text:
Skyscraper (2018 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Skyscraper
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Rawson Marshall Thurber
Produced by
Beau Flynn
Dwayne Johnson
Rawson Marshall Thurber
Hiram Garcia
Written by
Rawson Marshall Thurber
Starring
Dwayne Johnson
Neve Campbell
Chin Han
Roland Møller
Noah Taylor
Byron Mann
Pablo Schreiber
Hannah Quinlivan
Tzi Ma
Music by
Steve Jablonsky
Cinematography
Robert Elswit
Edited by
Mike Sale
Julian Clarke
Production
companies
Legendary Pictures
Flynn Picture Company
Seven Bucks Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
July 1, 2018 (2018-07-01) (Beijing)
July 13, 2018 (2018-07-13) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$125–129 million[2][3]
Box office
$304.1 million[2]
Skyscraper is a 2018 American action film[2] written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber, and starring Dwayne Johnson, Neve Campbell, Chin Han, Roland Møller, Noah Taylor, Byron Mann, Pablo Schreiber and Hannah Quinlivan. The story follows a former FBI agent who must rescue his family from a newly built skyscraper, the tallest in the world, after it is taken over by criminals and set on fire. The first non-comedy of Thurber's career, it also marks his second collaboration with Johnson, following Central Intelligence (2016).
Filming began in September 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The film was released in the United States by Universal Pictures on July 13, 2018, in 2D and Real D 3D, and has grossed over $304 million worldwide against its production budget of $125 million. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Johnson's performance and the film's suspenseful scenes, but criticized the script as clichéd and too similar to The Towering Inferno and Die Hard.[4]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Design
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
3.6 Visual Effects
4 Marketing
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical reception
7 Home media
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wealthy Chinese financier and entrepreneur Zhao Long Ji has funded the construction of the world's tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, standing at 3,500 feet (1,100 m) and 225 stories tall, which they call "The Pearl". Although the building is structurally complete, the construction process has been not without complications and the building has yet to be opened to the public.
U.S. Marine war veteran and retired FBI Hostage Rescue Team leader, Will Sawyer, now assesses security for skyscrapers. A suicide explosion from a previous mission has left him one leg amputated, below the knee. He is fitted with a modern prosthetic leg, which keeps his full mobility. Sawyer is tasked with inspecting the Pearl, and his family - wife Sarah and twin children Georgia and Henry move into the building. Sawyer confirms to Zhao, security directors Ajani Okeke and Sawyer’s friend and fellow ex-FBI agent Ben Gillespie, and insurance executive Mr. Pierce, that the building’s fire and security systems are secure, but he needs to inspect the offsite security center that controls the system. Zhao then hands Sawyer a tablet computer that gives full administrative access to The Pearl's computer systems that can only be unlocked by facial recognition.
While heading to the offsite security center, a thief working for Kores Botha, an international terrorist with ties to many major crime syndicates, attempts to steal the tablet from Sawyer but fails, resulting in Ben revealing that he too is working with Botha so that he can ruin Sawyer out of jealousy, before attacking Sawyer to steal the tablet himself. In the struggle Ben is mortally wounded, and warns Sawyer that Botha’s men will kill him for the tablet before he dies. As he leaves, Botha’s subordinate Xia steals the tablet from Sawyer before infiltrating the security center and killing all the personnel there. Meanwhile, Botha and his mercenaries start a fire on the 96th floor of the building, triggering and activating the advanced computer controlled fire extinguishing system installed throughout the skyscraper. A hacker at the security center then hacks the tablet, disabling the facial recognition and giving him access to The Pearl's security systems, locking out administrative access to The Pearl to Zhao and his team, as well as disabling all the fire extinguishing systems above the 95th floor, creating an impenetrable fire line that cuts off all rescue operations from below to assist the survivors on the upper floors. After doing so, Xia shoots the hacker.
The local police, led by Inspector Wu, sends a team of officers to locate Sawyer, believing that he is involved with the incident at the skyscraper, and attempts to capture him as he makes his way to The Pearl. Sawyer, knowing that his family is trapped on the floors directly above the inferno, escapes from the police. He makes his way to a construction site adjacent to The Pearl, climbs a crane and leaps off it onto skyscraper, escaping Wu’s team.
Zhao and Okeke send two security guards to rescue Sarah, Georgia, and Henry from the fire, but the guards are killed in an explosion that destroys the nearby elevator, forcing them to navigate through the flames to an upper lobby. Zhao and Okeke, believing Sawyer's family to be dead, decide to evacuate all remaining personnel on board a helicopter at Pierce's suggestion, only for Pierce to reveal it to be a trap and that he works for Botha. Okeke and the other workers are killed by Botha’s men, but Zhao escapes and seals himself in his penthouse. Pierce is ordered to capture Sawyer’s family and he attacks them, but Sawyer appears in time to kill Pierce. Georgia becomes separated from her family in the chaos of the growing fire, but Sawyer manages to get Sarah and Henry to a partially functioning elevator. Sarah and Henry use the elevator for a free-fall escape with the plan to engage the emergency brakes to reach the ground safely. Upon reaching the ground floor, Sarah helps the police identify Botha as the ringleader. Sarah then explains to the police that she saw the terrorists carrying parachutes, which explains how they plan to escape from the building, and helps identify a potential drop zone.
When Sawyer finally locates Georgia, she has been abducted by Botha who uses her to negotiate his own escape from Sawyer and force him to capture Zhao. Sawyer is then forced to scale outside the building to a wiring panel to disable the doors to Zhao's penthouse. After entering the penthouse, Sawyer informs Zhao of his predicament as Zhao reveals the reasons for Botha’s attack: halfway through the construction process, rival gangsters under the control of Botha decide to use their control of construction crews working on the skyscraper to extort millions of dollars in shakedown payments for preventing a massive strike of construction workers, potentially halting its progress. Zhao agrees to the shakedown payments, but not without carefully tracking and recording Botha's international money laundering scheme in his attempt to "legitimize" the funds he has extorted. Zhao believes that the memory drive they have created containing the money laundering tracking information on Botha, will provide them with insurance against any attempt by Botha to extort money from them a second time. Botha learns of the existence of the hard drive and makes it a personal priority to retrieve the drive in order to destroy it and the incriminating information it contains, because his bosses will kill him if he doesn't.
Sawyer and Zhao plan to rescue Georgia while Sarah accompanies Wu and several other police officers to Botha's drop zone, where they engage in a shootout with Xia and Botha’s men. Most of Botha’s men are killed, while Sarah knocks Xia unconscious. Sawyer pretends to hand Zhao over to Botha, only for Zhao to distract him allowing Sawyer to rescue Georgia. Zhao, Sawyer, and Georgia escape to the top of the Pearl, where Botha and his remaining men follow them. Zhao and Sawyer kill Botha’s men, but Botha injures Zhao and takes Georgia hostage. Sawyer attacks Botha and pushes him off a ledge, where Botha is killed by his own grenade. Sawyer then rescues Georgia.
Sarah finds the stolen tablet dropped from Xia, and discovers that she can override the shutdown of the fire extinguishing system built into the skyscraper, by rebooting the entire computer system. The fire is rapidly extinguished, and a police helicopter rescues Sawyer, Georgia, and Zhao, who tells Sawyer he plans to rebuild the Pearl. Sawyer and Georgia reunite with Sarah and Henry, and the family leaves the premises.
Cast[edit]
Dwayne Johnson as Will Sawyer, a former FBI Hostage Rescue Team leader and amputee, who now assesses security for skyscrapers.
Neve Campbell as Sarah Sawyer, Will's wife
Chin Han as Zhao Long Ji, a wealthy Chinese tech entrepreneur and financier of the Pearl
Roland Møller as Kores Botha, a Scandinavian terrorist kingpin
Noah Taylor as Mr. Pierce, one of Botha's mercenaries, impersonating an insurance agent
Byron Mann as Inspector Wu, leader of the HKPF response team
Pablo Schreiber as Ben Gillespie, Will's former colleague and friend, now secretly working for Botha
Hannah Quinlivan as Xia, Botha's henchwoman
Matt O'Leary as Skinny Hacker
McKenna Roberts as Georgia Sawyer, Will and Sarah’s daughter
Noah Cottrell as Henry Sawyer, Will and Sarah’s son
Kevin Rankin as Ray
Adrian Holmes as Ajani Okeke, Zhao's head-of-security and personal bodyguard
Tzi Ma as Fire Chief Shen
Venus Terzo as Hostage Negotiator
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On May 26, 2016, it was announced that Legendary Entertainment had won the bidding war for a Chinese-set action adventure film, Skyscraper, in which Dwayne Johnson was set to play the lead.[5] Rawson Marshall Thurber was attached as the film's scriptwriter, director and producer, with Beau Flynn producing the film through his Flynn Picture Company, alongside Johnson's Seven Bucks Productions, with Universal Pictures handling distribution rights.[5]
Casting[edit]
On June 22, 2017, it was reported that Neve Campbell had signed on to star with Johnson, who plays a former FBI Hostage Rescue Team leader and war veteran, who is the head of security for skyscrapers. Maggie Q, Rachel Bilson, Jaimie Alexander and Mira Sorvino were also considered. [6] In July 2017, Chin Han and Pablo Schreiber joined the cast of the film,[7][8] in August 2017, Byron Mann and Hannah Quinlivan also joined, and a few days later, Variety reported that Noah Taylor had also been selected.[9][10] On August 22, 2017, Roland Møller was added to the cast of the film, in one of the main roles.[11]
Design[edit]
The architectural rendering of the 225-story tall skyscraper was based on Chinese inspirations. According to the New York Post - "tasked with envisioning the architectural wonder at the center of the Hong Kong-set Skyscraper, production designer Jim Bissell and his team researched local myths for inspiration and came upon a Chinese fable they could work with."[12]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on August 14, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[13][14][15][16]
Music[edit]
Main article: Skyscraper (soundtrack)
