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Ecosystem management
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Mangroves are an integral part of ecosystems.
Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore natural resources while meeting the socioeconomic, political and cultural needs of current and future generations.[1][2] The principal objective of ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance and ethical use of natural resources.[3][4] It is a multifaceted and holistic approach which requires a significant change in how the natural and human environments are identified.
Several approaches to effective ecosystem management engage conservation efforts at both a local or landscape level and involves: adaptive management, natural resource management, strategic management, and command and control management.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formulations
2 Stakeholders
3 Adaptive management
4 Natural resource management
5 Strategic management
6 Landscape level conservation
7 Command and control management
8 See also
9 References
Formulations[edit]
The definitions of ecosystem management are typically vague.[5] Several core principles define and bound the concept and provide operational meaning:
ecosystem management reflects a stage in the continuing evolution of social values and priorities; it is neither a beginning nor an end;
ecosystem management is place-based and the boundaries of the place must be clearly and formally defined;
ecosystem management should maintain ecosystems in the appropriate condition to achieve desired social benefits;
ecosystem management should take advantage of the ability of ecosystems to respond to a variety of stressors, natural and man-made, but all ecosystems have limited ability to accommodate stressors and maintain a desired state;
ecosystem management may or may not result in emphasis on biological diversity;
the term sustainability, if used at all in ecosystem management, should be clearly defined—specifically, the time frame of concern, the benefits and costs of concern, and the relative priority of the benefits and costs; and
scientific information is important for effective ecosystem management, but is only one element in a decision-making process that is fundamentally one of public and .[6]
As a concept of natural resource management, ecosystem management remains both ambiguous and controversial, in part because some of its formulations rest on policy and scientific assertions that are contested.[7] These assertions are important to understanding much of the conflict surrounding ecosystem management. Professional natural resource managers, typically operating from within government bureaucracies and professional organizations, often mask debate over controversial assertions by depicting ecosystem management as an evolution of past management approaches.
Stakeholders[edit]
Stakeholders are individuals or groups of people who are affected by environmental decisions and actions, but they also may have power to influence the outcomes of environmental decisions relating to ecosystem management.[8] The complex nature of decisions made in ecosystem management, from local to international scales, requires stakeholder participation from a diversity of knowledge, perceptions and values of nature.[9][10] Stakeholders will often have different interests in ecosystem services.[11] This means effective management of ecosystems requires a negotiation process that develops mutual trust in issues of common interest with the objective of creating mutually beneficial partnerships.[12]
Adaptive management[edit]
Adaptive management is based on the concept that predicting future influences/disturbance to an ecosystem is limited and unclear.[13] Therefore, the goal of adaptive management is to manage the ecosystem so it maintains the greatest amount of ecological integrity, but also to utilize management practices that have the ability to change based on new experience and insights.[14][15]
Adaptive management aims to identify uncertainties in the management of an ecosystem while using hypothesis testing to further understand the system.[16] In this regard, adaptive management encourages learning from the outcomes of previously implemented management strategies.[17] Ecosystem managers form hypotheses about the ecosystem and its functionality and then implement different management techniques to test the hypotheses.[18] The implemented techniques are then analyzed to evaluate any regressions or improvements in functionality of the ecosystem caused by the technique.[19] Further analysis allows for modification of the technique until it successfully meets the ecological needs of the ecosystem.[20] Thus, adaptive management serves as a “learning by doing” method for ecosystem management.
