text:
Carl's Ice Cream
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Carl's Ice Cream
Restaurant information
Established
1947
Street address
2200 Princess Anne St
City
Fredericksburg
State
Virginia
Postal/ZIP Code
22401
Country
USA
Seating capacity
0 (Walk-up Window)
Carl's
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Virginia Landmarks Register
Show map of Northern Virginia Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all
Location
2200 Princess Anne St., Fredericksburg, Virginia
Coordinates
38°18′49″N 77°28′7″W / 38.31361°N 77.46861°W / 38.31361; -77.46861Coordinates: 38°18′49″N 77°28′7″W / 38.31361°N 77.46861°W / 38.31361; -77.46861
Area
less than one acre
Built
1947
Architect
Skinner, Ashton
Architectural style
Moderne
NRHP reference #
05000642[1]
VLR #
111-5007
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
June 30, 2005
Designated VLR
December 6, 2000[2]
Carl's Ice Cream (also known as "Carl's Frozen Custard" or, most often, simply "Carl's") is a curbside ice cream stand located at 2200 Princess Anne Street, Fredericksburg, Virginia. Since 2005, the stand, with its Art Moderne architectural facade, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Carl Sponseller founded Carl's Frozen Custard stand in 1947.[5] The original building was registered as a National Landmark and is an official register of Historic Places in 2005. Since 1947, the 1940s era Electro Freeze machines have produced the frozen custard daily. Custard is different from ice cream because it contains eggs, and sells only three flavors, Vanilla, Chocolate, and Strawberry. When Carl retired he passed it to his brothers, Paul Sponseller and Herbert Sponseller. When they in turn retired it was passed to Ramona Sponseller (Settle), Daniel Sponseller, and Cristina Sponseller (McCann); keeping it in the family. The stand has what can only be called a devoted following, to the point that the line of customers often stretches around the building, even in bad weather.[6][7] Carl's is seasonal, and closed each year from the Sunday before Thanksgiving until the Friday of Presidents Day Weekend.
See also[edit]
National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places". 2008-08-11. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (.pdf file). 2008-08-11. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Off the Beaten Path, Vol. 8". Simply Fredericksburg. 1999-07-25. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Carl's Ice Cream". Fredericksburg Guidebook. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
Jump up ^ Buncombe, Andrew (2003-09-06). "For 50 Years and More, the Simple Pleasures of an Ice-Cream". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2016-05-29.
External links[edit]
Media related to Carl's Ice Cream (Fredericksburg, Virginia) at Wikimedia Commons
Carl's Frozen Custard official website
Carl's at the DHR website
"An Ice Cream Show", PBS show
[show]
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National Register of Historic Places in Fredericksburg, Virginia
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Braehead
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See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Fredericksburg, Virginia and List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
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National Register of Historic Places in Fredericksburg, Virginia
Streamline Moderne architecture in Virginia
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A Good Day to Die Hard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Good Day to Die Hard
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Moore
Produced by
Alex Young
Wyck Godfrey
Screenplay by
Skip Woods
Based on
Characters
by Roderick Thorp
Starring
Bruce Willis
Jai Courtney
Sebastian Koch
Rasha Bukvić
Cole Hauser
Yuliya Snigir
Music by
Marco Beltrami
Cinematography
Jonathan Sela
Edited by
Dan Zimmerman
Production
company
Giant Pictures
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) (Leicester Square)
February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) (United States)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Russian
Budget
$92 million[1]
Box office
$304.7 million[1]
A Good Day to Die Hard is a 2013 American action thriller film and the fifth installment in the Die Hard film series. The film was directed by John Moore and written by Skip Woods, and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The main plot finds McClane travelling to Russia to get his estranged son, Jack, an undercover CIA agent, out of prison. He is soon caught in the crossfire of a global terrorist plot. Alongside Willis, the film also stars Jai Courtney, Cole Hauser, Yuliya Snigir and Sebastian Koch as the film's villain.
Talks of a fifth Die Hard film began before the release of the fourth installment, Live Free or Die Hard, with Willis affirming that the latter would not be the last in the series, but pre-production did not start until September 2011, when John Moore was officially announced as the director. Filming began in April 2012, primarily in Budapest, Hungary.