Steve Jablonsky composed the film's score which uses elements of guitars, synthesised drums and traditional orchestra. The soundtrack was digitally released on July 13, 2018 by Milan Records with the physical soundtrack being released later on August 3, 2018.[17]. British singer and songwriter Jamie N Commons performed the song Walls which plays in the end credits of the film.[18]
Visual Effects[edit]
The visual effects were done by Moving Picture Company, Method Studios, Image Engine and Industrial Light and Magic.
Marketing[edit]
Universal released the first official trailer in February 2018 and the second trailer on May 23, 2018.[19] Promo posters in the form of The Towering Inferno (1974) and Die Hard (1988) were created, referencing the stylistic links between those films and Skyscraper.[20][21]
Release[edit]
A Skyscraper screening at New Town Plaza in Hong Kong on July 7, 2018.
Skyscraper was released in the United States, as well as several international territories, in 3D and standard formats on July 13, 2018 by Universal Pictures.[22] The film also secured a July 20, 2018 release date in China, a rarity as mainstream Hollywood films are seldom released there during the month of July, to make room for domestic films.[23] Skyscraper premiered in Beijing, on July 1, 2018 and also held a screening in Hong Kong on July 7, 2018.[24]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of October 21, 2018[update], Skyscraper has grossed $67.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $236.3 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $304.1 million, against a production budget of $125 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Skyscraper was released alongside the opening of Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation, as well as the wide expansion of Sorry to Bother You, and was initially projected to gross $32–40 million from 3,782 theaters in its opening weekend.[25] However, after making $1.95 million during Thursday night screenings (down from the $2.4 million made by Johnson's Rampage the past April) and $9.3 million on its first day, weekend estimates were lowered to $24 million. The film ended up debuting to $24.9 million, finishing third, behind Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation and Ant-Man and the Wasp. Deadline Hollywood attributed the low figure to audiences having seen the plot before in other films and the July release date being in the height of the crowded summer movie season, as well as the possibility that filmgoers had become tired of seeing Johnson so frequently (although the site noted that 72% of people who bought tickets to Skyscraper did so because of him).[26] In its second weekend the film made $11.4 million and finished sixth, and in its third made $5.4 million, finishing ninth.[27][28]
The film debuted to $47.7 million in China, finishing first at the country's box office and bringing the two-week global foreign total to $132.8 million.[29] In its third weekend of international release the film added another $17.8 million, including $7 million in China (for a running-cume of $86 million).[30]
Critical reception[edit]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 46% based on 200 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-cast yet derivative, Skyscraper isn't exactly a towering action thriller feat, but it's solidly constructed enough to stand among the genre's more mildly diverting features."[31] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[32] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[26]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film a "satisfying summer thriller," while acknowledging the familiar plot, and writing, "Skyscraper doesn't change the action-movie game the way Die Hard did, but it's a solidly entertaining summer diversion best enjoyed on the biggest theater — or even better, drive-in — screen you can find."[33] Variety's Peter Debruge was more critical of the story but praised Johnson, saying, "This is escapism, pure and simple, and though the structure is rickety, by enlisting Johnson, Thurber ensures that his Skyscraper is built on solid Rock."[34]
Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Chris Nashawaty found the film to be a weak remake of Die Hard, giving it a "C-" rating and stating: "It's all passively watchable, but the main problem is that writer-director Rawson Marshall Thurber (Central Intelligence) hasn't come up with a villain nearly as memorable as Alan Rickman's Hans Gruber. I know that comparison may seem unfair, but when you're ripping off Die Hard this shamelessly, it's kind of not."[35]
Home media[edit]
Skyscraper was released digitally on September 25, 2018, and released on Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D and 4K Blu-ray on October 9, 2018.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper". AMC Theatres. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Skyscraper (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (July 13, 2018). "Box Office: 'Skyscraper' Collapses in U.S.; 'Hotel Transylvania 3' Heads for No. 1". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fuster, Jeremy (July 11, 2018). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Skyscraper' Performance Praised by Critics as Support for 'Silly' Movie". TheWrap. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (May 26, 2016). "Legendary Wins Bidding War for China-Set Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson Action Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 22, 2017). "Neve Campbell Joins Dwayne Johnson In 'Skyscraper'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (July 26, 2017). "'Ghost In The Shell' Star Chin Han To Scale 'Skyscraper' With Dwayne Johnson". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (July 27, 2017). "Pablo Schreiber Joins Dwayne Johnson In 'Skyscraper'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (August 1, 2017). "Legendary's 'Skyscraper' Adds Byron Mann & Hannah Quinlivan". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (August 7, 2017). "'Preacher' Actor Noah Taylor Joins Dwayne Johnson in Legendary's 'Skyscraper' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (August 22, 2017). "Roland Møller Cast In Rawson Marshall Thurber's 'Skyscraper'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Gregory E. (July 12, 2018). "The cool Chinese inspiration behind the 'Skyscraper' tower". New York Post. NYP Holdings. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson To Film In Vancouver". 604 Now. April 7, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wadhwani, Ashley (August 11, 2017). "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson reflects on first time in Vancouver - Surrey Now-Leader". Surrey Now-Leader. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ip, Stephanie (August 10, 2017). "Actor Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson shares life lessons learned from Vancouver". The Vancouver Sun. Postmedia Network. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goundry, Nick (July 19, 2017). "Dwayne Johnson preps Vancouver filming". KFTV. Media Business Insight. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Skyscraper' Soundtrack Details". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved 13 Sep 2018.
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper Soundtrack". What Song. Retrieved 13 Sep 2018.
Jump up ^ Carson, Rene (May 24, 2018). "Universal releases second trailer for Dwayne Johnson action thriller Skyscraper". Film Fetish. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan Parker (2 July 2018). "The Rock Reveals Vintage 'Skyscraper' Posters With Nods To 'Die Hard,' 'Towering Inferno'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Josh Spiegel (14 July 2018). "Why 'Skyscraper' Couldn't Match 'Die Hard'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 15, 2017). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Skyscraper' Gets July 2018 Release Date". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (June 26, 2018). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Skyscraper' Lands China Release During July Blackout". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Looks Dapper In Blue At 'Skyscraper' Beijing Premiere". OK! USA. Odyssey Magazine Publishing. July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (June 21, 2018). "'Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation' on Track for $40 Million-Plus Opening". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 15, 2018). "Why Dwayne Johnson Pic 'Skyscraper' Went Up In Flames At The B.O. With $25M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 22, 2018). "Shocker: 'Mamma Mia 2' Meets B.O. Waterloo As 'Equalizer 2' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 29, 2018). "'Mission' Accomplished: 'Fallout' $61M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise – Sunday". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (July 22, 2018). "Pop & Rock: 'Mamma Mia 2' Puts $42M In Offshore Jukebox, 'Skyscraper' Tops China With $48M – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (July 29, 2018). "'Mission: Impossible – Fallout' Ignites Record $92M Overseas/$153.5M Global Bow – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Skyscraper Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Durande, Alonso (July 10, 2018). "'Skyscraper' Film Review: Dwayne Johnson Checks All the Boxes in a Satisfying Summer Thriller". TheWrap. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (July 10, 2018). "Film Review: Dwayne Johnson in 'Skyscraper'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris (July 10, 2018). "Dwayne Johnson's Skyscraper really wants to be Die Hard and isn't: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://theslanted.com/2018/08/30497/skyscraper-digital-release-date-blu-ray/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links[edit]
Official website
Skyscraper on IMDb
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber
DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story (2004)
The Mysteries of Pittsburgh (2008)
We're the Millers (2013)
Central Intelligence (2016)
Skyscraper (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skyscraper_(2018_film)&oldid=866129818"
Categories:
2018 films
English-language films
2018 3D films
2010s action thriller films
2010s adventure films
American films
American action thriller films
American adventure thriller films
American action adventure films
Films about amputees
Films about families
Films about terrorism
Films directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber
Films produced by Beau Flynn
Films produced by Dwayne Johnson
Films scored by Steve Jablonsky
Films set in Minnesota
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Vancouver
Hostage dramas
Legendary Pictures films
Skyscrapers
Universal Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2018
All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
日本語
Português
Русский
Simple English
தமிழ்
Українська
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 October 2018, at 13:07 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: A man hangs by one hand from a window ledge. A cityscape can be seen far below him.

