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CIA cryptonym
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CIA cryptonyms are code names or code words used by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to refer to projects, operations, persons, agencies, etc.[1]
Contents
1 Format of cryptonyms
2 Digraphs
2.1 Partial list of digraphs and probable definitions
2.2 Unidentified digraphs
3 Known cryptonyms
4 Operations and projects
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Format of cryptonyms[edit]
Each CIA cryptonym contains a two character prefix called a digraph, which designates a geographical or functional area.[2] Certain digraphs were changed over time; for example, the digraph for the Soviet Union changed at least twice.[citation needed]
The rest is either an arbitrary dictionary word, or occasionally the digraph and the cryptonym combine to form a dictionary word (e.g., AEROPLANE) or can be read out as a simple phrase (e.g., WIBOTHER, read as "Why bother!"). Cryptonyms are sometimes written with a slash after the digraph, e.g., ZR/RIFLE, and sometimes in one sequence, e.g., ZRRIFLE. The latter format is the more common style in CIA documents.[citation needed]
Examples from publications by former CIA personnel show that the terms "code name" and "cryptonym" can refer to the names of operations as well as to individual persons.[citation needed] TRIGON, for example, was the code name for Aleksandr Ogorodnik, a member of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in what was then the Soviet Union, whom the CIA developed as a spy;[3] HERO was the code name for Col. Oleg Penkovsky, who supplied data on the nuclear readiness of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.[4] According to former CIA Director Richard M. Helms: "The code names for most Agency operations are picked in sequence from a sterile list, with care taken not to use any word that might give a clue to the activity it covers. On some large projects, code names are occasionally specially chosen—GOLD, SILVER, PBSUCCESS, CORONA. When Bob Kennedy requested a code name for the government-wide plan that Richard Goodwin was drafting, an exception was made. Goodwin was on the White House staff, and the plan concerned Cuba. Occasionally the special code names come close to the nerve, as did MONGOOSE."[5] A secret joint program between the Mexico City CIA station and the Mexican secret police to wiretap the Soviet and Cuban embassies was code-named ENVOY.[6]
Some cryptonyms relate to more than one subject, e.g., a group of people.[citation needed] In this case, the basic cryptonym, e.g., LICOZY, will designate the whole group, while each group member is designated by a sequence number, e.g., LICOZY/3, which can also be written LICOZY-3, or just L-3.[7]
Digraphs[edit]
Partial list of digraphs and probable definitions[edit]
AE: Soviet Union (1960s)[8]
AM: Cuba[2]
AV: Uruguay
BE: Poland
BG: Albania
BI: Argentina
CA: West Germany
CK: CIA Soviet and East Europe division sensitive cases (late 1970s)[8]
DB: Iraq
DI: Czechoslovakia
DM: SFRY / Yugoslavia
DN: South Korea
DU: Peru
EC: Ecuador
ES: Guatemala
FU: Chile
GT: CIA Soviet and East Europe division sensitive cases (1980s)[8]
HA: Indonesia (1958)
IA: Angola[9]
IR: Philippines?[10]
JM: Cuba
KK: Israel[11]
KU: Psychological Operations (i.e. Hypnotism)
LC: China
LN: United States
LI: Mexico[2]
MH: Worldwide operation.[12]
MJ: Palestinian-related[13]
MK: CIA Technical Services Division (1950s/1960s)
MO: Thailand
OD: Other US Government Departments (1960s)
PB: Guatemala
PD: Soviet Union (1980s)[8]
PO: Japan
SD: Iran
SM: United Kingdom
ST: CIA Directorate of Operations, Far East division, China Branch[14]
SZ: Switzerland
TP: Iran (1953)
TU: South Vietnam
WI: Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960s)
ZR: Intelligence intercept program of CIA Staff D ops, the group that worked directly with the NSA (National Security Agency).
