text:
Waterloo Road (series 9)
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Waterloo Road (series 9)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of episodes
20
Release
Original network
BBC One BBC HD
Original release
5 September 2013 – 12 March 2014
Series chronology
← Previous
Series 8
Next →
Series 10
List of Waterloo Road episodes
The ninth series of the British television drama series Waterloo Road began airing on 5 September 2013 on BBC One and ended on 12 March 2014. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, a troubled Scottish comprehensive school.[1] It consists of twenty episodes. This series also marks the departure of Grantly Budgen, the last of the original cast members.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
2 Episodes
3 Notes
4 References
Cast and characters[edit]
Philip Martin Brown as Grantly Budgen; English Teacher (until episode 6)
Mark Benton as Daniel 'Chalky' Chalk; Ex-Teacher and Foster Parent (episode 16 only)
Kane Tomlinson-Weaver as Harley Taylor; Pupil
Naveed Choudhry as Tariq Siddiqui; Ex-Pupil (episode 7)
Melanie Hill as Maggie Budgen; Home Economics Teacher, Housemistress
Heather Peace as Nikki Boston; English Teacher (until episode 20)
Rebecca Craven as Rhiannon Salt; Pupil
Laurie Brett as Christine Mulgrew; Head Teacher
Shane O'Meara as Connor Mulgrew; Pupil, Ex-Pupil (episode 1-13, 20)
Georgie Glen as Audrey McFall; History Teacher
Kirstie Steele as Imogen Stewart; Pupil (until episode 20)
Marlene Madenge as Lula Tsibi; Pupil (until episode 19)
Jenny Ryan as Sally Stewart; Parent and Governor (episode 10 only)
Tommy Lawrence Knight as Kevin Chalk; Pupil
Victoria Bush as Sonya Donnegan, Personal Assistant to Christine
Zöe Lucker as Carol Barry; Canteen Assistant and Parent (episode 7 onward)
Carl Au as Barry Barry; Pupil, Ex-Pupil (until 10; episode 14 to episode 18)
Abby Mavers as Dynasty Barry; Pupil
Brogan Ellis as Kacey Barry; Pupil (until episode 10, episode 19 onwards)
Shaun Prendergast as Robert Bain; Head of Education (episode 1, episode 8 to 10, episode 19 to 20)
Angus Deayton as George Windsor; Modern Foreign Languages Teacher and Deputy Head
Richard Mylan as Simon Lowsley; Deputy Head and English Teacher
Elizabeth Tan as Princess Windsor; Wife, Mandarin Teaching Assistant (episode 2 to 4)
Joe Slater as Lenny Brown; Pupil
Caitlin Gillespie as Lisa Brown; Pupil
Vanessa Hehir as Sue Lowsley (previously Spark); Science Teacher
Mark Beswick as Darren Hughes; Pupil
Je'Taime Morgan Hanley as Shaznay Montrose; Pupil
Christopher Chung as Archie Wong; Pupil (until episode 19)
Leon Ockenden as Hector Reid; Head of Physical Education (episode 11 onward)
Naomi Battrick as Gabriella Wark; Pupil (episode 11 to 20)
Kristin Atherton as Vix Spark; Partner (episode 10 to 20)
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Waterloo Road episodes
Autumn Term
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(million)[2]
161
"Beyond the Call of Duty" Patrick Harkins[4] Liz Lake[4] 5 September 2013 (2013-09-05) N/A[N 1]
Audrey is concerned when former Havelock High pupils Lenny and Lisa Brown enroll at Waterloo Road, and when Christine dismisses her worries she attempts to take matters into her own hands. Nikki tries to help Kacey, who is struggling to deal with Tom's death. Sue Spark joins the school as a Science teacher, and Simon harbours a secret.[3]
Note: First appearance of Lenny & Lisa Brown, Darren Hughes, Sue Spark, Shaznay Montrose, and Archie Wong.
