text:
Tropical rainforest climate
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Worldwide zones of Tropical rainforest climate (Af).
A tropical rainforest climate, also known as an equatorial climate, is a tropical climate usually (but not always) found along the equator. Regions with this climate typically feature tropical rainforests, and it is designated Af by the Köppen climate classification. A tropical rainforest climate is typically hot and wet. Places with this climate typically lie within 10º of the equator.
Contents
1 Description
2 Distribution
3 Notable cities with Tropical rainforest climates
4 Examples
5 See also
6 References
Description[edit]
Tropical rainforests have a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season—all months have an average precipitation value of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). Tropical rainforests have no summer or winter; it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent. One day in an equatorial climate can be very similar to the next, while the change in temperature between day and night may be larger than the average change in temperature during the year. Tropical rainforests are also usually found closer to the equator. [1]
Distribution[edit]
Upland rainforest in Borneo. Sabah, Malaysia
A tropical rainforest climate is usually found at latitudes within 10 degrees North and South of the equator, which are dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The climate is most commonly found in South America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania. However, tropical rainforest microclimates are found in many other regions (e.g., far North Queensland), while not everywhere along the equatorial region features a tropical rainforest climate.
Some of the places that have these rainforests are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica, see for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wetter (as at Palembang, Indonesia).
Additionally, while tropical rainforest climates are typically located near the equator (hence the alternate name “equatorial climate”), there are a number of instances where the climate is found some distance away from the equator. For instance, Santos, Brazil and Fort Lauderdale, United States are not only far removed from the equator, but are actually located just outside the tropics. Yet both of these cities feature a tropical rainforest climate, albeit with noticeably cooler and warmer periods of the year.
Notable cities with Tropical rainforest climates[edit]
Africa
Moroni, Comoros
Kisumu, Kenya
Harper, Liberia
Antalaha, Madagascar
Manakara, Madagascar
Toamasina, Madagascar
Kampala, Uganda
North America
Punta Gorda, Belize
Limón, Costa Rica
Higüey, Dominican Republic
Puerto Barrios, Guatemala
La Ceiba, Honduras
Port Antonio, Jamaica
Bluefields, Nicaragua
Changuinola, Panama
Freeport, The Bahamas
West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
South America
Rurrenabaque, Bolivia
Belém, Brazil
Macaé, Brazil
Salvador, Brazil
Florencia, Colombia
Medellín, Colombia
Puyo, Ecuador
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
Georgetown, Guyana
Iquitos, Peru
Paramaribo, Suriname
Santa Elena de Uairén, Venezuela
Asia
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Hualien, Taiwan
Orchid Island, Taiwan
Jayapura, Indonesia
Padang, Indonesia
Tangerang, Indonesia
Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia
Ipoh, Malaysia
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Malacca City, Malaysia
Singapore
Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Su-ngai Kolok, Thailand
Davao City, Philippines
Polomolok, Philippines
Tacloban, Leyte, Philippines
Ishigaki, Japan
Oceania
Innisfail, Australia
Suva, Fiji
Tabubil, Papua New Guinea
Lae, Papua New Guinea
Honiara, Solomon Islands
Apia, Samoa
Pago Pago, American Samoa
Port Vila, Vanuatu
Funafuti, Tuvalu
Nuku’alofa, Tonga
Majuro, Marshall Islands
Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
Tarawa, Kiribati
Examples[edit]
Western Samoa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
450
30
23
380
29
24
350
30
23
250
30
23
260
29
23
120
29
23
80
29
23
80
28
23
130
28
23
170
29
23
260
30
23
370
29
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [1]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
18
86
73
15
84
75
14
86
73
9.8
86
73
10
84
73
4.7
84
73
3.1
84
73
3.1
82
73
5.1
82
73
6.7
84
73
10
86
73
15
84
73
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Paramaribo, Suriname
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
200
30
22
140
30
22
150
30
22
210
31
22
290
30
23
290
31
22
230
31
22
170
32
23
90
32
23
90
33
23
120
32
23
180
30
22
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [2]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
7.9
86
72
5.5
86
72
5.9
86
72
8.3
88
72
11
86
73
11
88
72
9.1
88
72
6.7
90
73
3.5
90
73
3.5
91
73
4.7
90
73
7.1
86
72
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Mbandaka, DR Congo
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
80
31
19
100
32
20
150
32
20
140
31
20
130
31
20
110
30
19
100
30
17
100
29
17
200
30
19
210
30
19
190
30
19
120
30
19
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [3]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.1
