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Two pounds (British coin)
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This article is about the circulating £2 coins first issued 1998 (dated 1997) and the commemorative coins issued from 1986 to 1996. For earlier two pound coins, see Two pounds (British gold coin).
Two pounds
United Kingdom
Value
2 pounds sterling
Mass
12 g
Diameter
28.4 mm
Thickness
2.5 mm
Edge
Milled, with incuse lettering
Composition
Outer ring: Nickel-brass
(76% Cu, 20% Zn and 4% Ni)
Centre: Cupro-nickel
(75% Cu , 25% Ni)
Years of minting
1997–present
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Designer
Jody Clark
Design date
2015
Reverse
Design
Britannia
Designer
Antony Dufort
Design date
2015
The British two pound (£2) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin’s introduction. Three different portraits of the Queen have been used, with the current design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The reverse design features Britannia.
The coin was introduced on 15 June 1998 (coins minted 1997) after a review of the United Kingdom's coinage decided that a general-circulation £2 coin was needed.[1] The new Bi-metallic coin design replaced a series of commemorative, uni-metallic coins which were issued between 1986 and 1996 to celebrate special occasions. Although legal tender, these coins have never been common in everyday circulation.
As of March 2014 there were an estimated 417 million £2 coins in circulation with an estimated face value of £834 million.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Variants
3 Mintages
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Design[edit]
The original reverse design, by Bruce Rushin
The original reverse of the coin, designed by Bruce Rushin, is an abstract design symbolising the history of technological achievement, accompanied by the words TWO POUNDS above, and the year of minting below. This was the first bi-metallic coin to be produced for circulation in Britain since the tin farthing with a copper plug produced in 1692, and is the highest denomination coin in common circulation in the UK. The coin consists of an outer yellow metal nickel-brass ring made from 76% copper, 20% zinc, and 4% nickel, and an inner steel-coloured cupro-nickel disc made from 75% copper, 25% nickel. The coin weighs 12 grams and is 28.4 millimetres in diameter.
The design itself was first tried out in 1994 when the Royal Mint produced a short run of demonstration pieces to the new bi-metal standard. These pieces were not for circulation and were simply intended to test the manufacturing process. The coin was technically similar to the version which eventually entered circulation with the Maklouf effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of a sailing ship similar to that previously used on the reverse of the pre-decimal halfpenny piece. The inscription on the reverse read ROYAL MINT TRIAL 1994 with an edge inscription based on the one pound coin which read DECUS ET TUTAMEN ANNO REGNI XLVI, meaning "An ornament and a safeguard – in the 46th year of her reign". The 1994 pieces were never legal tender but were eventually released for sale as part of a presentation set in 1998. At the same time in 1994 the Royal Mint produced a mono-metallic trial two-pound coin, with the same ship reverse and inscription, but otherwise similar to the earlier commemorative coins. These were never issued in presentation sets, and so are much scarcer than the bi-metallic version.
Because of technical difficulties, the 1997-dated coins, which bear the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II by Raphael Maklouf, were not released to circulation until June 1998 (the same time as the 1998-dated coins). 1998 and later dated coins bear the effigy of the Queen by Ian Rank-Broadley. The Maklouf-effigy coins bear the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D[n 1] on the obverse; the Rank-Broadley coins bear the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA REG FID DEF.[n 1]
The reverse of the regular-issue coin, designed by Bruce Rushin, bears a concentric design symbolically representing technological development from the Iron Age, through the Industrial Revolution and the Electronic Age to the Internet, with the inscription TWO POUNDS above the design and the date below. An oddity of the design is that it depicts nineteen interlocking gears. Because there is an odd number of them, the mechanism could not actually turn. The coin has the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS, a quote taken from a letter by Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, in which he describes how his work was built on the knowledge of those that had gone before him. "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." (Newton was Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint.)
In February 2015, the Royal Mint announced a new design featuring Britannia by Antony Dufort replacing the previous design.[3] The new coins will feature the edge inscription QUATUOR MARIA VINDICO, meaning "I will claim the four seas", an inscription previously featured on coins bearing the image of Britannia.[4][5]
The comparative rarity of the Maklouf-effigy coins ("the ones with the necklace") has led to an urban myth that they are much more valuable than the other coins, but this is not true – there were over 13 million 1997-dated £2 coins issued. Another urban myth about the coin is that putting it in the freezer overnight causes the cupro-nickel centre to pop out, a claim which had been true of some early mintings of the similarly bimetallic Canadian 2 dollar coin.
Variants[edit]
In addition to the standard designs there have been several variant reverse designs used on the £2 coin to commemorate important events. These are summarised in the table below.