Adaptive management has had mixed success in the field of ecosystem management, possibly because ecosystem managers may not be equipped with the decision-making skills needed to undertake an adaptive management methodology.[21] Additionally, economic, social and political priorities can interfere with adaptive management decisions.[22] For this reason, adaptive management should be a social process as well as scientific, focusing on institutional strategies while implementing experimental management techniques.[23]
Natural resource management[edit]
Main article: Natural resource management
The term natural resource management is frequently used when dealing with a particular resource for human use rather than managing the whole ecosystem.[24] A main objective of natural resources management is the sustainability for future generations, which appoints ecosystem managers to balance natural resources exploitation and conservation over long-term timeframe.[25] The balanced relationship of each resource in an ecosystem is subject to change at different spatial and temporal scales.[26] Dimensions such as, watersheds, soils, flora and fauna, need to be considered individually and on a landscape level. A variety of natural resources are utilized for food, medicine, energy and shelter.[27]
The ecosystem management concept is based on the relationship between sustainable resource maintenance and human demand for use of natural resources.[28] Therefore, socioeconomics factors significantly affect natural resource management.[29] The goal of a natural resource manager is to fulfill the demand for a given resource without causing harm to the ecosystem, or jeopardizing the future of the resource.[30] Partnerships between ecosystem managers, natural resource managers and stakeholders should be encouraged in order to promote a more sustainable use of limited natural resources.[31] Natural resource managers must initially measure the overall integrity of the ecosystem they are involved in. If the ecosystem supporting resources is healthy, managers can decide on the ideal amount of resource extraction, while leaving enough to allow the resource to replenish itself for subsequent harvests.[32] Historically, some natural resources have experienced limited human disturbance and therefore have been able to subsist naturally . However, some ecosystems such as forests, which typically provide considerable timber resources; have sometimes undergone successful reforestation processes and consequently have accommodated the needs of future generations. A successfully managed resource, will provide for current demand while leaving enough to repopulate and provide for future demand.
Human populations have been increasing rapidly, introducing new stressors to ecosystems, such as climate change and influxes of invasive species. As a result, the demand for natural resources is unpredictable.[33] Although ecosystem changes may occur gradually, the cumulative changes can have negative effects for humans and wildlife.[34] Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing Applications can be used to monitor and evaluate natural resources by mapping them in local and global scales. These tools will continue to be highly beneficial in natural resources management.[35]
Strategic management[edit]
Main article: Strategic management
Strategic management encourages the establishment of goals that will benefit the ecosystem while keeping socioeconomic and politically relevant issues in mind.[36] Strategic management differs from other types of ecosystem management because it keeps stakeholders involved and relies on their input to develop the best management strategy for an ecosystem. Similarly to other modes of ecosystem management, this method places a high level of importance on evaluating and reviewing any changes, progress or negative impacts and prioritizes flexibility in adapting management protocols as a result of new information.[37]
Landscape level conservation[edit]
Landscape level conservation is a method that considers wildlife needs at a broader landscape level scale when implementing conservation initiatives.[38] This approach to ecosystem management involves the consideration of broad scale interconnected ecological systems that acknowledges the whole scope of an environmental problem.[39] In a human–dominated world, weighing the landcape requirements of wildlife versus the needs of humans is a complicated matter.[40]
Landscape level conservation is carried out in a number of ways. A wildlife corridor, for example, is a connection between otherwise isolated habitat patches that are proposed as a solution to habitat fragmentation.[41] In some landscape level conservation approaches, a key species vulnerable to landscape alteration is identified and its habitat requirements are assessed in order to identify the best option for protecting their ecosystem.[42] However, lining up the habitat requirements of numerous species in an ecosystem can be difficult, which is why more comprehensive approaches to further understand these variations have been considered in landscape level conservation.[43]
Human-induced environmental degradation is an increasing problem globally, which is why landscape level ecology plays an important role in ecosystem management.[44] Traditional conservation methods targeted at individual species need to be modified to include the maintenance of wildlife habitats through consideration of both human-induced and natural environmental factors.[45]
Command and control management[edit]
Command and control management utilizes a linear problem solving approach where a perceived problem is solved through controlling devices such as laws, threats, contracts and/or agreements.[46] This top-down approach is used across many disciplines and works best with problems that are relatively simple, well-defined and work in terms of cause and effect.[47] The application of command and control management has often attempted to control nature in order to improve product extractions, establish predictability and reduce threats.[48] Some obvious examples of command and control management actions include: the use of herbicides and pesticides to safeguard crops in order to harvest more products; the culling of predators in order to obtain larger, more reliable game species; and the safeguarding of timber supply, by suppressing forest fires.