88
66
3.9
90
68
5.9
90
68
5.5
88
68
5.1
88
68
4.3
86
66
3.9
86
63
3.9
84
63
7.9
86
66
8.3
86
66
7.5
86
66
4.7
86
66
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Biak, Indonesia
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
250
29
25
240
28
25
250
29
25
200
29
25
250
29
25
230
29
25
250
28
25
240
29
25
220
29
25
180
29
25
190
30
25
230
29
25
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [4]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
9.8
84
77
9.4
82
77
9.8
84
77
7.9
84
77
9.8
84
77
9.1
84
77
9.8
82
77
9.4
84
77
8.7
84
77
7.1
84
77
7.5
86
77
9.1
84
77
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Kuching, Malaysia
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
466
30
23
445
29
23
465
30
23
251
32
23
347
33
24
310
32
23
184
31
23
326
32
23
208
32
23
307
32
23
482
32
24
516
30
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Monthly Statistical Bulletin Sarawak
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
18
87
73
18
84
74
18
87
73
9.9
90
74
14
91
74
12
89
73
7.2
88
74
13
89
73
8.2
90
74
12
89
74
19
89
74
20
87
74
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Quibdó, Colombia
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
579
30
23
505
30
23
526
30
23
655
31
23
776
31
23
762
31
23
803
31
23
852
31
23
702
31
23
654
30
23
728
30
23
589
30
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [5]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
23
86
73
20
86
74
21
87
74
26
87
74
31
88
74
30
88
73
32
88
73
34
88
73
28
87
73
26
87
73
29
86
73
23
85
73
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
See also[edit]
Tropics
Köppen climate classification
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pretice Hall. pp. 205–8. ISBN 0-13-020263-0.
show
v
t
e
Climate types under the Köppen climate classification
Class A
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Tropical monsoon (Am)
Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B
Desert (BWh, BWk, BWn)
Semi-arid (BSh, BSk, BSn)
Class C
Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)
Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D
Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)
Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)
Class E
Tundra (ET)
Ice cap (EF)
Alpine (ET, EF)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_rainforest_climate&oldid=857003303"
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Tropical rainforests
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text:
Wrong Turn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is missing information about the film's production. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (April 2018)
See also: Wrong Turn (film series)
Wrong Turn
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Rob Schmidt
Produced by
Stan Winston
Brian Gilbert
Erik Feig
Robert Kulzer
Written by
Alan B. McElroy
Starring
Desmond Harrington
Eliza Dushku
Emmanuelle Chriqui
Jeremy Sisto
Kevin Zegers
Music by
Elia Cmiral
Cinematography
John S. Bartley
Edited by
Michael Ross
Production
company
Constantin Film[1]
Summit Entertainment[1]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
May 30, 2003 (2003-05-30)
Running time
84 minutes
Country
Canada[1]
Germany[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$12.6 million[2]
Box office
$28.7 million[2]
Wrong Turn is a 2003 horror film directed by Rob Schmidt and written by Alan B. McElroy. The film stars Desmond Harrington, Eliza Dushku, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Jeremy Sisto and Kevin Zegers. The film has a 41% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[3] It grossed $28.7 million and had a $12.6 million budget. It is the first installment in a film series that has spawned two sequels and three prequels.
It is followed by Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
3.1 Track listing (Commercial)
3.2 Track listing (Score)
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
College students Rich Stoker and Halley Smith were rock climbing deep in a remote forest of West Virginia. When Rich reaches the top, he prepares to help Halley up, but is suddenly murdered. Someone then begins to yank Halley up the cliff so she cuts the rope and falls to the ground where she sees the surrounding trees moving and hears insane laughter. She attempts to escape but before she reaches her car, she trips over a piece of barbed wire and then gets pulled back into the woods, screaming.
Medical student Chris Flynn (Desmond Harrington) drives through the mountains of West Virginia on his way to a business meeting, but a chemical spill in the road ahead forces him to take a different route. He stops at a gas station to ask directions but the elderly man is none too helpful but tells Chris to go down Bear Mountain road. After taking the path but being distracted for a moment, he collides with another car that is stopped in the middle of the road since its tires have been punctured by a piece of barbed wire. The car belongs to a group of college students on a camping trip: Jessie (Eliza Dushku), Carly (Emmanuelle Chriqui), Scott (Jeremy Sisto), Evan (Kevin Zegers) and Francine (Lindy Booth).