A Good Day to Die Hard premiered in Los Angeles on January 31, 2013, coinciding with the unveiling of a Die Hard mural at the Fox Lot,[2] and was released in certain East and Southeast Asian countries on February 7 and in the United States and Canada on February 13.[3] It is the first Die Hard film to use Dolby Atmos Surround Mixing and the first to also be released in IMAX theaters. Unlike the previous films, A Good Day to Die Hard was a critical failure, receiving overwhelmingly negative reviews which cited implausible action sequences, a cliched script, a weak plot, Moore's direction, and a lack of characterization, although the special effects were praised.[4][5] It is the first film produced by TSG Entertainment, since distributor 20th Century Fox's departure from Dune Entertainment upon the completion of their distribution contract at the end of 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Pre-production
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In Moscow, Viktor Chagarin, a high-ranking, but corrupt, Russian official plans to incriminate former billionaire and government whistleblower Yuri Komarov in an imminent rigged trial unless Komarov hands over a secret file believed to contain evidence incriminating Chagarin. Separately, Jack McClane, who has been arrested after an assassination attempt, negotiates for a shorter sentence by offering to testify against Komarov. Meanwhile, Jack's father, NYPD Detective John McClane, who has not been in touch with his son for several years, has learned his son is in trouble and travels to Russia to help. As John arrives and approaches the courthouse where Komarov is on trial, a bomb explosion, orchestrated by Chagarin's henchman Alik, occurs in the courthouse and Jack breaks free with Komarov. Seeing his son, John confronts him, but their dispute is cut short as Alik and his men chase them in a US Cougar MRAP through the streets of Moscow. John, Jack, and Komarov manage to escape.
Hiding in a safe house, John finds out that his son is a CIA officer and has been on an undercover operation for the past three years. Jack's partner, Collins, demands the file's location from Komarov so that the CIA can bring Chagarin down. Komarov eventually agrees on condition that he and his daughter are given safe passage out of Russia. Collins is eventually shot and killed while the McClanes and Komarov come under heavy gunfire from Chagarin's men, but they escape. They make their way to a hotel in the city to fetch the key to the vault containing the file. There they meet up with Komarov's daughter, Irina, as earlier planned. John grows suspicious of her shifty behavior, and is proven correct when Alik and his men burst in and tie John and Jack up, while Komarov is taken as a hostage, and Irina confesses to informing on them for the "millions of dollars" to be gained. Jack breaks free of his ties and kills the nearest guards using a Russian gun-knife, allowing the two to kill most of the men. Alik and Irina, with Komarov still their hostage, return in a Mil Mi-24 helicopter and try to kill them, but the two escape a second time.
That night, the two steal a car full of firearms and drive to Pripyat, Ukraine, where the vault with the file is located. However, Komarov, Irina, and Alik have preceded them. In a twist, the file is revealed never to have existed: the drawer with the file supposedly inside is in fact a secret passage to a Chernobyl vault containing €1 billion worth of weapons-grade uranium. Once inside the vault, Komarov kills Alik and calls Chagarin to gloat and to listen as Chagarin is killed by a henchman of Komarov's.
At this point, John and Jack enter the vault, discover Komarov's true plot, and capture him. Irina, with another henchman, comes to her father's aid. As they attempt to escape, Jack follows Komarov, while John goes after Irina, who is escaping on a Mil Mi-26 helicopter. Irina tries to protect her father by firing the helicopter's guns at Jack. John is able to bring the helicopter out of balance by driving a truck out of the hangar section, still shackled by a chain, via the open rear ramp; he is later thrown off into the building. Komarov remarks that Jack will get to watch his father die, prompting Jack to hurl him off the rooftop into the path of the spinning helicopter rotors, killing him. As Jack and John reunite inside the building, Irina tries to avenge her father by ramming the helicopter, now out of ammunition, into the building in a suicide attack. Father and son survive by leaping off the building into a large pool of water, as the helicopter crashes and explodes, killing Irina. In the end, the McClanes return home and reunite with Lucy McClane on the tarmac.
Cast[edit]
Bruce Willis as John McClane, an NYPD detective in Russia to find his son, John McClane, Jr.
Jai Courtney as John "Jack" McClane, Jr., the son of the senior McClane and a CIA operative on a mission in Russia.
Sebastian Koch as Yuri Komarov, a powerful Russian terrorist who's a political prisoner and Irina's father.
Yuliya Snigir as Irina Komarova, Yuri's daughter
Sergei Kolesnikov as Viktor Chagarin, a corrupt, high-ranking Russian official.