Unidentified digraphs[edit]
DT, ER, FJ, HB*, HO, HT, JU, KM, KO, QK, SC, SE, SG, WO, WS, ZI
HB has been rumored to refer to Germany , August 2018 Missing or empty |title= (help)
Known cryptonyms[edit]
Adam: Guatemala City[1]
AEFOXTROT: Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko, a Soviet defector.
AELADLE: Anatoliy Golitsyn, a Soviet defector.
AESCREEN: Soviet Bloc division's translation and analysis unit[15]
AMBIDDY-1: Manuel Artime.[16]
AMBLOOD: Luis Torroella y Martin Rivero, a CIA agent.[17]
AMCLATTER-1: Bernard Barker, one of the Watergate burglars.[18]
AMBUD
AMCLEOPATRA[19]
AMCOBRA[19]
AMCROW[19]
AMCRUZ or AMCRUX?[19]
AMFOX[19]
AMGLOSSY[19]
AMHALF[19]
AMJUDGE[19]
AMLASH: Plan to assassinate Fidel Castro associated mainly with Rolando Cubela. AMLASH has been referred to as a "basically one-person Cubela operation".[20]
AMLASH-1: Rolando Cubela Secades, a Cuban official involved in plot to kill Fidel Castro in 1963.
AMOT: Cuban exile informants of David Sánchez Morales.[21]
AMPALM-4[22]
AMQUACK: Che Guevara, Argentinian (later Cuban) guerrilla leader.
AMTHUG: Fidel Castro, Prime Minister of Cuba 1959–1976.[23]
AMTRUNK: A CIA plan by New York Times journalist Tad Szulc initiated in February 1963, also called the "Leonardo Plan," that was "an attempt to find disgruntled military officials in Cuba who might be willing to recruit higher military officials in a plot to overthrow Castro",[24] as well as to overthrow the Cuban government "by means of a conspiracy among high-level … leaders of the government culminating in a coup d'etat".[20] AMTRUNK has also been described as a "CIA-DIA Task Force on Cuba",[25] and as "a plodding bureaucratic effort" that "had worked for months to identify Cuban leaders who might be able to stage a coup".[24]
AMWHIP-1: Business associate of Santo Trafficante, Jr. who was in contact with Rolando Cubela (AMLASH) in 1963.[26]
AMWORLD: A plan initiated June 28, 1963, to overthrow the Castro regime in a coup on December 1, 1963 (C-Day), that would have installed Juan Almeida Bosque, a top ranking Cuban military officer, as the new head of state.[22][27] Some Cuban exiles referred to C-Day as "Plan Omega".[28]
BGGYPSY: Russia; Russian[1]
BOND: Puerto Barrios[1]
Caesar: Quetzaltenango[1]
CALLIGERIS: Carlos Castillo Armas
CKGULL: CIA Polish agent Ryszard Kukliński (also QTGULL)[29]
CKSPHERE, CKVANQUISH: Adolf Tolkachev
CKTRIGON: Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik
CKUTOPIA, CKQUARTZ: Victor Sheymov
CORONA: the CIA's first satellite Reconnaissance program, 1958[30]
DBACHILLES: 1995 effort to support a military coup in Iraq.[31]
DBROCKSTARS: Iraqi spy ring recruited by the CIA shortly before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[32]
Doc: Mazatenango[1]
DTFROGS: El Salvador[1]
DYCLAIM: CIA[33]
Eddie: El Quiché[1]
ESCOBILLA, Guatemalan national[1]
ESMERALDITE, labor informant affiliated with AFL-sponsored labor movement[1]
ESSENCE, Guatemalan anti-Communist leader[1]
FJHOPEFUL, military base[1]
Frank: Jutiapa, Guatemala[1]
Goss: Cobán, Guatemala[1]
GROSSBAHN: Otto von Bolschwing, Sicherheitsdienst officer who later served as a spy for CIA[33]
GTACCORD: GRU colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Vasilyev
GTCOWL: Sergey Vorontsov ("Stas"), KGB officer
GTFITNESS: Gennady Varenik
GTGAUZE: Sergey Motorin
GTGENTILE: Valery Martynov
GTTICKLE: Oleg Gordievsky
Hank, Zacapa (Guatemalan base)[1]
HTAUTOMAT: Photointerpretation center for the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft project.