Evan and Francine stay to watch the cars as the others go to find help. Soon after, both of them are murdered by unknown attackers when they investigate the woods. Meanwhile, the others find an isolated cabin and go inside to use the phone. After looking around for a moment, they are horrified to find human body parts. They quickly attempt to escape but are instead forced to hide inside when they see the family returning home. Three disfigured cannibalistic mountain men "Three Finger" (Julian Richings), "Saw Tooth" (Garry Robbins) and "One Eye" (Ted Clark) enter the cabin, bringing Francine's dead body. The four silently watch in horror as her body is messily dismembered and then eaten.
Hours later after the cannibals fall asleep, they quietly attempt to escape. However, Saw Tooth awakens, alerts the other cannibals, and begins to chase them through the forest. The group climb up to a nearby clearing where they find hundreds of cars that belonged to the family's previous victims. When the cannibals arrive, Chris distracts their attention so the others can run for help, but he is shot in the leg by Saw Tooth, leaving Scott to distract them instead, and he gets away. The girls help Chris into their truck where they find Evans corpse. They quickly drive down a nearby path to pick up Scott. They find him, but as he runs to the car, Saw Tooth kills him with arrows and takes his body back to their cabin leaving Carly distraught.
Chris, Jessie and Carly reach a dead end and have to continue on foot. They stumble upon an old watchtower and find a radio inside, which they use to call for help, but do not get a response. Later, they see the cannibals armed with torches searching at the foot of the watchtower. The radio starts responding to their call, alerting the cannibals. Unable to get inside, the cannibals set the tower on fire to try to burn the group alive, but they escape by jumping out of the window into a nearby tree. As they hide, Three Finger catches Carly and decapitates her. Chris and Jessie successfully set up a trap to throw Three Finger off the tree and escape.
After escaping, Chris and Jessie hide in a cave near a waterfall until the next morning. Just as they find a road out of the woods, the mountain men find them, pushing Chris down the hill and taking Jessie back to their cabin. Chris survives the fall and meets a police officer, but before Chris is able to convince the police officer of what is happening, the man is shot in the eye with an arrow. Chris attempts to drive away in the police truck, but cannot find the key, so he instead hitches a ride underneath the truck as it is driven back to the cabin by Saw Tooth, where Jessie is tied to a bed and gagged. As she is about to be killed, Chris drives through the building with the murdered police officer's car and runs into One Eye. Three Finger, who survived the fall off the tree, then arrives to help his brothers. Chris unties Jessie and they fight the cannibals together. They escape and Chris manages to kill the cannibals by shooting the containers of gasoline in the back of the police car with a shotgun and blowing up their cabin. Chris and Jessie drive out of the forest with the cannibals' pickup truck. They drive back past the unhelpful gas attendant who quickly goes inside and rip down the map outside his store and drive away.
The credits are interrupted by a scene showing a deputy sheriff investigating and picking over the remains of the destroyed cabin. Three Finger, who survived the explosion, rises to attack the deputy. His insane laughter is heard once more, as the credits continue to roll.
Cast[edit]
Desmond Harrington as Chris Flynn
Eliza Dushku as Jessie Burlingame
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Carly
Jeremy Sisto as Scott
Kevin Zegers as Evan
Lindy Booth as Francine
Julian Richings as Three Finger
Garry Robbins as Saw Tooth
Ted Clark as One Eye
Yvonne Gaudry as Halley Smith
Joel Harris as Richard "Rich" Stoker
David Huband as Trooper
Wayne Robson as Old Man
James Downing as Trucker
Soundtrack[edit]
Wrong Turn
Commercial Releases cover
Film score by Elia Cmiral
Released
June 3, 2003 (Score)
July 1, 2003 (Commercial)
Genre
Soundtracks
Film scores
Length
45:43 (Score)
47:01 (Commercial)
Label
Lakeshore Records
20th Century Fox
Two soundtracks were released; one contains the original film score, and the other contains popular music.
