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Brady Black
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Brady Black
Eric Martsolf as Brady Black
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
Kyle Lowder (2000–05)
Eric Martsolf (2008–)
(and others)
Duration
1992–2005
2008–
First appearance
May 19, 1992 (May 19, 1992)
Created by
Richard J. Allen and Beth Milstein
Introduced by
Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)
Ken Corday and Gary Tomlin (2008)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Brady Kiriakis
Brady Victor Black
Freddie Smith
Occupation
Businessman
Music manager
Residence
Salem, Illinois

Kyle Lowder as Brady Black
showFamily
Family
Kiriakis
Parents
John Black
Isabella Toscano
Stepmother
Susan Banks (1997)
Marlena Evans (1999–)
Hope Williams Brady (1999–2012)[a]
Half-brothers
Paul Narita
Half-sisters
Belle Black
Spouse
Chloe Lane (2005–08)
Theresa Donovan (2014)
Sons
Tate Black
Grandfathers
Timothy Robicheaux
Victor Kiriakis
Leopold Alamain (adoptive)
Grandmothers
Maude Robicheaux
Loretta Toscano
Philomena Alamain (adoptive)
Uncles
Bo Brady
Philip Kiriakis
Lawrence Alamain (adoptive)
Aunts
Marina Toscano
Nieces
Claire Brady
First cousins
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Chelsea Brady
Zack Brady
Ciara Brady
Tyler Kiriakis
Nicholas Alamain (adoptive)
Other relatives
Sami Brady
Eric Brady
Will Horton
Johnny DiMera
Allie Horton
Sydney DiMera
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Xander Kiriakis
Brady Black is a character on the NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives. Formerly portrayed by Kyle Lowder, the role of Brady has been portrayed by Eric Martsolf since 2008. Martsolf won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 for his role as Brady.
Brady is the son of John Black and Isabella Toscano,[1] and the grandson of crime boss Victor Kiriakis.[2]
Contents
1 Casting
2 Storylines
2.1 Backstory
2.2 2000–05
2.3 2008–
3 Reception
4 References
5 Notes
Casting[edit]
The character was initially played by Alex, Max, and Dash Lucero from May 1992 to September 1994, and subsequently by Eric and Brandon Billings from October 1994 to July 1999. When news broke that the character of Eric Brady would be written out due to Jensen Ackles' departing the series, Ken Corday and NBC made the decision to bring a SORAS'd Brady Black to help fill the void of the main focus and be a young hero. The character was then re-introduced as an adult with actor Kyle Lowder who debuted on August 21, 2000.[3]
In September 2005, it was announced that NBC had passed on renewing Lowder's contract with Days of our Lives.[4] He last aired September 15, 2005.
In August 2008, it was announced that Brady would return to the series. Former Passions actor Eric Martsolf was cast to bring the character back to Salem.[5][6] He first aired in the role on November 13, 2008.
Storylines[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Brady is born onscreen in 1992 to John Black and his wife, Isabella. Sadly, Isabella died soon after, leaving John to raise Brady on his own. John later marries Marlena Evans, and the two raise Brady and their daughter, Belle, together. Eventually, Brady is sent to a private school away from Salem.
2000–05[edit]
Brady returns to Salem as a spoiled, disrespectful college student loner who lashes out at everyone, especially Marlena. As a result, he is distrusted by many, including his uncle, Philip Kiriakis, who considers him a freak. However, Chloe Lane, Philip's girlfriend, sees a glimmer of her once ostracized-self in Brady and develops a friendship with him, which eventually turns into something more. The couple marry in 2005, and move to Vienna. By then, Brady had long-since resolved his animosity towards Marlena, becoming a loving son and brother, as well as a responsible, promising executive in his father's fashion and publishing company, Basic Black.
After leaving Salem, Brady becomes addicted to drugs. Blaming Chloe for his addiction, Brady's grandfather Victor Kiriakis kidnaps him and places him in a drug rehabilitation clinic. Brady blames Chloe for his addiction and subsequently files for divorce.