Attempts at command and control management often backfire (a literal problem in forests that have been ‘protected’ from fire by humans and are subsequently full of fuel build-up) in ecosystems due to their inherent complexities. Consequently, there has been a transition away from command and control management due to many undesirable outcomes and a stronger focus has been placed on more holistic approaches that focus on adaptive management and finding solutions through partnerships.[49]
See also[edit]
Ecosystem-based management
Sustainable forest management
Sustainable land management
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Szaro, R.; Sexton, W.T.; Malone, C.R. (1998). "The emergence of ecosystem management as a tool for meeting people's needs and sustaining ecosystems". Landscape and Urban Planning. 40: 1–7. doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(97)00093-5.
Jump up ^ Brussard Peter, F; Reed Michael, J; Richard, Tracy C (1998). "Ecosystem Management: What is it really?". Landscape and Urban Planning. 40: 9–20. doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(97)00094-7.
Jump up ^ Szaro et al. (1998)
Jump up ^ Lackey, R.T. (1998). "Seven pillars of ecosystem management". Landscape and Urban Planning. 40: 21–30. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00095-9.
Jump up ^ Lackey (1998)
Jump up ^ Lackey (1998)
Jump up ^ Lackey, Robert T (1999). "Radically contested assertions in ecosystem management". Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 9 (1–2): 21–34. doi:10.1300/J091v09n01_02.
Jump up ^ Reed, M.S.; Graves, A.; Dandy, N.; Posthumus, H.; Hubacek, K.; Morris, J.; Prell, C.; Quinn, C.H.; Stinger, L.C. (2009). "Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management". Journal of Environmental Management. 90: 1933–1949. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001.
Jump up ^ Billgren, C.; Holmen, H. (2008). "Approaching reality: Comparing stakeholder analysis and cultural theory in the context of natural resource management". Land Use Policy. 25: 550–562. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.11.004.
Jump up ^ Reed, M.S. (2008). "Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review". Biological Conservation. 141: 2417–2431. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, G. (ed.) 2008. The Ecosystem Approach: Learning from Experience. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland
Jump up ^ Mushove, P.; Vogel, C. (2005). "Heads or tails? Stakeholder analysis as a tool for conservation area management". Global Environmental Change. 15: 184–198. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.008.
Jump up ^ Pahl-Wostl (2007). "Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change". Water Resource Management. 21: 49–62. doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9040-4.
Jump up ^ Holling, C. S. (1978). Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. Wiley, London. Reprinted by Blackburn Press in 2005
Jump up ^ Pahl-Wostl (2007)
Jump up ^ The Resilience Alliance, 2010. Adaptive Management. Viewed 8 September 2010. http://www.resalliance.org/600.php
Jump up ^ Pahl-Wostl (2007)
Jump up ^ United States Department of Interior. Technical Guide: Chapter 1: What is Adaptive Management? Viewed 8 Sep. 2010.http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/AdaptiveManagement/TechGuide/Chapter1.pdf
Jump up ^ United States Department of Interior. Technical Guide: Chapter 1: What is Adaptive Management? Viewed 8 Sep. 2010.http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/AdaptiveManagement/TechGuide/Chapter1.pdf
Jump up ^ Holling (1978)
Jump up ^ Gregory, R, Ohlson, D, Arvai, J, 2006. "Deconstructing adaptive management: criteria for applications to environmental management." Ecological Applications. Vol. 16(6). pp. 2411–2425.
Jump up ^ Gregory et al. (2006)
Jump up ^ Resilience Alliance (2010)
Jump up ^ Kellert, Stephen R; Mehta, J. N.; Ebbin, S. A.; Lichtenfeld, L. L (2000). "Community Natural Resource Management: Promise, Rhetoric, and Reality". Society and Natural Resources. 13: 705–715. doi:10.1080/089419200750035575.
Jump up ^ Ascher, W (2001). "Coping with complexity and Organizational Interests in Natural Resource Management". Ecosystem. 4: 742–757. doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0043-y.
Jump up ^ Boyce, MS, Haney, A, 1997. Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources. Yale University Press. New Haven.
Jump up ^ Chapin, F.S.III, Kofinas, G.P. and Floke, C. (2009). Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship. Resilience-Based Natural Resource Management in a Change World. Springer.
Jump up ^ Boyce & Heney (1997)
Jump up ^ Kellert et al. (2000)
Jump up ^ Grimble, Robin; Wellard, K. (1997). "Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities". Agricultural Systems. 55 (2): 173–193. doi:10.1016/s0308-521x(97)00006-1.
