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Every Breath You Take
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For the album, see Every Breath You Take: The Singles.
"Every Breath You Take"
Single by the Police
from the album Synchronicity
B-side
"Murder by Numbers"
Released
20 May 1983
Format
7-inch 45 rpm record
Recorded
December 1982 – February 1983[1]
Genre
New wave[2]
soft rock[3]
Length
4:13 (Album version)
3:56 (Single version)
Label
A&M (AM 117)
Songwriter(s)
Sting
Producer(s)
The Police
Hugh Padgham
the Police singles chronology
"Secret Journey"
(1982) "Every Breath You Take"
(1983) "Wrapped Around Your Finger"
(1983)
Music video
Every Breath You Take on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"Every Breath You Take" is a song by English rock band the Police from their album Synchronicity (1983). Written by Sting, the single was the biggest US and UK hit of 1983, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks (the band's only number-one hit on that chart), and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also topped the Billboard Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.
At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards the song was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and Record of the Year, winning in the first two categories. For the song, Sting received the 1983 British Academy's Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically.[4]
The song is considered to be both the Police's and Sting's signature song, and in 2010 was estimated to generate between a quarter and a third of Sting's music publishing income.[5] In the 1983 Rolling Stone critics and readers poll, it was voted "Song of the Year". In the US, it was the best-selling single of 1983 and fifth-best-selling single of the decade. Billboard ranked it as the number-one song for 1983.[6]
The song ranked number 84 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[7] It also ranked number 25 on Billboard's Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs.[8] In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[9]
Contents
1 Origins and songwriting
2 Music video
3 Impact
4 Legacy
5 Accolades
6 Track listing
7 Personnel
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 End-of-decade charts
8.4 Certifications
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Origins and songwriting[edit]
Sting wrote the song in 1982 in the aftermath of his separation from Frances Tomelty and the beginning of his relationship with Trudie Styler. Their split was controversial. As The Independent reported in 2006; "the problem was, he was already married – to actress Frances Tomelty, who just happened to be Trudie's best friend (Sting and Frances lived next door to Trudie in Bayswater, west London, for several years before the two of them became lovers). The affair was widely condemned." In order to escape from the public eye, Sting retreated in the Caribbean. He started writing the song at Ian Fleming's writing desk on the Goldeneye estate in Oracabessa, Jamaica.[10] The lyrics are the words of a possessive lover who is watching "every breath you take; every move you make".
I woke up in the middle of the night with that line in my head, sat down at the piano and had written it in half an hour. The tune itself is generic, an aggregate of hundreds of others, but the words are interesting. It sounds like a comforting love song. I didn't realize at the time how sinister it is. I think I was thinking of Big Brother, surveillance and control.
—  Sting[11]
Sting later said he was disconcerted by how many people think the song is more positive than it is. He insists it is about the obsession with a lost lover, and the jealousy and surveillance that follow. "One couple told me 'Oh we love that song; it was the main song played at our wedding!' I thought, 'Well, good luck.'"[12] When asked why he appears angry in the music video, Sting told BBC Radio 2, "I think the song is very, very sinister and ugly and people have actually misinterpreted it as being a gentle little love song, when it's quite the opposite."[13]
According to the Back to Mono box-set book, "Every Breath You Take" is influenced by a Gene Pitney song titled "Every Breath I Take". Led Zeppelin's song, "D'Yer Mak'er" (1973), also contains the words "every breath I take; every move I make". The song has an AABACABA structure.
The demo of the song was recorded in an eight-track suite in North London's Utopia studios and featured Sting singing over a Hammond organ.[1] A few months later he presented the song to the other band members when they reconvened at George Martin's AIR Studios in Montserrat to work on the Synchronicity album. While recording, Summers came up with a guitar part inspired by Béla Bartók that would later become a trademark lick, and played it straight through in one take. He was asked to put guitar onto a simple backing track of bass, drums, and a single vocal, with Sting offering no directive beyond "make it your own."[14] Summers remembers:
This was a difficult one to get, because Sting wrote a very good song, but there was no guitar on it. He had this Hammond organ thing that sounded like Billy Preston. It certainly didn't sound like the Police, with that big, rolling synthesiser part. We spent about six weeks recording just the snare drums and the bass. It was a simple, classic chord sequence, but we couldn't agree how to do it. I'd been making an album with Robert Fripp, and I was kind of experimenting with playing Bartok violin duets and had worked up a new riff. When Sting said 'go and make it your own', I went and stuck that lick on it, and immediately we knew we had something special.
—  Andy Summers[15]
The recording process was fraught with difficulties as personal tensions between the band members, particularly Sting and Stewart Copeland, came to the fore.[1] Producer Hugh Padgham claimed that by the time of the recording sessions, Sting and Copeland "hated each other", with verbal and physical fights in the studio common.[1] The tensions almost led to the recording sessions being cancelled until a meeting involving the band and the group's manager, Miles Copeland (Stewart's brother), resulted in an agreement to continue.[1] Keyboard parts were added from Roland guitar synthesizers, a Prophet-5 and an Oberheim synthesiser.[1] The single-note piano in the middle eight was recommended by Padgham, inspired by similar work that he had done with the group XTC.[1] The drum track was largely created through separate overdubs of each percussive instrument, with the main backbeat created by simultaneously playing a snare and a gong drum.[1] To give the song more liveliness, Padgham asked Copeland to record his drum part in the studio's dining room in order to achieve some "special sound effects". The room was so hot, that his drum sticks had to be taped to Copeland's hands to make sure they didn't fly off.[1] According to Stewart Copeland:
In my humble opinion, this is Sting's best song with the worst arrangement. I think Sting could have had any other group do this song and it would have been better than our version — except for Andy's brilliant guitar part. Basically, there's an utter lack of groove. It's a totally wasted opportunity for our band. Even though we made gazillions off of it, and it's the biggest hit we ever had.
