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The Ellen DeGeneres Show
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This article is about the daytime talk show. For the 1990s sitcom, see Ellen (TV series). For the 2000s sitcom, see The Ellen Show.
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Also known as
Ellen
Genre
Talk show
Created by
Ellen DeGeneres
Presented by
Ellen DeGeneres
Opening theme
"Let's Have a Little Fun" by Sharlotte Gibson (season 1–12)
"Today's the Day" by P!nk (season 13–present)[1]
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
15
No. of episodes
2,519 (as of December 8, 2017) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Andy Lassner
Ed Glavin
Ellen DeGeneres
Jim Paratore (2003–12)
Mary Connelly
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
38 to 42 minutes
Production company(s)
A Very Good Production
Telepictures Productions
E. W. Scripps Company
WAD Productions
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television (USA)
Release
Original network
Syndication
Picture format
HDTV (1080i)
(2008–present)
NTSC (480i)
(2003–08)
Audio format
Stereophonic
Original release
September 8, 2003 (2003-09-08) – present
Chronology
Preceded by
The Caroline Rhea Show (2002–03)
External links
Website
www.ellentv.com
The Ellen DeGeneres Show (often shortened to Ellen) is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedienne/actress Ellen DeGeneres. Debuting on September 8, 2003, it is produced by Telepictures and airs in syndication, including stations owned by NBCUniversal.[2] For its first five seasons, the show was taped in Studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank, California. From season 6 onwards, the show moved to being taped at Stage 1 on the nearby Warner Bros. lot.[3] Since the beginning of the sixth season, Ellen has been broadcast in high definition.
The show has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards as of 2017, including four for Outstanding Talk Show and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment, surpassing the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show, which won nine. The show also won 17 People's Choice Award. The talk show's YouTube channel is currently charted as being in the top 20 most-subscribed YouTube channels. On January 20, 2016, it was announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons through 2020.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept
1.1 Recurring elements
1.1.1 Segments (including former and recurring)
1.1.2 Dancing
1.1.3 Sophia Grace and Rosie
1.1.4 DeGeneres's mother
2 Production information
2.1 Taping location
2.2 Personnel
2.2.1 DJ
2.3 2007 Writers Guild strike
3 Episodes
3.1 Special episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Ratings
4.2 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Concept[edit]
The program combines comedy, celebrity, musical guests, and human-interest stories. The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded. During her Twelve Days of Giveaways promotion, audience members receive roughly $1,000 worth of prizes on each of twelve episodes. Because the show has become so popular, not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio, so an offshoot space, dubbed by Tom Hanks "The Riff Raff Room", was created. Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off-stage. Other non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame. Guests in this role have included intelligent children, small business owners, etc. In the show's third season, DeGeneres began surprising fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities.
Ellen DeGeneres in 2004
Recurring elements[edit]
Several recurring sounds, gags, and catchphrases are used by DeGeneres depending on the topic of discussion or theme for a specific episode. For example, after DeGeneres says the phrase, "Aww Snap!", a sound effect of a whip cracking often is played. In her monologue, DeGeneres frequently thanks the audience's applause by saying "I feel the same way about you!" Other video segments include DeGeneres scaring people, playing pranks, taking part in faux-breaking news segments, interacting with crew members, etc. Other recurring segments include those where DeGeneres comments on Internet videos, tabloid-style photographs of celebrities, advertisements on Craigslist, or voicemails left for her on an answering machine. Some segments feature audience members more prominently, including having audience members show hidden talents, pictures of others that resemble DeGeneres, interviewing children, etc.
DeGeneres frequently plays games with audience members and awards prizes based upon their performance. Games have included Pictionary-style drawing games, finding hidden objects within the studio, category, current event or pop-culture-based trivia, and various other stunt and charade-based games. DeGeneres also joked several times on the show about when a sequel to Finding Nemo, in which she famously had a lead role, will eventually release, as well as make references to the film. Eventually, the sequel, Finding Dory, was officially announced by DeGeneres.
Segments (including former and recurring)[edit]
The show has many recurring segments throughout the years. Some include:
Oh Hair No! is a segment that involves fans sending in funny haircuts to DeGeneres; some of them appear on the show.