Jump up ^ Cork, S., Stoneham, G. and Lowe, K. (2007). Ecosystem Service and Australian Natural Resource Management (NRM) Futures. Paper to the Natural Resource Policy and Programs Committee (NRPPC) and the Natural Resource Management Standing Committee (NRMSC). Retrieved September 1, 2010 from http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/ecosystem-services-and-australian-natural-resource-management-nrm-futures
Jump up ^ Grimble & Wellard (1997)
Jump up ^ Chapin et al. (2009)
Jump up ^ Ascher (2001)
Jump up ^ Boyce & Heney (1997)
Jump up ^ Brussard Peter, F; Reed Michael, J; Richard, Tracy C (1998). "Ecosystem Management: What is it really?". Landscape and Urban Planning. 40: 9–20. doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(97)00094-7.
Jump up ^ Shmelev, S.E; Powell, J.R (2006). "Ecological-economic modeling for strategic regional waste management". Ecological Economics. 59 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.030.
Jump up ^ African Wildlife Foundation. Protecting Land. African Wildlife Foundation website. Viewed 9 September 2010. http://www.awf.org/section/land
Jump up ^ Boyce & Haney (1997)
Jump up ^ Opdam, P, Wascher, D, 2003. "Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation." Biological Conservation. Vol. 117: 285-297.
Jump up ^ Hudgens, BR, Haddad, NM, 2003. "Predicting Which Species Will Benefit from Corridors in Fragmented Landscapes from Population Growth Models." The American Naturalist. Vol. 161(5): 808-820.
Jump up ^ Lambeck, Robert J. "Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation". Conservation Biology. 11 (4): 849–56. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96319.x.
Jump up ^ Vos, CC; Verboom, J; Opdam, PFM; Ter Braak, CJF (2001). "Toward Ecologically Scaled Landscape Indices". The American Naturalist. 183 (1): 24–41. doi:10.2307/3079086.
Jump up ^ Velazquez, A, Bocco, G, Romero, FJ, Perez Vega, A, 2003. "A Landscape Perspective on Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Central Mexico." Mountain Research and Development. Vol. 23(3): 230-246.
Jump up ^ Velazquez et al. (2003)
Jump up ^ Holling, C. S.; Meffe, Gary K. (1996). "Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management". Conservation Biology. 10: 328–37. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020328.x.
Jump up ^ Knight Richard, L; Meffe Gary, K (1997). "Ecosystem Management: Agency Liberation from Command and Control". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 25 (3): 676–678.
Jump up ^ Holling & Meffe (1996)
Jump up ^ Knight & Meffe (1997)
Gibbs, Wayt (1997). "Command and control". Scientific American. Ebscohost. UIS, Springfield, IL. 26 Apr. 2009. 227: 33–34.
Habron, G (2003). "Role of Adaptive Management for Watershed Councils". Environmental Management. 31 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2763-y.
Hershner, Carl; Havens, K. (2009). "Ecosystem Services and Management of Invasive Species in a Changing System: Response to Martin and Blossey". Conservation Biology. 23 (2): 497–498. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01193.x.
Hudgens, BR; Haddad, NM (2003). "Predicting Which Species Will Benefit from Corridors in Fragmented Landscapes from Population Growth Models". The American Naturalist. 161 (5): 808–820. PMID 12858286. doi:10.1086/374343.
Walters, C. J. (1986). Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York, McGraw Hill.
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Deputy Prime Minister of India
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Deputy Prime Minister of India
Emblem of India
Incumbent
Vacant
Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister
Inaugural holder
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Formation
15 August 1947
The Deputy Prime Minister of India is a member of the Union Cabinet in the Government of India. Not technically a constitutional office, it seldom carries any specific powers[1]. A deputy prime minister usually also holds a key cabinet portfolio such as home minister or finance minister. In the parliamentary system of government, the prime minister is treated as the "first among equals" in the cabinet; the position of deputy prime minister is used to bring political stability and strength within a coalition government or in times of national emergency, when a proper chain of command is necessary.
The first Deputy Prime Minister of India was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was also home minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet. The office has since been only intermittently occupied. The seventh and last deputy prime minister was L. K. Advani, who took on the role in addition to his home ministership from 2002 to 2004 in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's government. The current government does not have a Deputy Prime Minister.
