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1906 San Francisco earthquake
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"San Francisco earthquake" redirects here. For the 1989 earthquake, see 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. For the 2014 earthquake, see 2014 South Napa earthquake.
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1906 San Francisco earthquake
Eureka
Dunsmuir
Chico
Truckee
Santa Rosa
Salinas
Bakersfield
Fresno
Paso Robles
Santa Monica
Indio
UTC time
1906-04-18 13:12:27
ISC event
16957905
USGS-ANSS
ComCat
Local date
April 18, 1906 (1906-04-18)
Local time
05:12 a.m. local time
Magnitude
7.9 Mw[1]
Depth
5 mi (8.0 km)[2]
Epicenter
37°45′N 122°33′W / 37.75°N 122.55°W / 37.75; -122.55Coordinates: 37°45′N 122°33′W / 37.75°N 122.55°W / 37.75; -122.55[2]
Type
Strike-slip[3]
Areas affected
North Coast
San Francisco Bay Area
Central Coast
United States
Max. intensity
XI (Extreme)[4]
Tsunami
Yes[5]
Casualties
700–3,000+[6]
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). High intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area. Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. Thousands of homes were dismantled. As a result, up to 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed. The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high in the lists of American disasters.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tectonic setting
2 Earthquake
2.1 Impact
2.2 Intensity
2.3 Damage
3 Fires
4 Response
5 Aftermath
5.1 Housing
5.2 Relief
5.3 Insurance payments
6 Centennial commemorations
7 Panoramas
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Tectonic setting[edit]
The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.[3] The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, where the western (Pacific) plate moves northward relative to the eastern (North American) plate. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, a distance of about 810 miles (1,300 km). The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet (6 m); geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet (8.5 m).[7]
Earthquake[edit]
USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake's intensity.
The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the modern moment magnitude scale is 7.9;[1] values from 7.7 to as high as 8.3 have been proposed.[8] According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earth's crust took place both before and after the earthquake's impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, which is the supposed cause of the damage along the 450-kilometer-long segment of the San Andreas plate boundary.[8] The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles (476 km).[9]Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada.[10]
A strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds. There were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. Widely interpreted previously as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake, they have been found to have a strong seasonal pattern and have been postulated to be due to large seasonal sediment loads in coastal bays that overlie faults as a result of the erosion caused by hydraulic mining in the later years of the California Gold Rush.[11]
For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, to the northwest of the Golden Gate. The most recent analyses support an offshore location for the epicenter, although significant uncertainty remains.[2] An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.[12]
Analysis of triangulation data before and after the earthquake strongly suggest that the rupture along the San Andreas Fault was about 500 km in length, in agreement with observed intensity data. The available seismological data support a significantly shorter rupture length, but these observations can be reconciled by allowing propagation at speeds above the S-wave velocity (supershear). Supershear propagation has now been recognized for many earthquakes associated with strike-slip faulting.[13]
Impact[edit]
Damaged houses on Howard Street (left), and ruins in the vicinity of Post and Grant Avenue
At the time, 375 deaths were reported;[14] however, hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is still uncertain, but various reports presented a range of 700–3,000+.[15] Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area; nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, also suffered severe damage. In Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina.
Between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000; half of those who evacuated fled across the bay to Oakland and Berkeley. Newspapers described Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, the Panhandle and the beaches between Ingleside and North Beach as covered with makeshift tents. More than two years later, many of these refugee camps were still in operation.[16]
Selected Mercalli intensities
MMI
Locations
XI (Extreme) San Francisco, Santa Rosa
X (Extreme) Sebastopol, San Bruno
IX (Violent) San Jose, Point Arena
VIII (Severe) Eureka, Salinas
VII (Very strong) Truckee, Parkfield
VI (Strong) Willows, Fresno
V (Moderate) Chico, Paso Robles
IV (Light) Dunsmuir, Bakersfield
III (Weak) Santa Monica, Indio
U.S. Earthquake Intensity Database, NGDC
The earthquake and fire left long-standing and significant pressures on the development of California. At the time of the disaster, San Francisco had been the ninth-largest city in the United States and the largest on the West Coast, with a population of about 410,000. Over a period of 60 years, the city had become the financial, trade and cultural center of the West; operated the busiest port on the West Coast; and was the "gateway to the Pacific", through which growing U.S. economic and military power was projected into the Pacific and Asia. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire. Though San Francisco rebuilt quickly, the disaster diverted trade, industry and population growth south to Los Angeles, which during the 20th century became the largest and most important urban area in the West. Many of the city's leading poets and writers retreated to Carmel-by-the-Sea where, as "The Barness", they established the arts colony reputation that continues today.
The 1908 Lawson Report, a study of the 1906 quake led and edited by Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California, showed that the same San Andreas Fault which had caused the disaster in San Francisco ran close to Los Angeles as well. The earthquake was the first natural disaster of its magnitude to be documented by photography and motion picture footage and occurred at a time when the science of seismology was blossoming.
Intensity[edit]
The most important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Andrew Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas of former bay where soil liquefaction had occurred. Modern seismic-zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions.[17] The shaking intensity as described on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale reached XI (Extreme) in San Francisco and areas to the north like Santa Rosa where destruction was devastating.