—  Stewart Copeland[15]
Music video[edit]
The song had a music video (directed by duo Godley & Creme) loosely based on Gjon Mili's 1944 short film Jammin' the Blues. Shot in black-and-white, the video depicts the band, accompanied by a pianist and string section, performing the song in a darkened ballroom as a man washes the floor-to-ceiling window behind them. Sting performs his part on upright bass rather than bass guitar.
The video was praised for its cinematography; MTV (1999), Rolling Stone (1993), and VH1 (2002) named it as one of the best music videos ever, placing it 16th, 61st, & 33rd in their respective top 100 lists. Daniel Pearl won the first MTV cinematography award for his work on the video.[16] Released in the early days of MTV, Every Breath You Take was one of the earliest videos to enter heavy rotation, a fact that significantly contributed to the popularity of the song. Pop star Richard Marx remembers that "the first video I watched over and over was Every Breath You Take. It was like seeing a Bergman film. Directors usually spelled out every word of the lyrics in a video, but this was the first video I knew that didn't do that. It was abstract." According to A&M co-founder Jeff Ayeroff, "[The video for] Every Breath You Take probably cost $75,000 to $100,000, and we sold over 5 million albums. With a good video, the return on your investment was phenomenal."[17]
Impact[edit]
"Every Breath You Take" was released as a single in 1983, with "Murder by Numbers", a composition by Andy Summers and Sting, on the B-side. "Every Breath You Take" reached the No. 1 spot in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Israel, Ireland, and South Africa. In the 1983 Rolling Stone critics and readers poll, it was voted "Song of the Year".
Legacy[edit]
In 1997, Chaka Khan and k.d. lang performed the song at the Songs & Visions concert at Wembley Stadium[18].
In 1999, "Every Breath You Take" was listed as one of the Top 100 Songs of the Century by BMI.[19][20] In 2003, VH1 ranked the song the No. 2 greatest Break-up song of all time. And also as of 2003, Sting was still taking in an average of $2000 per day in royalties for the then 20-year-old song.[21]
In October 2007, Sting was awarded a Million-Air certificate for 9 million airplays of "Every Breath You Take" at the BMI Awards show in London, with only Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl" a close second at 8 million air plays.[22]
The song is sampled in Puff Daddy's 1997 hit I'll Be Missing You, which would later go platinum multiple times and win a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group; Sting ultimately participated in a performance of "I'll Be Missing You" at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards.
Maroon 5 also sampled in their 2007 single "Won't Go Home Without You" from the album It Won't Be Soon Before Long.
Accolades[edit]
It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[23]
It ranked No. 25 on Billboard's Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs.[8]
Track listing[edit]
7": A&M / AM 117
"Every Breath You Take" – 3:56
"Murder by Numbers" – 4:31
2x7": A&M / AM 117
"Every Breath You Take" – 4:13
"Murder by Numbers" – 4:31
"Man in a Suitcase" (Live) – 2:18
"Truth Hits Everybody '83" – 3:34
Rare 2x7" single
Personnel[edit]
Sting – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar, synthesizers
Andy Summers – guitars, piano
Stewart Copeland – drums
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1983-2015)
Peak
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[24] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[25] 8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[26] 9
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[27] 1
Canada (CHUM)[28] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[29] 5
France (IFOP)[30] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[31] 8
Ireland (IRMA)[32] 1
Italy (FIMI)[33] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[35] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[36] 6
Norway (VG-lista)[37] 2
South Africa (Springbok Radio Top 20)[38] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[39] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41] 6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[43] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[44] 5
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[45] 1
US Billboard Dance/Disco Top 80[46] 26
US Cash Box Top 100[47] 1
Chart (2011-2015)
Peak
Position
Canada (Canadian Digital Songs)[48] 43
US Rock Digital Songs (Billboard)[49] 21
Chart (2013-2016)
Peak
Position
Slovenia (SloTop50)[50] 18
Chart (2015)
Peak
Position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[51] 60
Slovenia (SloTop50)[52] 40
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1983-2015)
Rank
Australia (Kent Music Report)[53] 10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[54] 42
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[55] 1
France (SNEP)[56] 50
Germany (Official German Charts)[57] 38
Italy (FIMI)[58] 10
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[59] 45
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[60] 42
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[61] 35
UK Singles (Official Single Charts)[62] 16
US Billboard Hot 100[63] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[64] 2
End-of-decade charts[edit]
End-of-decade chart (1980–1989)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[65] 5
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Italy (FIMI)[66]
Gold
United Kingdom (BPI)[67]
Gold
United States (RIAA)[68]
Gold
See also[edit]
List of RPM number-one singles of 1983
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles from the 1980s (UK)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983
List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Buskin, Richard (March 2004). "Classic Tracks: The Police's 'Every Breath You Take'". Sound on Sound.
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Jump up ^ Fisher, Bob. "A Conversation with Daniel Pearl". International Cinematographers Guild. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
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Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Cahrt Positions Pre 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
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Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Police – Every Breath You Take". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 February 2013. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Every Breath You Take in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Police – Every Breath You Take". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 7 February 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Classic Tracks: The Police's 'Every Breath You Take'
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

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The Police
Stewart Copeland
Sting
Andy Summers
Henry Padovani
Studio albums
Outlandos d'Amour
Reggatta de Blanc
Zenyatta Mondatta
Ghost in the Machine
Synchronicity
Live albums
Live!
Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires
Compilations
Every Breath You Take: The Singles
Greatest Hits
Every Breath You Take: The Classics
The Very Best of Sting & The Police
The Police
Boxed sets
Six Pack
Message in a Box: The Complete Recordings
Singles
"Fall Out"
"Roxanne"
"Can't Stand Losing You"
"So Lonely"
"Message in a Bottle"
"Walking on the Moon"
"Bring On the Night"
"The Bed's Too Big Without You"
"Don't Stand So Close to Me"
"De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da"
"Invisible Sun"
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic"
"Spirits in the Material World"
"Secret Journey"
"Every Breath You Take"
"Wrapped Around Your Finger"
"Synchronicity II"
"King of Pain"
"Don't Stand So Close to Me '86"
"When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around" (Different Gear vs. The Police)
Other songs
"Next to You"
"Reggatta de Blanc"
"Driven to Tears"
"Behind My Camel"
"Demolition Man"
"Synchronicity I"
"Tea in the Sahara"
"De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da '86"
Tours
The Police Around the World Tour
Zenyatta Mondatta Tour
Ghost in the Machine Tour
Synchronicity Tour
A Conspiracy of Hope Tour
The Police Reunion Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Strontium 90
Strontium 90: Police Academy
Brimstone & Treacle
¡Policia!: A Tribute to the Police
Everyone Stares
Book
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Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
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Billboard Year-End number one singles (1980–1999)
1980: "Call Me" – Blondie
1981: "Bette Davis Eyes" – Kim Carnes
1982: "Physical" – Olivia Newton-John
1983: "Every Breath You Take" – The Police
1984: "When Doves Cry" – Prince
1985: "Careless Whisper" – Wham! featuring George Michael
1986: "That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne & Friends
1987: "Walk Like an Egyptian" – The Bangles
1988: "Faith" – George Michael
1989: "Look Away" – Chicago
1990: "Hold On" – Wilson Phillips
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "End of the Road" – Boyz II Men
1993: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1994: "The Sign" – Ace of Base
1995: "Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio featuring L.V.
1996: "Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix)" – Los del Río
1997: "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" – Elton John
1998: "Too Close" – Next
1999: "Believe" – Cher
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
show
v
t
e
Ivor Novello Awards – Best Song Musically and Lyrically
1960s
"She's Leaving Home" (1968)
1970s
"Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" (1970)
"Something" (1971)
"Don't Let It Die" (1972)
"Without You" (1973)
"Daniel" (1974)
"Streets of London"* (1975)
"Don't Cry for Me Argentina" (1978)
"Baker Street" (1979)
1980s
"The Logical Song" (1980)
"Woman in Love" (1981)
"Memory" (1982)
"Have You Ever Been in Love" (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" (1984)
"Against All Odds" (1985)
"Nikita" (1986)
"Don't Give Up" (1987)
"Something Inside So Strong" (1988)
"They Dance Alone" (1989)
1990s
"The Living Years" (1990)
"Sacrifice" (1991)
"The Whole of the Moon" (1992)
"Why" (1993)
"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" (1994)
"Think Twice" (1995)
"Common People" (1996)
"Too Much Love Will Kill You" (1997)
"Paranoid Android" (1998)
"Believe" (1999)
2000s
"Strong" (2000)
"Babylon" (2001)
"Walk On" (2002)
"The Other Side" (2003)
"Leave Right Now" (2004)
"Dry Your Eyes" (2005)
"Suddenly I See" (2006)
"Elusive" (2007)
"Love Is a Losing Game" (2008)
"One Day Like This" (2009)
2010s
"The Fear" (2010)
"Becoming a Jackal" (2011)
"The A Team" (2012)
"Next to Me" (2013)
"Strong" (2014)
"Take Me to Church" (2015)
"Wasn't Expecting That" (2016)
"Black Man in a White World" (2017)
*Awarded as The Best Song
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Breath_You_Take&oldid=856902779"
Categories:
1983 singles
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Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
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Music videos directed by Godley and Creme
Mason Dixon (band) songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham
Songs written by Sting (musician)
The Police songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Works about stalking
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text:
Orders of magnitude (energy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
Contents
[hide]
1 Below 1 J
2 1 to 105 J
3 106 to 1011 J
4 1012 to 1017 J
5 1018 to 1023 J
6 Over 1024 J
7 SI multiples
8 See also
9 Notes
Below 1 J[edit]
List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (Joules)
SI prefix
Value
Item
10−34 6.626×10−34 J Photon energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.[1]
10−33 2×10−33 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached, 100 picokelvins as of 1999[update][2]
10−28 6.6×10−28 J Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[3]
10−24 Yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24 J Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[4][5]
10−23 2×10−23 J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[6][7]
10−22 2-3000×10−22 J Energy of infrared light photons[8]
10−21 Zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21 J 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[9]
2.1×10−21 J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[10]
2.856×10−21 J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information
3–7×10−21 J Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[11][12]
4.1×10−21 J The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[13]
7–22×10−21 J Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[11][14]
10−20 4.5×10−20 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[15][16]
10−19 1.6×10−19 J ≈1 electronvolt (eV)[17]
3–5×10−19 J Energy range of photons in visible light[18][19]
3–14×10−19 J Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[11][20]
5–200×10−19 J Energy of ultraviolet light photons[8]
10−18 Atto- (aJ)
10−17 2-2000×10−17 J Energy range of X-ray photons[8]
10−16
10−15 Femto- (fJ) 3 * 10−15 J Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[21][22][23]
10−14 1×10−14 J Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[24][25][26]
> 2×10−14 J Energy of gamma ray photons[8]
2.7×10−14 J Upper bound of the mass-energy of a muon neutrino[27][28]
8.2×10−14 J Rest mass-energy of an electron[29]
10−13 1.6×10−13 J 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[30]
10−12 Pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12 J Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by D-T fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[31][32]
10−11 3.4×10−11 J Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[33][34]
10−10 1.5030×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a proton[35]
1.505×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a neutron[36]
1.6×10−10 J 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[37]
3×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of a deuteron[38]
6×10−10 J Rest mass-energy of an alpha particle[39]
7×10−10 J Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[40]
10−9 Nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9 J 10 GeV[41]
8×10−9 J Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[42][43]
10−8 1.3×10−8 J Mass-energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[44][45]
1.5×10−8 J Mass-energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[46][47]
1.6×10−8 J 100 GeV[48]
2×10−8 J Mass-energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[49]
6.4×10−8 J Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[50][51]
10−7 1×10−7 J ≡ 1 erg[52]
1.6×10−7 J 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[53] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[54]
10−6 Micro- (µJ) 1.04×10−6 J Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[55][56]
10−5
10−4
10−3 Milli- (mJ)
10−2 Centi- (cJ)
10−1 Deci- (dJ) 1.1×10−1 J Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[57][58]
1 to 105 J[edit]
100 J 1 J ≡ 1 N·m (Newton–metre)
1 J ≡ 1 W·s (Watt-second)
1 J Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[59]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[60]
1 J Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1-degree Celsius[61]
1.4 J ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[52]
4.184 J ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[52]
4.1868 J ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[62]
8 J Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[63][64]
101 Deca- (daJ) 5×101 J The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected[65] was most likely a single proton traveling only slightly slower than the speed of light.[66]
102 Hecto- (hJ) 1×102 J Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 µF @ 330 V)[67][68]
3×102 J Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[69]
3×102 J Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[70][71][72]
3.3×102 J Energy to melt 1 g of ice[73]