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

value: li

values:
/wiki/Flynn_Picture_Company
mw-redirect
Flynn Picture Company

values:
/wiki/Seven_Bucks_Productions
mw-redirect
Seven Bucks Productions

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Plot

values:
/wiki/War_veteran
mw-redirect
War veteran

values:
/wiki/Prosthetic_leg
mw-redirect
Prosthetic leg

values:
/wiki/Industrial_Light_and_Magic
mw-redirect
Industrial Light and Magic

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Penske_Business_Media
mw-redirect
Penske Business Media

values:
/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun
mw-redirect
The Vancouver Sun

values: Kemps Film and TV Production Services Handbook

values:
nofollow
https://www.skyscrapermovie.com/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5758778/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:American adventure thriller films

values: Category:American action adventure films

values: Category:Films directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber

values: Category:Films produced by Dwayne Johnson

values: Category:Films scored by Steve Jablonsky

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2018

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Skyscraper_(2018_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: ناطحة سحاب (فيلم) – Arabic

values: آسمان‌خراش (فیلم ۲۰۱۸) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Երկնաքեր (ֆիլմ) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גורד שחקים (סרט, 2018) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: スカイスクレイパー (映画) – Japanese

values: Небоскрёб (фильм) – Russian

values: Skyscraper (2018 movie) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: ஸ்கைஸ்கிராப்பர் (2018 திரைப்படம்) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Skyscraper_2018_film rootpage-Skyscraper_2018_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Little Boy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Little boy (disambiguation).
Little Boy
A post-war Little Boy model
Type
Nuclear weapon
Place of origin
United States
Production history
Designer
Los Alamos Laboratory
Produced
1945
No. built
26
Specifications
Weight
9,700 pounds (4,400 kg)
Length
10 feet (3.0 m)
Diameter
28 inches (71 cm)
Filling
Uranium-235
Filling weight
140 lb (64 kg)
Blast yield
15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ; 0.7 g mass equivalent)
"Little Boy" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants.
Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group of Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer. The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb. Like Thin Man, it was a gun-type fission weapon, but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235, whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium-239. Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium (the "bullet") onto a solid cylinder of the same material (the "target") by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder. It contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium, of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission. Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design.
After the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed. However, by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect, the dislocation of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation, so six Little Boy assemblies were produced at Sandia Base. The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built another 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the Lockheed P2V Neptune nuclear strike aircraft (which could be launched from, but not land on, the Midway-class aircraft carriers). All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951.
Contents
[hide]
1 Naming
2 Development
3 Design
3.1 Assembly details
3.2 Counter-intuitive design
3.3 Fuze system
4 Rehearsals
5 Bombing of Hiroshima
5.1 Project Ichiban
6 Physical effects of the bomb
6.1 Blast
6.2 Fire
6.3 Radiation
6.4 Conventional weapon equivalent
7 Post-war
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Naming[edit]
The names for the first two atomic bomb design projects during World War II—Fat Man and Thin Man—were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project. According to Serber, he chose the two names based on their design shapes. The "Thin Man" was a long device, and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name. The "Fat Man" was round and fat, and was named after Kasper Gutman, Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon, based on the Hammett novel of that name. Little Boy, being a newer version of Thin Man, was named by others in comparison.[1]
Development[edit]
Main article: Manhattan Project
Because uranium-235 was known to be fissionable, it was the first material pursued in the approach to bomb development. As the first design developed (as well as the first deployed for combat), it is sometimes known as the Mark I.[2] The vast majority of the work came in the form of the isotope enrichment of the uranium necessary for the weapon, since uranium-235 makes up only 1 part in 140 of natural uranium.[3] Enrichment was performed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the electromagnetic separation plant, known as Y-12, became fully operational in March 1944.[4] The first shipments of highly enriched uranium were sent to the Los Alamos Laboratory in June 1944.[5]
Most of the uranium necessary for the production of the bomb came from the Shinkolobwe mine and was made available thanks to the foresight of the CEO of the High Katanga Mining Union, Edgar Sengier, who had 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of uranium ore transported to a New York warehouse in 1939.[6] At least part of the 1,200 long tons (1,200 t) of uranium ore and uranium oxide captured by the Alsos Mission in 1944 and 1945 was used in the bomb.[7]
As part of Project Alberta, Commander A. Francis Birch (left) assembles the bomb while physicist Norman Ramsey watches. This is one of the rare photos where the inside of the bomb can be seen.
Little Boy was a simplification of Thin Man, the previous gun-type fission weapon design. Thin Man, 17 feet (5.2 m) long, was designed to use plutonium, so it was also more than capable of using enriched uranium. The Thin Man design was abandoned after experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from Oak Ridge and the Hanford site showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than the cyclotron-produced plutonium on which the original measurements had been made, and its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium (needed for bomb-making due to the quantities required) appeared unavoidable. This meant that the background fission rate of the plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely the plutonium would predetonate and blow itself apart in the initial forming of a critical mass.[8]
In July 1944, almost all research at Los Alamos was redirected to the implosion-type plutonium weapon. Overall responsibility for the uranium gun-type weapon was assigned to Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division. All the design, development, and technical work at Los Alamos was consolidated under Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group.[9]
In contrast to the plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon and the plutonium gun-type fission weapon, the uranium gun-type weapon was straightforward if not trivial to design. The concept was pursued so that in case of a failure to develop a plutonium bomb, it would still be possible to use the gun principle. The gun-type design henceforth had to work with enriched uranium only, and this allowed the Thin Man design to be greatly simplified. A high-velocity gun was no longer required, and a simpler weapon could be substituted. The simplified weapon was short enough to fit into a B-29 bomb bay.[10]
The design specifications were completed in February 1945, and contracts were let to build the components. Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design. The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line, Michigan; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit, Michigan.[11] The bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.[12] The uranium-235 projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target on 24 July.[13] The target and bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis, arriving on 26 July.[14] The target inserts followed by air on 30 July.[13]
