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Life imprisonment
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"Life Sentence" redirects here. For the music recording by Epicure, see Life Sentence (EP). For the TV series, see Life Sentence (TV series).
"Life term" redirects here. For lifelong terms of office, see Life tenure.
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Life imprisonment (also known as imprisonment for life, life in prison,[citation needed] a life sentence, a life term, lifelong incarceration, life incarceration or simply life) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled. Crimes for which depending on a country a person could receive this sentence include murder, attempted murder, conspiracy to commit murder, blasphemy,[1] apostasy, terrorism, severe child abuse, rape, child rape, espionage, treason, high treason, drug dealing, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe cases of fraud, severe cases of financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage in English law, and aggravated cases of arson, kidnapping, burglary, or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and in certain cases genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law. Life imprisonment (as a maximum term) can also be imposed, in certain countries, for traffic offenses causing death.[2] This sentence does not exist in all countries and Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment, in 1884.
Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence, there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time. This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence (until that individual dies) outside prison. Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct, possibly with certain restrictions or obligations. In contrast, when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended, the convict is free. The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary. The date when a convict is eligible for parole does not necessarily predict when or if parole will be granted. In most countries around the world, a person granted parole after being sentenced to life imprisonment is usually on parole for the remainder of their natural lives.[3]
Some technically finite sentences handed out, in particular the United States, exceed the human maximum life span and are therefore seen as de facto life sentences. Additionally, for particularly heinous crimes, courts will sometimes add additional years onto the life sentence in order to ensure that no amount of good behavior could ever result in the person being set free. For example, Ariel Castro, who kidnapped Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Gina DeJesus from the streets of Cleveland, was sentenced in 2013 to "life, plus 1,000 years" for the 937 criminal counts including kidnapping, rape, and murder[4] Courts in South Africa have handed out at least two sentences that have exceeded a century (to Moses Sithole, whose sentence exceeds two millennia, and Eugene de Kock).[citation needed]
Few countries allow for a minor to be given a lifetime sentence with no provision for eventual release; these include Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina (only over the age of 16),[5] Australia, Belize, Brunei, Cuba, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and the United States. According to a University of San Francisco Law School study, only the U.S. had minors serving such sentences in 2008.[6] In 2009, Human Rights Watch estimated that there were 2,589 youth offenders serving life sentences without the possibility for parole in the U.S.[7][8] The United States leads in life sentences (both adults and minors), at a rate of 50 people per 100,000 residents imprisoned for life.[9]
Contents
1 United States
2 World view
3 Reform or abolition
4 Overview by jurisdiction
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
United States[edit]
Main article: Life imprisonment in the United States
In 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that sentencing minors to life without parole, automatically (as the result of a statute) or as the result of a judicial decision, for crimes other than intentional homicide, violated the Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel and unusual punishments", in the case of Graham v. Florida.[10]
Mugshot of Burton Phillips, sentenced to life imprisonment for bank robbery, 1935
Graham v. Florida was a significant case in juvenile justice. In Jacksonville, Florida, Terrence J. Graham tried to rob a restaurant along with three adolescent accomplices. During the robbery, one of Graham's accomplices had a metal bar that he used to hit the restaurant manager twice in the head. Once arrested, Graham was charged with attempted armed robbery and armed burglary with assault/battery. The maximum sentence he faced from these charges was life without the possibility of parole, and the prosecutor wanted to charge him as an adult. During the trial, Graham pleaded guilty to the charges, resulting in three years of probation, one year of which had to be served in jail. Since he had been awaiting trial in jail, he already served six months and therefore was released after six additional months.[11]
Within six months of his release, Graham was involved in another robbery. Since he violated the conditions of his probation, his probation officer reported to the trial court about his probation violations a few weeks before Graham turned 18 years old. It was a different judge presiding over his trial for the probation violations a year later. While Graham denied any involvement of the robbery, he did admit to fleeing from the police. The trial court found that Graham violated his probation by "committing a home invasion robbery, possessing a firearm, and associating with persons engaged in criminal activity",[11] and sentenced him to 15 years for the attempted armed robbery plus life imprisonment for the armed burglary. The life sentence Graham received meant he had a life sentence without the possibility of parole, "because Florida abolished their parole system in 2003".[11]
Graham's case was presented to the United States Supreme Court, with the question of whether juveniles should receive life without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases. The Justices eventually ruled that such a sentence violated the juvenile's 8th Amendment rights, protecting them from punishments that are disproportionate to the crime committed,[11] resulting in the abolition of life sentences without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases for juveniles.
