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Rose
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For other uses, see Rose (disambiguation), Roses (disambiguation), and Rosa.
Rose
Rosa rubiginosa
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Rosoideae
Genus: Rosa
L.
Species
See List of Rosa species
Synonyms
Hulthemia Dumort.
×Hulthemosa Juz. (Hulthemia × Rosa)
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over a hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.[1]
The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Botany
1.1 Species
2 Uses
2.1 Ornamental plants
2.2 Cut flowers
2.3 Perfume
2.4 Food and drink
2.5 Medicine
2.6 Culture
2.6.1 Art
2.6.2 Symbolism
3 Pests and diseases
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Botany
Longitudinal section through a developing rose hip
Exterior view of rose buds
Rose leaflets
Size can be as small as a thumbnail
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
The hybrid garden rose "Amber Flush"
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.
Rose thorns are actually prickles – outgrowths of the epidermis.
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles—outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
Species
Further information: List of Rosa species
The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:
Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii (also known as the chestnut rose).
Rosa (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called Eurosa) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
Banksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India.
Caninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
Carolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma.
Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
Gymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
Laevigatae – a single white flowered species from China
Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
Rosa gallica Evêque, painted by Redouté
Uses
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.
Ornamental plants
Main article: Garden roses
The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Hybrid tea rose cultivar 'Mrs. Herbert Stevens'
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[5] Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having mutated into additional petals.
In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
Cut flowers
Bouquet of pink roses
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.[6]
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses.
Perfume
Main articles: Rose oil and Rose water
Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia and then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa × damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa × centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
Geraniol (C10H18O)
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil.[7] β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Food and drink
See also: Rose hip
Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, marmalade, and soup or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products. [8]
Rosa canina hips
Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in Middle Eastern, Persian, and South Asian cuisine—especially in sweets such as barfi, baklava, halva, gulab jamun, gumdrops, kanafeh, nougat, and Turkish delight.
Gulab jamun made with rose water
Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make herbal teas.
In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi.[9][10]
Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food.[11] Other minor uses include candied rose petals.[12]
Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,[13] there are only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are on the Generally Recognized as Safe lists.
Rose absolute: Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa gallica L., and vars. of these spp.
Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
Rose buds: Ditto
Rose flowers: Ditto
Rose fruit (hips):Ditto
Rose leaves: Rosa spp.[14]
Medicine
The rose hip, usually from R. canina, is used as a minor source of vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.[15]
Culture
Art
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.
Symbolism
Further information: Rose (symbolism)
The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. They symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses.
Pests and diseases
Main article: List of pests and diseases of roses
Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these are also shared with other plants, including especially other genera of the Rosaceae.
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
See also
Plants portal
Gardening portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosa.
Wikispecies has information related to: Rosa
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Roses
ADR rose
List of Award of Garden Merit roses
List of rose cultivars named after people
Rose Hall of Fame
Rose (color)
Rose garden
Rose show
Rose trial grounds
References
Jump up ^ "rose (plant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, s.v. "rose."
Jump up ^ "GOL – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
Jump up ^ Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Jump up ^ Jack Goody. The culture of flowers. Cambridge University Press, 1993
Jump up ^ "FOODNET Uganda 2009. Commercialisation bulletin: Fresh cut roses" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-13.
Jump up ^ Stewart, D. (2005). The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In Molecules. Care. ISBN 978-0-934426-99-2.
Jump up ^ "Rose Hip / Rosehip". herbwisdom.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals". ecurry.com.
Jump up ^ Samanth Subramanian. "Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers". thenational.ae.
Jump up ^ "St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search". google.com.
Jump up ^ "rosepetal candy – Google Search". google.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)".
Jump up ^ "§182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates).".
Jump up ^ "Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
External links
World Federation of Rose Societies
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rose". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Culture
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Related articles
List of Award of Garden Merit roses
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Miracle of the roses
Roses in Portland, Oregon
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National anthem: Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
National bird: St. Lucia amazon
National flowers: Rose & Marguerite daisy
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National tree: Calabash tree
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q34687
EoL: 29911
FloraBase: 21507
FOC: 128746
Fossilworks: 157343
GBIF: 3002148
GRIN: 10544
iNaturalist: 53438
IPNI: 34015-1
ITIS: 24807
NCBI: 3764
PLANTS: ROSA5
Tropicos: 40026937
VASCAN: 1627
WoRMS: 425714
Authority control
LCCN: sh85115443
GND: 4050536-4
NDL: 00560519
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Student exchange program
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Pakistan to U.S. Student Exchange Program 2011
A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school or university study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions.[1]
A student exchange program may involve international travel, but does not necessarily require the student to study outside his or her home country. For example, the National Student Exchange program (NSE) offers placements throughout the United States and Canada.[2]
Foreign exchange programs provides students with an opportunity to study in a different country and environment experiencing the history and culture of another country.[3]
The term "exchange" means that a partner institution accepts a student, but does not necessarily mean that the students have to find a counterpart from the other institution with whom to exchange. Exchange students live with a host family or in a designated place such as a hostel, an apartment, or a student lodging. Costs for the program vary by the country and institution. Participants fund their participation via scholarships, loans, or self-funding.