Reverse designs (Images: [2])
Year
Event
Design
Edge Inscription
Designer
1986 XIII Commonwealth Games Cross of St Andrew, crown of laurel leaves and Scottish Thistle XIII COMMONWEALTH GAMES JULY 1986 Norman Sillman
1989 Tercentenary of the Bill of Rights Cypher of 'W&M' (King William and Queen Mary) interlaced surmounting a horizontal Parliamentary Mace and representation of the Royal Crown above and the dates 1689 and 1989 below, all within the inscription 'Tercentenary of the Bill of Rights' None (milled) John Lobban
1989 Tercentenary of the Claim of Right Cypher of 'W&M' (King William and Queen Mary) interlaced surmounting a horizontal Parliamentary Mace and representation of the Royal Crown above and the dates 1689 and 1989 below, all within the inscription 'Tercentenary of the Claim of Right' None (milled) John Lobban
1994 Tercentenary of the Bank of England The Bank's Corporate Seal including the Crown and Cypher of King William and Queen Mary and the dates 1694–1994 SIC VOS NON VOBIS
(Translation > "Thus we do, but not for ourselves") Leslie Durbin
1995 50th Anniversary of the end of the Second World War A stylised representation of a Dove as the symbol of peace 1945 IN PEACE GOODWILL 1995 John Mills
1995 50th Anniversary of the founding of the United Nations 50th anniversary symbol of United Nations and a fanning pattern of flags with the inscription NATIONS UNITED FOR PEACE above and the dates '1945–1995' below None (milled) Michael Rizzello
1996 10th European Football Championship A stylised representation of a football, with the date of 1996 centrally placed and encircled by sixteen small rings TENTH EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP John Mills
1999 1999 Rugby World Cup Design depicts a stadium, on which is superimposed a rugby ball and goalpost. The date '1999' above separated by goal-posts from the value 'TWO POUNDS' below Rugby World Cup 1999 Ron Dutton
2001 100th Anniversary of Marconi's 1st Wireless Transmission across the Atlantic Radio waves decorating centre and outer border while a spark of electricity linking the zeros of the date represents the generation of the signal WIRELESS BRIDGES THE ATLANTIC...MARCONI 1901... Robert Evans
2002 XVII Commonwealth Games in Manchester Stylised figure of an athlete holding a banner and the inscription XVII Commonwealth Games 2002. Behind the athlete is a circle containing a flag – there are four different versions of this coin, each with one of the flags of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England in this circle SPIRIT OF FRIENDSHIP, MANCHESTER 2002 Matthew Bonaccorsi
2003 50th Anniversary of the discovery of DNA A representation of the double helical structure of DNA with the words DNA Double Helix above and 'TWO POUNDS' and the dates '1953–2003' below DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID John Mills
2004 200th Anniversary of the first steam locomotive by Richard Trevithick A representation of a steam locomotive engine with the words 'TWO POUNDS' above and inside a cog wheel, the words R.TREVITHICK 1804 INVENTION INDUSTRY PROGRESS 2004 as a circumscription None (milled with an incuse railway line motif) Robert Lowe
2005 400th anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot An arrangement of crossiers, maces and swords surrounded by stars and the dates 1605 & 2005. Denomination TWO POUNDS below REMEMBER REMEMBER THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER Peter Forster
2005 60th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day Design depicts St Paul's Cathedral illuminated by searchlights and the value 'TWO POUNDS' sbove and the dates 1945–2005 below In Victory Magnanimity in Peace Goodwill Bob Elderton
2006 Bicentennial of the birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel Depiction of a section of the roof of Paddington Station with the dates 2006 above and the name BRUNEL to the right and the denomination TWO POUNDS below SO MANY IRONS IN THE FIRE Robert Evans
2006 Bicentennial of the birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel A portrait of Isambard Kingdom Brunel with two of his engineering achievements, encircled by a chain with the denomination TWO POUNDS above and the date 2006 below 1806–1859 ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL ENGINEER Rod Kelly
2007 Tercentenary of the Act of Union between England and Scotland A design dividing the coin into four quarters, with a rose and a thistle occupying two of the quarters and a portcullis in each of the other two quarters. The whole design is overlaid with a linking jigsaw motif and surrounded by the dates "1707" and "2007", and the denomination "TWO POUNDS" UNITED INTO ONE KINGDOM Yvonne Holton
2007 Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire The date "1807" with the "0" depicted as a broken chain link, surrounded by the inscription "AN ACT FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE" and the date "2007" AM I NOT A MAN AND A BROTHER David Gentleman