Although all of its components had been tested,[13] no full test of a gun-type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima. The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion-type device employing plutonium as its fissile material, and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test. There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device. Primarily, there was little uranium-235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which, it was expected, could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors.[15] Additionally, the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun-type assembly. Unlike the implosion design, which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges, the gun-type design was considered almost certain to work.[16]
The danger of accidental detonation made safety a concern. Little Boy incorporated basic safety mechanisms, but an accidental detonation could still occur. Tests were conducted to see whether a crash could drive the hollow "bullet" onto the "target" cylinder resulting in a massive release of radiation, or possibly nuclear detonation. These showed that this required an impact of 500 times the force of gravity, which made it highly unlikely.[17] There was still concern that a crash and a fire could trigger the explosives.[18] If immersed in water, the uranium halves were subject to a neutron moderator effect. While this would not have caused an explosion, it could have created widespread radioactive contamination. For this reason, pilots were advised to crash on land rather than at sea.[17]
Design[edit]
The "gun" assembly method. When the hollow uranium projectile was driven onto the target cylinder, a nuclear explosion resulted.
The Little Boy was 120 inches (300 cm) in length, 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds (4,400 kg).[19] The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium-235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain reaction. This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite. The bomb contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium. Most was enriched to 89% but some was only 50% uranium-235, for an average enrichment of 80%.[20] Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission, and of this mass only 0.6 g (0.021 oz) was transformed into several forms of energy, mostly kinetic energy, but also heat and radiation.[21]
Assembly details[edit]
Inside the weapon, the uranium-235 material was divided into two parts, following the gun principle: the "projectile" and the "target". The projectile was a hollow cylinder with 60% of the total mass (38.5 kg (85 lb)). It consisted of a stack of 9 uranium rings, each 6.25-inch (159 mm) in diameter with a 4-inch (100 mm) bore in the center, and a total length of 7 inches (180 mm), pressed together into the front end of a thin-walled projectile 16.25 inches (413 mm) long. Filling in the remainder of the space behind these rings in the projectile was a tungsten carbide disc with a steel back. At ignition, the projectile slug was pushed 42 inches (1,100 mm) along the 72-inch (1,800 mm) long, 6.5-inch (170 mm) smooth-bore gun barrel. The slug "insert" was a 4 inches (100 mm) cylinder, 7 inches (180 mm) in length with a 1 inch (25 mm) axial hole. The slug comprised 40% of the total fissile mass (25.6 kg or 56 lb). The insert was a stack of 6 washer-like uranium discs somewhat thicker than the projectile rings that were slid over a 1 inch (25 mm) rod. This rod then extended forward through the tungsten carbide tamper plug, impact-absorbing anvil, and nose plug backstop, eventually protruding out of the front of the bomb casing. This entire target assembly was secured at both ends with locknuts.[22][23]
When the hollow-front projectile reached the target and slid over the target insert, the assembled super-critical mass of uranium would be completely surrounded by a tamper and neutron reflector of tungsten carbide and steel, both materials having a combined mass of 2,300 kg (5,100 lb).[24] Neutron initiators at the base of the projectile were activated by the impact.[25]
Counter-intuitive design[edit]
For the first fifty years after 1945, every published description and drawing of the Little Boy mechanism assumed that a small, solid projectile was fired into the center of a larger, stationary target.[26] However, critical mass considerations dictated that in Little Boy the larger, hollow piece would be the projectile. The assembled fissile core had more than two critical masses of uranium-235. This required one of the two pieces to have more than one critical mass, with the larger piece avoiding criticality prior to assembly by means of shape and minimal contact with the neutron-reflecting tungsten carbide tamper.
A hole in the center of the larger piece dispersed the mass and increased the surface area, allowing more fission neutrons to escape, thus preventing a premature chain reaction.[27] But, for this larger, hollow piece to have minimal contact with the tamper, it must be the projectile, since only the projectile's back end was in contact with the tamper prior to detonation. The rest of the tungsten carbide surrounded the sub-critical mass target cylinder (called the "insert" by the designers) with air space between it and the insert. This arrangement packs the maximum amount of fissile material into a gun-assembly design.[27]
Fuze system[edit]
Arming plugs for a Little Boy type atomic bomb on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
The bomb employed a fuzing system that was designed to detonate the bomb at the most destructive altitude. Calculations showed that for the largest destructive effect, the bomb should explode at an altitude of 580 metres (1,900 ft). The resultant fuze design was a three-stage interlock system:[28]
A timer ensured that the bomb would not explode until at least fifteen seconds after release, one-quarter of the predicted fall time, to ensure safety of the aircraft. The timer was activated when the electrical pull-out plugs connecting it to the airplane pulled loose as the bomb fell, switching it to internal (24V battery) power and starting the timer. At the end of the 15 seconds, the bomb would be 3,600 feet (1,100 m) from the aircraft, and the radar altimeters were powered up and responsibility was passed to the barometric stage.[28]
The purpose of the barometric stage was to delay activating the radar altimeter firing command circuit until near detonation altitude. A thin metallic membrane enclosing a vacuum chamber (a similar design is still used today in old-fashioned wall barometers) gradually deformed as ambient air pressure increased during descent. The barometric fuze was not considered accurate enough to detonate the bomb at the precise ignition height, because air pressure varies with local conditions. When the bomb reached the design height for this stage (reportedly 2,000 metres, 6,600 ft), the membrane closed a circuit, activating the radar altimeters. The barometric stage was added because of a worry that external radar signals might detonate the bomb too early.[28]
Two or more redundant radar altimeters were used to reliably detect final altitude. When the altimeters sensed the correct height, the firing switch closed, igniting the three BuOrd Mk15, Mod 1 Navy gun primers in the breech plug, which set off the charge consisting of four silk powder bags each containing two pounds of WM slotted-tube cordite. This launched the uranium projectile towards the opposite end of the gun barrel at an eventual muzzle velocity of 300 metres per second (980 ft/s). Approximately 10 milliseconds later the chain reaction occurred, lasting less than 1 microsecond. The radar altimeters used were modified U.S. Army Air Corps APS-13 tail warning radars, nicknamed "Archie", normally used to warn a fighter pilot of another plane approaching from behind.[28]
Rehearsals[edit]
Little Boy in the bomb pit on Tinian island, before being loaded into Enola Gay's bomb bay. A section of the bomb bay door is visible on the top right.