Radivoje Bukvić as Alik, Chagarin's main enforcer.
Cole Hauser as Mike Collins, a CIA operative and Jack's partner.
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Lucy McClane, McClane's oldest child and Jack's elder sister.
Amaury Nolasco as Murphy, an NYPD detective and McClane's friend.
Roman Luknár as Anton
Ganxsta Zolee as MRAP Driver
Production[edit]
Pre-production[edit]
Production was formally announced in 2010, with X-Men Origins: Wolverine and The A-Team writer Skip Woods confirmed as the film's screenwriter. Noam Murro was originally attached to direct the film but left production to direct the 300 prequel, 300: Rise of an Empire. John Moore was subsequently drafted in to replace him.[6]
The film was originally titled "Die Hard 24/7". The media speculated that the film would be a crossover between the Die Hard and 24 series, with Kiefer Sutherland to reprise his role as Jack Bauer alongside John McClane.[7] This was never confirmed by the studio, and the film's title was later revealed to be A Good Day to Die Hard—with no further mention of any involvement from the 24 series—with a release date of February 14, 2013.[8]
Casting[edit]
Bruce Willis returned as John McClane, and has expressed a desire to shoot A Good Day to Die Hard and a sixth installment in the series before retiring the character.[9]
When casting the role of Jack McClane, the studios considered several actors, including Liam Hemsworth and James Badge Dale,[10] before ultimately settling on Australian actor Jai Courtney.[11] Mary Elizabeth Winstead also appeared in the film, reprising her role as McClane's daughter Lucy.[12] However all her scenes were cut from the Extended release.[13]
Sebastian Koch played the film's primary antagonist, Yuri Komarov,[14] while Yuliya Snigir and Cole Hauser featured as secondary characters Irina and Collins.[14][15] The cast was completed by actors Amaury Nolasco as a friend of McClane,[16] Pasha D. Lychnikoff as a taxi driver,[16] and Megalyn Echikunwoke, Anne Vyalitsyna, and Ivan Kamaras in smaller roles.[16][17]
Filming[edit]
Production began in Hungary in April 2012, with the capital Budapest standing in for Moscow.[18] A military shooting range near Hajmáskér was used for shooting live ammunition,[19][20] while vehicular stunts were shot at the Hungaroring, a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród.[21]
In July 2012, a fire broke out on the set while shooting an aerial stunt, though no one was injured and shooting resumed after a short delay.[22]
In creating the film's visual style, Moore wanted the camera work to be almost entirely handheld, using three 4 Perforation 35mm Arri[23] cameras equipped with long lenses to capture tight close-ups, for Moore explained, "McClane is in a strange world, with little or no initial control over his environment. He's unable to anticipate things as he normally might. He's caught off guard, and we want the camera to mimic that surprise and confusion."[24] Moore also chose to create as many of the film's effects on camera as possible, only using visual effects to enhance elements or paint in backgrounds.[24]
Post-production[edit]
A specially censored version was prepared for theatrical release in the United Kingdom, which was cut for language and violence in order to attain a 12A at the request of the distributors.[25] The U.S. version is rated R and is uncut. The film's audio was mixed in Dolby Atmos surround sound.[26] In February 2013, director Moore began work on a director's cut, which was later released on Blu-ray.[27]
Soundtrack[edit]
A Good Day to Die Hard: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Marco Beltrami
Released
February 19, 2013 (2013-02-19)
Genre
Film score
Label
Sony Classical
Producer
Marco Beltrami
Marco Beltrami, who had composed the soundtrack for the previous film, Live Free or Die Hard, returned to score A Good Day to Die Hard. Beltrami again incorporates Michael Kamen's material from the first three films into his score. Beltrami only had six weeks in which to write the music, and new scenes were still being shot as the music was being recorded. In the end, he wrote around 120 minutes of music, with 80 of those minutes making it into the final film.[28] The soundtrack album was released on February 14, 2013 digitally and in retailers by Sony Classical.[29] Five orchestrators were involved: Pete Anthony, Jon Kull, Dana Niu, Rossana Galante, Andrew Kinny. The orchestra was conducted by Pete Anthony.