Know or Go is a segment involving three audience members (or contestants) to answer questions based on topics such as Thanksgiving, current events, about Ellen herself, etc. If they get a question wrong, the contestant gets dropped through a trap door.
Clumsy Thumbsy is a segment where Ellen shows messed up auto corrects sent in by fans.
Oh Puh-lice is a segment where odd police reports are shown.
Ellen's Dance Dare is a segment where viewers send videos of themselves secretly dancing behind oblivious people. Irish jigs were featured on the 2012 St. Patrick's Day episode. Many celebrities have participated such as Emma Stone, Zac Efron, Lilly Singh, The Janoskians and Taylor Swift.
Bad Paid for Tattoos Odd, usually incorrectly spelled body art is displayed.
A Little Yelp From My Friends Ellen reads reviews from the website Yelp.
"What's Wrong with These Photos?" Photos Silly photos sent in by viewers are featured.
"What Were They Thinking?" Audience Dancing Audience members are shown dancing with voices acting out the dancers' thoughts.
"What's Wrong with These Signs?" Signs Viewers send Ellen pictures of signs that aren't quite right.
Tony Karaoke is a segment that features the show's DJ, Tony, singing often wrong-but-hilarious lyrics to popular songs.
Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie is a segment in which Sophia Grace & Rosie interview celebrity guests on the show, all while enjoying cookies and tea.
ApPARENTly Confused is a segment where Ellen shows messages by parents who don't understand texting and technology.
In Your FACEbook is a segment where Ellen shares funny Facebook photos taken from the profile pages of audience members.
Weekly Tweetly Roundup is a segment where Ellen shares funny and interesting tweets.
Classic Joke Thursday is a segment where Ellen shares funny jokes/puns, usually in a conversation with the show's DJ.
This Plus That is a segment where a montage of dancing audience members is shown usually combined with humorous sound effects.
Just KID-ink is a segment where Ellen shares funny drawings from kids.
INSTA-grammification is a segment where Ellen shares funny and unusual pictures from the show's Instagram page.
"Vine After Vine" is a segment where Ellen shares funny 6 second video clips from the popular mobile app Vine.
"Grand Design" an online segment where Ellen, with presenters and home makeover experts the "Kitchen Cousins" John Colaneri and Anthony Carrino would redesign a room in just 24 hours on a budget of $1,000 dollars.
"What Have YOU Been Up to on Facebook?" is a recurring segment in which Ellen reveals some personal and private information of the public to the audience.
"Starbucks Prank!" is a recurring segment in which Ellen send popular celebrities out to Starbucks to prank the cashiers.
"What The Heck Are These Kids Talking About?" is a former segment in which Ellen reviews rap lyrics and tries to figure out what they mean.
"Celebrity Pranks!" is a segment where Ellen often scares Taylor Swift (as she falls for it the most) and other famous celebrities.
"Chat Time With Ellen!" is a talk-show segment in which Ellen talks about – or to – people who have made viral videos.
Can Andy Say That? is a segment in which Ellen has the show's executive producer, Andy Lassner, repeat funny phrases that are filled with double entendres and sexual innuendo.
Haunted House (the segment is actually untitled) is an annual segment in which Ellen sends her writer, Amy Rhodes, to various haunted houses in the days leading up to Halloween. In recent years, Amy has been joined in the haunted houses by her own mother, as well as the show's executive producer Andy Lassner. Celebrities like Ariana Grande, Taylor Swift, Eric Stonestreet and DeGeneres's wife Portia de Rossi have also been sent to a haunted house.
Average Andy is a segment where Ellen sends her executive producer Andy Lassner to learn new skills from the world's most talented people.
Throwback Thursday is a segment where every Thursday Ellen revisits funny moments from previous seasons.
"Who's In My Bushes?" is a segment where a celebrity is hidden in decorative bushes in which Ellen will ask questions to that celebrity and eventually comes out when figured. However, during this segment, Ellen already knows who the celebrity is and the audience will just play along.
