text:
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with history of evolutionary thought.
This article is about the evolution of all life on Earth. For more detailed and comprehensive coverage, see evolutionary history of life.
Life timeline
view • discuss • edit
-4500 —
–
-4000 —
–
-3500 —
–
-3000 —
–
-2500 —
–
-2000 —
–
-1500 —
–
-1000 —
–
-500 —
–
0 —
water
Single-celled
life
photosynthesis
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
life
Land life
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Flowers
←
Earliest Earth (−4540)
←
Earliest water
←
Earliest life
←
LHB meteorites
←
Earliest oxygen
←
Atmospheric oxygen
←
Oxygen crisis
←
Earliest sexual reproduction
←
Ediacara biota
←
Cambrian explosion
←
Earliest humans
P
h
a
n
e
r
o
z
o
i
c

P
r
o
t
e
r
o
z
o
i
c

A
r
c
h
e
a
n
H
a
d
e
a
n
Pongola
Huronian
Cryogenian
Andean
Karoo
Quaternary
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
Orange labels: ice ages.
Also see: Human timeline and Nature timeline
This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. In biology, evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, have diverged through the process of evolution. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species,[1] that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct.[2][3] Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,[4] of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.[5]
While the dates given in this article are estimates based on scientific evidence, there has been controversy between more traditional views of increased biodiversity through a cone of diversity with the passing of time and the view that the basic pattern on Earth has been one of annihilation and diversification and that in certain past times, such as the Cambrian explosion, there was great diversity.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Extinction
2 Detailed timeline
2.1 Hadean Eon
2.2 Archean Eon
2.3 Proterozoic Eon
2.4 Phanerozoic Eon
2.4.1 Palaeozoic Era
2.4.2 Mesozoic Era
2.4.3 Cenozoic Era
2.4.3.1 Historical extinctions
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 Further reading
7 External links
Extinction[edit]
Main article: Extinction event
Visual representation of the history of life on Earth as a spiral
Species go extinct constantly as environments change, organisms compete for environmental niches, and genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally biodiversity on the planet takes a hit in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual.[8] A large extinction event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction events that take place in a relatively brief period of time.[9]
The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. The event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. The five largest extinction events in earth's history since are these:[10]
End of the Ordovician: 440 million years ago, 86% of all species lost, including graptolites
Late Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including trilobites
End of the Permian, "The Great Dying": 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and most extant trees and synapsids
End of the Triassic: 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost, including all of the conodonts
End of the Cretaceous: 66 million years ago, 76% of species lost, including all of the ammonites, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and nonavian dinosaurs
(Dates and percentages represent estimates.)
Smaller extinction events have occurred in the periods between these larger catastrophes, with some standing at the delineation points of the periods and epochs recognized by scientists in geologic time. The Holocene extinction event is currently under way.[11]
Factors in mass extinctions include continental drift, changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry, volcanism and other aspects of mountain formation, changes in glaciation, changes in sea level, and impact events.[9]
Detailed timeline[edit]
See also: List of bilateral animal orders
In this timeline, Ma (for megaannum) means "million years ago," ka (for kiloannum) means "thousand years ago," and ya means "years ago."
Hadean Eon[edit]
Moon
Main article: Hadean
4000 Ma and earlier.
Date
Event
4600 Ma The planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sun with organic compounds (complex organic molecules) necessary for life having perhaps formed in the protoplanetary disk of cosmic dust grains surrounding it before the formation of the Earth.[12]
4500 Ma According to the giant impact hypothesis, the Moon was formed when the planet Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending a very large number of moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesce to form the Moon.[13] The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilised the Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation and set up the conditions in which abiogenesis occurred.[14]
4404 Ma First appearance of liquid water on Earth.
4280 Ma Earliest appearance of life on Earth.[15][16][17][18]
Archean Eon[edit]
Main article: Archean
Fragment of the Acasta Gneiss exhibited at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna
The cyanobacterial-algal mat, salty lake on the White Sea seaside
Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1
4000 Ma – 2500 Ma
Date
Event
4000 Ma Formation of a greenstone belt of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada, the oldest rock belt in the world.[19]
4100–3800 Ma Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended barrage of impact events upon the inner planets by meteoroids. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activity during the LHB may have been conducive to abiogenesis and life's early diversification.[20] "Remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[21][22] According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."[21][relevant? – discuss]
3900–2500 Ma Cells resembling prokaryotes appear.[23] These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. Later, prokaryotes evolve glycolysis, a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose and store it in the chemical bonds of ATP. Glycolysis (and ATP) continue to be used in almost all organisms, unchanged, to this day.[24][25]
3800 Ma Formation of a greenstone belt of the Isua complex of the western Greenland region, whose rocks show an isotope frequency suggestive of the presence of life.[19] The earliest evidences for life on Earth are 3.8 billion-year-old biogenic hematite in a banded iron formation of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada,[26] graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland[27] and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia.[28][29]
3500 Ma Lifetime of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA);[30][31] the split between bacteria and archaea occurs.[32]
Bacteria develop primitive forms of photosynthesis which at first did not produce oxygen.[33] These organisms generated Adenosine triphosphate by exploiting a proton gradient, a mechanism still used in virtually all organisms.[34]
3000 Ma Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolved; they used water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product.[35] The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rose, acting as a poison for many bacteria and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event. The Moon, still very close to Earth, caused tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high.[citation needed] The Earth was continually wracked by hurricane-force winds. These extreme mixing influences are thought to have stimulated evolutionary processes.[citation needed]
2800 Ma Oldest evidence for microbial life on land in the form of organic matter-rich paleosols, ephemeral ponds and alluvial sequences, some of them bearing microfossils.[36]
Proterozoic Eon[edit]
Detail of the eukaryote endomembrane system and its components
Dinoflagellate Ceratium furca
Blepharisma japonicum, a free-living ciliated protozoan
Dickinsonia costata, an iconic Ediacaran organism, displays the characteristic quilted appearance of Ediacaran enigmata.