2008 Olympic Handover Ceremony A flag showing the five Olympic rings being passed from a hand on the left to a hand on the right. The surrounding inscription reads "BEIJING 2008" left of image and "LONDON 2012" to right. The London 2012 olympic logo is at the bottom of the coin overlapping both metals I CALL UPON THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD The Royal Mint Engraving Team
2008 The Centenary of the London Olympic Games of 1908 Four lanes of a running track extend from bottom left and converge into distance towards top right. The lane numbers show "1908" across the lanes with "TWO POUNDS 2008" written along the lanes. The inscription "LONDON OLYMPIC CENTENARY" is shown around the upper right half of the coin THE 4TH OLYMPIAD LONDON Thomas T Docherty
2009 250th Anniversary of the birth of Robert Burns A handwriting style of font reads [sic] "we'll tak a cup a' kindness yet, for auld lang syne". The inscription "1759 ROBERT BURNS 1796" above, "TWO POUNDS" below SHOULD AULD ACQUAINTANCE BE FORGOT The Royal Mint Engraving Team
2009 200th Anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth A profile portrait of Charles Darwin on left, facing right, stares into the face of a chimpanzee on right, facing left. The inscription "1809 . DARWIN . 2009" above, "TWO POUNDS" below ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1859 Suzie Zamit
2010 100th Anniversary of the death of Florence Nightingale The design portrays a pulse being taken, whilst the background symbolises the rays of light from the lamp that Florence Nightingale was known for carrying during her rounds to tend to the wounded troops in the Crimean War. Surrounded by the inscription "1820 – FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE – 1910" with "TWO POUNDS" below 150 YEARS OF NURSING Gordon Summers
2011 400th Anniversary of the King James Bible The design features typeset in a replica of the black letter typeface used in the first edition: the reversed, raised text of the printing block on the left and the recessed text of the printed word on the right, taking the form of the quote, ‘In the beginning was the Word’ (John 1:1).’[6] Inscription "KING JAMES BIBLE" above, "1611–2011" below THE AUTHORISED VERSION Paul Stafford & Benjamin Wright
2011 500th Anniversary of the maiden voyage of the Mary Rose The Mary Rose sailing right, based upon a 1546 pictorial survey of Henry VIII's navy. Inscription "THE MARY ROSE" above, "TWO POUNDS" below YOUR NOBLEST SHIPPE 1511 John Bergdahl
2012 200th Anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens A profile outline of Charles Dickens, facing left, created from the titles of Dickens’ famous works. Inscription "1812 CHARLES DICKENS 1870" to left SOMETHING WILL TURN UP Matthew Dent
2012 The London 2012 Handover to Rio The design depicts the moment of a baton handover in a relay race. The hand holding the baton descends from top right, above a sweeping UK flag which twists to become the flag of Brazil below the hand reaching up from bottom left to take the baton.[7] Inscription "LONDON 2012" top left, "RIO 2016" bottom right. The London 2012 olympic logo is at the very top of the coin I CALL UPON THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD Jonathan Olliffe
2013 London Underground 150th Anniversary – The Train The front of a tube train (1967 stock) fills the cupro-nickel centre of the coin as if approaching out of a tunnel formed by the surrounding nickel-brass outer ring of the coin. Inscription "1863 · LONDON UNDERGROUND · 2013" above Linear representation of the Tube map Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby
2013 London Underground 150th Anniversary – The Roundel A representation of the London Underground logo with "1863" above and "2013" below MIND THE GAP Edwina Ellis
2013 The 350th Anniversary of the Guinea A recreation of the design on what became known as the "spade guinea": a shield with the arms of King George III. Surrounding inscription "ANNIVERSARY OF THE GOLDEN GUINEA 2013" WHAT IS A GUINEA? ‘TIS A SPLENDID THING (Stephen Kemble quotation) Anthony Smith ARBS
2014 100th Anniversary of the Outbreak of the First World War A representation of the famous recruitment poster featuring Lord Kitchener with the legend "YOUR COUNTRY NEEDS YOU". Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914–1918" with "2014" below THE LAMPS ARE GOING OUT ALL OVER EUROPE John Bergdahl[8]
2014 500th Anniversary of Trinity House The beacon of a lighthouse shining out to left and right. Surrounding inscription "1514 TRINITY HOUSE 2014" with "TWO POUNDS" below. SERVING THE MARINER Joe Whitlock-Blundell and David Eccles[8]
2015 800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta[9] King John is signing the Charter witnessed by a bishop and baron. Surrounding inscription "MAGNA CARTA" with "1215 - 2015" below FOUNDATION OF LIBERTY John Bergdahl
2015 The Royal Navy[10] Iron Duke-class battleship in profile with a lone seaplane on the starboard side and sea birds on the port side. Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914 - 1918" with "2015" below THE SURE SHIELD OF BRITAIN David Rowlands