In 2012 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Miller v. Alabama in a 5–4 decision and with the majority opinion written by Associate Justice Elena Kagan that mandatory sentence of life in prison without parole for juvenile offenders are unconstitutional. The majority opinion stated that barring a judge for considering mitigating factors and other information, such as age, maturity, and family and home environment violated the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Sentences of life in prison without parole can still be given to juveniles for aggravated first-degree murder, as long as the judge considers the circumstances of the case.[12][13]
World view[edit]
Life imprisonment laws around the world:
Life imprisonment sentence is used
Life imprisonment sentence is used for men only
Life imprisonment laws have been abolished
Unknown status of life imprisonment, presumed legal
Reform or abolition[edit]
In a number of countries, life imprisonment has been effectively abolished. Many of the countries whose governments have abolished both life imprisonment and indefinite imprisonment have been culturally influenced or colonized by Spain or Portugal and have written such prohibitions into their current constitutional laws (including Portugal itself but not Spain).[citation needed]
A number of European countries have abolished all forms of indefinite imprisonment, including Serbia, Croatia and Spain, which set the maximum sentence at 40 years (for each conviction, which in practice keeps the possibility of de facto life imprisonment), Bosnia and Herzegovina, which sets the maximum sentence at 45 years, and Portugal, which abolished all forms of life imprisonment with the prison reforms of Sampaio e Melo in 1884 and sets the maximum sentence at 25 years.[citation needed]
Norway (de jure) and Spain (de facto from 1993 until February 2018, the question being now debated of reintroducing de jure life imprisonment, its habitual practice before it became a democracy in 1978-1983) have abolished life imprisonment but retain other forms of indefinite imprisonment.[citation needed]
In Europe, the only countries in which the law expressly provides for life sentences without the possibility of parole are some constituent parts of the United Kingdom (England, which includes Wales since this is not a devolved competency and the legal system of England is still in force in Wales), the Netherlands, Slovakia, and Bulgaria.[14]
In South and Central America, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic have all abolished life imprisonment. The maximum sentence is 75 years in El Salvador, 60 years in Colombia, 50 years in Costa Rica and Panama, 40 years in Honduras, 25 years in Ecuador, 30 years in Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and 25 years in Paraguay. Brazil has a maximum sentence of 30 years under statutory law, but life imprisonment and capital punishment are provided by law for crimes committed during wartime (for military crimes such as treason, desertion, and mutiny) and in the Constitution.[citation needed]
In the United States, a 2009 report by the Sentencing Project suggested that life imprisonment without parole should be abolished in the country. U.S. law enforcement officials opposed its proposed abolition.[15]
Pope Francis proposed the abolition of both capital punishment and life imprisonment in a meeting with representatives of the International Association of Penal Law. He also stated that life imprisonment, recently removed from the Vatican penal code, is just a variation of the death penalty.[16]
Overview by jurisdiction[edit]
Jurisdiction (link to details)
Life imprisonment
Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole
Maximum length of sentence (under life)
Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment)
Mandatory sentence
Other crimes with possible life sentence
Under age of 18 (or 21)
Pardon, amnesty, other release
Death penalty
Afghanistan Yes Never None Yes Murder, terrorism Treason, drug trafficking Yes[citation needed] By President Yes
Albania Yes, only for men above age 18 25 years Maximum 30 years for all women ?? Murder with aggravating factor Terrorism, war crimes under 18: max. 20 years' imprisonment Only in extraordinary circumstances may the convicted serving life imprisonment be released on parole No
Andorra No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Argentina Yes 35 years or never None Yes Murder with aggravating circumstances; murder of a relative; murder of and/or by a police officer; treason Serial rape; Gender homicide ?? By president or governor of a state (depending on jurisdiction) No
Armenia Yes 20 years 15 years for the first murder conviction, 20–30 years on a second murder conviction and life on a third murder conviction No No Aggravated murder, collaborating with Azerbaijani armed forces, treason ?? By President No
Austria[17] Yes 15 years (Imprisonment for a definite period)
or never (Imprisonment for lifetime, when clemency is rejected by President) None Yes Genocide Murder, high level drug dealing, Nazi activism, production or distribution of chemical warfare agents to be used in armed conflict; abduction, robbery, rape and statutory rape if the crime causes the victim's death, sea and air piracy and arson if the crime causes the death of a large number of people under 16: max. 10 years' imprisonment
16–17: max. 15 years' imprisonment
18–20: max. 20 years' imprisonment By president No
Australia Yes 10 years, 20 years, 25 years, or never; individually set by judge None Yes Murder of police officer or other public official, murder in South Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory, aircraft hijacking Treason, terrorism, drug trafficking, rape, serious child sex offences under 18: must have minimum term set Compassionate release by Governor of state/Administrator of territory, or Governor-General No [18]
Azerbaijan[19] Yes, but only for men aged 18–65 25 years 15 Years for a single murder (up to 20 years for several crimes) No Murder, terrorism Crimes against State, War crimes No By President No
Belarus Yes but only for men aged between the age of 18 and 65 (same as Russia) 25 years 15 years and 25 years (separate sentences; 15 years for men under 18 and 25 years for men at the age of 65 and over as well as women) ?? ?? ?? Maximum 15 years By courts Yes (only for men aged 18–65)
Belgium Yes 15 years (no previous conviction or below 3 years), 19 years (previous conviction below 5 years), or 23 years (previous conviction 5 years or more)[20] None No None Murder
under 12: cannot be prosecuted
12–15: max. detained till the age of 20
16–17: max. 30 years' imprisonment[21]
Parole by Conditional Release Commission or pardon by King No
Belize Yes Never ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? Yes
Bangladesh Yes 30 years
20 Years
No Murder, treason, terrorism Culpable homicide, rape, robbery, dacoity ?? ?? Yes
Bolivia No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Bosnia and Herzegovina No Varies, depending on sentence 45 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Brazil No [22] Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No No life imprisonment sentence Yes, but only in times of war
