text:
International relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"International Relations" redirects here. For the academic journal, see International Relations (journal).
"International affairs" redirects here. For the academic journal, see International Affairs (journal). For other uses, see International affairs (disambiguation).
See also: Global politics
In 2012 alone, the Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, hosted more than 10,000 intergovernmental meetings.[1] The city hosts the highest number of International organizations in the world.[2]
The field of international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides.
Part of a series on
Politics
Primary topics[show]
Index of politics articles
Politics by country
Politics by subdivision
Political economy
Political history
Political history of the world
Political philosophy
Political systems[show]
Anarchy
City-state
Democracy
Dictatorship
Directory
Federacy
Feudalism
Meritocracy
Monarchy
Parliamentary
Presidential
Republic
Semi-parliamentary
Semi-presidential
Theocracy
Academic disciplines[hide]
Political science
(political scientists)
International relations
(theory)
Comparative politics
Public administration[show]
Bureaucracy (street-level)
Adhocracy
Policy[show]
Public policy (doctrine)
Domestic and foreign policy
Civil society
Public interest
Organs of government[show]
Separation of powers
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Election commission
Related topics[show]
Sovereignty
Theories of political behavior
Political psychology
Biology and political orientation
Political organisations
Foreign electoral intervention
Subseries[show]
Electoral systems
Elections (voting)
Federalism
Form of government
Ideology
Political campaigning
Political parties
Politics Portal
v
t
e
International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS), global studies (GS), or global affairs (GA) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level. Depending on the academic institution, it is either a field of political science, an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines. In all cases, the field studies relationships between political entities (polities) such as sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs), and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction. International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyses and formulates the foreign policy of a given state.
As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (no. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. In practice, international relations and international affairs forms a separate academic program or field from political science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary.[3]
For example, international relations draws from the fields of politics, economics, international law, communication studies, history, demography, geography, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, and gender studies. The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, and human rights.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Study of international relations
2 Theory
2.1 Normative theory
2.2 Epistemological theory
2.3 Positivist theories
2.3.1 Realism
2.3.2 Liberalism
2.3.3 Neoliberalism
2.3.4 Regime theory
2.4 Post-positivist/reflectivist theories
2.4.1 International society theory (the English school)
2.4.2 Social constructivism
2.4.3 Feminism
2.4.4 Marxism
2.5 Leadership theories
2.5.1 Interest group perspective
2.5.2 Strategic perspective
2.5.3 Inherent bad faith model
2.6 Post-structuralist theories
3 Levels of analysis
3.1 Systemic level concepts
3.1.1 Sovereignty
3.1.2 Power
3.1.3 National interest
3.1.4 Non-state actors
3.1.5 Power blocs
3.1.5.1 Polarity
3.1.6 Interdependence
3.1.7 Dependency
3.1.8 Systemic tools of international relations
3.2 Unit-level concepts in international relations
3.2.1 Regime type
3.2.2 Revisionism/status quo
3.2.3 Religion
3.3 Individual or sub-unit level concepts
4 Institutions in international relations
4.1 Generalist inter-state organizations
4.1.1 United Nations
4.1.2 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
4.1.3 Other
4.2 Economic institutions
4.3 International legal bodies
4.3.1 Human rights
4.3.2 Legal
4.4 Regional security arrangements
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Bibliography
7.1 Theory
7.2 Textbooks
7.3 History of international relations
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
The history of international relations can be traced back to thousands of years ago; Barry Buzan and Richard Little, for example, consider the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC, as the first fully-fledged international system.[4]
The official portraits of King Władysław IV dressed according to French, Spanish and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Thirty Years' War
The history of international relations based on sovereign states and many more types are often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire.[5] More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders.
The centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, but the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, should be defined as sovereign. Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state (as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state). The term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. (In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous.)
The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern".
Further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level.
What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.
Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory.[6] Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under natural law, Francisco de Vitoria, Hugo Grotius and John Locke offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations.
Study of international relations[edit]
Flags of the member states of the United Nations
International relations as a distinct field of study began in Britain. IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University),[7] hold by Alfred Eckhard Zimmern[8] and endowed by David Davies. Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1919. In the early 1920s, the London School of Economics' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel-Baker: this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods.[9]
The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies (now the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies), which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the League of Nations. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1928. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, a collaboration between Tufts University and Harvard, opened its doors in 1933 as the first graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States.[10] In 1965, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. In 2012, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, fully in English.
Theory[edit]
Main article: International relations theory
Normative theory[edit]
In the academic discipline of international relations, Smith, Baylis & Owens (2008) make the case that the normative position or normative theory is to make the world a better place, and that this theoretical worldview aims to do so by being aware of implicit assumptions and explicit assumptions that constitute a non-normative position and align or position the normative towards the loci of other key socio-political theories such as political liberalism, Marxism, political constructivism, political realism, political idealism and political globalization.[11]
Epistemological theory[edit]
IR theories are roughly divided into one of two epistemological camps: "positivist" and "post-positivist". Positivist theories aim to replicate the methods of the natural sciences by analysing the impact of material forces. They typically focus on features of international relations such as state interactions, size of military forces, balance of powers etc. Post-positivist epistemology rejects the idea that the social world can be studied in an objective and value-free way. It rejects the central ideas of neo-realism/liberalism, such as rational choice theory, on the grounds that the scientific method cannot be applied to the social world and that a "science" of IR is impossible.
A key difference between the two positions is that while positivist theories, such as neo-realism, offer causal explanations (such as why and how power is exercised), post-positivist theories focus instead on constitutive questions, for instance what is meant by "power"; what makes it up, how it is experienced and how it is reproduced. Often, post-positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach to IR, by considering ethics. This is something which has often been ignored under "traditional" IR as positivist theories make a distinction between "facts" and normative judgments, or "values".
During the late 1980s and the 1990s, debate between positivists and post-positivists became the dominant debate and has been described as constituting the Third "Great Debate" (Lapid 1989).
Positivist theories[edit]
Realism[edit]
Realism focuses on state security and power above all else. Early realists such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau argued that states are self-interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival.[12] Cooperation between states is a way to maximize each individual state's security (as opposed to more idealistic reasons). Similarly, any act of war must be based on self-interest, rather than on idealism. Many realists saw World War II as the vindication of their theory.
Realists argue that the need for survival requires state leaders to distance themselves from traditional morality. Realism taught American leaders to focus on interests rather than on ideology, to seek peace through strength, and to recognize that great powers can coexist even if they have antithetical values and beliefs.[13]