On multiple occasions, proposals have arisen to make the post permanent, but without result. The same goes for the post of Deputy Chief Minister at the state level.[citation needed]
List of Deputy Prime Ministers of India[edit]
Colour key
Indian National Congress
Janata Party
Janata Party (Secular)
Indian National Congress (Socialist)
Janata Dal
Samajwadi Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
№
Deputy Prime Minister
(Portfolio)
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister
1
Vallabhbhai Patel
(Minister of Home Affairs) 15 August 1947 15 December 1950 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru
2
Morarji Desai
(Minister of Finance) 21 March 1967 6 December 1969 Indira Gandhi
3
Charan Singh
(Minister of Home Affairs
& Minister of Finance) 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai
4
Jagjivan Ram
(Minister of Defence) 24 March 1977 28 July 1979
5
Yashwantrao Chavan
(Minister of Home Affairs) 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Indian National Congress (Socialist) Charan Singh
6
Devi Lal 2 December 1989 21 June 1991 Janata Dal
(National Front) Vishwanath Pratap Singh
Chandra Shekhar
7
Lal Krishna Advani
(Minister of Home Affairs) 5 February 2002 22 May 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Of Deputy Chief Ministers and the Constitution". Retrieved 7 November 2017.
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List of countries by forest area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This graph depicts trends in changes in global forest cover annually for various regions and sub-regions.
This article is a list of places by forest area. Types of places listed include the entire planet, continents, regions, countries, provinces, states, and territories. Percentage data was calculated using information from the CIA's World Factbook 2011.[1]
Contents
1 Planet, continents and regions
2 Countries
3 Provinces, states and territories
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Planet, continents and regions[edit]
Region
Land area (km2)
Source
% Forest
World 39,000,000 [2] 26.19%
Polar regions 13,800,000 [2]
Latin America and the Caribbean 9,640,000 [2] 45.67%
East Asia and the Pacific 7,332,000 [2] 35.18%
Africa 6,500,000 [3] 21.80%
Canada and the United States 3,680,000 [2] 26.00%
European Union 1,600,000 [4] 35.00%
West Asia 36,600 [5] 01.00%
Countries[edit]
Choropleth map of forest area by country, compiled from data in this table.
Rank
Country
Land area
(km2)
Source
% Forest
1 Russia 8,149,300 [6] 49.40%
2 Canada 4,916,438 [5] 49.24%
3 Brazil 4,776,980 [5] 56.10%
4 United States 3,100,950 [5] 33.84%
5 China 2,083,210 [7] 21.83%
6 Australia 1,470,832 [8] 19.90%
7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,172,704 [9] 50.00%
8 Argentina 945,336 [10] 34.00%
9 Indonesia 884,950 [11] 46.46%
10 India 802,088 [12] 23.68%
11 Mexico 710,000 [13] 36.50%
12 Peru 687,420 [5] 53.49%
13 Sudan 675,460 [5] 26.96%
14 Mozambique 620,000 [14] 78.00%
15 Colombia 607,280 [5] 53.32%
16 Angola 591,040 [5] 47.41%
17 Bolivia 587,400 [5] 53.47%
18 Venezuela 471,378 [5] 51.68%
19 Myanmar 430,560 [15] 63.64%
20 Zambia 376,309 [16] 50.00%
21 Tanzania 352,570 [5] 37.22%
22 Sudan 327,909 17.62%
23 Papua New Guinea 294,370 [5] 63.60%
24 Sweden 280,730 [17] 68.95%