Bulgaria[23] Yes 20 years or never None Yes None Aggravated murder, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, treason, espionage, war crimes, genocide, desertion in wartime
under 14: cannot be prosecuted
14-16: maximum 10 years
16-18: maximum 12 years
By President No
Cambodia Yes Never None No Murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, terrorism Drug trafficking Yes By King No
Canada Yes 25 years minimum for 1st degree murder or high treason; 10 years minimum for 2nd degree murder (consecutive sentencing may extend parole ineligibility beyond 25 years in multiple murder cases)[24][25] None Yes High treason, 1st degree murder, 2nd degree murder Various crimes including armed robbery, kidnapping, aggravated sexual assault and most offenses resulting in death 14+: Yes, but only if juvenile is sentenced as adult[26] Yes, but only through royal prerogative of mercy[27][28] Abolished in 1976
Cape Verde No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Colombia No Varies, depending on sentence 60 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Costa Rica No Varies, depending on sentence 50 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Chile Yes 20 years; 40 years for military crimes None Yes None Treason, kidnapping with homicide or rape, rape with homicide, parricide, robbery with homicide or rape
14–15: max. 5 years' imprisonment
16–17: max. 10 years' imprisonment
By President Yes, but only in times of war
People's Republic of China Yes 13 years of the original sentence having been actually served.[29] Never in extremely serious corruption cases.[30] None No No Various Yes By courts and by President[31] Yes
Croatia No[32] Varies, depending on sentence 40 years[32] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence Abolished in 1991
Cuba Yes 30 years or never None No none Murder, drug trafficking, Aggravated Robbery Yes[citation needed] By President Yes
Cyprus Yes 20 years None Yes Premeditated murder Terrorism, treason, drug trafficking ?? By President No
Czech Republic[33] Yes
20 years generally
30 or more years if part of sentence[34]
30 years No None Some cases of murder, public endangerment, treason, terrorism, genocide, crimes against humanity, use of forbidden combat device or forbidden combat tactics, war crimes, persecution of population, misuse of international symbols 15–18: max. 10 years' imprisonment By President No
Denmark Yes 16 years[35] None[36] Yes No Treason, espionage during wartime, use of force against the parliament, terrorism, arson under circumstances that are life-threatening, hijacking of vehicles, willful release of nuclear substances, murder Maximum 20 years After 12 years entitled to request to Minister of Justice; granted by King or Queen of Denmark No
Dominican Republic No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence
13–15: max. 5 years' imprisonment
16–17: max. 8 years' imprisonment
No life imprisonment sentence No
Ecuador No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
El Salvador No (Except in wartime) Varies, depending on sentence 75 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence Yes, but only in times of war
Egypt Yes Never None No Murder, rape, kidnapping, terrorism Drug offenses Yes By president Yes
Estonia Yes 30 years None Yes (de facto) None Some cases of murder, some cases of handling drugs, crimes against humanity, genocide, acts of war against civilians, terrorism, violence against the independence of Estonia, causing an explosion using nuclear energy[37] Maximum length 10 years Pardon by president[38] No
Finland Yes 12 years for court release; any time for presidential pardon[39] None Yes Murder High treason, espionage, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, homicidal terrorist act
under 18: max. 15 years' imprisonment
under 21: minimum 10 years for parole request
By president, Helsinki Court of Appeal No
France Yes Varies, depending on sentence;
Up to 30 years if sentencing didn't include an indefinite sentence
30 years for a single murder without additional circumstances, drug trafficking, kidnapping, rape Yes None Murder, mass murder, rape, aggravated torture, aggravated treason, crimes against humanity, war crimes
under 16: max. 20 years' imprisonment
16+: Yes
By president, with countersignature from prime minister and ministry of justice No
Germany Yes, only for someone over the age of 21 (in very rare cases extremely dangerous criminals can get life sentences above the age of 18) *Before 1977: never (except with presidential pardon). Ruled unconstitutional by Federal Constitutional Court
Since 1977: at judge's discretion, most commonly the minimum of 15 years[40]
None No Aggravated murder,[41] genocide resulting in death,[42] crimes against humanity resulting in death,[43] war crimes against persons resulting in death[44] See details
Under 14: cannot be prosecuted
14–18: maximum 10 years
18–21: maximum of 15 years or life[45]
By Federal President or Minister-President No (abolished in West Germany by the Constitution since 23 May 1949). Abolished by law in West Germany in 1953 and in East Germany in 1987.
Georgia Yes 20 years None No Murder Terrorism, treason ?? By president No
Greece Yes Individually set by judge 16 years for a single murder, 20–32 years for two murders Yes Multiple murder, mass murder, terrorism ?? Maximum 20 years By President No
Guatemala No Varies, depending on sentence 50 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence Yes, but only in times of war
Hungary Yes 20–40 years or never None Yes Murder, after 3 violent crimes Genocide, high treason under 18: max. 15 years' imprisonment By president No
Honduras No Varies, depending on sentence 40 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Hong Kong, China Yes Individually set by judge None Yes Murder, genocide involving killing Manslaughter, drug trafficking, treason, incitement to mutiny, piratical acts, rape, arson Must have minimum term set By Chief Executive of Hong Kong, under the recommendation of Long Term Prison Sentences Review Board No
Iceland No Varies, depending on sentence 20 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No
India Yes 25 years or never None Yes None Kidnapping, murder, dacoity, rape, sedition Yes May be pardoned or reprieved by exercise of prerogative clemency powers of the President or the Governor Yes
Iraq Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Indonesia Yes Never 20 years,can longer if sentenced by more than 1 court Yes None Premeditated Murder, Murder committed during commission of felony, Rape of child resulting in death or serious injury, Gang Robbery causing death or serious injury, Human Trafficking resulting in death under 18 : maximum of 10 years. By President (can reduced by remission after served at least 5 Years) Yes
Ireland Yes 12–30 years or never; individually set by judge None Yes[citation needed] Murder, treason, some serious injuries, etc. (see details) See details ?? By President No
Israel Yes Never None Yes[citation needed] Murder, terrorism Kidnapping child with intent to murder Yes By president usually after 30 years Yes, but only in times of war
