text:
Knockin' on Heaven's Door
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Knockin' on Heaven's Door (disambiguation).
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Single by Bob Dylan
from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid
B-side
"Turkey Chase"
Released
July 13, 1973
Recorded
February 1973
Genre
Folk rock, gospel
Length
2:32
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Gordon Carroll
Bob Dylan singles chronology
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as "an exercise in splendid simplicity",[1] the song, in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions.
Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Cover versions
2.1 Eric Clapton version
2.2 Guns N' Roses version
2.2.1 Charts
2.2.2 Certifications
2.3 Dunblane tribute
2.4 Other cover versions
3 Sampled version
4 Soundtrack inclusions
5 In popular culture
6 References
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973-74)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[3] 10
Canada RPM Top Singles[4] 10
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[5] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 9
Netherlands 51
UK (OCC) 14
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 12
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[8] 5
US Cash Box Top 100[9] 10
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia[10] 92
Canada[11] 93
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[12] 104
Cover versions[edit]
Eric Clapton version[edit]
In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis' recording of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" arranged in a reggae style. Subsequently, Clapton recorded his own reggae-style version of the song which was released in August 1975, two weeks after Louis's version was released as a single in July 1975.[13] Clapton's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart. The single was less successful in the US, only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box. Clapton's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2: Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977. The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car, One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003. Additionally, the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums, such as Time Pieces: The Best of Eric Clapton, Backtrackin', The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton.[14]
Guns N' Roses version[edit]
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Song by Guns N' Roses
from the album Days of Thunder (soundtrack)
Released
June 26, 1990
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:36
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
1992 UK picture sleeve
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Use Your Illusion II
Released
1992
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:30
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
In 1987, Guns N' Roses started including the song in their live sets. A live version of the song was released on the maxi-single of "Welcome to the Jungle" the same year. They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990. This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II (basically discarding the responses in the second verse). Released as the fourth single from the album, it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland. Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B-side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era: '87–'93 album, released in 1999.[15] The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan.[16]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[17]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19]
1
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[20]
7
France (SNEP)[21]
7
Germany (Official German Charts)[22]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[23]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[24]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[26]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27]
10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[30]
18
Year-end charts
Chart (1992)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 20
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Australia (ARIA)[32]
Gold
Italy (FIMI)[33]
Platinum
Dunblane tribute[edit]
In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan, Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre. This has been, according to some sources, one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs.[34][35] This version of the song, including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan's album Infidels (1983), Mark Knopfler, was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart.[36] The proceeds went to charities for children.[37] The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97, where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities.
Other cover versions[edit]
Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released. One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985, and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004.[38]
A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift.[39]
A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow-Up.
Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend.
Heaven released a version of the song on the group's 1985 album, Knockin' On Heaven's Door.[40]
Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989, featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn.
Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996. It was performed by Beltinška banda.
S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997.[41]
The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan's song called "Batendo na Porta do Céu" in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica (Acoustic Anthology).
Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind, shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year.
Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003, as one of the B-Sides from her single "Nobody's Home" and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby.
Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions. With the exception of the chorus line, the song has completely original lyrics.[42]
Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1.
Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song, which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil.
Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist.
A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I'm Not There, which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name.
Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets, one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Don't Let Go
Meir Ariel, an Israeli singer, covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album, Doors Are Opened By Themselves. The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English.
Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque.
Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá
Sampled version[edit]
Gabrielle's single "Rise" (2000) sampled from this song.
Soundtrack inclusions[edit]
Film/TV show
Year
Performer
Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan
Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn
Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford, Eric Clapton & David Sanborn
Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N' Roses
Shake Rattle & Roll 2 (segment "Aswang") 1990 Guns N' Roses
Rush 1991 Bob Dylan
Total Balalaika Show 1994 Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble
Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan
The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters
Knockin' on Heaven's Door 1997 Selig
Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan
Windstruck 2004 Youme
Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan
Las Vegas (episode 45, "Letters, Lawyers and Loose Women") 2005 Bob Dylan
Six Feet Under (episode 61, "All Alone") 2005 Bob Dylan
ER (episode 260, "Darfur") 2006 Scoob Serious
Salvador (Puig Antich) 2006 Bob Dylan
I'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons
Supernatural (episode 35, "Houses of the Holy") 2007 Bob Dylan
Cold Case (episode 84, "Blood on the Tracks") 2007 Bob Dylan
Big Love (episode 2-08, "Kingdom Come") 2007 Bob Dylan
My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan
Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons
Heaven's Door 2009 Angela Aki
Supernatural (episode 98, "Dark Side of the Moon") 2010 Bob Dylan
Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton
Blue Bloods (Season 4, Episode 7, "Drawing Dead") 2013 Rick Devin[43]
The 100 2015 RAIGN
Sense8 (episode 9, "Death Doesn't Let You Say Goodbye") 2015 Antony & the Johnsons
Containment, episode 5, "Like a Sheep Among Wolves" 2016 RAIGN
Misty[44] 2018 KLANG
In popular culture[edit]
Nick Talevski used the title for his book, Knocking On Heaven's Door: Rock Obituaries.[45] A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show "The 100"
An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is "Knockin' on Heaven's Door".
The title is used as a name of a Stand, "Heaven's Door", in the fourth part of the manga "Jojo's Bizarre Adventure", Diamond is Unbreakable.
The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata
Covered by The Jenerators, the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS: Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 "New Tricks", broadcast on March 5, 2017. Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators.[46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heylin, Clinton (2009). Revolution in the Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan, 1957-1973. Chicago Review Press. p. 434.
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973-12-01. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 10, 1973
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 8, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Jump up ^ Schumacher, Michael. Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Hyperion Press. p. 373.
Jump up ^ "Eric Clapton discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Gun N' Roses discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Alex S. "mvdbase.com - Guns 'n' Roses - "Knockin' on Heaven's door [live]"". Music Video DataBase. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". VG-lista. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1992". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane Knockin' on Heaven's Door". bannockburnband.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane against Guns". 1997-01-01. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 601. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Knockin' On Heaven's Door CD". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Fairport Convention: Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Mainly Norfolk: English Folk and Other Good Music. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp. "Swingshift - Cold Chisel". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Heaven". Australian Music History. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Janjatović, Petar (2007). Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960-2006. Belgrade: self-released. p. 218.
Jump up ^ "DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop". Solid Rock. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bloods Music - S4E7: "Drawing Dead"". TuneFind. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ "미스티 Special OST (Misty Special OST)". Melon. kakao M Corporation.
Jump up ^ Televski, Nick, Knocking On Heaven’s Door: Rock Obituaries, Omnibus Press, London 2006
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/
[show]
v
t
e
Bob Dylan singles discography
1962
"Mixed-Up Confusion" / "Corrina, Corrina"
1963
"Blowin' in the Wind" / "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
1965
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" / "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance"
"Maggie's Farm" / "On the Road Again"
"Subterranean Homesick Blues" / "She Belongs to Me"
"Like a Rolling Stone" / "Gates of Eden
"Positively 4th Street" / "From a Buick 6"
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" / "Highway 61 Revisited"
1966
"One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" / "Queen Jane Approximately"
"Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35" / "Pledging My Time"
"I Want You" / "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (live with The Hawks)
"Just Like a Woman" / "Obviously 5 Believers"
1967
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" / "Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now" / "To Ramona" (only in Europe)
1968
"Drifter's Escape" / "John Wesley Harding"
"All Along the Watchtower" / "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
1969
"I Threw It All Away" / "Drifter's Escape"
"Lay Lady Lay" / "Peggy Day"
"Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You" / "Country Pie"
1970
"If Not for You" / "New Morning"
"Wigwam" / "Copper Kettle"
1971
"Watching the River Flow" / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue"
"George Jackson" (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version)
1973
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid)
"A Fool Such as I" / "Lily of the West"
1974
"On a Night Like This" / "You Angel You"
"Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama"
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (live with The Band)
"All Along the Watchtower" / "It Ain't Me Babe"
1975
"Tangled Up in Blue" / "If You See Her, Say Hello"
"Million Dollar Bash" / "Tears of Rage"
"Hurricane" (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2)
1976
"Mozambique" / "Oh Sister"
"Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again" (live) / "Rita May"
1978
"Baby, Stop Crying" / "We Better Talk This Over"
"Changing of the Guards" / "Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)"
"Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over"
1979
"Maggie's Farm (live) / "All Along the Watchtower"
"Forever Young" (live) / "All Along the Watchtower" / "I Want You"
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" / "When You Gonna Wake Up?"
"Gotta Serve Somebody" / "Trouble in Mind"
"Precious Angel" / "Trouble in Mind"
1980
"Slow Train" / "Do Right to Me Baby"
"Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman"
"Saved" / "Are You Ready?"
1981
"Heart of Mine" / "Let It Be Me"
"Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce"
1983
"Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"Sweetheart Like You" / "Union Sundown"
1984
"Jokerman" / "Isis"
1985
"Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" / "We Better Talk this Over"
"When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours"
1986
"Band of the Hand" / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini)
"Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual"
1988
"Silvio" / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore"
1989
"Everything Is Broken" / "Death is Not the End"
"Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead)
1990
"Political World" / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia)
"Most of the Time" / "Most of the Time (edit piece)
"Unbelievable" / "10,000 Men"
1991
"Series of Dreams" / "Seven Curses"
"Blind Willie McTell" / "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3)
"Step it Up and Go" — (no b-side)
1993
"My Back Pages" (with Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, George Harrison) — (no b-side)
1995
"Dignity" (live on MTV Unplugged) / "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (live version)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "John Brown" (both live on MTV Unplugged)
1998
"Not Dark Yet" / "Tombstone Blues" (live) / "Ballad of a Thin Man" (live) / "Boots of Spanish Leather" (live)
"Love Sick" / "Tombstone Blues" (live)
2000
"Things Have Changed" / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / "Song to Woody" (live)
2006
"Someday Baby" / "Someday Baby" (edit piece)
"Rollin' and Tumblin'" / "Not Dark Yet" / "High Water (for Charley Patton)"
2007
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version)
2008
"Dreamin' of You" (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version)
2009
"Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" / "Down Along the Cove" (live)
"I Feel a Change Comin' On" / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece)
"Must Be Santa" / "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"
2010
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" (demo version) / "Like a Rolling Stone"
2012
"Duquesne Whistle"
2013
"Wigwam" (demo version) / "Thirsty Boots"
[show]
v
t
e
Guns N' Roses
Axl Rose
Slash
Duff McKagan
Dizzy Reed
Richard Fortus
Frank Ferrer
Melissa Reese
Tracii Guns
Izzy Stradlin
Ole Beich
Rob Gardner
Steven Adler
Matt Sorum
Gilby Clarke
Paul Tobias
Robin Finck
Josh Freese
Tommy Stinson
Chris Pitman
Buckethead
Bryan "Brain" Mantia
Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal
DJ Ashba
Studio albums
Appetite for Destruction
G N' R Lies
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
"The Spaghetti Incident?"
Chinese Democracy
Live albums
Live Era '87–'93
Appetite for Democracy 3D
Extended plays
Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide
Guns N' Roses
The "Civil War" EP
Compilation albums
Use Your Illusion
Greatest Hits
Appetite for Destruction: Locked N' Loaded edition
Singles
"It's So Easy"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Paradise City"
"Patience"
"Nightrain"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Don't Cry"
"Live and Let Die"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
"November Rain"
"Yesterdays"
"Civil War"
"Ain't It Fun"
"Estranged"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"Chinese Democracy"
"Shadow of Your Love"
Promo singles
"Mr. Brownstone"
"My Michelle"
"14 Years"
"Pretty Tied Up"
"So Fine"
"Dead Horse"
"Garden of Eden"
"Hair of the Dog"
"New Rose"
"Oh My God"
"Better"
"Street of Dreams"
Other songs
"Think About You"
"Rocket Queen"
"Used to Love Her"
"One in a Million"
"Coma"
"Get in the Ring"
"The Garden"
"Madagascar"
"Prostitute"
Videos and DVDs
Use Your Illusion I
Use Your Illusion II
Garden of Eden: Strictly Limited Edition
Welcome to the Videos
Appetite for Democracy 3D
Tours
The Early Days of Guns N' Roses
Appetite for Destruction Tour
Use Your Illusion Tour
Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour
Chinese Democracy Tour
Up Close and Personal Tour
Appetite for Democracy
Not in This Lifetime... Tour
Related
Articles
Discography
Members
Songs
Awards and nominations
Del James
West Arkeen
Guns N' Roses Pinball
Riverport Riot
Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses
The Roots of Guns N' Roses
Uzi Suicide
Bands
Slash's Snakepit
The Dead Daisies
Hollywood Rose
Kings of Chaos
L.A. Guns
Neurotic Outsiders
Road Crew
Velvet Revolver
Book
Category
Preceded by
"A Different Beat" by Boyzone UK Singles Chart number-one single
21 December 1996 (1 week) Succeeded by
"2 Become 1" by Spice Girls
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door&oldid=842792496"
Categories:
1973 singles
1973 songs
1970s ballads
1992 singles
The Alarm songs
Bob Dylan songs
Columbia Records singles
Geffen Records singles
Eric Clapton songs
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Grateful Dead songs
Guns N' Roses songs
Music videos directed by Andy Morahan
Rock ballads
Roger Waters songs
Songs about death
Songs written for films
Songs written by Bob Dylan
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Warren Zevon songs
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Ireland2
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Sicilianu
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
中文
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 17:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values:
/wiki/A_Fool_Such_as_I
mw-redirect
A Fool Such as I