Track listing (Commercial)[edit]
"In Stancee" – Eris
"Bloody Fingers" – Jet Black Summer
"Every Famous Last Word" – Miracle of 86
"Never Said Anything" – The Belles
"Why Would I Want to Die?" – Grandady
"Haunted" – King Black Acid
"Three Murders" – Deadman
"Ex" – Tara King Theory
"Birthday" – Simple
"Even the Scars Forget the Wound" – Gruvis Malt
"He's a Killer" – DJ Swamp
"Bring the Pain"/"Multiple Incisions" – Candiria
"If Only" – Queens of The Stone Age
"Wish I May" – Breaking Benjamin
Track listing (Score)[edit]
"Dark Forest"
"Wrong Turn Title"
"Mountain Men"
"Cabin In The Woods"
"Adventure Begins"
"Mountain Men At Home"
"Francine Dies"
"Jessie"
"Scott Becomes Prey"
"Bear Trap"
"Escape From Cabin"
"Jessie Taken Hostage"
"Fire In The Watchtower"
"Grim Discovery"
"Are We Safe?"
"They Got Carly"
"Killing Mountain Men"
"We Are Alive"
"Three Fingers Is Back"
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2015)
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 41% of 78 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.3/10. The consensus is: "An unremarkable slasher flick that fails to distinguish itself from others of its ilk".[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wrong Turn (2003)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wrong Turn (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Wrong Turn". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Wrong Turn". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wrong Turn
Wrong Turn on IMDb
Wrong Turn at AllMovie
Wrong Turn at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
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Wrong Turn
Wrong Turn
Wrong Turn 2: Dead End
Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead
Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings
Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines
Wrong Turn 6: Last Resort
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wrong_Turn&oldid=841630664"
Categories:
2003 films
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Running Bear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the song by Zion I, see True & Livin'.
Not to be confused with Bear Run.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Running Bear"
Cover of Running Bear by Johnny Preston (1994 CD album)
Single by Johnny Preston
B-side
"My Heart Knows"
Released
June 1959
Format
45 rpm record
Length
2:38
Label
Mercury[1]
Songwriter(s)
J. P. Richardson[1]
Producer(s)
Bill Hall[1]
Johnny Preston singles chronology
"Running Bear"
(1959) "Cradle of Love"
(1960)
"Running Bear"
(1959) "Cradle of Love"
(1960)
Audio sample
file
help
"Running Bear" is a song written by Jiles Perry Richardson (a.k.a. The Big Bopper) and sung most famously by Johnny Preston in 1959.[1] The 1959 recording featured background vocals by Richardson and George Jones and the session's producer Bill Hall, who provided the "Indian chanting" of "uga-uga" during the three verses, as well as the "Indian war cries" at the start and end of the record. It was No. 1 for three weeks in January 1960 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The song also reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1960.[1] Coincidentally, "Running Bear" was immediately preceded in the Hot 100 No. 1 position by Marty Robbins' "El Paso", another song in which the protagonist dies. Billboard ranked "Running Bear" as the No. 4 song of 1960.[2]
The Big Bopper, J P Richardson
Richardson was a friend of Preston and offered "Running Bear" to him after hearing him perform in a club. Preston recorded the song at the Gold Star Studios in Houston, Texas in 1958. The saxophone was played by Link Davis.
Preston was signed to Mercury Records, and "Running Bear" was released in August 1959, seven months after Richardson's death in the plane crash that also killed Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens.[1]
"Running Bear" was used in the 1994 movie A Simple Twist of Fate, which stars Steve Martin as Michael McCann, a fine furniture maker in rural Virginia, who adopts a little girl named Mathilda. There is a scene about midway through the movie where he plays "Running Bear" on the record player, and he and Mathilda are dancing to the song. The song, performed by Ray Gelato, also features in the London night-club scene in the film Scandal, based on the Profumo affair.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cover versions
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
The song tells the story of Running Bear, a "young Indian brave", and Little White Dove, an "Indian maid". The two are in love but are separated by two factors:
Their tribes' hatred of each other: their respective tribes are at war. ("Their tribes fought with each other / So their love could never be.")
A raging river: a physical separation but also as a metaphor for their cultural separation.
The two, longing to be together, despite the obstacles and the risks posed by the river, dive into the raging river to unite. After sharing a passionate kiss, they are pulled down by the swift current and drown. The lyrics describe their fate: "Now they'll always be together / In their happy hunting ground."
Cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A German version titled Brauner Bär und Weiße Taube ("Brown Bear and White Dove") was recorded as a single by Gus Backus in 1960.[3][4]
In 1960, the Dutch group Het Cocktail Trio recorded a version of the song called Grote Beer ('Great Bear', but also 'Ursa Maior') about an Indian who travels in space.[5]
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Sonny James enjoyed an unprecedented streak of success with his commercially released singles, many of them covers of previous pop hits. One of his 16 consecutive No. 1 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart was a cover version of "Running Bear." Released in April 1969, James topped the Hot Country Singles chart in mid-June and spent three weeks at No. 1.[6] The song soon was one of James' most popular recordings of his career.
Jim Stallings recorded a version of the song on his 1969 album titled Heya!
The Guess Who included the song on their 1972 album Rockin', although the songwriting credit is incorrectly given to Clarence "Curly" Herdman, a country and bluegrass fiddler.
The Youngbloods released a version of the song as a single in 1972[7] and was featured on their album High on a Ridge Top.[8]
Tom Jones recorded a funk version of the song on his 1973 album The Body and Soul of Tom Jones.
Mud recorded the song on their 1974 debut album Mud Rock which reached #8 in the UK charts.
Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass recorded a toe-tapping version of the song, complete with the standard Nashville Brass banjo-and-steel solo, for their 1975 album Dream Country.
The song was occasionally part of Led Zeppelin's live repertoire in the early 1970s, during rock medleys contained within long versions of "Whole Lotta Love".[9]
In 2012 Ray Stevens covered the song on his 9-CD box set, The Encyclopedia of Recorded Comedy Music.
Northern Irish punk band, Stiff Little Fingers did a live cover of this, which ended up on their album All the Best and later on the re-issue of their live album, Hanx!.
The song is a staple of Williams and Ree's live set and is one of the duo's most popular songs. Ree performs the lead vocals while Williams provides Indian chants and humorous alternatives, such as lyrics from Pump Up the Jam and Ice Ice Baby.
Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys frequently performed the song and it appears their album Time Changes Everything, and on many greatest hits compilations.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 49. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1960
Jump up ^ Gus Backus - Brauner Bär und weiße Taube on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Gus Backus - Brauner Bär Und Weiße Taube / Blue Boy (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
Jump up ^ Het Cocktail Trio - Grote Beer on YouTube
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 172.
Jump up ^ The Youngbloods, "Running Bear" single release Retrieved May 18, 2015
Jump up ^ The Youngbloods, High on a Ridge Top Retrieved May 18, 2015
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin – Amsterdam 1972 (MMachine MM-00-03/04)". Collectors Music Reviews. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
External links[edit]
Dixon, Barry. "Johnny Preston". The Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
show
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e
Sonny James
Notable singles
"Young Love"
"Lovesick Blues"
"I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know"
"Apache"
"The Minute You're Gone"
"You're the Only World I Know"
"Behind the Tear"
"Take Good Care of Her"
"Need You"
"I'll Never Find Another You"
"It's the Little Things"
"A World of Our Own"
"Heaven Says Hello"
"Born to Be with You"
"Only the Lonely"
"Running Bear"
"Since I Met You Baby"
"It's Just a Matter of Time"
"My Love"
"Don't Keep Me Hangin' On"
"Endlessly"
"Empty Arms"
"Bright Lights, Big City"
"Here Comes Honey Again"
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
"That's Why I Love You Like I Do"
"When the Snow Is on the Roses"
"Is It Wrong (For Loving You)"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"Abilene"
Related articles
Discography
Capitol Records
show
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The Youngbloods
Jesse Colin Young
Jerry Corbitt
Lowell Levinger
Joe Bauer
Michael Kane
David Perper
Scott Lawrence
Albums
The Youngbloods
Earth Music
Elephant Mountain
Rock Festival
Singles
"Get Together"
"Darkness, Darkness"
"Running Bear"
B-sides
"Misty Roses"
"Reason to Believe"
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken"
"Kind Hearted Woman"
Related articles
Song for Juli
"Jambalaya"
Book:The Youngbloods
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_Bear&oldid=849364630"
Categories:
1959 songs
1959 singles
1960 singles
1969 singles
1972 singles
Johnny Preston songs
Songs written by The Big Bopper
Sonny James songs
The Youngbloods songs
The Guess Who songs
Ray Stevens songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Mercury Records singles
Capitol Records singles
Songs about indigenous peoples
Songs about rivers
Native Americans in popular culture
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Taxation in Puerto Rico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Since Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory only government employees pay federal income tax. All other employers and employees pay no federal income taxes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal taxes
2 Commonwealth taxes
2.1 Sales tax
3 See also
4 References
Federal taxes[edit]
The Commonwealth government has its own tax laws and Puerto Ricans are also required to pay most US federal taxes,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] with the major exception being that most residents do not have to pay the federal personal income tax.[9] In 2009, Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the US Treasury.[10] Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. However, they are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income.