Main article: Proterozoic
2500 Ma – 542 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.
Date
Event
2500 Ma Great Oxygenation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.[35] Commencement of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense enough to subduct.[19]
2000 Ma Diversification and expansion of acritarchs.[37]
By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic cells appear. Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) emerge before, or soon after, the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[38] The appearance of red beds show that an oxidising atmosphere had been produced. Incentives now favoured the spread of eukaryotic life.[39][40][41]
1400 Ma Great increase in stromatolite diversity.
By 1200 Ma Meiosis and sexual reproduction are present in single-celled eukaryotes, and possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.[42] Sex may even have arisen earlier in the RNA world.[43] Sexual reproduction first appears in the fossil records; it may have increased the rate of evolution.[44]
800 Ma First multicellular organism may have arisen.[45]
750 Ma First protozoa (ex: Melanocyrillium)
850–630 Ma A global glaciation may have occurred.[46][47] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.[48][49][50]
600 Ma The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer.[51] Prior to this, land-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to permit colonisation of the land.[36]
580–542 Ma The Ediacara biota represent the first large, complex multicellular organisms — although their affinities remain a subject of debate.[52]
580–500 Ma Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.[53][54]
560 Ma Earliest fungi
550 Ma First fossil evidence for Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)
Phanerozoic Eon[edit]
Main article: Phanerozoic
542 Ma – present
The Phanerozoic Eon, literally the "period of well-displayed life," marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, shell-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which are divided by major mass extinctions.
Palaeozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Paleozoic
542 Ma – 251.0 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.
Date
Event
535 Ma Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc.
530 Ma The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma, indicating that early animal explorations may have predated the development of terrestrial plants.[55]
525 Ma Earliest graptolites
510 Ma First cephalopods (nautiloids) and chitons
505 Ma Fossilization of the Burgess Shale
485 Ma First vertebrates with true bones (jawless fishes)
450 Ma First complete conodonts and echinoids appear
440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida
434 Ma The first primitive plants move onto land,[56] having evolved from green algae living along the edges of lakes.[57] They are accompanied by fungi[citation needed], which may have aided the colonization of land through symbiosis.
420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions[58]
410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Earliest Nautilida, lycophytes, and trimerophytes.
395 Ma First lichens, stoneworts. Earliest harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The first known tetrapod tracks on land.
363 Ma By the start of the Carboniferous Period, the Earth begins to resemble its present state. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators,[59] and vegetation covered the land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.
Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.
360 Ma First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns.
350 Ma First large sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish
340 Ma Diversification of amphibians
330 Ma First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris)
320 Ma Synapsids (precursors to mammals) separate from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[60]
305 Ma Earliest diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus)
280 Ma Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon) diversify in species.
275 Ma Therapsid synapsids separate from pelycosaur synapsids
251.4 Ma The Permian–Triassic extinction event eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30 million years to completely recover.[61]
Mesozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Mesozoic
Utatsusaurus is the earliest-known form of an ichthyopterygian.
Plateosaurus engelhardti
Cycas circinalis
From 251.4 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Date
Event
The Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators[who?] pressurize sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey[who?] adapt more rapidly and effectively than others[who?].
248 Ma Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) first appear.
245 Ma Earliest ichthyosaurs
240 Ma Increase in diversity of gomphodont cynodonts and rhynchosaurs
225 Ma Earliest dinosaurs (prosauropods), first cardiid bivalves, diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. First teleost fishes. First mammals (Adelobasileus).
220 Ma Seed-producing Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[citation needed] First flies and turtles (Odontochelys). First coelophysoid dinosaurs.
205
Ma
the Massive extinction of Triassic/Jurassic, that wiped out most of the group of pseudosuchians and was given the opportunity of dinosaurs including the Apatosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Perrotasaurus, and Stegosaurus to enter its golden age.
200 Ma The first accepted evidence for viruses that infect eukaryotic cells (at least, the group Geminiviridae) existed.[62] Viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent phenomenon.
Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs
195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in small, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids.
190 Ma Pliosauroids appear in the fossil record. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit crabs, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. Extensive development of sponge reefs.
176 Ma First members of the Stegosauria group of dinosaurs
170 Ma Earliest salamanders, newts, cryptoclidids, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify.
165 Ma First rays and glycymeridid bivalves
163 Ma Pterodactyloid pterosaurs first appear[63]
161 Ma Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known Eutherian Mammal appear in the fossil record: Juramaia.
160 Ma Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China
155 Ma First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilostome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs.
130 Ma The rise of the angiosperms: Some of these flowering plants bear structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen;other angiosperms were pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles.
120 Ma Oldest fossils of heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates
115 Ma First monotreme mammals
110 Ma First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves.
106 Ma Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record
100 Ma Earliest bees
90 Ma Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (earliest undisputed fossil evidence is 66 Ma).
80 Ma First ants
70 Ma Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First yoldiid bivalves.
68 Ma Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of what is now western North America appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops.
Cenozoic Era[edit]
Main article: Cenozoic
66 Ma – present
Human timeline
view • discuss • edit
-10 —
–
-9 —
–
-8 —
–
-7 —
–
-6 —
–
-5 —
–
-4 —
–
-3 —
–
-2 —
–
-1 —
–
0 —
Human-like
apes
Nakalipithecus
Ouranopithecus
Sahelanthropus
Orrorin
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Neanderthal
Homo sapiens
←
Earlier apes
←
Separation from gorillas
←
Possibly bipedal
←
Separation from chimpanzees
←
Earliest bipedal
←
Earliest stone tools
←
Earliest exit from Africa
←
Earliest fire use
←
Earliest in Europe
←
Earliest cooking
←
Earliest clothes
←
Modern speech
←
Modern humans