Italy Yes 21 years, 26 years, or never None Yes Murder, terrorism, mafia association, drug trafficking, human trafficking, treason Aggravated sexual assault, aggravated robbery, firearm trafficking under 16: max. 20 years' imprisonment By president No
Jamaica Yes 10–30 years or never; individually set by judge None Yes ?? ?? ?? ?? Yes
Japan Yes, only for someone over the age of 20 (in very rare cases extremely dangerous criminals may get life sentences above the age of 18) 20 years or never None No; replaced by 10 years' imprisonment at age 65 Varies by prefecture (Murder) Death sentence due to foreign aggression
Under 14: cannot be prosecuted
14–18: max. 15 years' imprisonment
18–20: max. 20 years' imprisonment or life
By Emperor Yes
Jordan Yes Never None No Murder, terrorism, espionage Drug trafficking Yes By King Yes
Kazakhstan Yes, only for men above age 18 25 years None Yes Murder, terrorism ?? Maximum 20 years By President Yes, but only in times of war
Kiribati Yes 25 years or never None ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? No
Kyrgyzstan Yes 30 years None Yes Murder, terrorism ?? ?? By President No
Kosovo No Varies, depending on sentence 40 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Laos Yes Never None Yes ?? ?? ?? ?? Yes
Latvia Yes 25 years None Yes Murder, treason, terrorism, war crimes Drug offenses, rape, robbery, sabotage, crimes against humanity ?? By President No
Lebanon Yes 10 years None No Aggravated murder, terrorism, treason Drug trafficking and manufacturing Yes By President Yes[46][47]
Lithuania Yes 25 years None Yes Murder, terrorism ?? ?? By President Abolished in 1998[48]
Liechtenstein Yes 15 years None No None Murder, terrorism ?? Pardon by prince No
Luxembourg Yes 15 years None Yes Murder, treason Terrorism ?? By Grand Duke No
Macau, China No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years (30 in exceptional circumstances)[49] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Macedonia Yes 15 years None Yes Aggravated Murder, terrorism Rape, robbery, drug offenses, crimes against humanity Yes By President No
Malaysia Yes 20 years or never None Yes Murder, drug offenses, serious firearms/ammunition/explosive offenses, terrorism, rape, attack on monarch, violence to parliament, treason ?? Detained at the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong / Ruler / Yang di-Pertua Negeri By Yang di-Pertuan Agong / Federal Pardons Board or Ruler / Yang di-Pertua Negeri / State Pardons Board Yes
Malta Yes Never; only pardon by President None Yes Murder, terrorism ?? ?? By President No
Mexico Yes; only in the state of Chihuahua for murder involving kidnapping Varies, depending on sentence Maximum 60 years (70 years if convicted of murder involving kidnapping); in the state of Chihuahua, murder involving kidnapping merits life sentence No[50] Murder involving kidnapping ??? ?? ??? No
Moldova Yes 35 years None Yes Murder, terrorism ?? ?? By President No
Monaco Yes 15 years None Yes Murder, terrorism, genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity ?? ?? By Prince No
Montenegro No Varies, depending on sentence 40 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Morocco Yes Never None No Murder, terrorism, treason Drug trafficking and manufacturing Yes By King / Queen Yes
Mozambique No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Nepal Yes 20 years None No Murder, terrorism ?? ?? By president No
The Netherlands Yes 25 Years
(Used to be never before 2017, but was changed after ruling by European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court of the Netherlands.)
None Yes (de facto) No Attack on monarch, violence to parliament, several facts constituting an offence resulting in death of (a) person(s) (not manslaughter), manslaughter in combination with other facts, facts with intent to terrorism, treason
under 12: cannot be prosecuted
12–15: maximum 12 month
16–17: maximum 24 months
By the king or queen and the minister of Justice (almost never granted) No
New Zealand Yes Individually set by judge, but not less than 10 years None Yes Treason Murder (mandatory unless manifestly unjust), manslaughter, terrorism, aircraft hijacking, Class A drug trafficking under 18: must have minimum term set Sentence may be reduced or pardon granted by the Governor General (Rarely done) No
Nicaragua No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Nigeria Yes Never[51] None Yes ?? ??
under 7: no imprisonment
7-18: no life imprisonment
?? Yes
North Korea Yes 15 years None Yes (de facto and de jure) Murder, espionage, treason ?? Yes By president Yes
Norway No Varies, depending on sentence 21 years (can be extended indefinitely if the criminal poses a danger to society at the end of served time); 30 years for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity Yes No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence, people over age of 15 can be sentenced by normal laws or to child protection No life imprisonment sentence No
Pakistan Yes 25 years None ?? ?? ?? ?? By President Yes
Panama No Varies, depending on sentence 50 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Paraguay No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Peru Yes 35 years or never None Yes Murder with aggravated circumstances, terrorism, treason, sexual relations with under 10 year olds Murder with aggravated circumstances, terrorism, treason, sexual relations with under 10 year olds, serious kidnapping, violent rape, attempted murder ?? By President Yes, but only in times of war
Poland Yes 25 years or more; individually set by judge None No None Genocide, war crimes, high treason, murder, aggravated serious bodily harm, attempted assassination of Polish president under 18: max. 25 years' imprisonment Pardon by president, amnesty by act of parliament (last amnesty in 1989) No
Portugal No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Romania Yes 20 years None No; replaced by 25 years' imprisonment at age 60[52] Genocide during wartime, inhumane treatment during wartime Treason and other grave crimes against the state, extremely grave murder, capitulation, desertion on the battlefield, crimes against peace or humanity[53] under 18: max. 20 years' imprisonment[54] Pardon by President, amnesty by act of Parliament No
Republic of the Congo No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Russian Federation Yes, but only for men between 18 and 65 years. 25 years or 30 years (25 years for murder without any additional circumstances and 30 years for murder with exceptional circumstances (for men aged 65 and over as well as women) unless multiple murders are committed for the offender to be liable for life imprisonment) 25 years or 30 years; 25 years for a single murder and also for woman, 30 years for a single murder with exceptional circumstances for men aged 65 years and over as well as women. No No See details under 18: max. 10 years' imprisonment By President Yes, but under moratorium
Saudi Arabia Yes Never None No Apostasy from Islam, drug trafficking, willful killing Homosexuality, witchcraft Yes By King Yes
Serbia No Varies, depending on sentence 40 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Singapore Yes 20 years None Yes Kidnapping for ransom Drug trafficking, gun crime Prisoner detained at the President's discretion ?? Yes