Take That, China! is a segment where Ellen makes jokes about impractical and often unwise American inventions.
Breaking News is a segment where news anchor Devin Scillian interrupts the show and delivers unusually mundane, humorous breaking news.
Why I Don't Have Kids is a segment where Ellen shows pictures or videos sent in by viewers of crazy situations they have encountered with their kids.
Epic or Fail is a segment considered to be Ellen's favorite game where Ellen shows several stunts or tricks caught on tape, and when the videos are paused, Ellen, the audience, and even guest celebrities have to guess the ending's outcome.
Hot Hands is a game where some audience member or celebrities get on a special seat and name the celebrities which are shown on the screen as much as possible in 30 seconds.
5 Second Rule is a game where Ellen and celebrity contestants have to think on their feet and list three answers that fall into a given category in only five seconds.
Ellen In Your Ear is a segment where celebrity interact with unsuspecting people, where Ellen instructing the celebrities through remote ear piece.
Heads Up!
Heads Up! is a game that DeGeneres plays with other celebrities. The game originally has players guess the word on the physical cards held to another player's head as time counts down. DeGeneres and Warner Bros. Entertainment developed an app version of this game. The game became a huge success after its May 2013 launch, and it immediately shot to the top of the App Store and was downloaded over 650,000 times in its first month. Totally,it has been download for more than 25 million times by July 2016. It remains among Apple's top-paid apps three years after launch.[5]
Dancing[edit]
First Lady Michelle Obama and Ellen dance on the second anniversary of Let's Move!.
Since the show's debut, DeGeneres has segued from her opening monologue by doing a dance. The dancing proved to be extremely popular with viewers, and has since progressed to a segment where DeGeneres dances into the audience, sometimes borrowing a coat or purse from someone's chair, and taking it with her. She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves.
One of her most famous dance moves is dancing over the table, where she straddles the coffee table and dances from one end to the other. Although she does not do it every day, dancing over the table is a recurring theme. As an April Fools' Day prank in 2009, the show's staff placed a wider table top over her normal table. During the show, when DeGeneres attempted to dance over it, she barely made it across, being forced on her tip-toes and using the table as leverage. On the seventh-season premiere, DeGeneres performed a dance segment with the cast of So You Think You Can Dance.
In September 2009, four major record labels sued the producers of the show for unspecified damages over the dance routine, for allegedly using songs without permission.[6]
Sophia Grace and Rosie[edit]
Main article: Sophia Grace & Rosie
Sophia Grace Brownlee (born April 18, 2003[7]) and her cousin Rosie McClelland (born September 7, 2006[8]) were first invited to the show after DeGeneres saw their YouTube video cover of "Super Bass" by Nicki Minaj, which Sophia Grace and Rosie posted on YouTube on September 19, 2011.[9] The then eight- and five-year-old Essex, England natives became recurring cast members on the show, where they hosted their own segment called "Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie". In the segment, the duo invites and interviews guest celebrities such as Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Hugh Grant, Julie Bowen, Harry Connick Jr., LL Cool J, Justin Bieber, and Reese Witherspoon over to tea. Sophia Grace and Rosie won the "Choice Webstar" at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for this segment. They have also been correspondents during the red carpet events such as the Grammy Awards, the American Music Awards, the Billboard Music Awards, and the MTV Video Music Awards. They appeared in the third episode (June 2013) and the eleventh episode (September 2013) of Sam & Cat. According to her representative, Sophia Grace had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood in Walt Disney Pictures' film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods, but she withdrew before production.[10] Sophia Grace & Rosie starred in their own movie called Sophia Grace and Rosie's Royal Adventure.
DeGeneres's mother[edit]
DeGeneres's mother, Betty, attends the show regularly and is frequently featured on camera.[citation needed]
Production information[edit]
Taping location[edit]
From 2003 to early 2008, the program was originally taped at studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank, California. It is now filmed in studio 1 (named "The Ellen Stage" since her 2,000th show that took place in November 2015) on the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank.