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company
mw-redirect
The Official Charts Company

values:
/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Cash Box (magazine)

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert
mw-redirect
Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values: Federation of the Italian Music Industry

values:
/wiki/Dunblane_school_massacre
mw-redirect
Dunblane school massacre

values:
/wiki/The_Blow-Up
mw-redirect
The Blow-Up

values:
/wiki/My_World_(video)
mw-redirect
My World (video)

values:
/wiki/A-Side_and_B-Side
mw-redirect
A-Side and B-Side

values: Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1

values:
/wiki/Pat_Garrett_%26_Billy_the_Kid
mw-redirect
Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid

values:
/wiki/Renaldo_%26_Clara
mw-redirect
Renaldo & Clara

values: Shake, Rattle & Roll (Filipino film series)

values:
/wiki/Salvador_(Puig_Antich)
mw-redirect
Salvador (Puig Antich)

values:
/wiki/Antony_%26_the_Johnsons
mw-redirect
Antony & the Johnsons

values:
/wiki/Cold_Case_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Cold Case (TV series)

values:
/wiki/My_Name_is_Earl
mw-redirect
My Name is Earl

values:
/wiki/Jojo%27s_Bizarre_Adventure
mw-redirect
Jojo's Bizarre Adventure

values:
/wiki/Diamond_is_Unbreakable
mw-redirect
Diamond is Unbreakable

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p64692

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4416

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Bob_Dylan_singles_discography
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Just_Like_a_Woman_(song)
mw-redirect
Just Like a Woman (song)

values:
/wiki/Obviously_5_Believers
mw-redirect
Obviously 5 Believers

values: Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine

values: Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)

values:
/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead
mw-redirect
The Grateful Dead

values:
/wiki/Most_of_the_Time
mw-redirect
Most of the Time

values: The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991

values:
/wiki/Good_As_I_Been_to_You
mw-redirect
Good As I Been to You

values:
/wiki/High_Water_(For_Charlie_Patton)
mw-redirect
High Water (For Charlie Patton)

values:
/wiki/I_Feel_a_Change_Comin%27_On
mw-redirect
I Feel a Change Comin' On

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Guns_N'_Roses
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (Guns N' Roses song)

values: Shadow of Your Love (Guns N' Roses song)

values:
/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_I_(video)
mw-redirect
Use Your Illusion I (video)

values:
/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_II_(video)
mw-redirect
Use Your Illusion II (video)

values: Up Close and Personal Tour (Guns N' Roses)

values: List of awards and nominations received by Guns N' Roses

values: Watch You Bleed: The Saga of Guns N' Roses

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles

values: Category:Music videos directed by Andy Morahan

values: Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Ireland2

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Germany2

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door (Lied) – German

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کوبیدن بر در بهشت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (nummer) – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 天国への扉 (ボブ・ディランの曲) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Knockin' on Heaven's Door – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: 敲开天堂之门 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Knockin_on_Heaven_s_Door rootpage-Knockin_on_Heaven_s_Door skin-vector action-view


