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Rib cage
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"Ribs" redirects here. For the individual bones, see Rib. For ribs of animals as food, see Ribs (food). For other uses, see Rib (disambiguation).
Rib cage
Details
Identifiers
Latin
cavea thoracis
MeSH
D000070602
TA
A02.3.04.001
FMA
7480
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of most vertebrates. It is formed by the vertebral column, ribs and sternum and encloses the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) to form the core portion of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs, the sternum (with xiphoid process), costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.
Projection on the thoracic cage of the heart, the lungs and the diaphragm. The shaded areas indicate the extent of the pleural cavities not filled by the lungs.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Attachment
1.2 Parts
1.3 Bones
1.4 Development
1.5 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Society and culture
5 History
6 Other animals
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Structure[edit]
Human rib cage -CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right)).
Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called true ribs, whereas those that connect indirectly via cartilage are termed false ribs.
Attachment[edit]
true / fixed ribs
false ribs
false and floating ribs
The terms true and false rib describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. The phrase true rib (Latin: costae verae), or fixed rib, refers to the first seven, or vertebrosternal, rib pairs. The phrase false rib (Latin: costae spuriae), or vertebrochondral ribs refers to the eighth-to-twelfth pairs of ribs. The eighth-to-tenth pairs of ribs connect to the sternum indirectly via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Their elasticity allows ribcage movement for respiratory activity.
The phrase floating rib (Latin: costae fluitantes) refers to the two lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth, rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.[7]
The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, nerves, arteries, and veins.
Parts[edit]
The parts of the rib.
Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft, and they are numbered from top to bottom. The head of a rib is the end part closest to the spine with which it articulates. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two facets. The superior facet is smaller and articulates with the vertebra above, and the inferior facet articulates with the vertebra of the same number. The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates with the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the intra-articular ligament.[8] All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
The neck of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long, and articulates with the transverse costal facet of its corresponding vertebrae. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck.
Its upper border presents a rough crest (crista colli costae) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its lower border is rounded.
On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminence—the tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion.
The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebræ to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. The angle of a rib (costal angle) may both refer to the bending part of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the iliocostalis muscle. At this point the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.
The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the back surface, at the junction between the neck and the body of the rib. It is nearer to the lower than to the upper border, and nearer the lower than the upper border. The tubercle consists of an articular and a non-articular area. The lower and more medial articular area is a small oval surface for articulation with the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae which gives attachment to the head. The higher, non-articular area is a rough elevation which gives attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.
The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the longissimus dorsi muscle.
Bones[edit]
The four floating ribs indicated
First rib seen from above
The first rib (the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small and rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the transverse process of T1. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the anterior scalene; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the medial scalene. The under surface is smooth, and without a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.
The second rib is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the costal cartilage anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the vertebral column by the second thoracic vertebra. The second rib is much longer than the first rib, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the posterior scalene. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It contains the intercostal veins and arteries and intercostal nerve.[9]
The ninth rib has a frontal part at the same level as the first lumbar vertebra. This level is called planum transpyloricum, since the pylorus is also at this level.[10]
Costal groove position
The tenth rib attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this direct attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.[7]
The eleventh and twelfth ribs, the floating ribs, have a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward.[citation needed]
Development[edit]
Expansion of the ribcage in males is caused by the effects of testosterone during puberty.[11] Thus, males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen.
A C7 rib on the right
Variation[edit]
Variations in the number of ribs occur. About 1 in 200-500 people have an additional cervical rib, and there is a female predominance.[12] Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare.[13] Bifid or bifurcated ribs, in which the sternal end of the rib is cleaved in two, is a congenital abnormality occurring in about 1.2% of the population. The rib remnant of the 7th cervical vertebra on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a cervical rib, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (brachial plexus) going to the arm.
In several ethnic groups, most significantly the Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a floating rib, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.[7]
Function[edit]
Main article: Breathing
The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a movement known as the 'pump handle movement'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the 'bucket handle movement' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.
The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs . An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out.
Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the 'pump handle.' The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert and produce what is known as the bucket handle movement, facilitated by gliding at the costovertebral joints. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill.
The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.[14]
Clinical significance[edit]
Rib fractures are the most common injury to the rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a flail chest which is a life-threatening condition.
Abnormalities of the rib cage include pectus excavatum ("sunken chest") and pectus carinatum ("pigeon chest").
Rib removal is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.
Society and culture[edit]
Their position can be permanently altered by a form of body modification called tightlacing, which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs.
The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in forensic pathology, due to their progressive ossification.[15]
In the King James Bible
“Howbeit he refused to turn aside: wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place: and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.” 2 Samuel 2:23 King James Version.
and several other mentions in the Bible.
History[edit]
The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted by the Flemish anatomist Vesalius in his key work of anatomy De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the Biblical story of Adam and Eve that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's.[16]
Other animals[edit]
Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of California Museum of Paleontology
In herpetology, costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of salamanders. The grooves run between the axilla to the groin. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.[17][18]
Birds and reptiles have bony uncinate processes on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib.[19] These serve to attach sacral muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration. Crocodiles have cartilaginous uncinate processes.
Additional images[edit]
Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.
X-ray image of human chest, with ribs labeled.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rib cage.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human_anatomy, ribs.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Articulation of head of rib
Terms for anatomical location
Terms for bones
Notes[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ "The Thoracic Cage · Anatomy and Physiology". Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rib - DocCheck Flexikon". DocCheck Flexikon. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anatomy of the thorax". South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 16 (4): 3. Dec 1960. ISSN 0379-6175. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780226870137. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Longe, R. Leon; Taylor, A. Thomas; Calvert, Jon C.; Roy, Myrella (30 August 2016). "The Thorax and the Lungs". Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy. 15 (3): 166–174. doi:10.1177/106002808101500301.