The score was programmed by Buck Sanders, with additional music composed by Marcus Trumpp and Brandon Roberts.[30]
All music composed by Marco Beltrami.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Yuri Says, “привет”" 2:19
2. "Getting Yuri to the Van" 2:14
3. "Jack Makes the Call" 2:53
4. "Everyone to the Courthouse" 3:09
5. "Court Adjourned" 2:19
6. "Truckzilla (Act 1)" 3:38
7. "Yippie Kay Yay, Mother Russia!" 1:54
8. "Truckzilla (Act 2)" 2:00
9. "Father & Son" 1:24
10. "To the Safe House" 1:51
11. "Regroup" 2:30
12. "Leaving the Safe House" 1:59
13. "Getting to the Dance Floor" 1:34
14. "Too Many Kolbasas on the Dance Floor" 3:53
15. "What's So Funny?" 2:30
16. "McClanes Get the Bird" 3:00
17. "Scumbags" 2:05
18. "Entering Chernobyl" 4:07
19. "Into the Vault" 2:17
20. "Rubbed Out at the Spa" 2:07
21. "Sunshine Shootout" 1:37
22. "Get to the Choppa!" 2:59
23. "Chopper Takedown" 3:26
24. "It's Hard to Kill a McClane" 2:59
25. "Triple Vodka Rhapsody" 1:55
26. "McClane's Brain" 2:00
Release[edit]
#46 TruSpeed Porsche GT3 during a race of the 2012 Supercup (that ran as a support to the 2012 USGP) promoting the release date on February 14, 2013.
On January 31, 2013, 20th Century Fox held a special tribute to the 25th anniversary of the Die Hard series by unveiling a mural of a scene from Die Hard (1988) on Sound Stage 8 of the Fox Lot. Afterward, the premiere screening of A Good Day to Die Hard was shown.[2] Two additional premieres were held in Europe leading up to the film's commercial release: one in Berlin, Germany on February 4 and the second in London, England on February 7.[31][32] A Good Day to Die Hard was commercially released first in Indonesia on February 6, 2013, and then opened in certain East and Southeast Asian territories on February 7.
In the United States and Canada, the film was distributed to 2,328 theaters for night showings on February 13.[33] Select theaters also held a one-time special marathon of all Die Hard films to lead up to A Good Day to Die Hard's nationwide release,[34] with Bruce Willis making a personal appearance at one of these marathons in New York City to thank fans.[35] The film then expanded to a total of 3,553 theaters, including IMAX theaters, on February 14.[33]
Reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 14% based on 217 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Good Day to Die Hard is the weakest entry in a storied franchise, and not even Bruce Willis' smirking demeanor can enliven a cliched, uninspired script."[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5] On both websites, the film ranked lowest among the Die Hard films. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the lowest score of the franchise.[36]
A. O. Scott of The New York Times described A Good Day to Die Hard as "a handful of extended set pieces—each more elaborate and therefore somehow less exciting than the last—linked by a simple-minded plot and a handful of half-clever lines." Though complimenting the special effects, he criticizes the direction of John Moore, the lack of style, and writes that "everything that made the first Die Hard memorable—the nuances of character, the political subtext, the cowboy wit—has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely."[37] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter expressed similar sentiments, particularly of the direction, for which he says that Moore "has directed these sequences in a way that makes the incidents look so far-fetched and essentially unsurvivable that you can only laugh".[38] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a 2/5 and remarked that it lacked "inspiration", and that the onscreen rivalry of Willis and Courtney was "more irritant than enticement."[39] Richard Roeper, standing in for Roger Ebert on Ebert's website, rated the film one and a half stars out of four, criticizing the implausibility of the action sequences, as well as the film's lack of sufficient characterization for McClane and the villains as compared to the other films in the series. He says that "McClane has been stripped of any real traces of an actual three-dimensional character," and that the film "never giv[es] us a chance to get the least bit involved with any of these characters."[40]
Among the rare positive reviews, Robbie Collin for The Telegraph remarked that "Yet even though the ride finally stalls, A Good Day To Die Hard has been thrustingly outrageous enough in its earlier moments to coast to the finish line on momentum.".[41] Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail tabloid paper described the film as "...as stupid in its way as The Expendables 1 and Taken 2, and nowhere near the quality of the first three Die Hards. But if you approach it as I did, in a mood for preposterous action and massive explosions, it does deliver escapist entertainment and it’s mercifully shorter than Die Hard 4. In a week as bad as this in the cinema, it is the only new movie I would have paid to see." Tookey then gave the final verdict as being "Entertaining, but dumb." along with a 3/5 star rating.[42] Daniel M. Kimmel, writing for the New England Movies Weekly, found the film to be better than Live Free or Die Hard and states that the car chase scene "is well worth the price of admission." With a 3.5/5 rating, Kimmel summed up his review saying, "it's probably a good day to end the series at last, but it's an action-packed and entertaining finale."[43] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized the action scenes as being "messy", but concluded his review saying that the film "continues the franchise without undue embarrassment."[44] Peter Howell of The Toronto Star remarked that Willis and Courtney made a strong estranged family duo and that the film had a nice drinking game routine going for it with how many times McClane exclaims "I'm on vacation!" during the running time.[45]
Box office[edit]
A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $67,349,198 in North America and $237,304,984 in other territories for a worldwide total of $304,654,182, roughly three times its $92 million budget.