Damage[edit]
Although the impact of the earthquake on San Francisco was the most famous, the earthquake also inflicted considerable damage on several other cities. These include San Jose and Santa Rosa, the entire downtown of which was essentially destroyed.[18][19][20]
Fires[edit]
Arnold Genthe's photograph, looking toward the fire on Sacramento Street
As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were even more destructive.[21] It has been estimated that up to 90% of the total destruction was the result of the subsequent fires.[22] Within three days,[23] over 30 fires, caused by ruptured gas mains, destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks. One of the largest of these fires was accidentally started in a house on Hayes Street by a woman making breakfast for her family. This came to be known as the "Ham and Eggs Fire". Some were started when firefighters, untrained in the use of dynamite, attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks. The dynamited buildings themselves often caught fire. The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, who would have been responsible, had died from injuries sustained in the initial quake.[24] In all, the fires burned for four days and nights.
Due to a widespread practice by insurers to indemnify San Francisco properties from fire, but not earthquake damage, most of the destruction in the city was blamed on the fires. Some property owners deliberately set fire to damaged properties, in order to claim them on their insurance. Capt. Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps[25] reported that he "was stopped by a fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses…they were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire".[26]
Burning of the Mission District (left) and a map showing the extent of the fire
One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel, subsequently rebuilt, which had many famous visitors, including royalty and celebrated performers. It was constructed in 1875 primarily financed by Bank of California co-founder William Ralston, the "man who built San Francisco". In April 1906, the tenor Enrico Caruso and members of the Metropolitan Opera Company came to San Francisco to give a series of performances at the Grand Opera House. The night after Caruso's performance in Carmen, the tenor was awakened in the early morning in his Palace Hotel suite by a strong jolt. Clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Caruso made an effort to get out of the city, first by boat and then by train, and vowed never to return to San Francisco. Caruso died in 1921, having remained true to his word. The Metropolitan Opera Company lost all of its traveling sets and costumes in the earthquake and ensuing fires.[27]
"The Story of An Eyewitness"
by Jack London
Read by Elaine Hamby for LibriVox
Audio 00:18:06 (full text)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific laboratories. Alice Eastwood, the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, is credited with saving nearly 1,500 specimens, including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species, before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was destroyed in the fire.[28][29] The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs, a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods, were destroyed.[30] The original California flag used in the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma, which at the time was being stored in a state building in San Francisco, was also destroyed in the fire.[31]
The fire following the earthquake in San Francisco, cost an estimated $350 million at the time, equivalent to $8.97 billion. The devastating quake levelled about 80% of the city.[32]
Response[edit]
The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, was gravely injured when the earthquake first struck and later died from his injuries. The interim fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio, an army post on the edge of the stricken city, for dynamite. General Frederick Funston had already decided that the situation required the use of troops. Telephoning a policeman, he sent word to Mayor Eugene Schmitz of his decision to assist, and then ordered army troops from nearby Angel Island to mobilize and come into the city. Explosives were ferried across the bay from the California Powder Works in what is now Hercules.
Soldiers looting during the fire
During the first few days, soldiers provided valuable services like patrolling streets to discourage looting and guarding buildings such as the U.S. Mint, post office, and county jail. They aided the fire department in dynamiting to demolish buildings in the path of the fires. The army also became responsible for feeding, sheltering, and clothing the tens of thousands of displaced residents of the city. Under the command of Funston's superior, Major General Adolphus Greely, Commanding Officer, Pacific Division, over 4,000 troops saw service during the emergency. On July 1, 1906, civil authorities assumed responsibility for relief efforts, and the army withdrew from the city.
On April 18, in response to riots among evacuees and looting, Mayor Schmitz issued and ordered posted a proclamation that "The Federal Troops, the members of the Regular Police Force and all Special Police Officers have been authorized by me to kill any and all persons found engaged in Looting or in the Commission of Any Other Crime".[33] In addition, accusations of soldiers themselves engaging in looting also surfaced.[34]
Early on April 18, 1906, recently retired Captain Edward Ord of the 22nd Infantry Regiment was appointed a Special Police Officer by Mayor Eugene Schmitz and liasioned with Major General Adolphus Greely for relief work with the 22nd Infantry and other military units involved in the emergency. Ord later wrote a long letter[35] to his mother on the April 20 regarding Schmitz' "Shoot-to-Kill" Order and some "despicable" behavior of certain soldiers of the 22nd Infantry who were looting. He also made it clear that the majority of soldiers served the community well.[34]
Aftermath[edit]
Refugees leaving the city
Property losses from the disaster have been estimated to be more than $400 million in 1906 dollars.[6] This is equivalent to $10.9 billion in 2017 dollars. An insurance industry source tallies insured losses at $235 million, the equivalent to $6.4 billion in 2017 dollars.[36][37]
Political and business leaders strongly downplayed the effects of the earthquake, fearing loss of outside investment in the city which badly needed to rebuild.[38] In his first public statement, California governor George Pardee emphasized the need to rebuild quickly: "This is not the first time that San Francisco has been destroyed by fire, I have not the slightest doubt that the City by the Golden Gate will be speedily rebuilt, and will, almost before we know it, resume her former great activity".[39] The earthquake itself is not even mentioned in the statement. Fatality and monetary damage estimates were manipulated.[40]
Almost immediately after the quake (and even during the disaster), planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. Rebuilding funds were immediately tied up by the fact that virtually all the major banks had been sites of the conflagration, requiring a lengthy wait of seven-to-ten days before their fire-proof vaults could cool sufficiently to be safely opened. The Bank of Italy had evacuated its funds and was able to provide liquidity in the immediate aftermath. Its president also immediately chartered and financed the sending of two ships to return with shiploads of lumber from Washington and Oregon mills which provided the initial reconstruction materials and surge. In 1929, Bank of Italy was renamed and is now known as Bank of America.