Student exchanges became popular after World War II, and are intended to increase the participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their language skills and broadening their social horizons. Student exchanges also increased further after the end of the Cold War. An exchange student typically stays in the host country for a period of 6 to 10 months. International students or those on study abroad programs may stay in the host country for several years. Some exchange programs also offer academic credit.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of exchange programs
1.1 National exchange programs
2 Short-term exchange
3 Long-term exchange
3.1 Application process
4 Australian Context
4.1 Australian High school exchange programs
4.2 Australian University students exchange programs
5 Foreign students in Spain
6 Costs
7 Accommodation
7.1 Host family
7.2 Housing
7.3 Drawbacks
7.4 Positives
8 The w-curve adjustment model
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Types of exchange programs[edit]
National exchange programs[edit]
National Student Exchange (NSE) is a not-for-profit education consortium based in the United States that provides affordable and practical opportunities for students enrolled at member campuses to study and live in a new location.[2] More than 94,000 students have participated in the program since it was founded in 1968. NSE is designed for students who are looking for opportunities to study in a different state rather than a different country. NSE operates at member colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, Australia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Nearly 200 universities and colleges are registered as NSE members. The application process, placement, and the pre-departure process are coordinated by the home NSE coordinator. The student can choose to pay the required tuition fees to their home campus or to the host campus.[2] Students may only participate in the exchange for a cumulative total of one calendar year, defined as an academic year and a summer session.
Short-term exchange[edit]
A short-term exchange program is also known as summer/intensive or cultural exchange program. These focus on homestays, language skills, community service, or cultural activities. High school and university students can apply for the programs through various government or non-governmental organizations that organize the programs. A short-term exchange lasts from one week to three months and doesn’t require the student to study in any particular school or institution. The students are exposed to an intensive program that increases their understanding of other cultures, communities, and languages.
Long-term exchange[edit]
Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive to Dresden, Germany (1951)
A long-term exchange is one which lasts six to ten months or up to one full year. Participants attend high school in their host countries, through a student visa. Typically, guest students coming to the United States are issued a J-1 cultural exchange visa or an F-1 foreign student visa. Students are expected to integrate themselves into the host family, immersing themselves in the local community and surroundings. Upon their return to their home country they are expected to incorporate this knowledge into their daily lives, as well as give a presentation on their experience to their sponsors. Many exchange programs expect students to be able converse in the language of the host country, at least on a basic level. Some programs require students to pass a standardized test for English language comprehension prior to being accepted into a program taking them to the United States. Other programs do not examine language ability. Most exchange students become fluent in the language of the host country within a few months. Some exchange programs, such as the Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange, are government-funded programs.
The Council on Standards for International Educational Travel is a not-for-profit organization committed to quality international educational travel and exchange for youth at the high school level.[4]
Application process[edit]
Long-term (10 to 12 month) exchange applications and interviews generally take place 10 months in advance of departure, but sometimes as little as four months. Students generally must be between the ages of 15 and 18.5. Some programs allow students older than 18 years of age in a specialized work-study program.
Some programs require a preliminary application form with fees, and then schedule interviews and a longer application form. Other programs request a full application from the beginning and then schedule interviews. High school scholarship programs often require a set GPA of around 3.0 or higher. Programs select the candidates most likely to complete the program and serve as the best ambassadors to the foreign nation. Students in some programs, such as Rotary, are expected to go to any location where the organization places them, and students are encouraged not to have strict expectations of their host country. Students are allowed to choose a country, but may live at any spot within that country.
The home country organization will contact a partner organization in the country of the student’s choice. Students accepted for the program may or may not be screened by the organization in their home country. Partner organizations in the destination country each have differing levels of screening they require students to pass through before being accepted into their program. For example, students coming to the U.S. may be allowed to come on the recommendation of the organization in their home country, or the hosting partner may require the student to submit a detailed application, including previous school report cards, letters from teachers and administrators, and standardized English fluency exam papers. The U.S. agency may then accept or decline the applicant. Some organizations also have Rules of Participation. For example, almost all U.S. organizations cannot allow an exchange student to drive an automobile during their visit. Some organizations require a written contract that sets standards for personal behavior and grades, while others may be less rigorous. Lower cost programs can result in a student participating without a supervisor being available nearby to check on the student's well-being. Programs provided by agencies that provide compensation for representatives are more likely to retain local representatives to assist and guide the student and keep track of their well-being.