25 Zimbabwe 259,267 [18] 66.35%
26 Japan 253,203 [19] 67.00%
27 France 246,640 [20] 36.76%
28 Finland 233,320 [21] 72.00%
29 Central African Republic 227,550 [5] 36.53%
30 Gabon 227,517 [22] 85.00%
31 Republic of the Congo 224,710 [5] 65.70%
32 Turkey 216,781 [23] 27.60%
33 Cameroon 212,450 [5] 44.68%
34 Malaysia 195,200 [24] 59.50%
35 Paraguay 184,750 [5] 45.42%
36 Spain 184,180 [25] 36.70%
37 Laos 170,000 [26] 71.60%
38 Chile 158,781 [27] 21.00%
39 Guyana 151,040 [5] 70.26%
40 South Sudan 148,196 [28] 23.00%
41 Suriname 147,760 [5] 90.20%
42 Thailand 147,620 [29] 29.00%
43 Madagascar 128,380 [5] 21.87%
44 Mali 125,720 [5] 10.14%
45 Vietnam 123,000 [30] 37.14%
46 Norway 121,120 [5] 37.42%
47 Botswana 119,430 [5] 20.53%
48 Chad 119,210 [5] 09.28%
49 Ecuador 115,510 [31] 42.00%
50 Germany 114,190 [32] 32.00%
51 Niger 112,000 [33] 08.00%
52 Morocco 111,325 [34] 15.66%
53 Nigeria 110,890 [5] 12.00%
54 Iran 110,750 [5] 06.72%
55 Guatemala 108,894 [35] 51.00%
56 Italy 106,736 [36] 35.00%
57 Ukraine 105,000 [37] 17.00%
58 Mongolia 102,520 [5] 06.55%
59 Cambodia 93,350 [38] 51.56%
60 Poland 90,000 [39] 28.80%
61 South Africa 89,170 [40] 07.31%
62 Senegal 86,730 [5] 44.09%
63 New Zealand 85,424 [41] 31.87%
64 Belarus 80,334 [42] 38.60%
65 Namibia 76,610 [5] 09.29%
66 North Korea 76,240 [43] 73.00%
67 Philippines 71,620 [5] 23.87%
68 Somalia 71,310 [5] 11.18%
69 Romania 69,610 [5] 29.02%
70 Burkina Faso 67,940 [5] 24.78%
71 Honduras 67,254 [44] 60.00%
72 Guinea 67,240 [5] 27.35%
73 South Korea 63,346 [45] 63.20%
74 Benin 61,860 [46] 54.93%
75 Kazakhstan 54,498 [47] 02.00%
76 Nicaragua 51,890 [5] 39.80%
77 Uganda 50,000 [48] 20.74%
78 Panama 42,940 [5] 56.93%
79 Pakistan 42,240 [49] 05.31%
80 Algeria 42,000 [50] 01.70%
81 Turkmenistan 41,270 [5] 08.46%
82 Austria 39,600 [51] 47.20%
83 Ethiopia 39,313 [52] 03.56%
84 Greece 37,520 [5] 28.43%
85 Nepal 36,360 [53] 44.7%
86 Bulgaria 36,250 [5] 32.69%
87 Malawi 33,176 [54] 28.00%
88 Portugal 31,820 [55] 34.80%
89 Liberia 31,540 [5] 28.32%
90 Ivory Coast 30,000 [56] 09.30%
91 Latvia 28,807 [57] 60.00%
92 United Kingdom 28,650 [58] 11.76%
93 Georgia 28,577 [59] 41.00%
94 Sierra Leone 27,540 [5] 38.39%
95 Serbia 27,200 [60] 31.13%
96 Cuba 27,130 [5] 24.47%
97 Saudi Arabia 27,000 [61] 01.26%
98 Czech Republic 26,000 [62] 34.00%
99 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,599 [63] 53.00%
100 Croatia 24,901 [64] 44.00%
101 Bhutan 24,764 [65] 64.50%
102 Ghana 24,600 [66] 10.20%
103 Estonia 23,066 [67] 61.00%
104 Solomon Islands 22,534 to 23,117 [68] 78.00 to 80.00%
105 Taiwan 21,588 [69] 60.00%
106 Lithuania 21,223 [70] 33.00%
107 Hungary 20,990 [71] 23.00%
108 Guinea-Bissau 20,720 [5] 57.36%
109 Tunisia 20,615 [72] 12.60%
110 Costa Rica 20,440 [73] 40.00%
111 Slovakia 20,006 [74] 40.80%
112 Uzbekistan 19,690 [75] 04.40%
113 Sri Lanka 19,330 [76] 29.46%
114 Belize 16,530 [5] 71.98%
115 Equatorial Guinea 16,320 [5] 58.18%
116 Eritrea 15,540 [5] 13.21%
117 Dominican Republic 13,384 [77] 27.50%
118 Kenya 13,200 [78] 02.27%
119 Oman 13,050 [79] 04.22%
120 Slovenia 12,574 [80] 60.00%
121 Switzerland 12,540 [81] 31.80%
122 Azerbaijan 11,400 [5] 13.17%
123 Macedonia 10,285 [82] 40.00%
124 Fiji 10,000 [5] 54.72%
125 Bangladesh 8,710 [5] 06.05%
126 Kyrgyzstan 8,690 [5] 04.35%
127 Iraq 8,220 [5] 01.88%