William James, the pioneering American psychologist, was teaching at Stanford at the time of the earthquake and traveled into San Francisco to observe first-hand its aftermath. He was most impressed by the positive attitude of the survivors and the speed with which they improvised services and created order out of chaos.[41] This formed the basis of the chapter "On some Mental Effects of the Earthquake" in his book Memories and Studies.[42]
H. G. Wells had just arrived in New York on his first visit to America when he learned, at lunch, of the San Francisco earthquake. What struck him about the reaction of those around him was that "it does not seem to have affected any one with a sense of final destruction, with any foreboding of irreparable disaster. Every one is talking of it this afternoon, and no one is in the least degree dismayed. I have talked and listened in two clubs, watched people in cars and in the street, and one man is glad that Chinatown will be cleared out for good; another's chief solicitude is for Millet's 'Man with the Hoe.' 'They'll cut it out of the frame,' he says, a little anxiously. 'Sure.' But there is no doubt anywhere that San Francisco can be rebuilt, larger, better, and soon. Just as there would be none at all if all this New York that has so obsessed me with its limitless bigness was itself a blazing ruin. I believe these people would more than half like the situation."[43]
View from the Ferry Building tower, southwest down on Market Street
The Agassiz statue in front of the Zoology building (now building 420), Stanford University.
The grandeur of citywide reconstruction schemes required investment from Eastern monetary sources, hence the spin and de-emphasis of the earthquake, the promulgation of the tough new building codes, and subsequent reputation sensitive actions such as the official low death toll. One of the more famous and ambitious plans came from famed urban planner Daniel Burnham. His bold plan called for, among other proposals, Haussmann-style avenues, boulevards, arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, and what would have been the largest urban park in the world, stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large atheneum at its peak. But this plan was dismissed during the aftermath of the earthquake.
The earthquake also was crucial in the development of the University of California, San Francisco and its medical facilities. Until 1906, the school faculty had provided care at the City-County Hospital (San Francisco General Hospital, 1915–2016, but Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (SFGH) since 2016), but did not have a hospital of its own. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, more than 40,000 people were relocated to a makeshift tent city in Golden Gate Park and were treated by the faculty of the Affiliated Colleges. This brought the school, which until then was located on the western outskirts of the city, in contact with significant population and fueled the commitment of the school towards civic responsibility and health care, increasing the momentum towards the construction of its own health facilities. Finally, in April 1907, one of the buildings was renovated for outpatient care with 75 beds. This created the need to train nursing students, and, in 1907, the UC Training School for Nurses was established, adding a fourth professional school to the Affiliated Colleges.
For example, real estate investors and other land owners were against the idea due to the large amount of land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals.[44] City fathers likewise attempted at the time to eliminate the Chinese population and export Chinatown (and other poor populations) to the edge of the county where the Chinese could still contribute to the local taxbase.[45] The Chinese occupants had other ideas and prevailed instead. Chinatown was rebuilt in the newer, modern, Western form that exists today. The destruction of City Hall and the Hall of Records enabled thousands of Chinese immigrants to claim residency and citizenship, creating a backdoor to the Chinese Exclusion Act, and bring in their relatives from China.[46][47][48]
While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals inadvertently saw the light of day, such as a neoclassical civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a subway under Market Street, a more people-friendly Fisherman's Wharf, and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill, Coit Tower.
The earthquake was also responsible for the development of the Pacific Heights neighborhood. The immense power of the earthquake had destroyed almost all of the mansions on Nob Hill except for the James C. Flood Mansion. Others that hadn't been destroyed were dynamited by the Army forces aiding the firefighting efforts in attempts to create firebreaks. As one indirect result, the wealthy looked westward where the land was cheap and relatively undeveloped, and where there were better views and a consistently warmer climate. Constructing new mansions without reclaiming and clearing old rubble simply sped attaining new homes in the tent city during the reconstruction.[citation needed]
Reconstruction was swift, and largely completed by 1915, in time for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition which celebrated the reconstruction of the city and its "rise from the ashes".
Since 1915, the city has officially commemorated the disaster each year by gathering the remaining survivors at Lotta's Fountain, a fountain in the city's financial district that served as a meeting point during the disaster for people to look for loved ones and exchange information.