Personnel[edit]
The executive producers are DeGeneres, Mary Connelly, Ed Glavin, Andy Lassner and Jim Paratore. The writing staff has included Karen Kilgariff (former head writer), Karen Anderson, Margaret Smith and DeGeneres. Margaret Smith left the show to work on her own projects, including her first book, What Was I Thinking? How Being a Stand Up Did Nothing to Prepare Me to Become a Single Mother (Crossroad Publishing, 2008). Amy Rhodes, a former writer for the program, regularly appeared on camera during various segments.
DJ[edit]
Unlike most talk shows, the show uses a disc jockey to supply music rather than a band. Originally, the role was filled by Los Angeles-based DJ Scott K, who lasted only a few weeks. He was later replaced by Tony Okungbowa, who DJed through season 3. Due to his growing acting career, Okungbowa left the show, and a few guest DJs were brought in to try out for the position. Tony was replaced by actor/DJ Jon Abrahams for the fourth-season premiere. Abrahams stayed on the show for one season, and also left as his acting career grew. Ted Stryker of KROQ, was the DJ for the fifth season. Stryker stayed for one season until Okungbowa returned. In a recent[when?] episode, DJ Pauly D from Jersey Shore deejayed when Okungbowa was promoting his CD.
Starting in season 11, several episodes include celebrity "guest DJs" filling the DJ position in Okungbowa's absence. The most frequently appearing guest DJs are Stephen "tWitch" Boss of So You Think You Can Dance fame, and comedian Loni Love.
Okungbowa made a return appearance on the show in the April 28, 2014 episode, while Loni made a return in the June 5, 2015 episode.[citation needed]
2007 Writers Guild strike[edit]
DeGeneres, a member of the Writers Guild of America, supported the 2007 writers' strike.[11] However, on November 9, 2007, DeGeneres crossed the picket line to tape more episodes of her TV show stating:
“ It was explained to me that no other daytime shows have shut down. I've got 135 employees that rely on me for a paycheck. But it's been the hardest thing in the world driving onto this lot.[11] ”
DeGeneres decided to abstain from doing a monologue on her show (which is typically written by WGA writers) during the strike.[12] Her show continued production as normal with the exception of her monologue being omitted. The WGAE issued a statement condemning DeGeneres, stating she was "not welcome in NY."[13] DeGeneres's representatives asserted that she did not violate the WGA's agreement, arguing that she is competing with other first-run syndicated shows like Dr. Phil and Live with Regis and Kelly during the competitive November sweeps period, and that DeGeneres must fulfill her duties as host and producer, lest her show lose its time slot or be held in breach of contract. In addition, a statement defending DeGeneres was subsequently issued by AFTRA, pointing out that DeGeneres also works under the AFTRA TV Code, which bars her from striking. The WGAE then issued a response pointing out that DeGeneres is also a Writers Guild member, and that any writing work she did on her show during the strike constituted struck work.[14][15]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Ellen DeGeneres Show episodes
Special episodes[edit]
Several episodes have aired with a special theme or format, including a "Backwards Show", entire episodes themed around Broadway productions, a Thanksgiving special taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City, and an entire episode which included Deltalina filmed on a Delta airplane. Other recurring themes feature products from sponsors DeGeneres likes (similar to Oprah's Favorite Things from the now ended The Oprah Winfrey Show), specials following awards show telecasts (such as the Academy Awards), and numerous milestone episodes (e.g., DeGeneres's 1,000th, 1300th, 1500th, etc. broadcast). In 2017, an episode aired commemorating the 20th anniversary of "The Puppy Episode", the episode of her sitcom Ellen, in which her character Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian.
The episode titled "Sirdeaner Walker Interview" was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Talk Show Episode" during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.[16]
On January 11, 2013, DeGeneres announced that she was going to Australia in March with her wife, Australian actress Portia de Rossi, after having wanted to go for many years, however being unable to visit in summer (which she preferred) due to taping conflicts of her show.[17] Toward the end of the episode, which featured Nicole Kidman as a guest, she announced to the audience that they will also be going on a holiday to Australia in a giveaway special.
On March 3, 2014, DeGeneres hosted the show live, one day after her being the host of the 86th Academy Awards. This episode features this year's Oscar winners Cate Blanchett, Jared Leto and Lupita Nyong'o as guests.