Thucydides, the author of Peloponnesian War is considered to be the founding father of the realist school of political philosophy[14], although Ned Lebow has argued that seeing Thucydides as a realist is a misinterpretation of more complex political message within Thucydides' work.[15] Amongst others, philosophers like Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau are considered to have contributed to the Realist philosophy.[16] However, while their work may support realist doctrine, it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature. To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion—between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking.
Placing realism under positivism is far from unproblematic however. E. H. Carr's "What is History" was a deliberate critique of positivism, and Hans Morgenthau's aim in "Scientific Man vs Power Politics" was to demolish any conception that international politics/power politics can be studied scientifically. Morgenthau's belief in this regard is part of the reason he has been classified as a "classical realist" rather than a realist.
Major theorists include E. H. Carr, Robert Gilpin, Joanne Gowa, Charles Kindleberger, Stephen Krasner, Hans Morgenthau, and Kenneth Waltz.
Liberalism[edit]
Main article: Liberalism (international relations)
See also: Liberal internationalism
According to liberalism, individuals are basically good and capable of meaningful cooperation to promote positive change. Liberalism views states, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations as key actors in the international system. States have many interests and are not necessarily unitary and autonomous, although they are sovereign. Liberal theory stresses interdependence among states, multinational corporations, and international institutions. Theorists such as Hedley Bull have postulated an international society in which various actors communicate and recognize common rules, institutions, and interests. Liberals also view the international system as anarchic since there is no single overarching international authority and each individual state is left to act in its own self-interest. Liberalism is historically rooted in the liberal philosophical traditions associated with Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant that posit that human nature is basically good and that individual self-interest can be harnessed by society to promote aggregate social welfare. Individuals form groups and later, states; states are generally cooperative and tend to follow international norms.[17]
Liberal international relations theory arose after World War I in response to the inability of states to control and limit war in their international relations. Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell, who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile.[18]
Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by E. H. Carr. A new version of "idealism" that focused on human rights as the basis of the legitimacy of international law was advanced by Hans Köchler.
Major theorists include Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant, Robert Keohane, Michael W. Doyle, Francis Fukuyama, and Helen Milner.[19]
Neoliberalism[edit]
Further information: Complex interdependence
Neoliberalism seeks to update liberalism by accepting the neorealist presumption that states are the key actors in international relations, but still maintains that non-state actors (NSAs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) matter. Proponents argue that states will cooperate irrespective of relative gains, and are thus concerned with absolute gains. This also means that nations are, in essence, free to make their own choices as to how they will go about conducting policy without any international organizations blocking a nation's right to sovereignty. Neoliberal institutionalism, an approach founded by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, emphasize the important role of international institutions in maintaining an open global trading regime.
Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are Christina Davis, Judith L. Goldstein, G. John Ikenberry, Robert Keohane, Lisa Martin, and Joseph Nye.
Regime theory[edit]
Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation.
While realism predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner, who defines regimes as "principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area".[20]
Not all approaches to regime theory, however, are liberal or neoliberal; some realist scholars like Joseph Grieco have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory. (Realists do not say cooperation never happens, just that it is not the norm; it is a difference of degree).
Post-positivist/reflectivist theories[edit]
International society theory (the English school)[edit]
Main article: English school of international relations theory
International society theory, also called the English School, focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and international law. Unlike neo-realism, it is not necessarily positivist. Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Nicholas Wheeler is a prominent solidarist, while Hedley Bull and Robert H. Jackson are perhaps the best known pluralists.
Social constructivism[edit]
Main article: Constructivism (international relations)
Social constructivism encompasses a broad range of theories that aim to address questions of ontology, such as the structure-and-agency debate, as well as questions of epistemology, such as the "material/ideational" debate that concerns the relative role of material forces versus ideas. Constructivism is not a theory of IR in the manner of neo-realism, but is instead a social theory which is used to better explain the actions taken by states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide these states and actors.
Constructivism in IR can be divided into what Ted Hopf (1998) calls "conventional" and "critical" constructivism. Common to all varieties of constructivism is an interest in the role that ideational forces play. The most famous constructivist scholar, Alexander Wendt, noted in a 1992 article in International Organization —and later in his 1999 book Social Theory of International Politics—that "anarchy is what states make of it". By this he means that the anarchical structure that neo-realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states.
For example, if the system is dominated by states that see anarchy as a life or death situation (what Wendt terms a "Hobbesian" anarchy) then the system will be characterized by warfare. If on the other hand anarchy is seen as restricted (a "Lockean" anarchy) then a more peaceful system will exist. Anarchy in this view is constituted by state interaction, rather than accepted as a natural and immutable feature of international life as viewed by neo-realist IR scholars.
Prominent social constructivist IR scholars are Rawi Abdelal, Michael Barnett, Mark Blyth, Martha Finnemore, Peter A. Hall, Ted Hopf, Margaret Keck, Elizabeth Kier, Kathleen McNamara, Kathryn Sikkink and Alexander Wendt.
Feminism[edit]
Main article: Feminism (international relations)
Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that the discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defence establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion.
Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onwards. The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during the 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations. Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR, by and large most feminist scholarship has sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline - often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism. However, the growing influence of feminist and women-centric approaches within the international policy communities (for example at the World Bank and the United Nations) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women.
Prominent scholars include Carol Cohn, Cynthia Enloe, Charlotte Hooper, Sara Ruddick, J. Ann Tickner and Jacqui True.
Marxism[edit]
Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories of IR reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns; allowing for the elevation of class as the focus of study. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation. Thus, colonialism brought in sources for raw materials and captive markets for exports, while decolonialization brought new opportunities in the form of dependence.
A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is critical international relations theory which is the application of "critical theory" to international relations. Early critical theorists were associated with the Frankfurt School which followed Marx's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism. Modern-day proponents such as Andrew Linklater, Robert W. Cox and Ken Booth focus on the need for human emancipation from the nation-state. Hence, it is "critical" of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state-centric.
Further linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the core–periphery model, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and MNCs on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence.
Marxist theories receive little attention in the United States. It is more common in parts of Europe and is one of the more important theoretic contributions of Latin American academia to the study of global networks.[citation needed]
Leadership theories[edit]
Interest group perspective[edit]
Interest group theory posits that the driving force behind state behaviour is sub-state interest groups. Examples of interest groups include political lobbyists, the military, and the corporate sector. Group theory argues that although these interest groups are constitutive of the state, they are also causal forces in the exercise of state power.
Strategic perspective[edit]
