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Susan Banks
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Susan Banks
Eileen Davidson as Susan Banks
Days of Our Lives character
Portrayed by
Eileen Davidson (1996–98, 2014–17)
Brynn Thayer (2011)
Duration
1996–98
2011
2014
2017
First appearance
November 4, 1996 (1996-11-04)
Last appearance
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
Created by
James E. Reilly
Classification
Former; guest
Profile
Other names
Kristen Blake
Residence
Memphis
[show]Family
Siblings
Sister Mary Moira Banks
Thomas Banks
Penelope Kent
Spouse
John Black (1997)
Edmund Crumb (1998–?)
Sons
EJ DiMera
Grandchildren
Johnny DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Grace Brady (legal)
Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC's daytime drama Days of Our Lives. She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4, 1996 to April 8, 1998, and again in 2014 and 2017. Susan is the mother of Elvis "EJ" DiMera, and once acted as Kristen Blake's doppelganger. In November 2011, it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan, since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless. Thayer made her appearance on December 7, 2011.[1]
In June 2012, it was announced that Davidson would reprise the role of Kristen Blake, along with her doppelganger, Susan Banks.[2] In July 2012, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed Davidson to reprise the role of Kristen Blake in October 2012.[3]
In January 2014, it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for three-month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013.[4] In late September 2014, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks; her first time portraying the character in 16 years. Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2, 2017. She reprised the role of Susan's sister, Sister Mary Moira on November 21, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Development
3 Storylines
3.1 1996–98
3.2 2011
3.3 2014
3.4 2017
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Casting[edit]
The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson. Actress, Brenda Epperson was considered for the role, an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless, due to their uncanny resemblance. Instead of casting Epperson, or any actress for that matter, Davidson suggested that she play both roles: Kristen and her alter. The show ultimately agreed.[5]
On rehearsing, Davidson related: “I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked. I ran lines that way. The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing, and I was laughing, we were cracking up all the time.”[6]
Due to the sixteen-hour work days (including Saturdays) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia. "They worked me to death. I was at the end of my contract, I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan. And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline, so I did."[7][6]
The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson’s departure from the show. Post-Days, head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ‘into the ground.’ He told her that he couldn't help it; he felt inspired by her. “That’s OK. You know I volunteered to play both characters!” Davidson responded.[5]
In 2011, Days was unable to obtain Davidson, who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time, to reprise the role of Susan. A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in. Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube. The show decided to show only the back of Thayer’s head as Susan, who takes a phone call from Salem.[8]
Per Davidson’s agreement in 2012 to return to the soap, a stipulation was included in her contract: Lisa Williams, who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint, would be re-hired if need be. Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks, with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera.[9] Ultimately, Banks would never reappear. However, in September 2013, a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen, who needs to go undercover, uses Susan’s teeth as a disguise.[10] Davidson had taken Susan’s teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998.[11]
Prior to her 2014 return, Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks. "They told me, but they also knew that I was up for it." Lisa Williams returned as Davidson's double.[12] Davidson reprised her role in November 2017.[13]
In 2017, head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton's disappearance and resurrection, stating: "When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will's disappearance or Will's death, Susan came to mind, and we came up with a story that would require [Eileen Davidson] involved." Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision, due to Davidson's commitment to The Young and the Restless, even considering a recast for the role, however, deemed that "trickier".[14] Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in – "But who better than, you know, the person that played her? [...] [Ron] was very open to hearing my input, and when I thought that it was maybe too broad, he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do. It’s easy to write Susan broad, and it's easy to play her broad. So it's always, like, trying to pull it back, but also showing the flavor of her personality."[15]
Development[edit]
While James E. Reilly created the character, Davidson was the driving force behind the character’s personality. “Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town, not very worldly, basically kind of ignorant. She had an innocence. I based a lot of it on innocence, not necessarily ignorance. But she was very intelligent in a certain way. She was good at getting what she wanted.” Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed, including wardrobe and hairstyles. Reilly added Susan's obsession with Elvis Presley.[16]
On Susan’s voice, Davidson states: "For the voice, I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent. It was easy." Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks, Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan's family members: Sister Mary Moira (a nun), Thomas Banks, and Penelope Kent.[17]
Storylines[edit]
1996–98[edit]
In August 1996, Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child.[18][19] Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John's. With the help of her father and Peter, Kristen fakes her pregnancy. When Susan goes into labor, Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan, believing she is really Kristen. Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black, Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband. Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away.[20][21] When Susan discovers the truth, sick of Kristen's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton (Jamie Lyn Bauer) confronts her at the wedding. After being rejected by John due to her scheming, Kristen's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail. After being released on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena's engagement. She then reveals Marlena's presumed dead husband, Roman Brady (now Josh Taylor); John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman becoming suspicious.[22] When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan's son, Elvis (a.k.a. John, Jr.), she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another.[20][23]
Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine).[24] In the meantime, "Susan" and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder.[20] Edmund admits to Kristen's "murder" and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem.[25][26]
2011[edit]
