a summer home and rural retreat. Prince Albert designed the house himself in the style of an Italian Renaissance palazzo. The builder was Thomas Cubitt, the London architect and builder whose company built the main façade of Buckingham Palace for the royal couple in 1847. An earlier smaller house on the site was demolished to make way for a new and far larger house, though the original entrance portico survives as the main gateway to the walled garden.
Queen Victoria died at Osborne House in January 1901. Following her death, the house became surplus to royal requirements and was given to the state, with a few rooms being retained as a private museum to Queen Victoria. From 1903 until 1921 it was used as a junior officer training college for the Royal Navy, known as the Royal Naval College, Osborne. In 1998 training programmes consolidated at the Britannia Royal Naval College, now at Dartmouth, thus vacating Osborne House. The House is now open to the public for tours.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Grounds
3 20th century
3.1 Naval College
3.2 Officers' convalescent home
4 Osborne today
5 Books and articles
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Detail of NE Facade in 1905
John Brown 1826–1883 Memorial Bench at Osborne House
The Pavilion Wing from the south-west
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert bought Osborne House on the Isle of Wight from Lady Isabella Blachford in October 1845. They wanted a home removed from the stresses of court life. Queen Victoria had spent two holidays on the Isle of Wight as a young girl, when her mother, the then Duchess of Kent, rented Norris Castle, the estate next door to Osborne. The setting of the three-storey Georgian house appealed to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert; in particular, the views of the Solent reminded Albert of the Bay of Naples in Italy. They soon realised that the house was too small for their needs. They decided with advisors to replace the house with a new, larger residence.[1]
The new Osborne House was built between 1845 and 1851 in the style of the Italian Renaissance, complete with two belvedere towers. Prince Albert designed the house himself in conjunction with builder Thomas Cubitt, the London architect and builder whose company also built the main façade of Buckingham Palace.[1] The couple paid for much of the new house's furnishings by the sale of the Royal Pavilion at Brighton.[2]
The house's original square wing was known as 'The Pavilion,' containing the principal and royal apartments on the ground and first floors, respectively. The principal apartments, particularly, hold reminders of Victoria's dynastic links with the other European royal families. The Billiard Room holds a massive porcelain vase that was a gift of the Russian Tsar. The Billiard Room, Queen's Dining Room, and the Drawing Room on the ground floor all express grandeur.
In marked contrast is the more homely and unassuming décor of the royal apartments on the first floor. These include the Prince's Dressing Room, the Queen's Sitting Room, the Queen's Bedroom, and the children's nurseries. Intended for private, domestic use, these rooms were made as comfortable as possible. Both Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined to bring up their children in a natural and loving environment. They allowed the royal children to visit their parents' bedrooms frequently, at a time when other children of aristocrats often lived at a remove from their parents in nurseries, joining them occasionally in public rooms, rather than in shared intimate spaces.[3]
Prince Albert's Dressing Room, 1851, watercolour by James Roberts.
The 'main wing' was added later: it contains the household accommodation and council and audience chambers. The final addition to the house was a wing built between 1890 and 1891. This wing was designed by John Lockwood Kipling, father of the poet Rudyard Kipling. On the ground floor, it includes the famous Durbar Room, named after an anglicised version of the Hindi word durbar, meaning court. The Durbar Room was built for state functions; it was decorated by Bhai Ram Singh in an elaborate and intricate style, and has a carpet from Agra. It now holds gifts Queen Victoria received on her Golden and Diamond jubilees. These include engraved silver and copper vases, Indian armour, and a model of an Indian palace.[4] The first floor of the new wing was for the sole use of Princess Beatrice and her family. Beatrice was the Queen's youngest daughter, and she lived near Victoria during her life.
Osborne House expresses numerous associations with the British Raj and India, housing a collection of paintings of Indian persons and scenes, painted at Queen Victoria's request by Rudolf Swoboda. These include depictions of Indians resident or visiting Britain in the 19th century, and scenes painted in India when Swoboda traveled there to create such works.[5]
The royal family stayed at Osborne for lengthy periods each year: in the spring for Victoria's birthday in May; in July and August when they celebrated Albert's birthday; and just before Christmas.[1] In a break from the past, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert allowed photographers and painters to make works featuring their family in the grounds and in the house. This was partly for their own enjoyment and partly as a form of public relations to demonstrate to the nation their character as a happy and devoted family. Many thousands of prints of the royal family were sold to the public, which led Victoria to remark, "no Sovereign was ever more loved than I am (I am bold enough to say)."[6] Writing to her daughter Victoria in 1858 about the gloominess of Windsor Castle, Queen Victoria stated, "I long for our cheerful and unpalacelike rooms at Osborne."[7]
In December 1861, Prince Albert died at Windsor Castle. During her long widowhood, Queen Victoria continued to visit Osborne House as one of her favourite homes.