Strategic perspective is a theoretical[citation needed] approach that views individuals as choosing their actions by taking into account the anticipated actions and responses of others with the intention of maximizing their own welfare.
Inherent bad faith model[edit]
Further information: Bad faith and inherent bad faith model
The "inherent bad faith model" of information processing is a theory in political psychology that was first put forth by Ole Holsti to explain the relationship between John Foster Dulles' beliefs and his model of information processing.[21] It is the most widely studied model of one's opponent.[22] A state is presumed to be implacably hostile, and contra-indicators of this are ignored. They are dismissed as propaganda ploys or signs of weakness. Examples are John Foster Dulles' position regarding the Soviet Union, or Israel's initial position on the Palestinian Liberation Organization.[23]
Post-structuralist theories[edit]
Post-structuralist theories of IR developed in the 1980s from postmodernist studies in political science. Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR (such as "power" and "agency") and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations. The examination of "narratives" plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis; for example, feminist poststructuralist work has examined the role that "women" play in global society and how they are constructed in war as "innocent" and "civilians". (See also feminism in international relations.) Rosenberg's article "Why is there no International Historical Sociology"[24] was a key text in the evolution of this strand of international relations theory. Post-structuralism has garnered both significant praise and criticism, with its critics arguing that post-structuralist research often fails to address the real-world problems that international relations studies is suppose to contribute to solving.
Levels of analysis[edit]
Systemic level concepts[edit]
International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis. The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu, characterized by anarchy. Focusing on the systemic level of international relations is often, but not always, the preferred method for neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts.
Sovereignty[edit]
Main article: Westphalian sovereignty
Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty. Described in Jean Bodin's "Six Books of the Commonwealth" in 1576, the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being a state, that the sovereign power(s) have absolute power over their territories, and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign's "own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals".[25] Such a foundation of sovereignty permits, is indicated by a sovereign's obligation to other sovereigns, interdependence and dependence to take place. While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty, such as African nations prior to Decolonization or the occupation of Iraq during the Iraq War, there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations.
Power[edit]
Main article: Power (international relations)
The concept of Power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources, capabilities, and influence in international affairs. It is often divided up into the concepts of hard power and soft power, hard power relating primarily to coercive power, such as the use of force, and soft power commonly covering economics, diplomacy and cultural influence. However, there is no clear dividing line between the two forms of power.
National interest[edit]
Perhaps the most significant concept behind that of power and sovereignty, national interest is a state’s action in relation to other states where it seeks to gain advantage or benefits to itself. National interest, whether aspirational or operational, is divided by core/vital and peripheral/non-vital interests. Core or vital interests constitute the things which a country is willing to defend or expand with conflict such as territory, ideology (religious, political, economic), or its citizens. Peripheral or non-vital are interests which a state is willing to compromise. For example, in the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938 (a part of Czechoslovakia) under the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia was willing to relinquish territory which was considered ethnically German in order to preserve its own integrity and sovereignty.[26]
Non-state actors[edit]
In the 21st century, the status-quo of the international system is no longer monopolized by states alone. Rather, it is the presence of non-state actors, who autonomously act to implement unpredictable behaviour to the international system. Whether it is transnational corporations, liberation movements, non-governmental agencies, or international organizations, these entities have the potential to significantly influence the outcome of any international transaction. Additionally, this also includes the individual person as while the individual is what constitutes the states collective entity, the individual does have the potential to also create unpredicted behaviours. Al-Qaeda, as an example of a non-state actor, has significantly influenced the way states (and non-state actors) conduct international affairs.[27]
Power blocs[edit]
The existence of power blocs in international relations is a significant factor related to polarity. During the Cold War, the alignment of several nations to one side or another based on ideological differences or national interests has become an endemic feature of international relations. Unlike prior, shorter-term blocs, the Western and Soviet blocs sought to spread their national ideological differences to other nations. Leaders like U.S. President Harry S. Truman under the Truman Doctrine believed it was necessary to spread democracy whereas the Warsaw Pact under Soviet policy sought to spread communism. After the Cold War, and the dissolution of the ideologically homogeneous Eastern bloc still gave rise to others such as the South-South Cooperation movement.[28]
Polarity[edit]
Main article: Polarity (international relations)
Polarity in international relations refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the Cold War, with the international system dominated by the conflict between two superpowers, and has been applied retrospectively by theorists. However, the term bipolar was notably used by Stalin who said he saw the international system as a bipolar one with two opposing powerbases and ideologies. Consequently, the international system prior to 1945 can be described as multipolar, with power being shared among Great powers.
Empires of the world in 1910
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had led to unipolarity, with the United States as a sole superpower, although many refuse to acknowledge the fact. China's continued rapid economic growth (in 2010 it became the world's second-largest economy), combined with the respectable international position they hold within political spheres and the power that the Chinese Government exerts over their people (consisting of the largest population in the world), resulted in debate over whether China is now a superpower or a possible candidate in the future. However, China's strategic force unable of projecting power beyond its region and its nuclear arsenal of 250 warheads (compared to 7700 of the United States[29]) mean that the unipolarity will persist in the policy-relevant future.
Several theories of international relations draw upon the idea of polarity. The balance of power was a concept prevalent in Europe prior to the First World War, the thought being that by balancing power blocs it would create stability and prevent war. Theories of the balance of power gained prominence again during the Cold War, being a central mechanism of Kenneth Waltz's Neorealism. Here, the concepts of balancing (rising in power to counter another) and bandwagonning (siding with another) are developed.
Robert Gilpin's Hegemonic stability theory also draws upon the idea of polarity, specifically the state of unipolarity. Hegemony is the preponderance of power at one pole in the international system, and the theory argues this is a stable configuration because of mutual gains by both the dominant power and others in the international system. This is contrary to many neorealist arguments, particularly made by Kenneth Waltz, stating that the end of the Cold War and the state of unipolarity is an unstable configuration that will inevitably change.
The case of Gilpin proved to be correct and Waltz's article titled "The Stability of a Bipolar World" [30] was followed in 1999 by William Wohlforth's article titled "The Stability of a Unipolar World"[31]
Waltz's thesis can be expressed in power transition theory, which states that it is likely that a great power would challenge a hegemon after a certain period, resulting in a major war. It suggests that while hegemony can control the occurrence of wars, it also results in the creation of one. Its main proponent, A. F. K. Organski, argued this based on the occurrence of previous wars during British, Portuguese, and Dutch hegemony.
Interdependence[edit]
Many advocate that the current international system is characterized by growing interdependence; the mutual responsibility and dependency on others. Advocates of this point to growing globalization, particularly with international economic interaction. The role of international institutions, and widespread acceptance of a number of operating principles in the international system, reinforces ideas that relations are characterized by interdependence.
Dependency[edit]
NATO International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
Dependency theory is a theory most commonly associated with Marxism, stating that a set of core states exploit a set of weaker periphery states for their prosperity. Various versions of the theory suggest that this is either an inevitability (standard dependency theory), or use the theory to highlight the necessity for change (Neo-Marxist).
Systemic tools of international relations[edit]
