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Pupillary light reflex
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The W-shaped pupil of the cuttlefish dilating when the lights are turned off.
The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of lightness/darkness. A greater intensity of light causes the pupil to constrict (miosis/myosis; thereby allowing less light in), whereas a lower intensity of light causes the pupil to dilate (mydriasis, expansion; thereby allowing more light in). Thus, the pupillary light reflex regulates the intensity of light entering the eye.[1] Light shone into one eye will cause both pupils to constrict.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Neural pathway anatomy
2.1 Types of neurons
2.2 Cognitive influences
2.3 Schematic
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Lesion localization example
4 Mathematical model
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Terminology[edit]
Pupil is the dark circular opening in the center of the iris and is where light enters the eye. Based on analogy with a camera, pupil is equivalent to aperture, whereas iris is equivalent to shutter. Pupillary reflex should have been named iris reflex, because iris is the actual muscular structure that responds to light and pupil is merely the passive opening formed by the active iris. Pupillary reflex is synonymous with pupillary response, which may be pupillary constriction or dilation. Pupillary reflex is conceptually linked to the side (left or right) of the reacting pupil, and not to the side from which light stimulation originates. Left pupillary reflex refers to the response of the left pupil to light, regardless of which eye is exposed to a light source. Right pupillary reflex means reaction of the right pupil, whether light is shone into the left eye, right eye, or both eyes. In contrast, the terms direct and consensual refers to the side where the light source comes from, relative to the side of the reacting pupil. A direct pupillary reflex is pupillary response to light that enters the ipsilateral (same) eye. A consensual pupillary reflex is response of a pupil to light that enters the contralateral (opposite) eye. Thus there are four types of pupillary light reflexes, based on this terminology of absolute (left versus right) and relative (same side versus opposite side) laterality:
Left direct pupillary reflex is the left pupil's response to light entering the left eye.
Left consensual pupillary reflex is the left pupil's indirect response to light entering the right eye, the contralateral eye.
Right direct pupillary reflex is the right pupil's response to light entering the right eye.
Right consensual pupillary reflex is the right pupil's indirect response to light entering the left eye, the contralateral eye.
Neural pathway anatomy[edit]
The pupillary light reflex neural pathway on each side has an afferent limb and two efferent limbs. The afferent limb has nerve fibers running within the optic nerve (CN II). Each efferent limb has nerve fibers running along the oculomotor nerve (CN III). The afferent limb carries sensory input. Anatomically, the afferent limb consists of the retina, the optic nerve, and the pretectal nucleus in the midbrain, at level of superior colliculus. Ganglion cells of the retina project fibers through the optic nerve to the ipsilateral pretectal nucleus. The efferent limb is the pupillary motor output from the pretectal nucleus to the ciliary sphincter muscle of the iris. The pretectal nucleus projects crossed and uncrossed fibers to the ipsilateral and contralateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei, which are also located in the midbrain. Each Edinger-Westphal nucleus gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers which exit with CN III and synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the ciliary ganglion. Postganglionic nerve fibers leave the ciliary ganglion to innervate the ciliary sphincter.[2] Each afferent limb has two efferent limbs, one ipsilateral and one contralateral. The ipsilateral efferent limb transmits nerve signals for direct light reflex of the ipsilateral pupil. The contralateral efferent limb causes consensual light reflex of the contralateral pupil.
Types of neurons[edit]
The optic nerve, or more precisely, the photosensitive ganglion cells through the retinohypothalamic tract, is responsible for the afferent limb of the pupillary reflex; it senses the incoming light. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex; it drives the iris muscles that constrict the pupil.[1]
Pathways in the Ciliary ganglion.
Parasympathetic;
Sympathetic;
Sensory
Retina: The pupillary reflex pathway begins with the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which convey information via the optic nerve, the most peripheral, distal, portion of which is the optic disc. Some axons of the optic nerve connect to the pretectal nucleus of the upper midbrain instead of the cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (which project to the primary visual cortex). These intrinsic photosensitive ganglion cells are also referred to as melanopsin-containing cells, and they influence circadian rhythms as well as the pupillary light reflex.
Pretectal nuclei: From the neuronal cell bodies in some of the pretectal nuclei, axons synapse on (connect to) neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Those neurons are the preganglionic cells with axons that run in the oculomotor nerves to the ciliary ganglia.
Edinger-Westphal nuclei: Parasympathetic neuronal axons in the oculomotor nerve synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons.
Ciliary ganglia: Short post-ganglionic ciliary nerves leave the ciliary ganglion to innervate the Iris sphincter muscle of the iris.[1]
Cognitive influences[edit]
The pupillary response to light is not purely reflexive, but is modulated by cognitive factors, such as attention, awareness, and the way visual input is interpreted. For example, if a bright stimulus is presented to one eye, and a dark stimulus to the other eye, perception alternates between the two eyes (i.e., binocular rivalry): Sometimes the dark stimulus is perceived, sometimes the bright stimulus, but never both at the same time. Using this technique, it has been shown the pupil is smaller when a bright stimulus dominates awareness, relative to when a dark stimulus dominates awareness.[3][4] This shows that the pupillary light reflex is modulated by visual awareness. Similarly, it has been shown that the pupil constricts when you covertly (i.e., without looking at) pay attention to a bright stimulus, compared to a dark stimulus, even when visual input is identical.[5][6][7] Moreover, the magnitude of the pupil light reflex following a distracting probe is strongly correlated with the extent to which the probe captures visual attention and interferes with task performance.[8] This shows that the pupillary light reflex is modulated by visual attention and trial-by-trial variation in visual attention. Finally, a picture that is subjectively perceived as bright (e.g. a picture of the sun), elicits a stronger pupillary constriction than an image that is perceived as less bright (e.g. a picture of an indoor scene), even when the objective brightness of both images is equal.[9][10] This shows that the pupillary light reflex is modulated by subjective (as opposed to objective) brightness.
Schematic[edit]
Referring to the neural pathway schematic diagram, the entire pupillary light reflex system can be visualized as having eight neural segments, numbered 1 through 8. Odd-numbered segments 1, 3, 5, and 7 are on the left. Even-numbered segments 2, 4, 6, and 8 are on the right. Segments 3 and 4 are cross-over nerve fibers that occupy essentially the same space in the midbrain. Segments 3, 4, 5, and 6 are all located within a compact region within the midbrain.
Schematic diagram of pupillary light reflex neural pathway
Left direct light reflex involves neural segments 1, 5, and 7. Segment 1 is the afferent limb, which includes the retina and optic nerve. Segments 5 and 7 form the efferent limb.
Left consensual light reflex involves neural segments 2, 4, and 7. Segment 2 is the afferent limb. Segments 4 and 7 form the efferent limb.
Right direct light reflex involves neural segments 2, 6, and 8. Segment 2 is the afferent limb. Segments 6 and 8 form the efferent limb.