2008–[edit]
Brady returns to Salem in November 2008 after beating his addiction. Divorced from Chloe, he comes back to Salem to talk things out with her and reunite with his troubled family. Brady and Chloe eventually come to terms with the end of their marriage and decide to remain friends. Brady sensitively deals with a father who does not remember him. Supporting Marlena in her quest to help John regain his memory, Brady foils the plot for revenge leveled against his stepmother, and masterminded by none other than his father's therapist, Dr. Charlotte Taylor. Brady also makes peace with his old flame, Nicole Walker, who was pregnant at the time with EJ DiMera's child. As a peace offering, going through his own recovery, he offers to be her shoulder if she needs help with not drinking while carrying the child. When Nicole suffers a miscarriage, she confides in Brady about it, deeming she would continue to fake her pregnancy, something Brady was not taking kindly to. Brady soon enters into a relationship with Arianna Hernandez, the sister of Rafe Hernandez. After proposing to Arianna, she is framed by Nicole for the Salem muggings. Unable to convince Brady of her innocence, she breaks off the engagement. Determined to reconcile her relationship with Brady, Nicole begins to romance him and they rekindle their broken relationship. Brady soon begins drinking once again, providing worry for his close family and friends. Brady's life continues to spiral downward when Arianna is killed in a hit-and-run car accident. Nicole and Brady subsequently end their relationship once again when Nicole makes an arrangement with EJ, in order to get visitation with his daughter, Sydney. But when EJ cheats on Nicole with her sister Taylor, Nicole and Brady realize they both still love each other, and are reunited. However, the relationship ends when both of them feel like they have "fizzled out", and they decide to be good friends as Nicole vows to be independent. However, Nicole is eventually reunited with EJ.
In 2011, Titan acquires Mad World Cosmetics, and with it comes the feisty CEO of the company, Madison James. After fighting the sexual tension between them, Brady and Madison eventually sleep together and begin a relationship. Brady also reconciles with his father, John, who returns to town. In early 2012, Brady decides to leave Titan to go back into business with his father at Basic Black. After proposing and it being turned down, Madison's husband Ian McAllister arrives in town, causing a further rift between Madison and Brady. By August 2012, they reconcile and plan to marry. On the day of their wedding, Brady leaves to rescue his friend, Melanie Jonas, who is trapped in the tunnels beneath Salem. An explosion occurs, trapping them inside. They managed to escape, but Brady found out that Madison was killed in the explosion, and he was devastated. In 2013, he starts dating Kristen DiMera and becomes entangled in Kristen's twisted revenge plot against John and Marlena. Brady and Kristen are almost married when he finds out that his fiancée raped his step-brother Eric Brady; he breaks up with her and starts drinking again. Brady hates his step-brother for sleeping with Kristen.
A few months later in 2014, he meets Theresa Donovan, whom he doesn't like at first, but he eventually ends up sleeping and getting high with her, much to his loved ones' disapproval, thinking she's using him for money and is a bad influence on him. After months of dating, Brady and Theresa take a trip to Las Vegas, where he gets drunk and marries her. Once they get back to Salem, John confronts Theresa leading for her to hit him in the back of the head with a fire poker and sending him into a coma. Theresa blames Brady for the incident and due to his not being able to remember anything he believes the story but charges are not pressed against Brady. Brady gets sober and gets an annulment from Theresa; however, when Kristen comes back it sends him right back into the arms of Theresa. Kristen then begins suggesting that it was Theresa who hit John which Brady deems ridiculous and thinks Kristen is simply jealous of Theresa. Kristen then gets a drug which takes John out of his coma, where he backs up Theresa's story because he wants to keep Brady away from Kristen. Brady later finds out the truth after walking in on a conversation between John and Theresa and proceeds to dump Theresa. However just as he began to cut Theresa out of his life she announces to him that she is pregnant and he is the father. They go and get a pregnancy test done at the hospital where it is revealed that Theresa wasn't pregnant much to the shock of Theresa.