162
"Sue Spark's Bad Day" Patrick Harkins[6] Jaden Clark[6] 12 September 2013 (2013-09-12) N/A[N 1]
The day from hell for new science teacher, Sue Spark, leads to a shady alliance with a student. George introduces the school to his new Mandarin teaching assistant, and wife, Princess Windsor, who is immediately popular with some of his class. Elsewhere, the pupils are angry about the closure of the Breakfast Club and the cancellation of school trips due to lots of budget cuts.[5]
163
"The Madness of King Windsor" Roberto Bangura[7] Paul Mousley[7] 19 September 2013 (2013-09-19) N/A[N 1]
Princess is increasingly irritated by George, which leads to temptation with one of his pupils. There's a battle of the sexes as Simon's Apprentice competition takes over the school, Kevin has itchy feet and Audrey thinks she's made a new friend. As the council decides to roll out his Mandarin programme throughout the local area, Princess is worried about George's poor Mandarin skills and increasingly angered by his assumption that she'll save him from being exposed.
164
"Text Rated" Roberto Bangura[8] Karen Laws[8] 26 September 2013 (2013-09-26) N/A[N 1]
Rhiannon sends saucy pictures of herself to Darren and they end up being sent to mobile phones around the school. George finds out Princess is leaving him. And Audrey discovers Lisa and Lenny are trying to scam money out of her.
Note: Final appearances of Princess Windsor
165
"Crossing the Line" David Innes Edwards[9] Paul Farrel[9] 3 October 2013 (2013-10-03) N/A[N 1]
Lisa and Lenny Brown's grandfather turns up out of the blue and risks splitting them up. Elsewhere, Christine is furious when she finds out George's secret about his Mandarin abilities, and, ends up having another fight with Connor when he realises that he is good at cooking.
166
"Grantly's Perfect Poetry" David Innes Edwards[10] David McManus[11] 10 October 2013 (2013-10-10) N/A[N 1]
Grantly returns to teaching but only gets as far as the school gates before admitting to Maggie he is having second thoughts. Christine eases him back in by asking him to help out with the national school poetry competition, but things soon fall apart when his temper gets the better of him and he accuses Harley of plagiarism. The day of Kacey's first big fight arrives and she is already dreaming of Commonwealth Games glory. Barry, however, has a different idea up his sleeve as he starts taking bets against his sister winning. Sue is struggling to cope with her classes and turns to tranquillisers. After this he realises the mistake he's made and routes for the poem. He gives it to Harley to read on stage, but, while Harley reads it Grantly dies.
Note: Final appearance of Grantly Budgen; the final original cast member.
167
"Lies Mothers Tell" Craig Pickles Kelly Jones 17 October 2013 (2013-10-17) N/A[N 1]
When her estranged daughter turns up, Nikki faces a tough decision. Christine and Simon's relationship is strained further when the school's sponsored clean goes awry. Meanwhile Carol Barry is not happy about Kacey's Application to boxing school.
Note: Final appearance of Tariq Siddiqui.
168
"Don't Mention the War" Craig Pickles Keith Brumpton 24 October 2013 (2013-10-24) N/A[N 1]
The staff and pupils get all dressed up when Living History Week hits Waterloo Road. Christine is looking to impress visitor Robert Bain from the Department of Education, but Simon is on a mission to prove what a bad head teacher she is. And when Darren and Barry go foraging for mushrooms in the woods, resulting in the paramedics being called. Sue learns a secret that threatens to expose George's Mandarin failings, criticising her leadership doesn't prove difficult, while Kevin tries to woo Dynasty back into his arms.
169
"Father Figure" Jamie Annett Viv Adam 31 October 2013 (2013-10-31) N/A[N 1]
Boxing hopeful Kacey's confidence begins to waver as the school and her family get stuck into raising funds for her sports scholarship - especially when Nikki arranges a visit from Olympic champion Nicola Adams. However, jealous Barry is soon hatching his own plans for the money they have raised. New supply teacher Frankie McGregor's heavy-handed approach divides Christine and Simon, and as the twins grow apart, he proves an unlikely companion for the lonely Lenny.