HTKEEPER: Mexico City[1]
HTLINGUAL: Mail interception operation 1952–1973.
HTNEIGH: National Committee for Free Albania (NCFA) [1949-mid1950s]
HTPLUME: Panama[1]
Ike: San José[1]
Jack, Florida, Honduras[1]
JMADD: CIA air base near city of Retalhuleu, Guatemala 1960–1961
JMATE: Cover Action plans against Cuba 1960–1961, resulting in Bay of Pigs invasion
JMBELL: CIA office (location unknown) 1961
JMBLUG: John Peurifoy, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala.[1]
JMFURY: Preparatory strikes against Cuban airfields before Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
JMGLOW: CIA Washington 1961
JMTIDE: CIA air base in Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua 1961
JMTRAX: CIA covert air base/training camp in Guatemala 1960–1961
JMWAVE: CIA station in Miami (that operated against Cuba).
JMZIP: CIA office (location unknown) 1961
Kent: Carias Viejas, Honduras[1]
KKMOUNTAIN: CIA-Mossad cooperation in the 1960s[11]
KMFLUSH: Nicaragua[1]
KMPAJAMA: Mexico[1]
KMPLEBE: Peru[1]
KUBARK: CIA Headquarters, Langley[33]
KUBASS: CIA Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T)[34]
KUCAGE: CIA Overseas Paramilitary / Propaganda Operations
KUCLUB: CIA Office of Communications[1]
KUDESK: CIA Counterintelligence department
KUDOVE: CIA Deputy Director for Operations (DDO)[34]
KUFIRE: CIA Foreign Intelligence Staff[34][1]
KUGOWN: CIA Psychological and Paramilitary Operations Staff[34][1]
KUHOOK: CIA Paramilitary Operations Staff[34]
KUJAZZ: CIA Office of National Estimates[34]
KUJUMP: CIA Contact Division[34]
KUKNOB: CIA Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI)[34]
KUMONK: CIA Office of Political Analysis (OPA)[34]
KUPALM: CIA site (unknown location)
KURIOT: CIA Technical Services Division.[34]
KUSODA: Center for CIA Security.[34]
KUTUBE: CIA Foreign Intelligence Staff.[34]
Larry: Entre Ríos, Guatemala[1]
LCFLUTTER: Polygraph,[1][33] sometimes supplanted by truth drugs: Sodium Amytal (amobarbital), Sodium Pentothal (thiopental), and Seconal (secobarbital) to induce regression in the subject.
LCPANGS: Costa Rica[1]
LNHARP: United States Government
LIENVOY: Joint CIA-Mexican Wiretap/intercept program in Mexico.[35]
LINC, LINCOLN: PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida[1]
LIONIZER: Guatemalan refugee group in Mexico[1]
LITENSOR: Codename of CIA informant Adolfo López Mateos, president of Mexico.[36]
LITEMPO: Spy network, operated between 1956–1969, to exchange information with Mexican top officers.[37]
LITEMPO-1 Emilio Bolanos, nephew of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president Adolfo López Mateos)
LITEMPO-2: Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president Adolfo López Mateos and President of Mexico 1964–1970.[38]
LITEMPO-4: Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios, Head of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), the top Mexican intelligence agency, at the midst of the dirty war (1964–1970).