Soon after, Brady's old friend Melanie Jonas comes back and starts a rivalry with Theresa much to the disdain of Brady and Daniel. Brady then begins a relationship with Melanie in which she figures out that Theresa really was pregnant, and that Kristen had stolen the embryo before she left town and gave birth to the child, naming it Christopher. When Brady and Theresa are reunited with their baby, they change his name to Tate. After Brady allows Theresa and Tate to move into the Kiriakis Mansion, he begins to fall for Theresa, to the disappointment of Victor. Brady ends up leaving Titan and he, Theresa and Tate move into a townhouse, and he becomes engaged to Theresa. On New Year's Eve of 2015, Brady, his brother Eric, Jennifer Horton, and Daniel Jonas are involved in a tragic car accident due to Eric driving drunk. The accident leaves Daniel brain dead, and Brady in need of a heart transplant. With Maggie's permission, Daniel is taken off of life support and his heart is donated to Brady. Eric is later sent to prison for causing Daniel's death. In August 2016, Tate is kidnapped, but is later found and the kidnapper is revealed to be Kate Roberts, after Victor was accused of being the kidnapper.
Reception[edit]
Martsolf won the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series accolade at the 2014 Daytime Emmy Awards for his portrayal of Brady.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Black - Days of Our Lives Character Descriptions From The TV MegaSite". Tvmegasite.net. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Days of our Lives History & Family Trees - The Victor Kiriakis Family". MelroseDaysPlace. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Kyle Lowder - Rick - BOLD AND BEAUTIFUL - Bio - BB". Soapoperadigest.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan J. (2005-09-05). "Lowder Out as DAYS Passes on A New Contract". Soapcentral.com. Retrieved June 15, 2005.
Jump up ^ Knoll, Dan J. (2008-08-29). "Days of our Lives Gering up for the arrival of two Passions stars". Soapcentral.com. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eric Martsolf - Bio - DAYS OF OUR LIVES - Brady Black". Soapoperadigest.com. 2006-04-07. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (2014-06-22). "Daytime Emmy Awards Winners 2014: Complete Results List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Despite the two retcons: The discovery of Alex North's marriage to Marlena and John and Hope's marriage in 2012. John and Marlena were married multiple times.
show
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Brady Black
John Black
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Rex Brady
Roman Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Chad DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Stefan DiMera
Eve Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
Notable past
characters
Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Theo Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
Related information
Cast members
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Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
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John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Fictional families
DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
hide
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Present and future characters
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Brady Black
John Black
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Rex Brady
Roman Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Chad DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Stefan DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Eve Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Xander Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Ben Weston
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
show
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Hattie Adams
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Bart Beiderbecke
Tate Black
Peter Blake
Eugene Bradford
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Shawn Brady
Lexie Carver
Theo Carver
Liz Chandler
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
André DiMera
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Steve Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Calliope Jones Bradford
Alexander Kiriakis
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Anne Milbauer
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
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Johnson family
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Caduceus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Greek symbol. For the (mis)usage as a medical symbol, see Caduceus as a symbol of medicine. For the medical symbol with one snake, often mistakenly referred to as a caduceus, see Rod of Asclepius.
For other uses, see Caduceus (disambiguation).
Modern depiction of the caduceus as the symbol of commerce
Hermes Ingenui[1] carrying a winged kerykeion upright in his left hand, Roman copy after a Greek original of the 5th century BCE (Museo Pio-Clementino, Rome).
The caduceus (☤; /kəˈduːʃəs/ or /kəˈdjuːsiːəs/; Latin cādūceus, from Greek κηρύκειον kērū́keion "herald's wand, or staff")[2] is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was often depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods, guide of the dead and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars, and thieves.[3]
Some accounts suggest that the oldest known imagery of the caduceus have their roots in a Mesopotamian origin with the Sumerian god Ningishzida whose symbol, a staff with two snakes intertwined around it, dates back to 4000 B.C. to 3000 B.C.[4]
As a symbolic object, it represents Hermes (or the Roman Mercury), and by extension trades, occupations, or undertakings associated with the god. In later Antiquity, the caduceus provided the basis for the astrological symbol representing the planet Mercury. Thus, through its use in astrology, alchemy, and astronomy it has come to denote the planet and elemental metal of the same name. It is said the wand would wake the sleeping and send the awake to sleep. If applied to the dying, their death was gentle; if applied to the dead, they returned to life.[5]
By extension of its association with Mercury and Hermes, the caduceus is also a recognized symbol of commerce and negotiation, two realms in which balanced exchange and reciprocity are recognized as ideals.[6][7] This association is ancient, and consistent from the Classical period to modern times.[8] The caduceus is also used as a symbol representing printing, again by extension of the attributes of Mercury (in this case associated with writing and eloquence).