On two occasions, DeGeneres was unable to host the show due to sickness. On January 24, 2014, guest DJ for that day Ellie Kemper filled in to be the first guest host on the show. On September 29, 2016, day four of the 7th Annual Cat Week, Miley Cyrus took over as host.
Reception[edit]
The show has been met with considerable success, and has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017. Additionally, as the show's popularity has increased, the program has appeared in plot elements of storylines in several scripted television programs, including Joey, Six Feet Under and The Bernie Mac Show, among others.
Ratings[edit]
The show averages around 2.9 million viewers per episode, according to daytime television ratings, making it a highly viewed daytime show.[18] It usually only trails behind Live with Kelly, and Dr. Phil in total viewers. By 2017, the show passed Live with Kelly and only trails behind Dr. Phil.[19]
Awards[edit]
The show has won a total of 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017, including four for Outstanding Talk Show (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007) and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017). The show first fourteen seasons surpassed the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show,which received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000. DeGeneres herself has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host four times (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). The show has also won Emmys in numerous writing and technical categories. It won the Genesis Award for "Best Talk Show" in 2010 and 2012. DeGeneres has won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Daytime TV Host" 14 times, making her the most awarded person in the People's Choice Awards's history.[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Weiner, Natalie (August 12, 2015). "Pink Debuts New Ellen Theme Song Ahead of Season 13 Premiere". Billboard. United States. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "When It's On–The Ellen DeGeneres Show". Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ellen's Movin' on Up!". Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NBC stations renew 'The Ellen DeGeneres Show' through 2020". Variety. Variety. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robehmed, Natalie. "Heads Up, Up and Away: How Ellen DeGeneres' Game Became A Hit". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis, Alex (September 11, 2009). "Record labels sue over use of songs on "Ellen" show". Reuters. Los Angeles. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sophia Grace Brownlee (Bio, Sam & Cat cast and characters)". DanSchneider.com. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rosie McClelland (Bio, Sam & Cat cast and characters)". DanSchneider.com. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Belkin, Lisa (March 8, 2012). "Sophia Grace And Rosie: How Do You Parent Daughters Like These?". Huff Post Parents. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cerasaro, Pat (September 17, 2013). "Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained; Dad Comments". Broadway World. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Justin, Neal (November 16, 2007). "Television: Tears, strike aside, DeGeneres shows go on". Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ellen DeGeneres Speaks Only In Exotic Birdcalls As A Gesture Of Writer Solidarity". Defamer. November 9, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (November 9, 2007). "WGAE States Ellen "Not Welcome In NY"". Deadline Hollywood Daily. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (November 9, 2007). "UrgentT! AFTRA Defends Ellen; Rep Says She "Has Done Nothing" To Violate WGA". Deadline Hollywood Daily. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (November 10, 2007). "WGAE Replies To AFTRA About Ellen Mess". Deadline Hollywood Daily. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ "21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards – English Language Nominees". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Horton, Sally (January 11, 2013). "First Oprah. Now Ellen". The Age. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert. "Syndicated Ratings: Oprah Still Ahead of Judge Judy; Monk Lives On". ZAP2It. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Ellen' Reclaims Second Place in Ratings From 'Live With Kelly & Ryan'". TheWrap. 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (2017-01-19). "Watch Ellen DeGeneres Win More People's Choice Awards Than Anyone". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ellen DeGeneres Show.
Official website
The Ellen DeGeneres Show on IMDb
The Ellen DeGeneres Show at TV.com
(archived 06/12/2007)
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Restoration (England)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The Restoration" redirects here. For the 1910 American silent film, see The Restoration (1910 film).
For details of the Scottish, Irish and colonial restorations, see Restoration (1660).