> 3.6×102 J Kinetic energy of 800 g[74] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[75] by elite javelin throwers[76]
5–20×102 J Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[77]
6×102 J Kinetic energy of 2 kg[78] standard men's discus thrown at 24.4 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Jürgen Schult[79]
6×102 J Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1-minute
7.5×102 J A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[52]
7.8×102 J Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[80] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[81]
8.01×102 J Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above earth (or any planet with earth gravity)
103 Kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103 J ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[52]
1.4×103 J Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[82]
1.8×103 J Kinetic energy of M16 rifle bullet (5.56×45mm NATO M855, 4.1 g fired at 930 m/s)[83]
2.3×103 J Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[84]
3×103 J Lorentz force can crusher pinch[85]
3.4×103 J Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[86] thrown at 30.7 m/s[87] in 1986)[88]
3.6×103 J ≡ 1 W·h (Watt-hour)[52]
4.2×103 J Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[52][89]
4.2×103 J ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103 J Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[90]
9×103 J Energy in an alkaline AA battery[91]
104 1.7×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[92] or protein[93]
3.8×104 J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[94]
4–5×104 J Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[95]
5×104 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[96]
105 3×105 J—15×105 J Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[97] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[98]
5×105 J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of a meteor hitting Earth[99]
106 to 1011 J[edit]
106 Mega- (MJ) 1×106 J Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[97] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[100]
1.2×106 J Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[101]
3.6×106 J = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[52]
4.2×106 J Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[52][89]
8.4×106 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[102][103]
107 1×107 J Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the assault guns of the ISU-152 tank[104][citation needed]
1.1×107 J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[102][105]
3.7×107 J $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[106][107][108]
4×107 J Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[109]
4.2×107 J Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[110]
6.3×107 J Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[111]
108 1×108 J Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[citation needed]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[52]
1.1×108 J ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[112] ridden at 5 W/kg[113] by a 65 kg rider[114]
7.3×108 J ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[citation needed]
109 Giga- (GJ) 1–10×109 J Energy in an average lightning bolt[115] (thunder)
1.1×109 J Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[116]
1.2×109 J Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)
1.4x109 J Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[117][118]
2x109 J Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[95][119][120]
2×109 J Planck energy, the unit of energy in Planck units[121]
3×109 J Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)
3.3×109 J Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[122][123]
4.2×109 J Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.
4.5×109 J Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[124][125]
6.1×109 J ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[126]
1010 2.3×1010 J Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 562 knots or 289 m/s)[citation needed]
4.2×1010 J ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[126]
5×1010 J Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[127][128]
7.3×1010 J Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[129][130][131]
8.6×1010 J ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants[132]
8.8×1010 J Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[33][34][133]
1011 2.4×1011 J Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[134]
1012 to 1017 J[edit]
1012 Tera- (TJ) 3.4×1012 J Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[135] of Jet A-1[136])[137]
3.6×1012 J 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[138]
4×1012 J Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[139] thermal efficiency of reactor[140][141]
6.4×1012 J Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[142] of Jet A-1[136])[143]
1013 1.1×1013 J Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[144] of Jet A-1[136])[145]
1.2×1013 J Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[146] at 7.7 km/s[147])[148]
6.3×1013 J Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[149][150]
9×1013 J Theoretical total mass-energy of 1 gram of matter[151]
1014 1.8×1014 J Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter [152]
3.75×1014 J Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[153]
6×1014 J Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second[154]
1015 Peta- (PJ) > 1015 J Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[155]
1×1015 J Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[156][157]
4.2×1015 J Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[52][158]
1016 1×1016 J Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[citation needed]
1.1×1016 J Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[156][159]
9×1016 J Mass-energy in 1 kilogram of antimatter (or matter)[160]
1017 1×1017 J Energy released on the Earth's surface by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[161]
1.7×1017 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[162]
2.1×1017 J Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[163][164]
4.2×1017 J Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[156][165]
4.5×1017 J Approximate energy needed to accelerate one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light
8×1017 J Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[166][167]
1018 to 1023 J[edit]
1018 Exa- (EJ) 1.4×1018 J Yearly electricity consumption of South Korea as of 2009[156][168]
1019 1.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[156][169]
1.4×1019J Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[170][171]
5×1019 J Energy released in 1-day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[154]
6.4×1019 J Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008[update][172][173]
6.8×1019 J Yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008[update][172][174]
1020 5x1020 J Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[175][176]
8×1020 J Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[177][178][179][180]
1021 Zetta- (ZJ) 6.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[175][181]
7.9×1021 J Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[175][182]
1022 1.5×1022J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[162][183]
2.4×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[175][184]
2.9×1022 J Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[177]
3.9×1022 J Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[175][185]
4×1022 J Estimated total energy released by the magnitude 9.1–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[186]
1023
2.2×1023 J Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[177]
5×1023 J Approximate energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[187]
Over 1024 J[edit]
1024 Yotta- (YJ) 5.5×1024 J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[162][188]
1025 6×1025 J Energy released by a typical solar flare
1026
3.8×1026 J Total energy output of the Sun each second[189]
1027 1x1027 J Estimate of the energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[190]
1028 3.8×1028 J Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[191][192]
1029 2.1×1029 J Rotational energy of the Earth[193][194][195]
1030 1.8×1030 J Gravitational binding energy of Mercury
1031 3.3×1031 J Total energy output of the Sun each day[189][196]
1032 2×1032 J Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[197]
1033 2.7×1033 J Earth's kinetic energy in its orbit[198]
1034 1.2×1034 J Total energy output of the Sun each year[189][199]
1039 6.6×1039 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Moon
1041 5.4×1041 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Earth[200][201]
6.87×1041 J Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[202]
1043 5×1043 J Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst[203][204]
1044 1–2×1044 J Estimated energy released in a supernova,[205] sometimes referred to as a foe
7044120000000000000♠1.2×1044 J Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.