text:
Michael Dunn (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Michael Dunn
Dunn (left) with Richard Kiel on The Wild Wild West.
Born
Gary Neil Miller
(1934-10-20)October 20, 1934
Shattuck, Oklahoma, U.S.
Died
August 30, 1973(1973-08-30) (aged 38)
London, England, UK
Resting place
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
University of Michigan
Occupation
Actor, singer
Height
1.17 m (3 ft 10 in)
Michael Dunn (October 20, 1934 – August 30, 1973) was an American actor and singer. He inspired a number of actors that were smaller and shorter than most "average" people, including Zelda Rubinstein, Mark Povinelli, and Ricardo Gil.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical condition
2 Early life
3 Education
4 Religion
5 Career
6 Personal life
7 Death
8 TV and filmography
9 References
10 External links
Medical condition[edit]
Dunn had medical dwarfism, a result of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED, subtype unknown), a genetic defect of cartilage production caused by a mutation in the COL2A1 (type II collagen) gene. This disorder, classified as a skeletal dysplasia, caused distorted development of his limbs, spine, and ribcage and led to early, widespread osteoarthritis and constricted lung growth. As an adult, he stood 3' 10" and weighed about 78 pounds (117 cm, 35 kg). During Dunn's lifetime, his condition was described by the nonspecific term "progressive chondrodystrophy," or alternatively as "achondroplasia", a term that now refers specifically to a skeletal dysplasia caused by a defect in the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3.[1]
Early life[edit]
Dunn was born Gary Neil Miller to Jewell (née Hilly; died 1990) and Fred Miller (died 1981) during the time of the Dust Bowl drought. He chose his stage name in order to differentiate himself from another Gary Miller in Screen Actors Guild. ("Dunn" was his maternal grandmother's maiden name, but his reason for choosing "Michael" is unknown and not derived from his monastic experience in 1958.) An only child, when he was four years old, his family moved to Dearborn, Michigan.[2]
Dunn started reading at age three, was champion of the 1947 Detroit News Spelling Bee—representing Wallaceville School in Wayne County—and showed early skill at the piano. He enjoyed singing from childhood, loved to draw an impromptu audience (even while waiting for a bus), and developed a pleasing lyric baritone and superb sight-reading skills.[3][4] His parents defied pressure from school authorities to sequester him in a school for disabled children and staunchly supported his talents, independence, and integration into mainstream society. "I always got thrown out of classes for being too lippy", he commented about his experience with elementary school teachers. "I'd read more than they."[5] His orthopedic condition greatly limited his mobility, but he swam and ice skated in childhood and remained a skilled swimmer throughout his life.[6][7]
Education[edit]
He attended Redford High School in Detroit (1947–1951), then entered University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in September, 1951, just before his 17th birthday. However, according to his Columbia Studios press kit biography, his studies were interrupted when he was knocked down a flight of stairs during a "student rush", which resulted in a three-month hospital stay.[citation needed]
In 1953, he transferred to the University of Miami, College of Arts and Sciences, which offered a better climate and more accessible campus. His transcript shows that, despite scoring at the 97th percentile of ACE placement exams and the 99th percentile of the CTS English test, he did not distinguish himself academically. However, he was a high spirited and well-known figure about campus who sang in the talent show and facetiously joined the football cheerleading squad. Archives at that university's Otto G. Richter Library show that he became first a copyeditor and a contributing writer, then managing editor in 1954 of the college magazine, Tempo. (Contrary to information that later appeared in his Columbia Studios biography, Dunn could not take credit for Tempo winning the Sigma Delta Chi Award for best college magazine in the country, since credit went to the Editor-in-Chief.) His classmate John Softness recalled, "He could sing like an angel, and he could act and he could write and he was a brilliant raconteur." Softness ran a campus-wide advertising campaign called "Wheels for Gary," which brought in enough money from student donations to buy a used 1951 Austin outfitted with hand controls, so that Dunn could get around independently.[1]
At various points, he held different odd jobs—singing in a nightclub, answering telephones for the Miami Daily News, and working as a hotel detective. ("What a gaff! I got my room free and all I did was play cards with the night clerk and keep an eye open for any funny business in the lobby. Who would ever suspect me of being a detective?")[6] He left college in 1956 after completing only his sophomore year, returned to Michigan, and attended summer classes at the University of Detroit, in 1957.[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Dunn had converted to Catholicism and was baptized on September 25, 1954 by Rev. J.M. O'Sullivan at the Church of the Little Flower in Coral Gables, Florida. He was living in Ann Arbor with his parents, working as a professional singer, at the time he entered St. Bonaventure Monastery in Detroit, on February 25, 1958.[8] According to a Capuchin Provincial Archivist, Dunn entered with the intention of becoming a Capuchin non-ordained Brother. He was known by his given name, Gary, since he never became a novice. A testimonial from John F. Bradley, Catholic Chaplain, University of Michigan, states: "He has always been interested in Catholic activities and was president of the Newman Club in another school". In response to a question on the monastery application asking: "How long have you been thinking of entering religious life?" Dunn wrote, "More than three years." Dunn was later quoted in the New York Post explaining that he had wanted to be of service, since he was unfit for the military: "Everyone my age was going to Korea and I had this feeling that singing wasn't exactly doing my part."[5] However, monastery records entered by the Master of Novices show that the physical demands of monastic life in a huge, 19th-century building with no elevator proved too strenuous. Dunn left of his own accord on May 8, 1958, in order to pursue a stage career in New York.[1]
Career[edit]
In New York, Dunn re-encountered Softness, who volunteered to be his manager. He also befriended actress Phoebe Dorin in an off-Broadway show, Two by Saroyan, in which both had small parts in the early 1960s. They began singing together casually after their nighttime performances, sitting on the wall of the fountain opposite the Plaza Hotel, and drew a following. Eventually, on the advice of fellow actor Roddy McDowall, the pair started a nightclub act of songs mixed with conversational patter, titled "Michael Dunn and Phoebe". The act received favorable reviews in Time magazine and The New York Times and ultimately led directly to the pair being cast on The Wild Wild West television series, a Western spy spoof with elements of historical fiction and science fiction, which debuted in 1965.[6][7][9]
Dunn was probably best known for his recurring role on that series as Dr. Miguelito Loveless (Miguelito is Spanish for "Little Michael"), a mad scientist who devised passionately perverse schemes and gadgetry to ensnare Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon (Robert Conrad and Ross Martin). Dorin played Dr. Loveless's devoted assistant, Antoinette. In each episode in which they appeared together, the villainous couple tenderly sang a Victorian duet or two, heedless of the mayhem they had created around themselves. According to Dorin, Dunn saved her from drowning during filming of the episode The Night of the Murderous Spring, plunging underwater to tear her free, when her costume became entangled in machinery used to sink a boat on the set.[7] Dunn appeared as Dr Loveless 10 times on "The Wild Wild West" (four times apiece in the first two seasons and one time apiece in the remaining two seasons).
In the pilot episode of the Mel Brooks and Buck Henry television spy spoof Get Smart, Dunn showed his skill with comic farce as the well-heeled gangster Mr. Big, leader of international crime organization K.A.O.S. (September 18, 1965). Dunn featured as Alexander, a courageous court jester, in the Star Trek episode "Plato's Stepchildren" (November 22, 1968). (Alexander caps his solo about the Greek god Pan with a guttural, onomatopoeic quotation—"brekekekex, koax, koax"—from the Aristophanes comedy, The Frogs, written in about 405 B.C.) He also appeared in an episode of Bonanza, "It's A Small World" (January 4, 1970), portraying a recently widowed circus performer trying to start a new life and as a killer clown in the Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episode 'The Wax Men."
Dunn as Antaeus with Priscilla Pointer in The Inner Journey.
In 1963, he received the New York critics' Circle Award for best supporting actor and was nominated for a 1964 Tony Award, for his performance as Cousin Lymon in Edward Albee's stage adaptation of The Ballad of the Sad Café, by Carson McCullers. Dunn received an Oscar nomination and the Laurel Award as the best supporting actor for his role as the cynical Karl Glocken in Ship of Fools (Columbia Pictures, 1965, directed by Stanley Kramer).
In 1969, The New York Times drama critic Clive Barnes praised Dunn's portrayal of Antaeus in the tragedy The Inner Journey by British novelist and playwright James Hanley, performed at the Lincoln Center: "Michael Dunn as the dwarf is so good that the play may be worth seeing merely for him. Controlled, with his heart turned inward, his mind a pattern of pain, Mr. Dunn's Antaeus deserves all the praise it can be given."[10]
Between those career highlights, he accepted roles in many pulp horror movies, as well as a role in the 1968 film, No Way to Treat a Lady, starring Rod Steiger and George Segal. However, at the time of his death, he was in London playing Birgito in The Abdication (Warner Brothers, 1974, directed by Anthony Harvey), starring Peter Finch and Liv Ullmann. Author Günter Grass had already asked him to play in a film adaptation of his novel, The Tin Drum, a role that ultimately went to the young David Bennent after Dunn's death.[7]