Australian Context[edit]
Australian High school exchange programs[edit]
Each state in Australia provides a different program of student exchange for secondary students. The programmes from each state are different for whether a student in Australia is looking to study internationally or a student from another country is looking to study in Australia. Student exchange in Australia, depending on the state, must be managed by registered exchange organisations or the school chosen for study must be registered.[5] The countries that are most popular for Australian students to choose to study are, Japan, France, Germany, USA, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Spain and Argentina. The main purpose of student exchange in Australia is to allow students to study, engage and experience a new culture. International students who choose to study in Australia are given different opportunities through the programmes at set schools will learn about Australian culture, but also gain English language skills at a high school level.
Australian University students exchange programs[edit]
Exchange programs for University students to study abroad varies depending on the university campus offers. International student exchange programs for university students is aimed to enhance students intercultural skills and knowledge. Student exchange programs for University students gives the opportunity to broaden their knowledge on their study of choice from a different country, this gives university students a chance to develop their work experience by seeing how the profession they are studying is practised in another country. International exchange for tertiary students allows them to gain a cultural experience on their studies, but also giving them a change to travel abroad while completing their degree.[6]
Foreign students in Spain[edit]
A series of studies conducted within the last decade found similar results in students studying abroad in Spain for a short-term and/or semester long program. These studies found that students can improve their speaking proficiency during one semester, there is a positive relationship between students’ integrative motivation and interaction with second language culture, and student contact with the Spanish language has a great effect on their speaking improvement.[7] We especially see these results in students who live with host families during their program. Anne Reynolds-Case found improvements in understanding and usage of the vosotros form after studying in Spain.[8] One study specifically studies culture perceptions of students studying abroad in Spain. Alan Meredith defines culture as consisting “of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts.” Questionnaires were given to students living with host families during a two-month program in Spain. He studies how these groups perceive customs, such as concern for personal appearance, physical contact, cooking styles, politics, etc. The study found a variety of results depending the cultural custom. However, the American students’ perceptions most closely aligned with the Young Spaniards (16-22 years old).[9] At the same time, Angela George’s study found little significance in the adoption of regional features during their semester abroad.[10] Though most of these studies focused on students who came from America to study in Spain, the United States is not the only one sending their students. Brian Denman’s article demonstrates an increase of Saudi student mobility for education, including locations such as Spain.[11]
Costs[edit]
The costs of student exchange are determined by the charges from a student exchange program organisation or the university or college.[5] The costs vary depending on the country, length of study and other personal factors. Different programs through the school/university of choice may offer students scholarships that cover the expenses of travel and accommodation and the personal needs of a student.[12]
Accommodation[edit]
Host family[edit]
A host family volunteers to house a student from a different place during their exchange program visit. The family often doesn't receive any payment for hosting. Students are responsible for their own spending, including school fees, uniform, text books, internet, and phone calls. Host families could be family units with or without children or retired couples; most programs require one host to be at least 25 years of age. The host families are well prepared to experience a new culture and give a new cultural experience to the student. A student could live with more than one family in an exchange program to expand their knowledge and experience more of the new culture. Host families are responsible for providing a room, meals, and a stable family environment for the student. Most exchange programs allow for a switch of hosts if problems arise.
Housing[edit]
A university student involved in an exchange program can choose to live on campus or off campus. Living off campus is a popular choice, because students are more independent and learn more about the new culture when they are on their own. Universities that host exchange students will offer assistance in obtaining accommodation. Universities in Asia have on-campus housing for international students on exchange or studying full-time. Temporary options include hostels, hotels, or renting. Homestays, paid accommodation with a host family, are available in some countries.
Drawbacks[edit]
Even though exchange students learn to improve themselves through the experience of studying and staying in another country, there are also many difficulties to be encountered. One of them is when conflicts between the host family and the students can not be solved by communicating with each other and that is when the student will be asked to stay with another host until they find a new match. This process, however, could take time while the students' duration of stay is limited. Even with preparation and knowledge about the new environment, they could still experience culture shock, which can affect them in different ways. Students from a completely different culture [13] can also encounter homesickness for a longer period of time. Lack of transportation can also become a major problem, because the chances students buying a car during a short period of stay is less likely to happen. Moreover, students will find it hard to find a job, even part-time since most exchange visas do not allow students to work and it is difficult to obtain one that does. Another potential drawback is health issues that can occur during the stay in a foreign country. All students are encouraged to consult a travel health expert, and be up to date with their vaccinations. Always have health insurance while traveling abroad, and carry emergency contact details of your local hosts and of multiple family members as well.[14]
Positives[edit]
Student exchange is a valuable program for students as it is intended to increase the students' knowledge and understanding of other cultures. International education helps students with their language and communicating skills, but also encourages students to improve and broaden their language skills. Students who study internationally develop a different perspective and cross cultural understanding of their studies which will further their education in which will also benefit them when they are in the workplace.[15]
The w-curve adjustment model[edit]
The w-curve model created by Gullahorn and Gullahorn (1963) is W shaped model that attempts to give a visual description of a travelers possible experience of culture shock when entering a new culture and the re-entry shock experienced when returning home. The model has seven stages.