Diplomacy is the practice of communication and negotiation between representatives of states. To some extent, all other tools of international relations can be considered the failure of diplomacy. Keeping in mind, the use of other tools are part of the communication and negotiation inherent within diplomacy. Sanctions, force, and adjusting trade regulations, while not typically considered part of diplomacy, are actually valuable tools in the interest of leverage and placement in negotiations.
Sanctions are usually a first resort after the failure of diplomacy, and are one of the main tools used to enforce treaties. They can take the form of diplomatic or economic sanctions and involve the cutting of ties and imposition of barriers to communication or trade.
War, the use of force, is often thought of as the ultimate tool of international relations. A popular definition is that given by Clausewitz, with war being "the continuation of politics by other means". There is a growing study into "new wars" involving actors other than states. The study of war in international relations is covered by the disciplines of "war studies" and "strategic studies".
The mobilization of international shame can also be thought of as a tool of international relations. This is attempting to alter states' actions through 'naming and shaming' at the international level. This is mostly done by the large human rights NGOs such as Amnesty International (for instance when it called Guantanamo Bay a "Gulag"),[32] or Human Rights Watch. A prominent use of was the UN Commission on Human Rights 1235 procedure, which publicly exposes state's human rights violations. The current UN Human Rights Council has yet to use this mechanism
The allotment of economic and/or diplomatic benefits such as the European Union's enlargement policy; candidate countries are only allowed to join if they meet the Copenhagen criteria.
The mutual exchange of ideas, information, art, music and language among nations through cultural diplomacy has also been recognized by governments as an important tool in the development of international relations.
Unit-level concepts in international relations[edit]
As a level of analysis the unit level is often referred to as the state level, as it locates its explanation at the level of the state, rather than the international system.
Regime type[edit]
It is often considered that a state's form of government can dictate the way that a state interacts with others in the international relation.
Democratic peace theory is a theory that suggests that the nature of democracy means that democratic countries will not go to war with each other. The justifications for this are that democracies externalize their norms and only go to war for just causes, and that democracy encourages mutual trust and respect.
Communism justifies a world revolution, which similarly would lead to peaceful coexistence, based on a proletarian global society.
Revisionism/status quo[edit]
States can be classified by whether they accept the international status quo, or are revisionist—i.e., want change. Revisionist states seek to fundamentally change the rules and practices of international relations, feeling disadvantaged by the status quo. They see the international system as a largely western creation which serves to reinforce current realities. Japan is an example of a state that has gone from being a revisionist state to one that is satisfied with the status quo, because the status quo is now beneficial to it.
Religion[edit]
Religion can have an effect on the way a state acts within the international system. Different theoretical perspectives treat it in somewhat different fashion. One dramatic example is the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) that ravaged much of Europe. Religion is visible as an organizing principle particularly for Islamic states, whereas secularism sits at the other end of the spectrum, with the separation of state and religion being responsible for the liberal international relations theory. Events since the September 11 attacks in the United States, the role of Islam in terrorism, and the strife in the Middle East have made it a major topic. There are many different types of religions. One being Confucianism, which is China's major world view (Alexander, 1998).[33]
Individual or sub-unit level concepts[edit]
The level beneath the unit (state) level can be useful both for explaining factors in international relations that other theories fail to explain, and for moving away from a state-centric view of international relations.
Psychological factors in international relations – Evaluating psychological factors in international relations comes from the understanding that a state is not a "black box" as proposed by realism, and that there may be other influences on foreign policy decisions. Examining the role of personalities in the decision making process can have some explanatory power, as can the role of misperception between various actors. A prominent application of sub-unit level psychological factors in international relations is the concept of Groupthink, another is the propensity of policymakers to think in terms of analogies.
Bureaucratic politics – Looks at the role of the bureaucracy in decision making, and sees decisions as a result of bureaucratic in-fighting, and as having been shaped by various constraints.
Religious, ethnic, and secessionist groups – Viewing these aspects of the sub-unit level has explanatory power with regards to ethnic conflicts, religious wars, transnational diaspora (diaspora politics) and other actors which do not consider themselves to fit with the defined state boundaries. This is particularly useful in the context of the pre-modern world of weak states.
Science, technology and international relations – How science and technology impact global health, business, environment, technology, and development.
International political economy, and economic factors in international relations[34]
International political culturology – Looks at how culture and cultural variables impact in international relations[35][36][37]
Personal relations between leaders[38]
Institutions in international relations[edit]
The United Nations Secretariat Building at the United Nations headquarters in New York City
International institutions form a vital part of contemporary international relations. Much interaction at the system level is governed by them, and they outlaw some traditional institutions and practices of international relations, such as the use of war (except in self-defence).
Generalist inter-state organizations[edit]
United Nations[edit]
Main article: United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[edit]
Main article: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an international organization consisting of 57 member states. The organisation attempts to be the collective voice of the Muslim world (Ummah) and attempts to safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims.
Other[edit]
Other generalist inter-state organizations include:
BRICS
SAARC
African Union
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Arab League
Commonwealth of Independent States
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Council of Europe
Eurasian Economic Union
European Union
G8
G20
League of Nations
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Organization of American States
ECOWAS
Economic institutions[edit]
The World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C.
NATO E-3A flying with USAF F-16s in a NATO exercise
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Asian Development Bank
African Development Bank
Eurasian Development Bank
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Bank of International Settlements
Inter-American Development Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Monetary Fund
Islamic Development Bank
New Development Bank
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
World Bank
World Trade Organization
International legal bodies[edit]
Human rights[edit]
European Court of Human Rights
Human Rights Committee
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
United Nations Human Rights Council
Legal[edit]
African Court of Justice
European Court of Justice
International Court of Justice
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Regional security arrangements[edit]
Main article: Collective security
United Nations Security Council
Collective Security Treaty Organization
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
Maritime security regime
NATO
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Union of South American Nations
See also[edit]
International relations portal
Diplomatic history
Global studies
List of international relations journals
List of international relations institutes and organizations
Multilateralism
Peace and conflict studies
Peace economics
Political geography
The European Institute for International Law and International Relations
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Simon Petite, "Rénovation du Palais des Nations : vote crucial", Le Temps, Monday 23 December 2013, p. 5. (in French)
Jump up ^ François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations", Le Temps, Friday 28 June 2013, page 9. (in French)
Jump up ^ "International Relation", Columbia Encyclopedia (1993) pp.000–0000.
Jump up ^ Barry Buzan, Richard Little. International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. published 2000
Jump up ^ Stéphane Beaulac: "The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth", Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 (2004), [1]; Krasner, Stephen D.: "Westphalia and all that" in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane (eds): Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp.235-264
Jump up ^ "Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy". Stanford press. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aberystwyth University - Department of International Politics". www.aber.ac.uk.