In December 2011, Bo (Peter Reckell) and Hope (Kristian Alfonso) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton. Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor. The letter is to be extended to Stefano. Bo finds Susan's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her. Hope inquires the significance of the letter to Susan (Brynn Thayer) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble. Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis, and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better. Realizing that she's said too much, Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up.[27]
2014[edit]
Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep. She's come to visit EJ. She's had a premonition that he's in grave danger. She attempts to convince him to return to England with her. Susan also doesn't think that Sami (Alison Sweeney) is the right woman for him to be with; she sees her as nothing but trouble. She reveals why she allowed Stefano, who she says is evil, raise him: she and Edmund couldn't provide the life that he could. Susan refers to EJ and her "first born," suggesting that she's had more children after him.
Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital. She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there. The two trade barbs; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone. Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital. She talks about their almost wedding and before going, leaves a photo from the nuptials.
2017[edit]
The hunt for Will Horton (Chandler Massey) leads Sami, John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger, an Elvis impersonator and Susan Banks. While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials "EJ", Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami. Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ's death; it's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund. Susan is adamant that Rolf's revival didn’t work. However, Will, identifying himself as EJ, is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis. Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he's been brainwashed by his "mother" Susan and to return to Salem. When Roger confirms that Susan isn't Will's biological mother, Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized. Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life.
Reception[edit]
Davidson's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998.[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brynn Thayer To DAYS!". Soap Opera Digest. Soapoperadigest.com. 2012-11-18. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (2012-06-26). "Eileen Davidson Rejoins Days of our Lives as Kristen DiMera and Susan Banks!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lelsey (2012-07-05). "'Days of Our Lives' Favorite Eileen Davidson Returning (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Thehollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (January 28, 2014). "Exclusive: Eileen Davidson Returns to Days of Our Lives". TV Guide. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairman, Michael (2012-10-18). "The Eileen Davidson Interview – Days of our Lives". Michael Fairman On-Air-On-Soaps. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Adams 2011, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Lipton, Michael A. (1997-08-11). "Daze of Their Lives". People Magazine. People.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 36 (50): pg.5. December 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "One and Done". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 38 (34): pg.28. August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (2013). "Exclusive: Eileen Davidson Talks About Her Shocking Departure From Days of Our Lives". TV Guide. Tvguide.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (2012). "Hot Scoop on Eileen Davidson's Return to Days of Our Lives". TV Guide. Tvguide.com. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sloane, Waldron, Stephanie, Robert (September 29, 2014). "New Beginnings". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 39 (39): pg.35.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (October 27, 2017). "Eileen Davidson Dishes on Her 'Funny and Tragic' Return to Days of Our Lives". TV Insider. United States: CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 42 (45). November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Waldron, Robert (November 13, 2017). "ICYMI: Eileen Davidson Interview". Soap Opera Digest. United States: Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adams 2011, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Adams 2011, pp. 73-74.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Update for 1996". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. 1996. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Yearly Update for 1997". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. 1997. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 5. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 6. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 7. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 8. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Update for 1998". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. 1998. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Famous Plots: Kristen Blake DiMera". Sony Pictures Television. Daysofourlives.com. October 11, 2012. p. 9. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cough Up That Hairball". Soaps.com. 2011-12-07. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Event: Soap Opera Digest Awards (1998)". Internet Movie Database. February 26, 1998.
Bibliography
Adams, Alina (2011). Soap Opera 451: A Time Capsule of Daytime Drama's Greatest Moments. Alina Adams Media. ASIN B005NSDZYC.
External links[edit]
Susan Banks at soapcentral.com
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Federation
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This article is about the political system. For other uses, see Federation (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Confederation or Federated state.
Further information: Federalism
Federal states
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A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.[1][2]
The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is considered to be federalist, or to be an example of federalism. It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. France, for example, has been unitary for multiple centuries. Austria and its Bundesländer was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated through the implementation of the Austrian Constitution following the 1918 collapse of Austria-Hungary. Germany, with its 16 states or Bundesländer, is an example of a federation.
Federations are often multiethnic and cover a large area of territory (such as Russia, the United States, Canada, India, or Brazil), but neither is necessarily the case. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, reduces differences between the disparate territories, and gives them all even more common ground. At some time, that is recognized and a movement is organized to merge more closely. At other times, especially when common cultural factors are at play such as ethnicity and language, some of the steps in this pattern are expedited and compressed.[citation needed]
Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BCE League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.
Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces, transformed to federal states upon independence (see Spanish American wars of independence). The oldest continuous federation, and a role model for many subsequent federations, is the United States. Some of the New World federations failed; the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states less than 20 years after its founding. Others, such as Argentina and Mexico, have shifted between federal, confederal, and unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy (see States of Brazil), and Venezuela became a federation after the Federal War. Australia and Canada are also federations.
Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815. The North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations.
