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St Andrews Links
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St Andrews Links
The 18th tee at the Home End of the Old Course at St Andrews Links
Club information
Location
St Andrews, Fife, Scotland
Established
Over 6 centuries
Type
Public
Operated by
St Andrews Links Trust
Tournaments hosted
The Open Championship
PGA Tour
Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
Old Course
Par
72
Length
6,721 yards (6,146 m)
Course record
61; Ross Fisher (2017) [1]
The Castle Course
Par
71
Length
6,759 yards (6,180 m)
New Course
Par
71
Length
6,625 yards (6,058 m)
Jubilee Course
Par
72
Length
6,742 yards (6,165 m)
Eden Course
Par
70
Length
6,250 yards (5,720 m)
Strathtyrum Course
Par
69
Length
5,620 yards (5,140 m)
Balgove Course
Par
30
Length
1,520 yards (1,390 m)
St Andrews Links in the town of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, is regarded as the "Home of Golf". It has one of the oldest courses in the world, where the game has been played since the 15th century. Today there are seven public golf courses; the Balgove, Eden, Jubilee, Strathtyrum, New, the Old Course (which is widely considered one of the finest, and certainly the most famous and traditional course in the world), and The Castle Course, sited on the cliffs a mile to the east of St Andrews and designed by the architect David McLay Kidd, which opened in June 2008.[2] The courses of St Andrews Links are owned by the local authorities and operated by St Andrews Links Trust, a charitable organization. St Andrews is also home to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, one of the most prestigious golf clubs and until 2004 one of the two rulemaking authorities of golf (in that year, the Royal and Ancient Club passed on its rulemaking authority to an offshoot organisation, The R&A).
In general, St Andrews is a popular hub for golf tourism, as there is a high density of links and heathland courses in the area. In addition to the public courses there are two courses at the privately owned Fairmont Hotel (Torrance and Kittocks) to the south of the town; the Dukes and Drumoig, both inland parkland courses to the west. A few miles further South are the modern links of Kingsbarns and the traditional Balcomie links at Crail. Also nearby are the courses at Elie, Lundin, Leven, Scotscraig and Anstruther. Within 45 minutes drive are Monifieth, Downfield, Carnoustie and Panmure.
Contents
1 History
2 Public courses
2.1 Balgove Course
2.2 The Castle Course
2.3 Eden Course
2.4 Jubilee Course
2.5 Strathtyrum Course
2.6 Old Course
2.7 New Course
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The land was acquired by James Cheape, owner of the adjacent Strathtyrum estate, in 1821 and sold by his brother's grandson, also named James Cheape, to The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 1893.[3][4][5] Control of St Andrews Links was regulated by an act of Parliament in 1894 and another in 1974 which resulted in the creation of the St Andrews Links Trust.[6]
Public courses[edit]
Balgove Course[edit]
The Balgove Course, named after the farm on which it was built,[7] is a 1,520 yard, par 30, nine-hole course. It was originally opened in 1972 and remodeled in 1993.[8]
The Balgove Course[9]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
220
219
104
194
161
298
103
116
105
1520
220
219
104
194
161
298
103
116
105
1520
3040
Par
4
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
30
4
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
30
60
The Castle Course[edit]
The Castle Course opened in June 2008, becoming the seventh public course at St Andrews. The course is set on a rugged-cliff top with extensive views over St Andrews.[10] The course is a par 71 and measures 6,759 yards from the back tees.[11]
The Castle Course[12]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
73.6 / 139
346
404
202
540
536
421
456
141
381
3427
167
402
454
179
400
585
406
184
555
3332
6759
Yellow
71.9 / 135
337
394
179
518
504
399
429
129
351
3240
154
385
415
154
376
555
390
174
533
3136
6376
Ladies'
73.0 / 131
300
344
145
476
446
355
341
122
314
2843
130
289
340
119
312
509
346
142
430
2617
5460
Par
4
4
3
5
5
4
4
3
4
36
3
4
4
3
4
5
4
3
5
35
71
Eden Course[edit]