In 1876, as a tribute to Queen Victoria, the Government House of the colony (now State) of Victoria, Australia, was constructed as a copy of Osborne House.
Grounds[edit]
The grounds and The Solent
See also: Medici lions and Osborne Stable Block
The Prince Consort participated directly in the laying out of the estate, gardens and woodlands to prove his knowledge of forestry and landscaping. At the more official royal residences, he had been overruled by the Commissioners of Woods and Forest, who had official responsibilities for the grounds.[8] Below the gardens was a private beach, where the Queen kept her own private bathing machine.
The Swiss Cottage.
The grounds include a 'Swiss Cottage.' The cottage was dismantled and brought piece by piece from Switzerland to Osborne where it was reassembled.[8] There, the royal children were encouraged to garden. Each child was given a rectangular plot in which to grow fruit, vegetables and flowers. They sold their produce to their father. Prince Albert used this as a way to teach the basics of economics. The children also learned to cook in the Swiss Cottage, which was equipped with a fully functioning kitchen. Both parents saw this kind of education as a way of grounding their children in the activities of daily life shared by the people in the kingdom despite their royal status.[1]
In 1859 Prince Albert designed a new and larger quadrangular stable block, which was built by Cubitts on the former cricket pitch. The building is now Grade II* listed.[9]
20th century[edit]
The private beach at Osborne House, where Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and children swam from bathing machines.
Queen Victoria died at Osborne on 22 January 1901 with two generations of her family gathered around her. Although Victoria had adored Osborne, her children were less attached to it. Victoria's will left strict instructions that Osborne was to stay within the family, but nobody wanted it, so the new King Edward VII presented it to the nation.[10] With the exception of Princess Beatrice and Princess Louise, who both retained houses on the estate, the rest of the royal family considered Osborne as something of an inaccessible white elephant. The royal apartments on the upper floors of the pavilion wing, including the late Queen's bedroom, were turned into a private museum accessible only to the royal family.
Naval College[edit]
In 1903, the new stable block became a junior officer training college for the Royal Navy known as the Royal Naval College, Osborne.[10] Initial training began at the age of 13. Studies past age 17 were continued at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. The college closed in 1921, with the last students leaving on 9 April 1921.[11] The traditions of Osborne helped inspire the operations of the Nautical College Pangbourne, after its founding in 1917. The NCP has now become Pangbourne College, but its students continue the tradition of wearing naval uniform, and maintaining certain naval traditions.
Former students of Osborne included Queen Victoria's great-grandsons, the future Edward VIII and George VI, and their younger brother George, Duke of Kent. Another well-known alumnus of the college was Jack Llewelyn Davies, one of the five Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. The case of George Archer-Shee from 1908, who was expelled from Osborne after being falsely accused of stealing a 5-shilling postal order, inspired the play The Winslow Boy.
Officers' convalescent home[edit]
During World War I, the secondary wings of Osborne House were used as an officers' convalescent home—Robert Graves and A. A. Milne were two famous patients. Known as King Edward VII Retirement Home for Officers, this later included convalescents from military and civil service backgrounds, until the late 1990s for retired officers of the British Armed Services.[10] In some continuity with the former Naval college is the nearby T.S. Osborne Sea Cadet unit.
Osborne today[edit]
Cricket pavilion – Osborne House
Today, Osborne House is under the care of English Heritage and is open to the public. The former Naval College's cricket pavilion was converted into a holiday cottage in 2004.
Since 2005, the house has occasionally hosted picnic-style concerts on the lawn outside the main house.[12][13]
English Heritage has a management contract to run Osborne House as a historic tourist attraction. The house's ownership since 1971 has been held in a private trust[citation needed] connected to Historic Royal Palaces, the agency covering, among others, Hampton Court Palace and the Tower of London.