Founded in 1922, the Soviet Union was formally a federation of Soviet Republics, autonomous republics of the Soviet Union and other federal subjects, though in practice highly centralized under the Government of the Soviet Union. The Russian Federation has inherited a similar system.
Nigeria, Pakistan, India and Malaysia became federations on or shortly before becoming independent from the British Empire.
In some recent cases, federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iraq since 2005.
With the United States Constitution having become effective on 4 March 1789, the United States is the oldest surviving federation. On the other end of the timeline is Nepal, which became the newest federation after its constitution went into effect on 20 September 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federations and other forms of state
1.1 Federations
1.2 Unitary states
1.2.1 Confederation
1.3 Empire
1.4 Comparison with other systems of autonomy
1.4.1 Federacy
1.4.2 Devolution
1.4.3 Associated states
1.4.4 Crown dependencies
1.4.5 Overseas territories
1.5 De facto federations
1.5.1 Spain
1.5.2 South Africa
1.5.3 European Union
1.5.4 People's Republic of China
2 Internal controversy and conflict
3 Federal governments
3.1 Contemporary
3.2 Long form titles
3.3 Defunct
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Federations and other forms of state[edit]
A map of Argentina, showing its twenty-three constituent provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
A map of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, showing its 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory
A map of the United Mexican States (Mexico), showing its thirty-one constituent states and Mexico City
A map of the United States of America showing its fifty constituent states and the Federal District
A map of India, showing its twenty-eight states (except Telangana) and seven union territories (including the National Capital Territory of New Delhi).
Federations[edit]
The component states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government. However, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy and so enjoy no independent status under international law. However, German Länder have that power,[3] which is beginning to be exercised on a European level.
Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others. An example of such a federation is Malaysia, in which Sarawak and Sabah agreed to form the federation on different terms and conditions from the states of Peninsular Malaysia.
A federation often emerges from an initial agreement between a number of separate states. The purpose can be the will to solve mutual problems and to provide for mutual defense or to create a nation-state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland. However, as the histories of countries and nations vary, the federalist system of a state can be quite different from these models. Australia, for instance, is unique in that it came into existence as a nation by the democratic vote of the citizens of each state, who voted "yes" in referendums to adopt the Australian Constitution. Brazil, on the other hand, has experienced both the federal and the unitary state during its history. Some present day states of the Brazilian federation retain borders set during the Portuguese colonization (before the very existence of the Brazilian state), whereas the latest state, Tocantins, was created by the 1988 Constitution for chiefly administrative reasons.
Seven of the top eight largest countries by area are governed as federations.
Unitary states[edit]
A unitary state is sometimes one with only a single, centralised, national tier of government. However, unitary states often also include one or more self-governing regions. The difference between a federation and this kind of unitary state is that in a unitary state the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists by the sufferance of the central government, and may be unilaterally revoked. While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states, in a unitary state self-governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralised state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate. Thus federations are often established voluntarily from 'below' whereas devolution grants self-government from 'above'.
It is often part of the philosophy of a unitary state that, regardless of the actual status of any of its parts, its entire territory constitutes a single sovereign entity or nation-state,[citation needed] and that by virtue of this the central government exercises sovereignty over the whole territory as of right. In a federation, on the other hand, sovereignty is often regarded as residing notionally in the component states, or as being shared between these states and the central government.[citation needed]
Confederation[edit]
The Swiss Confederation and its 26 cantons.
A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states.[4] The closest entity in the world to a confederation at this time is the European Union. While the word "confederation" was officially used when the present Canadian federal system was established in 1867, the term refers only to the process and not the resulting state since Canadian provinces are not sovereign and do not claim to be. In the case of Switzerland, while the country is still officially called the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica, Confédération suisse) this is also now a misnomer since the Swiss cantons lost their sovereign status in 1848.[5]
In Belgium, however, the opposite movement is under way.[6] Belgium was founded as a centralised state, after the French model, but has gradually been reformed into a federal state by consecutive constitutional reforms since the 1970s. Moreover, although nominally called a federal state, the country's structure already has a number of confederational traits (ex. competences are exclusive for either the federal or the state level, the treaty-making power of the Federating units almost without any possible veto of the Federal Government). At present, there is a growing movement to transform the existing federal state into a looser confederation with two or three constitutive states and/or two special regions.[7]
A confederation is most likely to feature three differences when contrasted with a federation: (1) No real direct powers: many confederal decisions are externalised by member-state legislation; (2) Decisions on day-to-day-matters are not taken by simple majority but by special majorities or even by consensus or unanimity (veto for every member); (3) Changes of the constitution, usually a treaty, require unanimity.
Over time these terms acquired distinct connotations leading to the present difference in definition. An example of this is the United States under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles established a national government under what today would be defined as a federal system (albeit with a comparatively weaker federal government). However, Canadians, designed with a stronger central government than the U.S. in the wake of the Civil War of the latter, use the term "Confederation" to refer to the formation or joining, not the structure, of Canada. Legal reforms, court rulings, and political compromises have somewhat decentralised Canada in practice since its formation in 1867.
Empire[edit]
An empire is a multi-ethnic state, multinational state, or a group of nations with a central government established usually through coercion (on the model of the Roman Empire). An empire often includes self-governing regions, but these will possess autonomy only at the sufferance of the central government. On the other hand, a political entity that is an empire in name, may in practice consist of multiple autonomous kingdoms organised together in a federation, with a high king designated as an emperor. One example of this was Imperial Germany, or the Russian Empire.
Comparison with other systems of autonomy[edit]