Slovakia Yes 25 years None Yes Murder, terrorism, treason Crimes against humanity, war crimes
under 14: no imprisonment
14–17: max. 15 years' imprisonment[55]
By President No
Slovenia No 25 years None Yes Murder Terrorism, drug offenses, crimes against humanity
under 16: no imprisonment
16–17: max. 10 years of imprisonment in juvenile prison [56]
By President No
South Africa Yes 10, 15, or 25 years None No[citation needed] Certain murder, rape and robbery ?? ?? ?? No
South Korea Yes 10 years or never None Yes (de jure) High treason, robbery (rape) with deadly outcomes, arson, murder of relative, etc. Counterfeiting or falsification of currency Yes By President and requires agreement of National Assembly Yes
Spain Yes 18 to 22 years, depending on the crime 20 years for a single murder (15 years if it's the perpetrator's first offence), 40 years for a single murder involving terrorism (30 years if it's the perpetrator's first offence) Yes Murder of a minor, rape and murder, terrorism, multiple murder, magnicide, genocide, wartime sexual violence No By Cabinet No
Sweden Yes 18 years or never, but parole hearing may be held after 10 years served, thus fixing a much later date for release on parole None Yes None Murder, kidnapping, arson, sabotage, devastation,[vague] hijacking, espionage, terror crimes, rebellion, endangering the public health by spread of contagion or poison, disloyalty when negotiating with foreign powers, trading in anti-personnel mines, cluster bombs or chemical or nuclear weapons, unlawful nuclear explosion, treason, genocide; in wartime only: mutiny, insubordination, undermining the will to fight, desertion, unauthorised capitulation, negligence of war preparations and negligence of battle duty; attempts, accessories, accomplices and incitements of all the above crimes might also be punished with life imprisonment.[57]
under 15: no imprisonment
15-21: no life imprisonment
By the District Court of Örebro (parole hearing). Or by the Government (pardon).[58] No
Switzerland Yes 10 years or 15 years; individually set by judge None Yes None Aggravated murder,[59] aggravated hostage-taking,[60] genocide,[61] endangering the independence of the country[62]
under 15: no imprisonment
15–17: max. 4 years' imprisonment[63]
By Federal Assembly (Parliament)[64] No
Suriname No Varies, depending on sentence 50 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Syria Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Republic of China (Taiwan) Yes 25 years None Third violent crime Aggravated murder, hard drug trafficking Many violent crimes causing death, etc. Banned by Criminal Code By President Yes
Tajikistan Yes Never None No Murder, terrorism Treason Yes By President Yes
Thailand Yes Never None No Murder, terrorism, drug trafficking and manufacturing Kidnapping, sex offenses Yes By King Yes
Tunisia Yes Never None No Murder, terrorism, treason, hijacking, espionage, attempting to overthrow the government Drug trafficking Yes By President Yes
Turkey Yes Life imprisonment: 24 years (30 if organized crime), multiple life imprisonments: 30 years (34 if organized crime), aggravated life imprisonment: 30 years (36 if organized crime), multiple aggravated life imprisonments: 36 years (40 if organized crime), or never (aggravated life imprisonment for terrorism) None Yes Murder with special cirucumstances, treason, terrorism Sexual offences, military and political crimes Maximum 24 years By President in case of permanent illness, rehabilitation, disability or decrepitude No
Turkmenistan Yes Never, only pardon by President None No Murder, terrorism Treason Yes By President No
Ukraine Yes 20 years None No Murder with aggravating circumstances ?? Maximum 15 years By President No
United Kingdom:
England and Wales Yes Individually set by judge (maximum whole life order) None Yes Murder See details
under 10: cannot be prosecuted
10–21: yes, with specified minimum term
21 and over: may be given whole life order (life without possibility of parole), usually only in the most serious cases involving murder
By Act of Parliament (in accordance with the principle of parliamentary sovereignty) or royal prerogative of mercy (delegated to the Lord Chancellor) No
United Kingdom:
Scotland Yes Individually set by judge Between 17 and 30 years for a single murder without any additional circumstances Yes Murder with additional circumstances, two or more murders, attempted murder, two or more counts rape Any other Common Law offence.[65][66] Under 8 : Presumed not capable of committing a criminal offence.
Under 18 : Detention for an indeterminate period.[67]
Compassionate release by Cabinet Secretary for Justice (Scottish Government); amnesty by royal decree (by means of the royal prerogative of mercy) alone or with Act of Parliament. No
United Kingdom:
Northern Ireland Yes Individually set by judge None No[68][69] Murder, rape Robbery ?? General release through a referendum-based agreement in 1998 (became applicable in 3 cases: i, ii, iii). The royal prerogative of mercy or an Act of Parliament (in accordance with the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty) can be used to grant amnesty like the rest of the UK. No
United States Yes any minimum term from 15 years, or never (depending on crime and state) Depending on the state Yes Varies by state Varies by state Yes (de jure) By president or governor of a state (depending on jurisdiction) Yes (depending on state)
Uruguay No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Uzbekistan Yes, only for men aged between 18 and 60 years 25 years or never 30 years for women and men over the age of 60 No None Aggravated murder, terrorism Maximum 10 years By President No
Vatican City No Varies, depending on sentence 35 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence (for serious offenses, the Vatican often works with Italian authorities; certain offenses are pardonable or reducible by the Pope and/or ecclesiastical or civil Vatican courts) No
Venezuela No Varies, depending on sentence 30 years No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence ?? No life imprisonment sentence No
Vietnam Yes Never None Yes (de jure) ?? ??
under 16: max. 14 years' imprisonment
16–17: max. 18 years' imprisonment
By president Yes
See also[edit]
10-20-Life
Incapacitation (penology)
Indefinite imprisonment
List of prison deaths
Use of capital punishment by country
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Penalties for Drunk Driving Vehicular Homicide" (PDF) (PDF). Mothers Against Drunk Driving. May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "FAQ". New Zealand Parole Board. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
Jump up ^ CNN, By Eliott C. McLaughlin and Pamela Brown. "Cleveland kidnapper Ariel Castro sentenced to life, plus 1,000 years - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Mecon. "InfoLEG - Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas - Argentina". mecon.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Laws of Other Nations". usfca.edu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Rest of Their Lives: Life without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine.", 2008.