128 Togo 8,000 [83] 14.00%
129 Timor-Leste 7,980 [5] 53.65%
130 Albania 7,716 [84] 26.84%
131 Ireland 7,540 [5] 11.07%
132 Uruguay 7,000 [85] 04.00%
133 Belgium 6,834 [86] 22.38%
134 Montenegro 6,252 [87] 45.26%
135 Denmark 6,120 [88] 14.20%
136 Bahamas 5,150 [5] 51.45%
137 Gambia 4,857 [89] 43.00%
138 Syria 4,610 [90] 02.49%
139 Yemen 4,490 [91] 00.85%
140 Vanuatu 4,470 [92] 36.67%
141 Tajikistan 4,100 [93] 02.87%
142 Netherlands 3,650 [5] 08.79%
143 Jamaica 3,308 [94] 30.10%
144 Moldova 3,290 [5] 09.72%
145 Rwanda 3,161 [95] 12.00%
146 United Arab Emirates 3,120 [5] 03.73%
147 El Salvador 2,980 [5] 14.16%
148 Armenia 2,974 [96] 10.00%
149 Brunei 2,780 [5] 48.22%
150 Mauritania 2,670 [5] 00.26%
151 Trinidad and Tobago 2,260 [5] 44.07%
152 Libya 2,170 [5] 00.12%
153 Iceland 1,930 [97] 02.00%
154 Cyprus 1,740 [5] 18.81%
155 Afghanistan 1,631 [98] 00.25%
156 Israel 1,600 [99] 07.00%
157 Lebanon 1,383 [100] 13.30%
158 Burundi 1,270 [101] 04.50%
159 Samoa 1,050 [102] 37.00%
160 Jordan 893 [103] 01.00%
161 Luxembourg 870 [5] 33.64%
162 Cape Verde 840 [5] 20.83%
163 Egypt 670 [5] 00.07%
164 Micronesia 630 [5] 89.74%
165 Mauritius 612 [104] 30.00%
166 Dominica 488 [105] 65.00%
167 Haiti 8,300 [106] 30.00%
168 Seychelles 407 [107] 89.45%
169 Palau 400 [5] 87.15%
170 Sao Tome and Principe 270 [5] 28.01%
171 Swaziland 174 [108] 01.00%
172 Saint Lucia 170 [5] 27.60%
173 Andorra 160 [5] 34.19%
174 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 127 [109] 32.56%
175 Antigua and Barbuda 90 [110] 21.00%
176 Palestine 90 [5] 01.45%
177 Lesotho 80 [5] 00.26%
178 Liechtenstein 70 [5] 43.75%
179 Djibouti 60 [5] 00.26%
180 Kuwait 60 [5] 00.34%
181 Comoros 50 [5] 02.24%
182 Saint Kitts and Nevis 50 [5] 19.16%
183 Grenada 40 [5] 11.63%
184 Tonga 40 [111] 05.35%
185 Tuvalu 23 [112] 89.12%
186 Barbados 20 [5] 04.65%
187 Kiribati 20 [5] 02.47%
188 Singapore 20 [113] 03.00%
189 Maldives 10 [5] 03.56%
190 Bahrain 5 N/C 00.67%
191 Malta 3 N/C 00.95%
192 San Marino 1 N/C 01.64%
193 Qatar 0 [114] 00.00%
Sudan is listed as 13th and 22nd
Provinces, states and territories[edit]
Place
Land area (km2)
Source
% Forest
Krasnoyarsk Krai 1,510,016 [115] 63.80%
Sakha Republic 1,500,000 [116] 47.00%
Ontario 780,080 85.00%
Quebec 761,100 [117] 55.75%
Northwest Territories 570,418 50.00%
British Columbia 566,841 [118] 60.00%
Alaska 522,044 [119] 30.39%
Nunavut 469,447 25.00%
Manitoba 411,270 75.00%
Alberta 384,049 60.00%
Loreto 365,163 99.00%
Queensland 346,130 20.00%
Saskatchewan 325,419 55.00%
Yukon Territory 260,915 55.00%
Newfoundland and Labrador 243,017 65.00%
France (Metropolitan) 170,000 [120] 30.95%
New South Wales 96,077 12.00%
French Guiana 83,000 [20] 99.00%
Victoria 79,596 35.00%
New Brunswick 60,733 85.00%
Western Australia 50,598 02.00%
Tasmania 44,461 65.00%
Newfoundland 41,440 [121] 38.07%
Northern Territory 40,474 03.00%
Nova Scotia 40,004 75.00%
South Australia 29,504 03.00%
Hawaii 13,300 N/C 46.98%
Scotland 13,107 [122] 17.00%
Western Sahara 10,110 [5] 03.80%
England 9,128 [5] 7.00%
New Caledonia 7,170 [5] 38.60%
Wallonia 5,448 32.40%
Canary Islands 5,000 [123] 66.73%
Puerto Rico 4,080 [5] 29.59%
Corsica 4,018 [124] 46.00%
Wales 2,493 [5] 11.90%
French Polynesia 2,000 [125] 52.30%
Prince Edward Island 1,705 30.00%
Flanders 1,464 10.80%
Reunion 1,370 [126] 53.00%