Federacy[edit]
A federacy[8] is essentially an extreme case of an asymmetric federation, either due to large differences in the level of autonomy, or the rigidity of the constitutional arrangements. The term federacy is more often used for the relation between the sovereign state and its autonomous areas.
Devolution[edit]
A federation differs from a devolved state, such as Indonesia, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Spain, because, in a devolved state, the central government can revoke the independence of the subunits (Scottish Parliament, Welsh National Assembly, Northern Ireland Assembly in the case of the UK) without changing the constitution.
Associated states[edit]
A federation also differs from an associated state, such as the Federated States of Micronesia (in free association with the United States) and Cook Islands and Niue (which form part of the Realm of New Zealand). There are two kinds of associated states: in case of Micronesia, association is concluded by treaty between two sovereign states; in case of Cook Islands and Niue, association is concluded by domestic legal arrangements.
Crown dependencies[edit]
The relation between the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey in the Channel Islands and the United Kingdom is very similar to a federate relation: the Islands enjoy independence from the United Kingdom, which, via The Crown, takes care of their foreign relations and defence – although the UK Parliament does have overall power to legislate for the dependencies. However, the islands are neither an incorporated part of the United Kingdom, nor are they considered to be independent or associated states. The Isle of Man does not have a monarch, per se; rather, the British Monarch is, ex officio, Lord of Mann (irrespective of the incumbent's sex).
Overseas territories[edit]
Overseas territories, such as the British overseas territories, are vested with varying degrees of power; some enjoy considerable independence from the sovereign state, which only takes care of their foreign relations and defence. However, they are neither considered to be part of it, nor recognised as sovereign or associated states.
De facto federations[edit]
The distinction between a federation and a unitary state is often quite ambiguous. A unitary state may closely resemble a federation in structure and, while a central government may possess the theoretical right to revoke the autonomy of a self-governing region, it may be politically difficult for it to do so in practice. The self-governing regions of some unitary states also often enjoy greater autonomy than those of some federations. For these reasons, it is sometimes argued[by whom?] that some modern unitary states are de facto federations.
De facto federations, or quasi-federations, are often termed "regional states".
Spain[edit]
The Autonomous communities of Spain.
Spain is suggested as one possible de facto federation[by whom?] as it grants more self-government to its autonomous communities[9][10] than are retained by the constituent entities of most federations.[citation needed] For the Spanish parliament to revoke the autonomy of regions such as Galicia, Catalonia or the Basque Country would be a political near-impossibility, though nothing bars it legally. Additionally, some regions such as Navarre or the Basque Country have full control over taxation and spending, transferring a small payment to the central government for the common services (military, foreign relations, macroeconomic policy). For example, scholar Enrique Guillén López discusses the "federal nature of Spain's government (a trend that almost no one denies)."[11] Each autonomous community is governed by a Statute of Autonomy (Estatuto de Autonomía) under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
South Africa[edit]
Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system, such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces, it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state.[12]
European Union[edit]
European Union in 2017.
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Parts of this article (those related to the three pillars) need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2011)
The European Union (EU) is a type of political union or confederation (the assemblage of societies or an association of two or more states into one state).[13] Robert Schuman, the initiator of the European Community system, wrote that a supranational Community like the Europe's founding European Coal and Steel Community lay midway between an association of States where they retained complete independence and a federation leading to a fusion of States in a super-state.[14] The European Founding Fathers made a Europe Declaration at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 18 April 1951 saying that Europe should be organized on a supranational foundation. They envisaged a structure quite different from a federation called the European Political Community.[citation needed]
The EU is a three-pillar structure of the original supranational European Economic Community and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, Euratom, plus two largely intergovernmental pillars dealing with External Affairs and Justice and Home Affairs. The EU is therefore not a de jure federation, although some[who?] academic observers conclude that after 50 years of institutional evolution since the Treaties of Rome it is becoming one.[15] The European Union possesses attributes of a federal state. However, its central government is far weaker than that of most federations and the individual members are sovereign states under international law, so it is usually characterized as an unprecedented form of supra-national union. The EU has responsibility for important areas such as trade, monetary union, agriculture, fisheries. Nonetheless, EU member states retain the right to act independently in matters of foreign policy and defense, and also enjoy a near monopoly over other major policy areas such as criminal justice and taxation. Since the Treaty of Lisbon, Member States' right to leave the Union is codified, and the Union operates with more qualified majority voting (rather than unanimity) in many areas.[citation needed]
By the signature of this Treaty, the participating Parties give proof of their determination to create the first supranational institution and that thus they are laying the true foundation of an organized Europe. This Europe remains open to all nations. We profoundly hope that other nations will join us in our common endeavour.
—  Europe Declaration, signed by Konrad Adenauer (West Germany), Paul van Zeeland, Joseph Meurice (Belgium) Robert Schuman (France) Count Sforza (Italy) Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) and Dirk Stikker, J. R. M. van den Brink (The Netherlands).[16]
Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism.
—  European Constitutionalism Beyond the State. Edited with Marlene Wind (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003) page 23, Joseph H. H. Weiler
Those uncomfortable using the "F" word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal-like system. Nevertheless, for the purposes of the analysis here, the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system. It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation, most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system. (See for instance, Bednar, Filippov et al., McKay, Kelemen, Defigueido and Weingast)
—  R. Daniel Kelemen
A more nuanced view has been given by the German Constitutional Court.[17] Here the EU is defined as 'an association of sovereign national states (Staatenverbund)'.[18] With this view, the European Union resembles more of a confederation.
People's Republic of China[edit]
Main article: Federalism in China
Constitutionally, the power vested in the special administrative regions of the People's Republic is granted from the Central People's Government, through decision by the National People's Congress. However, there have been certain largely informal grants of power to the provinces, to handle economic affairs and implement national policies, resulting in a system some have termed federalism "with Chinese characteristics".[19]