In North America, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed an estimated $840,000 from its night showings at 2,328 locations on Wednesday, February 13, 2013.[33] The next day, at an additional 1,225 locations, the film managed to accumulate $8,239,116, opening at #2 behind Safe Haven.[1] However, for the whole 4-day Presidents' Day weekend, A Good Day to Die Hard opened in first place with $28,640,657, bringing its total at that point to $36,879,773.[46]
Overseas, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $10,860,000 in its first weekend. Opening in seven Asian markets at 1,182 locations a week before North America's release (February 6–7) to take advantage of the Chinese New Year holiday, the majority of the film's gross came from South Korea, with the film also setting a Fox record in Indonesia and a series record in Hong Kong.[47]
Home media[edit]
A Good Day to Die Hard was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 4, 2013.[48] There is an extended cut that is only available on the Blu-ray version. It features a longer car chase through Moscow and some other slightly extended scenes. It also completely removes Lucy from the film.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)". Box Office Mojo. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Philip (2013-02-05). "A Good Mural to DIE HARD". Crave Online. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "'A Good Day To Die Hard International Release Dates'". Retrieved 2012-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Good Day to Die Hard Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Good Day to Die Hard (2013): Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "John Moore to Direct Dire Hard 5". IFTN. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Die Hard 24/7 Originally Involved John McClane & Jack Bauer?". firstshowing.net. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (2011-10-12). "Fox Moves Ahead With New 'Die Hard' and 'Percy Jackson' Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Willis Back For Two More Die Hard Movies". MovieHole.com. October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "‘Die Hard’ Search For Bruce Willis’ Son Down To Four Actors". Deadline Hollywood. 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
Jump up ^ "'Die Hard 5' casts 'Spartacus' star as John McClane's son". Entertainment Weekly. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Mary Elizabeth Winstead to Return as John McClane's Daughter in A Good Day To Die Hard". Collider.com. 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=175700
^ Jump up to: a b "A Good Day to Die Hard' Finds a Couple of Male and Female Villains". firstshowing.net. 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Cole Hauser Joins Bruce Willis In A Good Day To Die Hard". deadline.com. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sneider, Jeff (2012-05-14). "Latest in 'Die Hard' series adds two". Variety. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
Jump up ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard Adds Anne Vyalitsyna". MovieWeb. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Willis Film Causes Traffic Restrictions In Budapest". www.xpatloop.com/. 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
Jump up ^ "BorsOnline - Sztárhírek - Pletyka - Krimi - Politika - Sport - Celeb - Éles fegyverrel lőttek Bruce Willisék". Borsonline.hu. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Index - Kultúr - Éles lőszert használt Bruce Willis koptere". Index.hu. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ Péter Farkas (8 May 2012). "Szalay Balázs hirtelen távozott a Hungaroring menedzsmentjéből" [Balázs Szalay suddenly quits the management of Hungaroring]. f1hirek.hu (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Origo Média és Kommunikációs Szolgáltató Zrt. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Real-Life Disaster Action! Fire Erupts on Die Hard 5 Set". E! Online. 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
Jump up ^ "'ARRI Rental Credits: A Good Day To Die Hard - Die Hard 5 2012". arri-rental. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "'A Good Day to Die Hard' brings the action genre to the extreme". gmanetwork.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ ""A Good Day To Die Hard" BBFC database entry.". Archived from the original on 2013-02-13.
Jump up ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' to Get Dolby Atmos Mix". The Hollywood Reporter. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "John Moore Talks A Good Day To Die Hard - Empire Magazine".