Jump up ^ Abadía, Adolfo A. (2015). "Del liberalismo al neo-realismo. Un debate en torno al realismo clásico". Telos. Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). 17 (3): 438–459. ISSN 1317-0570.
Jump up ^ Walter Carlsnaes et al eds. (2012). Handbook of International Relations. SAGE Publications. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9781446265031. Retrieved 2016-02-24. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Fletcher History. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/About/Fletcher-History
Jump up ^ ISBN 9780199297771, Fourth edition, pp.2-13
Jump up ^ Morganthau, Hans (1978). Politics Among Nations: The struggle for Power and Peace. New York. pp. 4–15. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ Baylis, John (2011). The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-19-956909-0.
Jump up ^ Norris, Cochrane, Charles (1929). Thucydides and the Science of History. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
Jump up ^ Lebow, Richard Ned (2001). "Thucydides the Constructivist". The American Political Science Review. 95 (3): 547–560.
Jump up ^ Baylis, John; Smith, Steve (2001). The globalization of world politics : an introduction to international relations (2. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0198782636.
Jump up ^ Mingst, Karen A., & Arreguín-Toft, Ivan M. (2011). Essentials of International Relations (5th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Woodrow. "History Learning site". Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Mingst, Karen A., & Snyder, Jack L. (2011). Essential Readings in World Politics (4th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Jump up ^ Krasner, Stephen D., ed. 1983. "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables." In International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Douglas; Starr, Harvey (1981). "The 'Inherent Bad Faith Model' Reconsidered: Dulles, Kennedy, and Kissinger". Political Psychology. 3 (3/4): 1–33. doi:10.2307/3791139. JSTOR 3791139.
Jump up ^ "...the most widely studied is the inherent bad faith model of one’s opponent...", The handbook of social psychology, Volumes 1-2, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey
Jump up ^ "...the most widely studied is the inherent bad faith model of one's opponent", The handbook of social psychology, Volumes 1-2, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Justin (2006). "Why is There No International Historical Sociology?". European Journal of International Relations. 12 (3): 307–340. doi:10.1177/1354066106067345. ISSN 1354-0661.
Jump up ^ p. 13, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. "Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business." Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
Jump up ^ p. 17-20, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. "Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business." Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
Jump up ^ pp. 14-15, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. "Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business." Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
Jump up ^ pp. 15-16, N. Oluwafemi Mimiko. "Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business." Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.
Jump up ^ Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
Jump up ^ Daedalus, 93/3: (1964), 881-909
Jump up ^ International Security, 24/1: (1999), 5-41
Jump up ^ "Error - Amnesty International". www.amnesty.org.
Jump up ^ Snyder, ed., Jack (2011). Religion and International Relations Theory. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 9780231153386. Retrieved 2016-02-24. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ E.g., Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006. Donald Markwell, Keynes and International Economic and Political Relations, Trinity Paper 33, Trinity College, University of Melbourne. [2]
Jump up ^ [3]Fabrice Rivault, (1999) Culturologie Politique Internationale : Une approche systémique et matérialiste de la culture et du système social global, McGill Dissertation, Montréal, publiée par Culturology Press
Jump up ^ Xintian, Yu (2005) "Cultural Factors In International Relations", Chinese Philosophical Studies. Archived 2010-04-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Xintian, Yu (2009),"Combining Research on Cultural Theory and International Relations"
Jump up ^ "US-Russian relations: Demanding equal treatment - Russia Beyond the Headlines".
Bibliography[edit]
Carlsnaes, Walter, et al eds. (2012). Handbook of International Relations. SAGE Publications. Retrieved 2016-02-24. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Dyvik, Synne L., Jan Selby and Rorden Wilkinson, eds. What's the Point of International Relations (2017)
Reus-Smit, Christian, and Duncan Snidal, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (2010)
Theory[edit]
Norman Angell The Great Illusion (London: Heinemann, 1910)
Hedley Bull Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977)
Robert Cooper The Post-Modern State
Enloe, Cynthia. "'Gender' Is Not Enough: The Need for a Feminist Consciousness". International Affairs 80.1 (2004): 95-97. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.
Goodin, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. A New Handbook of Political Science (1998) ch 16-19 pp 401–78
Charlotte Hooper "Masculinities, IR and the 'Gender Variable': A Cost-Benefit Analysis for (Sympathetic) Gender Sceptics." International Studies 25.3 (1999): 475-491.
Andrew Hurrell On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford University Press, 2008). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/on-global-order-9780199233113?cc=us&lang=en&
Robert Keohane After Hegemony
Hans Köchler, Democracy and the International Rule of Law. Vienna/New York: Springer, 1995
Andrew Linklater Men and citizens in the theory of international relations
Donald Markwell John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Reinhold Niebuhr Moral Man and Immoral Society 1932
Joseph Nye Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Public Affairs Ltd 2004
Paul Raskin The Great Transition Today: A Report from the Future
J. Ann Tickner Gender in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
Kenneth Waltz Man, the State, and War
Kenneth Waltz Theory of International Politics (1979), examines the foundation of By Bar
Michael Walzer Just and Unjust Wars 1977
Alexander Wendt Social Theory of International Politics 1999
J. Martin Rochester Fundamental Principles of International Relations (Westview Press, 2010)
An Introduction to International Relations Theory
James C. Hsiang Anarchy & Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations 1555875718, 9781555875718 Lynne Rienner Pub 1997
Textbooks[edit]
Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (2011)
Mingst, Karen A., and Ivan M. Arreguín-Toft. Essentials of International Relations (5th ed. 2010)
Nau, Henry R. Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, Ideas (2008)
Roskin, Michael G., and Nicholas O. Berry. IR: The New World of International Relations (8th ed. 2009)
Alexander, F. (1998). Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press.
History of international relations[edit]
Main article: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) § Further reading
Beaulac, Stéphane. "The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth", Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 (2004).
Black, Jeremy. A History of Diplomacy (2010)
Calvocoressi, Peter. World Politics since 1945 (9th Edition, 2008) 956pp
E. H. Carr Twenty Years Crisis (1940), 1919–39
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500-2000 (1987), stress on economic and military factors
Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy (1995), not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century
Krasner, Stephen D.: "Westphalia and All That" in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane (eds): Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp. 235–264
New Cambridge Modern History (13 vol 1957-79), thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900
Ringmar, Erik. History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.
Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1994) 920pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) 638pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy
External links[edit]
Issues in development cooperation at Wikibooks
The European Institute for International Law and International Relations
hide
v
t
e
Social sciences
Primary
Anthropology
archaeology
cultural
linguistics
biological anthropology
social
Economics
microeconomics
macroeconomics
Geography
human
integrative
History
cultural
economic
military
political
social
Law
jurisprudence
legal history
legal systems
Political science
international relations
psephology
public administration
public policy
Psychology
abnormal
biological
cognitive
developmental
personality
social
Sociology
criminology
demography
internet
rural
urban
Interdisciplinary
Anthrozoology
Area studies
Business studies
Cognitive science
Communication studies
Community studies
Cultural studies
Development studies
Education
Environmental (social science
studies)
Food studies
Gender studies
Global studies
History of technology
Human ecology
Information science
International studies
Media studies
Philosophy of science
economics
history
psychology
social science
Planning
land use
regional
urban
Political ecology
Political economy
Public health
Regional science
Science and technology studies
Science studies
historical
Social work
Other categorizations
Humanities
Geisteswissenschaft
Human science
Index
Journals
Outline
Wikiversity
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_relations&oldid=865805050"
Categories:
International relations
International relations education
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Lietuvių
Luganda
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Zazaki
中文
56 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 08:05 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;