P
l
e
i
s
t
o
c
e
n
e

P
l
i
o
c
e
n
e

M
i
o
c
e
n
e

H

o

m

i

n

i

d

s
Axis scale: millions of years ago.
Also see: Life timeline and Nature timeline
Mount of oxyaenid Patriofelis from the American Museum of Natural History
The bat Icaronycteris appeared 52.2 million years ago
Grass flowers
Date
Event
66 Ma The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event eradicates about half of all animal species, including mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, most planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[64]
From 66 Ma Rapid dominance of conifers and ginkgos in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents. Rapid diversification in ants.
63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (carnivorous) mammals
60 Ma Diversification of large, flightless birds. Earliest true primates, along with the first semelid bivalves, edentate, carnivoran and lipotyphlan mammals, and owls. The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (miacids) were alive.
56 Ma Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil record
55 Ma Modern bird groups diversify (first song birds, parrots, loons, swifts, woodpeckers), first whale (Himalayacetus), earliest lagomorphs, armadillos, appearance of sirenian, proboscidean, perissodactyl and artiodactyl mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus Carcharodon, the early mako shark Isurus hastalis, is alive.
52 Ma First bats appear (Onychonycteris)
50 Ma Peak diversity of dinoflagellates and nannofossils, increase in diversity of anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates
40 Ma Modern-type butterflies and moths appear. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record.
37 Ma First nimravid ("false saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modern-type felines
35 Ma Grasses diversify from among the monocot angiosperms; grasslands begin to expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many modern mammal groups begin to appear: first glyptodonts, ground sloths, canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Diversity in toothed and baleen whales.
33 Ma Evolution of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus)
30 Ma First balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, earliest pigs and cats
28 Ma Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived
25 Ma Pelagornis sandersi appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that ever lived
25 Ma First deer
20 Ma First giraffes, hyenas, bears and giant anteaters, increase in bird diversity
15 Ma Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, first bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna
10 Ma Grasslands and savannas are established, diversity in insects, especially ants and termites, horses increase in body size and develop high-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes
9.5 Ma The Great American Interchange, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and South America. Armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds Phorusrhacids, Ground Sloths, Glyptodonts, and Meridiungulates traveled to North America, while horses, tapirs, saber-toothed cats, Jaguars, Bears, Coaties, Ferrets, Otters, Skunks and deer entered South America.
6.5 Ma First hominins (Sahelanthropus)
6 Ma Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus)
5 Ma First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores like zebras and elephants, large carnivorous mammals like lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and small carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores.
4.8 Ma Mammoths appear in the fossil record
4 Ma Evolution of Australopithecus, Stupendemys appears in the fossil record as the largest freshwater turtle, first modern elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil record
2.7 Ma Evolution of Paranthropus
2.5 Ma The earliest species of Smilodon evolve
2 Ma First members of the genus Homo appear, Homo Habilis in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in India.
1.7 Ma Extinction of australopithecines
1.2 Ma Evolution of Homo antecessor. The last members of Paranthropus die out.
800 Ka Short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) become abundant in North America
600 ka Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis
350 ka Evolution of Neanderthals
300 ka Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out
250 ka Anatomically modern humans appear in Africa.[65][66][67] Around 50,000 years before present they start colonising the other continents, replacing the Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia.
40 ka The last of the giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out
30 ka Extinction of Neanderthals, first domestic dogs
15 ka The last woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to have gone extinct
11 ka Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last giant ground sloths dying out. All Equidae become extinct in North America.
10 ka The Holocene epoch starts 10,000[68] years ago after the Late Glacial Maximum. The last mainland species of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus) die out, as does the last Smilodon species.
8 ka The Giant Lemur died out
Historical extinctions[edit]
Caribbean monk seal
Illustration of a Baiji, declared functionally extinct by the Baiji.org Foundation in 2006.[69][70]
Western black rhinoceros, holotype specimen of a female shot in 1911
Thylacine shot in 1936
Date
Event
6000 ya (c. 4000 BC) Small populations of American mastodon die off in places like Utah and Michigan
4500 ya (c. 2500 BC) The last members of a dwarf race of woolly mammoths vanish from Wrangel Island near Alaska
c. 600 ya (c. 1400) The moa and its predator, Haast's eagle, die out in New Zealand
390 ya (1627) The last recorded wild aurochs die out
329 ya (1688) The dodo goes extinct
249 ya (1768) The Steller's sea cow goes extinct
134 ya (1883) The quagga, a subspecies of zebra, goes extinct
103 ya (1914) Martha, last known passenger pigeon, dies
81 ya (1936) The thylacine goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the last member of the family Thylacinidae
65 ya (1952) The Caribbean monk seal goes extinct[71]
9 ya (2008) The baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct, according to the IUCN Red List[72]
6 ya (2011) The western black rhinoceros is declared extinct
See also[edit]
Book: Evolution
Earliest known life forms
Evolution of fungi
Evolution of plants
Extinction event
Geologic time scale
History of the Earth
Nature timeline
Natural history
Sociocultural evolution
Timeline of human evolution
Timeline of natural history
Timeline of plant evolution
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McKinney 1997, p. 110
Jump up ^ Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. p. preface x. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Novacek, Michael J. (November 8, 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
Jump up ^ Miller & Spoolman 2012, p. 62
Jump up ^ Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; et al. (August 23, 2011). "How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?". PLOS Biology. San Francisco, CA: Public Library of Science. 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 3160336  . PMID 21886479.
Jump up ^ Hickman, Crystal; Starn, Autumn. "The Burgess Shale & Models of Evolution". Reconstructions of the Burgess Shale and What They Mean... Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
Jump up ^ Barton et al. 2007, Figure 10.20 Four diagrams of evolutionary models
Jump up ^ https://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/measuring-sixth-mass-extinction
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth
Jump up ^ https://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/big-five-extinctions
Jump up ^ Myers, Norman; Knoll, Andrew H. (May 8, 2001). "The biotic crisis and the future of evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 98 (1): 5389–5392. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5389M. doi:10.1073/pnas.091092498. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 33223  . PMID 11344283.
Jump up ^ Moskowitz, Clara (March 29, 2012). "Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun". Space.com. Salt Lake City, UT: Purch. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
Jump up ^ Herres, Gregg; Hartmann, William K. "The Origin of the Moon". Planetary Science Institute. Tucson, AZ. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
Jump up ^ Astrobio (September 24, 2001). "Making the Moon". Astrobiology Magazine ("Based on a Southwest Research Institute press release"). New York: NASA. ISSN 2152-1239. Retrieved 2015-03-04. Because the Moon helps stabilize the tilt of the Earth's rotation, it prevents the Earth from wobbling between climatic extremes. Without the Moon, seasonal shifts would likely outpace even the most adaptable forms of life.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (1 March 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates". Nature. 543: 60–64. doi:10.1038/nature21377. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Carl (1 March 2017). "Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest". New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, Pallab (1 March 2017). "Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found'". BBC News. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Dunham, Will (1 March 2017). "Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life". Reuters. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bjornerud 2005
Jump up ^ Abramov, Oleg; Mojzsis, Stephen J. (May 21, 2009). "Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment" (PDF). Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 459 (7245): 419–422. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..419A. doi:10.1038/nature08015. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19458721. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Borenstein, Seth (October 19, 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