The Eden Course opened in 1914 after demand on the existing courses grew. It was designed by Harry Colt, and alterations in 1989 by Donald Steel maintain Colt's standards.[13] It was named after the Eden estuary by which it resides, as the profits from mussels collected there once made up an important part of the St Andrews economy.[7]
The Eden Course[14]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
70.6 / 125
326
449
417
273
144
407
346
178
505
3045
196
375
341
422
350
170
568
432
351
3205
6250
Yellow
68.9 / 121
301
438
402
251
125
376
307
155
484
2839
187
364
326
404
334
151
523
407
334
3030
5869
Par
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
5
35
3
4
4
4
4
3
5
4
4
35
70
Ladies'
72.1 / 122
270
438
402
240
119
371
291
139
466
2736
148
327
283
404
316
108
433
378
317
2714
5450
Par
Ladies'
4
5
5
4
3
4
4
3
5
37
3
4
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
36
73
Jubilee Course[edit]
The Jubilee Course is the third championship golf course at the Home of Golf. It was named after Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration in 1897.[15]
Originally intended for Victorian dressed ladies, and other golf beginners, it has evolved into one of the hardest courses at St Andrews Links. The course is commonly used to test junior and amateur golfers for the British Mid-Amateur Golf Championship, as well as the St Andrews Links Trophy.[16]
Initially a 12-hole course,[17] it was expanded to 18 holes in 1905. The course has seen considerable developments under the management of Willie Auchterlonie, Donald Steel, David Wilson and Graeme Taylor. It now plays at around 6,745 yards, and is host to the St Andrews Links Trophy. The Jubilee is one of several courses in Scotland that are under threat from erosion.[18]
The Jubilee Course[19]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
72.6 / 131
367
360
546
371
162
498
373
369
192
3238
411
497
538
188
438
356
428
211
437
3504
6742
Yellow
71.2 / 127
337
352
524
349
141
480
341
344
182
3050
403
488
516
176
423
346
418
199
405
3374
6424
Par
4
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
36
4
5
5
3
4
4
4
3
4
36
72
Ladies'
74.6 / 128
318
271
506
332
132
422
329
326
139
2775
387
470
479
147
415
341
409
180
372
3200
5975
Par
4
4
5
4
3
5
4
4
3
36
4
5
5
3
5
4
5
3
4
38
74
Strathtyrum Course[edit]
The Strathtyrum Course, opened in July 1993, became the first new 18 hole layout at St Andrews in nearly 80 years.[20] It was built on land that was previously part of the Strathtyrum estate and sold to the St Andrews Links Trust by Mrs Gladys Cheape in 1986.[3][21]
The Strathtyrum Course[22]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
M:66.2 / 107
L:72.2 / 120
332
350
154
298
497
125
331
183
366
2636
338
512
389
168
350
300
137
376
414
2984
5620
Yellow
63.4 / 101
327
319
149
256
451
120
290
160
340
2412
292
442
312
143
312
265
120
321
385
2592
5004
Par
4
4
3
4
5
3
4
3
4
34
4
5
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
35
69
Ladies'
66.8 / 105
315
312
140
248
384
110
284
154
334
2281
288
401
308
133
264
257
114
314
345
2424
4705
Par
Ladies'
4
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
33
4
5
4
3
4
4
3
4
4
35
68
Old Course[edit]
Main article: Old Course at St Andrews
The Old Course, believed to be the oldest golf course in the world, dates back more than 600 years.[23]
The Old Course[24]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
73.1 / 132
376
411
370
419
514
374
359
166
347
3336
340
174
316
418
530
414
381
455
357
3385
6721
Yellow
71.4 / 129
355
395
337
411
514
360
349
154
289
3164
311
164
304
388
523
391
345
436
361
3223
6387
Par
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
3
4
36
4
3
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
36
72
Ladies'
75.6 / 138
339
375
321
401
454
325
335
145
261
2956
296
150
304
377
487
369
325
426
342
3076
6032
Par
Ladies'
4
5
4
5
5
4
4
3
4
38
4
3
4
5
5
4
4
5
4
38
76
New Course[edit]
The New Course, located adjacent to the Old Course, was paid for and commissioned by The R&A who asked Old Tom Morris to be designer. The New Course opened for play in 1895.[25]
The New Course[26]
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
White
72.8 / 127
336
367
511
369
180
445
356
481
225
3270
464
368
518
157
386
394
431
229
408
3355
6625
Yellow
71.6 / 125
299
367
511
351
167
433
336
472
225
3161
457
331
493
147
370
379
416
211
397
3201
6362
Par
4
4
5
4
3
4
4
5
3
36
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
3
4
35
71
Ladies'
75.3 / 126
282
356
500
351
158
401
320
464
204
3036
427
308
447
133
363
312
388
192
386
2956
5992
Par
Ladies'
4
4
5
4
3
5
4
