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Teesta River
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Teesta River
Teesta River, তিস্তা নদী
Countries
Tibet, India, Bangladesh
States
Sikkim, West Bengal
District
Rangpur Division
Tributaries
- left Dik Chhu, Rangpo River, Lang Lang Chu, Lachung River, Rani Khola
- right Ranghap Chhu, Rangeet, Ringyong Chhu
City
Rangpo, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling
Source
Pauhunri, Zemu Glacier, Lake Cholamu, Gurudongmar Lake, Cholamu lake
- location Sikkim, India
- elevation 7,068 m (23,189 ft)
Mouth
Brahmaputra river
- location Fulchhari, Rangpur District, Bangladesh
Length
310.15 km (193 mi)
Basin
12,540 km2 (4,842 sq mi)
Map of combined river system in North Bengal
The Teesta River (or Tista River) is a 309 km (192 mi) long river flowing through the Indian states of West Bengal and Sikkim through Bangladesh before emptying to the Bay of Bengal. It carves out from the verdant Himalayas and Singalila in temperate and tropical river Valleys and forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal. It flows through the cities of Rangpo, Jalpaiguri and Kalimpong and joins the Jamuna (Brahmaputra) in Bangladesh.[1] It drains an area of 12,540 km2 (4,840 sq mi).
Contents
1 Course
2 Geography
3 Changes in course of rivers
4 Hydroelectric projects
5 Other dams
6 Usage conflicts
7 Seismic concerns
8 Climate and tectonics
9 References
10 External links
Course[edit]
Teesta and Rangeet Confluence
The Teesta River originates from the Pahunri (or Teesta Kangse) glacier above 7,068 metres (23,189 ft), and flows southward through gorges and rapids in the Sikkim Himalaya.[2]
It is fed by rivulets arising in the Thangu, Yumthang and Donkha mountain ranges. The river then flows past the town of Rangpo where the Rangpo River joins, and where it forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal up to Teesta Bazaar. Just before the Teesta Bridge, where the roads from Kalimpong and Darjeeling join, the river is met by its main tributary, the Rangeet River.[3]
Teesta River Bridge Inscription
At this point, it changes course southwards flowing into West Bengal. The river hits the plains at Sevoke, 22 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of Siliguri, where it is spanned by the Coronation Bridge linking the northeast states to the rest of India. The river then goes merging up with the Brahmaputra River after it bifurcates the city of Jalpaiguri and flows just touching Cooch Behar district at Mekhliganj and moves to Fulchori in Bangladesh.[4]
Geography[edit]
River rafting on Teesta
Through its course, the Teesta river has carved out ravines and gorges in Sikkim meandering through the hills with the hill station of Kalimpong lying just off the river. Variegated vegetation can be seen along this route. At lower elevations, tropical deciduous trees and shrubs cover the surrounding hills; alpine vegetation is seen at the upper altitudes. The river is flanked by white sand which is used by the construction industry in the region. Large boulders in and around the waters make it ideal for rafting enthusiasts.
Between Rangpo town and the railway bridge (popularly called Lohapul or iron bridge) on it as it enters the plains at Sevoke, the Teesta flows with a very strong current, ideal for white river rafting. Towns like Teesta Bazaar and Melli have facilities for group rafting. Though the river looks innocuous, the underlying current is very strong. In 1915, G.P. Robertson, the then Municipal Engineer of Darjeeling, drowned after losing control of the boat in the turbulence while surveying the river. The boat struck a partially hidden boulder and was sucked in by a whirlpool, leaving no trace of the occupants.
During the monsoons, Teesta river distends its banks; both in size and turbulence. Landslides in this region often dam up parts of the river in this season.