The federal taxes paid by Puerto Rico residents include import/export taxes,[11] federal commodity taxes,[12] and others. Residents also pay federal payroll taxes, such as Social Security[13] and Medicare taxes.[14]
Only certain residents of Puerto Rico are required to file federal income tax forms. According to the Internal Revenue Service:
In general, United States citizens and resident aliens who are bona fide residents of Puerto Rico during the entire tax year, which for most individuals is January 1 to December 31, are only required to file a U.S. federal income tax return if they have income sources outside of Puerto Rico or if they are employees of the U.S. government. Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico generally do not report income received from sources within Puerto Rico on their U.S. income tax return. However, they should report all income received from sources outside Puerto Rico on their U.S. income tax return. Residents of Puerto Rico who are employed by the government of the United States or who are members of the armed forces of the United States also should report all income received for their services to the government of the United States on their U. S. income tax return.
United States citizens or resident aliens who are not bona fide residents of Puerto Rico during the entire tax year are required to report all income from whatever source derived on their U.S. income tax return. However, a U.S. citizen who changes residence from Puerto Rico to the United States and who was a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico at least two years before changing residence can exclude from U.S. taxable income the Puerto Rican source income received while residing in Puerto Rico during the taxable year of such change of residence. [15]
Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico cannot claim deductions and/or credits allocable to or chargeable against Puerto Rican source income that is excluded from a U.S. tax return. The deductions and credits not attributable to specific income must be divided between excluded income from sources in Puerto Rico and income from all other sources to find the part that can be deducted or credited on a U.S. tax return. Examples of deductions not attributable to specific income include alimony, the standard deduction, and certain itemized deductions such as medical expenses, charitable contributions, and real estate taxes and mortgage interest on your personal residence. Personal exemptions are generally allowed in full.
If you have taxable Puerto Rican source income on your U.S. income tax return, then you can claim a credit for foreign taxes paid to Puerto Rico. However, you are not allowed to claim a credit for foreign taxes paid with respect to Puerto Rican source income that is excluded from a U.S. tax return. Therefore, to properly calculate your foreign tax credit, you must reduce your foreign taxes paid by the amount of taxes allocable to excluded Puerto Rican source income.[16]
Employers in Puerto Rico are subject to both Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax (a payroll withholding tax, which funds Social Security and Medicare) and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Employers in Puerto Rico must withhold the employee portion of FICA taxes from their employees' wages and contribute the employer portion of FICA.[17]
Commonwealth taxes[edit]
Main article: Internal Revenue Code (Puerto Rico)
Puerto Rico imposes a separate income tax in lieu of federal income tax.[18][19]All federal employees,[20] those who do business with the federal government,[21] Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the US,[22] and some others also pay federal income taxes (for example, Puerto Rican residents who are members of the US military,[20] and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico[23]).
In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the US IRS code, and the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. That occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments."[24] As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI),[25] and the island actually receives less than 15% of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a state. However, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico even though the latter paid fully into the system[26] In general, "many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Rican (sic) residents, although usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states."[27][28] A common misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. That is not the case, as such import/export taxes are returned only for rum products, and even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of the taxes.[29]
The main body of domestic statutory tax law in Puerto Rico is the Internal Revenue Code of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Código de Rentas Internas de Puerto Rico). The code organizes commonwealth laws covering commonwealth income tax, payroll taxes, gift taxes, estate taxes and statutory excise taxes.
Sales tax[edit]
Main article: Puerto Rico Sales and Use Tax
On July 4, 2006, the government approved Law Number 117, The 2006 Contributive Justice Law, establishing a tax with a 5.5% rate at state level and an optional 1.5% rate at municipal level. The tax went into effect on November 15, 2006. The tax is better known as the Sales and Use Tax' (Impuesto sobre Ventas y Uso), often referred to by its Spanish acronym "IVU". The law amended Article B of the Code and created subarticle BB. On July 29, 2007, the government approved Law Number 80, making the tax mandatory for all municipalities of the island. Also, the tax rates changed to 6% at the state level and 1% at the municipal level.