5
3
37
5
4
5
3
4
4
5
3
5
38
75
See also[edit]
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews
Old Course at St Andrews
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan. "Ross Fisher breaks the Old Course scoring record ... in disappointing fashion - Golf Digest". Golf Digest. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Hagen, John Peter (2011). Play Away Please: The Tale of the Sale of Golf's Greatest Icon – The St Andrews Old Course Starter's Box. Random House. ISBN 9781907195754. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Malcolm, David (2011). Tom Morris of St Andrews the Colossus of Golf 1821-1908. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 9780857901071. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Slovick, Lyle (September 2012). "The St Andrews 'Rabbit Wars' of 1801–1821" (PDF). Through the Green. British Golf Collectors Society. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Peper, George (2008). Two Years in St. Andrews: At Home on the 18th Hole. Simon and Schuster. pp. 170–171. ISBN 9781416534310. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.standrews.org.uk/golf/the_courses/course_no7_history.html
Jump up ^ "The Balgove Course". St Andrews Links. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The Balgove Course Scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The Castle Course: the Seventh Course at the Home of Golf". St Andrews Links. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ Ian Wood (2008-06-01). "Castle course Poses Sternest of Tests". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The Castle Course scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The Eden Course". St Andrews Links. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The Eden Course scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Jubilee Course at St Andrews" (web). 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Jubilee Course at St Andrews" (web). 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
Jump up ^ Charles Hillinger (1987-12-06). "Where the Games Began". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ Ellen Hale (2001-07-17). "Erosion Threatens Legendary British Golf Courses". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The Jubilee Course scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The Strathtyrum Course". St Andrews Links. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ Glen, Duncan (1998). Illustrious Fife: Literary, Historical & Architectural Pathways & Walks. Kirkcaldy, Scotland: Akros. p. 14. ISBN 9780861420872. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Strathtyrum Course scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The Old Course". St Andrews Links. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The Old Course scorecard" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The Old Course". St Andrews Links. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The New Course scorecard" (PDF).
External links[edit]
St Andrews Links official site
The New Golf Club of St Andrews official site
St Andrews Golf Blog - Information on golf in St Andrews and the surrounding area
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Coordinates: 56°21′06″N 2°49′05″W / 56.35167°N 2.81806°W / 56.35167; -2.81806
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text:
First they came ...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Engraving of the poem presented at the New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts
"First they came ..." is a poem written by the German Lutheran pastor Martin Niemöller (1892–1984). It is about the cowardice of German intellectuals following the Nazis' rise to power and subsequent purging of their chosen targets, group after group. Many variations and adaptations in the spirit of the original have been published in the English language. It deals with themes of persecution, guilt and responsibility.
Contents
1 The text
2 Author
3 Origin
4 Usages
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
The text[edit]
The best-known versions of the speech are the poems that began circulating by the 1950s.[1] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum quotes the following text as one of the many poetic versions of the speech:[2][3]
First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—
Because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me.