Changes in course of rivers[edit]
James Rennell's 1776 map shows an earlier flow of the Teesta meeting the Ganges in three channels before a devastating flood in 1787 changed its course
Great changes have taken place in the course of some of the rivers in Bengal and the adjoining areas, during the period since 1500 CE. Although positive evidence is lacking, similar changes can be assumed in the remoter past. The Teesta River is one of the rivers that has changed over the years.[5]
The Teesta earlier ran due south from Jalpaiguri in three channels, namely, the Karatoya to the east, the Punarbhaba in the west and the Atrai in the centre. The three channels possibly gave the name to the river as Trisrota "possessed of three streams" which has been shortened to Teesta. Of these three, the Punarbhaba joined the Mahananda. The Atrai passing through a vast marshy area known as Chalan Beel joined the Karatoya and the united stream joined the Padma (Ganges) near Jafarganj. In the destructive floods of 1787, the Teesta river forsook its old channel and rushing south-east it joined the Brahmaputra.[5] James Rennell made a survey between 1764 and 1777 and his maps are one of the earliest authentic maps of Bengal in existence. In these maps Teesta is shown as flowing through North Bengal in several branches—Punarbhaba, Atrai, Karatoya, etc. All these streams combined lower down with the Mahananda, now the westernmost river in North Bengal, and taking the name of Hoorsagar finally discharged into the Ganges at Jafarganj, near modern Goalundo. The Hoorsagar river still in existence, being the combined outfall of the Baral, a spill channel of the Ganges, the Atrai, the Jamuna or Jamuneswari (not the main Jamuna through which the Brahmaputra now flows), and the Karatoya, but instead of falling into the Ganges, it falls into the main Jamuna, a few miles above its confluence with the Padma at Goalundo.[6]
British Engineering - Teesta Suspension Bridge in Sikkim (1894)
Coronation Bridge across Teesta in West Bengal.
Hydroelectric projects[edit]
India has an estimated total hydroelectric power potential of 84 GW (at 60% load factor). Of this, Sikkim's potential share is 2.9%, or about 4.29 GW. As of 2010, 13.9% (594 MW) of Sikkim's potential had been implemented and was under operation, 44.8% is under implementation (1919 MW), and another 41.3% (1773 MW) is yet to be examined from environment and engineering design perspective.[7]
The successfully completed major projects and dams are:
Teesta -V dam, the largest project so far, was completed in 2007 on Teesta in Dikchu, District- East Sikkim. Its height is 87 metres (285 ft) and its length is 176 metres (577 ft). It generates 510 MW hydroelectric power and assists flood control.[8]
Rangit III hydroelectric project was completed in 2000 on Greater Rangit River which is a tributary of Teesta River. The catchment area of Rangit III dam is 979 square kilometres (378 sq mi) and the dam is 47 metres (154 ft) high. The project has 60 MW generation capacity, and is already online.[9]
The other three completed projects are significantly smaller and minor—Lower Lagyap, Upper Rongni Chhu and Mayang Chhu projects.[7]
Other dams[edit]
The Teesta Barrage is a major irrigation project in Bangladesh, in Lalmonirhat District.[10] Construction started 1979 and was completed in 1997-98.[10]
Usage conflicts[edit]
Disputes over the appropriate allocation and development of the water resources of the river have remained a subject of conflict for almost 35 years, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.[11][12][13][14]
Seismic concerns[edit]
Teesta river area is in the seismically active Zone-V and has experienced micro-seismic activity. According to India's Ministry of Environment & Forests, the Teesta river dam projects have been approved with the requirement that they adopt suitable seismic coefficient in the design for the dam, tunnel, surge shaft and power house. The projects are cascaded over the length of the river, do not store large amounts water, have small reservoirs, and therefore the projects are expected to have very low risk from the reservoir induced seismicity in the area.[7]
Climate and tectonics[edit]
The Teesta river has preserved good imprints of climatic and tectonics along its valleys and catchments. The interrelationship between climate, erosion, deposition and tectonic activities is not properly understood to date. These are being studied.[2][15][16]
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teesta River.
Jump up ^ Bisht, R. C. (2008). International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas (5 Vols.). New Delhi: Mittal Publication. p. 19. ISBN 978-81-8324-265-3. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Meetei, L. I.; Pattanayak, S. K.; Bhaskar, A.; Pandit, M. K.; Tandon, S. K. (2007). "Climatic imprints in Quaternary valley fill deposits of the middle Teesta valley, Sikkim Himalaya". Quaternary International. 159 (1): 32–46. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.08.018.
Jump up ^ Chaudhuri, Samita; Chaudhuri, Utpal (2015). And the Teesta Flows... Niyogi Books. p. 188. ISBN 9789383098705. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
Jump up ^ Joshi, H. G. (2004). Sikkim: Past and Present. Mittal Publications. p. 1. ISBN 978-81-7099-932-4. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Majumdar, R.C.(1971). History of Ancient Bengal. Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata. Reprinted 2005. ISBN 81-89118-01-3.
Jump up ^ Majumdar, S.C. (1941). Rivers of the Bengal Delta. Government of Bengal, reproduced in Rivers of Bengal, Vol I, 2001, p. 45, published by Education department, Government of West Bengal.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/EIA%20Ting%20Ting.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
Jump up ^ "RANGIT-III HE PROJECT - NHPC(SIKKIM) -". india-wris.nrsc.gov.in. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b M Fazlul Bari (2012), "Barrage", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal, Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
Jump up ^ "Sharing the Teesta". Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "India and Bangladesh: sharing the Teesta". 5 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "India, Bangladesh: Water Disputes and Teesta River Diplomacy · Global Voices". 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "India and Bangladesh need to bring the Teesta out of muddled waters". 10 December 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Mukul, Malay (2000). "The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjiling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India". Journal of Structural Geology. 22 (9): 1261–1283. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00032-8.