Housing[edit]
One of the eleven housing camps
The army built 5,610 redwood and fir "relief houses" to accommodate 20,000 displaced people. The houses were designed by John McLaren, and were grouped in eleven camps, packed close to each other and rented to people for two dollars per month until rebuilding was completed. They were painted navy blue, partly to blend in with the site, and partly because the military had large quantities of navy blue paint on hand. The camps had a peak population of 16,448 people, but by 1907 most people had moved out. The camps were then re-used as garages, storage spaces or shops. The cottages cost on average $100 to put up. The $2 monthly rents went towards the full purchase price of $50. Most of the shacks have been destroyed, but a small number survived. One of the modest 720 sq ft (67 m2) homes was purchased in 2006 for more than $600,000.[49] The last official refugee camp was closed on June 30, 1908.[50]
A 2017 study found that the fire had the effect of increasing the share of land used for nonresidential purposes: "Overall, relative to unburned blocks, residential land shares on burned blocks fell while nonresidential land shares rose by 1931. The study also provides insight into what held the city back from making these changes before 1906: the presence of old residential buildings. In reconstruction, developers built relatively fewer of these buildings, and the majority of the reduction came through single-family houses. Also, aside from merely expanding nonresidential uses in many neighborhoods, the fire created economic opportunities in new areas, resulting in clusters of business activity that emerged only in the wake of the disaster. These effects of the fire still remain today, and thus large shocks can be sufficient catalysts for permanently reshaping urban settings."[51]
Relief[edit]
During the first few days after news of the disaster reached the rest of the world, relief efforts reached over $5,000,000.[52] London raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. Individual citizens and businesses donated large sums of money for the relief effort: Standard Oil gave $100,000; Andrew Carnegie gave $100,000; the Dominion of Canada made a special appropriation of $100,000 and even the Bank of Canada in Ottawa gave $25,000.[52] The U.S. government quickly voted for one million dollars in relief supplies which were immediately rushed to the area, including supplies for food kitchens and many thousands of tents that city dwellers would occupy the next several years.[53] These relief efforts were not enough to get families on their feet again, and consequently the burden was placed on wealthier members of the city, who were reluctant to assist in the rebuilding of homes they were not responsible for. All residents were eligible for daily meals served from a number of communal soup kitchens and citizens as far away as Idaho and Utah were known to send daily loaves of bread to San Francisco as relief supplies were coordinated by the railroads.[54]
Insurance payments[edit]
Insurance companies, faced with staggering claims of $250 million,[55] paid out between $235 million and $265 million on policyholders' claims, often for fire damage only, since shake damage from earthquakes was excluded from coverage under most policies.[56][57] At least 137 insurance companies were directly involved and another 17 as reinsurers.[58] Twenty companies went bankrupt, and most excluded shake damage claims.[57] Lloyd's of London reports having paid all claims in full, more than $50 million[59] and the insurance companies in Hartford, Connecticut report also paying every claim in full, with the Hartford Fire Insurance Company paying over $11 million and Aetna Insurance Company almost $3 million.[57]
After the 1906 earthquake, global discussion arose concerning a legally flawless exclusion of the earthquake hazard from fire insurance contracts. It was pressed ahead mainly by re-insurers. Their aim; a uniform solution to insurance payouts resulting from fires cause by earthquakes. Until 1910, a few countries, especially in Europe, followed the call for an exclusion of the earthquake hazard from all fire insurance contracts. In the U.S., the question was discussed differently. But the traumatized public reacted with fierce opposition. On August 1, 1909, the California Senate enacted the California Standard Form of Fire Insurance Policy, which did not contain any earthquake clause. Thus the state decided that insurers would have to pay again if another earthquake was followed by fires. Other earthquake-endangered countries followed the California example.[60] The insurance payments heavily affected the international financial system. Gold transfers from European insurance companies to policyholders in San Francisco led to a rise in interest rates, subsequently to a lack of available loans and finally to the Knickerbocker Trust Company crisis of October 1907 which led to the Panic of 1907.[61]
Centennial commemorations[edit]
The 1906 Centennial Alliance[62] was set up as a clearing-house for various centennial events commemorating the earthquake. Award presentations, religious services, a National Geographic TV movie,[63] a projection of fire onto the Coit Tower,[64] memorials, and lectures were part of the commemorations. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents,[65] and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well.[66]
Eleven survivors of the 1906 earthquake attended the centennial commemorations in 2006, including Irma Mae Weule (May 11, 1899 – August 8, 2008),[67] who was the oldest survivor of the quake at the time of her death in August 2008, aged 109.[68] Vivian Illing (December 25, 1900 – January 22, 2009) was believed to be the second-oldest survivor at the time of her death, aged 108, leaving Herbert Hamrol (January 10, 1903 – February 4, 2009) as the last known remaining survivor at the time of his death, aged 106. Another survivor, Libera Armstrong (September 28, 1902 – November 27, 2007), attended the 2006 anniversary, but died in 2007, aged 105.[69]
Shortly after Hamrol's death, two additional survivors were discovered. William Del Monte, then 103, and Jeanette Scola Trapani (April 21, 1902 – December 28, 2009),[70] 106, stated that they stopped attending events commemorating the earthquake when it became too much trouble for them.[71] Del Monte and another survivor, Rose Cliver, then 106, attended the earthquake reunion celebration on April 18, 2009, the 103rd anniversary of the earthquake.[72] Cliver (October 9, 1902 – February 18, 2012)[73] died in February 2012, aged 109. Nancy Stoner Sage (February 19, 1905 – April 15, 2010) died, aged 105, in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18, 2010. Del Monte attended the event at Lotta's Fountain on April 18, 2010 and the dinner at John's Restaurant the night before.[74] 107-year-old George Quilici (April 26, 1905 – May 31, 2012) died in May 2012,[75] and 113-year-old Ruth Newman (September 23, 1901 – July 29, 2015) in July 2015.[76] William Del Monte (January 22, 1906 – January 11, 2016), who died 11 days shy of his 110th birthday, was thought to be the last survivor.[77]
In 2005 the National Film Registry added San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906, a newsreel documentary made soon after the earthquake, to its list of American films worthy of preservation.[78]
Panoramas[edit]
San Francisco burning in 1906.