2016 William Shakespeare[11] Comedy - Jesters hat and stick. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below All the Worlds a Stage John Bergdahl
2016 William Shakespeare[11] History - crown with a dagger through the middle of the crown. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below The Hollow Crown John Bergdahl
2016 William Shakespeare[11] Tragedy - skull with a rose. Surrounding inscription "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE" with "2016" below What a piece of work is a man John Bergdahl
2016 The Army[12] Surrounding inscription "THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918" with "2016" below FOR KING AND COUNTRY John Bergdahl
2016 The Great Fire of London[13] Surrounding inscription "1666 THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON 2016" with "TWO POUNDS" below THE WHOLE CITY IN DREADFUL FLAMES Aaron West
2017 Jane Austen Silhouette of Jane Austen's head, overlaid by her signature. THERE IS NO DOING WITHOUT MONEY Dominique Evans
2017 First World War Aviation Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8, carrying a pilot and his observer, taking reconnaissance photography over the Battle of Arras.[14] THE SKY RAINED HEROES Dan Flashman
2018 100th Anniversary of the Royal Air Force PER ARDUA AD ASTRA Rhys Morgan
2018 The 100th Anniversary of the First World War Armistice WILFRED OWEN KILLED IN ACTION 4 NOV 1918 Stephen Raw
2018 The 200th Anniversary of the publication of Frankenstein A SPARK OF BEING Thomas Docherty
Mintages[edit]
showUni-metallic coin
1986 ~ 8,212,184
1989 ~ 4,777,891
1994 ~ 1,443,116
1995 ~ 6,056,506
1996 ~ 5,141,350 [15]
showBi-metallic coin – total
1997 ~ 13,734,625
1998 ~ 91,110,375
1999 ~ 38,652,000
2000 ~ 25,770,000
2001 ~ 39,542,750
2002 ~ 13,024,750
2003 ~ 21,830,250
2004 ~ 16,986,000
2005 ~ 19,168,750
2006 ~ 32,095,500
2007 ~ 26,260,000
2008 ~ 31,935,000
2009 ~ 15,931,000
2010 ~ 13,065,000
2011 ~ 26,390,030
2012 ~ 4,745,000
2013 ~ 17,420,250
2014 ~ 18,200,000
2015 ~ 35,360,058[16]
showBi-metallic coin – commemoratives issued into circulation[16]
1999 ~ 4,933,000 (Rugby World Cup)
2001 ~ 4,558,000 (Marconi)
2002 ~ 771,750 (Commonwealth Games – Scotland)
2002 ~ 588,500 (Commonwealth Games – Wales)
2002 ~ 485,500 (Commonwealth Games – Northern Ireland)
2002 ~ 650,500 (Commonwealth Games – England)
2003 ~ 4,299,000 (DNA)
2004 ~ 5,004,500 (Trevithick)
2005 ~ 10,191,000 (World War Two)
2005 ~ 5,140,500 (Gunpowder Plot)
2006 ~ 7,928,250 (Brunel – portrait)
2006 ~ 7,452,250 (Brunel – achievements)
2007 ~ 7,545,000 (Act of Union)
2007 ~ 8,445,000 (Abolition of Slave Trade)
2008 ~ 910,000 (1908 Olympic Games)
2008 ~ 918,000 (Beijing Olympic Games Handover)
2009 ~ 3,903,000 (Charles Darwin)
2009 ~ 3,253,000 (Robert Burns)
2010 ~ 6,175,000 (Florence Nightingale)
2011 ~ 975,000 (King James Bible)
2011 ~ 1,040,000 (The Mary Rose)
2012 ~ 845,000 (Rio Olympic Games Handover)
2012 ~ 8,190,000 (Charles Dickens – 200th Anniversary)
2013 ~ 1,690,000 (London Underground – train)
2013 ~ 1,560,000 (London Underground – roundel)
2013 ~ 2,990,000 (Anniversary of the Guinea)
2014 ~ 980,000 (Anniversary of the Outbreak of the First World War)
2014 ~ 3,705,000 (500th Anniversary of Trinity House)
2015 ~ 1,495,000 (800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta)
2015 ~ 650,000 (The Royal Navy)
2015 ~ 650,000 (Britannia)
2016 ~ 4,335,000 (William Shakespeare - Comedy)
2016 ~ 4,615,000 (William Shakespeare - History)
2016 ~ 5,695,000 (William Shakespeare - Tragedy)
2016 ~ 9,550,000 (First World War Army)
2016 ~ 5,135,000 (The Great Fire of London)
2016 ~ 2,925,000 (Britannia)
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Coins of the pound sterling
Banknotes of the pound sterling
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c For a details of inscriptions, see British coinage
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Two Pound Coin Designs and Specifications, Royal Mint
Jump up ^ "Mintage Figures". Royal Mint. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ A symbol of optimism BRITANNIA RETURNS Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "The Definitive 2015 United Kingdom £2 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin". Royal Mint. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
Jump up ^ Thomas Snelling (1762). A View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of England, from the Norman Conquest to the Present Time: Consider'd with Regard to Type, Legend, Sorts, Rarity, Weight, Fineness and Value : with Copper Plates. T. Snelling. p. 34.
Jump up ^ King James £2 coin issued, Royal Mint
Jump up ^ London 2012 Handover to Rio – the final London 2012 coin, Royal Mint
^ Jump up to: a b "The Royal Mint announces coins for 2014". Royal Mint. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ 800th Anniversary of the Magna Carta 2015 UK £2 BU Coin Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2014-11-13.