LITEMPO-8 (later LITEMPO-14): Luis Echeverría, Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz and President of Mexico 1970–1976.[38]
LITEMPO-12: Miguel Nazar Haro, a LITEMPO-4 subordinate, known to be in contact with CIA station chief Winston M. Scott; Nazar Haro later became head of the DFS intelligence agency (1978–1982)[39][40][41][42]
LILINK: Front company providing cover to CIA agents in Mexico City.[35]
LIOVAL-1: CIA agent, posing as English teacher in Mexico City.[35]
LICOWL-1: CIA agent, owner of a small business near the Soviet embassy in Mexico City.[35]
LICOZY-1, LICOZY-3 and LICOZY-5: Anti-KGB double agents in Mexico City.[35]
LICALLA: CIA surveillance posts for the Soviet embassy in Mexico City.[35]
LIMBRACE: Security team for the CIA station in Mexico.[35]
LISAMPAN: Operation "bugging" the Cuban embassy in Mexico City.[35]
LICOBRA: Operation watching suspicious members of the ruling Mexican PRI party, the ministry of the exterior and other Mexican government officials.[35]
LIFIRE: Operation gathering intelligence from Mexican air travel and acquiring travel manifests from international flights.
MHCHAOS: Surveillance of antiwar activists during the Vietnam War.
Mike: Asunción Mita, Guatemala[1]
MJTRUST/2: Ali Hassan Salameh[13]
MKCHICKWIT: Identify new drug developments in Europe and Asia and obtain samples, part of MKSEARCH.
MKDELTA: Stockpiling of lethal biological and chemical agents, subsequently became MKNAOMI.
MKNAOMI: Stockpiling of lethal biological and chemical agents, successor to MKDELTA.
MKOFTEN: Testing effects of biological and chemical agents, part of MKSEARCH.
MKSEARCH: MKULTRA after 1964, mind control research.
MKULTRA: Mind control research. Renamed MKSEARCH in 1964.
Nick: Gualán, Guatemala[1]
ODACID: U.S. Embassy,[1] United States Department of State/U.S. embassy
ODEARL: United States Department of Defense
ODENVY: Federal Bureau of Investigation[2]
ODEUM: Gehlen Organization (1950–1951)[33][43]
ODOATH: United States Navy
ODOPAL: Counterintelligence Corps, United States Army
ODUNIT: United States Air Force[1]
ODURGE: Immigration and Naturalization Service[33]
ODYOKE: Federal government of the United States[1][22]
PBFORTUNE: CIA project to supply forces opposed to Guatemala's President Arbenz with weapons, supplies, and funding; predecessor to PBSUCCESS.
OFFSPRING: Gehlen Organization (1949–1950)[43]
PBHISTORY: CIA project to gather and analyze documents from the Arbenz government in Guatemala that would incriminate Arbenz as a communist.
PBJOINTLY: Operation that built a tunnel from the American sector of Berlin, to the Russian sector.
PANCHO: Carlos Castillo Armas[1]
PBFORTUNE: CIA project to supply anti-Arbenz forces with weapons, supplies, and funding; predecessor to PBSUCCESS[1]
PBHISTORY: Central Intelligence Agency project to gather and analyze documents from the Arbenz government in Guatemala that would incriminate Arbenz as a Communist[1]
PBPRIME: United States[1][22]
PBRUMEN: Cuba
PBS, PBSUCCESS: Central Intelligence Agency covert operation to overthrow Arbenz government in Guatemala[1]
POCAPON: Taketora Ogata, Japanese politician in the 1950s.
PODAM: Matsutarō Shōriki, Japanese businessman and politician.