San Francisco fire 1906
San Francisco 360° panorama showing damage, 1906
Panoramic view of earthquake and fire damage from Stanford Mansion site, April 18–21, 1906. Note the ruins of the original City Hall building at far right.[79]
"San Francisco in ruins from Lawrence Captive Airship – 2000 feet [660 m] above San Francisco Bay – Overlooking waterfront. – Sunset over Golden Gate." Market Street leads directly away from Ferry Building tower, center foreground.
In popular culture[edit]
The movie Frisco Jenny depicts the earthquake.
The 1936 movie San Francisco is based on the event.
Rebuilding San Francisco following the 1906 earthquake destruction is a scenario in the Sim City videogame.[80]
In Part 2 of the episode "Time's Arrow" of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise time-travels back to 1893, where Captain Jean-Luc Picard places a monitoring device in a hospital ward, claiming to a curious doctor that he's helping to make the building safer from earthquakes. The doctor scoffs that "there hasn't been an earthquake here in thirty years," referencing the "great" earthquake of October 21, 1868, and unaware that the much more devastating 1906 earthquake is only 13 years in the future.
In the Walt Disney animated film, Big Hero 6, the fictional setting of "San Fransokyo" is intended to be San Francisco in an alternate timeline in which the city was rebuilt by Japanese immigrants following the earthquake, though the premise is never mentioned in the film.[81]
In the William Carter puzzles of the Don't Starve videogame, it is suggested that the earthquake was triggered by the dark powers of Codex Umbra, a mysterious book.[82]
See also[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Disasters portal
Arnold Genthe and George R. Lawrence, photographers of the earthquake
Committee of Fifty (1906)
Earthquake engineering
List of earthquakes in 1906
List of earthquakes in California
List of earthquakes in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Where Can I Learn More About the 1906 Earthquake?". Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. 2008-01-28. Archived from the original on 2008-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Location of the Focal Region and Hypocenter of the California Earthquake of April 18, 1906
^ Jump up to: a b Segall, P.; Lisowski, M. (1990), "Surface Displacements in the 1906 San Francisco and 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquakes", Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 250 (4985): 1241–4, Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1241S, doi:10.1126/science.250.4985.1241, PMID 17829210
Jump up ^ Stover, C.W.; Coffman, J.L. (1993), Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised), U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1527, United States Government Printing Office, p. 75
Jump up ^ Geist, E.L.; Zoback, M.L. (1999), "Analysis of the tsunami generated by the Mw 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake", Geology, Geological Society of America, 27 (1): 15–18, Bibcode:1999Geo....27...15G, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0015:aottgb>2.3.co;2
^ Jump up to: a b USGS, Casualties and damage after the 1906 Earthquake, United States Geological Survey
Jump up ^ 1906 San Francisco Quake: How large was the offset? USGS Earthquake Hazards Program — Northern California. Accessed September 3, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Thatcher, Wayne (10 December 1975). "Strain accumulation and release mechanism of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake". Journal of Geophysical Research. 80 (35): 4862–4872. Bibcode:1975JGR....80.4862T. doi:10.1029/JB080i035p04862. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ 1906 Earthquake: How long was the 1906 Crack? USGS Earthquake Hazards Program – Northern California, Accessed September 3, 2006
Jump up ^ Christine Gibson Archived December 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. "Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters," American Heritage, Aug./Sept. 2006.
Jump up ^ Seasonal Seismicity of Northern California Before the Great 1906 Earthquake, (Journal) Pure and Applied Geophysics, ISSN 0033-4553 (Print) 1420-9136 (Online), volume 159, Numbers 1–3 / January, 2002, Pages 7–62.
Jump up ^ Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, United States Geological Survey, 2008
Jump up ^ Song S.G,; Beroza G.C.; Segall P. (2008). "A Unified Source Model for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 98 (2): 823–831. doi:10.1785/0120060402.
Jump up ^ William Bronson, The Earth Shook, The Sky Burned (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996)
Jump up ^ Casualties and Damage after the 1906 earthquake USGS Earthquake Hazards Program – Northern California, Accessed September 4, 2006
Jump up ^ Displays at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Museum in Sausalito, California
Jump up ^ California Geological Survey – Seismic Hazards Zonation Program – Seismic Hazards Mapping regulations
Jump up ^ "A Dreadful Catastrophe Visits Santa Rosa" Press Democrat, Santa Rosa, California, 19 April 1906, accessed 23 Feb. 2015.
Jump up ^ Sta. Rosa [i.e. Santa Rosa] Courthouse
Jump up ^ The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire
Jump up ^ "Over 500 Dead, $200,000,000 Lost in San Francisco Earthquake". The New York Times. April 18, 1906. Retrieved April 19, 2008. Earthquake and fire today have put nearly half of San Francisco in ruins. About 500 persons have been killed, a thousand injured, and the property loss will exceed $200,000,000.
Jump up ^ Stephen Sobriner, What really happened in San Francisco in the earthquake of 1906. 100th Anniversary 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Conference, 2006
Jump up ^ "The Great 1906 Earthquake & Fires of San Francisco".