Jump up ^ "State Distribution of Youth Offenders Serving Juvenile Life Without Parole (JLWOP)". Human Rights Watch. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Sentencing Project News - New Publication: Life Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America". sentencingproject.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ David G. Savage (17 May 2010). "Supreme Court Restricts Life Sentences Without Parole for Juveniles". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Drinan, C. H. (2012, March). "Graham on the Ground". Washington Law Review, 87(1), 51–91. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Court bars mandatory life without parole for youths, rejects cross case". Catholic News Service. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam; Bronner, Ethan (25 June 2012). "Court Bars Mandatory Life Terms for Juveniles in Murders". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code of the Republic of Bulgaria (1968, amended 2010), Chapter 4, Section 1, Article 37(2) Archived 7 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kevin Johnson (22 July 2009). "Report wants life without parole abolished". USA Today. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Francis X. Rocca (23 October 2014). "Pope Francis calls for abolishing death penalty and life imprisonment". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "section 18 of the Austrian criminal code". Ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia" (PDF). penalreform.org. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2015.
Jump up ^ (in French) (in Dutch) extract from the Belgian Official Journal advocaat.be 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ (in Dutch) Jeugdsanctierecht in Europa: is uithandengeving een evidentie? Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Jura falconis, jg 44, 2007–2008, nr 1, pp. 3–38
Jump up ^ Brazil's Constitution prohibits the death penalty with a saving allowing the death penalty in wartime, if the state of war is duly declared by Congress (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "a)"); the Constitution's next line (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "b)"), prohibits life sentences. The clause prohibiting life imprisonment does not contain a saving similar to the death penalty clause, and thus life sentences are not allowed even in wartime. It is unclear, however, if the Presidential power of mercy, that allows the President to pardon or commute a penal sentence, could be used to reduce a death penalty imposed in wartime, transforming it into a sentence of life imprisonment.
Jump up ^ "Criminal code of the Republic of Bulgaria". Legislationline.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Baumgartner gets life with no parole for 40 years; harshest punishment in decades". CTV News. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ CBC News (31 October 2014). "Justin Bourque gets 5 life sentences, no chance of parole for 75 years". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Justice BC (11 September 2013). "Maximum Youth Sentences". Youth Criminal Justice Act. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, R.S. 1985, c. C-46, s. 748, as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 12; and R.S.C., 1995, c. 22, s. 6. (Criminal Code at CanLii)
Jump up ^ Criminal Records Act, R.S. 1995, c. 22, s. 6(1), as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 4; and R.S.C., 2000, c. 1, s. 1(F) and R.S.C., 2010, c. 5, s. 2 and R.S.C, 2012, c. 1, s. 115. (Criminal Records Act at CanLii)
Jump up ^ Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law in the People's Republic of China. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Is Life Without Parole a Signal of China's Will to Reduce Executions?". Dui Hua Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China - CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kovčo Vukadin, Irma; Žakman-Ban, Vladimira; Jandrić-Nišević, Anita (2010). "Prisoner Rehabilitation in Croatia" (PDF). Varstvoslovje, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security. 12 (2): 143–162. ISSN 1580-0253. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Czech Criminal Code". Business.center.cz. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ The court may decide that only the time in less-than-maximum security prison counts for the purposes of parole and that the convict must serve at least ten years in maximum security. A record of good behavior is needed for transfer to lower security in which 20 years must be served then.
Jump up ^ Danish Criminal Act Archived 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. section 41
Jump up ^ af ptho for TV 2 Nyhederne. "Hvorfor er livstid kun 16 år i Danmark? – TV 2 Nyhederne". Nyhederne-dyn.tv2.dk. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Estonian Penal Code (English translation)". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Estonia releases first life prisoner – BONJOUR L'ESTONIE". Shaan.typepad.com. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Oikeuslaitos – Imprisonment and community service". Oikeus.fi. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ sec. 57a(1) German Criminal Code Strafgesetzbuch
Jump up ^ sec. 211(1) German Criminal Code
Jump up ^ sec. 6(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes Völkerstrafgesetzbuch
Jump up ^ sec. 7(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes
Jump up ^ sec. 8(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes
Jump up ^ A person between the ages of 18 and 21 can be tried before a juvenile court "Jugendgericht" (which happens in almost all cases concerning minors) or an adult court, which is determined by the intellectual development of the accused and the severity of the crime itself.
Jump up ^ "Article 549 Penal Code". english.al-akhbar.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Ari Yashar (28 March 2014). "Lebanese Revolution? Death Sentence For Wife Beater". ArutzSheva. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "VIII-1250 Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymas dėl Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvenc..." e-seimas.lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Código Penal – Art. 1 a 100" (in Portuguese). Imprensa Oficial (Government Printing Bureau). 14 November 1995. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
Jump up ^ For details of new rulings from Mexican Supreme Court, see: "Wanted Fugitive Raul Gomez Garcia Extradited to the U.S." (US Embassy in Mexico) Archived 15 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine. and Mexico alters extradition rules (BBC News) Archived 3 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine.)
Jump up ^ "6 Nigerian Soldiers Bag Life Imprisonment". ConnectAfrica. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Code of Romania, art. 55" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ C. Mitrache, C. Mitrache (2010). Drept penal român. Universul Juridic. p. 198.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Code of Romania, art. 109" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
Jump up ^ § 117 Slovak Criminal Code
Jump up ^ § 89 Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik, KZ), temporarily pursuant as per § 375 of (the new) Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik; KZ-1)
Jump up ^ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Svensk författningssamling 1962:700". riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Svensk författningssamling 1974:152". riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ art. 112 Swiss Criminal Code
Jump up ^ art. 185 Swiss Criminal Code
Jump up ^ art. 264 Swiss Criminal Code
Jump up ^ art. 266 Swiss Criminal Code
Jump up ^ (in French)art. 25 Juvenile Criminal Code Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ art. 173 al. 1 let. k Constitution of the Swiss Confederation
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017. Life Sentence Prisoners in Scotland
Jump up ^ This is subject to sentencing guidelines applicable to each offence and to limits on the sentences which can be applied in courts dealing with minor offences.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017. Criminal Proceedings in Scotland 2014-15
Jump up ^ Deborah McAleese; Emily Moulton (28 June 2008). "Fury over ruling that could see Attracta's killer freed". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Neutral Citation No.[2008] NICA 27". courtsni.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.