Northern Ireland 830.6 [5] 6.00%
Azores 830 [127] 35.38%
Guadeloupe 640 [20] 39.00%
Martinique 490 [20] 46.00%
Hong Kong 400 [128] 36.36%
Turks and Caicos Islands 340 [5] 35.86%
Northern Mariana Islands 330 [5] 71.12%
Guam 260 [5] 47.79%
American Samoa 180 [5] 90.45%
Niue 169 to 182 [129] 65.00 to 70.00%
Madeira 150 [130] 18.73%
Cook Islands 142 [131] 60.00%
Mayotte 140 [20] 37.00%
Cayman Islands 120 [5] 45.45%
United States Virgin Islands 100 [5] 28.87%
Anguilla 55 N/C 60.44%
Wallis and Futuna 47 N/C 33.10%
British Virgin Islands 40 [5] 26.49%
Montserrat 35 N/C 34.31%
Pitcairn 35 N/C 74.47%
Isle of Man 30 [5] 05.24%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 30 [5] 12.40%
Saint Helena 20 [5] 16.39%
Brussels 17.35 10.00%
Netherlands Antilles 12 N/C 01.50%
Bermuda 10 [5] 18.52%
Channel Islands 8 N/C 04.12%
Aruba 4 N/C 02.22%
Greenland 2 N/C 00.00%
Faroe Islands 1 N/C 00.07%
See also[edit]
Forestry portal
Deforestation by region
Forest cover by state in the United States
Forest cover by state in India
Forest cover by federal subject in Russia
Forest cover by province or territory in Canada
Forest cover by state or territory in Australia
References[edit]
^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ a b c d e "Forest Types of the World - Maps of the World's Forest". Forestry.about.com. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Forests and woodlands in Africa". Eoearth.org. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct Brown, Felicity (2009-09-02). "Total forest coverage by country | Environment | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Country Profiles". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1995-04-05. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Country Profiles". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1993-06-18. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994-11-22. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ a b c d e "Forêt des départements d'Outre-Mer - Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt". Agriculture.gouv.fr. 2012-01-30. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ http://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1.pdf
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. 1994-09-09. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Israelis Begin Their Assault on the South Sudan, its People & their Environment | Africa". Axisoflogic.com. 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". data.worldbank. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Country Profiles". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
^ "Details". Korea National Statistical Office Secretariat. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
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External links[edit]
Official environment statistics by country - Detailed country level environment statistics by unstats.un.org
Turkey General Directorate of Forestry - Official Web Site of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry General Directorate of Forestry
Countries With Largest Forest Area by FRA2010 -The FRA 2010 Country Reports have been compiled by officially nominated country correspondents in collaboration with FAO staff.
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