Jump up ^ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (November 24, 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4664351  . PMID 26483481. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ Woese, Carl; Gogarten, J. Peter (October 21, 1999). "When did eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei and other internal organelles) first evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms?". Scientific American. Stuttgart: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. ISSN 0036-8733. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
Jump up ^ Romano, Antonio H.; Conway, Tyrrell (July–September 1996). "Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways". Research in Microbiology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier for the Pasteur Institute. 147 (6–7): 448–455. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(96)83998-2. ISSN 0923-2508. PMID 9084754.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Jeremy R. (July 1980). "Enzyme-Catalyzed Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions". Annual Review of Biochemistry. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. 49: 877–919. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305. ISSN 0066-4154. PMID 6250450.
Jump up ^ "Oldest traces of life on Earth found in Quebec, dating back roughly 3.8 billion years", by Nicole Mortilanno, CBC News
Jump up ^ Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. London: Nature Publishing Group. 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0894. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
Jump up ^ Borenstein, Seth (November 13, 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
Jump up ^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (November 8, 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 13 (12): 1103–1124. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 3870916  . PMID 24205812. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
Jump up ^ Doolittle, W. Ford (February 2000). "Uprooting the Tree of Life" (PDF). Scientific American. Stuttgart: Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. 282 (2): 90–95. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 10710791. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
Jump up ^ Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (July 9, 2008). "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner". Biology Direct. London: BioMed Central. 3: 29. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 2478661  . PMID 18613974.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Jürgen; Haug, Pat (May 1986). "Traces of Archaebacteria in ancient sediments". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 7 (2–3): 178–183. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(86)80002-9. ISSN 0723-2020.
Jump up ^ Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosynthesis Research. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. 88 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. ISSN 0166-8595. PMID 16453059.
Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/why-are-cells-powered-by-proton-gradients-14373960
^ Jump up to: a b Buick, Roger (August 27, 2008). "When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 363 (1504): 2731–2743. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0041. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2606769  . PMID 18468984.
^ Jump up to: a b Beraldi-Campesi, Hugo (February 23, 2013). "Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems" (PDF). Ecological Processes. Heidelberg: SpringerOpen. 2 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/2192-1709-2-1. ISSN 2192-1709.
Jump up ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Marshall, Craig P.; Bekker, Andrey (February 18, 2010). "Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 463 (7283): 934–938. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..934J. doi:10.1038/nature08793. ISSN 1744-7933. PMID 20139963.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol (May 1989). "Bacteriophage T4 genetic homologies with bacteria and eucaryotes". Journal of Bacteriology. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology. 171 (5): 2265–2270. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 209897  . PMID 2651395.
Jump up ^ Bjornerud 2005, p. 151
Jump up ^ Knoll, Andrew H.; Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Hewitt, David; et al. (June 29, 2006). "Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 361 (1470): 1023–1038. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1843. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1578724  . PMID 16754612.
Jump up ^ Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (March 31, 2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record" (PDF). Paleontological Research. Tokyo: Palaeontological Society of Japan. 7 (1): 9–41. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.9. ISSN 1342-8144. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Bernstein & Michod 2012, pp. 1–50
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Harris; Byerly, Henry C.; Hopf, Frederic A.; Michod, Richard E. (October 7, 1984). "Origin of sex". Journal of Theoretical Biology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 110 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(84)80178-2. ISSN 0022-5193. PMID 6209512.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Nicholas J. (Summer 2000). "Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes". Paleobiology. Boulder, CO: Paleontological Society. 26 (3): 386–404. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0094-8373.
Jump up ^ Erwin, Douglas H. (9 November 2015). "Early metazoan life: divergence, environment and ecology". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 370 (20150036). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0036. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Paul F.; Kaufman, Alan J.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schrag, Daniel P. (August 28, 1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth" (PDF). Science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 281 (5381): 1342–1346. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1342H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9721097. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Kirschvink 1992, pp. 51–52
Jump up ^ Boyle, Richard A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Williams, Hywel T. P. (December 2007). "Neoproterozoic 'snowball Earth' glaciations and the evolution of altruism" (PDF). Geobiology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 5 (4): 337–349. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00115.x. ISSN 1472-4677. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Corsetti, Frank A.; Awramik, Stanley M.; Pierce, David (April 15, 2003). "A complex microbiota from snowball Earth times: Microfossils from the Neoproterozoic Kingston Peak Formation, Death Valley, USA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 100 (8): 4399–4404. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4399C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0730560100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 153566  . PMID 12682298.
Jump up ^ Corsetti, Frank A.; Olcott, Alison N.; Bakermans, Corien (March 22, 2006). "The biotic response to Neoproterozoic snowball Earth". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 232 (2–4): 114–130. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.030. ISSN 0031-0182.
Jump up ^ "Formation of the Ozone Layer". Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. NASA. September 9, 2009. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Narbonne, Guy (January 2008). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Animals". Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Queen's University. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
Jump up ^ Waggoner, Ben M.; Collins, Allen G.; et al. (November 22, 1994). Rieboldt, Sarah; Smith, Dave, eds. "The Cambrian Period". Tour of geologic time (Online exhibit). Berkeley, CA: University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Lane, Abby (January 20, 1999). "Timing". The Cambrian Explosion. Bristol, England: University of Bristol. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Tom (April 30, 2002). "Oldest fossil footprints on land". Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/news020429-2. ISSN 1744-7933. Retrieved 2015-03-09. The oldest fossils of footprints ever found on land hint that animals may have beaten plants out of the primordial seas. Lobster-sized, centipede-like animals made the prints wading out of the ocean and scuttling over sand dunes about 530 million years ago. Previous fossils indicated that animals didn't take this step until 40 million years later.
Jump up ^ " Ciesielski, Paul F. "Transition of plants to land". Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. Archived from the original on 1999-10-09. Retrieved 2015-03-09. The oldest fossils reveal evolution of non-vascular plants by the middle to late Ordovician Period (~450-440 m.y.a.) on the basis of fossil spores.
Jump up ^ Carrington, Sean. "The Conquest of the Land". BIOL1020 Diversity of Life I: The Plant Kingdom. Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados: University of the West Indies. Retrieved 2015-03-09. The land plants evolved from the algae, more specifically green algae, as suggested by certain common biochemical traits
Jump up ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty". Evolution: Education and Outreach. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. 4 (3): 489–501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y. ISSN 1936-6426. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