Internal controversy and conflict[edit]
The United Provinces of Central America was a short-lived federal republic
Certain forms of political and constitutional dispute are common to federations. One issue is that the exact division of power and responsibility between federal and regional governments is often a source of controversy. Often, as is the case with the United States, such conflicts are resolved through the judicial system, which delimits the powers of federal and local governments. The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself.
Another common issue in federal systems is the conflict between regional and national interests, or between the interests and aspirations of different ethnic groups. In some federations the entire jurisdiction is relatively homogeneous and each constituent state resembles a miniature version of the whole; this is known as 'congruent federalism'. On the other hand, incongruent federalism exists where different states or regions possess distinct ethnic groups.
The ability of a federal government to create national institutions that can mediate differences that arise because of linguistic, ethnic, religious, or other regional differences is an important challenge. The inability to meet this challenge may lead to the secession of parts of a federation or to civil war, as occurred in the United States (southern states interpreted slavery under the tenth amendment as a state right, while northern states were against slavery, with a catalysis occurring in the then–Kansas Territory) and Switzerland. In the case of Malaysia, Singapore was expelled from the federation because of rising racial tension. In some cases, internal conflict may lead a federation to collapse entirely, as occurred in Nigeria, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the Gran Colombia, the United Provinces of Central America, and the West Indies Federation.
Federal governments[edit]
The federal government is the common or national government of a federation. A federal government may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states. The structure of federal governments vary. Based on a broad definition of a basic federalism, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution.
Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited by the addition of the Tenth Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights and the Eleventh Amendment. However, later amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, gave the federal government considerable authority over states.
Federal government within this structure are the government ministries and departments and agencies to which the ministers of government are assigned.
For a detailed list of federated units, see Federated state § List of constituents by federation. There are 27 federations as of October 2013.[20][21]
Contemporary[edit]
Main articles: Federal republic and Federal monarchy
Current federations
Year est.
Federation
Federating units
Major federating units
Minor federating units[t 1]
Type
[t 2]
1853 Argentine Republic Provinces of Argentina 23 provinces 1 autonomous city R
1901 Commonwealth of Australia States and territories of Australia 6 states 3 federal territories (of which 2 are self-governing) and 7 external territories M
1920 Republic of Austria States of Austria 9 Länder or Bundesländer R
1970 Kingdom of Belgium Divisions of Belgium 3 communities, 3 regions M
1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 entities, one of which is itself a federation of 10 cantons 1 District [t 3] R
1889 Federative Republic of Brazil States of Brazil 27 federative units (of which one is a federal district and the others are states)[t 4] R
1867 Canada Provinces and territories of Canada 10 provinces 3 territories M
1975 Union of the Comoros Autonomous Islands of the Comoros 3 islands R
1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Regions of Ethiopia 9 regions 2 chartered cities R
1949 Federal Republic of Germany States of Germany 16 Länder or Bundesländer R
1950 Republic of India States and union territories of India 29 states 7 Union Territories, including a National Capital Territory R
2005 Republic of Iraq Governorates of Iraq 18 provinces R
1963 Malaysia States of Malaysia 13 states 3 federal territories M
1821 United Mexican States States of Mexico 32 federal entities, which are 31 states and its capital Mexico City R
1979 Federated States of Micronesia Administrative divisions of Micronesia 4 states R
2015 Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Provinces of Nepal 7 provinces R
1963 Federal Republic of Nigeria States of Nigeria 36 states 1 federal capital territory R
1956 Islamic Republic of Pakistan Provinces and territories of Pakistan 5 provinces 5 federal territories including a federal capital territory R
1918
1991 Russian Federation Federal subjects of Russia 46 oblasts, 22 republics, 9 krais, 4 autonomous okrugs, 3 federal-level cities, 1 autonomous oblast[22][23] R
1983 Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis The islands St. Kitts and Nevis 2 islands M
2012 Federal Republic of Somalia Federal Member States of Somalia 18 regions[24] R
2011 Republic of South Sudan States of South Sudan 32 states R
1956 Republic of the Sudan States of Sudan 17 states R
1848 Swiss Confederation Cantons of Switzerland 26 cantons[t 5] R
1971 United Arab Emirates Emirates of the UAE 7 emirates M
1776[t 6] United States of America Political divisions of the United States 50 states 1 federal district; 16 territories[t 7] R
1863 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela States of Venezuela 23 states 1 federal district, 1 federal dependency R
Jump up ^ That is, first-level subdivisions possessing less autonomy than the major federating units.
Jump up ^ R = Federal republic; M = Federal monarchy.
Jump up ^ Brčko District is de jure part of both entities, and de facto administered separately from either.
Jump up ^ 20 provinces during the Empire of Brazil 1822–89
Jump up ^ Three pairs of cantons have less power at federal level than the other 20 cantons, but the same degree of internal autonomy.
Jump up ^ The United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was drafted in 1787 and was ratified in 1788. The first Congress and President did not take office until March 1789.
Jump up ^ Of the 5 territories that are permanently inhabited, all are unincorporated, two are commonwealths and a third is formally unorganized. Of the other 11, one is incorporated and all are unorganized; together they form the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The term insular area includes both territories and places with a Compact of Free Association.
Long form titles[edit]
Federal Republic of: Germany, Somalia, Nigeria.
Federation: Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Malaysia (informal)
Republic: Argentina, Austria, India (also called Indian Union), Iraq, Sudan, South Sudan.
Others:
Bolivarian Republic (Venezuela)
Confederation (Switzerland)
Commonwealth (Australia)
Dominion (Canada before 1982)
Federal Democratic Republic (Ethiopia, Nepal)
Federated States (Micronesia)
Federative Republic (Brazil)
Islamic Republic (Pakistan)
Kingdom (Belgium)
Union (Comoros)
United Emirates (United Arab Emirates)
United States (United States, Mexico)
None:
Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1998)
Canada (since 1982)
Malaysia
Defunct[edit]
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825)
Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
Confederate Ireland (1642–1652)
Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)
Federal State of Austria (1934–1938)
Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
United Provinces of Central America (1823 – circa 1838)
United States of Colombia (1863–1886)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1967)
Czechoslovakia (1969–1992)