Right consensual light reflex involves neural segments 1, 3, and 8. Segment 1 is the afferent limb. Segments 3 and 8 form the efferent limb.
The diagram may assist in localizing lesion within the pupillary reflex system by process of elimination, using light reflex testing results obtained by clinical examination.
Clinical significance[edit]
A medical halogen penlight used to observe pupillary light reflex.
In addition to controlling the amount of light that enters the eye, the pupillary light reflex provides a useful diagnostic tool. It allows for testing the integrity of the sensory and motor functions of the eye.[1]
Under normal conditions, the pupils of both eyes respond identically to a light stimulus, regardless of which eye is being stimulated. Light entering one eye produces a constriction of the pupil of that eye, the direct response, as well as a constriction of the pupil of the unstimulated eye, the consensual response. Comparing these two responses in both eyes is helpful in locating a lesion.[1][11]
For example, a direct response in the right pupil without a consensual response in the left pupil suggests a problem with the motor connection to the left pupil (perhaps as a result of damage to the oculomotor nerve or Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the brainstem). Lack of response to light stimulation of the right eye if both eyes respond normally to stimulation of the left eye indicates damage to the sensory input from the right eye (perhaps to the right retina or optic nerve).[1]
Emergency room physicians routinely assess the pupillary reflex because it is useful for assessing brain stem function. Normally, pupils react (i.e., constrict) equally. Lack of the pupillary reflex or an abnormal pupillary reflex can be caused by optic nerve damage, oculomotor nerve damage, brain stem death and depressant drugs, such as barbiturates.[citation needed]
For normal pupillary light reflex, both pupils constrict simultaneously when light is shone into either eye. For example, if light is shone into left eye only, left pupil constriction is a direct pupillary light reflex, and simultaneous right pupil constriction is a consensual pupillary light reflex. Therefore, light shone into one eye causes ipsilateral direct pupillary light reflex and contralateral consensual pupillary light reflex. On testing light reflex for each eye, several patterns are possible.[12]
Optic nerve damage on one side: (Example in parens.: Left optic nerve, CN II, is completely transected somewhere in its course between retina and optic chiasma, therefore the left afferent limb is damaged. The rest of the pupillary light reflex neural pathway on both sides are otherwise intact.)
The ipsilateral direct reflex is lost. (Example: When the left eye is stimulated by light, neither pupils constrict. Afferent signals from the left eye cannot pass through the transected left optic nerve to reach the intact efferent limb on the left.)
The contralateral consensual reflex is lost. (Example: When the left eye is stimulated by light, neither pupils constrict. Afferent signals from the left eye cannot pass through the transected left optic nerve to reach the intact efferent limb on the right.)
The contralateral direct reflex is intact. (Example: Direct light reflex of right pupil involves the right optic nerve and right oculomotor nerve, which are both intact.)
The ipsilateral consensual reflex is intact. (Example: Consensual light reflex of left pupil involves the right optic nerve and left oculomotor nerve, which are both undamaged.)
Oculomotor nerve damage on one side: (Example in parens: Left oculomotor nerve, CN III, is transected, therefore the left efferent limb is damaged.)
The ipsilateral direct reflex is lost. (Example: When the left eye is stimulated by light, left pupil does not constrict, because the efferent signals cannot pass from midbrain to the left pupillary sphincter.)
The contralateral consensual reflex is intact. (Example: When the left eye is stimulated by light, the right pupil constricts, because the afferent limb on the left and the efferent limb on the right are both intact )
The contralateral direct reflex is intact. (Example: When light is shone into right eye, right pupil constricts. Direct reflex of the right pupil is unaffected, The right afferent limb, right CN II, and the right efferent limb, right CN III, are both intact.)
The ipsilateral consensual reflex is lost. (Example: When the right eye is stimulated by light, left pupil does not constrict consensually. Right afferent limb is intact, but left efferent limb, left CN III, is damaged.)
Lesion localization example[edit]
For example, in a person with abnormal left direct reflex and abnormal right consensual reflex (with normal left consensual and normal right direct reflexes), which would produce a left Marcus Gunn pupil, or what is called afferent pupillary defect, by physical examination:
Left consensual reflex is normal, therefore segments 2, 4, and 7 are normal. Lesion is not located in any of these segments.
Right direct reflex is normal, therefore segments 2, 6, and 8 are normal. Combining with earlier normals, segments 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 are all normal.
Remaining segments where lesion may be located are segments 1, 3, and 5. Possible combinations and permutations are: (a) segment 1 only, (b) segment 3 only, (c) segment 5 only, (d) combination of segments 1 and 3, (e) combination of segments 1 and 5, (f) combination of segments 3 and 5, and (g) combination of segments 1, 3, and 5.
Options (b) and (c) are eliminated because isolated lesion in segment 3 alone or in segment 5 alone cannot produce the light reflex abnormalities in question.
A single lesion anywhere along segment 1, the left afferent limb, which includes the left retina, left optic nerve, and left pretectal nucleus, can produce the light reflex abnormalities observed. Examples of segment 1 pathologies include left optic neuritis (inflammation or infection of the left optic nerve), detachment of left retina, and an isolated small stroke involving only the left pretectal nucleus. Therefore, options (a), (d), (e), (f), and (g) are possible.
A combined lesion in segments 3 and 5 as cause of defect is very unlikely. Microscopically precise strokes in the midbrain, involving the left pretectal nucleus, bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei, and their interconnecting fibers, could theoretically produce this result. Furthermore, segment 4 shares the same anatomical space in the midbrain as segment 3, therefore segment 4 will likely be affected if segment 3 is damaged. In this setting, it is very unlikely that left consensual reflex, which requires an intact segment 4, would be preserved. Therefore, options (d), (f), and (g), which all includes segment 3, are eliminated. Remaining possible options are (a) and (e).
Based on the above reasoning, the lesion must involve segment 1. Damage to segment 5 may accompany a segment 1 lesion, but is unnecessary for producing the abnormal light reflex results in this case. Option (e) involves a combined lesion of segments 1 and 5. Multiple sclerosis, which often affect multiple neurologic sites simultaneously, could potentially cause this combination lesion. In all probability, option (a) is the answer. Neuro-imaging, such as MRI scan, would be useful for confirmation of clinical findings.