QJWIN: European assassin.[44] Also described as an "assassin recruiter".[45]
QKCIGAR: United States Government
QKELUSION: West German Social Democratic Party (SPD)[34]
QKFLOWAGE: United States Information Agency[1]
QKENCHANT: CIA program associated with E. Howard Hunt (1918–2007), who with G. Gordon Liddy and others, was one of the White House's "plumbers"—a secret team of operatives charged with fixing "leaks".[46]
QKFLOWAGE: United States Information Agency
QTGULL: CIA Polish agent Ryszard Kukliński (also CKGULL)[29]
RUFUS: Carlos Castillo Armas[1]
SARANAC: training site in Nicaragua[1]
SCRANTON: training base for radio operators near Nicaragua[1]
SD/PLOD/1: deputy prime minister for the Interim government of Iran Abbas Amir-Entezam[47]
SGUAT: CIA Station in Guatemala[1]
SHERWOOD: CIA radio broadcasting program based in Nicaragua begun on May 1, 1954[1]
SKILLET, Whiting Willauer, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras[1]
SKIMMER, The "Group" CIA cover organization supporting Castillo Armas[1]
SLINC, telegram indicator for PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida[1]
STANDEL: Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala[1]
STORMY: LSD, Lysergic Acid Diethylaminde, psychedelic drug experiments on public.
SMOTH: UK Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
SYNCARP: the "Junta," Castillo Armas' political organization headed by Córdova Cerna[1]
TPBEDAMN: U.S. operation to counter communist subversion in Iran with propaganda and bribes.
TPAJAX: Overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq, Prime Minister of Iran, in the 1953 Iranian coup orchestrated by a joint US/UK operation[48]
TPCREDO: Italy
TPROACH: Yugoslavia
TPTONIC: National Committee for Free Europe (NCFE)
UNREST: Otto von Bolschwing[33]
USAGE: Otto von Bolschwing[33]
UTILITY: Reinhard Gehlen, first president of the Bundesnachrichtendienst[33][43]
WASHTUB, operation to plant Soviet arms in Nicaragua[1]
WSBURNT, Guatemala[1]
WSHOOFS, Honduras[1]
ZIPPER: Gehlen Organization (1951–1956)[33][43]
ZRRIFLE: An assassination plot targeting Fidel Castro
Operations and projects[edit]
APPLE: Agent team seen in 1952 by CIA/OPC as best bet to successfully continue BGFIEND Project aimed to harass/overthrow Albanian communist regime. Team was arrested, communists controlled radio ops for 16 months, luring more agents into Albania in 1953, and trying and executing original agents in 1954 to suddenly end BGFIEND.[49]
ARTICHOKE: Anti-interrogation project. Precursor to MKULTRA.
AZORIAN: Project to raise the Soviet submarine K-129 from the Pacific Ocean.[50]
BGGYPSY: Communist.
BIRCH
BLACKSHIELD: A-12 aircraft reconnaissance missions off Okinawa.[51]
BLUEBIRD: mind control program
BOND: Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.
CATIDE: Bundesnachrichtendienst
CHARITY: Joint CIA/OSO-Italian Naval Intelligence information gathering operation against Albania (1948–1951).
CHERRY: Covert assassination / destabilization operation during Vietnam war, targeting Prince (later King) Norodom Sihanouk and the government of Cambodia. Disbanded.
DTFROGS: El Salvador
ESCOBILLA: Guatemalan national.
ESMERALDITE: Labor informant affiliated with AFL-sponsored labor movement.
ESQUIRE: James Bamford, author of "The Puzzle Palace".
ESSENCE: Guatemalan anti-communist leader.
FDTRODPINT: Afghan tribal agents, formerly known as GESENIOR, reactivated in the 1990s by the CIA to hunt Mir Aimal Kasi and later Osama bin Laden.[52]
FIR
FUBELT: operation against Salvador Allende in Chile
FJGROUND: Grafenwöhr, West Germany paramilitary training ground.
FJHOPEFUL: Military base.
FPBERM: Yugoslavia
GESENIOR: Afghan tribal agents working with the CIA during the Soviet–Afghan War. Later called FDTRODPINT.[52]
GPFLOOR: Lee Harvey Oswald[2]
GPIDEAL: John F. Kennedy, US president.[53]
GRALLSPICE: Pyotr Popov, CIA Soviet agent[54]
GUSTO: Project to design a follow-on to the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Succeeded RAINBOW. Succeeded by OXCART.[55]
HBFAIRY: France
HTCURIO: American or U.S. [Not Government]
IAFEATURE: Operation to support the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) during the Angolan civil war.