Personal life[edit]
Dunn was married on December 14, 1966 to Joy Talbot. Motion Picture Magazine described her as a model, in a photo caption in the March, 1967 issue. The union was unhappy and childless, ending in divorce after a few years. He developed into a dedicated philanthropist toward children with dwarfism who would write fan letters to him confiding their loneliness and despair. According to Dorin, Dunn often traveled to visit such children at his own expense, delivering encouragement to them and stern counsel to overly protective parents.[1][7]
His mobility and physical stamina were poor and deteriorated throughout his life. He suffered especially from deformed hip joints (due either to hip dysplasia or coxa vara, with secondary osteoarthritis).[1][9] However, he scampishly disguised his limitations by telling tall tales that a gullible press eagerly reported as the truth. Various accounts describe him as an aviator, skydiver, judo master, football player, and concert pianist, despite clear evidence on film of a severe, waddling limp, permanently flexed limbs, and gnarled fingers. In published interviews, he did hint at his childhood limitations both in football—"I was a great passer"—and in baseball: "I wasn't a very fast runner. I had to depend on sliding."[3][6] Working in New York, Dunn reportedly accrued masses of parking tickets, since disabled drivers had no special privileges. He also received human transport from friend and stuntman Dean Selmier, who often carried Dunn on his shoulders through the streets of Manhattan.[1][7][11]
Death[edit]
Spinal deformities, including scoliosis, caused a distorted ribcage that restricted Dunn's lung growth and function. The resulting respiratory insufficiency caused overload of the heart's right chambers, a chronic condition called cor pulmonale. He died in his sleep in his room at the Cadogan Hotel in London, on August 30, 1973, at age 38, while on location for The Abdication.
The New York Times reported his cause of death as undisclosed, leading to decades of repeated public speculation about possible suicide.[10] However, the designation "undisclosed" signified merely that no cause of death had yet been determined. An autopsy was performed on August 31, 1973, by Professor R.D. Teare at St. George's Hospital in southwest London, who noted: "The right side of the heart was widely dilated and hypertrophied to twice its normal thickness. The left ventricle was normal in size." He recorded the cause of death as cor pulmonale.[1] This information is confirmed in the "Report of the Death of an American Citizen" from the U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service, American Embassy in London, made out on October 12, 1973, by Micaela A. Cella, Vice Consul. The report is on record in the U.S. National Archives in College Park, Maryland.
A London physician reportedly prescribed and administered two narcotics and a barbiturate for severe arthritic pain, despite the extreme risk of inducing respiratory depression, apnea, and death in a patient with decreased respiratory reserve. Dunn may have needed the drugs in order to tolerate the physical demands of shooting a movie. The autopsy's finding of intense vascular congestion in the lungs also suggests the possibility that a rapidly progressive pneumonia may have been developing.[1]
Allegations of chronic alcoholism are unsubstantiated by the autopsy report, which notes only venous congestion of the liver—presumably secondary to Dunn's right-heart failure—without cirrhosis, and without inflammation of the stomach lining or pancreas. One consequence of such liver dysfunction would be jaundice. Another would be intoxication after drinking even small amounts of alcohol, as well as a toxic reaction to the prescribed drugs—either of which could also induce altered mental status (such as disorientation, delusions, faulty memory). This may explain the family's report that Dunn sent home a strange telegram "shortly before his death." ("I'm OK. The cops are looking.") Rumors of foul play and theft of the body are completely unsubstantiated by Scotland Yard.[1]
Despite being severely ill and in great pain, Dunn continued working nearly up to the day of his death, living up to his own description of himself as "a both-feet jumper."[5] He was buried on September 10, 1973, in Lauderdale Memorial Park Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, near his parents' retirement home in Lauderhill. In July 2007, a first cousin had his remains exhumed and driven to Oklahoma, re-interred near his parents' graves in Sunset Memorial Park Cemetery, Norman, Oklahoma.[12]
TV and filmography[edit]
Year Date Aired Series Episode Role Notes
1962 Without Each Other film Dwarf
1964 February 7 The Jack Paar Program interview guest
1965 July 29 Ship of Fools film Karl Glocken
1965 August 3 Today (w/ Phoebe Dorin) guest performer
1965 September 18 Get Smart pilot, "Mr. Big" Mr. Big
1965 October 1 The Wild Wild West "The Night The Wizard Shook the Earth" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1965 November 19 The Wild Wild West "The Night That Terror Stalked the Town" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1966 February 18 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Whirring Death" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1966 April 15 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Murderous Spring" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1966 September 6 Today (w/ Phoebe Dorin) guest performer
1966 September 30 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Raven" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1966 October 10 Run for Your Life "The Dark Beyond the Door" George Korval
1966 November 18 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Green Terror" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1966 December 9 You're a Big Boy Now film Richard Mudd
1967 March 3 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Surreal McCoy" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1967 March 5 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea "The Wax-Men" clown
1967 April 7 The Wild Wild West "The Night of the Bogus Bandits" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1967 September 29 The Wild Wild West "The Night Dr. Loveless Died" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1968 March 10 Madigan "Castiglione" Midget Castiglione
1968 March 20 No Way to Treat a Lady film Mr. Kupperman
1968 March 22 Tarzan "Alex, the Great" Amir
1968 May 28 Boom! film Rudi
1968 November 22 Star Trek "Plato's Stepchildren" Alexander
1968 December 13 The Wild Wild West "The Night of Miguelito's Revenge" Dr. Miguelito Loveless
1968 December 17 Kampf um Rom film Narses
1969 June 11 Personality interview guest
1970 January 4 Bonanza "It's a Small World" George Marshall
1970 August 6 Justine film Mnemjian
1970 August 20 The Tonight Show interview guest
1970 September 15 Trop petit mon ami film Tiky Edriss
1971 October 6 Murders in the Rue Morgue Theatrical release Pierre Triboulet
1972 February 23 Night Gallery "The Sins of the Fathers" Servant
1972 October 17 Goodnight, My Love TV movie Arthur Boyle
1973 October 3 The Werewolf of Washington Theatrical release Dr. Kiss
1974 September 9 House of the Damned Theatrical release Bodo
1974 September 29 The Mutations Theatrical release Burns
1974 December 5 The Abdication film The Dwarf
2008 June 20 Get Smart film Theatrical release "wanted" poster of Mr. Big on refrigerator door
2008 November 20 Man In The Mirror movie DVD 2008, filmed between 1970 and '72, restored and completed in 2007 Apple Joe (final film role)
Source: The Paley Center for Media, formerly The Museum of Television and Radio, 25 West 52nd Street, New York, NY 10019 (see below)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "What’s in a Diagnosis? A Medical Biography of Michael Dunn". Nctc.net. Nebraska Central Telephone Company. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Biography, Michael Dunn. Columbia Studios, John C. Flinn, Studio Director of Publicity and Advertising. August 4, 1964. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Higgins, Robert. "The only thing small about Michael Dunn is his height." TV Guide, July 8, 1967:22–24.
Jump up ^ The Detroit News spelling bee: former champions. At: Rearview mirror: The Detroit News living history project. [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nachman, Gerald. "The tall success of Michael Dunn." New York Post. November 19, 1965.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bosworth, Patricia. "Just an ordinary guy." The New York Times. September 25, 1966.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Weaver, Tom Interview with Phoebe Dorin, 2000
Jump up ^ Miller, Gary Neil: Application for Admission to The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, in the Province of St. Joseph (Provincialate: 1740 Mt. Elliott, Detroit 7, Michigan). July 31, 1957.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elf's Progress", Time, July 30, 1965, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Dunn, 39, the actor, is dead", The New York Times, August 31, 1973.
Jump up ^ "A dwarf's full-size success", Life, February 14, 1964.
Jump up ^ Zizzo, David. "Genius actor gets home at lastHe was reburied in Norman after his 1973 death in England". NewsOK.com. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Michael Dunn Actor and Singer
Grave photo at Sunset Memorial Park Cemetery, Norman, OK
Michael Dunn at Find a Grave
Michael Dunn (I) on IMDb
Michael Dunn profile at NNDB
Michael Dunn at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Michael Dunn; @ Aveleyman.com
Sculpture of Michael Dunn
[3] Michael Dunn FB Group- Includes family members of Michael Dunn
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22341017
LCCN: no2003017459
ISNI: 0000 0000 5266 7828
GND: 1099996775
BNF: cb14024828p (data)
IATH: w6xt8sj6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Dunn_(actor)&oldid=802000591"
Categories:
1934 births
1973 deaths
People from Shattuck, Oklahoma
Male actors from Oklahoma
University of Michigan alumni
University of Miami alumni
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
Actors with dwarfism
American male television actors
American male stage actors
American male film actors
Burials in Florida
Burials in Oklahoma
20th-century American male actors
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Русский
Tagalog
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 09:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