Mathematical model[edit]
Pupillary light reflex is modeled as a physiologically-based non-linear delay differential equation that describes the changes in the pupil diameter as a function of the environment lighting:[13]
M ( D ) = tanh − 1  ( D − 4.9 3 ) d M d D d D d t + 2.3026 tanh − 1  ( D − 4.9 3 ) = 5.2 − 0.45 ln  ( Φ [ t − τ ] 4.8118 × 10 − 10 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M(D){}&=\tanh ^{-1}\left({\frac {D-4.9}{3}}\right)\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} M}{\mathrm {d} D}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} D}{\mathrm {d} t}}+2.3026\tanh ^{-1}\left({\frac {D-4.9}{3}}\right)&=5.2-0.45\ln \left({\frac {\Phi [t-\tau ]}{4.8118\times 10^{-10}}}\right)\end{aligned}}}
where D {\displaystyle D} is the pupil diameter measured in millimeters and Φ ( t − τ ) {\displaystyle \Phi (t-\tau )} is the luminous intensity reaching the retina in a time t {\displaystyle t} , which can be described as Φ = I A {\displaystyle \Phi =IA} : luminance reaching the eye in lumens/mm2 times the pupil area in mm2. τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the pupillary latency, a time delay between the instant in which the light pulse reaches the retina and the beginning of iridal reaction due nerve transmission, neuro-muscular excitation and activation delays. d M {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} M} , d D {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} D} and d t {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t} are the derivatives for the M {\displaystyle M} function, pupil diameter D {\displaystyle D} and time t {\displaystyle t} .
Since the pupil constriction velocity is approximately 3 times faster than (re)dilation velocity,[14] different step sizes in the numerical solver simulation must be used:
d t c = T c − T p S d t d = T c − T p 3 S {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {d} t_{c}&={\frac {T_{c}-T_{p}}{S}}\\\mathrm {d} t_{d}&={\frac {T_{c}-T_{p}}{3S}}\end{aligned}}}
where d t c {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t_{c}} and d t d {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t_{d}} are respectively the d t {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t} for constriction and dilation measured in milliseconds, T c {\displaystyle T_{c}} and T p {\displaystyle T_{p}} are respectively the current and previous simulation times (times since the simulation started) measured in milliseconds, S {\displaystyle S} is a constant that affects the constriction/dilation velocity and varies among individuals. The higher the S {\displaystyle S} value, the smaller the time step used in the simulation and, consequently, the smaller the pupil constriction/dilation velocity.
In order to improve the realism of the resulting simulations, the hippus effect can be approximated by adding small random variations to the environment light (in the range 0.05–0.3 Hz).[15]
See also[edit]
Pupil
Pupillary response
Slit lamp
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 290–1. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Paul L.; Levin, Leonard A.; Alm, Albert (2011). Adler's Physiology of the Eye. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 508. ISBN 0-323-05714-4.
Jump up ^ Harms, H. (1937). "Ort und Wesen der Bildhemmung bei Schielenden". Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 138 (1): 149–210. doi:10.1007/BF01854538.
Jump up ^ Naber M., Frassle, S. Einhaüser W. (2011). "Perceptual rivalry: Reflexes reveal the gradual nature of visual awareness". PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020910. PMC 3109001  . PMID 21677786. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Binda P.; Pereverzeva M.; Murray S.O. (2013). "Attention to bright surfaces enhances the pupillary light reflex". Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (5): 2199–2204. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3440-12.2013. PMID 23365255.
Jump up ^ Mathôt S., van der Linden, L. Grainger, J. Vitu, F. (2013). "The pupillary response to light reflects the focus of covert visual attention". PLoS ONE. 8 (10): e78168. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078168. PMC 3812139  . PMID 24205144. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Mathôt S., Dalmaijer E., Grainger J., Van der Stigchel, S. (2014). "The pupillary light response reflects exogenous attention and inhibition of return" (PDF). Journal of Vision. 14 (14): e7. doi:10.1167/14.14.7. PMID 25761284. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Ebitz R.; Pearson J.; Platt M. (2014). "Pupil size and social vigilance in rhesus macaques". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8 (100). doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00100. PMC 4018547  . PMID 24834026.
Jump up ^ Binda P.; Pereverzeva M.; Murray S.O. (2013). "Pupil constrictions to photographs of the sun". Journal of Vision. 13 (6): e8. doi:10.1167/13.6.8. PMID 23685391.
Jump up ^ Laeng B.; Endestad T. (2012). "Bright illusions reduce the eye's pupil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (6): 2162–2167. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118298109. PMC 3277565  . PMID 22308422.
Jump up ^ "Cranial Nerve III—Oculomotor Nerve". yale.edu. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
Jump up ^ Colman, Andrew M. (August 2001). A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-866211-4.
Jump up ^ Pamplona, Vitor F.; Oliveira, Manuel M.; Baranoski, Gladimir V. G. (1 August 2009). "Photorealistic models for pupil light reflex and iridal pattern deformation". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 28 (4): 1–12. doi:10.1145/1559755.1559763.
Jump up ^ Ellis, C. J. (1981). "The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 65 (11): 754–759. doi:10.1136/bjo.65.11.754. PMC 1039657  . PMID 7326222.
Jump up ^ Stark, L (August 1963). "Stability, Oscillations, and Noise in the Human Pupil Servomechanism". Boletin del Instituto de Estudios Medicos y Biologicos, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. 21: 201–22. PMID 14122256.
External links[edit]
Animation of pupillary light reflex
Reflex, Pupillary at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
A pupil examination simulator, demonstrating the changes in pupil reactions for various nerve lesions.