1045 7045110000000000000♠(1.1±0.2)×1045 J Brightest observed hypernova ASASSN-15lh[206]
few times×1045 J Beaming-corrected 'True' total energy (Energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic Gamma Ray Burst[207][208][209][210][211]
1046 1×1046 J Estimated energy released in a hypernova[212]
1047 1.8×1047 J Theoretical total mass-energy of the Sun[213][214]
5.4×1047 J Mass-energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO[215]
8.8×1047 J GRB 080916C - the most powerful Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) ever recorded - total 'apparent'/isotropic (not corrected for beaming) energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the sun’s mass turned to energy.[216]
1053 6x1053 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[217]
1054 3x1054 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[218]
1055 1055 J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421
1058 4×1058 J Visible mass-energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[219][220]
1059 1×1059 J Total mass-energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[221][222]
1062 1–2×1062 J Total mass-energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[223]
1069 4×1069 J Estimated total mass-energy of the observable universe[224]
SI multiples[edit]
SI multiples for joule (J)
Submultiples
Multiples
Value
SI symbol
Name
Value
SI symbol
Name
10−1 J dJ decijoule 101 J daJ decajoule
10−2 J cJ centijoule 102 J hJ hectojoule
10−3 J mJ millijoule 103 J kJ kilojoule
10−6 J µJ microjoule 106 J MJ megajoule
10−9 J nJ nanojoule 109 J GJ gigajoule
10−12 J pJ picojoule 1012 J TJ terajoule
10−15 J fJ femtojoule 1015 J PJ petajoule
10−18 J aJ attojoule 1018 J EJ exajoule
10−21 J zJ zeptojoule 1021 J ZJ zettajoule
10−24 J yJ yoctojoule 1024 J YJ yottajoule
This SI unit is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (J). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (joule)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Conversion of units of energy
Energies per unit mass
Energy conversion efficiency
List of energy topics
Metric system
Scientific notation
TNT equivalent
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Planck's constant | physics | Britannica.com". britannica.com. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1E-10 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-33 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 1e6 Hz = 6.6e-28 J. In eV: 6.6e-28 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.1e-9 eV.
Jump up ^ "Frequency of a Microwave Oven". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: E_photon = hv = 6.626e-34 J-s * 2.45e8 Hz = 1.62e-24 J. In eV: 1.62e-24 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.0e-5 eV.
Jump up ^ "Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe". JPL. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: KE_avg ≈ (3/2) * T * 1.38E-23 = (3/2) * 1 * 1.38E-23 ≈ 2.07E-23 J
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Wavelength, Frequency, and Energy". Imagine the Universe. NASA. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1e3 J / 6.022e23 entities per mole = 1.7e-21 J per entity
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1.381e-23 J/K * 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1e-21 J
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bond Lengths and Energies". Chem 125 notes. UCLA. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 2 to 4 kJ/mol = 2e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 3.3e-21 J. In eV: 3.3e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 J/eV = 0.04 eV.
Jump up ^ Ansari, Anjum. "Basic Physical Scales Relevant to Cells and Molecules". Physics 450. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 4 to 13 kJ/mol. 4 kJ/mol = 4e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 6.7e-21 J. In eV: 6.7e-21 J / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13 kJ/mol = 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol = 2.2e-20 J. In eV: 13e3 J / 6.022e23 molecules/mol / 1.6e-19 eV/J = 0.13 eV.
Jump up ^ Thomas, S.; Abdalla, F.; Lahav, O. (2010). "Upper Bound of 0.28 eV on Neutrino Masses from the Largest Photometric Redshift Survey". Physical Review Letters. 105 (3): 031301. arXiv:0911.5291  . Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105c1301T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.031301. PMID 20867754.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 0.28 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 4.5e-20 J
Jump up ^ "CODATA Value: electron volt". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "BASIC LAB KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS". Retrieved 5 November 2011. Visible wavelengths are roughly from 390 nm to 780 nm
Jump up ^ Calculated: E = h * c / lambda. E_780_nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (780e-9 m) = 2.5e-19 J. E_390 _nm = 6.6e-34 kg-m^2/s * 3e8 m/s / (390e-9 m) = 5.1e-19 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 3.47e-19 J. (3.47e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol * 4.184 J/calorie / 6.0e22e23 molecules/mol = 1.389e-18 J. (7.64e-19 J / 1.60e-19 eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
Jump up ^ Phillips, Kevin; Jacques, Steven; McCarty, Owen (2012). "How much does a cell weigh?". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. 109. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109k8105P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.118105. Roughly 27 picograms
Jump up ^ Bob Berman. "Our Bodies' Velocities, By the Numbers". Retrieved 19 August 2016. The [...] blood [...] flow[s] at an average speed of 3 to 4 mph
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 27e-12 g * (3.5 miles per hour)^2 = 3e-15 J
Jump up ^ "Physics of the Body" (PDF). Notre Dame. Retrieved 19 August 2016. . "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2."