values: Michael Dunn Richard Kiel Wild Wild West.JPG

values:
/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia
mw-redirect
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

values:
/wiki/Skeletal_dysplasia
mw-redirect
Skeletal dysplasia

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/Victorian_Era
mw-redirect
Victorian Era

values: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Lincoln_Center
mw-redirect
Lincoln Center

values:
/wiki/Warner_Brothers
mw-redirect
Warner Brothers

values:
/wiki/Cor_pulmonale
mw-redirect
Cor pulmonale

values:
/wiki/Cadogan_Hotel
mw-redirect
Cadogan Hotel

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
/wiki/The_Jack_Paar_Program
mw-redirect
The Jack Paar Program

values:
/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)
mw-redirect
Today (NBC program)

values: Personality (1967 TV series) (page does not exist)

values: House of the Damned (1974 film) (page does not exist)

values: Man In The Mirror movie (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/The_Paley_Center_for_Media
mw-redirect
The Paley Center for Media

values:
/wiki/Gerald_Nachman_(journalist)
mw-redirect
Gerald Nachman (journalist)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0242692/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/22341017

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000052667828

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/1099996775

values: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

values: Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism

values: Category:American male television actors

values: Category:20th-century American male actors

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Michael_Dunn_(actor)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مایکل دان (بازیگر) – Persian