The tax originated in some municipalities (Caguas, Yauco and Villalba) in 2005. Seeing the economic success of these municipalities, many other municipalities enacted sales tax ordinances, usually by copying the ordinance of Caguas. By the middle of 2006, more than 30 municipalities had enacted sales and uses taxes on the island. During the second and third quarters of 2006, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico suffered several political struggles in its Legislative Assembly. They were largely caused of the budget deficit of the government and the refusal of the Legislative Assembly to approve the taxes proposed by the Governor of the Island. Government offices were shut down until the Assembly approved Law 117, which included the first sales tax of that possession of the United States.
On July 1, 2006, the first Commonwealth-wide sales tax was approved with a 5.5% rate at state level and an optional 1.5% rate at municipal level. The adoption of the municipal tax was mixed. The tax went into effect on November 15, 2006. Since the tax reform of July 2007, the tax is applied in all 78 municipalities of the island and at Commonwealth level. On February 6, 2008, the governor of the island proposed to remove the state part of the IVU. Also, with the February 6, 2008 changes, the tax rates are now 6% at the state level and 1% at the municipal level.[30]
On July 1, 2015, the sales tax rate was increased to 11.5%, in response to the island's suffering economy. The new tax contributes 1% to the municipality and 10.5% to the state.[31]
The IVU was scheduled to expire on April 1, 2016, to be replaced with a value-added tax (VAT) of 10.5% for the state level, with the 1% IVU continuing for the municipalities.[32]
On 2 May 2016 the House of Representatives voted to repeal the adoption of value added tax (VAT), followed shortly by the Senate on 5 May 2016. The Legislature has decided to continue the existing Sales and Use Taxation (SUT) system. [33]
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico portal
Legal profession in Puerto Rico
Law of Puerto Rico
Jones–Shafroth Act
Puerto Ricans in the United States
Puerto Rican citizenship
Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Puerto Ricans pay import/export taxes". Stanford.wellsphere.com. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes". Stanford.wellsphere.com. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Internal Revenue Service. ',Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico',". Irs.gov. December 18, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reuters. ',Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.', 24 September 2009". Reuters. September 24, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Brett. "The Heritage Foundation, 11 March 2009. ',D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!', By Robert A. Book, PhD". Heritage.org. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit. ',Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept" (PDF). Retrieved August 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Joint Committee on Taxation. An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options" (PDF). Retrieved August 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax[4][7]
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico Powerball Win Draws Offensive Tweets". nbcnews.com. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009" (XLS). irs.gov. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ I/E Taxes
Jump up ^ Commodity taxes
Jump up ^ IRS.gov SS taxes
Jump up ^ Medicare taxes
Jump up ^ "Topic 901 - Is a Person With Income From Puerto Rican Sources Required to File a U.S. Federal Income Tax Return?," Internal Revenue Service.
Jump up ^ "Topic 902 - Credits and Deductions for Taxpayers with Puerto Rican Source Income that is Exempt from U.S. Tax," Internal Revenue Service.
Jump up ^ "Topic 903 - Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico," Internal Revenue Service.
Jump up ^ Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes other than Federal income taxes. Also see [http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm Dept of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs.
Jump up ^ Puertorico-herald.org
^ Jump up to: a b Heritage.org
Jump up ^ MCVPR.com
Jump up ^ p. 9, line 1.
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options" (PDF). Joint Committee on Taxation. June 23, 2006. pp. 14–15. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ GAO.gov
Jump up ^ Socialsecurity.gov
Jump up ^ Medicare p. 252.
Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 167.
Jump up ^ For a comprehensive coverage of Federal programs made extensive to Puerto Rico see Richard Cappalli's Federal Aid to Puerto Rico (1970)).
Jump up ^ See the "House Report 110-597 – Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007" mentioned above.
Jump up ^ http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/International-Tax/Alert--Puerto-Rico-enacts-changes-to-sales-and-use-tax-rate-effective-1-February-2014
Jump up ^ http://www.kpmg.com/us/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/taxnewsflash/pages/2015-1/puerto-rico-tax-reform-enacted-certain-changes-effective-july-1.aspx
Jump up ^ http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-alert-puertorico-12-june-2015.pdf
Jump up ^ https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/blog/onesource/vat-gst-management/puerto-rico-senate-confirms-repeal-of-vat
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