Jump up ^ "Intensity and the Decibel Scale". Physics Classroom. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2. 1e-6 W/m2 * 1e-4 m2 * 1 s = 1e-14 J
Jump up ^ Thomas J Bowles (2000). P. Langacker, ed. Neutrinos in physics and astrophysics: from 10–33 to 1028 cm: TASI 98 : Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1–26 June 1998. World Scientific. p. 354. ISBN 978-981-02-3887-2. Retrieved 11 November 2011. an upper limit ov m_v_u < 170 keV
Jump up ^ Calculated: 170e3 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 2.7e-14 J
Jump up ^ "electron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Muller, Richard A. (2002). "The Sun, Hydrogen Bombs, and the physics of fusion". Retrieved 5 November 2011. The neutron comes out with high energy of 14.1 MeV
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Energy From Uranium Fission". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "proton mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "neutron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "deuteron mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "alpha particle mass energy equivalent". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 7e-4 g * 9.8 m/s2 * 1e-4 m
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Myers, Stephen. "The LEP Collider". CERN. Retrieved 14 November 2011. the LEP machine energy is about 50 GeV per beam
Jump up ^ Calculated: 50e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 8e-9 J
Jump up ^ "W". PDG Live. Particle Data Group. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; Degrand, T. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667: 1–6. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ ATLAS; CMS (26 March 2015). "Combined Measurement of the Higgs Boson Mass in pp Collisions at √s=7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS Experiments". Physical Review Letters. 114. arXiv:1503.07589  . Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114s1803A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.191803.
Jump up ^ Adams, John. "400 GeV Proton Synchrotron". Excertp from the CERN Annual Report 1976. CERN. Retrieved 14 November 2011. A circulating proton beam of 400 GeV energy was first achieved in the SPS on 17 June 1976
Jump up ^ Calculated: 400e9 eV * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 6.4e-8 J
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 1.355818
Jump up ^ "Conversion from eV to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chocolate bar yardstick". Retrieved 24 January 2014. A TeV is actually a very tiny amount of energy. A popular analogy is to a flying mosquito.
Jump up ^ "First successful beam at record energy of 6.5 TeV". Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 6.5e12 eV per beam * 1.6e-19 J/eV = 1.04e-6 J
Jump up ^ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. Retrieved 2 November 2011. 11.340 g
Jump up ^ Calculated: m*g*h = 11.34e-3 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1.1e-1 J
Jump up ^ "Apples, raw, with skin (NDB No. 09003)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: m*g*h = 1e-1 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1 m = 1 J
Jump up ^ "Specific Heat of Dry Air". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Footnotes". NIST Guide to the SI. NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Physical Motivations". ULTRA Home Page (EUSO project). Dipartimento di Fisica di Torino. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 5e19 eV * 1.6e-19 J/ev = 8 J
Jump up ^ "The Fly's Eye (1981–1993)". HiRes. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Bird, D. J. (March 1995). "Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 441, no. 1, p. 144-150. arXiv:astro-ph/9410067  . Bibcode:1995ApJ...441..144B. doi:10.1086/175344. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Electronic Flash Units and Strobe Lights and Design Guidelines, Useful Circuits, and Schematics". Retrieved 8 December 2011. The energy storage capacitor for pocket cameras is typically 100 to 400 uF at 330 V (charged to 300 V) with a typical flash energy of 10 W-s.
Jump up ^ "Teardown: Digital Camera Canon PowerShot |". electroelvis.com. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ionizing Radiation". General Chemistry Topic Review: Nuclear Chemistry. Bodner Research Web. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vertical Jump Test". Topend Sports. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 41–50 cm (males) 31–40 cm (females)
Jump up ^ "Mass of an Adult". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 70 kg
Jump up ^ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m*g*h = 70 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 40e-2 m = 274 J
Jump up ^ "Latent Heat of Melting of some common Materials". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 10 June 2013. 334 kJ/kg
Jump up ^ "Javelin Throw – Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Young, Michael. "Developing Event Specific Strength for the Javelin Throw" (PDF). Retrieved 13 December 2011. For elite athletes, the velocity of a javelin release has been measured in excess of 30m/s
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 0.8 kg * (30 m/s)^2 = 360 J
Jump up ^ Greenspun, Philip. "Studio Photography". Retrieved 13 December 2011. Most serious studio photographers start with about 2000 watts-seconds
Jump up ^ "Discus Throw – Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 2 kg * (24.4 m/s)^2 = 595.4 J
Jump up ^ "Shot Put – Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (14.7 m/s)^2 = 784 J
Jump up ^ Kopp, G.; Lean, J. L. (2011). "A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 38: n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..38.1706K. doi:10.1029/2010GL045777.
Jump up ^ "Intermediate power ammunition for automatic assault rifles". Modern Firearms. World Guns. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fluids - Latent Heat of Evaporation". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 10 June 2013. 2257 kJ/kg
Jump up ^ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher!, 2002
Jump up ^ "Hammer Throw – Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Otto, Ralf M. "HAMMER THROW WR PHOTOSEQUENCE – YURIY SEDYKH" (pdf). Retrieved 4 November 2011. The total release velocity is 30.7 m/sec
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * 7.26 kg * (30.7 m/s)^2 = 3420 J
^ Jump up to: a b 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * (1 ton/1e6 grams) = 4.2e3 J/gram of TNT-equivalent
Jump up ^ ".458 Winchester Magnum" (pdf). Accurate Powder. Western Powders Inc. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Battery energy storage in various battery sizes". AllAboutBatteries.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Energy Density of Carbohydrates". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Energy Density of Protein". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Energy Density of Fats". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Energy Density of Gasoline". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e-3 kg) * (1e4 m/s)^2 = 5e4 J.