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Strike (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Strike
Also known as
C.B. Strike
Genre
Crime drama
Detective fiction
Based on
Cormoran Strike
by Robert Galbraith
Starring
Tom Burke
Holliday Grainger
Opening theme
"I Walk Beside You" by Beth Rowley
Composer(s)
Adrian Johnston
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
7 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
J. K. Rowling
Neil Blair
Ruth Kenley-Letts
Elizabeth Kilgarriff
Producer(s)
Jackie Larkin
Production location(s)
London, England
Cinematography
Hubert Taczanowski
Editor(s)
Gareth C. Scales
Sam Williams
Stephen Haren
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Brontë Film and Television
Distributor
BBC
Release
Original network
BBC One
Picture format
16:9 (1080i)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) – present (present)
External links
Website
Strike is a British television crime drama series, based on the detective novels written by J. K. Rowling, under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith,[1] that first broadcast on BBC One on 27 August 2017, after receiving an advance premiere at the British Film Institute on 10 August.[2]
The series stars Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike, a war veteran turned private detective operating out of a tiny office in London's Denmark Street, who uses his unique insight and his background as a Special Investigation Branch investigator to solve complex cases that have eluded the police.[3] Burke's casting was confirmed in late 2016, while Holliday Grainger was confirmed to play the role of Robin Ellacott.[4] In early 2017, Kerr Logan was cast in the role of Robin's fiancé, Matthew.[5]
Three adaptations have been broadcast to date, adapting all three current Strike novels: The Cuckoo's Calling, The Silkworm and Career of Evil. Grainger has said that it could be some time before another series is broadcast, stating: "I think they've always been quite clear that they'd never want to write one without basing it on the book. It is all about Jo's writing, and the characters are all about what Jo's written. So, you've got to wait."[6] The series premiered on 1 June 2018 in the United States on Cinemax and in Canada on HBO Canada under the title C.B. Strike.[7]
Contents
1 Production
1.1 Development
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
2.3.1 The Cuckoo's Calling
2.3.2 The Silkworm
2.3.3 Career of Evil
3 Serials
3.1 The Cuckoo's Calling
3.2 The Silkworm
3.3 Career of Evil
3.4 Lethal White
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On 10 December 2014, it was announced that the Cormoran Strike novel series, written by J. K. Rowling under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith, would be adapted for television by the BBC, for broadcast on BBC One, beginning with The Cuckoo's Calling. Rowling collaborated on the project, and it is believed she contributed to the scripts. Two years later, it was confirmed that the series would total seven episodes of sixty minutes, with shooting to begin in London in the autumn of 2016. Additional scenes were filmed at Barrow in Furness in Cumbria and a petrol station in Leyburn, North Yorkshire.[8]
The production filmed at a private house in Sevenoaks in Kent, which featured as the Bristow residence in the episodes "The Cuckoo's Calling" and "The Silkworm". The Baron's Hall and gardens at Penshurst Place were used for the illustration of scenes in the scandalous Bombyx Mori book, and the Porcupine Cafe features as the cafe on the way to Devon where Cormoran and Robin make a stop.[9]
Ben Richards adapted The Cuckoo's Calling and Tom Edge adapted both The Silkworm and Career of Evil. Richards stated that the series is "very different tonally and visually from other crime dramas". He compared Strike to the British detective television show Morse. Similarly, Edge commented that "people use old-fashioned as a pejorative word, but to me that's part of why these books, and, I hope, the TV series, works so well."[10]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike
Holliday Grainger as Robin Ellacott
Recurring cast[edit]
Kerr Logan as Matthew Cunliffe
Ben Crompton as "Shanker"
Natasha O'Keeffe as Charlotte Campbell
Killian Scott as D.I. Eric Wardle
Sargon Yelda as D.I. Richard Anstis
Guest cast[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling[edit]
Siân Phillips as Lady Yvette Bristow
Martin Shaw as Tony Landry
David Avery as Nico Kolovas-Jones
Leo Bill as John Bristow
Tara Fitzgerald as Tansy Bestigui
Kadiff Kirwan as Guy Somé
Bronson Webb as Evan Duffield
The Silkworm[edit]
Dorothy Atkinson as Kathryn Kent
Monica Dolan as Leonora Quine
Dominic Mafham as Jerry Waldegrave
Tim McInnerny as Daniel Chard
Peter Sullivan as Andrew Fancourt
Jeremy Swift as Owen Quine
Lia Williams as Liz Tassel
Sarah Gordy as Orlando Quine
Career of Evil[edit]
Andrew Brooke as Niall Brockbank
Emmanuella Cole as Alyssa
Jessica Gunning as Holly Brockbank
Matt King as Jeff Whittaker
Neil Maskell as Donald Laing
Kierston Wareing as Leda Strike
Serials[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling[edit]
The Cuckoo's Calling was released on DVD on 27 November 2017.[11]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
1
"Episode 1" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 8.89
2
"Episode 2" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 28 August 2017 (2017-08-28) 8.28
3
"Episode 3" Michael Keillor Ben Richards 3 September 2017 (2017-09-03) 8.18
The Silkworm[edit]
The Silkworm was released on DVD on 19 February 2018.[13]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
4
"Episode 1" Kieron Hawkes Tom Edge 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) 8.67
5
"Episode 2" Kieron Hawkes Tom Edge 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 8.02
Career of Evil[edit]
Career of Evil was released on DVD on 16 April 2018.[14]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [12]
6
"Episode 1" Charles Sturridge Tom Edge 25 February 2018 (2018-02-25) 8.43
7
"Episode 2" Charles Sturridge Tom Edge 4 March 2018 (2018-03-04) 7.72
Lethal White[edit]
In October 2018, BBC announced that Lethal White will be adapted as a four-part drama with Burke returning as Cormoran Strike and Grainger as Robin Ellacott, and Tom Edge writing the screenplay.[15]
Reception[edit]
Reviews of the first episode of the series were generally positive. A reviewer for Digital Spy praised both Burke and Grainger's performances. The reviewer said that Burke's performance was a "revelation".[16] Christopher Stevens of the Daily Mail also gave the first episode a positive review, also praising the performances of Burke and Grainger as well as Martin Shaw's portrayal of Tony Landry. He said that "as the resourceful Robin, Miss Grainger balances his mournful personality with lots of energy and bounce." However, Stevens was critical of the lack of subtlety regarding Strike's injury.[17]
Similarly, the adaptation of The Silkworm was met with positive reviews, with critics again praising Burke and Grainger's performances.[18][19] However, the episode was criticised for its portrayal of Elspeth Fancourt's suicide, a scene which is not present in the book. The episode aired on World Suicide Prevention Day, making some viewers claim that this scene was insensitive.[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sommers, Kat (November 2016). "First Look: Tom Burke and Holliday Grainger in 'Cormoran Strike'". BBC America. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buy cinema tickets for TV Preview: Strike: The Cuckoo's Calling + discussion | BFI Southbank". whatson.bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (7 September 2016). "Confirmed: Tom Burke to play Cormoran Strike in BBC's JK Rowling dramas". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom Burke to play JK Rowling's Cormoran Strike on BBC One". BBC. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "J.K. Rowling's Strike TV series debuts this month". Digital Spy. 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ "When is Strike back on TV?".
Jump up ^ Anop, Nirat (9 October 2017). "Cinemax 2018 Programming Lineup". SpoilerTV.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "JK Rowling series filmed". Darlington & Stockton Times. 20 January 2017. p. 7. ISSN 2040-3933.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office Strike – The Cuckoo's Calling/The Silkworm (2017) Article".
Jump up ^ Hughes, Sarah (2017-08-12). "Witty, not gritty: JK Rowling's gentle TV detective is a return to the era of Morse". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Strike: The Cuckoos Calling". 27 November 2017 – via Amazon.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 30 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 10 September 2017. (User must select "BBC1" in the Channel field and then select the appropriate year, month and week to retrieve the figure for each episode)
Jump up ^ "Strike: The Silkworm". 19 February 2018 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Strike: Career Of Evil". 16 April 2018 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2018/strike-lethal-white
Jump up ^ "Strike episode 1 review: The next great detective drama". Digital Spy. 2017-08-27. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Christopher (28 August 2017). "CHRISTOPHER STEVENS reviews Strike: The Cuckoo's Calling". Mail Online. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (10 September 2017). "Strike – The Silkworm, part one, review – an entertaining and disturbing peek into the darker side of JK Rowling's imagination" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam (11 September 2017). "Strike: The Silkworm review – necrophilia, cannibalism and literary London" – via www.theguardian.com.