External links[edit]
International perspectives on life imprisonment
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Old King Cole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the English nursery rhyme. For the film, see Old King Cole (film). For other uses, see King Cole (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Old King Cole"
Illustration by William Wallace Denslow
Nursery rhyme
Published
1708-9
"Old King Cole" is a British nursery rhyme first attested in 1708. Though there is much speculation about the identity of King Cole, it is unlikely that he can be identified reliably as any historical figure. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1164. The poem describes a merry king who called for his pipe, bowl, and musicians, with the details varying among versions. The "bowl" is a drinking vessel,[1] while the "pipe" may refer either to a musical instrument or to a pipe for smoking tobacco.[2]
Contents
1 Lyrics
2 Identity of King Cole
2.1 Coel Hen theory
2.2 Cole-brook theory
3 Modern usage
3.1 In literature
3.2 In music
3.3 In fiction
3.4 In humor and satire
4 Notes
5 References
Lyrics[edit]
The most common modern version of the rhyme is:
Old King Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl,
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Every fiddler he had a fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he;
Oh there's none so rare, as can compare,
With King Cole and his fiddlers three.[3]
The song is first attested in William King in his Useful Transactions in Philosophy in 1708–9.[3]
King's version has the following lyrics:
Good King Cole,
And he call'd for his Bowle,
And he call'd for Fidler's three;
And there was Fiddle, Fiddle,
And twice Fiddle, Fiddle,
For 'twas my Lady's Birth-day,
Therefore we keep Holy-day
And come to be merry.[3]
Identity of King Cole[edit]
William King mentions two possibilities: the "Prince that Built Colchester" and a 12th-century cloth merchant from Reading named Cole-brook. Sir Walter Scott thought that "Auld King Coul" was the father of the giant Fyn M'Coule (Finn McCool). Other modern sources[4] suggest (without much justification) that he was Richard Cole (1568-1614) of Bucks in the parish of Woolfardisworthy on the north coast of Devon, whose monument and effigy survive in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy.
Coel Hen theory[edit]
It is often noted that the name of the legendary Welsh king Coel Hen can be translated 'Old Cole' or 'Old King Cole'.[5][6] This sometimes leads to speculation that he, or some other Coel in Roman Britain, is the model for Old King Cole of the nursery rhyme.[7] However, there is no documentation of a connection between the fourth-century figures and the eighteenth-century nursery rhyme. There is also a dubious connection of Old King Cole to Cornwall and King Arthur found at Tintagel Castle that there was a Cornish King or Lord Coel.[citation needed]
Further speculation connects Old King Cole and thus Coel Hen to Colchester, but in fact Colchester was not named for Coel Hen.[8] Connecting with the musical theme of the nursery rhyme, according to a much later source, Coel Hen supposedly had a daughter who was skilled in music, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing in the 12th century.[9]
Cole-brook theory[edit]
In the 19th century William Chappell, an expert on popular music, suggested the possibility that the "Old King Cole" was really "Old Cole", alias Thomas Cole-brook, a supposed 12th-century Reading cloth merchant whose story was recounted by Thomas Deloney in his Pleasant History of Thomas of Reading (c. 1598), and who was well known as a character in plays of the early 17th century. The name "Old Cole" had some special meaning in Elizabethan theatre, but it is unclear what it was.[3]
Modern usage[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (March 2017)
King Cole is often referenced in popular culture.
In literature[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Old King Cole (1985)
One of the world's smallest books is about Old King Cole. It measures a minute 1mm x 1mm and was printed in Paisley, Scotland in 1985. There are only 85 known copies.[10]
In music[edit]
The United States military has used versions[11] of the traditional rhyme in the form of marching cadences, since at least the 1920s up to the present. A modern example begins:
Old King Cole was a merry old soul
and a merry ol' soul was he, uh huh.
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl
and he called for his privates three, uh huh.
Beer! Beer! Beer! cried the private.
Brave men are we
There's none so fair as they can compare
to the airborne infantry, uh huh.
The cadence includes verses for ranks from private to general, in the form of a cumulative song; each verse included a satire at the expense of each rank: "Beer beer beer" said the privates, "Where's my three-day pass" said the corporals, "Drill drill drill" said the sergeant, "Who's gonna read my map" said the looie, "Who's gonna shine my boots" said the captain, "Who's gonna drive my jeep" said the major, "Who's gonna mow my lawn" said the colonel, "Who's gonna walk my dog" said the general. A version of the cadence can be heard on the 1960 album Belafonte Returns to Carnegie Hall by Harry Belafonte. Another can be found in a 1929 music book, "Sound Off!" Soldier songs from Yankee Doodle to Parley Voo"[12] by Edward Arthur Dolph.
In 1927, Moshe Nadir (1885–1943) published a Yiddish adaptation of "Old King Cole", "Der Rebbe Elimelech". It has since become a popular Yiddish folksong.
The progressive rock band Genesis included a version of the traditional rhyme on their song "The Musical Box", from their 1971 album Nursery Cryme.
Queen paraphrased the rhyme in their song "Great King Rat" on their 1973 self-titled album:
Great King Rat was a dirty old man
And a dirty old man was he
Now what did I tell you
Would you like to see?
A parody is often sung to the tune of "The Old Chisolm Trail", and appears in "All the Pretty Horses" by Cormac MacCarthy:
Old King Cole (Grady Cole) was a merry old soul
With a buckskin belly and a rubber asshole."
The rhyme has, naturally, appeared in children's television. For example, it was sung on the television show Barney & Friends, but with the last few lyrics simplified (which were also adjusted for the drummer and trumpeter verses):
Dance with the fiddlers,
Dance with the fiddlers
Dance with the fiddlers three.