IDIOM: Initial work by Convair on a follow-on to the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Later moved into GUSTO.[56]
Project JBEDICT: Tripartite Stay-Behind project.
JENNIFER: Document control system for Project AZORIAN.[50]
KEMPSTER: Project to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of the inlets of the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft.
KMHYMNAL: Maine-built motor sailer JUANITA purchased by CIA to use as floating, clandestine, propaganda broadcast facility in Mediterranean/Adriatic (1950–53).
LEMON
LNWILT: US Counterintelligence Corps (CIC)
LPMEDLEY: Surveillance of telegraphic information exiting or entering the United States.
MAGPIE: US Army Labor Service Organization
MATADOR: Project to recover section of Soviet submarine K-129 dropped during Project AZORIAN. Cancelled after Soviet protest.[50]
MOCKINGBIRD: Recruitment of American journalists for CIA work.[51]
MONGOOSE: "Primarily a relentless and escalating campaign of sabotage and small Cuban exile raids that would somehow cause the overthrow of Castro," which "also included plans for an invasion of Cuba in the fall of 1962".[57]
OAK: Operation to assassinate suspected South Vietnamese collaborators during Vietnam war.
PANCHO: Carlos Castillo Armas, President of Guatemala, also RUFUS.
PAPERCLIP: US recruiting of German scientists after World War II.
PHOENIX: Vietnam covert intelligence/assassination operation.
PINE
RAINBOW: Project to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft.[58] Succeeded by GUSTO.
QKWAVER: Egypt
RUFUS: Carlos Castillo Armas, President of Guatemala, also PANCHO.
RYBAT: Secret[2]
SARANAC: Training site in Nicaragua.
SCRANTON: Training base for radio operators near Nicaragua.
SGCIDER: Germany
SGUAT: CIA Station in Guatemala
SHERWOOD: CIA radio broadcast program in Nicaragua begun on May 1, 1954.
SKILLET: Whiting Willauer, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras.
SKIMMER: The "Group" CIA cover organization supporting Castillo Armas.
SLINC: Telegram indicator for PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida.
STANDEL: Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala.
STARGATE: Investigation of psychic phenomena.
STBAILEY: political action and propaganda part of STBARNUM[59]
STBARNUM: CIA Tibetan program (covert action in Tibet, 1950s onwards)[60]
STCIRCUS: aerial part of STBARNUM[60]
STSPIN: Three P-3A Orion aircraft operated from Taiwan in 1966.[61]
SYNCARP: The "Junta," Castillo Armas' political organization headed by Cordova Cerna.
THERMOS: Unclassified codeword used in lieu of RAINBOW[62]
THROWOFF/2: Albanian ethnic agent/radio operator employed by Italian Navy Intelligence/CIA in several early Cold War covert operations against Albania. Was captured, operated radio under communist control to lure CIA agents to capture/death, tried in 1954, death sentence commuted, freed after 25 years. CIA paid his son $40,000 in 1996.[63]
OPERATION TILT: The CIA's name for "an operation put together by John Martino, who was fronting for his boss Santo Trafficante and his roommate Johnny Roselli".[64] OPERATION TILT used "some of the same people working on the CIA-Mafia plots in the spring of 1963 ... [and] involved sending a Cuban exile team into Cuba to retrieve Soviet technicians supposedly ready to defect and reveal the existence of Soviet missiles still on the island".[65]
TROPIC: Air operations flown over North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union by CAT pilots during the 1950s.[51]
VALUABLE: British MI-run Albanian operations 1949 to 1953.
WASHTUB: Operation to plant Soviet arms in Nicaragua.
WBFISHY: British Foreign Office
WSBURNT: Guatemala
WSHOOFS: Honduras
ZAPATA: Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961.