The caduceus is often incorrectly used as a symbol of healthcare organizations and medical practice, particularly in North America, due to confusion with the traditional medical symbol, the Rod of Asclepius, which has only one snake and is never depicted with wings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and comparative mythology
1.1 Ancient Near East
1.2 India
2 Classical antiquity
2.1 Mythology
2.2 Iconography
3 Modern use
3.1 Symbol of commerce
3.2 Confusion with Rod of Asclepius
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
Origin and comparative mythology[edit]
Further information: Serpent worship
Hermes hastens bearing his kerukeion, on an Attic lekythos, c. 475 BC, attributed to the Tithonos Painter
Iris with the caduceus in detail from an Attic red-figure pelike, middle of fifth century BC (Agrigento, Sicily)
It is thought that this symbol's long lasting association with the medical profession stems from early use of twigs to draw out long bodied inter muscular parasitic worms by wrapping them slowly around the twig so as not to break them or allow them to escape back into the body, a successful treatment still in use today, see Dracunculiasis.[citation needed]
The term kerukeion denoted any herald's staff, not necessarily associated with Hermes in particular.[9]
In his study of the cult of Hermes, Lewis Richard Farnell (1909) assumed that the two snakes had simply developed out of ornaments of the shepherd's crook used by heralds as their staff.[10] This view has been rejected by later authors pointing to parallel iconography in the Ancient Near East. It has been argued that the staff or wand entwined by two snakes was itself representing a god in the pre-anthropomorphic era. Like the herm or priapus, it would thus be a predecessor of the anthropomorphic Hermes of the classical era.[11]
Ancient Near East[edit]
Caduceus symbol on a punch-marked coin of king Ashoka in India, third to second century BC
William Hayes Ward (1910) discovered that symbols similar to the classical caduceus sometimes appeared on Mesopotamian cylinder seals. He suggested the symbol originated some time between 3000 and 4000 BC, and that it might have been the source of the Greek caduceus.[12] A.L. Frothingham incorporated Dr. Ward's research into his own work, published in 1916, in which he suggested that the prototype of Hermes was an "Oriental deity of Babylonian extraction" represented in his earliest form as a snake god. From this perspective, the caduceus was originally representative of Hermes himself, in his early form as the Underworld god Ningishzida, "messenger" of the "Earth Mother".[13] The caduceus is mentioned in passing by Walter Burkert[14] as "really the image of copulating snakes taken over from Ancient Near Eastern tradition".
In Egyptian iconography, the Djed pillar is depicted as containing a snake in a frieze of the Dendera Temple complex.
India[edit]
The caduceus also appears as a symbol of the punch-marked coins of the Maurya Empire in India, in the third or second century BC. Numismatic research suggest that this symbol was the symbol of the Buddhist king Ashoka, his personal "Mudra".[15] This symbol was not used on the pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, but only on coins of the Maurya period, together with the three arched-hill symbol, the "peacock on the hill", the triskelis and the Taxila mark.[16]
Classical antiquity[edit]
Mythology[edit]
Punishment of Ixion: in the center is Mercury holding the caduceus and on the right Juno sits on her throne. Behind her Iris stands and gestures. On the left is Vulcan (blond figure) standing behind the wheel, manning it, with Ixion already tied to it. Nephele sits at Mercury's feet; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the triclinium in the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Fourth Style (60-79 AD).
The Homeric hymn to Hermes relates how Hermes offered his lyre fashioned from a tortoise shell as compensation for the cattle he stole from his half brother Apollo. Apollo in return gave Hermes the caduceus as a gesture of friendship.[17] The association with the serpent thus connects Hermes to Apollo, as later the serpent was associated with Asclepius, the "son of Apollo".[18]
The association of Apollo with the serpent is a continuation of the older Indo-European dragon-slayer motif. Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (1913) pointed out that the serpent as an attribute of both Hermes and Asclepius is a variant of the "pre-historic semi-chthonic serpent hero known at Delphi as Python", who in classical mythology is slain by Apollo.[19]
One Greek myth of origin of the caduceus is part of the story of Tiresias,[20] who found two snakes copulating and killed the female with his staff. Tiresias was immediately turned into a woman, and so remained until he was able to repeat the act with the male snake seven years later. This staff later came into the possession of the god Hermes, along with its transformative powers.