Jump up ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Evolution of a Super Predator". Biology of Sharks and Rays. North Vancouver, BC, Canada: ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 2015-03-10. The ancestry of sharks dates back more than 200 million years before the earliest known dinosaur.
Jump up ^ "Amniota". Palaeos. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
Jump up ^ Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J. (April 7, 2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 275 (1636): 759–765. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2596898  . PMID 18198148.
Jump up ^ Rybicki, Ed (April 2008). "Origins of Viruses". Introduction of Molecular Virology (Lecture). Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa: University of Cape Town. Retrieved 2015-03-10. Viruses of nearly all the major classes of organisms - animals, plants, fungi and bacteria / archaea - probably evolved with their hosts in the seas, given that most of the evolution of life on this planet has occurred there. This means that viruses also probably emerged from the waters with their different hosts, during the successive waves of colonisation of the terrestrial environment.
Jump up ^ Dell'Amore, Christine (April 24, 2014). "Meet Kryptodrakon: Oldest Known Pterodactyl Found in China". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
Jump up ^ Chiappe, Luis M.; Dyke, Gareth J. (November 2002). "The Mesozoic Radiation of Birds". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. 33: 91–124. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150517. ISSN 1545-2069.
Jump up ^ Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4381518  . PMID 25770088.
Jump up ^ Brown, Frank; Fleagle, John; McDougall, Ian (February 16, 2005). "The Oldest Homo sapiens" (Press release). Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ Alemseged, Zeresenay; Coppens, Yves; Geraads, Denis (February 2002). "Hominid cranium from Homo: Description and taxonomy of Homo-323-1976-896". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons for the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 117 (2): 103–112. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10032. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 11815945.
Jump up ^ "International Stratigraphic Chart (v 2014/10)" (PDF). Beijing, China: International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Ben (December 13, 2006). "INTERVIEW-Chinese river dolphin almost certainly extinct". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Jump up ^ Lovgren, Stefan (December 14, 2006). "China's Rare River Dolphin Now Extinct, Experts Announce". National Geographic News. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
Jump up ^ "It's official: Caribbean monk seal is extinct". msnbc.com. June 6, 2008. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Jump up ^ Smith, B.D.; Zhou, K.; Wang, D.; Reeves, R.R.; Barlow, J.; Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). "Lipotes vexillifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Bibliography[edit]
Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Goldstein, David B.; Patel, Nipam H. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9. LCCN 2007010767. OCLC 86090399.
Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol; Michod, Richard E. (2012). "DNA Repair as the Primary Adaptive Function of Sex in Bacteria and Eukaryotes". In Kimura, Sakura; Shimizu, Sora. DNA Repair: New Research. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62100-808-8. LCCN 2011038504. OCLC 828424701.
Bjornerud, Marcia (2005). Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4249X. LCCN 2004022738. OCLC 56672295.
Kirschvink, Joseph L. (1992). "Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: the Snowball Earth" (PDF). In Schopf, J. William; Klein, Cornelis. The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36615-1. LCCN 91015085. OCLC 23583672.
McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences (1st ed.). London; New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-63380-9. LCCN 96071014. OCLC 36442106.
Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). Environmental Science (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-1-111-98893-7. LCCN 2011934330. OCLC 741539226.
|ref=harv}}
Further reading[edit]
Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00583-8. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.
External links[edit]
"Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
"Life on Earth". Tree of Life Web Project. University of Arizona. January 1, 1997. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Explore complete phylogenetic tree interactively
Brandt, Niel. "Evolutionary and Geological Timelines". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
"Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time". Palaeos. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
Kyrk, John. "Evolution" (SWF). Cell Biology Animation. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Interactive timeline from Big Bang to present
"Plant Evolution". Plant and Animal Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Sequence of Plant Evolution
"The History of Animal Evolution". Plant and Animal Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18. Sequence of Animal Evolution
Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). "History of Life on Earth". Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Exploring Time. The Science Channel. 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Roberts, Ben. "Plant evolution timeline". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Art of the Nature Timelines on Wikipedia
[show]
v
t
e
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary history of life
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Introduction
Outline of evolution
Timeline of evolution
Evolution
Abiogenesis
Adaptation
Adaptive radiation
Cladistics
Coevolution
Common descent
Cospeciation
Convergence
Divergence
Earliest known life forms
Evidence of common descent
Extinction
Event
Gene-centered view
Homology
Last universal common ancestor
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Origin of life
Panspermia
Parallel evolution
Prehistoric Autopsy
Speciation
Taxonomy
Population genetics
Biodiversity
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation
Natural selection
Variation
Development
Canalisation
Evolutionary developmental biology
Inversion
Modularity
Phenotypic plasticity
Of taxa
Birds
origin
Brachiopods
Cephalopods
Dinosaurs
Fish
Fungi
Insects
butterflies
Life
Mammals
cats
dogs
dolphins and whales
horses
primates
humans
lemurs
sea cows
wolves
Molluscs
Plants
Reptiles
Spiders
Tetrapods
Viruses
influenza
Of organs
Cell
DNA
Flagella
Eukaryotes
symbiogenesis
chromosome
endomembrane system
mitochondria
nucleus
plastids
In animals
eye
hair
auditory ossicle
nervous system
brain
Of processes
Aging
Death
Programmed cell death
Avian flight
Biological complexity
Cooperation
Color vision
in primates
Emotion
Empathy
Ethics
Eusociality
Immune system
Metabolism
Monogamy
Morality
Mosaic evolution
Multicellularity
Sexual reproduction
Gamete differentiation/sexes
Life cycles/nuclear phases
Mating types
Sex-determination
Snake venom
Tempo and modes
Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism
Micromutation/Macromutation
Uniformitarianism/Catastrophism
Speciation
Allopatric
Anagenesis
Catagenesis
Cladogenesis
Ecological
Hybrid
Parapatric
Peripatric
Reinforcement
Sympatric
History
Renaissance and Enlightenment
Transmutation of species
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species
History of paleontology
Transitional fossil
The eclipse of Darwinism
Modern synthesis
History of molecular evolution
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Philosophy
Darwinism
Alternatives to evolution by natural selection
Catastrophism
Lamarckism
Orthogenesis
Mutationism
Saltationism
Structuralism
Spandrel
Theistic
Vitalism
Related
Biogeography
Ecological genetics
Molecular evolution
Phylogenetics
Tree
Polymorphism
Protocell
Systematics
Category
Commons
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Earth-related topics
History
Age of the Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Faint young Sun paradox
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Future of Earth
Geologic time scale
Geological history of Earth
History of Earth
Timeline of evolution
Geography
Geology
Clairaut's theorem
Continents
Earthquake
Equatorial bulge
Extremes on Earth
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geophysics
Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Time zones
Ecology
Earth Day
Global warming
Human impact on the environment
Imaging
Apple Maps
Baidu Maps
Bhuvan
Bing Maps
Global Map
Google Earth
Google Maps
MapmyIndia
NASA World Wind
Here
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Remote sensing
Yahoo! Maps
Yandex Maps
Arts
Culture
Society
Earth in culture
Earth in science fiction
Etymology of the word "Earth"
History of the world
International law
Landscape painting
List of countries
World economy
Other topics
Biosphere
Earth's orbit
Earth trojan
The ecliptic
Flag of Earth
Gravity
Magnetic field
The Moon
Claimed moons of Earth
2006 RH120
Kordylewski cloud
Solar System
Earth's location in the Universe
Theia
Earth sciences portal
Solar System portal
Evolutionary biology portal
Paleontology portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life&oldid=809072263"
Categories:
Biology timelines
Evolutionary biology
Origin of life
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Dansk
Español
Français
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Lietuvių
مصرى
Norsk
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 23:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: id style

