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18 (number)
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"XVIII" redirects here. For other uses, see 18 (disambiguation).
Natural number
← 17 18 19 →
← 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 →
List of numbers — Integers
← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal
eighteen
Ordinal
18th
(eighteenth)
Numeral system
octodecimal
Factorization
2 × 32
Divisors
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Greek numeral
ΙΗ´
Roman numeral
XVIII
Binary
100102
Ternary
2003
Quaternary
1024
Quinary
335
Senary
306
Octal
228
Duodecimal
1612
Hexadecimal
1216
Vigesimal
I20
Base 36
I36
Look up eighteen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19.
In English speech, the numbers 18 and 80 are sometimes confused, as they sound very similar.
Contents
1 In mathematics
2 In science
2.1 Chemistry
3 In religion and literature
4 As lucky or unlucky number
5 Age 18
6 In sports
7 In other fields
8 See also
9 Notes
In mathematics[edit]
Eighteen is a composite number, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. Three of these divisors (3, 6 and 9) add up to 18, hence 18 is a semiperfect number.[1] Eighteen is the first inverted square-prime of the form p·q2.
In science[edit]
Chemistry[edit]
Eighteen is the atomic number of argon.
Group 18 of the periodic table is called the noble gases.
The 18-electron rule is a rule of thumb in transition metal chemistry for characterising and predicting the stability of metal complexes.
In religion and literature[edit]
The Hebrew word for "life" is חי (chai), which has a numerical value of 18. Consequently, the custom has arisen in Jewish circles to give donations and monetary gifts in multiples of 18 as an expression of blessing for long life.
In Judaism, in the Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehudah ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married ("Ben shmonah esra lechupah", at eighteen years old to the Chupah (marriage canopy)). (See Coming of age, Age of majority).
Shemoneh Esrei (sh'MOH-nuh ES-ray) is a prayer that is the center of any Jewish religious service. Its name means "eighteen". The prayer is also known as the Amidah.
In Ancient Roman custom the number 18 can symbolise a blood relative.
Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 was originally named Catch-18 because of the Hebrew meaning of the number, but was amended to the published title to avoid confusion with another war novel, Mila 18.[2]
There are 18 chapters in the Bhagavad Gita, which is contained in the Mahabharata, which has 18 books. The Kurukshetra War which the epic depicts, is between 18 armies (11 on the Kuru side, 7 on the Pandava). The war itself lasts for 18 days. In the other Hindu epic, the Ramayana, the war between Rama and the demons also lasted 18 days.
As lucky or unlucky number[edit]
In Chinese tradition, 18 pronounced 十八 (shí bā) and is considered a lucky number due to similarity with 實發 (shì fā) 'definitely get rich', 'to get rich for sure'.[3]
Age 18[edit]
See also: Motion picture content rating system, Coming of age, and Voting age
In most countries, 18 is the age of majority and also the voting age.
In eleven states of the United States, 18 is the age of sexual consent.
It is also the age of sexual consent under USA federal law (although this law only applies in circumstances involving transportation or transaction between different states or outside the USA).[4]
In addition, Pennsylvania has a corruption of minors law that makes the de facto age of consent there 18.[5] This is also the case in some jurisdictions outside the USA,[6] including Canada.[7][8]
In sports[edit]
In association football (soccer), "the 18" is a slang term for the penalty area.
In Australian rules football, each team has 18 players on the field during play.
There are 18 holes on a regulation golf course.
In Automotive Racing, Kyle Busch drives the number of that car for Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series.
In other fields[edit]
Eighteen is also:
A 2005 movie directed by Richard Bell and starring Brendan Fletcher and Alan Cumming.
A 2002 album by electronic artist Moby.
The number of chapters into which James Joyce's epic novel Ulysses is divided.
Russ Wheeler's car number in the film Days of Thunder.
The number of wheels on the most common type of North American tractor-trailer truck, which are hence often called 18-wheelers.
The number of the French department Cher and the Turkish province Bitlis.
DVD-18 is double-sided, double-layered DVD format.