Republic of Kenya (1963–1964)
Federated Dutch Republic (1581–1795)
Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea (1952–1962)
French Equatorial Africa (1910–1934)
French Indochina (1887–1954)
French West Africa (1904–1958)
The Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)[25]
North German Confederation (1867–1871)
German Empire (1871–1918)
Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
East Germany (1949–1952)
Inca Empire (1197–1572)
United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
United Kingdom of Libya (1951–1963)
Federated Malay States (1896–1946)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)[26]
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Mali Federation (1959–1960)
Mengjiang (1937–1945, since 1941 autonomous region of the Reorganized National Government of China)
New Granada (1858–1863)
Republic of Korea (1948–1960)
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963)
Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[27] (1922–1991)
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Federal Republic of Spain (1873–1874)
Uganda (1962–1967)
West Indies Federation (1958–1962)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[28] (1943–1992)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)
Some of the proclaimed Arab federations were confederations de facto.
See also[edit]
Anti-Federalism, an 18th-century movement in the United States
Capital city
Confederation
Corporative federalism
Constitutional economics
Political economy
Rule according to higher law
European Union
European Coal and Steel Community
Federacy
Federalism in Australia
Federalist
The Federalist Papers
Federal monarchy
Federated state
Federation of Australia
Foederati
Indian Union
International organisation
Międzymorze (Intermarum)
Multinational state
Neo-functionalism
New federalism
Regional state
Supranationalism
Supranational union
Unitary state
World Federalist Movement
Centre for Studies on Federalism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ It is often argued that federal states where the central government has the constitutional authority to suspend a constituent state's government by invoking gross mismanagement or civil unrest, or to adopt national legislation that overrides or infringe on the constituent states' powers by invoking the central government's constitutional authority to ensure "peace and good government" or to implement obligations contracted under an international treaty, are not truly federal states.
Jump up ^ Federation on CIA Factbook
Jump up ^ Leonardy, U. (1992). "Federation and Länder in German foreign relations: Power‐sharing in treaty‐making and European affairs". German Politics. 1 (3): 119–135. doi:10.1080/09644009208404305.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ CH: Confoederatio Helvetica - Switzerland - Information. Swissworld.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
Jump up ^ One of the most important recent books about the Belgian institutions, written by one of the leading French-speaking jurists[who?] concludes : Vers le confédéralisme (Toward a Confederation). See: Charles-Etienne Lagasse, Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe, Erasme, Namur 2003, p. 603 ISBN 2-87127-783-4
Jump up ^ Many Flemings would prefer two states, Flanders and Wallonia, and two special regions, Brussels and the German-speaking region. In Wallonia, there is a wider support for three states : Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels.
Jump up ^ Some dictionaries, such as the Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989 ed.), state that federacy is synonymous with confederacy ("by aphesis"). In French, the English words federacy, confederacy and confederation are all translated by "confédération".
Jump up ^ Mallet, Victor (18 August 2010). "Flimsier footings". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 August 2010. (registration required)
Jump up ^ "A survey of Spain: How much is enough?". The Economist. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2010. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Enrique Guillén López Archived 11 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine., JUDICIAL REVIEW IN SPAIN: THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, 41 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 541, 544 (2008).
Jump up ^ Wright, Jonathan Haydn Faure (Mar 31, 2014). "The type of government in the Republic of South Africa - Examining the presence of federal and unitary state elements in the republic". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 8 November 2016. After careful research and analysis of various sources and the constitution, it can be confirmed that the government system in the Republic of South Africa is a unitary system. Observance of the government in action as well as analysis of the constitution has contributed to this confirmation. Despite the delocalisation enjoyed within the republic, the federal principle is not evident enough and it failed Wheare’s very simple federal test right in the beginning
Jump up ^ "Federalist Paper No. 9", p.70 Alexander Hamilton
Jump up ^ La Communaute du Charbon et de l'Acier, p7 Paul Reuter with preface by Robert Schuman. Paris 1953.
Jump up ^ Josselin, J. M.; Marciano, A. (2006). "How the court made a federation of the EU". The Review of International Organizations. 2: 59. doi:10.1007/s11558-006-9001-y.
Jump up ^ Schuman or Monnet? The real Architect of Europe. p 129. Bron 2004
Jump up ^ "Federal Constitutional Court Press Release No. 72/2009 of 30 June 2009. Judgment of 30 June 2009: Act Approving the Treaty of Lisbon compatible with the Basic Law; accompanying law unconstitutional to the extent that legislative bodies have not been accorded sufficient rights of participation". Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Due to this structural democratic deficit, which cannot be resolved in an association of sovereign national states (Staatenverbund), further steps of integration that go beyond the status quo may undermine neither the States' political power of action nor the principle of conferral. The peoples of the Member States are the holders of the constituent power. The Basic Law does not permit the special bodies of the legislative, executive and judicial power to dispose of the essential elements of the constitution, i.e. of the constitutional identity (Article 23.1 sentence 3, Article 79.3 GG). The constitutional identity is an inalienable element of the democratic self-determination of a people.
The original German uses the word Staatenverbund, which they translate as "association of sovereign states", rather than the word Staatenbund (confederation of states) or Bundesstaat (federal state).
Jump up ^ BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08 vom 30.6.2009, Absatz-Nr. (1–421)
Jump up ^ Economic Warlords by Gregory H. Fuller
Jump up ^ Forum of federations "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution". Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Federal structure of Russia, Article 65 of Russian Constitution.
Jump up ^ see Political status of Crimea.
Jump up ^ "The CIA World Factbook". 6 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Whaley, Joachim (2002) [2002]. "2: Federal Habits: the Holy Roman Empire and the continuity of German Federalism". In Umbach, Maiken. German Federalism: Past, Present and Future. New Perspectives in German Political Studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 15. ISBN 9780230505797. Retrieved 2017-11-19. Few would query the proposition that German federalism has deep historical roots. Indeed discussion of its contemporary manestation in the Federal Republic routinely refer to the federal traditions of the Holy Roman Empire -...].
Jump up ^ Gained independence in 1957, joined with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore to form Malaysia in 1963.
Jump up ^ The constitution of the USSR defined it as a federation, but at least until its final years in the late eighties and early nineties of the 20th century, it had in practice a highly centralized governance.