Jump up ^ "Strike the Silkworm shows intense suicide scene on World Suicide Prevention Day". 11 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Strike on IMDb
Strike at epguides.com
Strike at BBC Programmes
show
v
t
e
Works by J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter series
Novels
Philosopher's Stone (1997)
Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Goblet of Fire (2000)
Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Deathly Hallows (2007)
Related
works
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2001)
Quidditch Through the Ages (2001)
Harry Potter prequel (2008)
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2008)
The Cursed Child (2016)
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide (2016)
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists (2016)
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies (2016)
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith)
The Cuckoo's Calling (2013)
The Silkworm (2014)
Career of Evil (2015)
Lethal White (2018)
Other works
The Casual Vacancy (2012)
Filmography
Films
produced
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016, also wrote)
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018, also wrote)
TV series
The Casual Vacancy (2015)
Strike (2017–present)
See also
Wizarding World
show
v
t
e
Cinemax original programming
Current
Strike Back (since 2013)
Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (since 2017)
Rellik (since 2018)
C.B. Strike (since 2018)
Former
Second City Television (1983–84)
Hunted (2012)
Banshee (2013–16)
The Knick (2014–15)
Outcast (2016–18)
Quarry (2016)
Upcoming
Jett (TBA)
Warrior (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strike_(TV_series)&oldid=863083591"
Categories:
2017 British television programme debuts
2010s British crime drama television series
2010s British mystery television series
2010s British television miniseries
Adaptations of works by J. K. Rowling
BBC high definition programmes
BBC crime television programmes
BBC mystery television programmes
BBC television dramas
Detective television series
English-language television programs
Television programs based on novels
Television shows set in London
Cinemax network shows
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text:
List of Florida State Seminoles football seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Florida State Seminoles football team has represented Florida State University in collegiate football since 1947. The following is a list of Florida State Seminoles football seasons.
Seasons[edit]
Members of the 1954 Florida State football team
Members of the 1957 Florida State football team
Year
Coach
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°
Ed Williamson (Independent) (1947)
1947 Williamson 0–5
Don Veller (Dixie) (1948–1950)
1948 Veller 7–1 1st
1949 Veller 9–1 1st W Cigar
1950 Veller 8–0 1st
Don Veller (Independent) (1951–1952)
1951 Veller 6–2
1952 Veller 1–8–1
Tom Nugent (Independent) (1953–1958)
1953 Nugent 5–5
1954 Nugent 8–4 L Sun
1955 Nugent 5–5
1956 Nugent 5–4–1
1957 Nugent 4–6
1958 Nugent 7–4 L Bluegrass
Perry Moss (Independent) (1959)
1959 Moss 4–6
Bill Peterson (Independent) (1960–1970)
1960 Peterson 3–6–1
1961 Peterson 4–5–1
1962 Peterson 4–3–3
1963 Peterson 4–5–1
1964 Peterson 9–1–1 W Gator 11
1965 Peterson 4–5–1
1966 Peterson 6–5 L Sun
1967 Peterson 7–2–2 T Gator 15
1968 Peterson 8–3 L Peach 14
1969 Peterson 6–3–1
1970 Peterson 7–4
Larry Jones (Independent) (1971–1973)
1971 Jones 8–4 L Fiesta 19
1972 Jones 7–4
1973 Jones 0–11
Darrell Mudra (Independent) (1974–1975)
1974 Mudra 1–10
1975 Mudra 3–8
Bobby Bowden (Independent) (1976–1991)
1976 Bowden 5–6
1977 Bowden 10–2 W Tangerine 11 14
1978 Bowden 8–3
1979 Bowden 11–1 L Orange 8 6
1980 Bowden 10–2 L Orange 5 5
1981 Bowden 6–5
1982 Bowden 9–3 W Gator 10 13
1983 Bowden 8–4 W Peach
1984 Bowden 7–3–2 T Citrus 19 17
1985 Bowden 9–3 W Gator 13 15
1986 Bowden 7–4–1 W All-American 20
1987 Bowden 11–1 W Fiesta 2 2
1988 Bowden 11–1 W Sugar 3 3
1989 Bowden 10–2 W Fiesta 2 3
1990 Bowden 10–2 W Blockbuster 4 4
1991 Bowden 11–2 W Cotton 4 4
Bobby Bowden (ACC) (1992–2009)
1992 Bowden 11–1 8–0 1st W Orange† 2 2
1993 Bowden 12–1 8–0 1st W Orange† 1 1
1994 Bowden 10–1–1 8–0 1st W Sugar† 5 4
1995 Bowden 10–2 7–1 1st W Orange† 5 4
1996 Bowden 11–1 8–0 1st L Sugar† 3 3
1997 Bowden 11–1 8–0 1st W Sugar† 3 3
1998 Bowden 11–2 7–1 1st L Fiesta† 3 3
1999 Bowden 12–0 8–0 1st W Sugar† 1 1
2000 Bowden 11–2 8–0 1st L Orange† 4 5
2001 Bowden 8–4 6–2 2nd W Gator 15 15
2002 Bowden 9–5 7–1 1st L Sugar† 23 21
2003 Bowden 10–3 7–1 1st L Orange† 10 11
2004 Bowden 9–3 6–2 2nd W Gator 14 15
2005 Bowden 8–5 5–3 1st Atlantic L Orange† 23 23
2006 Bowden 2–6 0–5 5th Atlantic W Emerald
2007 Bowden 0–6 0–4 4th Atlantic L Music City
2008 Bowden 9–4 5–3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 21
2009 Bowden 7–6 4–4 3rd Atlantic W Gator
Jimbo Fisher (ACC) (2010–2017)
2010 Fisher 10–4 6–2 1st Atlantic W Chick-fil-A 16 17
2011 Fisher 9–4 5–3 2nd Atlantic W Champs Sports 23 23
2012 Fisher 12–2 7–1 1st Atlantic W Orange† 8 10
2013 Fisher 14–0 8–0 1st Atlantic W BCS NCG† 1 1
2014 Fisher 13–1 8–0 1st Atlantic L Rose† 6 5
2015 Fisher 10–3 6–2 2nd Atlantic L Peach† 14 14
2016 Fisher 10–3 5–3 3rd Atlantic W Orange† 8 8
2017 Fisher/Haggins 7–6 3–5 6th Atlantic W Independence
Total: 539–250–17
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
Note: FSU was forced to vacate five wins in 2006 and seven wins in 2007 due to an academic cheating scandal. [1] [2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ CFRC College Football Database - Florida State Archived 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2013-Dec-08.
Jump up ^ NationalChamps.net - Florida State. Retrieved 2013-Dec-08.