values: background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0

attrs: style title

attrs: class style title

values: You can edit this timeline. Please use the preview button before saving.

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:35.68281938326em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:33.700440528634em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.718061674009em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.735682819383em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.753303964758em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.770925110132em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.788546255507em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.806167400881em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.823788546256em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.84140969163em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.859030837004em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.876651982379em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.894273127753em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.9118942731278em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.9295154185022em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.9471365638767em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.9647577092511em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.9823788546256em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;

values: width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:36em; padding:0px

values: width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-17.492511013216em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#99ccff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:34.985022026432em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:16.04em; left:0.5em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-16.969162995595em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#b3d9ff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:33.938325991189em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:12.34em; left:0.4em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-13.876651982379em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#99ffff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:27.753303964758em; margin-left:0.7em; width:9.3em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:6.94em; left:0.2em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-8.3259911894273em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#b3ffea; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:16.651982378855em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:5.14em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-5.9471365638767em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ccffe7; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:11.894273127753em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.06em; left:0em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#cc9900; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:3.5191189427313em; margin-left:2em; width:8em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:1.14em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4273127753304em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:2.8546255506608em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.69em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.92973568281938em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#e6b800; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.51938325991189em; height:1.8594713656388em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.28em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.79295154185022em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffcc00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.5859030837004em; margin-left:3em; width:7em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.36em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.55506607929515em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.1101321585903em; margin-left:3.67em; width:6.33em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.0079295154185022em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:blue; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.015859030837004em; margin-left:4.5em; width:5.5em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0em;

values: font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:#e5cc7f;

values: position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:0em; float:left;

values: position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;

values: text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em; line-height:9pt

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.985022026432em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:33.938325991189em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.925110132159em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.753303964758em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.823788546256em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.237885462555em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.5154185022026em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.9955947136564em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2898678414097em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.0079295154185022em;

values: position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:70%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.87224669603524em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.0035242290749em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.5em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.537444933921em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:31.955947136564em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.25em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em;

values: font:bold 10px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:3.537px 10px 3.537px 10px;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:22.599118942731em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.85em; left:-14em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: -000px; top: 000px

values: font:bold 10px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:14px 4px 14px 4px;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:17.84140969163em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.85em; left:-13.9em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: 002px; top: 000px

values: font:bold 9px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:3px 4px 3px 4px;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.3722466960352em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.15em; left:-13.5em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: -003px; top: 000px

values: font:bold 10px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:0px 4px 0px 4px;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.4493392070485em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.15em; left:-13.7em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: 009px; top: 000px

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.4581497797357em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1em; left:-13.8em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: 015px; top: 000px

values: font:bold 9px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:0px 4px 0px 4px;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.010308370044053em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.28em; left:-13.55em; width:7em; position: absolute; left: 000px; top: -001px

values: margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;

values: margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em

values: text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;

values:
/wiki/Biological_organization
mw-redirect
Biological organization

values:
/wiki/Mass_extinction
mw-redirect
Mass extinction

values:
/wiki/Tabulate_coral
mw-redirect
Tabulate coral

values:
/wiki/Accretion_disc
mw-redirect
Accretion disc

values:
/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis
mw-redirect
Giant impact hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Naturhistorisches_Museum_(Vienna)
mw-redirect
Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna)

values: The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic.

values: Talk:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

values: The specific heights given need a reliable source. (January 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis
mw-redirect
RNA world hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Ediacara_biota
mw-redirect
Ediacara biota

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)

values:
/wiki/Plateosaurus_engelhardti
mw-redirect
Plateosaurus engelhardti

values:
/wiki/Mesozoic_Marine_Revolution
mw-redirect
Mesozoic Marine Revolution

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)
mw-redirect
Sessility (zoology)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:36em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.2em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:32.4em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:30.6em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:28.8em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.2em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.4em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.6em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.8em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:18em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:16.2em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:14.4em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.6em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:10.8em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.2em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.4em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.6em;

values: float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.8em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-12.96em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:10.08em; height:25.92em; margin-left:0em; width:10em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-6.16em; left:-0.3em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.92em; height:0.36000000000001em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.5em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.04em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.84em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.24em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-2em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.48em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-1em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.32em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:8.64em; margin-left:0em; width:10em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:3.14em; left:0.4em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.34em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffb732; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em; height:4.68em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.177em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.126em; height:6.354em; margin-left:2em; width:8em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.14em; left:0.1em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:1.08em; margin-left:1em; width:1em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.008em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffdb99; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.144em; height:2.016em; margin-left:1em; width:9em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;

values: position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.351em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.702em; margin-left:2em; width:8em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.126em; margin-left:0em; width:1em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;

values: font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.144em; margin-left:1em; width:1em; font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;

values: font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:#ffc966;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.4em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.2em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.88em;

values: Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism

values: text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:0em; width:7em; line height:9pt

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.58em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.88em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.48em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.96em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.844em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1.8em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.9em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.18em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:12.6em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.3em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;

values: width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.12em; text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-4.20em; width:7em;

values:
/wiki/Late_Glacial_Maximum
mw-redirect
Late Glacial Maximum

values:
/wiki/Martha_(pigeon)
mw-redirect
Martha (pigeon)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Evolution_of_plants
mw-redirect
Evolution of plants

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Earth
mw-redirect
History of the Earth

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479

values: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.091092498

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11344283

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2152-1239

values:
nofollow
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21377

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08015

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458721

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0923-2508

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9084754

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4154

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6250450

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-1074

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710791

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-3-29

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6150

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613974

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0723-2020

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453059

values: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0041

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468984

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F2192-1709-2-1

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2192-1709

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08793

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-7933

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20139963

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9193

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2651395

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1843

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754612

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2517%2Fprpsj.7.9

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1342-8144

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5193

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6209512

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8373

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0036

values: American Association for the Advancement of Science

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721097

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-4677

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0730560100

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682298

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182

values: University of California Museum of Paleontology

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews020429-2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0357-y