Jump up ^ Charles Scawthorn; John Eidinger; Anshel Schiff, eds. (2005). Fire Following Earthquake. Reston, Virginia: ASCE, NFPA. ISBN 9780784407394. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ NPS Signal Corps History
Jump up ^ San Francisco Museum
Jump up ^ NY Times Obituary for Heinrich Conrad, April 27, 1909
Jump up ^ Alice Eastwood, The Coniferae of the Santa Lucia Mountains
Jump up ^ Double Cone Quarterly, Fall Equinox, volume VII, Number 3 (2004)
Jump up ^ The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Jump up ^ The Bear Flag, The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
Jump up ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. p. 17. ISBN 9781908843159.
Jump up ^ "Mayor Eugene Schmitz's Famed "Shoot-to-Kill" Order". Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Looting Claims Against the U.S. Army Following the 1906 Earthquake". Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Variouswork=Georgetown University Libraries Special Collections (2006). "Ord Family Papers". Georgetown University Library, 37th and N Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20057. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brady, Matt. "1906 Quake Shook Up Insurance Industry Worldwide." National Underwriter/P&C [New York] 18 April 2006: 12–16. Print.
Jump up ^ "The Great San Francisco Earthquake & Fires of 1906." The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
Jump up ^ San Francisco History The New San Francisco Magazine May 1906
Jump up ^ The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906 Philip L. Fradkin
Jump up ^ Johann Hari (March 18, 2011). "The Myth of the Panicking Disaster Victim". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ William James (1911). Memories and studies. Longmans, Green. pp. 209–. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ H. G. Wells, The Future in America: A Search after Realities (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1906), pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Blackford, Mansel (1993). The Lost Dream: Business and City Planning on the Pacific Coast, 1890–1920. Columbus: Ohio State UP. p. 51. ISBN 0-8142-0589-5.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Gladys (March 2014). "Relocation of Chinatown Following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake". The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Museum of the City of San Francisco. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Christoph Strupp, Dealing with Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
Jump up ^ Great Earthquake and Fire of 1906: Its Effects on Chinatown Chinese Historical Society of America, Accessed December 2, 2006
Jump up ^ The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Niderost, Eric, American History, April 2006, Accessed December 2, 2006
Jump up ^ Reality Times: 1906 San Francisco Earthquake Housing Is Valuable Piece Of History by Blanche Evans
Jump up ^ Fradkin, Philip L. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself. Berkeley: University of California, 2005. Print. p.225
Jump up ^ Siodla, James (2017). "Clean slate: Land-use changes in San Francisco after the 1906 disaster". Explorations in Economic History. 65: 1. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.04.001.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Charles ed. The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire. Intro by Roger W. Lotchin. Philadelphia : J.C. Winston Co., 1906; Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Jump up ^ Strupp, Christoph. "Dealing with Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906". escholarship.org. Institute of European Studies. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Greeley, A.W (April 18, 1906). Earthquake in California. Washington Government Print Office.
Jump up ^ The New York Herald (European Edition) of April 21, 1906, p. 2.
Jump up ^ R. K. Mackenzie, The San Francisco earthquake & conflagration. Typoscript, Bancroft Library, Berkeley, 1907.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aetna At-A-Glance: Aetna History Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.", Aetna company information
Jump up ^ For a list of these companies see Tilmann Röder, From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871–1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake (Brill Academic Publishers, 2011).
Jump up ^ The role of Lloyd's in the reconstruction Archived July 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Lloyd's of London, Accessed December 6, 2006
Jump up ^ See T. Röder, From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871–1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake (Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) and The Roots of the "New Law Merchant": How the international standardization of contracts and clauses changed business law Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kerry A. Odell and Marc D. Weidenmier, Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907, The Journal of Economic History, 2005, vol. 64, issue 04, p. 1002–1027.
Jump up ^ 1906 Centennial Alliance
Jump up ^ National Geographic TV movie Archived April 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ projection of fire onto the Coit Tower Archived January 11, 2006, at Archive.is
Jump up ^ series of Internet documents
Jump up ^ 100th anniversary Archived April 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Security Alert:". genealogy.about.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Nolte (August 16, 2008). "1906 earthquake survivor Irma Mae Weule dies". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Libera Era Armstrong (1902–2007) – Hayward, California". ancientfaces.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jeanette Trapani obituary". December 31, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1]San Francisco Chronicle, 2009-02-07, Calling any '06 San Francisco quake survivors
Jump up ^ "SF remembers great quake on 103rd anniversary". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rose Cliver Obituary: View Rose Cliver's Obituary by San Francisco Chronicle". legacy.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Carl Nolte, Hundreds gather to honor victims of '06 quake, San Francisco Chronicle (April 18, 2010)
Jump up ^ "George Frank Quilici Obituary". Santa Cruz Sentinel.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Newman, a Survivor of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Dies at 113". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bender, Kristen J. (January 11, 2016). "Last survivor of 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire dies at 109". U.S. News and World Report. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry". Library of Congress. December 20, 2005. Archived from the original on August 9, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress P&P Online Catalog — Panoramic Photographs
Jump up ^ "Scenarios". Gamefaqs. 1989. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Rebecca (October 24, 2014). "San Fransokyo architects built a new world for Disney's Big Hero 6". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing Company. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Final Act". Klei Entertainment. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
References[edit]
Double Cone Quarterly, Fall Equinox, volume VII, Number 3 (2004).