Jump up ^ The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was officially proclaimed in 1963. Prior to this, the communist Yugoslav state was named Democratic Federal Yugoslavia in 1943 and then Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946. See: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
External links[edit]
"Federal Government". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[show]
v
t
e
Autonomous types of first-tier subdivision administration
Federalism
Asymmetric federalism
Confederation
Corporative federalism
Dual federalism
Ethnic federalism
Federacy
Federal monarchy
Federal republic
Federated state
Federation
Fiscal federalism
Symmetric federalism
Unitary state
Devolution
Regional state
See also
Constituent state
Autonomy
Autonomous area
Decentralization
Home rule
Multinational state
Personal union
Subsidiarity
Supranationalism
Tribal sovereignty
[show]
v
t
e
Designations for types of administrative territorial entities
[show]
English terms
Common English terms1
Area
Insular area
Local government area
Protected area
Special area
Statistical area
Combined statistical area
Metropolitan statistical area
Micropolitan statistical area
Urban area
Canton
Half-canton
Borough
County borough
Metropolitan borough
Capital
Federal capital
Imperial capital
City
City state
Autonomous city
Charter city
Independent city
Incorporated city
Imperial city
Free imperial city
Royal free city
Community
Autonomous community
Residential community
County
Administrative county
Autonomous county
Consolidated city-county
Metropolitan county
Non-metropolitan
Viscountcy
Country
Overseas country
Department
Overseas department
District
Capital district
City district
Congressional district
Electoral district
Federal district
Indian government district
Land district
Metropolitan district
Non-metropolitan district
Military district
Municipal district
Police district
Regional district
Rural district
Sanitary district
Subdistrict
Urban district
Special district
Division
Census division
Police division
Subdivision
Municipality
City municipality
County municipality
Norway
Nova Scotia
Regional county municipality
Direct-controlled municipality
District municipality
Mountain resort municipality
Neutral municipality
Regional municipality
Resort municipality
Rural municipality
Specialized municipality
Prefecture
Autonomous prefecture
Subprefecture
Super-prefecture
Praetorian prefecture
Province
Autonomous province
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Roman province
Region
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Autonomous region
Capital region
Development region
Economic region
Mesoregion
Microregion
Overseas region
Planning region
Special administrative region
Statistical region
Subregion
Reserve
Biosphere reserve
Ecological reserve
Game reserve
Indian reserve
Nature reserve
State
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Free state
Sovereign state
Territory
Capital territory
Federal capital territory
Dependent territory
Federal territory
Military territory
Organized incorporated territory
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Union territory
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Town
Census town
Market town
Township
Charter township
Civil township
Paper township
Survey township
Urban township
Unit
Autonomous territorial unit
Local administrative unit
Municipal unit
Regional unit
Zone
Economic zone
Exclusive economic zone
Free economic zone
Special economic zone
Free-trade zone
Neutral zone
Self-administered zone
Other English terms
Current
Alpine resort
Bailiwick
Banner
Autonomous
Block
Cadastre
Circle
Circuit
Colony
Commune
Condominium
Constituency
Duchy
Eldership
Emirate
Federal dependency
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Hamlet
Ilkhanate
Indian reservation
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Townland
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Summer
Ward
Historical
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Hide
Hundred
Imperial Circle
March
Monthon
Presidency
Residency
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Tithing
[show]
Non-English or loanwords
Current
Amt
Bakhsh
Barangay
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Fu
Gemeinde
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Finland
Sweden
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Sýsla
Tehsil
Vingtaine
Historical
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Heerlijkheid
Köping
Maalaiskunta
Nome
Egypt
Greece
Pagus
Pargana
Plasă
Satrapy
Socken
Subah
Syssel
Zhou
[show]
v
t
e
Arabic terms for country subdivisions
First-level
Muhafazah (محافظة governorate)
Wilayah (ولاية province)
Mintaqah (منطقة region)
Mudiriyah (مديرية directorate)
Imarah (إمارة emirate)
Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
Shabiyah (شعبية "popularate")
Second / third-level
Mintaqah (منطقة region)
Qadaa (قضاء district)
Nahiyah (ناحية subdistrict)
Markaz (مركز district)
Mutamadiyah (معتمدية "delegation")
Daerah/Daïra (دائرة circle)
Liwa (لواء banner / sanjak)
City / township-level
Amanah (أمانة municipality)
Baladiyah (بلدية municipality)
Ḥai (حي neighborhood / quarter)
Mahallah (محلة)
Qarya (قرية)
Sheyakhah (شياخة "neighborhood subdivision")
English translations given are those most commonly used.
[show]
v
t
e
French terms for country subdivisions
arrondissement
département
préfecture
subprefectures
[show]
v
t
e
Greek terms for country subdivisions
Modern
apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis§ / diamerisma§ / periphereia
nomos§ / periphereiaki enotita
demos / eparchia§ / koinotita§
Historical
archontia/archontaton
bandon
demos
despotaton
dioikesis
doukaton
droungos
eparchia
exarchaton
katepanikion
kephalatikion
kleisoura
meris
naukrareia
satrapeia
strategis
thema
toparchia
tourma
§ signifies a defunct institution
[show]
v
t
e
Portuguese terms for country subdivisions
Regional subdivisions
Estado
Distrito federal
Província
Região
Distrito
Comarca
Capitania
Local subdivisions
Município
Concelho
Freguesia
Comuna
Circunscrição
Settlements
Cidade
Vila
Aldeia
Bairro
Lugar
Historical subdivisions in italics.
[show]
v
t
e
Slavic terms for country subdivisions
Current
dzielnica
gmina
krai
kraj
krajina / pokrajina
městys
obec
oblast / oblast' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast'
okręg
okres
okrug
opština / općina / občina / obshtina
osiedle
powiat / povit
raion
selsoviet / silrada
sołectwo
voivodeship / vojvodina
županija
Historical
darugha
gromada
guberniya / gubernia
jurydyka
khutor
obshchina
okolia
opole
pogost
prowincja
sorok
srez
starostwo / starostva
uyezd
volost
ziemia
župa
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish terms for country subdivisions
National, Federal
Comunidad autónoma
Departamento
Distrito federal
Estado
Provincia
Región
Regional, Metropolitan
Cantón
Comarca
Comuna
Corregimiento
Delegación
Distrito
Mancomunidad
Merindad
Municipalidad
Municipio
Parroquia
Ecuador
Spain
Urban, Rural
Aldea
Alquería
Anteiglesia
Asentamiento
Asentamiento informal
Pueblos jóvenes
Barrio
Campamento
Caserío
Ciudad
Ciudad autónoma
Colonia
Lugar
Masía
Pedanía
Población
Ranchería
Sitio
Vereda
Villa
Village (Pueblito/Pueblo)
Historical subdivisions in italics.
[show]
v
t
e
Turkish terms for country subdivisions
Modern
il (province)
ilçe (district)
şehir (city)
kasaba (town)
belediye (municipality)
belde (community)
köy (village)
mahalle (neighbourhood/quarter)
Historical
ağalık (feudal district)
bucak (subdistrict)
beylerbeylik (province)
kadılık (subprovince)
kaza (sub-province)
hidivlik (viceroyalty)
mutasarrıflık (subprovince)
nahiye (nahiyah)
paşalık (province)
reya (Romanian principalities)
sancak (prefecture)
vilayet (province)
voyvodalık (Romanian provinces)
1 Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics.
See also: Census division, Electoral district, Political division, and List of administrative divisions by country
Authority control
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Periphery (country subdivision)