values:
/wiki/Politics_by_country
mw-redirect
Politics by country

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Diplomatic_relations
mw-redirect
Diplomatic relations

values:
/wiki/Global_finance
mw-redirect
Global finance

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

values:
/wiki/Sovereign_states
mw-redirect
Sovereign states

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht
mw-redirect
Treaty of Utrecht

values:
/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau
mw-redirect
Jean Jacques Rousseau

values: Edit section: Study of international relations

values:
/wiki/Academic_discipline
mw-redirect
Academic discipline

values: Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service

values: Montague Burton Professor of International Relations

values:
/wiki/Early_modern
mw-redirect
Early modern

values: Graduate Institute of International Studies

values: Committee on International Relations (University of Chicago)

values:
/wiki/Graduate_degree
mw-redirect
Graduate degree

values: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy

values: Norman Paterson School of International Affairs

values:
/wiki/Normative_theory
mw-redirect
Normative theory

values: Explicit assumption (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Political_realism
mw-redirect
Political realism

values:
/wiki/Charles_Kindleberger
mw-redirect
Charles Kindleberger

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Krasner
mw-redirect
Stephen Krasner

values: Neoliberalism in international relations

values:
/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations
mw-redirect
Intergovernmental organizations

values:
/wiki/Relative_gains
mw-redirect
Relative gains

values:
/wiki/Absolute_gains
mw-redirect
Absolute gains

values: Christina Davis (academic) (page does not exist)

values: Judith L. Goldstein (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/G._John_Ikenberry
mw-redirect
G. John Ikenberry

values: Edit section: Post-positivist/reflectivist theories

values: Edit section: International society theory (the English school)

values: English school of international relations theory

values:
/wiki/Public_international_law
mw-redirect
Public international law

values:
/wiki/Radical_constructionism
mw-redirect
Radical constructionism

values: Constructivism in international relations

values:
/wiki/Captive_markets
mw-redirect
Captive markets

values:
/wiki/Freedom_(political)
mw-redirect
Freedom (political)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Interest group perspective

values:
/wiki/Interest_group
mw-redirect
Interest group

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values: Edit section: Post-structuralist theories

values: Post-structuralism (international relations) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Transnational_corporations
mw-redirect
Transnational corporations

values:
/wiki/Liberation_movements
mw-redirect
Liberation movements

values:
/wiki/Non-governmental_agencies
mw-redirect
Non-governmental agencies

values:
/wiki/International_organizations
mw-redirect
International organizations

values:
/wiki/South-South_Cooperation
mw-redirect
South-South Cooperation

values:
/wiki/Great_powers
mw-redirect
Great powers

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Polarity_(power)
mw-redirect
Polarity (power)

values: Balance of power in international relations

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values: Edit section: Systemic tools of international relations

values:
/wiki/War_Studies
mw-redirect
War Studies

values:
/wiki/UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights
mw-redirect
UN Commission on Human Rights

values: Edit section: Unit-level concepts in international relations

values: Edit section: Individual or sub-unit level concepts

values:
/wiki/Religious_wars
mw-redirect
Religious wars

values: International political culturology (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Institutions in international relations

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters
mw-redirect
United Nations headquarters

values: Edit section: Generalist inter-state organizations

values: Edit section: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

values: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations

values: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

values:
/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon
mw-redirect
F-16 Fighting Falcon

values: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

values:
/wiki/Bank_of_International_Settlements
mw-redirect
Bank of International Settlements

values: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

values: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

values: Edit section: International legal bodies

values:
/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee
mw-redirect
Human Rights Committee

values: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

values: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

values:
/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice
mw-redirect
African Court of Justice

values: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

values: Edit section: Regional security arrangements

values: Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific

values: GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

values:
/wiki/Maritime_security_regime
mw-redirect
Maritime security regime

values: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of international relations journals

values: List of international relations institutes and organisations

values:
nofollow
http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1317-0570

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3118232

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3791139

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3791139

values:
/wiki/Susan_T._Fiske
mw-redirect
Susan T. Fiske

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661

values:
nofollow
http://www.culturology.com/definition/
external autonumber

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
/wiki/Robert_Cooper_(diplomat)
mw-redirect
Robert Cooper (diplomat)

values: Edit section: History of international relations

values:
nofollow
http://www.irhistory.info/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.eiir.eu/
external text

values:
/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society
mw-redirect
Science, technology and society