See also[edit]
Secret Service codename
List of U.S. government and military acronyms
Callsign#Military call signs
00 Agent#Origin of nomenclature
List of military operations
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State (May 15, 2003). Holly, Susan; Patterson, David S., eds. "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, GUATEMALA: Abbreviations and Cryptonyms". history.state.gov. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved July 20, 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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^ Jump up to: a b c d David Wise, Nightmover: How Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to the KGB for $4.6 Million, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996 p.15
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^ Jump up to: a b Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, New York, Random House, 1991 pp. 5
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^ Jump up to: a b Benjamin Weiser, A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country, New York: PublicAffairs, 2003 p. 344
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Jump up ^ David Ignatius, "A Big Man To Watch In Baghdad", Washington Post, February 1, 2004
Jump up ^ Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Agee, Philip. 1975. Inside the Company: CIA Diary
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^ Jump up to: a b "El espía que impactó a México". [El Universal] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-08-04.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1949–56
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Jump up ^ OBOPUS/BGFIEND, RG263, Various documents, include Vol. 6, Box 47, National Archives, College Park, MD
^ Jump up to: a b c Sharp 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith 2003
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, p.372
Jump up ^ Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 894
Jump up ^ David Wise, Molehunt: The Secret Search for Traitors that Shattered the CIA, New York: Random House, 1992 p. 46
Jump up ^ Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 274.
Jump up ^ Contracting officer, Change of Project Funds Obligated Under Contract No. SS-100, Convair, San Diego, California, Project CHAMPION, DPD-2827-59, CIA, Washington, DC, 30 April 1959.
Jump up ^ Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 37
Jump up ^ Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 129.
Jump up ^ John B. Roberts II and Elizabeth A. Roberts, Freeing Tibet: 50 Years of Struggle, Resilience, and Hope, New York: AMACOM, 2009 p. 82
^ Jump up to: a b Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2002, p.
Jump up ^ Pocock, Chris. The Black Bats: CIA Spy Flights Over China From Taiwan, 1951–1969. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7643-3513-6.
Jump up ^ Bissell, Richard M., Jr., "[...] Cable Handling Procedures," SAPC-21143, CIA, Washington, DC, 8 November 1957.
Jump up ^ OBOPUS/BGFIEND, AHMET KABASHI, RG263, Name Files, National Archives, College Park, MD
Jump up ^ Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 471
Jump up ^ Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 438
Bibliography[edit]
Agee, Philip. 1975. Inside the Company: CIA Diary. Stonehill Publishing ISBN 0-14-004007-2, p. 48
Carl, Leo D. 1990. The International Dictionary of Intelligence. Mavin Books, p. 107
DPD Contracting Officer, Change of Project Funds Obligated under Contract No. SS-100. CIA DPD-2827-59, 30 April 1959.
Helms, Richard and Hood, William. 2003. A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. Random House, pp. 378–379
Pedlow, Gregory W. and Welzenbach, Donald E. 1992. The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974. CIA History Staff
Sharp, David (2012). The CIA's Greatest Covert Operation: Inside the Daring Mission to Recover a Nuclear-Armed Soviet Sub. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-7006-1834-7.
Smith W. Thomas. 2003. Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. Checkmark Books ISBN 0-8160-4666-2
Stockwell, John. 1978. In Search of Enemies
Waldron, Lamar and Hartmann, Thom. 2009. Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination. Counterpoint (LS)
Waldron, Lamar and Hartmann, Thom. 2005. Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK Carroll & Graf Publishers (US)
Wallace, Robert and Melton, H. Keith. 2008. Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs from Communism to Al-Qaeda. Dutton
Weiner, Tim. 2008. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. Anchor Books
Wise, David. 1992. Molehunt. Random House, p. 19
External links[edit]
Mary Ferrell CIA Cryptonyms
Research Aid: Cryptonyms and Terms in Declassified CIA Files
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Make love, not war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the book, see Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History. For the Cosmic Nomads album, see Make Love Not War (album).