American Society of Civil Engineers (1907). Transactions. Paper No. 1056. The Effects Of The San Francisco Earthquake of April 18th, 1906, on Engineering Constructions: Reports Of A General Committee And Of Six Special Committees Of The San Francisco Association Of Members Of The American Society Of Civil Engineers. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Greely, Adolphus W. (1906). Earthquake In California, April 18, 1906. Special Report On The Relief Operations Conducted By The Military Authorities. Washington: Government Printing Office. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Gilbert, Grove Karl; Richard Lewis Humphrey; John Stephen Sewell & Frank Soule (1907). The San Francisco Earthquake And Fire of April 18th, 1906 And Their Effects On Structures And Structural Materials. Washington: Government Printing Office. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
The San Francisco Earthquake And Fire: A Presentation of Facts And Resulting. New York: The Roebling Construction Company. 1906. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Jordan, David Starr; John Casper Branner; Charles Derleth Jr.; Stephen Taber; F. Omari; Harold W. Fairbanks; Mary Hunter Austin (1907). The California Earthquake of 1906. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Mining And Scientific Press; T. A. Rickard; G. K. Gilbert; S. B. Christy; et al. (1907). After Earthquake And Fire: A Reprint Of The Articles And Editorial Comment Appearing In The Mining And Scientific Press. San Francisco: Mining And Scientific Press. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Russell Sage Foundation; Charles J. O'Connor; Francis H. McLean; Helen Swett Artieda; James Marvin Motley; Jessica Peixotto; Mary Roberts Coolidge (1907). San Francisco Relief Survey: The Organization And Methods Of Relief Used After The Earthquake And Fire Of April 18, 1906. Survey Associates, Inc. (New York), Wm. F. Fell Co. (Philadelphia). Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Schussler, Hermann (1907). The Water Supply Of San Francisco, California Before, During And After The Earthquake of April 18, 1906 And The Subsequent Conflagration. New York: Martin B. Brown Press. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Tyler, Sydney; Harry Fielding Reid (1908). The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report Of The State Earthquake Investigation Commission. Volume one. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Tyler, Sydney; Harry Fielding Reid (1910). The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report Of The State Earthquake Investigation Commission. Volume two. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Wald, David J.; Kanamori, Hiroo; Helmberger, Donald V.; Heaton, Thomas H. (1993), "Source study of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Society of America, 83 (4): 981–1019, archived from the original on January 9, 2009
Winchester, Simon, A Crack in the Edge of the World: America and the Great California Earthquake of 1906. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, 2005. ISBN 0-06-057199-3
Bronson, William (1959). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned. Doubleday.
Contemporary disaster accounts
Aitken, Frank W.; Edward Hilton (1906). A History Of The Earthquake And Fire In San Francisco. San Francisco: The Edward Hilton Co. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Banks, Charles Eugene; Opie Percival Read (1906). The History Of The San Francisco Disaster And Mount Vesuvius Horror. C. E. Thomas. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Givens, John David; Opie Percival Read (1906). San Francisco In Ruins: A Pictorial History. San Francisco: Leon C. Osteyee. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Keeler, Charles (1906). San Francisco Through Earthquake And Fire. San Francisco: Paul Elder And Company. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
London, Jack. "The Story of An Eyewitness". London's report from the scene. Originally published in Collier's Magazine, May 5, 1906.
Morris, Charles (1906). The San Francisco Calamity By Earthquake And Fire. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Tyler, Sydney; Ralph Stockman Tarr (1908). San Francisco's Great Disaster. Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler Co. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
White, Trumbull; Richard Linthicum (1906). Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco earthquake of 1906.
The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake – United States Geological Survey
1906 San Francisco earthquake at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
The 1906 Earthquake and Fire – National Archives
Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 – American Memory at the Library of Congress
A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later – American Geological Institute
The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire – Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco website
The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire – Bancroft Library
Mark Twain and the San Francisco Earthquake – Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Several videos of the aftermath – Internet Archive
San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906
Seismographs of the earthquake taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
Timeline of the San Francisco Earthquake April 18 – 23, 1906 – The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
JB Monaco Photography – Photographic account of earthquake and fire aftermath from well-known North Beach photographer
Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake – USGS
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
show
v
t
e
← Earthquakes in 1906 →
Ecuador–Colombia (8.8, Jan 31) †
Meishan (6.8, Mar 17) †
San Francisco (7.8, Apr 18) †
Swansea (5.2, June 27)
Valparaíso (8.2, Aug 16) †‡