Queen Victoria's private beach at Osborne, including her personal bathing machine, was opened to the public for the first time in July 2012 following an extensive restoration programme.[14][15]
Books and articles[edit]
Adair, John (1981). The Royal Palaces of Britain. London: Thames and Hudson.
Struthers, Jane (2004). Royal Palaces of Britain. London: New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd. ISBN 1-84330-733-2.
Osborne English heritage guide book – printed by colour house
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Struthers, p. 36
Jump up ^ The Royal Palaces of Britain by John Adair, p. 31
Jump up ^ Royal Palaces of Britain, p. 38
Jump up ^ Royal Palaces of Britain, p. 39
Jump up ^ "Calendars and diaries". National Gallery. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Royal Palaces of Britain, p. 37
Jump up ^ The Royal Palaces of Britain, p. 36
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, p.116.
Jump up ^ "Name: FORMER STABLES AT OSBORNE HOUSE List entry Number: 1255100". Historic England. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Struthers, p. 39
Jump up ^ The Times, 2 February 1921.
Jump up ^ "Big name gigs for Osborne". Isle of Wight County Press. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top acts to play historic house". Isle of Wight County Press. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
Jump up ^ English Heritage. "Queen Victoria's private beach to open". Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Nigel Richardson. "Queen Victoria's private beach to open to the public". Retrieved 27 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osborne House.
Osborne House information at English Heritage
Old pictures of Osborne House and area
7/20/1907; Osborne College: An English Naval School (purchase required)
Osborne House information for tourists
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text:
Birth weight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Baby weighed as appropriate for gestational age.
Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth.[1] The average birth weight in babies of European heritage is 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb), though the range of normal is between 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) and 5 kilograms (11 lb) (all but 5% of newborns will fall into this range). Babies of south Asian and Chinese heritage weigh about 240 grams (0.53 lb) less.[2][3]
There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence. Low birth weight is associated with neonatal infection.
Contents
[hide]
1 Determinants
2 Abnormalities
3 Influence on adult life
3.1 Obesity
3.2 Diabetes
3.3 Intelligence
4 Poor Neonatal Care
5 Epidemiology
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Determinants[edit]
There are basically two distinct determinants for birth weight:
The duration of gestation prior to birth, that is, the gestational age at which the child is born
Relation of weight and gestational age[where?].
The prenatal growth rate, generally measured in relation to what weight is expected for any gestational age.
The incidence of birth weight being outside what is normal is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including:
Genetics
The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy. Intercurrent diseases in pregnancy are sometimes associated with decreased birth weight. For example, Celiac disease confers an odds ratio of low birth weight of approximately 1.8.[4]
Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke[5]
Economic status of the parents gives inconsistent study findings according to a review on 2010, and remains speculative as a determinant.[6]
Other factors, like multiple births, where each baby is likely to be outside the AGA (appropriate for gestational age), one more so than the other.
Abnormalities[edit]
A low birth weight can be caused either by a preterm birth (low gestational age at birth) or of the infant being small for gestational age (slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both.
A very large birth weight is usually caused by the infant having been large for gestational age
Influence on adult life[edit]
Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person's birth weight can influence aspects of their future life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.
Obesity[edit]
A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life,[7][8] but it was also shown that this relationship is fully explained by maternal weight.[9]
GH therapy at a certain dose induced catch-up of lean body mass (LBM). However percentage body fat decreased in the GH-treated subjects. Bone mineral density SDS measured by DEXA increased significantly in the GH-treated group compared to the untreated subjects, though there is much debate over whether or not SGA (small for gestational age) is significantly adverse to children to warrant inducing catch-up.[10]
Diabetes[edit]
Babies that have a low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.[11][12][13] [14]
Intelligence[edit]
Some studies have shown a direct link between an increased birth weight and an increased intelligence quotient.[15][16][17] Increased birth weight is also linked to greater risk of developing autism.[18]
Poor Neonatal Care[edit]
Recent evidence suggests that the effects of low birth weight are constant across developmental years, suggesting that poor neonatal care has long term impacts.[19]
Epidemiology[edit]
Disability-adjusted life years out of 100,000 lost due to any cause in 2004.[20]
no data
less than 9,250
9,250–16,000
16,000–22,750
22,750–29,500
29,500–36,250
36,250–43,000
43,000–49,750
49,750–56,500
56,500–63,250
63,250–70,000
70,000–80,000
more than 80,000
See also[edit]
Barker's hypothesis
MOMO syndrome
Low birth weight paradox
Prenatal nutrition and birth weight
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Definitions Archived April 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. from Georgia Department of Public Health. Date: 12/04/2008. Original citation: "Birthweight: Infant's weight recorded at the time of birth"
Jump up ^ "New birth weight curves tailored to baby’s ethnicity | Toronto Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ Janssen, Patricia A; Thiessen, Paul; Klein, Michael C; Whitfield, Michael F; MacNab, Ying C; Cullis-Kuhl, Sue C (2007-07-10). "Standards for the measurement of birth weight, length and head circumference at term in neonates of European, Chinese and South Asian ancestry". Open Medicine. 1 (2): e74–e88. ISSN 1911-2092. PMC 2802014  . PMID 20101298.