Niemöller created multiple versions of the text during his career, but evidence identified by professor Harold Marcuse at the University of California Santa Barbara indicates that the Holocaust Memorial Museum version is inaccurate because Niemöller frequently used the word "communists" and not "socialists."[1] The substitution of "socialists" for "communists" is an effect of anti-communism, and most ubiquitous in the version that has proliferated in the USA. According to Marcuse, "Niemöller's original argument was premised on naming groups he and his audience would instinctively not care about... The omission of Communists in Washington, and of Jews in Germany, distorts that meaning and should be corrected."[1]
Niemöller's earliest speeches, written in 1946, list the Communists, incurable patients, Jews or Jehovah's Witnesses, and civilians in countries occupied by Nazi Germany. In all versions, the impact is carefully built up, by going from the "smallest, most distant" group to the largest, Jewish, group, and then finally to himself as a by then outspoken critic of Nazism. Niemöller made the cardinal "who cares about them" clear in his speech for the Confessing Church in Frankfurt on 6 January 1946, of which this is a partial translation:[1]
When Pastor Niemöller was put in a concentration camp we wrote the year 1937; when the concentration camp was opened we wrote the year 1933, and the people who were put in the camps then were Communists. Who cared about them? We knew it, it was printed in the newspapers.
Who raised their voice, maybe the Confessing Church? We thought: Communists, those opponents of religion, those enemies of Christians - "should I be my brother's keeper?"
Then they got rid of the sick, the so-called incurables. - I remember a conversation I had with a person who claimed to be a Christian. He said: Perhaps it's right, these incurably sick people just cost the state money, they are just a burden to themselves and to others. Isn't it best for all concerned if they are taken out of the middle [of society]? -- Only then did the church as such take note. Then we started talking, until our voices were again silenced in public. Can we say, we aren't guilty/responsible? The persecution of the Jews, the way we treated the occupied countries, or the things in Greece, in Poland, in Czechoslovakia or in Holland, that were written in the newspapers
I believe, we Confessing-Church-Christians have every reason to say: mea culpa, mea culpa! We can talk ourselves out of it with the excuse that it would have cost me my head if I had spoken out.
This speech was translated and published in English in 1947, but was later retracted when it was alleged that Niemöller was an early supporter of the Nazis.[4] The "sick, the so-called incurables" were killed in the euthanasia programme "Aktion T4". A 1955 version of the speech, mentioned in an interview of a German professor quoting Niemöller, lists Communists, socialists, schools, Jews, the press, and the Church. An American version delivered by a congressman in 1968 includes industrialists, who were not persecuted by the Nazis, and omits Communists.
In 1976, Niemöller gave the following answer in response to an interview question asking about the origins of the poem.[1] The Martin-Niemöller-Stiftung ("Martin Niemöller Foundation") considers this the "classical" version of the speech:
There were no minutes or copy of what I said, and it may be that I formulated it differently. But the idea was anyhow: The Communists, we still let that happen calmly; and the trade unions, we also let that happen; and we even let the Social Democrats happen. All of that was not our affair. The Church did not concern itself with politics at all at that time, and it shouldn't have anything do with them either. In the Confessing Church we didn't want to represent any political resistance per se, but we wanted to determine for the Church that that was not right, and that it should not become right in the Church, that's why already in '33, when we created the pastors' emergency federation (Pfarrernotbund), we put as the 4th point in the founding charter: If an offensive is made against ministers and they are simply ousted as ministers, because they are of Jewish lineage (Judenstämmlinge) or something like that, then we can only say as a Church: No. And that was then the 4th point in the obligation, and that was probably the first contra-anti-Semitic pronouncement coming from the Protestant Church.[5]
Niemöller at The Hague's Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk in May 1952
Author[edit]
Main article: Martin Niemöller
Martin Niemöller was a German Lutheran pastor and theologian born in Lippstadt, Germany, in 1892. Niemöller was an anti-Communist and supported Adolf Hitler's rise to power at first. But when Hitler insisted on the supremacy of the state over religion, Niemöller became disillusioned. He became the leader of a group of German clergymen opposed to Hitler. In 1937 he was arrested and eventually confined in Sachsenhausen and Dachau. He was released in 1945 by the Allies. He continued his career in Germany as a clergyman and as a leading voice of penance and reconciliation for the German people after World War II. His statement, sometimes presented as a poem, is well-known, frequently quoted, and is a popular model for describing the dangers of political apathy.