Aleutian Islands (8.4, Aug 17)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
show
v
t
e
Earthquakes in California
Very Large
(7.0–7.9)
1812 San Juan Capistrano (6.9–7.5)
1838 San Andreas (6.8–7.2)
1857 Fort Tejon (7.9)
1872 Lone Pine (7.4–7.9)
1892 Laguna Salada (7.1–7.2)
1906 San Francisco (7.8)
1952 Kern County (7.3)
1980 Eureka (7.3)
1992 Cape Mendocino (7.2)
1992 Landers (7.3)
1999 Hector Mine (7.1)
2010 Baja California (7.2)
Large
(6.0–6.9)
1868 Hayward (6.3–6.7)
1892 Vacaville–Winters (6.4, 6.2)
1898 Mare Island (5.8–6.4)
1918 San Jacinto (6.7)
1925 Santa Barbara (6.8)
1932 Eureka (6.4)
1933 Long Beach (6.4)
1940 El Centro (6.9)
1948 Desert Hot Springs (6.4)
1971 San Fernando (6.5–6.7)
1979 Imperial Valley (6.4)
1983 Coalinga (6.2)
1984 Morgan Hill (6.2)
1986 North Palm Springs (6.0)
1986 Chalfant Valley (6.2)
1989 Loma Prieta (6.9)
1992 Big Bear (6.5)
1994 Northridge (6.7)
2003 San Simeon (6.6)
2010 Eureka (6.5)
2014 South Napa (6.0)
Moderate
(5.0–5.9)
1957 San Francisco (5.7)
1969 Santa Rosa (5.6, 5.7)
1973 Point Mugu (5.8)
1979 Coyote Lake (5.7)
1987 Whittier Narrows (5.9)
1990 Upland (5.7)
1991 Sierra Madre (5.6)
2000 Yountville (5.0)
2007 Alum Rock (5.6)
2008 Chino Hills (5.5)
show
v
t
e
Earthquakes in the United States
Historical
1638 New Hampshire
1663 Charlevoix
1700 Cascadia
1755 Cape Ann
1811–12 New Madrid
1838 San Andreas
1857 Fort Tejon
1865 Memphis
1867 Manhattan, Kansas
1868 Hawaii
1868 Hayward
1872 Lone Pine
1872 North Cascades
1886 Charleston
1887 Sonora
1892 Laguna Salada
1892 Vacaville–Winters
1898 Mare Island
20th-century
1906 San Francisco
1906 Aleutian Islands
1909 Wabash River
1915 Pleasant Valley
1916 Irondale
1918 San Jacinto
1925 Santa Barbara
1931 Valentine
1932 Eureka
1933 Long Beach
1935 Helena
1936 State Line
1940 El Centro
1940 New Hampshire
1944 Cornwall–Massena
1946 Aleutian Islands
1947 Wisconsin
1948 Desert Hot Springs
1949 Olympia
1952 Kern County
1957 Andreanof Islands
1957 San Francisco
1959 Hebgen Lake
1964 Alaska
1965 Rat Islands
1965 Puget Sound
1968 Illinois
1969 Santa Rosa
1971 San Fernando
1973 Point Mugu
1975 Near Islands
1975 Morris
1975 Hawaii
1979 Coyote Lake
1979 Imperial Valley
1980 Eureka
1983 Coalinga
1983 Borah Peak
1984 Morgan Hill
1986 North Palm Springs
1986 Chalfant Valley
1987 Whittier Narrows
1989 Loma Prieta
1990 Upland
1991 Sierra Madre
1992 Cape Mendocino
1992 Landers
1992 Big Bear
1993 Scotts Mills
1993 Klamath Falls
1994 Northridge
1995 Marathon
1996 Duvall
1998 Pymatuning
1999 Hector Mine
2000 Yountville
21st-century
2001 Nisqually
2002 Denali
2003 Alabama
2003 San Simeon
2006 Gulf of Mexico
2006 Kiholo Bay
2007 Alum Rock
2008 Illinois
2008 Chino Hills
2010 Eureka
2010 Baja California
2010 Indiana
2011 Colorado
2011 Virginia
2011 Oklahoma
2014 Aleutian Islands
2014 Southeast Alaska
2014 South Napa
2016 Oklahoma
2016 Hawthorne
2018 Alaska
Swarms
2001 Enola
2008 Reno
2010–11 Guy-Greenbrier
2012 Brawley
2009–18 Oklahoma
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1906 San Francisco earthquake
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values: زلزال سان فرانسيسكو 1906 – Arabic

values: San-Fransisko zəlzələsi (1906) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Земетресение в Сан Франциско (1906) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: Zemljotres u San Francisku 1906. – Bosnian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Terratrèmol de San Francisco de 1906 – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Zemětřesení v San Franciscu 1906 – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Jordskælvet i San Francisco 1906 – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Erdbeben von San Francisco 1906 – German

values: 1906. aasta San Francisco maavärin – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Terremoto de San Francisco de 1906 – Spanish

values: Tertremo de San Francisco (1906) – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: 1906ko San Franciscoko lurrikara – Basque

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: زمین‌لرزه ۱۹۰۶ سان‌فرانسیسکو – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 1906년 샌프란시스코 지진 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Gempa bumi San Francisco 1906 – Indonesian

values: Terremoto di San Francisco del 1906 – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: רעידת האדמה בסן פרנסיסקו (1906) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სან-ფრანცისკოს მიწისძვრა (1906) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: 1906. gada Sanfrancisko zemestrīce – Latvian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: 1906-os San Franciscó-i földrengés – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: サンフランシスコ地震 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Jordskjelvet i San Francisco 1906 – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: Trzęsienie ziemi w San Francisco (1906) – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Sismo de São Francisco de 1906 – Portuguese

values: Cutremurul din San Francisco din 1906 – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Землетрясение в Сан-Франциско (1906) – Russian

values: 1906 San Francisco earthquake – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Земљотрес у Сан Франциску 1906. – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: San Franciscon maanjäristys 1906 – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Jordbävningen i San Francisco 1906 – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: แผ่นดินไหวที่ซานฟรานซิสโก ค.ศ. 1906 – Thai

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interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Землетрус у Сан-Франциско (1906) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: Động đất San Francisco 1906 – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
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values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-1906_San_Francisco_earthquake rootpage-1906_San_Francisco_earthquake skin-vector action-view