Jump up ^ Mukul, Malay; Jaiswal, M.; Singhvi, A. K. (November 2007). "Timing of recent out-of-sequence active deformation in the frontal Himalayan wedge: Insights from the Darjiling sub-Himalaya, India". Geology. The Geological Society of America. 35 (11): 999–1002. doi:10.1130/G23869A.1.
External links[edit]
Tista River at GEOnet Names Server
The Teesta River desiccated
Mesbah-us-Saleheen (2012), "Tista River", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal, Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
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Coordinates: 25°30′50″N 89°39′56″E / 25.51389°N 89.66556°E / 25.51389; 89.66556
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text:
Ya Sin
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← Sura 36 of the Quran →
يس
Yāʾ-Sīn
Yāʾ Sīn
Arabic text · English translation
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Juzʼ 22, 23
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Sūrah Yāʾ-Sīn (also Yaseen; Arabic: سورة يس) is the 36th surah (chapter) of the Quran. It has 83 ayahs and is one of the Meccan surahs, although some scholars maintain that verse 12 is from the Medinan period.[1] The name of the chapter comes from the two letters of the first verse of the chapter,[2] which has caused much scholarly debate, and which Tafsir al-Jalalayn, a Sunni tafsir, interprets by saying, "God knows best what He means by these."[3] Yā Sīn is also one of the names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as reported in a saying of Ali, "I heard the Messenger of God say, 'Verily God has named me by seven names in the Quran: Muhammad [3:144; 33:40; 47:2; 48:29], Ahmad [61:6], Tā Hā [20:1], Yā Sīn [36:1], thou enwrapped [al-Muzammil; 73:1], thou who art covered [al-Mudaththir; 74:1], and servant of God [ʿAbd Allāh; 72:19].'"[4]
The surah focuses on establishing the Qur'an as a divine source, and it warns of the fate of those that mock God's revelations and are stubborn. The surah tells of the punishments that plagued past generations of nonbelievers as a warning to present and future generations. Additionally, the surah reiterates God's sovereignty as exemplified by His creations through signs from nature.
The surah ends with arguments in favor of the existence of Resurrection and God's sovereign power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Heart of the Quran
2 Virtues
3 Sections and themes
4 References
5 External links
Heart of the Quran[edit]
It has been proposed that Yāʾ-Sīn is the "heart of the Quran".[5] The meaning of “the heart” has been the basis of much scholarly discussion. The eloquence of this surah is traditionally regarded as representative of the miraculous nature of the Qur'an.[6] It presents the essential themes of the Qur'an, such as the sovereignty of God, the unlimited power of God as exemplified by His creations, Paradise, the ultimate punishment of nonbelievers, resurrection, the struggle of believers against polytheists and nonbelievers, and the reassurance that the believers are on the right path, among others.[7] Yā Sīn presents the message of the Qur'an in an efficient and powerful manner, with its quick and rhythmic verses. This surah asserts that Muhammad was not a poet, rather he was the greatest and the last messenger of Allah to come.