^ Jump up to: a b "List of Car Weights". LoveToKnow. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 3000 to 12000 pounds
Jump up ^ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m*v^2 = 1/2 * (1e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0e5 J. E = 1/2 * (5e3 kg) * (55 mph * 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15e5 J.
Jump up ^ Muller, Richard A. "Kinetic Energy in a meteor". Old Physics 10 notes.
Jump up ^ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * 2e3 kg * (32 m/s)^2 = 1.0e6 J
Jump up ^ "Candies, MARS SNACKFOOD US, SNICKERS Bar (NDB No. 19155)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "How to Balance the Food You Eat and Your Physical Activity and Prevent Obesity". Healthy Weight Basics. National Heart Lung and Blood Institutde. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 8.4e6 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1/2 * m * v^2 = 1/2 * 48.78 kg * (655 m/s)^2 = 1.0e7 J.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6e6 cal * 4.184 J/cal = 1.1e7 J
Jump up ^ "Table 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970–2009". Annual Energy Review. US Energy Information Administration. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011. $28.90 per million BTU
Jump up ^ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1e6 BTU / 28.90 dollars * 1.055e3 J/BTU = 3.65e7 J/dollar
Jump up ^ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh / 3.65e7 J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
Jump up ^ "Energy in a Cubic Meter of Natural Gas". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Olympic Diet of Michael Phelps". WebMD. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Cline, James E. D. "Energy to Space". Retrieved 13 November 2011. 6.27E7 Joules / Kg
Jump up ^ "Tour de France Winners, Podium, Times". Bike Race Info. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Watts/kg". Flamme Rouge. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 90 hr * 3600 seconds/hr * 5 W/kg * 65 kg = 1.1e8 J
Jump up ^ Smith, Chris. "How do Thunderstorms Work?". The Naked Scientists. Retrieved 15 November 2011. It discharges about 1–10 billion joules of energy
Jump up ^ "Powering up ATLAS's mega magnet". Spotlight on... CERN. Retrieved 10 December 2011. magnetic energy of 1.1 Gigajoules
Jump up ^ "ITP Metal Casting: Melting Efficiency Improvement" (PDF). ITP Metal Casting. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 14 November 2011. 377 kWh/mt
Jump up ^ Calculated: 380 kW-h * 3.6e6 J/kW-h = 1.37e9 J
Jump up ^ Bell Fuels. "Lead-Free Gasoline Material Safety Data Sheet". NOAA. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
Jump up ^ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts Bin, 6 May 2012
Jump up ^ E p = ℏ c 5 G {\displaystyle E_{p}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar c^{5}}{G}}}}
Jump up ^ "Power of a Human Heart". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 10 December 2011. The mechanical power of the human heart is ~1.3 watts
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1.3 J/s * 80 years * 3.16e7 s/year = 3.3e9 J
Jump up ^ "U.S. Household Electricity Uses: A/C, Heating, Appliances". U.S. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY REPORT. EIA. Retrieved 13 December 2011. For refrigerators in 2001, the average UEC was 1,239 kWh
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1239 kWh * 3.6e6 J/kWh = 4.5e9 J
^ Jump up to: a b Energy Units, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Biggest Explosions". Listverse. Retrieved 10 December 2011. a yield of 11 tons of TNT
Jump up ^ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent * 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6e10 J
Jump up ^ "Emission Facts: Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks". EPA. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 581 gallons of gasoline
Jump up ^ "200 Mile-Per-Gallon Cars?". Retrieved 12 December 2011. a gallon of gas ... 125 million joules of energy
Jump up ^ Calculated: 581 gallons * 125e6 J/gal = 7.26e10 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1e6 Watts * 86400 seconds/day = 8.6e10 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.44e-10 J/U-235-fission * 1e-3 kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission * 1.66e-27 amu/kg) = 8.82e-10 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day * 365 days/year * 80 years = 2.4e11 J
Jump up ^ "A330-300 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 97530 litres
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 97530 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38e12 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1e9 Watts * 3600 seconds/hour
Jump up ^ Weston, Kenneth. "Chapter 10. Nuclear Power Plants" (pdf). Energy Conversion. Retrieved 13 December 2011. The thermal efficiency of a CANDU plant is only about 29%
Jump up ^ "CANDU and Heavy Water Moderated Reactors". Retrieved 12 December 2011. fuel burnup in a CANDU is only 6500 to 7500 MWd per metric ton uranium
Jump up ^ Calculated: 7500e6 Watt-days/tonne * (0.020 tonnes per bundle) * 86400 seconds/day = 1.3e13 J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup * ~29% efficiency = 3.8e12 J
Jump up ^ "747 Classics Technical Specs". Boeing. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 183,380 L
Jump up ^ Calculated: 183380 liters * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36e12 J
Jump up ^ "A380-800 Dimensions & key data". Airbus. Retrieved 12 December 2011. 320,000 L
Jump up ^ Calculated: 320,000 l * 0.804 kg/L * 43.15 MJ/kg = 11.1e12 J
Jump up ^ "International Space Station: The ISS to Date". NASA. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The wizards of orbits". European Space Agency. Retrieved 10 December 2011. The International Space Station, for example, flies at 7.7 km/s in one of the lowest practicable orbits
Jump up ^ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 * 417000 kg * (7700m/s)2 = 1.2e13 J
Jump up ^ "What was the yield of the Hiroshima bomb?". Warbird's Forum. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 21 kt
Jump up ^ Calculated: 15 kt = 15e9 grams of TNT-equivalent * 4.2e3 J/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3e13 J
Jump up ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Antimatter weapon". Wikipedia. 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ "JPL - Fireballs and bolides". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "How much energy does a hurricane release?". FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES. NOAA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Gathering Storms". COSMOS. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Country Comparison :: Electricity – consumption". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 288.6e6 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.04e15 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent * 1e6 tons/megaton = 4.2e15 J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.02e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.09e16 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: E = mc^2 = 1 kg * (2.998e8 m/s)^2 = 8.99e16 J
Jump up ^ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter.