The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4, L-5, L-6, L-7, and L-11. L-1, L-2, L-5, and L-6 were expended in test drops. The first drop test was conducted with L-1 on 23 July 1945. It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B-29 later known as Big Stink, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, the commander of the 509th Composite Group. Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July, using the L-2 and L-5 units in order to test all components. Tibbets was the pilot for both missions, but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit. L-6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July. The B-29 Next Objective, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, flew to Iwo Jima, where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced. This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was reloaded onto a different B-29, Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb.[29][30]
Bombing of Hiroshima[edit]
Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Hiroshima
Parsons, the Enola Gay's weaponeer, was concerned about the possibility of an accidental detonation if the plane crashed on takeoff, so he decided not to load the four cordite powder bags into the gun breech until the aircraft was in flight. Parsons and his assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, made their way into the bomb bay along the narrow catwalk on the port side. Jeppson held a flashlight while Parsons disconnected the primer wires, removed the breech plug, inserted the powder bags, replaced the breech plug, and reconnected the wires. Before climbing to altitude on approach to the target, Jeppson switched the three safety plugs between the electrical connectors of the internal battery and the firing mechanism from green to red. The bomb was then fully armed. Jeppson monitored the bomb's circuits.[31]
The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the dropping of Little Boy
The bomb was dropped at approximately 08:15 (JST) 6 August 1945. After falling for 44.4 seconds, the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism. The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m). It was less powerful than the Fat Man, which was dropped on Nagasaki, but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher, as Hiroshima was on flat terrain, while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley. According to figures published in 1945, 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees.[32] Of those deaths, 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army.[33]
The exact measurement of the yield was problematic since the weapon had never been tested. President Harry S. Truman officially announced that the yield was 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ). This was based on Parsons's visual assessment that the blast was greater than what he had seen at the Trinity nuclear test. Since that had been estimated at 18 kilotons of TNT (75 TJ), speech writers rounded up to 20 kilotons. Further discussion was then suppressed, for fear of lessening the impact of the bomb on the Japanese. Data had been collected by Luis Alvarez, Harold Agnew, and Lawrence H. Johnston on the instrument plane, The Great Artiste, but this was not used to calculate the yield at the time.[34]
After hostilities ended, a survey team from the Manhattan Project that included William Penney, Robert Serber, and George T. Reynolds was sent to Hiroshima to evaluate the effects of the blast. From evaluating the effects on objects and structures, Penney concluded that the yield was 12 ± 1 kilotons.[35] Later calculations based on charring pointed to a yield of 13 to 14 kilotons.[36] In 1953, Frederick Reines calculated the yield as 13 kilotons.[34] This figure became the official yield.[37]
Project Ichiban[edit]
In 1962, scientists at Los Alamos created a mockup of Little Boy known as "Project Ichiban" in order to answer some of the unanswered questions, but it failed to clear up all the issues. In 1982, Los Alamos created a replica Little Boy from the original drawings and specifications. This was then tested with enriched uranium but in a safe configuration that would not cause a nuclear explosion. A hydraulic lift was used to move the projectile, and experiments were run to assess neutron emission.[38] Based on this and the data from The Great Artiste, the yield was estimated at 16.6 ± 0.3 kilotons.[39] After considering many estimation methods, a 1985 report concluded that the yield was 15 kilotons ± 20%.[37]
When 1 pound (0.45 kg) of uranium-235 undergoes complete fission, the yield is 8 kilotons. The 16 kiloton yield of the Little Boy bomb was therefore produced by the fission of 2 pounds (0.91 kg) of uranium-235, out of the 141 pounds (64 kg) in the pit. The remaining 139 pounds (63 kg), 98.5% of the total, contributed nothing to the energy yield.[40]
Physical effects of the bomb[edit]
Play media
The General Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a US Air Force film.
After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.[41] While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons.[37]
Comparing this yield to the observed damage produced a rule of thumb called the 5 psi lethal area rule. Approximately 100% of people inside the area where the shock wave carries an overpressure of 5 psi or greater would be killed.[42] At Hiroshima, that area was 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) in diameter.[43]
The damage came from three main effects: blast, fire, and radiation.[44]
Blast[edit]
The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray-heated air (the fireball) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions, initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound,[45] analogous to thunder generated by lightning. Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima. Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances, but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings.[46]
Frame house in 1953 nuclear test, 5 psi overpressure
In Hiroshima almost everything within 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) of the point directly under the explosion was completely destroyed, except for about 50 heavily reinforced, earthquake-resistant concrete buildings, only the shells of which remained standing. Most were completely gutted, with their windows, doors, sashes, and frames ripped out.[47] The perimeter of severe blast damage approximately followed the 5 psi (34 kPa) contour at 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi).
Later test explosions of nuclear weapons with houses and other test structures nearby confirmed the 5 psi overpressure threshold. Ordinary urban buildings experiencing it will be crushed, toppled, or gutted by the force of air pressure. The picture at right shows the effects of a nuclear-bomb-generated 5 psi pressure wave on a test structure in Nevada in 1953.[48]
A major effect of this kind of structural damage was that it created fuel for fires that were started simultaneously throughout the severe destruction region.
Fire[edit]
The first effect of the explosion was blinding light, accompanied by radiant heat from the fireball. The Hiroshima fireball was 370 metres (1,200 ft) in diameter, with a surface temperature of 6,000 °C (10,830 °F).[49] Near ground zero, everything flammable burst into flame. One famous, anonymous Hiroshima victim, sitting on stone steps 260 metres (850 ft) from the hypocenter, left only a shadow, having absorbed the fireball heat that permanently bleached the surrounding stone.[50] Simultaneous fires were started throughout the blast-damaged area by fireball heat and by overturned stoves and furnaces, electrical shorts, etc. Twenty minutes after the detonation, these fires had merged into a firestorm, pulling in surface air from all directions to feed an inferno which consumed everything flammable.[51]
Hiroshima blast and fire damage, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey map
The Hiroshima firestorm was roughly 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) in diameter, corresponding closely to the severe blast damage zone. (See the USSBS[52] map, right.) Blast-damaged buildings provided fuel for the fire. Structural lumber and furniture were splintered and scattered about. Debris-choked roads obstructed fire fighters. Broken gas pipes fueled the fire, and broken water pipes rendered hydrants useless.[51] At Nagasaki, the fires failed to merge into a single firestorm, and the fire-damaged area was only one fourth as great as at Hiroshima, due in part to a southwest wind that pushed the fires away from the city.[53]
As the map shows, the Hiroshima firestorm jumped natural firebreaks (river channels), as well as prepared firebreaks. The spread of fire stopped only when it reached the edge of the blast-damaged area, encountering less available fuel.[54]