A Canon error message, see E18 error.
Android 18, a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga and anime series.
18th Street gang, a Hispanic American gang.
The Hindu epic Mahabharata has eighteen sections, involves eighteen armies and is about a war fought over eighteen days.
In the Chinese mythos, Hell has 18 levels.
In Chinese folklore, the Shaolin temple had a group of 18 bronze Monks. Initiates could only be considered full graduates of Shaolin martial arts if they could defeat them in combat.
In Neo-Nazi circles 18 is the numerical sign for Adolf Hitler (1 standing for A and 8 standing for H). It is also the number for the UK-based terrorist group Combat 18.[9][unreliable source?][10][unreliable source?]
In 1990 Megadeth released Hangar 18 as a single from Rust in Peace.
Eighteen Visions (often abbreviated to 18V), an alternative metal/metalcore band from Orange County, California.
Eighteen Eighteen, a South African Rap artist.
"I'm Eighteen", Alice Cooper's first Top Ten hit single, from their 1971 album Love It to Death.
Eighteen is also a surname, recorded in East Anglia in the 18th century.[11]
See also[edit]
Numeral system
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sloane's A005835 : Pseudoperfect (or semiperfect) numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ N James. The Early Composition History of Catch-22. In Biographies of Books: The Compositional Histories of Notable American Writings, J Barbour, T Quirk (edi.) pp. 262-90. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996
Jump up ^ 言必有「中」：「十八」「實發」 人見人愛. 文匯報. Accessed 2015-01-12. Archived 2015-01-15.
Jump up ^ "The US Federal Age of Sexual Consent". SOL Research. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Age Of Consent By State". Age-of-consent.info. Retrieved 2013-08-02. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Ages of Consent". Avert.org. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
Jump up ^ CANADA'S LEGAL AGE OF CONSENT TO SEXUAL ACTIVITY Revised 12 April 2001: "Section 153 now prohibits "sexual interference" or "invitation to sexual touching," in respect of a young person over 14 but under 18, where the accused is in a relationship of trust or authority towards the complainant or the complainant is in a relationship of dependency with the accused."
Jump up ^ Government of Canada - Age of Consent to Sexual Activity: "the age of consent is 18 years where the sexual activity "exploits" the young person -- when it involves prostitution, pornography or occurs in a relationship of authority, trust or dependency (e.g., with a teacher, coach or babysitter). Sexual activity can also be considered exploitative based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship, e.g., the young person's age, the age difference between the young person and their partner, how the relationship developed (quickly, secretly, or over the Internet) and how the partner may have controlled or influenced the young person."
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Eighteen One-Name Study". One-name.org. 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
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Sledgehammer Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Sledgehammer Games, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Video games
Founded
August 28, 2009; 8 years ago (2009-08-28)
Founder
Michael Condrey
Glen Schofield
Headquarters
Foster City, California, United States
Key people
Aaron Halon (Studio Head)
Products
Call of Duty series (2011–present)
Number of employees
225[1]
Parent
Activision
Website
sledgehammergames.com
Sledgehammer Games, Inc. is an American video game developer, formed in 2009 by Glen Schofield and Michael Condrey. The pair formerly worked at Visceral Games and are responsible for the creation of Dead Space. The company is an independent, wholly owned subsidiary of Activision[2] and is based in Foster City, California.[3] The studio is known for co-developing Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 with Infinity Ward, and developing Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare as well as Call of Duty: WWII.