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-6426

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.palaeos.org/Amniota

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1370

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198148

values: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-2069

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-9051

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770088

values: American Journal of Physical Anthropology

values: American Association of Physical Anthropologists

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.10032

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815945

values: International Commission on Stratigraphy

values:
nofollow
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25007277/
external text

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2007010767

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/86090399

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2011038504

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/828424701

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2004022738

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56672295

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/91015085

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23583672

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/96071014

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36442106

values:
/wiki/Cengage_Learning
mw-redirect
Cengage Learning

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2011934330

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/741539226

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2004059864

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56617123

values:
nofollow
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.palaeos.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://draget.net/hoe/index.php

values:
nofollow
external text
http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments

values:
nofollow
http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/timeline/
external text

values: Timeline of evolutionary history of life

values:
/wiki/Evolution_of_hair
mw-redirect
Evolution of hair

values: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles

values:
/wiki/Evolution_of_multicellularity
mw-redirect
Evolution of multicellularity

values: Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment

values: Alternatives to evolution by natural selection

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

values:
/wiki/Etymology_of_the_word_%22Earth%22
mw-redirect
Etymology of the word "Earth"

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: خط زمني للتطور – Arabic

values: Taula cronològica de l'evolució – Catalan

values: Tidslinje for livets evolutionshistorie – Danish

values: Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida – Spanish

values: पृथ्वी पर जीवन के अस्तित्व का इतिहास – Hindi

values: Kronologija evolucijske povijesti života – Croatian

values: Tidslinje over livets evolusjonshistorie – Norwegian

values: Хронология эволюции – Russian

values: Хронологія еволюції – Ukrainian

values: Lịch trình tiến hóa của sự sống – Vietnamese

values: 生命演化历程 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life rootpage-Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Cab over
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kenworth cab-over dump truck
Overview
Manufacturer
Various
Also called
COE, Forward Control
Production
1899 - present
Assembly
Worldwide
Body and chassis
Class
Light, Medium, and Heavy
Body style
Cab Over Engine
Cab-over, also known as Cab Over Engine (COE), cab forward (U.S.), or forward control (UK), is a body style of truck, bus, or van that has a vertical front, "flat face" or a semi-hood, with the cab of the truck sitting above (or forward of) the front axle. This contrasts with a conventional truck where the engine is mounted in front of the driver.
This truck configuration is currently common among European, Japanese and Chinese truck manufacturers. European regulations set restrictions for both the total length and the length of the load area, which allow a cab length of 2.35m in combination with the maximum load area length. This allows a sleeper cab with a narrow bunk, and would allow a bonneted day cab. Nonetheless, no manufacturer in Europe produces such day cabs with bonnets. The last manufacturer of a conventional in Europe, Scania, stopped production in 2005. (Reason was a decline to less than 1000 units worldwide, with European sales tanking by 50% and sales in South America by 90%, within one decade.)
Cabover trucks are widely used in the United States for refuse collection, terminal tractors, and other vocational applications requiring a tight turning radius or frequent ingress/egress by the driver. Autocar, the oldest surviving motor vehicle manufacturer in America, produces only cabover trucks. Although popular among United States heavy truckers and trucking companies during the 1970s because of strict length laws in many states, when those length laws were repealed, most heavy-truck makers moved to other body styles. One of the reasons is the Federal Bridge Formula, which is unique to the USA, and encourages spreading out the load. If axle distances are too tight, the maximum load allowance is reduced. For COEs operated at maximum weight in the USA, this required an axle directly behind the front bumper. This cab design caused an awkward climb into the cab for the driver, forcing them to climb up behind the front wheel, then moving to the front and into the cab. European or Chinese or Japanese truckers enter their cab in a straight fashion with handrails left and right.
Cabovers are also very popular in the USA's light- and medium-duty truck segment, and American companies Paccar and Freightliner still manufacture traditional cab over engine designs for the Australian and South African markets where length restrictions still make them advantageous.
In Australia both American (cab over axle) and European/Japanese/Chinese (cab forward of axle) types, as well as the conventional type are common. Cab over engine types dominate urban and light duty use, with conventional trucks predominating in remote and off-road areas. Both types are common for highway use.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design aspects
2.1 Perception of Safety
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Vintage COE: 1942 Chevrolet.
Preserved International Harvester Metro Van in Portland in 2012
The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 using a format then called "engine-under-the-seat" and was available with optional 5 or 8 horsepower motors.[1] Although early Autocar trucks were not exactly "cab-over", since the truck did not have a cab, per se, they were the fore-runners to COEs. The Sternberg company of Wisconsin produced cab-over trucks as early as 1907, though by 1914 only their seven-ton model was a cab-over. They reintroduced the cab-over layout in 1933 with their "Camel Back" model, which allowed the cab to be tilted to access the engine.[2]
The introduction of the first modern cab-over layout in the United States is credited to industrial designer Viktor Schreckengost, who, with engineer Ray Spiller, designed a cab-over truck for the White Motor Company in 1932. Schreckengost was later joined by other designers such as Raymond Loewy who designed the Metro series of vans and trucks for International Harvester. The bodies for these vehicles were initially produced by the Metropolitan Body Company (MBC). The company produced a wide variety of truck and commercial bodies for several vehicle manufacturers such as Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge Bros., and International Harvester until 1948 when they were purchased by the latter. MBC was instrumental in the development of COE route delivery bodies in the 1930s.[3]
The laws of the time limited overall truck length to 42 feet (12.8 m) on highways. Setting the cab over the engine and front axle shaved several feet off the length of the tractor, feet which could then be added to the length of the trailer while keeping the dimensions of the entire truck within the permissible limit. Schreckengost patented the design in 1934.
Autocar reintroduced the engine-under-the-seat format with their Model U in 1933, which became a staple of U.S. roads and the U.S. military through World War II and well into the 1950s.[1]
White-Freightliner introduced its first tilting cab-over design in 1958, which allowed the entire cab to tilt forward for access to the engine.[2]
Design aspects[edit]
1962 presented Sisu KB-112/117 was the first European serial produced truck with a hydraulically tiltable cabin, enabling an easy access to the engine.
In Class 8 tractors (using the US designation), the cab-over design allows the vehicle's wheelbase to be shorter than in the conventional arrangement, wherein the engine is placed in front of the cab, covered by a horizontal or sloping hood that opens to allow engine access. Its shorter wheelbase allows cab-over semi trucks to have a shorter overall length, thereby allowing for longer trailers to be used. For light- and medium-duty solid- or rigid-axle trucks, the cab-over design requires less length for the cab and engine, in a given wheelbase, and therefore allows a greater length for the truck body or load area.
In both class 8 tractors and light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, the cab-over-engine design gives the COE model an advantage in maneuverability over a conventional model. And since COEs are generally lighter than conventionals, they can often haul heavier loads, given equal gross vehicle weight rating (GVWRs) and gross combination weight rating (GCWRs). Despite the COE designs' being smaller in general, over-the-road tractors can still be fully equipped with single or bunk beds. Also, lack of a hood gives better visibility to the driver and a tighter turning radius, and significantly reduces the forward blind spots.
One critique is that the shorter wheelbase in the COE semi-trucks gives a rougher ride than those with conventional cabs, as the driver's seat is above the front axle. In the 1970s, COEs used to be noisier, because the engine is directly below. This was an important consideration back then: Interior noise in the cab was between 80 and 90 db(A), creating an unhealthy work environment[4]. Today (2017 data), US long distance trucks provide an interior noise level of 60–70 db(A) at highway speed, while European long distance trucks, all built as a COE, provide a level of 60–65 db(A). With highway speeds a little higher in the USA, results can be viewed as the same.
Because of their flat front design, early COE semi-trucks had significantly worse aerodynamics than conventional tractors. Modern cab-over designs, in both semi-trucks and light- and medium-duty models, have improved aerodynamics significantly over early models, but often still have higher drag coefficients than their modern conventional-design counterparts. This works against fuel economy, and offsets some of the improvement in fuel consumption garnered from the lighter weight of the cab-over truck when running less than fully loaded.[citation needed]
Although the tilting cab gives comparatively unobstructed access to the engine, its deployment causes unsecured items in the cab and sleeper (if equipped) to fall onto the windshield or under the instrument panel.[5] Vehicles without a tilting cab will usually be equipped with removable floor panels through which mechanics can access and service the engine. In Europe, Mercedes-Benz was the last manufacturer to use such panels instead of a tilting cab, with the very last non-tilting cabs produced well into 1983. Engine access through panels is a very distant memory of very old truck drivers.
Perception of Safety[edit]
Mercedes-Benz Actros semi-trailer truck
Tatra T815 8x8 cab-over-in-front autocrane
Land Rover 101 Forward Control with radio-vehicle body
Truck occupant safety depends on survival space within the cab, with "rollover" being the most significant heavy truck accident causing occupant casualties. [6] In the 1950s, when many truck cabs were still wooden structures, knowledge about the most common accidents was already established, and led to the first mechanized truck cab crash test in 1959, performed by Volvo. The test became a Swedish standard, and was adopted by the European Community in simplified form as ECE R-29 in 1974. During the early 1980s, the safest place for a truck driver was a European truck, usually a cabover.
Decisionmaking is based on human perception in first place, results of statistics might not be present. Motor placement before or under the cab does not have much influence on the results of rollovers. Behind the danger of a rollover, heavy truck on heavy truck accidents are the second most relevant reason for occupant casualties. With a 1980s USA conventional, the result of such accident was: Frame, front axle and wheels would go under the truck in front, while the motor got pushed into the cab (which was very small in a 1980s conventional). [7][8] Contrary to these real-world results, the motor in front, which would crush the truckdriver in an accident, was nonetheless perceived as "protection", and this perception was an important factor for the adoption of these trucks in the USA, during the 1980s.
Both conventionals and cabovers need structural protection against rollovers, and special protection against massive objects at the height of another truck body. The survival space should be able to move backward on the frame. Today (2017), crash tests have been adopted all over the world (the most important ones still being similar to the Swedish tests of the 1960s), and the 1970s/80s safety advantage of European trucks no longer exists therefore.