170
"Happy Ever After" Jamie Annett Chris Murray 7 November 2013 (2013-11-07) N/A[N 1]
The day of the interviews for the headship arrives, although Christine worries the odds are stacked against her as Simon clearly has Bain's support and Imogen's mother is also on the panel. However, Simon is also feeling extra pressure from his father-in-law, just as he is getting cold feet about marrying Sue. When he is asked to sort things out for a bullied pupil, he clashes with Christine over how best to deal with the problem. Meanwhile, Nikki is shocked to discover someone has stolen Kacey's boxing fund, jeopardising her hopes of training in the USA - and when the identity of the thief comes to light, the news threatens to split the Barry family for good.
Note: First appearance of Vix Spark. Kacey Barry leaves series. Final regular appearance of Barry Barry.
Spring Term
171
"Bad Girl" Audrey Cooke Wendy Granditer 8 January 2014 (2014-01-08) N/A[N 1]
When blonde bombshell Gabriella Wark explodes on the scene, she immediately causes problems for staff and pupils. With her sights firmly set on hot new PE teacher Hector, this is one girl who won't blend into the school furniture. Meanwhile, newlywed Simon's brand new Resilience Education scheme kicks off the new term with a bang and a disagreement with Christine. you also learn that Nikki Boston is seeing Vix Spark, Sue's sister, and new PE teacher, Mr Reid has his eyes set firmly on Nikki.
Note: First appearance of Hector Reid and Gabriella Wark. Sue Spark is known as Sue Lowsley.
172
"Sugar Daddy" Audrey Cooke Lauren Klee 15 January 2014 (2014-01-15) N/A[N 1]
Carol Barry is flat broke. Desperate to pay for Dynasty to go on the school trip, she takes a job in the school kitchen and soon starts to enjoy some 'added extras'. With the bailiffs still on her back, Carol needs a second job. She reluctantly returns to her old bar job, but it's not long until her sleazy boss is up to his old tricks. When a familiar face comes to her rescue, Carol wonders if romance – and the answer to her monetary problems – may lie a little closer to home. Meanwhile, with Maggie's support and Imogen's blessing, Connor is beaming from his job offer in London. All he has to do is convince a devastated Christine to let him go. Elsewhere, Vix presents Nikki with some beautiful handmade jewellery, but Nikki is left confused. On one hand, it's all going so fast, but on the other she was hoping for something a little bit smaller and… ring-shaped.
173
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" Fiona Walton Matthew Barry 22 January 2014 (2014-01-22) N/A[N 1]
When Dynasty embarrasses her in front of hunky Hector, Gabriella declares war and begins to sabotage Dynasty's friendships and schoolwork. Imogen and Rhiannon join Gabriella for a night out, but it doesn't take long for them to find themselves in trouble. Later, a knight in tarnished armour makes a shock return and quickly captures Gabriella's wandering eye...
Note: Barry Barry returns. Final regular appearance of Connor Mulgrew.
174
"Suspicious Minds" Fiona Walton Cat Jones 29 January 2014 (2014-01-29) N/A[N 1]
Simon and Hector's Resilience Programme is in full swing. This week, the students learn the importance of vigilance, or 'no guts, no glory' as George describes it. With George's words echoing in his head and no Lisa to rein him in, Lenny lets his imagination run wild and is certain the local shop is just a cover for some criminal activity. He enlists Darren to hold a stake-out, but their meddling causes widespread panic, highlighting the dangers of prejudice and wannabe heroism.Elsewhere, Barry is back and this time he won't leave so easily. All he wants is to come home and he's prepared to play dirty to get there.
175
"Out of Bounds" Richard Platt Ann Marie Di Mambro 5 February 2014 (2014-02-05) N/A[N 1]
There's a buzz in the air as the day of Simon's Resilience Camp finally arrives. As students and staff split up to find their way to base camp, Hector uses the cover of the woods for his own agenda. Unaccustomed to being rejected by women, Hector seizes the chance for some time alone with Nikki and pulls out all the stops to impress her – despite her recent engagement to Vix.