values: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Autonomous_sector
mw-redirect
Autonomous sector

values:
/wiki/Presidency_(country_subdivision)
mw-redirect
Presidency (country subdivision)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Arabic terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Arabic terms for country subdivisions

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Template:French terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:French terms for country subdivisions

values: Template:Greek terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Greek terms for country subdivisions

values: Municipalities and communities of Greece

values: Template:Portuguese terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Portuguese terms for country subdivisions (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Distrito_federal
mw-redirect
Distrito federal

values: Template:Slavic terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Slavic terms for country subdivisions

values: Template:Spanish terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Spanish terms for country subdivisions

values: Template:Turkish terms for country subdivisions

values: Template talk:Turkish terms for country subdivisions

values: List of administrative divisions by country

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

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https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009006-1

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values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Federation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasie
Federasie – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
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values: دولة اتحادية – Arabic

values:
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interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
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values: Федэрацыя – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Фэдэрацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Федерация – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federace
Federace – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-co
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values: Ομοσπονδιακό κράτος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacio
Federacio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazio
Federazio – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: فدراسیون – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
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values: Դաշնություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: संघ (प्रशासन) – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasi
Federasi – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פדרציה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal
Federal – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ფედერაციული სახელმწიფო – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Федерация – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: ສະຫະພັນທະລັດ – Lao

values:
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display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Федерација – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ფედერაციული სახენწჷფო – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
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interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
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values: Холбооны улс – Mongolian

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values: فدراسيون – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacja
Federacja – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Федеративное государство – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federata
Federata – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: ෆෙඩරල් රාජ්‍යය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
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values:
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-so
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values: Федерација – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values: கூட்டாட்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: สหพันธรัฐ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Федеративна держава – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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