Restoration
1660 – 1685 (1714)
King Charles II by Lely (c. 1675)
Preceded by
Interregnum
Followed by
Georgian era
Monarch(s)
Charles II
James II
William III
Mary II
Anne
Leader(s)
Sir Thomas Parker
Periods in English history
[hide]
Prehistoric Britain until c. 43
Roman Britain c. 43–410
Anglo-Saxon c. 500–1066
Norman 1066–1154
Plantagenet 1154–1485
Tudor 1485–1603
Elizabethan
1558–1603
Stuart 1603–1714
Jacobean
1603–1625
Caroline
1625–1649
(Interregnum)
1649–1660
Restoration
1660–1714
Georgian 1714–1837
Regency
1811–1837
Victorian 1837–1901
Edwardian 1901–1914
First World War 1914–1918
Interwar Britain 1918–1939
Second World War 1939–1945
See also
Political history (1945–present)
Social history (1945–present)
Timeline
v
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The Restoration of the English monarchy took place in the Stuart period. It began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under King Charles II. This followed the Interregnum, also called the Protectorate, that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established.[1] It is very often used to cover the whole reign of Charles II (1660–1685) and often the brief reign of his younger brother James II (1685–1688).[2] In certain contexts it may be used to cover the whole period of the later Stuart monarchs as far as the death of Queen Anne and the accession of the Hanoverian George I in 1714;[3] for example Restoration comedy typically encompasses works written as late as 1710.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Protectorate
2 Restoration of Charles II
3 Commonwealth regicides and rebels
3.1 Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles
4 Venner rebellion (January 1661)
5 Religious settlement
6 Restoration Britain
7 End of the Restoration
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
The Protectorate[edit]
The Commonwealth, which preceded the English Restoration, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months, an army faction known as the Wallingford House party removed him on 6 May 1659 and reinstalled the Rump Parliament.[4] Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On 9 June 1659, he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his leadership was undermined in Parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the post-First Civil War Parliament. A royalist uprising was planned for 1 August 1659, but it was foiled. However, Sir George Booth gained control of Cheshire; Charles II hoped that with Spanish support he could effect a landing, but none was forthcoming.[5] Booth held Cheshire until the end of August when he was defeated by General Lambert. The Commons, on 12 October 1659, cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker.[6] The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general.[6] The Committee of Safety sent Lambert with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms.[6]
It was into this atmosphere that Monck, the governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. Monck marched to London unopposed. The Presbyterian members, excluded in Pride's Purge of 1648, were recalled, and on 24 December the army restored the Long Parliament.[6] Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before Parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March 1660, Lambert was sent to the Tower of London, from which he escaped a month later. He tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Old Cause" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill, but he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a participant in the regicide of Charles I who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime.[6] Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody on Guernsey in 1694; Ingoldsby was indeed pardoned.[7]
Restoration of Charles II[edit]
The departure of Charles II from Scheveningen (1660).
On 4 April 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649.[8] "Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never happened."[9] Charles returned from exile, leaving the Hague on 23 May and landing at Dover on 25 May.[10] He entered London on 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday. To celebrate His Majesty's Return to his Parliament, 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day.[11] He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.[10]
Some contemporaries described the Restoration as "a divinely ordained miracle". The sudden and unexpected deliverance from usurpation and tyranny was interpreted as a restoration of the natural and divine order.[12] The Cavalier Parliament convened for the first time on 8 May 1661, and it would endure for over 17 years, finally being dissolved on 24 January 1679. Like its predecessor, it was overwhelmingly Royalist. It is also known as the Pensionary Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King.[citation needed]
The leading political figure at the beginning of the Restoration was Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. It was the "skill and wisdom of Clarendon" which had "made the Restoration unconditional".[13]
Many Royalist exiles returned and were rewarded. Prince Rupert of the Rhine returned to the service of England, became a member of the privy council, and was provided with an annuity. George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, returned to be the Captain of the King's guard and received a pension. Marmaduke Langdale returned and was made "Baron Langdale". William Cavendish, Marquess of Newcastle, returned and was able to regain the greater part of his estates. He was invested in 1666 with the Order of the Garter (which had been bestowed upon him in 1650), and was advanced to a dukedom on 16 March 1665.[citation needed]
Commonwealth regicides and rebels[edit]