Honeymoon Stage
Hostility Stage
Humorous/Rebounding Stage
In-Sync Stage
Ambivalence Stage
Re-Entry Culture Shock Stage
Re-Socialization Stage
Each stage of the model aims to prepare travellers for the rollercoaster of emotions that they may experience both while returning and traveling from a trip abroad. The hope in the creation of this model is to help prepare travelers for the negative feelings often associated with living in another culture. By doing so, it is the goal that these emotions will be better dealt with.[16]
See also[edit]
AFS Intercultural Programs
AIESEC
Congress-Bundestag Youth Exchange
EducationUSA
ERASMUS Programme
Erasmus Student Network (ESN)
Fulbright Program
IAESTE
IFMSA
Intercultural relations
International Association of Universities
International education
Second language learning
Study abroad organization
Study abroad
University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific
Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE)
Youth For Understanding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stella Ting-Toomey, Ph.D" (PDF). October 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c National Student Exchange
Jump up ^ Daly, Amanda (2011-04-01). "Determinants of participating in Australian university student exchange programs". Journal of Research in International Education. 10 (1): 58–70. doi:10.1177/1475240910394979. ISSN 1475-2409.
Jump up ^ "CSIET". csiet.org.
^ Jump up to: a b "Secondary student exchange - DE International". www.decinternational.nsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
Jump up ^ Lynas, Kathie. "Student exchange program broadens world of participants". Canadian Pharmacists Journal. 142 (1): 14–14. doi:10.3821/1913-701x-142.1.14.
Jump up ^ Hernández, Todd A. (2010-12-01). "The Relationship Among Motivation, Interaction, and the Development of Second Language Oral Proficiency in a Study-Abroad Context". The Modern Language Journal. 94 (4): 600–617. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01053.x. ISSN 1540-4781.
Jump up ^ Reynolds-Case, Anne (2013-06-01). "The Value of Short-Term Study Abroad: An Increase in Students' Cultural and Pragmatic Competency". Foreign Language Annals. 46 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1111/flan.12034. ISSN 1944-9720.
Jump up ^ Meredith, R. Alan (2010). "Acquiring Cultural Perceptions during Study Abroad: The Influence of Youthful Associates". Hispania. 93 (4): 686–702. doi:10.2307/25758244.
Jump up ^ George, Angela (2014-03-01). "Study Abroad in Central Spain: The Development of Regional Phonological Features". Foreign Language Annals. 47 (1): 97–114. doi:10.1111/flan.12065. ISSN 1944-9720.
Jump up ^ Denman, Brian D.; Hilal, Kholoud T. (2011-08-01). "From barriers to bridges: An investigation on Saudi student mobility (2006–2009)". International Review of Education. 57 (3-4): 299–318. doi:10.1007/s11159-011-9221-0. ISSN 0020-8566.
Jump up ^ "Discounts and Scholarships | Student Exchange Programs | Over 25 Countries. Live overseas for one to twelve months. Stay with a host family, attend school, live like a local, learn the language! Experience is everything. » Student Exchange Australia New Zealand". studentexchange.org.au. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.foreignexchangestudentprograms.net/us-culture-guide-for-exchange-students
Jump up ^ http://travelsafeclinic.com/student-exchange-program/
Jump up ^ Sowa, Patience A. (2002-03-01). "How valuable are student exchange programs?". New Directions for Higher Education. 2002 (117): 63–70. doi:10.1002/he.49. ISSN 1536-0741.
Jump up ^ Gullahorn, John T., and Jeanne E. Gullahorn. "An Extension Of The U-Curve Hypothesis." Journal of Social Issues 19.3 (1963): 33-47. Wiley Online Library. Web. 30 Oct. 2014
External links[edit]
Study Abroad at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
International Student Exchange Programs at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
List of sponsor programs registered with the United States government
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_exchange_program&oldid=818595344"
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Marley & Me (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Marley & Me
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Frankel
Produced by
Karen Rosenfelt
Gil Netter
Screenplay by
Scott Frank
Don Roos
Based on
Marley & Me
by John Grogan
Starring
Owen Wilson
Jennifer Aniston
Music by
Theodore Shapiro
Cinematography
Florian Ballhaus
Edited by
Mark Livolsi
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures
Regency Enterprises
Sunswept Entertainment
Dune Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 25, 2008 (2008-12-25)
Running time
115 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60 million
Box office
$247.8 million[1]
Marley & Me is a 2008 American comedy-drama film about the titular dog, Marley. It was directed by David Frankel and the screenplay by Scott Frank and Don Roos is based on the memoir of the same name by John Grogan. The film stars Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston as Marley's owners. Marley & Me was released in the United States and Canada on December 25, 2008, and set a record for the largest Christmas Day box office ever with $14.75 million in ticket sales.[2] The film was followed by a 2011 direct-to-video prequel, Marley & Me: The Puppy Years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
5 Accolades
6 Home media
7 Soundtrack
8 References
9 External links
Plot
Soon after their wedding, John and Jenny Grogan (Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston) escape the brutal Michigan winters and relocate to a cottage in South Florida, where they are hired as reporters for competing newspapers. At The Palm Beach Post, Jenny immediately receives prominent front-page assignments, while at the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, John finds himself writing obituaries and two-paragraph articles about mundane news like a fire at the local garbage dump.