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use British English Oxford spelling from June 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/International_relations
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: Internationale Beziehungen – Alemannisch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: علاقات دولية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Kok-chè-koan-hē-ha̍k – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Міжнародныя адносіны – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Міжнародныя адносіны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Международни отношения – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Διεθνείς σχέσεις – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: روابط بین‌الملل – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Միջազգային հարաբերություններ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: יחסים בינלאומיים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები – Georgian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Халықаралық қатынастарды демократизациялау – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lg
display: none;

values: Меѓународни односи – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബന്ധങ്ങൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: आंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Олон улсын харилцаа – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: နိုင်ငံတကာ ဆက်ဆံရေးပညာ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Дуьненаюкъара юкъаметтигаш – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Международные отношения – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: Teoritë e Marrëdhënieve Ndërkombëtare – Albanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: ජාත්‍යන්තර සබඳතා – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: International relations – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: پەیوەندییە نێونەتەوەیییەکان – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Међународни односи – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பன்னாட்டு உறவுகள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Равобити байналмиллалӣ – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Міжнародні відносини – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-International_relations rootpage-International_relations skin-vector action-view


text:
Crow River (Minnesota)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Crow River (Khaŋǧí Šúŋ Wakpa)
River
channelized section of the South Fork of the Crow River near Cosmos in Meeker County
Country
United States
State
Minnesota
Mouth
Mississippi River
Map of the Crow River watershed.
The Crow River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in south-central Minnesota in the United States. It drains a watershed of 2,756 square miles (7,140 km2).
Contents
1 Name
2 Hydrography
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Name[edit]
The earliest record of the name for Crow River is "Karishon River", reflecting the Dakota language Khaŋǧí Šúŋ Watpá (now Wakpá), meaning "The Large Wing-feather of the Crow River". In other documents, this was translated as "Crow Wing River", or by its Ojibwe language name "Undeg-sipi" (from Aandego-ziibi), meaning "Crow River". Early explorers recorded the name of this river in various ways: "Goose River" by Jonathan Carver, "Rook's River" by Giacomo Beltrami, and as "Karishon or Crow River" by Joseph Nicollet.[1] The North Fork of the Crow River was named by the Ojibwe Indians for the bird they called the "marauder of newly planted corn."[2]
Hydrography[edit]
The Crow River flows for most of its length as three streams:
The North Fork Crow River, 157.5 miles (253.4 km) long,[3] flows from Grove Lake in eastern Pope County and follows a generally east-southeastward course through southwestern Stearns, northeastern Kandiyohi, northern Meeker and central Wright counties, through Rice Lake and Lake Koronis and past the towns of Regal, Paynesville and Kingston. A minor headwaters tributary of the North Fork is named the Skunk River.
The Middle Fork Crow River, 45.1 miles (72.6 km) long,[3] rises near Belgrade in southwestern Stearns County and flows into Kandiyohi County, initially southward through Mud Lake and Nest Lake and past the town of New London, then eastward through Green Lake and Calhoun Lake and into northern Meeker County, where it joins the North Fork.
The South Fork Crow River, 116.0 miles (186.7 km) long,[3] flows from Wakanda and Little Kandiyohi lakes in south-central Kandiyohi County and follows a generally eastward course through southwestern Meeker, northern McLeod, northwestern Carver and southeastern Wright counties, past the towns of Cosmos, Hutchinson, Lester Prairie, Mayer, Watertown and Delano. Portions of the South Fork's upper course have been heavily straightened and channelized.
The Crow as it flows through Hanover
The north and south forks converge at Rockford to form the Crow River, which flows for 24.8 miles (39.9 km) northeastward to the Mississippi River.[3] The river's course is used to define the boundary between Wright and Hennepin counties.
The Crow flows through Greenfield, Hanover, St. Michael, Otsego and Dayton; it enters the Mississippi River from the south at the common boundary between Otsego and Dayton.
See also[edit]
List of rivers of Minnesota
Coordinates: 45°14′45″N 93°31′21″W / 45.2457984°N 93.5224579°W / 45.2457984; -93.5224579[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. 1895. The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, to headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the years 1805-6-7.
Jump up ^ [2] Minnesota DNR - Crow River, North Fork
^ Jump up to: a b c d U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-04-05 at WebCite, accessed November 29, 2012
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Crow River
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
Waters, Thomas F. (1977). The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0960-8.
External links[edit]
Minnesota DNR - Crow River, North Fork
Minnesota DNR - Crow River, South Fork
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow_River_(Minnesota)&oldid=817478314"
Categories:
Rivers of Minnesota
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Hennepin County, Minnesota
Rivers of Pope County, Minnesota
Rivers of Stearns County, Minnesota
Rivers of Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
Rivers of Meeker County, Minnesota
Rivers of Wright County, Minnesota
Rivers of McLeod County, Minnesota
Rivers of Carver County, Minnesota
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template webcite links
Geobox usage tracking for river type
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 17:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: i

value: span

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #b3cce4;

value: tr

attrs: class title

values:
mergedtoprow
Location name (local name)

values: text-align: center; background-color: #b3cce4;

values: mergedbottomrow Category

values: Country/Countries in which the site lies

values:
mergedrow
State/States in which the site lies

values: width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Tributaries of the Mississippi River

values: Category:Rivers of Hennepin County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Pope County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Stearns County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Kandiyohi County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Meeker County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Wright County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of McLeod County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Carver County, Minnesota

values: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

values: Category:Geobox usage tracking for river type

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Crow_River_(Minnesota)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Crow_River_Minnesota rootpage-Crow_River_Minnesota skin-vector action-view