Origin[edit]
The statement was published in a book by Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free (1955), based on interviews he had conducted in Germany several years earlier. The quotation was circulated by civil rights activists and educators in the United States in the late 1950s. Some research traces the text to several speeches given by Niemöller in 1946.[1]
Lt. Dennis Kelly reads an excerpt of Niemöller's poem during a Holocaust Days of Remembrance Observance service in Pearl Harbor; 27 April 2009
Nonetheless, the wording remains controversial, both in terms of its provenance, and the substance and order of the groups that are mentioned in its many versions. While Niemöller's published 1946 speeches mention Communists, the incurably ill, Jews or Jehovah's Witnesses (depending on which speech), and people in occupied countries, the 1955 text, a paraphrase by a German professor in an interview, lists communists, socialists, "the schools, the press, the Jews, and so on", and ends with "the Church". Based on the explanation given by Niemöller himself in 1976, this refers to the German Protestant ('Evangelische') Church, and not to the German Catholic Church.[1]
However, as claimed by Richard John Neuhaus in the November 2001 issue of First Things, when "asked in 1971 about the correct version of the quote, Niemöller said he was not quite sure when he had said the famous words but, if people insist upon citing them, he preferred a version that listed 'the Communists', 'the trade unionists', 'the Jews', and 'me'."[6] However, historian Harold Marcuse could not verify that interview.[1] Rather, he found a 1976 interview in which Niemöller referred to a 1974 discussion with the general bishop of the Lutheran Church of Slovakia.[citation needed]
Usages[edit]
At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., the quotation is on display in a variation that substitutes "Socialists" for "Communists". The Holocaust Museum website has a discussion of the history of the quotation.[7]
A version of the poem is on display at the Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. The poem is also presented at the Virginia Holocaust Museum in Richmond, Virginia, the New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts, and in The Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
See also[edit]
Germany portal
After Saturday Comes Sunday
And Then They Came for Me
Creeping normality
Foot-in-the-door technique
New England Holocaust Memorial
"Not My Business"
"The Hangman" (poem)
Slippery slope
Then They Came for Me: A Family's Story of Love, Captivity, and Survival
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Marcuse, Harold. "Martin Niemöller's famous quotation: "First they came for the Communists ... "". University of California at Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ "Martin Niemöller: "First they came for the Socialists..."". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Martin Niemöller: "First they came for the Socialists..."". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018. This is a different and older article which contains more complete photographs than the new version.
Jump up ^ Marcuse, Harold; Niemöller, Martin. "Of Guilt and Hope". University of California at Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ Niemöller, Martin. "Was sagte Niemöller wirklich?". Martin Niemöller Foundation.
Jump up ^ Neuhaus, Richard John Neuhaus. "September 11-Before and After". First Things. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Niemöller, Martin. "First they came for the Socialists…". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
Further reading
Baldwin, James (7 January 1971). "Open Letter to my Sister, Angela Davis". New York Review of Books. Quotation: "If they come for me in the morning, they will come for you in the night."
Davis, Angela Y. (1971). If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance. The Third Press. ISBN 9780893880224.
Stein, Leo (2003), They Came for Niemoeller: The Nazi War Against Religion, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Co, ISBN 1-58980-063-X, retrieved 22 August 2012 First published 1942 by Fleming H. Revell Co.
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Martin Niemöller at Wikiquote
Media related to First_they_came_... at Wikimedia Commons
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