Jump up ^ Pemberton, Robert (1852). The Natural Method of Teaching the Technical Language of Anatomy, for the Nursery and Infant Schools. London. p. 8. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Saladin, Kenneth (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-07-352569-3.
Jump up ^ http://www.teachmeanatomy.com/osteology-of-the-thorax/[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Moore, Dalley & Agur. 2009. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6th Edition. 90 Pp. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-7525-6, ISBN 978-0-7817-7525-0
Jump up ^ Bålens ytanatomi (surface anatomy). Godfried Roomans, Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir. Institution for Anatomy, Uppsala. 2008.
Jump up ^ Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
Jump up ^ Kurihara Y; Yakushiji YK; Matsumoto J; Ishikawa T; Hirata K (Jan–Feb 1999). "The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations" (PDF). RadioGraphics. Radiological Society of North America. 19 (1): 105–119. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105. ISSN 1527-1323. PMID 9925395. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kamano H; Ishihama T; Ishihama H; Kubota Y; Tanaka T; Satoh K (June 1, 2006). "Bifid intrathoracic rib: a case report and classification of intrathoracic ribs" (PDF). Internal Medicine. The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. 45 (9): 627–630. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1502. PMID 16755094. Retrieved August 13, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Respiratory system examination Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine. citing: Health & Physical Assessment, Mosby-Year Book, inc. School of Nursing, Peking University, 2003
Jump up ^ Franklin, D (Jan 2010). "Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions". Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 12 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.09.001. PMID 19853490.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax". Retrieved 2007-08-23. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York, New York, ISBN 0-8018-4780-X, 9780801847806
Jump up ^ J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. 587 Pp. Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 1-56098-828-2, ISBN 978-1-56098-828-1
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
References[edit]
Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64
Principles of Anatomy Physiology, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-68934-3
De Humani Corporis Fabrica: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human anatomy.
External links[edit]
Diagram at mhhe.com
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List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of Women CEOs of the Fortune 500, based on the magazine's 2017 list.[1][2] As of the date of publication, women held 6.4 percent of Fortune 500 CEO roles; the list will be updated again in 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fortune 500 (32 CEOs)
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Fortune 500 (32 CEOs)[edit]
CEO
Company
2017 Fortune 500 ranking
1 Mary Barra General Motors 8
2 Ginni Rometty[3] IBM 32
3 Indra Nooyi[4] PepsiCo 44
4 Marillyn Hewson[5] Lockheed Martin 56
5 Meg Whitman Hewlett Packard Enterprise 59
6 Safra A. Catz Oracle Corporation 81
7 Phebe Novakovic General Dynamics 90
8 Irene Rosenfeld[6] Mondelēz International 109
9 Tricia Griffith Progressive Corporation 120
10 Lynn Good[7] Duke Energy 121
11 Shira Goodman[8] Staples Inc. 140
12 Geisha Williams Pacific Gas and Electric Company 157
13 Margaret M. Keane Synchrony Financial 185
14 Deanna M. Mulligan The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America 218
15 Barbara Rentler Ross Stores 219
16 Debra Crew[9] Reynolds American 223
17 Anna Manning Reinsurance Group of America 246
18 Vicki Hollub[10] Occidental Petroleum 278
19 Debra L. Reed Sempra Energy 280
20 Kathryn V. Marinello Hertz Global Holdings 296
21 Kimberly S. Bowers CST Brands 306
22 Mary Laschinger Veritiv Corporation 331
23 Denise Morrison[11] Campbell Soup 339
24 Michele Buck[12] The Hershey Company 369
25 Patti Poppe[13] CMS Energy 419
26 Kathleen Mazzarella Graybar 420
27 Sheri McCoy[14] Avon Products 444
28 Ilene S. Gordon Ingredion 456
29 Margo Georgiadis[15] Mattel 474
30 Beth E. Mooney KeyBank 479
31 Jacqueline Hinman CH2M Hill 494
32 Marissa Mayer Yahoo! 498
See also[edit]
Fortune 500
List of Fortune 500 Computer Software and Information Companies
40 under 40
References[edit]
Jump up ^ url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/29/female-ceos-fortune-500-barra/?iid=sr-link9
Jump up ^ url=http://beta.fortune.com/fortune500/list
Jump up ^ "Virginia M. Rometty Elected IBM President and CEO; Samuel J. Palmisano Continues as Chairman". IBM. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indra K. Nooyi". PepsiCo, Inc. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lockheed Martin Board Elects Marillyn Hewson CEO & President And Member Of The Board". Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Irene Rosenfeld Chairman and CEO". Mondelēz International. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Duke Energy names new CEO". Usatoday.com. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Staples names Shira Goodman as president and CEO - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Tobacco Giant Reynolds American Just Named Debra Crew Its New CEO". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Occidental Petroleum Names Vicki A. Hollub Chief Executive Officer | Occidental Petroleum Corporation". newsroom.oxy.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Denise Morrison President and Chief Executive Officer". Campbell Soup. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hershey names 11-year vet Michele Buck to CEO post". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "CMS Energy and Consumers Energy President and CEO John Russell to Retire; Patti Poppe Named President and CEO". www.cmsenergy.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Executive Leadership". Avon Products. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mattel Taps Google Executive to Lead Toy Maker". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
External links[edit]
The Fortune 500
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_women_CEOs_of_Fortune_500_companies&oldid=802331821"
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