Make love, not war is an anti-war slogan commonly associated with the American counterculture of the 1960s. It was used primarily by those who were opposed to the Vietnam War, but has been invoked in other anti-war contexts since.[1][2] The "make love" part of the slogan often referred to the practice of free love that was growing among the American youth who denounced marriage as a tool for those who supported war and favored the traditional capitalist culture.[3]
The phrase's origins are unclear; Gershon Legman claimed to be the inventor of the phrase,[4][5] so did American singer Rod McKuen,[6] and some[who?] credit artist, social activist, folk figure, and sometime United States Presidential candidate under the Nudist Party on the Hippie 'Love Ticket' Louis Abolafia.[citation needed] Radical activists Penelope and Franklin Rosemont and Tor Faegre helped to popularize the phrase by printing thousands of "Make Love, Not War" buttons at the Solidarity Bookshop in Chicago, Illinois and distributing them at the Mother's Day Peace March in 1965. They were the first to print the slogan.[7] In April 1965, at a Vietnam demonstration in Eugene, Oregon, Diane Newell Meyer, then a senior at the University of Oregon, pinned a handwritten note on her sweater reading "Let's make love, not war", thus marking the beginning of the popularity of this phrase. A picture of Meyer wearing the slogan was printed in the Eugene Register-Guard and then a related article turned up in the New York Times on May 9, 1965.
When the slogan was used in California in 1967, then Governor Ronald Reagan joked to protesters "Those guys [the protesters] look like they can't make either of both".[8]
In popular culture[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The slogan was featured in two 1973 songs: John Lennon's "Mind Games" and Bob Marley's 1973 song "No More Trouble." It was the inspiration for a book by David Allyn: Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History. In the movie Field of Dreams, fictional character Terence Mann is credited with coining the phrase.
The character of 'Pop', in the futuristic Queen musical play We Will Rock You, shouts "Make love, not war!" as he is brainwashed at the start of the show, which leads into the stage performance of 'Radio Ga Ga'.
On the DEC PDP-10, typing the command "make love" would result in the response "not war?" This action was copied on some older versions of UNIX. Some recent operating systems have brought the easter egg back, such as FreeBSD 7.0; as of /src/usr.bin/make/job.c version 1.126.2.1 if you type "make love," the answer you will get is "Not war."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fattig, Paul. "Make Love, Not War! coined in Ashland". Medford Mail Tribune. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Levitas, Mitchel (May 9, 1965). "Article 9 -- No Title; Vietnam Comes to Oregon U. Vietnam Comes to Oregon U." . New York Times.
Jump up ^ Emma Goldman:People & Events: Free Love PBS.org, Accessed February 3, 2014
Jump up ^ Dudar, H., "Love and death (and schmutz): G. Legman's second thoughts," Village Voice, May 1, 1984, pp. 41-43.
Jump up ^ Scott, Janny: "Gershon Legman, Anthologist of Erotic Humor, Is Dead at 81", The New York Times, March 14, 1999. URL last accessed 2014-05-01.
Jump up ^ McKuen, R. : Flight Plan March 14, 2005. URL last accessed 2014-05-01.
Jump up ^ Rosemont, Penelope. Dreams and Everyday Life: A Sixties Notebook. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2008:40-41.
Jump up ^ D'Souza, Dinesh: Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader, p. 71, Simon and Schuster 1999, ISBN 0684848236.
See also[edit]
Counterculture
Vietnam War
Breasts Not Bombs
[show]
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t
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values: মেক লাভ, নট ওয়ার – Bangla

values: Правете любов, а не война – Bulgarian

values: عشق‌بازی کنید، نه جنگ – Persian

values: Զբաղվեք սիրով, այլ ոչ պատերազմով – Armenian

values: Vodite ljubav, a ne rat – Serbo-Croatian

values: Hãy làm tình, thay vì gây chiến – Vietnamese

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