In military use, the COE design increases the chance of crew injury or death in the event of running over a landmine. This is because the tire that detonates the mine is directly below/beside the driver.[9]
See also[edit]
Trucks portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cab-over-engine trucks.
Autocar Trucks
Chevrolet Greenbrier
Dodge A100
Ford C-Series
Ford E-Series
Jeep Forward Control
Kei truck
Freightliner Argosy
Subaru Sambar
Volkswagen Type 2
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.autocartruck.com/Page/Company/#history
^ Jump up to: a b Holtzman, Stan (1995). American Semi Trucks. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 82–85. ISBN 0-7603-0038-0.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Metropolitan Auto and Carriage Co., Metropolitan Body Co". Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Reif, Zygmunt F.; Moore, Thomas N.; Steevensz, Arthur E. (February 1980). Noise Exposure of Truck Drivers. Vehicle Noise Regulation and Reduction Session. Detroit: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Jump up ^ Richards Award Winning Kenworth Cabover
Jump up ^ Herbst, Brian R.; Forrest, Stephen M.; Meyer, Steven E.; Clarke, Christopher C.; Bell, Lauren D.; Oliver Nelson, Arin (2015). Test Methods for Occupant Safety in Heavy Truck Rollovers (PDF). RCOBI Conference. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Castro Valley: Lanes reopen after big-rig fatal wreck blocks I-580 for hours". East Bay Times. US. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017. Photo 5 shows the engine pushed into the cab on a conventional truck
Jump up ^ Old Truck Crash Test – via YouTube. COE crash tests from the 1970s on a 1975 Volvo F609 COE
Jump up ^ ramcjournal.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cab_over&oldid=811657602"
Categories:
Automotive styling features
Vehicle design
Car classifications
Trucks
Hidden categories:
Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2016
USA-centric
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009
Commons category without a link on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Français
Nederlands
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 November 2017, at 01:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

value: td

attrs: href title

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

value: b

attrs: class href

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
/wiki/Hood_(vehicle)
mw-redirect
Hood (vehicle)

values:
/wiki/Conventional_truck
mw-redirect
Conventional truck

values:
/wiki/Refuse_collection
mw-redirect
Refuse collection

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Metropolitan Body Company (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Blind_spot_(automobile)
mw-redirect
Blind spot (automobile)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009

values: Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cab_over
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Cab_over&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trambus
Trambus – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_over
Cab over – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: キャブオーバー – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cab_over rootpage-Cab_over skin-vector action-view