Accurate casualty figures are impossible to determine, because many victims were cremated by the firestorm, along with all record of their existence. The Manhattan Project report on Hiroshima estimated that 60% of immediate deaths were caused by fire, but with the caveat that "many persons near the center of explosion suffered fatal injuries from more than one of the bomb effects."[55] In particular, many fire victims also received lethal doses of nuclear radiation.
Radiation[edit]
Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater, contaminated with radioactive fission products. It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce, with radiation alone, a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire. With an air burst, the fission products rise into the stratosphere, where they dissipate and become part of the global environment. Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres (1,900 ft) above the ground, there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout.[56]
However, a burst of intense neutron and gamma radiation came directly from the fireball. Its lethal radius was 1.3 kilometres (0.8 mi),[43] covering about half of the firestorm area. An estimated 30% of immediate fatalities were people who received lethal doses of this direct radiation, but died in the firestorm before their radiation injuries would have become apparent. Over 6,000 people survived the blast and fire, but died of radiation injuries.[55] Among injured survivors, 30% had radiation injuries[57] from which they recovered, but with a lifelong increase in cancer risk.[58] To date, no radiation-related evidence of heritable diseases has been observed among the survivors' children.[59][60][61]
Conventional weapon equivalent[edit]
See also: Operation Meetinghouse
Although Little Boy exploded with the energy equivalent of 16,000 tons of TNT, the Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that the same blast and fire effect could have been caused by 2,100 tons of conventional bombs: "220 B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs, 400 tons of high-explosive bombs, and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs."[62] Since the target was spread across a two-dimensional plane, the vertical component of a single spherical nuclear explosion was largely wasted. A cluster bomb pattern of smaller explosions would have been a more energy-efficient match to the target.[62]
Post-war[edit]
One of five casings built for the Little Boy bomb used on Hiroshima on display at the Imperial War Museum in London during 2015
When the war ended, it was not expected that the inefficient Little Boy design would ever again be required, and many plans and diagrams were destroyed. However, by mid-1946 the Hanford Site reactors were suffering badly from the Wigner effect. Faced with the prospect of no more plutonium for new cores and no more polonium for the initiators for the cores that had already been produced, the Director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, ordered that some Little Boys be prepared as an interim measure until a cure could be found. No Little Boy assemblies were available, and no comprehensive set of diagrams of the Little Boy could be found, although there were drawings of the various components, and stocks of spare parts.[63][64]
At Sandia Base, three Army officers, Captains Albert Bethel, Richard Meyer, and Bobbie Griffin attempted to re-create the Little Boy. They were supervised by Harlow W. Russ, an expert on Little Boy who served with Project Alberta on Tinian, and was now leader of the Z-11 Group of the Los Alamos Laboratory's Z Division at Sandia. Gradually, they managed to locate the correct drawings and parts, and figured out how they went together. Eventually, they built six Little Boy assemblies. Although the casings, barrels, and components were tested, no enriched uranium was supplied for the bombs. By early 1947, the problem caused by the Wigner effect was on its way to solution, and the three officers were reassigned.[63][64]
The Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies in 1947 for use by the nuclear-capable Lockheed P2V Neptune aircraft carrier aircraft (which could be launched from but not land on the Midway-class aircraft carriers). Components were produced by the Naval Ordnance Plants in Pocatello, Idaho, and Louisville, Kentucky. Enough fissionable material was available by 1948 to build ten projectiles and targets, although there were only enough initiators for six.[65] All the Little Boy units were withdrawn from service by the end of January 1951.[66][67]
The Smithsonian Institution displayed a Little Boy (complete, except for enriched uranium), until 1986. The Department of Energy took the weapon from the museum to remove its inner components, so the bombs could not be stolen and detonated with fissile material. The government returned the emptied casing to the Smithsonian in 1993. Three other disarmed bombs are on display in the United States; another is at the Imperial War Museum in London.[26]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Serber & Crease 1998, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, p. V-105.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Jones 1985, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1995, pp. 160–161.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 228.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 245–249.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, p. 541.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 257.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 262.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 265.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, pp. 111–112.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 293.
^ Jump up to: a b Hansen 1995, p. 113.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 333.
Jump up ^ Gosling 1999, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Sublette, Carey. "Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, Section 8.0: The First Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved 29 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 18–19, 27.
Jump up ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 263–265.
^ Jump up to: a b Samuels 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 23–24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hansen 1995a, pp. 2–5.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, pp. 46, 80.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ The Manhattan Engineer District (29 June 1945). "The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Project Gutenberg Ebook. docstoc.com. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod (6 May 2008). The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past. Sterling. p. 350.
^ Jump up to: a b Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 393.
Jump up ^ Malik 1985, pp. 18–20.
Jump up ^ Malik 1985, p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Malik 1985, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 86–87.
Jump up ^ Malik 1985, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, pp. 5, 6.
Jump up ^ Groves 1962, p. 267, "To enable us to assess accurately the effects of the [nuclear] bomb, the targets should not have been previously damaged by air raids." Four cities were chosen, including Hiroshima and Kyoto. War Secretary Stimson vetoed Kyoto, and Nagasaki was substituted. p. 275, "When our target cities were first selected, an order was sent to the Army Air Force in Guam not to bomb them without special authority from the War Department.".
Jump up ^ Glasstone 1962, p. 629.
^ Jump up to: a b Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Diacon 1984, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, pp. 300, 301.
Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects 1998.
Jump up ^ Human Shadow Etched in Stone.
^ Jump up to: a b Glasstone & Dolan 1977, pp. 300–304.
Jump up ^ D'Olier 1946, pp. 22–25.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 304.
Jump up ^ The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946, pp. 21–23.
^ Jump up to: a b The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, p. 409 "An air burst, by definition, is one taking place at such a height above the earth that no appreciable quantities of surface material are taken up into the fireball. ... the deposition of early fallout from an air burst will generally not be significant. An air burst, however, may produce some induced radioactive contamination in the general vicinity of ground zero as a result of neutron capture by elements in the soil." p. 36, "at Hiroshima ... injuries due to fallout were completely absent.".
Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977, pp. 545, 546.
Jump up ^ Richardson RR 2009.
Jump up ^ Genetic Effects.
Jump up ^ Izumi BJC 2003.
Jump up ^ Izumi IJC 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Olier 1946, p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Coster-Mullen 2012, p. 85.
^ Jump up to: a b Abrahamson & Carew 2002, pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, pp. 116–118.
Jump up ^ Hansen 1995, p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Chart of Strategic Nuclear Bombs". strategic-air-command.com.
References[edit]
Abrahamson, James L.; Carew, Paul H. (2002). Vanguard of American Atomic Deterrence. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97819-2. OCLC 49859889.
"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" (PDF). The Manhattan Engineer District. 29 June 1946. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2013. This report can also be found here and here.
Bernstein, Jeremy (2007). Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88408-X.
Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8. OCLC 58554961.
Coster-Mullen, John (2012). Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. OCLC 298514167.
Diacon, Diane (1984). Residential Housing and Nuclear Attack. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-7099-0868-5.
D'Olier, Franklin, ed. (1946). United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). Washington: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 6 November 2013. This report can also be found here.
"Genetic Effects: Question #7". Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
Glasstone, Samuel (1962). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Revised Edition. United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Atomic Energy Commission. ISBN 978-1258793555.
Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. (1977). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Third Edition. United States: United States Department of Defense and United States Department of Energy. ISBN 978-1603220163.
Gosling, F. G. (1999). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-7880-1.
Groves, Leslie R. (1962). Now it Can Be Told: the Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Da Capo Press (1975 reprint). ISBN 0-306-70738-1.
Hansen, Chuck (1995). Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-0-3. OCLC 231585284.
Hansen, Chuck (1995a). Volume VII: The Development of US Nuclear Weapons. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chuckelea Publications. ISBN 978-0-9791915-7-2. OCLC 231585284.
Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
"Human Shadow Etched in Stone". Photographic Display. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
Izumi S, Koyama K, Soda M, Suyama A (November 2003). "Cancer incidence in children and young adults did not increase relative to parental exposure to atomic bombs". British Journal of Cancer. 89 (9): 1709–13. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601322. PMC 2394417  . PMID 14583774.
Izumi S, Suyama A, Koyama K (November 2003). "Radiation-related mortality among offspring of atomic bomb survivors: a half-century of follow-up". International Journal of Cancer. 107 (2): 292–7. doi:10.1002/ijc.11400. PMID 12949810.
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
Malik, John S. (1985). "The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions" (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory report number LA-8819. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
"Nuclear Weapon Thermal Effects". Special Weapons Primer, Weapons of Mass Destruction. Federation of American Scientists. 1998. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5. OCLC 13793436.
Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-82414-0.
Richardson, David; et al. (September 2009). "Ionizing Radiation and Leukemia Mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950–2000". Radiation Research. 172 (3): 368–382. doi:10.1667/RR1801.1. PMID 19708786.
Samuels, David (15 December 2008). "Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs". The New Yorker. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
Serber, Robert; Crease, Robert P. (1998). Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231105460. OCLC 37631186.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Boy.
Little Boy description at Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org
Nuclear Files.org Definition and explanation of 'Little Boy'
The Nuclear Weapon Archive
Little Boy 3D Model
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered information about preparation and dropping the Little Boy bomb
hide
v
t
e
United States nuclear devices
Fission
World War II bombs
Little Boy
Thin Man
Fat Man
Post-war bombs
Mark 3
Mark 4
Mark 5
Mark 6
Mark 7
Mark 10
Mark 12
Mark 13
Mark 18
Mark 20
Depth bombs
Mark 90
Bunker Busters
Mark 8
Mark 11
Post-war warheads
W4
W5
W7
W8
W12
W13
W25
W42
W44
W45
Artillery shells
W9
W19
W23
W33
W48
W74
W79 mod 1
W82 mod 1
Primaries
Robin
Atomic demolition
munitions (mines)
T-4
MADM
Boosted
fission
Primaries
RACER IV
Swan
Python
Tsetse
Kinglet
Depth bombs
Mk 101
Warheads
W30
W31
W34
W37
W40
W51
W54
W72
W76 Mod 2
Artillery shells
W54
Atomic demolition
munitions (mines)
SADM
TADM
Thermonuclear
Bombs
Mark 14
Mark 15
TX-16
Mark 17
Mark 21
TX-22
Mark 24
Mark 26
Mark 27
B28
Mark 36
Mark 39
B41
B43
TX-46
B53
B57
B61
B77
B83
B90
Depth bombs
B57
B61
B90
Bunker Busters
B53
B61
Warheads
W15
W27
W28
TX-29
XW-35
W38
W39
W41
W46
W47
W49
W50
W52
W53
W55
W56
W58
W59
W60
W62
W63
W67
W68
W69
W70
W71
W73
W76
W78
W80
W81
W84
W85
W86
W87
W88
W89
W91
RRW
Enhanced radiation
warheads
W64
W65
W66
W70 Mod 3
Enhanced radiation
artillery shells
W79 Mod 0
W82 Mod 0
hide
v
t
e
Manhattan Project
Timeline
Sites
Ames
Berkeley
Chicago
Dayton
Hanford
Inyokern
Los Alamos
Montreal
New York
Oak Ridge
Trinity
Wendover
Heavy water sites
Administrators
Vannevar Bush
Arthur Compton
James Conant
Priscilla Duffield
Thomas Farrell
Leslie Groves
John Lansdale
Ernest Lawrence
James Marshall
Franklin Matthias
Dorothy McKibbin
Kenneth Nichols
Robert Oppenheimer
Deak Parsons
William Purnell
Frank Spedding
Charles Thomas
Paul Tibbets
Bud Uanna
Harold Urey
Stafford Warren
Ed Westcott
Roscoe Wilson
Scientists
Luis Alvarez
Robert Bacher
Hans Bethe
Aage Bohr
Niels Bohr
Norris Bradbury
James Chadwick
John Cockcroft
Harry Daghlian
Enrico Fermi
Richard Feynman
Val Fitch
James Franck
Klaus Fuchs
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
George Kistiakowsky
George Koval
Willard Libby
Edwin McMillan
Mark Oliphant
Norman Ramsey
Isidor Isaac Rabi
James Rainwater
Bruno Rossi
Glenn Seaborg
Emilio Segrè
Louis Slotin
Henry DeWolf Smyth
Leo Szilard
Edward Teller
Stanisław Ulam
John von Neumann
John Wheeler
Eugene Wigner
Robert Wilson
Leona Woods
Operations
Alsos Mission
Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Operation Crossroads
Operation Peppermint
Project Alberta
Silverplate
509th Composite Group
Enola Gay
Bockscar
The Great Artiste
Weapons
Fat Man
Little Boy
Pumpkin bomb
Thin Man
Related topics
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
British contribution
Chicago Pile-1
Demon core
Einstein–Szilárd letter
Interim Committee
Oppenheimer security hearing
Plutonium
Quebec Agreement
RaLa Experiment
S-1 Executive Committee
S-50 Project
Smyth Report
Uranium
X-10 Graphite Reactor
Manhattan Project
Nuclear technology portal
History of science portal
Weapons of mass destruction portal
Cold War portal
World War II portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Boy&oldid=845159319"
Categories:
History of the Manhattan Project
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Gun-type nuclear bombs
World War II weapons of the United States
Code names
Nuclear bombs of the United States
Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Lockheed Corporation
Hidden categories:
Good articles
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
বাংলা
Bikol Central
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kurdî
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
मैथिली
മലയാളം
मराठी
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
49 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 June 2018, at 20:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Little_boy_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Little boy (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory
mw-redirect
Los Alamos Laboratory