When John senses Jenny is contemplating motherhood, his friend and co-worker Sebastian Tunney (Eric Dane) suggests the couple adopt a dog to see if they're ready to raise a family. From a litter of newborn yellow Labrador retrievers they select Marley (named after reggae singer Bob Marley), who immediately proves to be incorrigible. They take him to Ms. Kornblut (Kathleen Turner), who firmly believes any dog can be trained, but when Marley refuses to obey commands, she blows her whistle and Marley runs towards her and tackles her, pinning her to the ground and humping her on her leg. That gets Marley too far and Ms. Kornblut expels him from her class.
Editor Arnie Klein (Alan Arkin) offers John a twice-weekly column in which he can discuss the fun and foibles of everyday living. At first stumped for material, John realizes the misadventures of Marley might be the perfect topic for his first piece. Arnie agrees, and John settles into his new position. Marley continues to wreak havoc on the household, providing John with a wealth of material for his column, which becomes a hit with readers and helps increase the newspaper's circulation. Jenny becomes pregnant, but loses the baby early in her first trimester. She and John travel to Ireland for a belated honeymoon, leaving the rambunctious dog in the care of a young woman who finds him impossible to control, especially during the frequent thunderstorms that plague the area. Soon after returning from their vacation, Jenny discovers she is pregnant again, and this time she delivers a healthy boy, Patrick. When she has a second son, Connor, she opts to give up her job and become a stay-at-home mom, prompting John to take on a daily column for a pay increase. Due to the crime rate, the couple decides to move to a larger house in the safer neighborhood of Boca Raton, where Marley delights in swimming in the backyard pool.
Although she denies she is experiencing postpartum depression, Jenny exhibits all the symptoms, including a growing impatience with Marley and John, who asks Sebastian to care for the dog when Jenny insists they give him away. She quickly comes to realize he has become an indispensable part of the family and agrees he can stay. Sebastian accepts a job for The New York Times and moves away.
John celebrates his 40th birthday and later goes skinny dipping with Jenny in their swimming pool. Increasingly disenchanted with his job, he decides to accept a position as a reporter with The Philadelphia Inquirer with Jenny's blessing, and the family moves to a farm in rural Pennsylvania. John soon realizes that he is a better columnist than reporter and pitches the column idea to his editor. Life is idyllic until the aging Marley begins to show signs of arthritis and deafness. An attack of gastric dilatation volvulus almost kills him, but he recovers. When a second attack occurs, it becomes clear surgery will not help him, and Marley is euthanized with John at his side. The family pay their last respects to their beloved pet as they bury him beneath a tree in their front yard.
Cast
Owen Wilson as Johnny "John" Grogan
Jennifer Aniston as Jennifer "Jenny" "Jen" Grogan
Eric Dane as Sebastian Tunney
Alan Arkin as Arnie Klein
Haley Hudson as Debbie
Haley Bennett as Lisa
Kathleen Turner as Ms. Kornblut
Ann Dowd as Dr. Platt
Nathan Gamble as Patrick "Pat" Grogan (Age 10)
Bryce Robinson as Patrick "Pat" Grogan (Age 7)
Dylan Henry as Patrick "Pat" Grogan (Age 3)
Finley Jacobsen as Connor Grogan (Age 8)
Ben Hyland as Connor Grogan (Age 5)
Production
Because the film covers 14 years in the life of the dog, 22 different yellow labradors played the part of Marley (as revealed in the special feature Finding Marley on the DVD).
The film was shot on location in Florida's West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Miami, and Dolphin Stadium, in addition to Philadelphia and West Chester in Pennsylvania. The Irish honeymoon scenes were shot in and around Ballynahinch Castle, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland.