Jump up ^ "Filmtracks: A Good Day to Die Hard (Marco Beltrami)". filmtracks.com.
Jump up ^ "Sony Classical to Release Marco Beltrami’s ‘A Good Day to Die Hard’ Score". FILM MUSIC REPORTER. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard’ Soundtrack Details". filmmusicreporter. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' German Premiere". Yahoo. movies.yahoo.com. February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' London premiere". SeattlePI.com. Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gregg Kilday (February 14, 2013). "Box Office Report: 'Die Hard' Collects $840,000 at Midnight Screenings". The Hollywood Reporter. hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Five-Film Die Hard Marathon Coming to Theaters February 13". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. January 15, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ken Lombardi (February 14, 2013). "Bruce Willis has "A Good Day to Die Hard"". CBS News. cbsnews.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ A.O. Scott (February 13, 2013). "When Action Is the Family Business". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy (February 13, 2013). "A Good Day to Die Hard: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan (February 13, 2013). "Movie Review: 'A Good Day to Die Hard' an uninspired effort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Richard Roeper (February 14, 2013). "A GOOD DAY TO DIE HARD (R)". rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Robbie Collin (14 February 2013). "Bruce Willis in A Good Day to Die Hard, review". Telegraph.co.uk. London.
Jump up ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard review: New Bruce Willis film is an explosive escape from reality - Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. London. February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daniel M. Kimmel (February 14, 2013). "Review – A Good Day To Die Hard". New England Movies Weekly. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rick Groen (February 14, 2013). "A Good Day to Die Hard: More messy than hard, but not dead yet". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard review: Feel the love". thestar.com. Toronto. 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "February 15-18, 2013". Box Office Mojo. February 19, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rick Groen (February 10, 2013). "Foreign Box Office: 'Django Unchained' Remains No. 1, But 'Die Hard' Steals Weekend". The Hollywood Reporter. hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard Blu-ray Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy". March 21, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
A Good Day to Die Hard on IMDb
A Good Day to Die Hard at Box Office Mojo
A Good Day to Die Hard at Rotten Tomatoes
A Good Day to Die Hard at Metacritic
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Big Five personality traits and culture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cross-cultural psychology as a discipline examines the way that human behavior is different and/or similar across different cultures. One important and widely studied area in this subfield of psychology is personality, particularly the study of Big Five. The Big Five personality traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The Big Five model of personality (also known as the Five Factor Model) has become the most extensively studied model of personality and has broad support, starting in the United States and later in many different cultures.[not in citation given][1] However, there is also some evidence which suggests that the Big Five traits may not be sufficient to completely explain personality in other cultures.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Support for the Big Five across cultures
2 Comparisons in the Big Five across cultures
2.1 Similarities
2.2 Differences
3 Controversy
3.1 HEXACO model of personality
3.2 Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
3.3 Other possible models
4 References
Support for the Big Five across cultures[edit]
Research suggests that the same five-factor structure of personality can be found in multiple other countries, based on a translated version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.[3] Over the past decade, studies on the validity of the Five-Factor Model using translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory have found broad support across many different studies and in many different countries; in earlier studies, Extraversion and Neuroticism were reported as stable personality scales across several cultures, including German, Dutch, French, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino samples.[4]
Further research found support for the entire Five-Factor Model in Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian, German, Australian, South African, Canadian, Finnish, Polish, Portuguese, Israeli, Korean, Japanese, and Filipino samples, in addition to other samples.[4] Across multiple studies, factor analyses of translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in languages from different language families consistently load on five factors that largely correspond to the Big Five personality traits.[4] Additionally, the Big Five traits have been found in the personality ratings of observers in over 50 cultures, indicating that the previous findings were not dependent merely on ratings of the self.[5] Overall, this body of work has established the validity of the Five-Factor model cross-culturally, potentially providing evidence for the Five-Factor Model as a universal taxonomy of personality structure.[3]
Comparisons in the Big Five across cultures[edit]
One approach psychologists have taken when examining Big Five traits in different cultures has been to examine either similarities or differences between cultures. Generally, researchers examine the average levels of a trait (or multiple traits) across an entire culture to make comparisons cross-culturally.[6]
Similarities[edit]