It has also been used repeatedly in Sesame Street, using the fiddlers as a way to illustrate principles of basic addition (with Ernie taking the role of Old King Cole), and again with William Wegman's dogs on the show (with Chundo as Old King Cole).
Pop singer Nat "King" Cole (actual surname Coles) said his nickname was inspired by "Old King Cole". The "King" in Nat Cole's name was usually used in quotation marks during his lifetime, but today it is often seen as though it were part of his name. Cole Alexander of Atlanta punk band Black Lips has also adopted the name, and performs solo as Old King Cole Younger, a name also partially derived from Confederate guerilla and later Old West outlaw Cole Younger.
In fiction[edit]
The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens contains a short tale called "The True Legend of Prince Bladud" concerning the founding of the city of Bath that is read by Pickwick while he is staying in the city. Within this Dickens describes "the famous and renowned Lud Hudibras, King of Britain", comparing him in likeness to "the venerable King Cole".
In his 1897 anthology Mother Goose in Prose, L. Frank Baum included a story explaining the background to the nursery rhyme. In this version, Cole is a commoner who is selected at random to succeed the King of Whatland when the latter dies without heir.
James Joyce made reference to the rhyme in Finnegans Wake (619.27f):
With pipe on bowl. Terce for a fiddler, sixt for makmerriers, none for a Cole.
Joyce is also punning on the canonical hours tierce (3), sext (6), and nones (9), in "Terce ... sixt ... none", and on Fionn MacCool and his Fianna, in "fiddlers ... makmerriers ... Cole".
The Old King Cole theme appeared twice in 1933 cartoons: Walt Disney made a Silly Symphony cartoon called "Old King Cole", in which the character holds a huge party where various nursery rhyme characters are invited. Walter Lantz produced an Oswald cartoon the same year, entitled The Merry Old Soul, which is in reference to the nursery rhyme.
"Farmer Giles of Ham" (1937) by J.R.R. Tolkien is stated (despite anachronisms like blunderbusses) by the author to take place "after the time of King Cole, but before king Arthur".
The Three Stooges' 1948 short film "Fiddlers Three" features Larry, Moe and Shemp as musicians in King Cole's court who must stop an evil wizard from stealing the king's daughter.
In the Fables comic book, King Cole was the long-time mayor of Fabletown, a secret community of "Fables" or fairytale characters, who were forced into exile in our world by a conqueror in their own alternate reality. He was defeated in an election by Prince Charming and was no longer mayor. He then became ambassador of Fabletown to the Arabian fables. After deciding to plan war to win back their homelands, he returned to Fabletown, assuming first the post of deputy mayor and then mayor respectively, after the resignation of Prince Charming. The gist of this storyline is reprised in the 2013 Fables video game The Wolf Among Us
Characters based on Cole have featured in other video games. In Banjo-Tooie (2000), there is a boss opponent named Old King Coal. After King Coal says that he wishes to battle Banjo and Kazooie, Kazooie reples with "I thought you were a merry old soul?", further referencing the rhyme. In the online game AdventureQuest Worlds (2008) there is also a non-player character called Old King Coal.
In the 2009 animated movie Happily N'Ever After 2: Snow White—Another Bite @ the Apple, Old King Cole (voiced by Cam Clarke) is amalgamated with the king who is Snow White's father.
Paul Reakes wrote a stage pantomime adaptation, also called Old King Cole (2012).[13] It is a farce about the king choosing a queen from among his household staff, intended for school plays.[importance?]
In humor and satire[edit]
G. K. Chesterton wrote a poem ("Old King Cole: A Parody") which presented the nursery rhyme successively in the styles of several poets: Alfred Lord Tennyson, W. B. Yeats, Robert Browning, Walt Whitman, and Algernon Charles Swinburne. Much later, Mad ran a feature similarly postulating classical writers' treatments of fairy tales. The magazine had Edgar Allan Poe tackle "Old King Cole", resulting in a cadence similar to that of "The Bells":
Old King Cole was a merry old soul
Old King Cole, Cole, Cole, Cole, Cole, Cole, Cole.
In the 1970s, American stand-up comedian George Carlin offered this alternative:
Old King Cole was a merry old soul
And a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl -
I guess we all know about Old King Cole...
Carlin's intonation of the final line suggested that the pipe and bowl should be interpreted as marijuana references.
In political cartoons and similar material, especially in Great Britain, sometimes Old King "Coal" has been used to symbolize the coal industry.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "bowl". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ "pipe". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Jump up to: a b c d I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 134–5.
Jump up ^ North Devon and Exmoor Seascape Character Assessment, November 2015[1]
Jump up ^ Alistair Moffat, The Borders: A History of the Borders from Earliest Times, ISBN 1841584665 (unpaginated)
Jump up ^ Anthony Richard Birley, The People of Roman Britain, ISBN 0520041194, p. 160
Jump up ^ Albert Jack, Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes, ISBN 0399535551, s.v. 'Old King Cole'
Jump up ^ see Opie and Opie, and discussion at Colchester#Name
Jump up ^ Opie and Opie
Jump up ^ "Magnificent Monarchs" p. 8 (Fact Attack series) by Ian Locke; published by MacMillan UK in 1999; ISBN 978-0330-374965
Jump up ^ "U.S Army - Old King Cole". YouTube. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Sound off!" : soldier songs from Yankee Doodle to Parley voo (Musical score, 1929)". WorldCat.org. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul Reakes. Old King Cole: A Pantomime. Books.google.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Old King Cole
Huntingdon, Henry of (c.1129), Historia Anglorum.
Kightley, C (1986), Folk Heroes of Britain. Thames & Hudson.
Monmouth, Geoffrey of (1136). History of the Kings of Britain.
Morris, John. The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973. ISBN 978-0-684-13313-3.
Opie, I & P (1951), The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford University Press.
Skene, WF (1868), The Four Ancient Books of Wales. Edmonston & Douglas.
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