Jump up ^ The Royal Navy 2015 UK £2 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2014-11-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Shakespeare 2016 UK £2 Three-Coin BU Set Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ The Army 2016 UK £2 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ Great Fire of London 2016 UK £2 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin Royal Mint (www.royalmint.com). Retrieved on 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ [1] Coin Week (www.coinweek.com). Retrieved on 2018-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Commemorative £2 coins struck to circulating standard, 1986-96". Royal Mint. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b United Kingdom decimal coins issued into general circulation, Royal Mint. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
External links[edit]
Royal Mint – £2 coin
Coins of the UK – Decimal £2 Coins
The Pemember 'error' on the £2 Gunpowder Plot commemorative
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List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of cases that appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States involving the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Contents
[hide]
1 The establishment of religion
1.1 Standing to sue
1.2 Tax exemption to religious institutions
1.3 Legislative chaplains
1.4 Government-sponsored religious displays
1.5 Religion in public education
1.5.1 Prayer in public schools
1.5.2 Teaching of creationism in public schools
1.6 Governmental aid to church-related schools
1.7 Blue laws
1.8 Religious institution functioning as a government agency
1.9 Unequal government treatment of religious groups
2 The free exercise of religion
2.1 Polygamy
2.2 Religion and the right to work
2.3 Religious tests for public service or benefits
2.4 Free exercise and free speech
2.5 Free exercise and public education
2.6 Free Exercise and public property
2.7 Solicitation by religious groups
2.8 Free exercise and eminent domain
2.9 Ritual sacrifice of animals
2.10 Government intervention in church controversies
3 Freedom of speech
3.1 Sedition and imminent danger
3.2 False speech
3.3 Fighting words and the heckler's veto
3.4 Freedom of assembly and public forums
3.4.1 Time, place and manner
3.5 Symbolic speech
3.6 Compelled speech
3.6.1 Loyalty oaths and affirmations
3.7 School speech
3.8 Obscenity
3.8.1 Generally
3.8.2 As criminal offense
3.8.3 Search, seizure and forfeiture
3.8.4 Civil and administrative regulation
3.8.5 Internet
3.9 Government-funded speech
3.10 Speech by public employees
3.10.1 Political activity and Hatch Act of 1939
3.11 Commercial speech
4 Freedom of the press
4.1 Prior restraints and censorship
4.2 Privacy
4.3 Taxation and privileges
4.4 Defamation
4.5 Broadcast media
4.6 Government speech
5 Freedom of association
6 Right to petition
7 See also
8 Further reading
The establishment of religion[edit]
Standing to sue[edit]
Flast v. Cohen (1968)
Valley Forges and people Christian high school v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State (1982)
Tax exemption to religious institutions[edit]
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Legislative chaplains[edit]
Marsh v. Chambers (1984)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Government-sponsored religious displays[edit]
Lynch v. Donnnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
Religion in public education[edit]
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Prayer in public schools[edit]
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Teaching of creationism in public schools[edit]
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Governmental aid to church-related schools[edit]
Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education (1930)
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Board of Education v. Allen (1968)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Tilton v. Richardson (1971)
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist (1973)
Meek v. Pittenger (1975)
Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (1976)
Wolman v. Walter (1977)
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (1980)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Grand Rapids School District v. Ball (1985)
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Blue laws[edit]
Main article: Blue laws in the United States
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass., Inc. (1961)
Thornton v. Caldor (1985)
Religious institution functioning as a government agency[edit]
Larkin v. Grendel’s Den (1982)
Bowen v. Kendrick (1988)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School v. Grumet (1994)
Unequal government treatment of religious groups[edit]
Larson v. Valente (1982)
The free exercise of religion[edit]
Polygamy[edit]
Main article: List of polygamy court cases
Reynolds v. United States (1878)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Religion and the right to work[edit]
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Trans World Airlines v. Hardison (1977)
Ohio Civil Rights Commission v. Dayton Christian Schools (1986)
Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos (1987)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Religious tests for public service or benefits[edit]
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Free exercise and free speech[edit]
R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal (2006)
Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001)
Free exercise and public education[edit]
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (1990)
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District (1993)
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (1995)
Free Exercise and public property[edit]
Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette (1995)
Solicitation by religious groups[edit]
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
Jones v. City of Opelika (I) (1942)
Marsh v. Alabama (1942)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1981)
Free exercise and eminent domain[edit]
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Ritual sacrifice of animals[edit]
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
Government intervention in church controversies[edit]
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral (1952)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Jones v. Wolf (1979)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
Freedom of speech[edit]
Freedom of speech portal
Sedition and imminent danger[edit]
Debs v. United States (1919)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
False speech[edit]
United States v. Ohio (2011)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and the heckler's veto[edit]
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Freedom of assembly and public forums[edit]
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Martin v. Struthers (1943)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (1975)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Time, place and manner[edit]
Cases concerning restrictions on the time, place, and manner of speech
Chicago Police Dept. v. Mosley (1972)
Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972)
Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989)
Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York (1997)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Symbolic speech[edit]
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1972)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M. (2000)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech[edit]
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)
Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n (2016)
Loyalty oaths and affirmations[edit]
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works, (1951)
Adler v. Board of Ed. of City of New York, (1952)
Wieman v. Updegraff, (1952)
Speiser v. Randall, (1958)
Cramp v. Board of Public Instruction, (1961)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents, (1965)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb, (1974)
School speech[edit]
Speech by students in public secondary schools (for cases involving teachers' free-speech rights, see Public employees, below).
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Board of Education v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Poling v. Murphy(1989)
Guiles v. Marineau (2006)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity[edit]
Generally[edit]
Cases concerned with the definition of obscenity and whether a particular work or type of material is obscene.