176
"A Bolt from the Blue" Richard Platt David McManus 12 February 2014 (2014-02-12) N/A[N 1]
Kevin is a bag of nerves as his university bursary interview looms, despite the legendary Chalky arriving to lend his support. Kevin's anxiety gets the better of him and he and Dynasty bicker over their very different ideas about the future. Before they can reconcile, Kevin suddenly collapses and is rushed to hospital, sending shockwaves rippling through the school. Meanwhile, full of regret, Nikki frantically tries to cover up her one night stand with Hector, but when a vindictive Gabriella finds out, she sets out to destroy Nikki's relationship with Vix. Elsewhere, Lula is overjoyed to be offered a university placement, but her excitement is short-lived when her family is threatened with deportation.
Note: Final appearance of Daniel 'Chalky' Chalk.
177
"Nowhere to Run" Alex Kalymnios Ann McManus & Diane Burrows 19 February 2014 (2014-02-19) N/A[N 1]
George is left holding the fort while Christine has a day off, but his opportunity to skive is soon thwarted by news that Lula's mother has been taken away by the Immigration Office. When her pleas for help fall on deaf ears, Lula turns to Audrey, who rallies the school to protect her. While George is off enjoying a charity lunch, the immigration officers arrive for Lula, but Audrey and the students are prepared. Soon a mass rooftop protest is under way, much to Simon's Horror. Meanwhile, Barry takes Gabriella to a fancy restaurant to announce his plans for their future together, but his dreams are short-lived when Gabriella is less than receptive.
178
"Dynasty's Choice" Alex Kalymnios Karen Laws 26 February 2014 (2014-02-26) N/A[N 1]
Dynasty sets off for a police interview, but her hopes are dashed when her family's criminal background is revealed. She is soon distracted by Barry's cagey behaviour and is shocked to uncover the truth behind his new job. To prove she is not cut from the same cloth, Dynasty is forced to make a weighty decision that will change the Barrys' lives once and for all. Meanwhile, Darren is in serious trouble when he is discovered with indecent images on his phone yet again. Determined to get to the root of Darren's behaviour, Christine makes an unannounced visit to his home, but is left appalled and shaken by what she finds.
Note: Final appearance of Barry Barry.
179
"End of the Road" Patrick Harkins Cat Jones 5 March 2014 (2014-03-05) N/A[N 1]
Christine wakes up with a horrific hangover. In a massive error of judgement, she gets into her car while still under the influence and drives to school. From that moment on, Christine's day descends from bad to worse until she must make a terrible choice on her future at Waterloo Road: Resign or face the music Meanwhile, Kacey Barry returns from the US to a hero's welcome, but a jealous Gabriella is fuming that all attention is no longer on her. Determined to get even, Gabriella unleashes her vindictive side, but it's Kevin who bears the brunt of her anger.
Note: Final appearance of Lula Tsibi and Archie Wong. Kacey Barry returns.
180
"New Highs, New Lows" Patrick Harkins Alexander Lamb 12 March 2014 (2014-03-12) N/A[N 1]
A sober Christine deals with the repercussions of her drink-driving offence. Kacey is selected for the Commonwealth Games but Gabriella soon puts an end to her happiness. Nikki's future at Waterloo Road is suddenly thrown into uncertainty. Connor returns to support a vulnerable Christine amid the fallout of her drink-driving incident. Though she vows to make amends, both the school and the Education Board are divided on her future at Waterloo Road, and Simon is made Acting Head by Robert Bain. Kacey and Gabriella's feud escalates and turns nasty as Gabriella causes an accident that leaves Kacey's boxing dreams in tatters. Nikki's career is called into question when a student makes an accusation against her. Vix reaches out to her in support, but will there be time for them to reconcile before Vix leaves for good?