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History of the Bahmani Sultanate
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The Bahmani Sultanate, or Bahmanid Empire, was a Muslim state of the Deccan Plateau in southern India between 1347 and 1527 and was one of the great medieval kingdoms. It occupied the North Deccan region to the river Krishna. According to historians, a rebel chieftain of Daulatabad (an area around Ellora) was under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Contents
1 Beginning
2 Culture
3 Bahmani sultans
3.1 Gulbarga Period (75 years)
3.1.1 Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah (3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358 AD)
3.1.2 Muhammed Shah I (11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375 AD)
3.1.3 Aladdin Mujahid Shah (21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378 AD)
3.1.4 Da'ud Shah (16 April 1378 – 21 May 1378 AD)
3.1.5 Muhammad Shah II (21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397 AD)
3.1.6 Ghiyath ud-Din Shah (20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397 AD)
3.1.7 Shams-ud-Din Shah (14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397 AD)
3.1.8 Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (Firoz Shah Bahmani) (24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422)
3.2 Bidar Period (116 years)
3.2.1 Ahmad Shah I Wali (1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436)
3.2.2 Ahmad Shah II (17 Apr 1436 – 6 May 1458)
3.2.3 Humayun Zalim Shah (7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461)
3.2.4 Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad (4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463)
3.2.5 Muhammad Shah III(30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482)
3.2.6 Muhammad Shah IV (26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518 AD)
3.2.7 Ahmad Shah III (27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520 AD)
3.2.8 Aladdin Shah (28 December 1520 – 5 March 1523 AD)
3.2.9 Wali-Allah Shah (5 March 1523 – 1526 AD)
3.2.10 Kalim-Allah Shah (1526 - 1527 AD)
4 References
Beginning[edit]
In 1345, emirs of the southern provinces of the Sultanate of Delhi rebelled against the Sultan, and proclaimed independence. Nasir Uddin Ismail Shah was briefly sultan of the new state, seated at Daulatabad. On 3 August 1347, Nasir stood down in favour of Zafar Khan (also known as Hasan Gangu), who had previously been governor of Bahman on behalf of the Sultan of Delhi.[citation needed] Zafar Khan took the regnal name of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (Alauddin Bahman Shah).
The new sultanate included parts of the modern states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. It vied for control of the Deccan with the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire to the south. The Bahmani capital was Ahsanabad (Gulbarga) between 1347 and 1425, when it was moved to Muhammadabad (Bidar). The sultanate reached the peak of its power during the vizierate (1466–1481) of Mahmud Gawan.
According to an unverified founding myth, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant or slave of a Brahmin ruler named Gangu (hence the name Hasan Gangu), who had educated Zafar in Hinduism and made him a general in his army.[1][2][3] In recent research according to the Islamic art and architecture of north Karnataka researcher Rehaman Patel refers to Sir W. Haig, on the basis of the Gulbarga fort Jama Masjid inscription which bears the surname Bahman Shah, for Alauddin, the founder of the dynasty, had concluded that all the information contained in Persian histories which stated that the king had been a slave of the Brahman Gangu, and had adopted the title Bahmani, a shortened form of Bahman Gangu, and old master, was indeed true.[citation needed] Firishta’s opinion on this point is very illuminating and may be quoted here:
Alauddin Hasan being once asked how he contrived without great treasures or armies to attain royalty, he replied, by kindness to my friends, generosity to my enemies, and by courtesy and liberality to all mankind. I believe his origin was too obscure to admit of being traced. The appellation of Bahmani he certainly took out of compliment to his master, Gangu, the Brahmin, a word often pronounced Bahman.
The Bahmani Sultanate was in constant war with its southern neighbour, the Vijayanagara Empire due to the fertile land between the two kingdoms called the Raichur Doab.
Firuz Shah Bahamani left remarkable footprints over Bahmani history. He was a learned man and had knowledge of many religions and natural science. He wanted to develop the Deccan region as India's cultural hub. He waged three battles against the Vijaynagar Empire and extended his territories of Warangal. He gave up his kingdom and throne to his brother Ahmed Shah I.
Agriculture was the main economic activity of Bahamani kingdom.
The nobles in the Bahmani Sultanate were classified into Deccanis (oldcomers) and Afaquis (newcomers). They were always divided on opinions. Mahmud Gawan was a minister in Bahamani Empire who expanded and extended the Bahamani Kingdom rapidly. He was an Afaqui making it difficult for him to win the trust and confidence of the Deccanis. He was executed at age seventy by Muhammad Shah of Deccan in 1482 for policies which made matters worse between Deccanis and Afaquis.[which?]
Culture[edit]
The Bahmanis encouraged a distinct style by inviting architects from parts of the Muslim world and blending them with local styles. The resulting culture was a mix of northern and southern styles and had its own Jamia mosque of Gulbarga Fort, Hafth Gumbad examples of Bahamani architecture.[citation needed]
The Deccans left an important heritage of the Indo-Islamic art and language and spread Islamic tradition in South India. Hazrat Banda Nawaz (1321-1422 CE) the great Sufi saint was patronized by the Bahamani kings. His dargah of Gulbarga is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus and Muslims alike. A great scholar of Islamic lore, he founded the Madrassa (institution) from his own funds on the line of universities of Samarkand and Khorasan.[citation needed] A selfless worker, he became a prime minister of Bahamani king Mahmud III (1462–82), whom he had tutored in earlier days. Gawan became a victim of the palace intrigue and was beheaded by the drunken king.[citation needed] The later kings of the Bahamani dynasty were too weak to keep the kingdom intact, leading to breakup.[citation needed]
Bahmani sultans[edit]
During the 191 years of Bahmani reign, the following rulers ruled with Gulbarga and Bidar as their capital:
Gulbarga Period (75 years)[edit]
Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah (3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358 AD)[edit]
His original name was Hasan Gangu or Hansan Kanku, and he was also known as Abu'l Muzaffar, Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah and by his title of Zafar Khan. He was the son of Kaikaus, son of Muhammad, son of Ali (disputed).
Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah asked Zafar Khan to become the king with the title of ‘Sikandar- uth- thani Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah al-wali’. The new king was crowned on Friday Aug 3, 1347 in the mosque of Qtub-ud-din Mubarak Shah Khalji at Daulatabad. According to historian, Hasan was the nephew of Malik Hizhbar-ud-din titled Zafar Khan' Alai, who was killed in 1298 AD when Hasan was six years old.
The first act of the new king was to transfer his title of Zafar Khan to prince Muhammad. King adopted the title of Bahman. He sent Qutbul Mulk who conquered Kotgir, Maram, Mahendri and Akkal Kot. Qir Khan was sent to conquer Kalyan. After the news of this great victory of Kalyan, the king renamed Daulatabad to Fatahabad.
Sikandar was sent to Malkher which was held by the Hindu Zamindars who opposed first but subdued later. Krishna Nayak of Tilangana entered into treaty and became friend of Sikandar and loyal to the King. Quir Khan revolted and was beheaded by the king. The king then renamed Gulbarga to Ahsanabad and made it the capital of Deccan.
The king died on Rabi-ul-awwal 1, February 11, 1358 at the age of 67.
Silver coins struck in the name of Bahman Shah in 760 AH indicates that he might have died some time in 760 AH and hence Muhammad Shah I ascended the throne in 760 AH.