Jump up ^ "The Soviet Weapons Program – The Tsar Bomba". The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 50e6 tons TNT-equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1e17 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 115.6e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 4.16e17 J
Jump up ^ Alexander, R. McNeill (1989). Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. Columbia University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-231-06667-8. the explosion of the island volcano Krakatoa in 1883, had about 200 megatonnes energy.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 200e6 tons of TNT equivalent * 4.2e9 J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4e17 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 402e9 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 1.45e17 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.741e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.347e19 J
Jump up ^ "United States". The World Factbook. USA. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.953e12 kWh * 3.600e6 J/kWh = 1.423e19 J
^ Jump up to: a b "World". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 17.8e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.41e19 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 18.95e12 kWh * 3.60e6 J/kWh = 6.82e19 J
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Statistical Review of World Energy 2011" (PDF). BP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 12002.4e6 tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0e20 J
^ Jump up to: a b c "Global Uranium Resources to Meet Projected Demand | International Atomic Energy Agency". iaea.org. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Generation
Jump up ^ "U.S. EIA International Energy Outlook 2007". eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
Jump up ^ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9e3 billion cubic feet * 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet * 1e6 tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9e21 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8e9 tonnes of oil * 42e9 J/tonne of oil = 7.9e21 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 1.5e22 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938e6 tonnes of coal * (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) * 42e9 J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4e22 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9e21 J + 7.9e21 J + 2.4e22 J = 3.9e22 J
Jump up ^ "USGS, Harvard Moment Tensor Solution". National Earthquake Information Center. 26 December 2004. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Bralower, Timothy J.; Charles K. Paull; R. Mark Leckie (April 1998). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows" (PDF). Geology. 26 (4): 331–334. Bibcode:1998Geo....26..331B. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:tctbcc>2.3.co;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2013. The kinetic energy derived by the impact is estimated at ~5 × 10^30 ergs
Jump up ^ Calculated: 1.27e14 m^2 * 1370 W/m^2 * 86400 s/day = 5.5e24 J
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ask Us: Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun". Cosmicopia. NASA. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Lii, Jiangning. "Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury" (PDF). MIT.
Jump up ^ "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Calculated: KE = 1/2 * m * v^2. v = 1.023e3 m/s. m = 7.349e22 kg. KE = 1/2 * (7.349e22 kg) * (1.023e3 m/s)^2 = 3.845e28 J.
Jump up ^ "Moment of Inertia—Earth". Eric Weisstein's World of Physics. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Allain, Rhett. "Rotational energy of the Earth as an energy source". .dotphysics. Science Blogs. Retrieved 5 November 2011. the Earth takes 23.9345 hours to rotate
Jump up ^ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 * I * w^2 = 1/2 * (8.0e37 kg m^2) * (2*pi/(23.9345 hour period * 3600 seconds/hour))^2 = 2.1e29 J
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day = 3.3e31 J
Jump up ^ "Earth's Gravitational Binding Energy". Retrieved 19 March 2012. Variable Density Method: the Earth's gravitational binding energy is −1.711×10^32 J
Jump up ^ "DutchS/pseudosc/flipaxis". uwgb.edu. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Calculated: 3.8e26 J/s * 86400 s/day * 365.25 days/year = 1.2e34 J
Jump up ^ "Earth: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ U = ( 3 / 5 ) G M 2 r {\displaystyle U={\frac {(3/5)GM^{2}}{r}}}
Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition)
Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
Jump up ^ Frail, D. A.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Sari, R.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Bloom, J. S.; Galama, T. J.; Reichart, D. E.; Berger, E.; Harrison, F. A.; Price, P. A.; Yost, S. A.; Diercks, A.; Goodrich, R. W.; Chaffee, F. (2001). "Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 562: L55. arXiv:astro-ph/0102282  . Bibcode:2001ApJ...562L..55F. doi:10.1086/338119. "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 * 10^50 erg"
Jump up ^ Calculated: 5e50 erg * 1e-7 J/erg = 5e43 J
Jump up ^ Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P.; Mueller; Hoeflich (1993). "Light curves of Type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 270 (1–2): 223–248. Bibcode:1993A&A...270..223K. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dong, S.; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.- S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; et al. (15 January 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010  . Bibcode:2016Sci...351..257D. doi:10.1126/science.aac9613. PMID 26816375.
Jump up ^ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3885
Jump up ^ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.2900
Jump up ^ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0690
Jump up ^ url= http://tsvi.phys.huji.ac.il/presentations/Frail_AstroExtreme.pdf
Jump up ^ url= http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/mtgs/grb2010/tue/Dale_Frail.ppt
Jump up ^ "A Hypernova: The Super-charged Supernova and its link to Gamma-Ray Bursts". Imagine the Universe!. NASA. Retrieved 9 December 2011. With a power about 100 times that of the already astonishingly powerful "typical" supernova
Jump up ^ "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Abbott, B.; et al. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv:1602.03837  . Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116f1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. PMID 26918975.
Jump up ^ "Fermi's record breaking gamma-ray burst".
Jump up ^ url= http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.0630
Jump up ^ url= http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-4357/625/1/L9/fulltext/19121.text.html
Jump up ^ Jim Brau. "The Milky Way Galaxy". Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6.
Jump up ^ "Conversion from kg to J". NIST. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Einasto, M.; et al. (December 2007). "The richest superclusters. I. Morphology". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (2): 697–711. arXiv:0706.1122  . Bibcode:2007A&A...476..697E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078037.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang Energy". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
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