Note: Final appearance of Nikki Boston, Connor Mulgrew, Imogen Stewart, Robert Bain and Vix Spark. Gabriella Wark leaves series.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t The episode did not appear in the top 30 viewings on the BARB website
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Waterloo Road': Series nine launch date confirmed". Digital Spy. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes (See relevant weeks)". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Media Centre – Programme Information – Waterloo Road". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 1". BBC. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "9.02 Sue Spark's Bad Day". Waterloo Road. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 2". BBC. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 3". BBC. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 4". BBC. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 5". BBC. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 6". BBC. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC One – Waterloo Road, Series 9, Episode 6". BBC. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
[hide]
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text:
State Emblem of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
State Emblem of India
Details
Armiger
Republic of India
Adopted
26 January 1950
Motto
Satyameva Jayate
("Truth Alone Triumphs")
The State Emblem of India, as the national emblem of India is called, is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, preserved in the Varanasi Sarnath Museum in India. A representation of Lion Capital of Ashoka was initially adopted as the emblem of the Dominion of India in December 1947.[1] The current version of the emblem was officially adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage and description
2 Emblems of national bodies
3 Historic seals and emblems
3.1 Pre-colonial India
3.2 British rule in India
3.3 Portuguese rule in India
3.4 Dominion of India
4 See also
5 References
Usage and description[edit]
The emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well. It also functions as the national emblem of India in many places and appears prominently on Indian passports. The Ashoka Chakra (wheel) on its base features in the centre of the national flag of India.
The usage of the emblem is regulated and restricted under State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005. No individual or private organisation is permitted to use the emblem for official correspondence.
The actual Sarnath capital features four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolizing power, courage, confidence and pride, mounted on a circular base. At the bottom is a horse and a bull, and at its centre is a wheel (Dharma chakra). The abacus is girded with a frieze of sculptures in high relief of The Lion of the North, The Horse of the West, The Bull of the South and The Elephant of the East, separated by intervening wheels, over a lotus in full bloom, exemplifying the fountainhead of life and creative inspiration. Carved from a single block of sandstone, the polished capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus, with a bull on the right and a galloping horse on the left, and outlines of Dharma Chakras on the extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus beneath the abacus has been omitted.[3]
Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script: Satyameva Jayate सत्यमेव जयते (English: Truth Alone Triumphs).[4] This is a quote from Mundaka Upanishad,[5] the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.
Dinanath Bhargava was the man handpicked by legendary painter Nandalal Bose to design the National Emblem as a 21-year-old. He died at his home in Anand Nagar, Indore, on Saturday evening, the 24th December 2016. He was 89 years old.[6]
The original Lion Capital of Ashoka
Ashoka Stambha at Indian Museum, Kolkata
Early photograph.
Photograph at time of discovery.
Sarnath pillar capital of Ashoka.
Emblems of national bodies[edit]
Emblem of the Supreme Court of India
Emblem of the Central Bureau of Investigation
Emblem of the Research and Analysis Wing
Historic seals and emblems[edit]
Pre-colonial India[edit]
Seal of the Mughal Empire
Coat of arms of the British East India Company which ruled most of the subcontinent after the Marathas until 1857
British rule in India[edit]
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom, used for all official documents, publications and correspondence during the British Raj (1858-1947)
Unofficial emblem of India during the British Raj called the Star of India
Portuguese rule in India[edit]
Coat of arms of Portuguese India (1600-1935)
Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese India (1935-1961)
Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India (1935-1951)
Greater coat of arms of Portuguese India (1951-1961)
Dominion of India[edit]
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom used by the Dominion of India (August–December 1947)
Emblem used by the Dominion of India (December 1947-January 1950) [1]
Emblem of the Constituent Assembly of India
See also[edit]
Symbols of Indian states and territories
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Press Communique' - State Emblem" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "State Emblem". Know India. Government of India. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Act, 2005" (PDF). 20 December 2005. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Kamal Dey v. Union of India and State of West Bengal (Calcutta High Court 2011-07-14). Text
Jump up ^ "Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Standing Committee On Home Affairs: 116th Report on The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Bill, 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Artist who sketched national emblem dies". Times of India. Times of India. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
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RC time constant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The RC time constant, also called tau, the time constant (in seconds) of an RC circuit, is equal to the product of the circuit resistance (in ohms) and the circuit capacitance (in farads), i.e.