Roth v. United States (1957)
Alberts v. California, (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen, (1958)
MANual Enterprises v. Day, (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts, (1966)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
As criminal offense[edit]
Appeals of criminal convictions for possessing, selling or distributing obscenity that focused on that issue
Rosen v. United States (1896)
Butler v. Michigan (1957)
Smith v. California, (1959)
Ginzburg v. United States, (1966)
Mishkin v. New York, (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Blount v. Rizzi (1971)
United States v. Reidel (1971)
Heller v. New York (1973)
United States v. Orito (1973)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Search, seizure and forfeiture[edit]
Cases involving the search and seizure of allegedly obscene material
Marcus v. Search Warrant, (1961)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Lee Art Theatre, Inc. v. Virginia (1968)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Roaden v. Kentucky (1973)
Lo-Ji Sales, Inc., v. New York (1979)
Maryland v. Macon (1985)
New York v. P.J. Video, Inc. (1986)
Civil and administrative regulation[edit]
Cases dealing with civil and administrative regulatory procedures aimed at suppressing or restricting obscenity, such as film-licensing boards or zoning regulations.
Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown (1957)
Kingsley Int'l Pictures Corp. v. Regents of Univ. of N. Y. (1959)
Times Film Corp. v. Chicago (1961)
Bantam Books v. Sullivan (1963)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Internet[edit]
Cases involving laws meant to restrict obscenity online
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Government-funded speech[edit]
Cases about restrictions on speech by third parties funded by the government.
Rust v. Sullivan (1991)
Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)
Speech by public employees[edit]
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Madison School District v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission (1976)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Snepp v. United States (1980)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
United States v. National Treasury Employees Union (1995)
San Diego v. Roe (2004)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2007)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Lane v. Franks (2014)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Political activity and Hatch Act of 1939[edit]
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Elrod v. Burns (1976)
Branti v. Finkel (1979)
Commercial speech[edit]
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn. (1978)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. (1983)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (2017)
Freedom of the press[edit]
Prior restraints and censorship[edit]
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart (1976)
Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy[edit]
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia (1980)[1][2]
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Wilson v. Layne (1999)
Taxation and privileges[edit]
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation[edit]
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Garrison v. Louisiana (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1981)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Hoeper v. Air Wisconsin (2014)
Broadcast media[edit]
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1968)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1989)
Turner Broadcasting v. FCC (1995)
Government speech[edit]
Cases pertaining to whether or not extending protections to speech constitutes government endorsement of speech.
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Freedom of association[edit]
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Shelton v. Tucker (1960)
Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (1963)
Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Right to petition[edit]
United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
Thomas v. Collins (1945)
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961)
NAACP v. Button (1963)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972)
Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (1979)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Meyer v. Grant (1988)
Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999)
BE and K Construction Co. V. National Labor Relations Board (2002)
Doe v. Reed (2010)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
See also[edit]
List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom
Further reading[edit]
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Kermit L. Hall, ed.
The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions. Kermit L. Hall, ed.
Alley, Robert S. (1999). The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-703-1.
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Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Lund v. Rowan County (4th Cir., 2017)
Bormuth v. County of Jackson (6th Cir., 2017)
Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
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Free Exercise Clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
show
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
False speech
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Smith v. California (1959)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases (2009 and 2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
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Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
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Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
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show
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
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Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Loewen v. Turnipseed (N.D. Miss., 1980)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
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Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
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Copyrighted materials
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Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
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Corsage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Colors for corsages are usually chosen to coordinate with attire
A corsage /kɔːrˈsɑːʒ/ is a small bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or around her wrist for a formal occasion. Traditionally, they are given to her by her date. Today, corsages are most commonly seen at homecomings, proms, and similar formal events.[1]
The corsage is worn on a young woman's clothing or wrist for a homecoming celebration or other formal occasions such as prom in some schools around the world.
In some countries, corsages are worn by the mothers and grandmothers of the bride and groom at a wedding ceremony.[2]
In some cases, young girls may wear a corsage to a father-daughter dance, and the father may also wear a boutonnière.[3]
Sometimes incorrectly called corsages, flowers worn by men are called buttonholes or boutonnières. At school events such as homecoming or prom, the couple traditionally coordinates the corsage and boutonnière with one other, signifying that the couple is paired together and separating themselves from other guests or groups.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Homecoming and prom
3 Types
4 Tools
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
A traditional pin-on corsage
Although today the term corsage refers to any small bouquet of flowers that a woman wears,[5] the tradition of wearing them pinned to clothing dates as far back as Ancient Greece, when small bunches of fragrant flowers and herbs were worn at weddings to ward off evil spirits.[6] During the 16th and 17th centuries, corsages and boutonnieresmay have been a part of daily life to prevent disease and to ward off evil spirits, but over time, they became special-occasion pieces.[7]
The word corsage comes from the French term bouquet de corsage, meaning "a bouquet of the bodice" which was traditionally worn by women to weddings and funerals.[5] Eventually, the term shortened to corsage.[7] In the early 19th century, corsages were regarded as a courting gift and were often given at formal dances.[6] Traditionally, the gentleman would bring a gift of flowers for his date's parents and would select one of the flowers to give to his date, which would then be carried or attached to her clothing, usually on the shoulder.[6] During the 1950s, some corsages were made with fruit and would be seen on hats for decoration.[4] As dress styles changed, pinning the corsage to the dress became impractical, and wrist corsages became the norm.[6]
A young high school couple pinning the corsages on before homecoming.