The film's score was composed by Theodore Shapiro, who previously had worked with director Frankel on The Devil Wears Prada. He recorded it with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox.[3]
Dave Barry, Grogan's fellow South Florida humor columnist, makes an uncredited cameo as a guest at the surprise party celebrating Grogan's 40th birthday.[4]
Release
Critical reception
Marley & Me received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a rating of 63%, based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pet owners should love it, but Marley and Me is only sporadically successful in wringing drama and laughs from its scenario."[5] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[6]
Todd McCarthy of Variety said the film is "as broad and obvious as it could be, but delivers on its own terms thanks to sparky chemistry between its sunny blond stars, Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston, and the unabashed emotion-milking of the final reel. Fox has a winner here, likely to be irresistible to almost everyone but cats ... Animated and emotionally accessible, Aniston comes off better here than in most of her feature films, and Wilson spars well with her, even if, in the film's weaker moments, he shows he's on less certain ground with earnest material than he is with straight-faced impertinence."[7]
Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter observed that "seldom does a studio release feature so little drama - and not much comedy either, other than when the dog clowns around . . . [W]hatever Marley wants to be about - the challenges of marriage or the balancing act between career and family - gets subsumed by pet tricks. Dog lovers won't care, and that basically is the audience for the film. From Fox's standpoint, it may be enough . . . Marley & Me is a warm and fuzzy family movie, but you do wish that at least once someone would upstage the dog."[8]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "a cheerful family movie" and added, "Wilson and Aniston demonstrate why they are gifted comic actors. They have a relationship that's not too sitcomish, not too sentimental, mostly smart and realistic",[9] whilst Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film A-, calling it "the single most endearing and authentic movie about the human–canine connection in decades. As directed by David Frankel, though, it's also something more: a disarmingly enjoyable, wholehearted comic vision of the happy messiness of family life."[10]
Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times was also very positive, graded the film B and commenting, "Marley & Me practically leaps at viewers like a pound puppy seeking affection, and darn if it doesn't deserve some . . . Things could get mushier or sillier, but Frankel and screenwriters Scott Frank and Don Roos — who usually handle grittier material — decline to play the easy, crowd-pleasing game. Their faith in Grogan's simple tale of loyalty among people and pets is unique, and it pays off . . . [It] isn't extraordinary cinema, but it relates to everyday people in the audience in a way that few movies do without being dull."[11]
Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "this love letter to man's best friend will make dog fanciers roll over and do tricks. It's so warmhearted, you'll want to run out and hug the nearest big, sloppy mutt."[12] The praise continued with Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer awarding the film three out of four stars and saying, "Marley and Me operates on the assumption that happiness is a warm tongue bath. And those who endorse this belief will enjoy this shaggy dog story . . . The anecdotal structure does not make for a gripping movie. For one thing, there's no conflict, unless you count the tension between a guy and his untrainable pooch. Yet Marley boasts animal magnetism . . . Mawkish? Sometimes. But often very funny and occasionally very moving."[13]
The film also had bad reviews though, with Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times calling it "an imperfect, messy and sometimes trying film that has moments of genuine sweetness and humor sprinkled in between the saccharine and the sadness."[14]
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was unimpressed, awarding the film one out of five stars and commenting, "the relentless gooey yuckiness and fatuous stereotyping in this weepy feelbad comedy gave me the film critic's equivalent of a boiling hot nose,"[15] while Philip French of The Observer said, "the one redeeming feature is the presence as Wilson's editor of that great deadpan, put-on artist Alan Arkin, a comedian who can do a double-take without moving his head."[16] Further criticism came from Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent who said that "Marley himself is surprisingly one-dimensional" and the ending was over-emotional, going "for the heart-wrenching kind which will always provoke a response, but does so with absolutely no grace".[17]
On Metro, Marley & Me was placed #5 in a poll of "20 movies that make men cry".[18]
Box office
The film opened on 3,480 screens in the US and Canada on December 25, 2008. It grossed $14.75 million on its first day of release, setting the record for the best Christmas Day box office take ever by surpassing the previous high of $10.2 million achieved by Ali in 2001 (the record was broken the following year by Sherlock Holmes).[2] It earned a total of $51.7 million over the four-day weekend and placed #1 at the box office, a position it maintained for two weeks. The film ended its run having grossed $143,153,751 in the US and $99,563,362 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $242,717,113.[19]
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Recipients & Nominees
Result
2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award Theodore Shapiro Won
Kids' Choice Awards Blimp Award Jennifer Aniston Nominated
Teen Choice Award Choice Movie: Bromantic Comedy Won
Choice Movie Actress: Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated
Choice Movie Liplock Owen Wilson & Clyde Nominated
Home media
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 31, 2009. Viewers have the option of a single disc or a two-disc set called the Bad Dog Edition. The film is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English, French, and Spanish and subtitles in English and Spanish. Bonus features on the two-disc set include Finding Marley, Breaking the Golden Rule, On Set with Marley: Dog of All Trades, Animal Adoption, When Not to Pee, How Many Takes, a gag reel, and the Purina Dog Chow Video Hall of Fame and Marley & Me video contest finalists. The DVD has sold a total of 3,514,154 copies generating $61.41 million in sales revenue.
A prequel to the film, Marley & Me: The Puppy Years, was released direct-to-video on June 1, 2011.