τ = R C {\displaystyle \tau =RC}
It is the time required to charge the capacitor, through the resistor, by ≈ 63.2 percent of the difference between the initial value and final value or discharge the capacitor to ≈36.8 percent. This value is derived from the mathematical constant e, specifically 1 − e − 1 {\displaystyle 1-e^{-1}} , more specifically as voltage to charge the capacitor versus time
Charging V ( t ) = V 0 ( 1 − e − t / τ ) {\displaystyle V(t)=V_{0}(1-e^{-t/\tau })} [1]
Discharging V ( t ) = V 0 ( e − t / τ ) {\displaystyle V(t)=V_{0}(e^{-t/\tau })}
Contents
[hide]
1 Cutoff frequency
2 Delay
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Cutoff frequency[edit]
The time constant τ {\displaystyle \tau } is related to the cutoff frequency fc, an alternative parameter of the RC circuit, by
τ = R C = 1 2 π f c {\displaystyle \tau =RC={\frac {1}{2\pi f_{c}}}}
or, equivalently,
f c = 1 2 π R C = 1 2 π τ {\displaystyle f_{c}={\frac {1}{2\pi RC}}={\frac {1}{2\pi \tau }}}
where resistance in ohms and capacitance in farads yields the time constant in seconds or the frequency in Hz.
Short conditional equations:
fc in Hz = 159155 / τ in µs
τ in µs = 159155 / fc in Hz
Other useful equations are:
rise time (20% to 80%) t r ≈ 1.4 τ ≈ 0.22 f c {\displaystyle t_{r}\approx 1.4\tau \approx {\frac {0.22}{f_{c}}}}
rise time (10% to 90%) t r ≈ 2.2 τ ≈ 0.35 f c {\displaystyle t_{r}\approx 2.2\tau \approx {\frac {0.35}{f_{c}}}}
In more complicated circuits consisting of more than one resistor and/or capacitor, the open-circuit time constant method provides a way of approximating the cutoff frequency by computing a sum of several RC time constants.
Delay[edit]
The signal delay of a wire or other circuit, measured as group delay or phase delay or the effective propagation delay of a digital transition, may be dominated by resistive-capacitive effects, depending on the distance and other parameters, or may alternatively be dominated by inductive, wave, and speed of light effects in other realms.
Resistive-capacitive delay, or RC delay, hinders the further increasing of speed in microelectronic integrated circuits. When the feature size becomes smaller and smaller to increase the clock speed, the RC delay plays an increasingly important role. This delay can be reduced by replacing the aluminum conducting wire by copper, thus reducing the resistance; it can also be reduced by changing the interlayer dielectric (typically silicon dioxide) to low-dielectric-constant materials, thus reducing the capacitance.
The typical digital propagation delay of a resistive wire is about half of R times C; since both R and C are proportional to wire length, the delay scales as the square of wire length. Charge spreads by diffusion in such a wire, as explained by Lord Kelvin in the mid nineteenth century.[2] Until Heaviside discovered that Maxwell's equations imply wave propagation when sufficient inductance is in the circuit, this square diffusion relationship was thought to provide a fundamental limit to the improvement of long-distance telegraph cables. That old analysis was superseded in the telegraph domain, but remains relevant for long on-chip interconnects.[3][4][5]
See also[edit]
Cutoff frequency and frequency response
Emphasis, preemphasis, deemphasis
Exponential decay
Filter (signal processing) and transfer function
High-pass filter, low-pass filter, band-pass filter
RL circuit, and RLC circuit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capdis.html
Jump up ^ Andrew Gray (1908). Lord Kelvin. Dent.
Jump up ^ Ido Yavetz (1995). From Obscurity to Enigma. Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-5180-2.
Jump up ^ Jari Nurmi; Hannu Tenhunen; Jouni Isoaho & Axel Jantsch (2004). Interconnect-centric Design for Advanced SoC and NoC. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-7835-8.
Jump up ^ Scott Hamilton (2007). An Analog Electronics Companion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-68780-2.
External links[edit]
RC Time Constant Calculator
Conversion time constant τ {\displaystyle \tau } to cutoff frequency fc and back
RC time constant
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RC_time_constant&oldid=768302790"
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Phase delay

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Lord Kelvin

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http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/3d.htm

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values: Costante di tempo di un circuito RC – Italian

values: த.தே கால மாறிலி – Tamil

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