Today's corsages are still very similar to those made in previous decades, although they are much smaller now.[4] It is still customary for a male to give his female date a corsage when attending a formal dance, but they are also sometimes given to a daughter attending a formal event by her parents or worn by the mothers and grandmothers of the bride and groom at a wedding.[6] Flowers used should be complementary in color to the attire, and corsages and boutonnières should be coordinated to indicate that a couple is attending the event together.[4] Corsages are often dried and pressed to be preserved as mementos.[7]
A modern wrist corsage made with black satin ribbon, pink spray roses, and wax flower
Homecoming and prom[edit]
Modern wrist corsages
When attending a school formal or prom, providing a corsage for a prom date signifies consideration and generosity, as the corsage is meant to symbolize and honor the person wearing it.[8] Corsages are usually worn around a prom date's wrist; alternatively, they may be pinned on her dress or a modified nosegay can be carried in her hand. The colors of the flowers are usually chosen to complement the dress or to add color to the couple, creating a unifying look. Prom couples may wish to go together to choose the flowers for a custom-made corsage or boutonnière.[9] Traditionally, the male presents a corsage or nosegay to the female as a gift, while the female would provide the boutonnière and pin it on the male's shirt or jacket.
Types[edit]
Corsages can be made from a single flower or a small bunch of flowers, and a variety of flowers can be used. The following table shows some of the main flowers and accents used to create a custom-made corsage and that can be included in a nosegay and boutonnière.[10]
Main flowers
Fillers and accents
Extras
Gardenias
Spray roses (sweetheart roses) Gypsophilia (baby's breath) Artificial leaves
Standard roses Solidago Gems
Orchids Wax flower Beads
Carnations Seeded eucalyptus Ribbon
Mini calla lilies Asters Pearl wristband
Succulents Hypericum Bracelet
Freesia Chamomile Glitter
Daisies
Mums
Tools[edit]
The style and design of a corsage may vary depending on the event. Younger generations tend to use wrist corsages, which may vary in style and size depending on the wearer.[4] The more traditional option is a corsage pinned on the shoulder of a woman's dress. This style often gets confused with a boutonnière. The main difference is the size and the number of flowers used.
If a wrist corsage is chosen for an event, it can be made using wire and floral tape or floral glue. The wire method is recommended for pin-on corsages because the wire will support the stems or flower bulbs. Glue can be added to hold the flowers together if the wire and tape are not sufficient.[11][12]
Wrist corsage
Pin-on corsage
Flowers Flowers
Floral glue Floral wire
Floral tape Floral tape
Floral wire
See also[edit]
Look up corsage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Boutonnière
Floristry
Nosegay
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Corsage Etiquette To Pin or Not To Pin". Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wedding Glossary Terms Retrieved on April 29, 2009
Jump up ^ "How to Survive the Father-Daughter Dance | Savvy Daddy". www.savvydaddy.com. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Brief History of Boutonnieres and Corsages". Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Corsages". Sciencing. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lowry, Connor (2013-06-05). "The History of the Corsage". Grower Direct Fresh Cut Flowers Presents... Retrieved 2017-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the corsage". Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Jump up ^ "What Does the Corsage Symbolize? | Hunker". Hunker.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prom Tips for Guys | Prom Costs | Prom Tux | Prom Limo". Prom-night.com. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Corsage - ProFlowers Blog". ProFlowers Blog. 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
Jump up ^ "London Flower School for Floristry and Corsage". Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Boehlke, Will (2007-01-07). "What's in your lapel?". A Suitable Wardrobe. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
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4 for Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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4 for Texas
Theatrical poster
Directed by
Robert Aldrich
Produced by
Robert Aldrich
Written by
Teddi Sherman
Robert Aldrich
Starring
Frank Sinatra
Dean Martin
Anita Ekberg
Ursula Andress
Charles Bronson
The Three Stooges
Music by
Nelson Riddle
Cinematography
Ernest Laszlo
Edited by
Michael Luciano
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
1963 (1963)
Running time
114 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4,520,000[1]
Box office
1,367,490 admissions (France)[2]
4 for Texas is a 1963 American Western comedy film starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Anita Ekberg, and Ursula Andress, and featuring screen thugs Charles Bronson and Mike Mazurki, with a cameo appearance by Arthur Godfrey and the Three Stooges (Larry Fine, Moe Howard, and Curly Joe DeRita). The film was written by Teddi Sherman and Robert Aldrich, who also directed.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1870, a shipment of $100,000 being transported by stagecoach to Galveston, Texas, is the object of a tug-of-war in the desert between Zack Thomas (Sinatra) and Joe Jarrett (Martin), who first must stave off an outlaw band led by Matson (Bronson).
Later, in Galveston, Thomas and Jarrett become rivals in a bid to open a waterfront casino. Each has a new romantic attachment, as well, with the beauties Elya (Anita Ekberg) and Maxine (Ursula Andress), respectively. They eventually must join forces to hold off the villainous Matson and a corrupt banker, Burden (Victor Buono), to keep their new gambling boat afloat.