values: מייקל דאן – Hebrew

values: Майкл Данн – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Michael_Dunn_actor rootpage-Michael_Dunn_actor vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Coffea arabica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Coffea arabica
Coffea arabica flowers
Coffea arabica fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Coffea
Species: C. arabica
Binomial name
Coffea arabica
L.
Coffea arabica (/əˈræbɪkə/), also known as the Arabian coffee, "coffee shrub of Arabia", "mountain coffee", or "arabica coffee", is a species of Coffea. It is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, and is the dominant cultivar, representing some 60% of global production.[1] Coffee produced from the less acidic, more bitter, and more highly caffeinated robusta bean (C. canephora) makes up the preponderance of the balance.
Contents
1 Biology
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Cultivation and use
4 History
5 Taxonomy
6 Strains
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Biology[edit]
Wild plants grow between 9 and 12 m (30 and 39 ft) tall, and have an open branching system; the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6–12 cm (2.5–4.5 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.5–3 in) broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10–15 mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The seeds are contained in a drupe (commonly called a "cherry") 10–15 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contains two seeds, the actual coffee beans.
Coffea arabica is the only polyploid species of the genus Coffea, as it carries 4 copies of the 11 chromosomes (44 total) instead of the 2 copies of diploid species. Specifically, Coffea arabica is itself the result of a hybridization between the diploids Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides,[2] thus making it an allotetraploid, with two copies of two different genomes.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Endemic to the mountainous regions of Yemen and the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia.[3] C. arabica is now rare in Ethiopia, while many populations appear to be of mixed native and planted trees. In Ethiopia, where it is called būna, it is commonly used as an understorey shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan. C. arabica is also found on Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence.[4] The species is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land, in many parts of Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, China, and assorted islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific.[5]
The conservation of the genetic variation of C. arabica relies on conserving healthy populations of wild coffee in the Afromontane rainforests of Ethiopia. Genetic research has shown coffee cultivation is threatening the genetic integrity of wild coffee because it exposes wild genotypes to cultivars.[6] Nearly all of the coffee that has been cultivated over the past few centuries originated with just a handful of wild plants from Ethiopia, and today the coffee growing on plantations around the world contains less than 1% of the diversity contained in the wild in Ethiopia alone.[7]
Cultivation and use[edit]
Botanical drawing of Coffea arabica, around 1860
Botanical drawing of C. arabica, dating from around 1880.
Arabica coffee's first domestication in Ethiopia is obscure, but cultivation in Yemen is well documented by the 12th century.[8]
Coffea arabica accounts for 60% of the world's coffee production.[1]
C. arabica takes approximately seven years to mature fully, and it does best with 1.0–1.5 meters (about 40–59 inches) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year.[citation needed] It is usually cultivated between 1,300 and 1,500 m altitude,[citation needed] but there are plantations that grow it as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m.[9]
The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best with an average temperature between 15 and 24 °C (59 and 75 °F).[10] Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora, C. arabica prefers to be grown in light shade.[citation needed]
Two to four years after planting, C. arabica produces small, white, highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles the sweet smell of jasmine flowers. Flowers opening on sunny days result in the greatest numbers of berries. This can be problematic and deleterious, however, as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries; this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years, as the plant will favor the ripening of berries to the detriment of its own health.
On well-kept plantations, overflowering is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers only last a few days, leaving behind only the thick, dark-green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage, until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy, deep red. At this point, they are called "cherries," which fruit they then resemble, and are ready for picking.
The berries are oblong and about 1 cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means ripe and unripe berries are collected together.
The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce from 0.5 to 5.0 kg of dried beans, depending on the tree's individual character and the climate that season. The most valuable part of this cash crop are the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit; sometimes, a third seed or one seed, a peaberry, grows in the fruit at tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes; the outer one is called the "parchment coat" and the inner one is called the "silver skin."
On Java Island, trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year round. In parts of Brazil, however, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter. The plants are vulnerable to damage in such poor growing conditions as cold or low pH soil, and they are also more vulnerable to pests than the C. robusta plant.[11]
Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa.
In Hawaii, coffee was formerly more widely grown than at present, and it persists after cultivation in many areas. But in some valleys, it is a highly invasive weed.[12] In the Udawattakele and Gannoruwa Forest Reserves near Kandy, Sri Lanka, coffee shrubs are also a problematic invasive species.[13]
It is expected that a medium-term depletion of indigenous populations of C. arabica may occur, due to projected global warming, based on IPCC modelling.[14]
According to journalist Herbert van der Vossen, potential risks to arabica production due to climate change are being anticipated and planned for through the development of next-generation varieties. Risks to coffee arabica include a changing climate, rising temperatures, longer droughts and excessive rainfall.[15]
Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of arabica coffee, and among the best known arabica coffee beans in the world are those from Jamaican Blue Mountain, Colombian Supremo, Tarrazú, Costa Rica, Guatemalan Antigua, and Ethiopian Sidamo.[16][17][18] Espresso typically is made from a blend of arabica and robusta beans.
A Coffea arabica plantation in São João do Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais, Brazil
History[edit]
Main article: History of coffee
The first written record of coffee made from roasted coffee beans comes from Arab scholars, who wrote that it was useful in prolonging their working hours. Yemen's close proximity to Ethiopia meant that the two nations engaged in trade so it is natural that this beverage first spread to the Yemeni people from the highlands of Ethiopia.[19] It later spread first among the Turks, and later on found its way around the world. Other scholars believe that the coffee plant was introduced into Yemen from Ethiopia, based on a Yemeni tradition that slips of both coffee and qat were planted at 'Udein' ('the two twigs') in Yemen in pre-Islamic times.[20]
Taxonomy[edit]
Coffea arabica was first described by Antoine de Jussieu, who named it Jasminum arabicum after studying a specimen from the Botanic Gardens of Amsterdam. Linnaeus placed it in its own genus Coffea in 1737.[21]
Strains[edit]
Structure of coffee berry and beans:
1: Center cut
2: Bean (endosperm)
3: Silver skin (testa, epidermis)
4: Parchment coat (hull, endocarp)
5: Pectin layer
6: Pulp (mesocarp)
7: Outer skin (pericarp, exocarp)
One strain of Coffea arabica naturally contains very little caffeine. While beans of normal C. arabica plants contain 12 mg of caffeine per gram of dry mass, these mutants contain only 0.76 mg of caffeine per gram, but with all the taste of normal coffee.[22]
Gallery[edit]
Coffea arabica growing at Olinda, Maui.
Unroasted ("green") coffee (Coffea arabica) beans from Brazil.
See also[edit]
Maraba coffee
Coffee portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Coffee: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lashermes, P.; Combes, M.-C.; Robert, J.; Trouslot, P.; D'Hont, A.; Anthony, F.; Charrier, A. (1999-03-01). "Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome". Molecular and General Genetics MGG. 261 (2): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s004380050965. ISSN 0026-8925.
Jump up ^ Martinez-Torres, Maria Elena (2006). Organic Coffee. Ohio University. ISBN 9780896802476. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Charrier & Berthaud (1985), p. 20.
Jump up ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Coffea arabica
Jump up ^ Silvarolla, M. B.; Mazzafera, P.; Fazuoli, L. C. (2004). "Plant biochemistry: A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee". Nature. 429 (6994): 826. doi:10.1038/429826a. PMID 15215853.
Jump up ^ Rosner, Hillary (October 2014). "Saving Coffee". Scientific American. 311 (4): 68–73. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1014-68. PMID 25314878.
Jump up ^ Söndahl, M. R.; van der Vossen, H. A. M. (2005). "The plant: Origin, production and botany". In Illy, Andrea; Viani, Rinantonio. Espresso Coffee: The Science of Quality (Second ed.). Elsevier Academic Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-12-370371-2.
Jump up ^ Schmitt, Christine B. (2006). Montane Rainforest with Wild Coffea Arabica in the Bonga Region (SW Ethiopia): Plant Diversity, Wild Coffee Management and Implications for Conservation. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-86727-043-4.
Jump up ^ Taye Kufa Obso (2006). Ecophysiological Diversity of Wild Arabica Coffee Populations in Ethiopia: Growth, Water Relations and Hydraulic Characteristics Along a Climatic Gradient. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-86727-990-1.
Jump up ^ "Coffee: The World in Your Cup." Seattle, WA: Burke Museum at the University of Washington.
Jump up ^ "Coffea arabica (PIER species info)". Retrieved 15 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Nyanatusita, Bhikkhu; Dissanayake, Rajith (2013). "Udawattakele: 'A Sanctuary Destroyed From Within'" (PDF). Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka. 26 (5 & 6): 44.
Jump up ^ Davis, Aaron P.; Gole, Tadesse Woldemariam; Baena, Susana; Moat, Justin (2012). "The impact of climate change on indigenous arabica coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting future trends and identifying priorities". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e47981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047981. PMC 3492365. PMID 23144840.
Jump up ^ van der Vossen, Herbert (2015). "Next generation variety development for sustainable production of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)". Euphytica. 204 (2): 244. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1398-z.
Jump up ^ "Os melhores grãos do mundo". Revista Veja (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. 31 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2008. Edition 2071. Print edition p. 140
Jump up ^ Fussell, Betty (5 September 1999). "The World Before Starbucks". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence (2 September 1992). "Americans Wake Up and Smell the Coffee". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
Jump up ^ https://www.aromacoffee.ae
Jump up ^ Western Arabia and the Red Sea, Naval Intelligence Division, London 2005, p. 490 ISBN 0-7103-1034-X
Jump up ^ Charrier, A.; Berthaud, J. (1985). "Botanical Classification of Coffee". In Clifford, M. H.; Wilson, K. C. Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7099-0787-9.
Jump up ^ Silvarolla, Maria B.; Mazzafera, Paulo; Fazuoli, Luiz C. (2004). "Plant biochemistry: A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee". Nature. 429 (6994): 826. doi:10.1038/429826a. PMID 15215853.
Further reading[edit]
Silvarolla, Maria B.; Mazzafera, Paulo; Fazuoli, Luiz C. (2004). "A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee". Nature. 429 (6994): 826. doi:10.1038/429826a. PMID 15215853.
Weinberg, Bennet Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92722-2.
External links[edit]
World Checklist of Rubiaceae
Understanding the difference between Arabica and Robusta
CoffeeResearch.org
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coffea arabica.
show
v
t
e
Coffee
Topics
Economics
Fair trade
History
International Coffee Day
Production
Coffee production
List of countries by coffee production
Species and varieties
Arabica
Kona coffee
S795 coffee
Liberica
Robusta
Components
Cafestol
Caffeic acid
Caffeine
Coffee bean
Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
Processing
Coffee roasting
Coffee wastewater
Decaffeination
Home roasting
Preparation
AeroPress
Arabic coffee
Brewed coffee
Canned coffee
Cezve
Chorreador
Coffeemaker
Coffee syrup
Cold brew
Espresso
doppio
lungo
ristretto
Espresso machine
French press
Handpresso
Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol
Instant coffee
Knockbox
List of coffee dishes
Moka pot
Percolator
Turkish coffee
Vacuum maker
Coffee drinks
Affogato
Americano
Bica
Bicerin
Black Russian
Cà phê sữa đá
Café au lait
Café de olla
Café con leche
Caffè crema
Café Cubano
Caffè mocha
Café Touba
Caffè corretto
Café com Cheirinho
Caffè macchiato
Cappuccino
Carajillo
Coffee milk
Cortado
Espresso
Flat white
Frappuccino
Galão
Garoto
Greek frappé coffee
Iced coffee
Indian filter coffee
Ipoh white coffee
Irish coffee
Karsk
Kopi Luwak
Kopi tubruk
Latte
Latte macchiato
Liqueur coffee
Long black
Lungo
Marocchino
Mazagran
Oliang
Red eye
Ristretto
Rüdesheimer Kaffee
Tenom coffee
Turkish coffee
White coffee
White Russian
Wiener Melange
Yuenyeung
Organisation lists
Coffee companies
Coffeehouses
Lifestyle
Barista
Caffè sospeso
Coffee break
Coffee ceremony
CoffeeCon
Coffee culture
Coffee cupping
Coffee Palace
Coffeehouse
Fika
Kopi tiam
Latte art
Viennese coffee house
Substitutes
Barley coffee
Barley tea
Barleycup
Caro
Chicory
Dandelion coffee
Inka
Postum
Qishr
Roasted grain drink
Misc.
Coffee and doughnuts
Coffee cup
Coffee cup sleeve
Demitasse
Tasse à café
Coffee leaf rust
King Gustav's twin experiment
Coffee vending machine
Demitasse spoon
Single-serve coffee container
Third wave of coffee
Coffee portal
Category: Coffee
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q47685
Wikispecies: Coffea arabica
APDB: 153019
EoL: 1109554
EPPO: COFAR
FoC: 200022076
GBIF: 2895345
GRIN: 300141
iNaturalist: 64342
IPNI: 747038-1
IRMNG: 11107021
ITIS: 35190
NCBI: 13443
NZOR: b08f56a7-5f04-4db7-9c25-d30a6e16d488
PalDat: Coffea_arabica
Plant List: kew-45400
PLANTS: COAR2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747038-1
Tropicos: 27900016
WCSP: 45400
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffea_arabica&oldid=865879242"
Categories:
Coffea
Coffee varieties
Flora of East Tropical Africa
Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa
Endemic flora of Ethiopia
Flora of Kenya
Flora of Sudan
Crops originating from Africa
Crops originating from Ethiopia
Agriculture in Brazil
Agriculture in the Caribbean
Agriculture in China
Agriculture in Central America
Agriculture in Mexico
Agriculture in South America
Bale Mountains
Ethiopian Highlands
Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Hidden categories:
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Use dmy dates from January 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Hornjoserbsce
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
മലയാളം
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Lea faka-Tonga
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
34 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 19:38 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