Contents
1 History
2 Operations and culture
3 Reception
4 Games
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Sledgehammer Games co-founders Schofield and Condrey worked together at Electronic Arts in 2005 on 007: From Russia with Love, with Condrey as director and Schofield executive producer. The collaboration carried forward to Dead Space. The two men had complementary skills and similar backgrounds—middle class with fathers in the construction business.[2][4]
After founding Sledgehammer Games in July 2009, Schofield and Condrey made Activision a proposal: they would attempt to replicate their success with Dead Space, with a third-person spin-off of the Call of Duty franchise. Activision sat on the proposal for weeks until Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick offered to bring the studio into the Activision fold. Schofield and Condrey accepted, viewing Activision's independent studio model as an opportunity to preserve the company's creative culture, development methodology and staff, while having the security of an alliance with the industry's largest publisher.[4][5][6]
Sledgehammer Games spent six to eight months working on the Call of Duty project in 2009, enough to produce a prototype with about 15 minutes of play.[7] The game would have reportedly extended the franchise into the action-adventure genre, but a legal battle between Infinity Ward, the studio behind the Modern Warfare franchise, and co-founders Jason West and Vince Zampella resulted in the pair's departure. They took several Infinity Ward employees with them to their new company, leaving Activision with about half the staff and a deadline of about 20 months (versus a typical 24 months) to complete the next game in the franchise, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3. Activision requested that Sledgehammer Games stop work on the third-person shooter and collaborate with Infinity Ward instead.[4]
The offer was a gamble for both sides. Activision was calling on a studio that had not put out a game on its own, while Sledgehammer Games would be abandoning weeks of work in the genre they were most familiar with to take on a punishing schedule in a high-profile franchise. Infinity Ward was more likely to receive credit for any success while Sledgehammer Games was apt to be blamed for any failure. The studio first polled its staff and got unanimous approval. "It was a massive risk for Schofield and Condrey's new studio, and one that most outside of the industry never considerd", wrote Ryan Fleming in Digital Trends. "The Infinity Ward name was the marquis on the Modern Warfare franchise, but failure to deliver on Activision’s golden egg would have resulted in a wave that crippled those in its path. Looking back at the success of that game and franchise as a whole, it is easy to overlook the chance Sledgehammer took."[4]
The collaboration with Infinity Ward marked the first time a co-development relationship would produce a Modern Warfare title, with both companies' logos appearing on the packaging. Despite the companies’ differing histories and development methodologies, GamesTM called the arrangement a rare symbiotic relationship for such a high-profile game. The two teams first met in the spring of 2010 to compare ideas. There was some overlap: both teams wanted to set the game in Europe and, recalled Schofield, achieve a “payoff on the story that had been told over the last four years.”[7]
It was announced in February 2014 that Sledgehammer Games would be developing a new Call of Duty title, slated for release in late 2014. On May 1, Game Informer teased a high resolution image of a soldier wearing an exo-skeleton suit. It was also announced that more details, the cover, the full name, and a trailer would be released on May 4. However the trailer was leaked which confirmed the release of Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare on November 4, 2014.[8]
On April 21, 2017, Sledgehammer Games and Activision announced their next Call of Duty game, titled Call of Duty: WWII. It was released on November 3, 2017.[9]
Operations and culture[edit]
Sledgehammer Games operates out of a custom-designed studio with an open-plan space, high-end development equipment, and a theater.[7] Schofield oversees the company's creative effort; Condrey its business operation.[2] The core development team includes Creative Director Bret Robbins, Audio Director Don Veca, Animation Director Chris Stone and Senior Development Director Aaron Halon.[10]
As of February 2013, Sledgehammer employs about 200 people, with an unusually low turnover of under 1 percent. New employees are given a challenge coin engraved with the Sledgehammer Games' values. The tradition dates back to a World War I practice of giving soldiers coins with a squadron's insignia that could be used to prove membership.[4]
Reception[edit]
Forbes reporter Bruce Rogers wrote that Sledgehammer Games's first title, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, became the fastest selling entertainment product of all time (recently pushed back to second fastest by Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto V with $800 million within 24 hours), beating the record held by James Cameron’s film Avatar. The title sold 9.3 million units worldwide and grossed $400 million within 24 hours of going on sale, surpassing the previous year's record set by Call of Duty: Black Ops made by Treyarch.[11][12] The title grossed more than $775 million globally in its first five days[13] and $1 billion in 16 days, with an average Metacritic score of 88.[4] Modern Warfare 3 also topped the UK video game sales chart in its first week.[14] By November 21, 2011, the game remained the bestselling title in the United Kingdom, despite sales dropping by 87%.[15] Modern Warfare 3 held the top spot on the UK charts for a third week and fourth week running.[16][17] The PS3 version of Modern Warfare 3 also topped the Japanese chart in its first week on sale. The PS3 version shifted 180,372 copies, while the Xbox 360 version sold around 30,000.[18]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 took the Best Shooter prize at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards.[19] The following year, the game was named Game Design of the Year at the Korea Games Conference and won the Global Award from Japan Game Awards 2012 at the Tokyo Game Show.[20][21]