Cast[edit]
Frank Sinatra as Zack Thomas
Dean Martin as Joe Jarrett
Anita Ekberg as Elya Carlson
Ursula Andress as Maxine Richter
Charles Bronson as Matson
Victor Buono as Harvey Burden (President, Galveston Savings & Trust)
Edric Connor as Prince George (carriage driver)
Nick Dennis as Angel
Richard Jaeckel as Pete Mancini
Mike Mazurki as Chad (Zack's bodyguard)
Wesley Addy as Winthrop Trowbridge
Marjorie Bennett as Miss Emmaline
Virginia Christine as Elya Carlson's maid
Ellen Corby as Widow
Jack Elam as Dobie
Joe DeRita as Painting deliveryman (billed as the Three Stooges)
Larry Fine as Painting deliveryman (billed as the Three Stooges)
Moe Howard as Painting deliveryman (billed as the Three Stooges)
Jack Lambert as Monk
Production[edit]
The film was announced in 1960 as Two for Texas.[3] The role of Elya was originally intended for Sophia Loren, who had already worked with Sinatra in The Pride and the Passion. Although she was offered $1,000,000 for four weeks of work, Loren turned the part down.[4]
4 for Texas was filmed in 1.85:1 aspect ratio on 35-mm Technicolor film. Its promotional trailer features Ursula Andress in specially shot footage addressing the audience.
During production, the relationship between star Sinatra and director Aldrich became strained. Aldrich felt the film was not a success, and cited problems with his own script, as well as Sinatra's lack of enthusiasm for the project—Aldrich calculated that Sinatra worked a total of only 80 hours during 37 days of filming.[5]
Release[edit]
The film had its U.S. premiere on December 18, 1963. Forty-three years after its original premiere, 4 for Texas was presented at the Turin Film Festival on November 12, 2006.
Home media[edit]
Its first DVD release arrived on November 20, 2001, and the second release (as part of The Rat Pack collection of Ocean's 11 and Robin and the 7 Hoods) was on June 13, 2006.
Awards and nominations[edit]
It was nominated for the Golden Laurel as "Top Action Drama", ultimately coming in fourth.
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1963
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alain Silver and James Ursini, Whatever Happened to Robert Aldrich?, Limelight, 1995 p 262
Jump up ^ French box office results for Robert Aldrich films at Box Office Story
Jump up ^ Scott, J. L. (1960, Nov 01). Texas yarns follow in wake of 'alamo'. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/167789381
Jump up ^ Kaplan, James. 2015. Sinatra: The Chairman. New York: Doubleday. p. 597. ISBN 9780385535397.
Jump up ^ Alain Silver (2004). What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films. Hal Leonard. pp. 263, 350. ISBN 978-1-61780-165-5.
External links[edit]
4 for Texas on IMDb
4 for Texas at Rotten Tomatoes
4 for Texas at AllMovie
4 for Texas at the TCM Movie Database
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Aldrich
Big Leaguer (1953)
World for Ransom (1954)
Apache (1954)
Vera Cruz (1954)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
The Big Knife (1955)
Autumn Leaves (1956)
Attack (1956)
Ten Seconds to Hell (1959)
The Angry Hills (1959)
The Last Sunset (1961)
Sodom and Gomorrah (1962)
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
4 for Texas (1963)
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
The Flight of the Phoenix (1965)
The Dirty Dozen (1967)
The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968)
The Killing of Sister George (1968)
Too Late the Hero (1970)
The Grissom Gang (1971)
Ulzana's Raid (1972)
Emperor of the North Pole (1973)
The Longest Yard (1974)
Hustle (1975)
Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977)
The Choirboys (1977)
The Frisco Kid (1979)
...All the Marbles (1981)
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v
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e
The Three Stooges
Moe Howard
Larry Fine
Curly Howard
Shemp Howard
Joe Besser
Joe DeRita
Works
The Three Stooges filmography
The Three Stooges Collection
Jerks of All Trades
The New Three Stooges
episodes
The Three Stooges Scrapbook
Kook's Tour
Moe Howard and the Three Stooges
Related
topics
List of supporting actors in Three Stooges films
The Three Stooges in popular culture
Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No
The Robonic Stooges
Stoogemania
"Swinging the Alphabet"
"The Curly Shuffle"
1984 arcade game
1987 video game
2000 TV movie
2012 feature film
2018 prequel
C3 Entertainment
Associated
people
Edward Bernds
Tiny Brauer
Charley Chase
Paul Garner
Ted Healy
Rich Koz
Del Lord
Hugh McCollum
Christine McIntyre
Frank Mitchell
Joe Palma/Fake Shemp
Fred Sanborn
Emil Sitka
Greta Thyssen
Elwood Ullman
Jack White
Jules White
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Rat Pack
Frank Sinatra
Dean Martin
Sammy Davis Jr.
Peter Lawford
Joey Bishop
Humphrey Bogart
Films
Some Came Running
Ocean's 11
Sergeants 3
4 for Texas
Robin and the 7 Hoods
Marriage on the Rocks
Texas Across the River
Albums
Christmas with the Rat Pack
The Ultimate Rat Pack Collection: Live & Swingin'
Related articles
The Rat Pack (film)
The Rat Pack: Live from Las Vegas
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4_for_Texas&oldid=841298427"
Categories:
1963 films
English-language films
1960s comedy films
1960s Western (genre) films
American films
American comedy films
American Western (genre) films
Western (genre) comedy films
Films directed by Robert Aldrich
Warner Bros. films
Films set in Texas
Films set in 1870
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