Muhammed Shah I (11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375 AD)[edit]
Muhammad Shah, was the son of Bahman Shah. He is better known as the organizer of Bahmani Kingdom and founder of its institutions. His replaced his father's silver throne by the magnificent ‘Takht-e-Firoza’ (Turquoise Throne) on March 23, 1363 presented to him by Raya of Tilangana. He constructed ‘Jama Masjid’ in Gulbarga Fort and Shah Bazaar Masjid in Gulbarga town. Like his father Mohammed was involved in wars with Vijayanagar. He also became embroiled in wars with Warangal. Sultan invaded Tilangana, Kanya Nayak offered Huns, elephants and horses along with Golkunda Town. The Sultan died on Zi-qada April 21, 1375 from alcohol poisoning.
Silver and gold coins were struck in the name of Muhammad Shah I. No silver coin of his successor Mujahid Shah is known. Mujahid Shah's gold coin is known. This indicates that Muhammad Shah I might have died in 1375 and the coins issued posthumously.
Aladdin Mujahid Shah (21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378 AD)[edit]
Son of Muhammad Shah. Aladdin Mujahid Shah took the throne at age 19. He was murdered by Masud Khan (son of Mubarak Khan) and Nawab Daud Khan (uncle)
Da'ud Shah (16 April 1378 – 21 May 1378 AD)[edit]
Brother of Mohammed Shah.
Da'ud Shah was immediately proclaimed king of Deccan. It is said that Ruh Parwar Agha (Mujahid's sister) had Daud murdered through a royal slave Bakah while he was attending Friday prayer of Muharram, in the great mosque of Gulbarga Fort.
Muhammad Shah II (21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397 AD)[edit]
Son of Muhammad Shah I.
After avenging her brother's death, Ruh Parwar blinded Sanjar (S/o Daud I). She put Muhammad II on the throne. Muhammad Shah II's 19-year reign was one of the most peaceful period in Bahmani history. He had no son and adopted two sons Firoz Shah and Ahmad I from his uncle Ahmad Khan, son of Bahman Shah. After the birth of Tahmatan Shah, Muhammad on his deathbed wished that his son would succeed him and Firoz and Ahmad should pay homage to him.
Muhammad died of typhoid. The next day the grand old man of the Deccan Mallik, Saif-ud-din Ghori died, having lived through five reigns and who was the Prime Minister of Bahmani State.
Ghiyath ud-Din Shah (20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397 AD)[edit]
Also known as Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Tahmatan Shah, son of Muhammad Shah II.
Tahmatan Shah succeeded to the throne without any trouble. However, Taghalchin (Turkish slave) who wanted to be the prime minister arranged a big feast at which king was invited. Taghalchin blinded the king on Ramadan, and imprisoned him at Sagar.
Shams-ud-Din Shah (14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397 AD)[edit]
Also known as Shams-ud-Din Da'ud Shah, son of Muhammad Shah II.
The boy king was made to promote Taghalchin to be the Malik Naib and Mir Jumla of the kingdom. The manumitted slave girl who was Shamsuddin's mother was raised to the rank and title of Makhduma-i-Jahan (Dowager Queen). Taghalchin tried to persuade Shamsuddin to imprison Firoz and Ahmad and asked the king's mother to have them executed. On hearing of the conspiracy, the two brothers fled to Sagar. Firoz proclaimed himself king and made his younger brother prime minister. He had the blind boy Ghiyasuddin Tahmatan with him. He directly attacked the Darbar Hall. Taghalchin and his son were killed. Daud II was blinded and allowed to move Mecca with his mother. Shamsuddin Daud II died in 1414 AD at Mecca.
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (Firoz Shah Bahmani) (24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422)[edit]
Son of Ahmad Khan, grandson of Bahman Shah.
Firoz Shah was one of the most learned Indian sovereigns. He was a good calligrapher and poet (poetic name Uruji or Firozi). Among other public works he undertook the construction of an Observatory on the chain of hills near Daulatabad called Balaghat which could not be completed due to his death.
‘Hazrat Khwaja Syed Muhammad Gesu Draz’ was a Sufi (saint) and was deeply related with the Bahmani kings and the people of Gulbarga. He was the son of Syed Yusuf, who came to Daulatabad in the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq. Hazrat was born on 7 August, 1321 and started living near ‘Gulbarga Jama Masjid’. He died on 10 Nov 1422 AD at the age of 105 lunar years.
Firoz Shah paid tribute to him. He gave him many villages for his maintenance. He spoke and could translate Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Bengali and other languages. He tamed prince Bukka and Harihara of Vijayanagar and Narasingha of Kherla in battle.
Firoz's army tried to kill Ahmad Khan but was defeated in battle fought cleverly by Ahmad. The gates of the city opened for Ahmad and he was taken to dying king Firoz, who died on Sep 28, 1422.
Bidar Period (116 years)[edit]
Ahmad Shah I Wali (1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436)[edit]
Also known as Ahmed Shah Al Wali Bahamani and Shihab-Ud-Din Ahmad I, he was the son of Ahmad Khan and grandson of Bahman Shah.
At the beginning of his reign, he suffered the shock of the death of ‘Hazrat Khwaja Syed Muhammad Gesu Draz’. He shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. He made Khalaf Hasan Basri his Wakil-e-Saltanate (Prime Minister).
He constructed the tomb of Gesu Daraz at Gulbarga and buildings at Bidar.
Ahmad Shah attacked Vijayanagar and overpowered Vijayaraya I. In the last year of his reign he appointed his eldest son Ala-ud-din Zafar Khan as his heir. He died after a short illness.
Ahmad Shah brought artisans from Muslim lands, including metalworker Abdulla-bin-Kaiser, who was the father of bidriware, the inlaying of zinc alloy with silver and gold.
Ahmed Shah's, and his empress' tombs are located in Ashtur village and are the subject of an annual ‘urs’, or anniversary of death festival.
Ahmad Shah II (17 Apr 1436 – 6 May 1458)[edit]
Son of Ahmad Shah I.
Ahmad I was a successful king and was regarded as a saint. His son Zafar Khan the title of Ahmad on his accession. He gave preference to newcomers in his cabinet. This created a conflict. He married the daughter of Raja of Sangmeswar and gave her the title of Zeba Chehra, apart from the daughter of Nasir Khan Faruqi of Khandesh ‘Agha Zainab’.
This king died early due to his wound in his shin. The wound was cured by Sri Narasimha Saraswathi Swami ( Incarnation of Lord Dattathreya)
Silver Coins struck in the name of Ahmad Shah II in 838 AH have been reported. No coin of Ahmad Shah I has been reported. This confirms that Ahmad Shah II ascended the throne in 838 AH when Ahmad I was alive.
Humayun Zalim Shah (7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461)[edit]
Son of Ahmad Shah II.