Along with Raven Software and Infinity Ward, Sledgehammer Games contributed to the creation of Modern Warfare 3 DLC throughout the 9-month season which began on January 24, 2012 for Xbox 360 Elite Premium members. 24 pieces of DLC were released for Modern Warfare 3 over a 9-month period.[22]
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Sledgehammer's second release, received positive reviews from critics. Official Xbox Magazine described Sledgehammer Games as the "New king of Call of Duty" in their Advanced Warfare review.[23]
Games[edit]
Title
Engine
Release date
Platform(s)
GameRankings[24]
Notes
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 MW3 engine November 8, 2011 PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows 88%[25][26][27] Co-developed with Infinity Ward
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare In-house engine November 3–4, 2014 PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox 360, Windows 84%[28][29][30] First game as lead developer.
Call of Duty: WWII In-house engine November 3, 2017 PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows 78%[31][32][33] First Call of Duty game to be set in a World War since 2008's Call of Duty: World at War.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (August 1, 2014). "A look inside Sledgehammer Games, the new Call of Duty studio (photo gallery)". Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogers, Bruce (February 21, 2013). "Glen Schofield and Michael Condrey's Sledgehammer Games: Growing the Call of Duty Franchise". Forbes. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sledgehammer Games: Inside the Studio". Activision Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Flemming, Ryan (February 16, 2013). "Inside Sledgehammer Games and the Biggest Gamble You Never Knew About". Digital Trends. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Feature: Who is Sledgehammer Games?". Gamespot. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brightman, James (November 8, 2011). "Better Know Sledgehammer's Michael Condrey and Glen Schofield". Industrygamers. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Art of Modern War". GamesTM (113). September 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Activision confirms 3 year dev cycle for the Call of Duty franchise; SHGames game coming in 2014". February 6, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "WWII confirmed. Watch the worldwide reveal of #CODWWII on 4/26 at 10AM PDT/1PM EDT". Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Studio". Sledgehammer Games. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Keza (November 11, 2011). "Modern Warfare 3 Has Biggest Launch Of Anything Ever". IGN. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Magrino, Tom (November 11, 2011). "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 sets new launch records". Gamespot. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ivan, Tom (November 14, 2011). "MW3 Sets 5 Day Entertainment Sales Record". CVG. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Purchese, Robert (November 18, 2011). "MW3 Topped UK video game sales charts". Eurogamer. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Top 40: MW3 Denies AC". Eurogamer. November 21, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK Chart: MW3 Holds Top Spot". CVG. November 28, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rose, Mike (December 5, 2011). "Fourth Consecutive Week At Top Of UK Charts For MW3". Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "MW3 Tops Japanese Chart". CVG. November 21, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best Shooter". Category: Shooter. Video Game Awards. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 Awarded Game Design of the Year by the Korea Game Conference". Sledgehammer Games: News. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 Receives the Global Award from the Japanese Game Awards". Sledgehammer Games: News. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "MW3 Content Drops 1 & 2". Call of Duty Map Packs. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare review". Official Xbox Magazine. November 3, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scores are the average of the GameRankings aggregate score received for all platforms.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (Xbox 360)". GameRankings.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4 (PlayStation 3)". GameRankings.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (PC)". GameRankings.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare for Xbox One". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare for PlayStation 4". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare for PC". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: WWII (Xbox One)". GameRankings.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: WWII (PlayStation 4)". GameRankings.
Jump up ^ "GameRankings Reviews: Call of Duty: WWII (PC)". GameRankings.
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