text:
Baretta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Baretta (disambiguation).
Baretta
Baretta title screen
Genre
Detective fiction
Created by
Stephen J. Cannell
Starring
Robert Blake
Dana Elcar
Tom Ewell
Michael D. Roberts
Theme music composer
Dave Grusin
Morgan Ames
Opening theme
"Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow"
Performed by Sammy Davis, Jr.
Music performed by El Chicano
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
82 (list of episodes)
Production company(s)
Roy Huggins-Public Arts Productions
Universal Television
Distributor
MCA TV
(1980-1981)
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
January 17, 1975 (1975-01-17) – May 18, 1978 (1978-05-18)
Chronology
Preceded by
Toma
Baretta is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975-78.[1]
The show was a revised milder version of a 1973–74 ABC series, Toma, starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like, real-life New Jersey police officer David Toma. When Musante left the series after a single season, the concept was retooled as Baretta, with Robert Blake in the title role.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Supporting cast
2 Episodes
3 Production notes
4 Syndication
5 DVD release
6 Cultural references
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Detective Anthony Vincenzo "Tony" Baretta is an unorthodox plainclothes cop (badge #609) with the 53rd precinct, who lives with Fred, his Triton sulphur-crested cockatoo, in apartment 2C at the run-down King Edward Hotel in an unnamed, fictional city. A master of disguise, Baretta wore many while performing his duties. When not working he usually wore a short-sleeve sweatshirt, casual slacks, a brown suede jacket and a newsboy cap.
Baretta was often seen with an unlit cigarette in his lips or behind his ear. His catchphrases included "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time", "You can take dat to da bank" and "And dat‘s the name of dat tune." When exasperated he would occasionally speak in asides to his late father, Louie Baretta. He drove a rusted-out Mist Blue 1966 Chevrolet Impala four-door sport sedan nicknamed "The Blue Ghost" (license plate 532 BEM). He hung out at Ross’s Billiard Academy and referred to his numerous girlfriends as his "cousins".
"Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow," the show's theme music was composed by Dave Grusin and Morgan Ames and sung by Sammy Davis Jr.[citation needed]
Supporting cast[edit]
Billy Truman (Tom Ewell), retired cop who used to work with Baretta's father Louie at the 53rd Precinct.
Rooster (Michael D. Roberts), a streetwise pimp and Baretta's favorite informant.
Inspector Shiller (Dana Elcar) and Lieutenant Hal Brubaker (Edward Grover), Baretta's supervisors.
Detective Foley (John Ward), police detective.
Fats (Chino 'Fats' Williams), a gravelly-voiced, older detective.
Detective Nopke (Ron Thompson), a rookie detective.[4]
Little Moe (Angelo Rossitto), a shoeshine man and informant.
Mr. Nicholas (Titos Vandis), a mob boss.
Mr. Muncie (Paul Lichtman), the owner of a liquor store at 52nd and Main.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Baretta episodes
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
1 12 January 17, 1975 (1975-01-17) April 30, 1975 (1975-04-30)
2 22 September 10, 1975 (1975-09-10) April 28, 1976 (1976-04-28)
3 24 September 22, 1976 (1976-09-22) May 4, 1977 (1977-05-04)
4 24 September 28, 1977 (1977-09-28) May 18, 1978 (1978-05-18)
Production notes[edit]
Baretta with Fred.
The theme song, "Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow", was written by Dave Grusin and Morgan Ames; initially an instrumental, lyrics were added in later seasons that were sung by Sammy Davis, Jr. Every episode of Baretta began with the song, which contained the motto, "Don't do the crime if you can't do the time."
The song was released as a single in Europe in 1976, reaching number one in the Dutch Top 40 as "Baretta's Theme". The music for the theme song was performed by Los Angeles-based Latin influenced Rock band El Chicano from Los Angeles, California. El Chicano also released the song as a 45 and also as a track on one of their albums. The "Baretta" theme song by El Chicano was a huge hit in many countries including Turkey, Malaysia, Singapore, France and The Philippines.
The song was released as a single in the US, but only charted as high as #42 on the Adult Contemporary Chart, while it "bubbled under the Hot 100" at #101.
Syndication[edit]
After its initial run in syndication beginning in 1979, the series later re-appeared on TV Land in 1999 as part of a package of series licensed from Universal. Me-TV aired reruns of Baretta on Saturday afternoons in 2007.
DVD release[edit]
On October 29, 2002, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first season of Baretta on Region 1 DVD in the United States. It is unknown if the remaining three seasons will be released.
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
Season 1 12 October 29, 2002
Cultural references[edit]
Mad magazine spoofed the series as "Barfetta".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Baretta". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ McMurran, Kristin (1980-07-07). "With Stunning Intensity, David Toma, Ex-Cop, Ex-Addict and Model for TV's 'Baretta', Harangues Kids Against Drugs". People. Time Inc.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Lois (1975-04-28). "A Time Bomb Named Robert Blake Re-Explodes as 'Baretta'". People. Time Inc.
Jump up ^ Maçek III, J.C. (August 2, 2012). "'American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung". PopMatters.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baretta.
Baretta on IMDb
Baretta at TV.com
TV Character Bio: Tony Baretta at TV Acres
Roy Huggins discusses the creation of Baretta in an Archive of American Television Interview
hide
v
t
e
Television series produced or created by Stephen J. Cannell
The D.A. (1971)
Chase (1973)
Toma (1973–74)
The Rockford Files (1974–80)
Baretta (1975–78)
City of Angels (1976)
Baa Baa Black Sheep (1976–78)
Richie Brockelman, Private Eye (1978)
The Duke (1979)
Stone (1980)
Tenspeed and Brown Shoe (1980)
The Greatest American Hero (1981–83)
The Quest (1982)
The A-Team (1983–87)
The Rousters (1983–84)
Hardcastle and McCormick (1983–86)
Riptide (1984–86)
Hunter (1984–91)
Stingray (1985–87)
The Last Precinct (1986)
Wiseguy (1987–90)
21 Jump Street (1987–91)
J.J. Starbuck (1987–88)
Sonny Spoon (1988)
Top of the Hill (1989)
Unsub (1989)
Booker (1989–90)
Broken Badges (1990–91)
The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage (1991)
Palace Guard (1991)
Personals (1991-92)
Street Justice (1991–93)
The Commish (1991–96)
Silk Stalkings (1991–99)
The Hat Squad (1992–93)
Renegade (1992–97)
Cobra (1993–94)
Caesars Challenge (1993-94)
Missing Persons (1993–94)
Hawkeye (1994–95)
Traps (1994)
Marker (1995)
Profit (1996)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baretta&oldid=845866170"
Categories:
1975 American television series debuts
1978 American television series endings
1970s American television series
1970s American crime television series
American Broadcasting Company network shows
American crime television series
American drama television series
Detective television series
English-language television programs
Fictional American people of Italian descent
Television series by Stephen J. Cannell Productions
Television series by Universal Television
Television shows set in New Jersey
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from February 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Italiano
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
Norsk
Português
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 17:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Baretta_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Baretta (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sammy_Davis,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Sammy Davis, Jr.

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Television_series
mw-redirect
Television series

values:
/wiki/License_plate
mw-redirect
License plate

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072471/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.tv.com/shows/baretta/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:1975 American television series debuts

values: Category:1978 American television series endings

values: Category:1970s American television series

values: Category:1970s American crime television series

values: Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows

values: Category:American crime television series

values: Category:American drama television series

values: Category:Fictional American people of Italian descent

values: Category:Television series by Stephen J. Cannell Productions

values: Category:Television series by Universal Television

values: Category:Television shows set in New Jersey

values: Category:Use mdy dates from February 2013

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Baretta
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Baretta&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: বারেত্তা – Bangla

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: باره‌تا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: बरेट्टा – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Баретта – Russian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baretta
Baretta – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Baretta rootpage-Baretta skin-vector action-view