Ahmad Shah II nominated his eldest son Humayun his heir. King made Khwaja Mahmud Gawan, Malik-ut-tujjar, trafdar of Bijapur and Wakil-e-Sultunate giving him full control of military matters. Humayun was a short-tempered and cruel man. He named his cousin Sikandar Khan as Sipahsalar. Sikandar became rebellious and was crushed with the help of Mahmud Gawan. Humayun died on Sep 4, 1461.
Coins struck in his name indicate that he might have died sometime on Sep 4, 1461.
Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad (4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463)[edit]
Also known as Nizam Shah, son of Humayun Shah.
On Humayun's death his son Ahmad succeeded to the throne as Nizam-ud-din Ahmad III at the age of 8 in 1461. He was escorted to the throne by Shah Muhib-ul-la and Syed-us-Sadat Syed Hanif. Ahmad II nominated a council of Regency consisting of Khwaja-e-Jahan Turk, Mahmud Gawan with the Dowager Queen Makhduma-e-Jahan Nargis Begum. Mastermind that ruled the country during the short reign of Ahmad Shah III was that of the great queen. The political prisoners of Humayun period were released. Ahmad III died on his wedding night.
Muhammad Shah III(30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482)[edit]
Also known as Shams-Ud-Din Muhammad Shah III, son of Humayun Shah, younger brother of Ahmad III.
Shamsuddin Muhammad was 9 or 10 years old when he succeeded his brother. He was escorted to the Turquoise Throne by Shah Mohib-ul-lah (who was released by his captor Mahmud Khalji of Malwa) and Syed Hanif. Nizam-ul-mulk murdered Khwaja-e-Jahan Turk (one of the member of the three-party committee of Regency after the death of Humayun) at the insistence of the queen in the presence of boy king in 870 AH.
Muhammad Shah III got married at age 14. The Dowager Queen then retired from an active role. Malik-ut-tujjar Mahmud Gawan was made prime minister. Gawan helped the Bahmani State attain prosperity unequaled in its history. During this period Parenda Fort, Great College of Bidar, and Madarsa at Bidar were built. Kherla was besieged in 872 AH. Kapileswar of Orissa was defeated in 1470 AD. Goa was annexed on 20th of Shaban 876 AH. Queen Dowager died in 877 AH.
The boundaries of Bahmani Kingdom now touched the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west. Gawan was one of the first ministers in Medieval India to order a systematic measurement of land, fixing the boundaries of villages and towns and making a thorough inquiry into the assessment of revenue.
The King annexed Kanchi on 1st Muharram, 886 AH. This was the southernmost point ever reached by Bahmani. Nobles conspired against Gawan and prepared a false paper claiming he wanted Deccan to be partitioned between him and Purushottum of Orissa. The King sentenced him to death on 5th Safar 886 AH at age 73. Later King discovered that Khwaja was innocent. He appointed his son Mahmud as his heir. He died on 5th Safar 887 AH.
A silver Tanka of about 11 grams from the treasury of Muhammad Shah III was found that dated to 1472.
Muhammad Shah IV (26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518 AD)[edit]
Also known as Mahmud Shah and Shihab-Ud-Din Mahmud, son of Muhammad Shah III.
The long reign of Mahmud Shah was a period of gradual weakening of the state. He ascended the throne at age 12, when new-comers had been overthrown. The new Regency was formed with the Queen as president. Qasim Barid was entitled with Barid-ul-mumalik.
The King indulged himself and spent so much money that he had to extract many jewels from the Turquoise throne at Barid's instigation and forced Mahmud to make him Prime Minister of the kingdom. Malik Ahmad Nizamul-mulk revolted and built a palace, making it the center of his newly created capital, which he named after himself, Ahmadnagar. Qutbul-Mulk was appointed as the Governor of Tilangana in 1495-96 AD. He controlled Warrangal, Rajakonda, Dewarkonda and Kovilkonda. Barid died and was succeeded by his son Amir Barid. Ahmad Nizam died and succeeded by his son Burhan. The Sultan died on Dec 27, 1518.
Ahmad Shah III (27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520 AD)[edit]
Son of Mahmud Shah.
Amir Barid was very clever. He put Mahmud's son Ahmad on the throne. Amir Barid was careful that king should not leave the palace and set out to spoil his life and morals. The new Sultan was forced to break up the ancient crown of the Bahmanis, worth 15 lakhs of Rupees and sell the jewels to provide himself with the means of ease and pleasure. He died on Dec 15, 1520.
After 1518 the sultanate broke up into five states, Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda, known collectively as the Deccan sultanates.
Aladdin Shah (28 December 1520 – 5 March 1523 AD)[edit]
Son of Ahmad Shah III.
Amir Barid's wish to become king was rekindled with Ahmad's death. He put the crown on Ahmad's son Ala-ud-din on Dec 28, 1520. The new Sultan was wise and courageous. Amir Barid conspired against him and he was dethroned.
Wali-Allah Shah (5 March 1523 – 1526 AD)[edit]
Also known as Wali-Ul-Lah Shah, son of Mahmud Shah.
Amir Barid put Waliullah son of Mahmud on throne. He was imprisoned in his own zanana (ladies room) and lived on bread and clothes provided to him by his master. Barid married the pretty Bibi Sitti, Ahmad's widow who was just 22-23. He was now a royal kinsman and was free to enter the zanana apartment of the palace. He began to make love with the queen. When the Sultan resisted he was poisoned.
The existence of coins of Waliullah and the absence of coins of Alauddin Shah indicate that the latter was dethroned and Waliullah ascended the throne.
Coins struck in the name of Kalimullah indicate that Wali-ullah died in 1526 AD.
Kalim-Allah Shah (1526 - 1527 AD)[edit]
Also known as Kalim-Ul-Lah Shah, son of Mahmud Shah.
After 1538 Bahamani Empire gets converted into 5 shahis. Kalimullah Shah was the last king of the Bahmani Dynasty. He was closely guarded by Amir Barid. A new political force had now appeared on the Indian Horizon in the person of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur. All the Deccan rulers, i.e. Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Burhanpur sent their congratulations to the Mughal conqueror. Kalimulla wrote to Babur to request a rescue from Amir Barid. This news was leaked and fearing for his life, Kalimullah Shah fled to Bijapur in 1527 AD. He was not welcomed there. He left for Ahmadnagar. He was first received well by Burhan Nizamul Mulk, but never again called in open court.
He died in that city. The shahis rulers planned to murder him after he was deposed because they thought that he could regain the position. His coffin was brought to Bidar. His date of death could not be confirmed. After the death of Kalimullah his son Ilhamullah proceeded to Mecca and never returned.
Coins struck in his name in 951 and 952 AH say that the sultan must have stayed for many years at Ahmadnagar. Coins struck in his name indicate that he ascended the throne in 1527.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. A Dictionary of Indian History (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100
Jump up ^ Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1. p. 437.
Jump up ^ The Discovery of India, J.L.Nehru
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