values: Several coffee cherries growing along a branch; some are green and some are beginning to ripen

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Caribbean_Islands
mw-redirect
Caribbean Islands

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Java_(island)
mw-redirect
Java (island)

values:
/wiki/Udawatta_Kele_Sanctuary
mw-redirect
Udawatta Kele Sanctuary

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values:
/wiki/Colombian_coffee
mw-redirect
Colombian coffee

values:
/wiki/Tarrazu_coffee
mw-redirect
Tarrazu coffee

values:
/wiki/Ethiopian_Sidamo_(coffee)
mw-redirect
Ethiopian Sidamo (coffee)

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:80%; max-width:808px;

values:
/wiki/Catha_edulis
mw-redirect
Catha edulis

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004380050965

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8925

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F429826a

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215853

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25314878

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144840

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10681-015-1398-z

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.aromacoffee.ae

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/
external text

values:
Coffee
hrecipe fn ingredient
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/File:A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG
image
A cup of coffee

values:
navbox-image
11
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Coffee_processing
mw-redirect
Coffee processing

values:
/wiki/Coffee_syrup
mw-redirect
Coffee syrup

values:
/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee
mw-redirect
Cold brew coffee

values:
/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_Cheirinho
mw-redirect
Café com Cheirinho

values:
/wiki/Coffee_Palace
mw-redirect
Coffee Palace

values:
/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)
mw-redirect
Fika (Sweden)

values:
/wiki/Barley_coffee
mw-redirect
Barley coffee

values:
/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust
mw-redirect
Coffee leaf rust

values: Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1109554/overview

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/COFAR

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2895345

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/64342

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27900016

values: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

values: Category:Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa

values: Category:Crops originating from Ethiopia

values: Category:Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka

values: Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Coffea_arabica
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: بن عربي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Кофе Арабика – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: قهوه عربیکا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Սուրճ Արաբիկա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קפה ערביקה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಅರಾಬಿಕ ಕಾಫಿ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: കോഫി അറബിക – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: アラビカコーヒーノキ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Кофе аравийский – Russian

values: ڪافي عربيڪا – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi
Kofi – Tongan
to
to
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-to
display: none;

values: Кава аравійська – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Coffea_arabica rootpage-Coffea_arabica skin-vector action-view