Virtues[edit]
It is recorded in Sunan al-Darimi that Muhammad said that "If anyone recites Yaseen at the beginning of the day, their needs for that day will be fulfilled.”[8] In another narration, this Surat has been described as the key to all good in this life and in the hereafter and a safety from all evil in this life and in the hereafter. Needs are fulfilled if asked after the recitation of this Surat and the reward for its recitation is also compared to performing twenty hajj pilgrimages.[9]
Sections and themes[edit]
There are three main themes of Yāʾ-Sīn: Tawhid, the oneness of God; Risala, that Muhammad is a messenger sent by God to guide His creations through divine revelation; and the reality of Akhirah, the Last Judgment.[10] 36:70 “This is a revelation, an illuminating Qur’an to warn anyone who is truly alive, so that God’s verdict may be passed against the disbelievers.” [11] The surah repeatedly warns of the consequences of not believing in the legitimacy or the revelation of Muhammad, and encourages believers to remain steadfast and resist the mockery, oppression, and ridicule they receive from polytheists and nonbelievers.[12] The arguments arise in three forms: a historical parable, a reflection on the order in the universe, and lastly a discussion of resurrection and human accountability.[12]
The chapter begins with an affirmation of the legitimacy of Muhammad.[10] For example, verses 2-6, "By the wise Qur'an, you [Muhammad] are truly one of the messengers sent of a straight path, with a revelation from the Almighty, the Lord of Mercy, to warn a people whose forefathers were not warned, and so they are unaware."[13] The first passage, verses 1-12, focuses primarily with promoting the Qur'an as guidance and establishing that it is God's sovereign choice who will believe and who will not. It is stated that regardless of a warning, the nonbelievers cannot be swayed to believe. 36:10 "It is all the same to them whether you warn them or not: they will not believe."[13]
Surah Yāʾ-Sīn then proceeds to tell the tale of the messengers that were sent to warn nonbelievers, but who were rejected.[10] Although the messengers proclaimed to be legitimate, they were accused of being ordinary men by the nonbelievers. 36:15-17 "They said, 'Truly, we are messengers to you,' but they answered, 'You are only men like ourselves. The Lord of Mercy has sent nothing; you are just lying."[14] Upon his death, the third messenger entered Paradise, and lamented the fate of the nonbelievers. 36:26 "He was told, 'Enter the Garden,' so he said, 'If only my people knew how my Lord has forgiven me and set me among the highly honored."[15] This surah is meant to warn the nonbelievers of the consequences of their denial, but verse 36:30 implies that regardless, the nonbelievers will not see. "Alas for human beings! Whenever a messenger comes to them they ridicule him."[16] Ultimately, it is God's will who will be blind and who will see.[10]
The following passage addresses the signs of God's supremacy over nature.[10] This is presented by the sign of revived land, the sign of day and night, the sign of the arc and the flood, and the sign of the sudden blast that arrives on the day of judgement. 36:33-37 The sign of revived land follows:
There is a sign for them in this lifeless earth: We give it life and We produce grains from it for them to eat; We have put gardens of date palms and grapes in the earth, and We have made water gush out of it so that they could eat its fruit. It is not their own hands that made all this. How can they not give thanks? Glory be to Him who created all the pairs of things that the earth produces, as well as themselves and other things they do not know about.[15]
The disbelievers do not recognize God’s power in the natural world, although He is the one Creator.[10]
The surah further addresses what will happen to those who reject the right path presented by Muhammad and refuse to believe in God. On the last day, the day of reckoning, the nonbelievers will be held accountable for their actions and will be punished accordingly.[10] God warned the nonbelievers of Satan, and yet Satan led them astray. 36:60-63 "Children of Adam, did I not command you not to serve Satan, for he was your sworn enemy, but to serve Me? This is the straight path. He has led great numbers of you astray. Did you not use your reason? So this is the fire that you were warned against."[17] Although God warned them against following Satan, the nonbelievers were deaf, and so now they will suffer the consequences of their ill judgements. 36:63 "So this is the Fire that you were warned against. Enter it today, because you went on ignoring [my commands]."[17]
The surah proceeds to address the clear nature of the revelation and assure that Muhammad is a legitimate prophet.[10] 36:69 states, "We have not taught the Prophet poetry, nor could he ever have been a poet."[11] Yāʾ-Sīn concludes by reaffirming God’s sovereignty and absolute power. 36:82-83 "When He wills something to be, His way is to say, 'Be'—and it is! So glory be to Him in whose Hand lies control over all things. It is to Him that you will all be brought back." [11] It is to God, the one Creator who holds everything in His hands, that everything returns. The closing passage is absolute and powerful and carries an essential message of the Qur'an.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Introduction to Sūrat Yā Sīn", in The Study Quran ed. S.H. Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, and Mohammed Rustom (HarperOne, 2015), p. 1069.
Jump up ^ The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004.
Jump up ^ Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Translated by Firas Hamza. Royal Al al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought. Amman, 2007.
Jump up ^ Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Commentary on Sūrat Yā Sīn", in The Study Quran, ed. S.H. Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, and Mohammed Rustom (HarperOne, 2015), p. 1070.
Jump up ^ Shirazi, Ayatullah Dastghaib. Heart of the Qur'an: A Commentary to Sura al Yasin. Ansariyan Publications. Qum, The Islamic Republic of Iran. http://surah-yasin.com/
Jump up ^ Shaykh Abdul-Nasir. Tafsir Surah Ya-Sin. Jangda. Ramadhaan 1432 A.H. http://surah-yasin.com/
Jump up ^ Sura Ya Sin. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. http://surah-yasin.com//
Jump up ^ Zakariyyā, Muḥammad (1983*). Stories of Sahabah: Revised Translation of Urdu Book :. Kutab Khana Faizie. p. 87. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "5+Benefits of reciting and listening to Surah Yasin - Seekers Elite". Seekers Elite. 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Shaykh Abdul-Nasir Jangda. Tafsir Surah Ya-Sin. Ramadhaan 1432 A.H. http://www.linguisticmiracle.com/yasin
^ Jump up to: a b c The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg. 284
^ Jump up to: a b al-Ghazali, Shaykh Muhammad (2001). A thematic commentary of the Qur'an.