Another myth suggests that Hermes (or Mercury) saw two serpents entwined in mortal combat. Separating them with his wand he brought about peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace.[21]
In Rome, Livy refers to the caduceator who negotiated peace arrangements under the diplomatic protection of the caduceus he carried.[22]
Iconography[edit]
In some vase paintings ancient depictions of the Greek kerukeion are somewhat different from the commonly seen modern representation. These representations feature the two snakes atop the staff (or rod), crossed to create a circle with the heads of the snakes resembling horns. This old graphic form, with an additional crossbar to the staff, seems to have provided the basis for the graphical sign of Mercury (☿) used in Greek astrology from Late Antiquity.[23]
Modern use[edit]
Caduceus on the coat of arms of Jyväskylä, Finland
The Caduceus as an astrological symbol
Customs Flag of China, with a Caduceus at the lower right corner crossing with a golden key
Caduceus is encoded in Unicode at code point U+2624: ☤.
Symbol of commerce[edit]
A simplified variant of the caduceus is to be found in dictionaries, indicating a “commercial term” entirely in keeping with the association of Hermes with commerce. In this form the staff is often depicted with two winglets attached and the snakes are omitted (or reduced to a small ring in the middle).[24] The Customs Service of the former German Democratic Republic employed the caduceus, bringing its implied associations with thresholds, translators, and commerce, in the service medals they issued their staff. The caduceus is also the symbol of the Customs Agency of Bulgaria. The emblem of the China Customs is a caduceus crossing with a golden key.[25]
Confusion with Rod of Asclepius[edit]
Main article: Caduceus as a symbol of medicine
The US Army Medical Corps Branch Plaque. The adoption, in 1902, of the caduceus for US Army medical officer uniforms popularized the use of the symbol throughout the medical field in the United States.
Rod of Asclepius
It is relatively common, especially in the United States, to find the caduceus, with its two snakes and wings, used as a symbol of medicine instead of the Rod of Asclepius, with only a single snake. This usage was popularised largely as a result of the adoption of the caduceus as its insignia by the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1902 at the insistence of a single officer (though there are conflicting claims as to whether this was Capt. Frederick P. Reynolds or Col. John R. van Hoff).[26][27]
The Rod of Asclepius is the dominant symbol for professional healthcare associations in the United States. One survey found that 62% of professional healthcare associations used the rod of Asclepius as their symbol.[28] The same survey found that 76% of commercial healthcare organizations used the Caduceus symbol. The author of the study suggests the difference exists because professional associations are more likely to have a real understanding of the two symbols, whereas commercial organizations are more likely to be concerned with the visual impact a symbol will have in selling their products.
The long-standing and abundantly attested historical associations of the caduceus with commerce are considered by many to be inappropriate in a symbol used by those engaged in the healing arts.[27] This has occasioned significant criticism of the use of the caduceus in a medical context.
“ As god of the high-road and the market-place Hermes was perhaps above all else the patron of commerce and the fat purse: as a corollary, he was the special protector of the traveling salesman. As spokesman for the gods, he not only brought peace on earth (occasionally even the peace of death), but his silver-tongued eloquence could always make the worse appear the better cause.[29] From this latter point of view, would not his symbol be suitable for certain Congressmen, all medical quacks, book agents and purveyors of vacuum cleaners, rather than for the straight-thinking, straight-speaking therapeutist? As conductor of the dead to their subterranean abode, his emblem would seem more appropriate on a hearse than on a physician's car. ”
— Stuart L. Tyson, "The Caduceus", in The Scientific Monthly[30]
See also[edit]
Aaron's rod
Amphisbaena
Bowl of Hygieia
Crozier
Double-headed eagle
Healing Simurgh
Kundalini energy
Mithraic mysteries
Nehushtan
Ningishzida
Rod of Asclepius
Serpent (symbolism)
Staff of Moses
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ It is unclear whether the inscription refers to a patron/donor or a sculptor.