Thomas Harrison, the first person found guilty of regicide during the Restoration
The Indemnity and Oblivion Act, which became law on 29 August 1660, pardoned all past treason against the crown, but specifically excluded those involved in the trial and execution of Charles I. Thirty-one of the 59 commissioners (judges) who had signed the death warrant in 1649 were living. The regicides were hunted down; some escaped but most were found and put on trial. Three escaped to the American colonies. New Haven, Connecticut, secretly harbored Edward Whalley, William Goffe and John Dixwell, and after American independence named streets after them to honour them as forefathers of the American Revolution.[14]
In the ensuing trials, twelve were condemned to death. Fifth Monarchist Thomas Harrison, the first person found guilty of regicide, who had been the seventeenth of the 59 commissioners to sign the death warrant, was the first regicide to be hanged, drawn and quartered because he was considered by the new government still to represent a real threat to the re-established order. In October 1660, at Charing Cross or Tyburn, London, ten were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered: Thomas Harrison, John Jones, Adrian Scrope, John Carew, Thomas Scot, and Gregory Clement, who had signed the king's death warrant; the preacher Hugh Peters; Francis Hacker and Daniel Axtell, who commanded the guards at the king's trial and execution; and John Cooke, the solicitor who directed the prosecution. The 10 judges who were on the panel but did not sign the death warrant were also convicted.[15]
Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, Judge Thomas Pride, and Judge John Bradshaw were posthumously attainted for high treason. Because Parliament is a court, the highest in the land, a bill of attainder is a legislative act declaring a person guilty of treason or felony, in contrast to the regular judicial process of trial and conviction. In January 1661, the corpses of Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw were exhumed and hanged in chains at Tyburn.
In 1661 John Okey, one of the regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I, was brought back from Holland along with Miles Corbet, friend and lawyer to Cromwell, and John Barkstead, former constable of the Tower of London. They were all imprisoned in the Tower. From there they were taken to Tyburn and hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662. A further 19 regicides were imprisoned for life.
John Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the Restoration, he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in Guernsey for the rest of his life. Sir Henry Vane the Younger served on the Council of State during the Interregnum even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the King's execution. At the Restoration, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty and beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662.
Regrant of certain Commonwealth titles[edit]
Further information: Knights, baronets and peers of the Protectorate
The Instrument of Government, The Protectorate's written constitutions, gave to the Lord Protector the King's power to grant titles of honour. Over 30 new knighthoods were granted under the Protectorate. These knighthoods passed into oblivion upon the Restoration of Charles II, however many were regranted by the restored King.
Of the eleven Protectorate baronetcies, two had been previously granted by Charles I during the Civil War — but under Commonwealth legislation they were not recognised under the Protectorate (hence the Lord Protector's regranting of them), however when that legislation passed into oblivion these two baronets were entitled to use the baronetcies granted by Charles I — and Charles II regranted four more. Only one now continues: Sir Richard Thomas Willy, 14th baronet, is the direct successor of Sir Griffith Williams. Of the remaining Protectorate baronets one, Sir William Ellis, was granted a knighthood by Charles II.
Edmund Dunch was created Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658, but this barony was not regranted. The male line failed in 1719 with the death of his grandson, also Edmund Dunch, so no one can lay claim to the title.
The one hereditary viscountcy Cromwell created for certain,[a] (making Charles Howard Viscount Howard of Morpeth and Baron Gilsland) continues to this day. In April 1661, Howard was created Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, and Baron Dacre of Gillesland. The present Earl is a direct descendant of this Cromwellian creation and Restoration recreation.
Venner rebellion (January 1661)[edit]
On 6 January 1661, about 50 Fifth Monarchists, headed by a wine-cooper named Thomas Venner, tried to gain possession of London in the name of "King Jesus". Most were either killed or taken prisoner; on 19 and 21 January 1661, Venner and 10 others were hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason.
Religious settlement[edit]
The Church of England was restored as the national Church in England, backed by the Clarendon Code and the Act of Uniformity 1662. People reportedly "pranced around May poles as a way of taunting the Presbyterians and Independents" and "burned copies of the Solemn League and Covenant".[16]
Restoration Britain[edit]
Historian Roger Baker argues that the Restoraion and Charles' coronation mark a reversal of the stringent Puritan morality, "as though the pendulum [of England's morality] swung from repression to licence more or less overnight".[17] Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism lost its momentum, and the bawdy "Restoration comedy" became a recognisable genre. In addition, women were allowed to perform on the commercial stage as professional actresses for the first time. In Scotland, Episcopacy was reinstated.