There are many similarities in Big Five trait expression across cultures. For example, differences between men and women in Big Five traits, although small compared to variation within gender, do seem to exist consistently across a number of cultures. In general, women tend to score higher on neuroticism and agreeableness.[7] Additionally, longitudinal studies have found consistency in personality changes that occur across the lifetime, in both adults and adolescents.[8][9] Research in Big Five traits in American and Flemish teens showed similar changes in personality from ages 12 to 18.[9] In addition, the period from young adulthood to middle adulthood is associated with increases in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness and decreases in Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion in several countries, including the United States, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea.[8]
Differences[edit]
It is also important to note that when examining the average personality traits of individuals in cultural groups, differences between cultures seem to exist.[10] Some research compares one culture against another culture on a specific Big Five personality trait; Filipinos, for example, score relatively low on Neuroticism on average, compared to other cultures measured, while scoring in the middle of the scale on Extraversion.[10] Americans, New Zealanders, and Canadians score higher on Extraversion, while scoring moderately on Neuroticism.[10] These differences, however, exist on average, and there is still a large amount of variability in Big Five personality traits that exists within a particular culture.[10] Gender differences in personality tend to be larger in developed societies (such as France and the United States) compared to less-developed cultures (such as Zimbabwe and Malaysia).[2][7] However, although these findings are quite robust, one consideration is that these differences between cultures might be the result of translation errors, differences in self-presentation styles, or even genetic differences.[2][4]
Furthermore, although broad evidence suggests that the Big Five traits do measure meaningful constructs across a great deal of cultures, it is also true that expressions of mean levels of personality are necessarily influenced by culture.[4] That is to say, all individuals scoring high on a certain Big Five personality trait such as Extraversion are likely to enjoy socialization with others, but where, when, and with whom they socialize is necessarily influenced by their cultural milieu.[4] Thus, it may be most productive to think of the Five Factor Model as a framework for beginning to explore systematically individual differences in behavior within a particular culture.[4]
Controversy[edit]
Some controversy exists over whether or not the Big Five are relevant to all other cultures, especially given that the Big Five were developed via factor analysis from English words.[2] Although support for the Big Five across cultures is quite robust, it is unclear whether or not the Big Five personality traits are the best possible measure of personality across all cultures. Some researchers suggest that important aspects of certain cultures are not captured by the Five Factor Model.[2][11]
HEXACO model of personality[edit]
One proposed alternative to the Big Five that has been developed via cross-cultural research is the HEXACO model.[11] This model builds on the research of the Big Five traits, with the novel addition of a trait named Honesty-Humility.[12] Individuals high in the trait of honesty-humility are associated with the characteristics of straightforwardness, modesty, and fairness.[12] In addition, the HEXACO model contains slightly rotated versions of two of the Big Five traits (Agreeableness and Neuroticism) such that sentimentality/toughness becomes part of the old Neuroticism trait (and renamed Emotionality) and anger/even-temper becomes associated with the new Agreeableness trait.[12] This rotation creates less overlap among the six personality traits of the HEXACO, and allows for better prediction of behaviors such as deceit without hostility (e.g. social monitoring).[12] Support for the HEXACO model has been found in multiple countries, including Dutch, French, German, Italian, Korean, Polish, and English samples.[12]
Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory[edit]
Chinese psychologists have attempted to develop an indigenous measure of personality, named the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI).[2] Traits in the CPAI model have also collectively been referred to as "Interpersonal Relatedness," and include:
Harmony (one's inner peace of mind, interpersonal harmony, etc.)
Ren Qing (relationship orientation, which covers adherence to cultural norms of interaction such as those based on reciprocity)
Modernization (contrasted with attitudes toward traditional Chinese beliefs)
Thrift vs. Extravagance
Ah-Q Mentality (defensiveness, externalization of blame)
Face (social behaviors done in order to enhance or avoid damaging one's reputation and honor)[6][13]
Support for this model of personality was originally developed in studies in mainland and Hong Kong, China, but the existence of the Interpersonal Relatedness dimension of personality has also been found in samples from Singapore, Hawaii, and the Midwestern United States.[6]
Other possible models[edit]
Other researchers have found different personality dimensions that may exists in different cultural contexts.[6] For example, one study of a Filipino sample used both indigenous Filipino personality scales and the NEO-PI-R, and although there was overlap between the Filipino scales and the Five Factor Model, researchers also found indigenous factors such as Pagkamadaldal (Social Curiosity) and Pagkamapagsapalaran (Risk-Taking) that had predictive power greater than the Five Factor Model alone.[6][14] Other research using indigenous approaches to traits has taken place in countries such as India, Korea, and Greece.[6] A Chinese factor analysis of traits in 2009 found seven factors (three or four of which resembled Big Five traits). A similar study in Spain in 1997 found seven Spanish personality factors. However, the seven factors were not the same across the two countries.[2] Thus, it is clear that although there is strong support for the Big Five across cultures, some research suggests the existence of other traits besides simply the Big Five, which may ultimately improve our understanding of personality across different cultures.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gosling, S. D.; Rentfrow, P. J.; Swann, W. B. (June 2003). "A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains". Journal of Research in Personality. 37 (6): 504–528. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Funder, David (2010). The Personality Puzzle. NY: WW Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-93348-2.