values:
/wiki/Atomic_bomb
mw-redirect
Atomic bomb

values:
/wiki/Paul_W._Tibbets,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.

values: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values:
/wiki/William_S._Parsons
mw-redirect
William S. Parsons

values:
/wiki/Lockheed_P2V_Neptune
mw-redirect
Lockheed P2V Neptune

values:
/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer
mw-redirect
Robert Oppenheimer

values:
/wiki/Isotope_enrichment
mw-redirect
Isotope enrichment

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Norman_Ramsey
mw-redirect
Norman Ramsey

values:
/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8
mw-redirect
Emilio G. Segrè

values:
/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_test)
mw-redirect
Fizzle (nuclear test)

values:
/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon
mw-redirect
Implosion-type nuclear weapon

values:
/wiki/Naval_Gun_Factory
mw-redirect
Naval Gun Factory

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_testing
mw-redirect
Nuclear testing

values:
/wiki/Trinity_nuclear_test
mw-redirect
Trinity nuclear test

values:
/wiki/Critical_mass_(nuclear)
mw-redirect
Critical mass (nuclear)

values:
/wiki/Neutron_initiator
mw-redirect
Neutron initiator

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)
mw-redirect
Big Stink (B-29)

values:
/wiki/Paul_W._Tibbets
mw-redirect
Paul W. Tibbets

values:
/wiki/Jabit_III_(aircraft)
mw-redirect
Jabit III (aircraft)

values:
/wiki/Next_Objective_(B-29)
mw-redirect
Next Objective (B-29)

values:
/wiki/Charles_W._Sweeney
mw-redirect
Charles W. Sweeney

values:
/wiki/Second_Lieutenant
mw-redirect
Second Lieutenant

values:
/wiki/William_Penney
mw-redirect
William Penney

values: Edit section: Physical effects of the bomb

values: File:General Effects of Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv/400px--General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:400px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="1320.3203203203" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 400 × 300 (630 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="630105" data-framerate="59.94"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="222208" data-framerate="59.94"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv/General_Effects_of_Atomic_Bomb_on_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="324448" data-framerate="59.94"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Gamma_radiation
mw-redirect
Gamma radiation

values: Edit section: Conventional weapon equivalent

values:
/wiki/Operation_Meetinghouse
mw-redirect
Operation Meetinghouse

values:
/wiki/Strategic_Bombing_Survey
mw-redirect
Strategic Bombing Survey

values:
/wiki/Incendiary_bombs
mw-redirect
Incendiary bombs

values:
/wiki/Fragmentation_bombs
mw-redirect
Fragmentation bombs

values:
/wiki/Cluster_bomb
mw-redirect
Cluster bomb

values:
/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves
mw-redirect
Leslie R. Groves

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49859889

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/58554961

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/298514167

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa7.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/231585284

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6601322

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583774

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.11400

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12949810

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1667%2FRR1801.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708786

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/37631186

values: Template talk:United States nuclear devices

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: The rising mushroom cloud from the Nagasaki "Fat Man" bomb, August 9, 1945

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: British contribution to the Manhattan Project

values: Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:History of the Manhattan Project

values: Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: Category:World War II weapons of the United States

values: Category:Nuclear bombs of the United States

values: Category:Cold War aerial bombs of the United States

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Little_Boy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: الولد الصغير (قنبلة) – Arabic

values: লিটল বয় – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Малчугана – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پسر کوچک – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: लिटिल बॉय – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: ילד קטן – Hebrew

values: ბიჭუნა (ბომბი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: लिटिल बोय – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: ലിറ്റിൽ ബോയ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: लिटल बॉय – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: लिटिल ब्वाई – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ਲਿਟਲ ਬੁਆਏ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Малыш (бомба) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Малиша (бомба) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: லிட்டில் பாய் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ลิตเติลบอย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Малюк (бомба) – Ukrainian

values: لٹل بوائے – Urdu

values: 小男孩原子彈 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Little_Boy rootpage-Little_Boy skin-vector action-view