Jump up ^ The Latin word cādūceus is an adaptation of the Greek word, itself derived from κῆρυξ kêrux "messenger, herald, envoy". Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon; Stuart L. Tyson, "The Caduceus", The Scientific Monthly, 34.6, (1932:492–98) p. 493.
Jump up ^ Hornblower, Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, third ed., Oxford 1996, p. 690 f.
Jump up ^ Gary Lachman, "The Quest for Hermes Trismigestus", 2011, Chapter 3, p. x.
Jump up ^ William Godwin (1876). "Lives of the Necromancers". p. 37.
Jump up ^ e.g. the Unicode standard, where the "staff of Hermes" signifies "a commercial term or commerce"; see also: Walter J. Friedlander, The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus Symbol in Medicine, Greenwood, 1992, p. 83
Jump up ^ As one specialized study of symbolism notes, "In modern times the caduceus figures as a symbol of commerce, since Mercury is the god of commerce. M. Oldfield Howey, The Encircled Serpent: A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries And Ages, New York, 1955, p. 77
Jump up ^ "The name of the god Mercury cannot be disassociated from the word merx, which means merchandise. Such was the sentiment of the ancients" Yves Bonnefoy (Ed.), Wendy Doniger (Trans.), Roman and European Mythologies, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p. 135; "Mercury was the Roman name for the Greek god Hermes. His Latin name was apparently derived from merx or mercator, a merchant." Michael E. Bakich, The Cambridge Planetary Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 85; Latin merx is the root of the English words Commerce, Market, Mart, Mercantile, Mercenary, Mercer, Merchant and Mercury, as can be seen by referring to any dictionary including etymological information.
Jump up ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition, ed. Hornblower and Spawforth, s.v. "Hermes".
Jump up ^ Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States, vol. 5, p. 20, cited in Tyson 1932:494.
Jump up ^ A. L. Frothingham. Babylonian Origin of Hermes the Snake-God, and of the Caduceus I. American Journal of Archaeology. 20, No. 2 (April–June, 1916). pp. 175–211. JSTOR 497115. Frothingham characterizes Farnell's simplistic view of the origin of the symbol as a "frivolous and futile theory".
Jump up ^ William Hayes Ward, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, Washington, 1910
Jump up ^ A.L. Frothingham, "Babylonian Origins of Hermes the Snake-God, and of the Caduceus", in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 175–211
Jump up ^ Burkert, Greek Religion 1985: II.2.8, p. 158; Burkert notes H. Frankfort, in Iraq, 1 (1934:10) and E.D. van Buren, in Archiv für Orientforschung, 10 (1935/36:53-65).
Jump up ^ Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Indian Numismatics, Orient Longman, New Delhi 1981, p. 73 (online).
Jump up ^ Kailash Chand Jain, Malwa Through the Ages. From the Earliest Time to 1305 A.D., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi et al. 1972, p. 134 (online).
Jump up ^ Tyson 1932:494.
Jump up ^ Deldon Anne McNeely Mercury rising: women, evil, and the trickster gods, Spring Publications, 1996, ISBN 978-0-88214-366-8, p. 90. "Homer tell us that Hermes' caduceus, the golden wand, was acquired by Hermes from Apollo in exchange for the tortoise-lyre; later the caduceus changed hands again from Hermes to Apollo's son, Asclepius."
Jump up ^ S. Davis (citing W. H. Roscher, Omphalos (1913)). "Argeiphontes in Homer – The Dragon-Slayer, Greece & Rome Vol. 22, No. 64 (Feb., 1953), pp. 33–38". JSTOR 640827. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Blayney, Keith (September 2002). "The Caduceus vs the Staff of Asclepius". Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ Tyson 1932:495
Jump up ^ Livy: Ab Urbe Condita, 31,38,9–10
Jump up ^ "Signs and Symbols Used In Writing and Printing", p 269, in Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, unabridged, New York, 1953. Here the symbol of the planet Mercury is indicated as "the caduceus of Mercury, or his head and winged cap".
Jump up ^ For example, see the Unicode standard, where the "staff of Hermes" signifies "a commercial term or commerce".
Jump up ^ 海关关徽.