Soundtrack
Song
Artist
Written by
Shiny Happy People R.E.M. Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe
One Love Bob Marley & The Wailers Bob Marley
Decepcion Tech-i-L.A Danny Osuna and Sara Traina
Rockin' the Suburbs (Over the Hedge Version) Ben Folds Ben Folds
Only Wanna Be With You Hootie & the Blowfish Mark Bryan, Darius Rucker, Jim 'Soni' Sonefeld and Dean Felber
Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia) Us3 featuring Rahsaan and Gerard Presencer Herbie Hancock, Rahsaan Hakeem Kelly, Melvyn Simpson and Geoffrey Wilkinson
Lithium Bruce Lash Kurt Cobain
Can We Fix It? Paul K. Joyce
Rather Be The Verve Richard Ashcroft
Lucky Man The Verve Richard Ashcroft
Happy Birthday Mildred J. Hill and Patty S. Hill
River Song Dennis Wilson Carl Wilson and Dennis Wilson
Soundtrack references:[20][21][22]
References
Jump up ^ "Marley & Me (2008)". The Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Marley & Me' sets Christmas Day record". Today.com. Associated Press. 26 December 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldwasser, Dan (December 10, 2008). "Theodore Shapiro scores 'Marley & Me'". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grogan, John (21 April 2008). "Dave Barry Does Marley (or should I rephrase that?)". Retrieved 3 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Marley & Me at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ Marley & Me at Metacritic
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (December 21, 2008). "Film Reviews: Marley & Me". Variety. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (December 21, 2008). "Film Review: Marley & Me". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (December 23, 2008). "Marley & Me :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (December 24, 2008). "Marley & Me Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Persall, Steve (December 25, 2008). "'Marley & Me' charms by avoiding the easy emotions". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Addiego, Walter (December 25, 2008). "Movie review: 'Marley & Me' a sweet tearjerker". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rickey, Carrie (December 23, 2008). "Animal magnetism in 'Marley & Me'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsy (December 25, 2008). "Slurpy, sweet and sad". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (March 13, 2009). "Film review: Marley & Me". The Guardian. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ French, Philip (March 15, 2009). "Film review: Marley & Me". The Observer. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "FILM: Marley & Me". IOMToday.co.im. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ McGuinness, Ross (August 3, 2010). "Lord Of The Rings tops poll of films that make men cry". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Marley & Me (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marley & Me". 25 December 2008 – via IMDb.
Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/176/Marley-and-Me
Jump up ^ "MARLEY & ME Soundtrack - List Of Songs".
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Marley & Me (film)
Official website
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Marley & Me at AllMovie
Marley & Me at Rotten Tomatoes
Marley & Me at Metacritic
Marley & Me at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by David Frankel
Miami Rhapsody (1995)
Dear Diary (1996)
The Devil Wears Prada (2006)
Marley & Me (2008)
The Big Year (2011)
Hope Springs (2012)
One Chance (2013)
Collateral Beauty (2016)
[show]
v
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e
Films by Don Roos
Directed
The Opposite of Sex (1998)
Bounce (2000)
Happy Endings (2005)
The Other Woman (2009)
Written
Single White Female (1992)
Love Field (1992)
Boys on the Side (1995)
Diabolique (1996)
The Opposite of Sex (1998)
Bounce (2000)
Happy Endings (2005)
Marley & Me (2008)
The Other Woman (2009)
[show]
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Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Romance
The Notebook (2005)
Just like Heaven (2006)
The Holiday (2007)
27 Dresses and What Happens in Vegas (2008)
Marley & Me and Twilight (2009)
Valentine's Day (2010)
Easy A (2011)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2012)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2013)
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Ladi Kwali
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Ladi Kwali
Ladi Kwali
Born
Ladi Kwali
1925 (1925)
Kwali, Nigeria
Died
August 12, 1984(1984-08-12) (aged 58–59)
Occupation
Potter
Ladi Kwali, OON, MBE (c.1925–1983) was a Nigerian potter.
Ladi Kwali was born in the village of Kwali in the Gwari region of Northern Nigeria, where pottery was an indigenous female tradition.[1] She learned to make pottery as a child by her aunt using the traditional method of coiling. She made large pots for use as water jars, cooking pots, bowls, and flasks from coils of clay, beaten from the inside with a flat wooden paddle. They were decorated with incised geometric and stylised figurative patterns, including scorpions, lizards, crocodiles, chameleons, snakes, birds, and fish.[2] She would impress patterns on top of the figures by rolling small roulettes of twisted string or notched wood over the surface of the clay, sometimes as horizontal banding and sometimes in vertical panels.[2] The wooden roulettes consisted of small cylinders of hard wood, two or three inches long and a half-inch in diameter, notched with straight, oblique, or parallel patterns.[3] The earthenware vessels and decorative techniques have been dated back to neolithic period.[3] Following the region's traditional method, they were fired in a bonfire of dry vegetation. Her pots were noted for their beauty of form and decoration, and she was recognised regionally as a gifted and eminent potter.[4] Several were acquired by the Emir of Abuja, Alhaji Suleiman Barau,[5] in whose home they were seen by Michael Cardew in 1950.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Awards and achievements
4 References
Early life[edit]