To celebrate the occasion and cement their diplomatic relations, the Dutch Republic presented Charles with the Dutch Gift, a fine collection of old master paintings, classical sculptures, furniture, and a yacht.
End of the Restoration[edit]
Main article: Glorious Revolution
Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, commemorating the start of the Glorious Revolution in 1688
The Glorious Revolution ended the Restoration. The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James' daughter.
In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence and ordered all Anglican clergymen to read it to their congregations. When seven bishops, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel. On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles invited the Prince of Orange to come to England with an army; by September it became clear that William would invade England. When William arrived on 5 November 1688, James lost his nerve, declined to attack the invading Dutch and tried to flee to France. He was captured in Kent; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, William, Prince of Orange, let him escape on 23 December. James was received in France by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension.
William convened a Convention Parliament to decide how to handle the situation. While the Parliament refused to depose James, they declared that James, having fled to France had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne was vacant. To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, Prince of Orange, who would be king. The English Parliament passed the Bill of Rights of 1689 that denounced James for abusing his power. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments. The bill also declared that henceforth no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.
See also[edit]
Restoration literature
Royal Society
Rota Club
Restoration spectacular
Restoration style
Restoration, novel by Rose Tremain, and the film based on it
Samuel Pepys, whose diary is one of the primary historical sources for this period
17th-century Britain
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cromwell had intended to make Bulstrode Whitelocke a viscount but it is not clear if he so before he died
Jump up ^ CEE staff 2007, Restoration.
Jump up ^ EB staff 2012, Restoration.
Jump up ^ Yadav 2010.
Jump up ^ Keeble 2002, pp. 8–10.
Jump up ^ Hutton 2000, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Firth 1892, p. 10.
Jump up ^ House of Commons 1802a.
Jump up ^ Harris 2005, p. 47.
^ Jump up to: a b Pepys Diary 23 April 1661.
Jump up ^ House of Commons 1802b.
Jump up ^ Jones 1978, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Clark 1953, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Weight & Haggith 2014, pp. 18-21.
Jump up ^ McIntosh 1982, pp. 195-216.
Jump up ^ Harris 2005, pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ Baker 1994, p. 85.
References[edit]
Baker, Roger (1994). Drag: A History of Female Impersonation In The Performing Arts. New York City: NYU Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-8147-1253-3.
CEE staff (2007). "Restoration". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lambert, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 108,109.
EB staff (2012). "Restoration". Encyclopaedia Britannica (online ed.). Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Clark, Sir George (1953). The Later Stuarts 1660–1714 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 3.
Firth, Charles Harding (1892). "Ingoldsby, Richard (d.1685)". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 9–11.
Harris, Tim (2005). Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685. Allen Lane.
""House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 8 May 1660". Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 8, 1660-1667. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 16-18. 1802a.
"House of Commons Journal Volume 8: 30 May 1660". Journal of the House of Commons: Volume 8, 1660-1667. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 49-50. 1802b.
Hutton, Ronald (2000). The British Republic 1649–1660 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. p. 121.
Jones, J.R. (1978). Country and Court: England 1658–1714. Edward Arnold. p. 15.
Keeble, N. H. (2002). The Restoration: England in the 1660s, History of Early Modern England Series. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-23617-1.
McIntosh, A.W. (1982). "The Numbers of the English Regicides". History. 67 (220): 195–216. JSTOR 24418886.
Weight, Richard; Haggith, Toby (February 2014). "Reluctant Regicides". History Today. 64 (22): 18–21.
Yadav, Alok (18 July 2010). "Historical Outline of Restoration and 18th-Century British Literature". Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Lockyer, Roger (2004). Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485-1714 (3rd ed.). ISBN 978-0582771888.
External links[edit]
https://web.archive.org/web/20050707081040/http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html
Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658–60', by Brian Manning
Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration By Sir Charles Harding Firth
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