^ Jump up to: a b The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg. 281
Jump up ^ The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg.281
^ Jump up to: a b The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg. 282
Jump up ^ The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg.282
^ Jump up to: a b The Qur'an. A new translation by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford University Press. 2004. Pg. 283
External links[edit]
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Third umpire
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The third umpire lights at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
The third umpire (or TV Umpire) is an off-field umpire in international cricket matches who makes the final decision in questions referred to him by the two on-field umpires. Television replays and other technology are available to the third umpire to assist him in coming to a decision. An on-field umpire can, at his own discretion, use a radio link to refer any close decision concerning dismissals (catches, runouts or stumpings) or boundaries to the third umpire. Also players can initiate reviews of particular decisions by the on-field umpires, which are judged by the third umpire.
Contents
1 History
2 Functions
2.1 Decision requests by the on-field umpires
2.2 Decision requests by the players
3 Instant Replays
4 References
5 See also
History[edit]
The third umpire was conceptualized by former Sri Lankan domestic cricketer, and current cricket writer Mahinda Wijesinghe and debuted in Test cricket in November 1992 at Kingsmead, Durban for the South Africa vs. India series. Karl Liebenberg was the third umpire with Cyril Mitchley the on-field umpire, referring the run-out decision in this match. Sachin Tendulkar became the first batsman to be dismissed (run out) by using television replays in the second day of the Test scoring 11.[1]
Functions[edit]
Main article: Umpire Decision Review System
Decision requests by the on-field umpires[edit]
In many cases of run out or stumped, the event occurs in a fraction of a second. If the on-field umpires are unable to decide if the batsman is out, they may request the third umpire to ascertain whether the batsman had made it home. The third umpire then looks at various TV replays from different angles, comes to a conclusion, and indicates his decision by pressing the appropriate signal. Originally decisions were conveyed in traffic light style (a red light indicating a batsman's dismissal, a green light not out); it is now common practice to display the decision via the large screen scoreboard, if available. If the umpire is unsure if a batsman is out or not, due to lack of conclusive evidence, the usual procedure is to acquit the batsman, known in cricketing parlance as "the benefit of the doubt".
The third umpire may also be called upon if the on-field umpire cannot decide which batsman is out (i.e. they end up at the same end). An example of this was the Third Test between New Zealand and the West Indies in 2006.[2]
A batsman is caught out if a fielder catches the ball on the fly. In some cases the fielder may catch the ball a few inches above ground level. If the umpire's vision is obscured or is unsure if the ball bounced before the fielder caught the ball, he can also refer the decision.
A six is scored if the batsman hits the ball directly beyond the perimeter of the field. In some cases the ball may bounce just a foot inside the boundary rope resulting in four runs. If the umpire needs to ascertain if it had been a 4 or a 6, he may consult the third umpire. Near the boundary, often a fielder may dive to save the ball from travelling beyond the boundary. If the fielder makes any simultaneous contact with the boundary and the cricket ball, 4 runs are declared. A third umpire may also be consulted in such a case.
Decision requests by the players[edit]
The third umpire also adjudicates appeals initiated by the players against decisions made by the on-field umpires, as part of the Umpire Decision Review System, and reports to the on-field umpire whether his analysis supports the original call, contradicts the call, or is inconclusive.
Instant Replays[edit]
Whenever a third umpire decision is signalled by an on-field umpire, the third umpire gets access to Instant Replay to make his decision. The instant replays are also available to the TV/Internet viewers. However, the live crowd does not get to witness it. Because in most of the cases, third umpire decisions end up in a tight gap between out and not out. A live crowd will make their decision on the replay shown. However, the third umpire is required to follow guidelines which may not be known by the crowd.
After the Stuart Broad incident, in The Ashes 2013, ICC has started to take steps to give third umpire access to instant replays. This is regardless of calls being referred to by on-field umpires. By doing so, ICC wants to make sure that any obvious mistakes are avoided in future.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wisden: 1st Test South Africa v India 1992–93". cricinfo.com.
Jump up ^ Bizarre Runout
Jump up ^ "ICC trials instant replays for third umpires". espncricinfo.com.
See also[edit]
Fourth umpire
Instant replay in Major League Baseball
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