She was born in the small village of Kwali, present Kwali Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, in 1925 (Other historians indicate her date of birth is actually 1920[6]). She grew up in a family that kept up with the folkloric female tradition of pottery making.[6] Mallam Mekaniki Kyebese, Ladi Kwali's younger brother, stated: “even in the early years of pottery making, Ladi Kwali excelled in the crafts and her wares were often sold even before they were taken to the markets”.[6]
During her first professional years, the traditional cultural environment moved her to produced pottery pieces that were influenced by the Gbagyi tradition and accentuated with personal idioms. Her approach to clay was echoed by mathematical undertones, made visible by the continuous display of symmetry.[6]
Hand-built pot by Ladi Kwali with incised figures; W.A. Ismay Studio Ceramics Collection, York Art Gallery
Career[edit]
Michael Cardew, who was appointed to the post of Pottery Officer in the Department of Commerce and Industry in the colonial Nigerian Government in 1951, established the Pottery Training Centre in Suleja (then called "Abuja") in April 1952.[3] In 1954, Ladi Kwali joined the Abuja Pottery as its first female potter.[7] There, she learned wheel throwing, glazing, kiln firing, production of saggars, and the use of slip, eventually assuming the role of instructor.[3] She made bowls with sgraffito decoration, which involved dipping vessels in red or white slip and then scratching the decoration through the slip to the underlying body, using a porcupine quill.[2] By the time Cardew left his post in 1965, the Centre had attracted four additional women from Gwari: Halima Audu, Lami Toto, Assibi Iddo, and Kande Ushafa.[1] These women worked together in one of the workshops, which they called Dakin Gwari (the Gwari room), to hand-build large water pots.[2] They would shape and scrape the insides of the pots with the shell of a snail, a hard seed pod or a calabash rind.[3] Then, they adapted their traditional incised designs, by inlaying them with a white kaolin and feldspar slip, which would gravitate into the depressed decorations.[3] After these pots were fired with a translucent celadon glaze, the areas with slip would appear pale green in contrast with the dark green or iron red stoneware body of the vessels.[2] Because the hand-built, ornately decorated pots were glazed and fired in a high-temperature kiln, they represent an interesting hybrid of traditional Gwari and western studio pottery.[8] The quintessential Ladi Kwali pot was coiled in a stoneware clay, decorated with lizard patterns and fired with a dark shiny glaze. For Western viewers and collectors, the dark glaze was a metaphor for the pots' "Africanness."[1]
From her cultural tradition, where females were primarily responsible for pottery, Ladi Kwali's ceramics became "art objects".[9] Ladi Kwali's pots were featured in international exhibitions of Abuja pottery in 1958, 1959, and 1962, organised by Cardew. In 1961, Kwali gave demonstrations at the Royal College, Farnham, and Wenford Bridge in Great Britain.[1] She also gave demonstrations in France and Germany over this period. In 1972, she toured America with Cardew. Her work was shown to great acclaim in London at the Berkeley Galleries.[10] The Abuja Pottery was renamed the Ladi Kwali Pottery in the early 1980s.
Awards and achievements[edit]
Kwali was awarded an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in 1962.[11]
In 1977, she was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria.[12]
In 1980, the Nigerian Government (from the Cabinet Office of the Federal Republic of Nigeria) invested on her with the insignia of the Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM),[13] the highest national honour for academic achievement.[12]
She also received the national honour of the Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) in 1981.[12]
Her picture appears at the back of the Nigerian 20 Naira bill.[12]
A major street in Abuja is called Ladi Kwali Road.[12]
The Sheraton Hotel houses the Ladi Kwali Convention Center, one of the largest conference facilities in Abuja with 10 meeting rooms and four ballrooms.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vincentelli, Moira (2000). Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. pp. 58–76. ISBN 0719038405.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cardew, Michael (April 1972). "Ladi Kwali: The Potter from England Writes on the Potter from Africa". Craft Horizons (32): 34–37.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Slye, Jonathon (October 1966). "Abuja Stoneware". Ceramics Monthly: 12–16.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Barbara (6 February 2007). "Namsifueli Nyeki: A Tanzanian Potter Extraordinaire". African Arts. 40 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.54. ISSN 0001-9933.
Jump up ^ "History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter". Abuja Facts. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Okunna, E. (1 January 2012). "Living through two pottery traditions and the story of an icon: Ladi Kwali". Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies. 1 (0). ISSN 2346-7126.
Jump up ^ Ladi Kwali, Nigerian Potter, retrieved 18 January 2016
Jump up ^ Ladi Kwali – http://www.studiopottery.com/cgi-bin/mp.cgi?item=251
Jump up ^ Reed, Lucy (1 January 2002). "Review of Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels". Studies in the Decorative Arts. 9 (2): 159–163.
Jump up ^ Archive, Aberystwyth Ceramics Collection and. "Ladi KWALI (Nigeria) The Ceramic Collection Ceramic Collection and Archive – Aberystwyth University of Wales 27 March 2016". ceramics-aberystwyth.com. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette". 25 May 1962. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History of Ladi Kwali, the Famous Nigerian Potter | Abuja Facts". www.abujafacts.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nigerian National Order Of Merit Award", Frontiers News, 5 December 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladi_Kwali&oldid=808583598"
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