Jump up ^ Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, et al. (2014). "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (4): 582–93. PMID 24619876. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007.
Jump up ^ "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General". Surgeon General of the United States. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2014-06-16. pp. 198–205
Jump up ^ Margerison Zilko CE (January 2010). "Economic contraction and birth outcomes: an integrative review". Hum Reprod Update. 16 (4): 445–458. PMID 20085917. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp059.
Jump up ^ "3 stages of childhood may predict obesity risk - Fitness - MSNBC.com". Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ Singhal A, Wells J, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A (1 March 2003). "Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease?". Am J Clin Nutr. 77 (3): 726–30. PMID 12600868.
Jump up ^ Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O (December 2001). "Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study". BMJ. 323 (7325): 1331–5. PMC 60670  . PMID 11739217. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1331.
Jump up ^ "GH Treatment Effects on Body Composition in SGA". Growth, Genetics & Hormones. 24 (1). May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Low birth weight diabetes link". BBC News. 2005-02-25. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Berkey CS, Field AE, Colditz GA (March 2003). "Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity". Pediatrics. 111 (3): e221–6. PMID 12612275. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.e221.
Jump up ^ Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1999). "Birthweight and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult women". Ann Intern Med. 130 (4 Pt 1): 278–84. PMID 10068385. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-4_part_1-199902160-00005.
Jump up ^ Li, Yanping; Ley, Silvia; Tobias, Deirdre; Chiuve, Stephanie; VanderWeele, Tyler (June 17, 2015). "Birth weight and later life adherence to unhealthy lifestyles in predicting type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study". BMJ. 351: h3673. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3672.
Jump up ^ Matte TD, Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Susser E (August 2001). "Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study". BMJ. 323 (7308): 310–4. PMC 37317  . PMID 11498487. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.310.
Jump up ^ "The Future of Children - Sub-Sections". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
Jump up ^ Matte TD, Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Susser E (August 2001). "Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: cohort study". BMJ. 323 (7308): 310–4. PMC 37317  . PMID 11498487. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.310. Lay summary – BBC News (August 9, 2001).
Jump up ^ Lord C (April 2013). "Fetal and sociocultural environments and autism". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (4): 355–8. PMID 23545788. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010078. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (May 2, 2013).
Jump up ^ Figlio David; Guryan Jonathan; Karbownik Krzysztof; Roth Jeffrey (2014). "The Effects of Poor Neonatal Health on Children's Cognitive Development". American Economic Review. 104 (12): 3921–55. doi:10.1257/aer.104.12.3921.
Jump up ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov 11, 2009.
External links[edit]
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Intrauterine growth restriction
Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Hunter SK (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth restriction: identification and management". Am Fam Physician. 58 (2): 453–60, 466–7. PMID 9713399.
"Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)" at Health System, University of Virginia
Fetal Growth Restriction at eMedicine
"Researchers link low birth weight to lower achievement"
"Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia"
"Vit D linked to baby birth weight" at BBC News, 25 April 2006
Born in Bradford - 2006 cohort study into the causes of low birth weight and infant mortality in Bradford, UK
Intrauterine Growth Restriction Help - IUGR factors and solutions
Walid MS, Astafyeva OV, Pomortsev AV (December 2007). "The IUGR prognostic scale". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 276 (6): 633–40. PMID 17619893. doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0398-1.
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