Jump up ^ F.H. Garrison, "The Use of the Caduceus in the Insignia of the Army Medical Officer", in Bull. Med. Lib. Assoc. IX (1919-20), 13-16
^ Jump up to: a b Engle, Bernice (Dec 1929). "The Use of Mercury's Caduceus as a Medical Emblem"". The Classical Journal. 25 (1): 205.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Walter J (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus symbol in medicine. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28023-1.
Jump up ^ An allusion to John Milton's description of Belial in Paradise Lost II.113-114.
Jump up ^ Tyson, Stuart L (1932). "The Caduceus". Scientific Monthly. 34 (6): 495.
Further reading[edit]
Walter J. Friedlander, The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus Symbol in Medicine, 1992. ISBN 0-313-28023-1; ISBN 978-0-313-28023-8.
Bunn, J. T. Origin of the caduceus motif, JAMA, 1967. United States National Institutes of Health: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PMID 4863068
Burkert, Walter, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual, Translation, University of California, 1979.
External links[edit]
Look up caduceus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caduceus.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Caduceus.
Iris and Infant Hermes with Caduceus
Caduceus from Encyclopædia Britannica
Fenkl, Heinz Insu, Caduceus
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text:
New Kingdom of Egypt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"New Kingdom" redirects here. For other uses, see New Kingdom (disambiguation).
New Kingdom of Egypt
c. 1550 BC – c. 1077 BC
New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BC.
Capital
Thebes
(1550 – c. 1352 BC, XVII dynasty and XVIII dynasty before Akhenaten)
Akhetaten
(c. 1352 – c. 1336 BC, Akhenaten of XVIII dynasty)
Thebes
(c. 1336 – 1279 BC, XVIII dynasty and XIX dynasty before Ramesses II)
Pi-Ramesses
(c. 1279 – c. 1213 BC, Ramesses II of XIX dynasty)
Memphis
(c. 1213 – c. 1077 BC, XIX dynasty starting with Merneptah and XX dynasty)
Languages Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, Canaanite
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
Atenism (during the Amarna Period)
Government Imperial cult, Absolute monarchy
Pharaoh
• c. 1550 BC – c. 1525 BC Ahmose I (first)
• c. 1107 BC – c. 1077 BC Ramesses XI (last)
History
• Established c. 1550 BC
• Disestablished c. 1077 BC
Preceded by Succeeded by
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kingdom of Kerma
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kingdom of Kush
Tribe of Judah
Today part of Egypt
Sudan
Israel
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Turkey
Part of a series on the
History of Egypt
Prehistoric Egypt pre–3100 BC
Ancient Egypt
Early Dynastic Period 3100–2686 BC
Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC
1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC
Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC
2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC
New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC
3rd Intermediate Period 1069–664 BC
Late Period 664–332 BC
Classical antiquity
Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BC
Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD
Sasanian Egypt 619–629
Middle Ages
Islamic Egypt 641–969
Fatimid Egypt 969–1171
Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250
Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517
Early modern
Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867
French occupation 1798–1801
Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882
Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914
Modern Egypt
British occupation 1882–1922
Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922
Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953
Republic 1953–present
Egypt portal
v
t
e
Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early[show]
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom[show]
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate[show]
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom[show]
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Second Intermediate[show]
Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom[show]
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate[show]
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732–653
Late Period[show]
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty
(1st Persian Period)
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty
(2nd Persian Period)
XXXI 343–332
Ptolemaic (Hellenistic)[show]
Argead Dynasty 332–305
Ptolemaic Kingdom 305–30
v
t
e
The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC.[1] The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.[2]
The later part of this period, under the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the Ramesside period. It is named after the eleven Pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses I, the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty.[2]
Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt, and attained its greatest territorial extent. Similarly, in response to very successful 17th century attacks by the powerful Kingdom of Kush,[3] the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and hold wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Eighteenth Dynasty
2 Nineteenth Dynasty
3 Twentieth Dynasty
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Eighteenth Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
The Eighteenth Dynasty contained some of Egypt's most famous Pharaohs, including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamun. Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade by sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt.
Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and wielded it with great success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors. This resulted in a peak in Egypt's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III. During the reign of Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BC), Pharaoh, originally referring to the king's palace, became a form of address for the person who was king.[4]
One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten , a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history.[5] Under his reign, in the 14th century BC, Egyptian art flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism. (See Amarna Period.)
Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty, the situation had changed radically. Aided by Akhenaten's apparent lack of interest in international affairs, the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan to become a major power in international politics — a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with during the Nineteenth Dynasty.
Nineteenth Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses II ("the Great") sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. Ramesses was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, although he was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (possibly mercenaries in the employ of Egypt). The outcome of the battle was undecided, with both sides claiming victory at their home front, and ultimately resulting in a peace treaty between the two nations. Egypt was able to obtain wealth and stability under Ramesses' rule of over half a century.[6] His immediate successors continued the military campaigns, although an increasingly troubled court—which at one point put a usurper (Amenmesse) on the throne—made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control of the territories.
Ramesses II was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons, many of whom he outlived, in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt.
Egyptian and Hittite Empires, around the time of the Battle of Kadesh.
Twentieth Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses III, a Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II.[7]
In the eighth year of his reign the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles (the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta). He incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states, such as Philistia, in this region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his sixth year and eleventh year respectively.[8]
The heavy cost of this warfare slowly drained Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of the difficulties is indicated by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during the 29th year of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for Egypt's favored and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned.[9] Air pollutants prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC.[10] One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland but the dating of this remains disputed.
Rameses III's death was followed by years of bickering among his heirs. Three of his sons ascended the throne successively as Ramesses IV, Rameses VI and Rameses VIII. Egypt was increasingly beset by droughts, below-normal flooding of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption. The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt, and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Rameses XI's death. Smendes eventually founded the Twenty-First dynasty at Tanis.
Gallery[edit]
This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the section accordingly. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Relief of a Nobleman, c. 1295–1070 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum
Queen Ahmose-Nefertari
Hatshepsut as a Sphinx. Daughter of Thutmose I, she ruled jointly as her stepson's (Thutmose III) co-regent. She soon took the throne for herself, and declared herself pharaoh.
Queen Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahari, was called Djeser-Djeseru, meaning the Holy of Holies, in ancient times.
Thutmosis III, a military man and member of the Thutmosid royal line is commonly called the Napoleon of Egypt. His conquests of the Levant brought Egypt's territories and influence to its greatest extent.
Colossi of Memnon. Representing Amenhotep III, this statue sits outside Luxor.
Tiye, born a commoner, became queen through her marriage to Amenhotep III. In the New Kingdom, women gained influence in court, and Tiye soon helped run affairs of state for both her husband and son during their reigns.
Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, was the son of Queen Tiye. He rejected the old Egyptian religion and went about promoting the Aten as a supreme deity.
Akhenaten
Bust of Nefertiti. The wife of Akhenaten, she held position as co-regent with Akhenaten. She may also have ruled as pharaoh in her own right as she is one of few candidates for the identity of Pharaoh Neferneferuaten.
Tutankhamun's mask. King Tutankhamun, son of Akhenaten, restored Egypt to its former religion. Though he died young and was not considered significant in his own time, the 1922 discovery of his KV62 intact tomb by Howard Carter, made him relevant as a symbol of ancient Egypt in the modern world.
Detail Temple of Rameses II
Nefertari's Temple at Abu Simbel
Giant Ramses II
Abu Simbel Temple of Ramesses II
Abu Simbel
King Tutanhkamun Guardian Statue
See also[edit]
History of ancient Egypt
The Stonemason Ostracon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328, no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.
^ Jump up to: a b Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 481. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya. "Tomb reveals Ancient Egypt's humiliating secret". The Times. London. Retrieved June 14, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Redmount, Carol A. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt." p. 89-90. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Michael D. Coogan, ed. Oxford University Press. 1998.
Jump up ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2005-04-28). Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141949796.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Susanna (2003). Rameses II: Pharaoh of the New Kingdom. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823935970.
Jump up ^ Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor, eds. Ramesses III: The Life and Times of Egypt's Last Hero (University of Michigan Press; 2012)
Jump up ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271
Jump up ^ William F. Edgerton, "The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year", JNES 10, no. 3 (July 1951), pp. 137–145.
Jump up ^ Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause," in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp. 456-458.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian New Kingdom.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Egyptian Empire.
Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The New Kingdom—Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the New Kingdom
New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan
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