^ Jump up to: a b McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (May 1997). "Personality trait structure as a human universal.". American Psychologist. 52 (2): 509–516. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McCrae, R. R.; Costa, P. T.; Del Pilar, G. H.; Rolland, J. P.; Parker, W. D. (January 1998). "Cross-cultural assessment of the five-factor model: The revised NEO personality inventory.". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 29 (1): 171–188. doi:10.1177/0022022198291009.
Jump up ^ McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 78 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (March 2005). "Universal features of personality trait terms from the observer’s perspective: Data from 50 cultures.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 88 (3): 29–44. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Matsumoto, David; Linda Juang (2008). Culture & Psychology. CA: Thomson & Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-495-09787-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Costa, P.T.; Terracciano, A.; McCrae, R. R. (August 2001). "Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81 (2): 322–331. PMID 11519935. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322.
^ Jump up to: a b McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marušić, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Chae, J. & Piedmont, R. L. (March 1999). "Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.". Developmental Psychology. 35 (2): 466–477. PMID 10082017. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marušić, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Chae, J. & Piedmont, R. L. (December 2002). "Personality trait development from age 12 to age 18: Longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-cultural analyses.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83 (6): 1456–1468. PMID 12500824. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1456. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 78 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (September 2005). "Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89 (3): 407–425. PMID 16248722. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.407. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Ashton, M.C.; Lee, K.; Perugini, M.; Szarota, P.; de Vries, R. E.; Di Blas, L.; Boies, K.; De Raad, B. (February 2004). "A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86 (2): 356–366. PMID 14769090. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ashton, M.C. & Lee, K. (October 2005). "Honesty-Humility, the Big Five, and the Five-Factor Model.". Journal of Personality. 73 (5): 1321–1354. PMID 16138875. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00351.x.
Jump up ^ Cheung, F. M.; Leung, K.; Fan, R. M.; Song, W.S.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, H. P. (March 1996). "Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory.". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 27 (2): 181–199. doi:10.1177/0022022196272003.
Jump up ^ Katigbak, M. S.; Church, A. T.; Guanzon-Lapeña, M. A.; Carlota, A. J.; del Pilar, G. H. (January 2002). "Are indigenous personality dimensions culture specific? Philippine inventories and the five-factor model.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (1): 89–101. PMID 11811638. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.89.
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Hoba meteorite
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Hoba
Relative size to humans
Type
Iron
Class
12
Coordinates
19°35′32″S 17°56′01″E / 19.59222°S 17.93361°E / -19.59222; 17.93361Coordinates: 19°35′32″S 17°56′01″E / 19.59222°S 17.93361°E / -19.59222; 17.93361

The meteorite in 2014 after becoming a tourist attraction
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
The Hoba[1] (/ˈhoʊbə/ HOH-bə) or Hoba West meteorite lies on the farm "Hoba West", not far from Grootfontein, in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It has been uncovered but, because of its large mass, has never been moved from where it fell. The main mass is estimated at more than 60 tonnes,[1] making it the largest known meteorite (as a single piece)[2] and larger than the 37-tonne fragment of the Campo del Cielo. It is the most massive naturally occurring piece of iron known on Earth's surface.
Contents
[hide]
1 Impact
2 Discovery
3 Description and composition
4 Modern history
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Further reading
Impact[edit]
The Hoba meteorite impact is thought to have occurred more recently than 80,000 years ago. It is inferred[3] that the Earth's atmosphere slowed the object to the point that it impacted the surface at terminal velocity, thereby remaining intact and causing little excavation. Assuming a drag coefficient of about 1.3, the meteor would have been slowed to about 720 miles per hour (0.32 km/s) from its speed on entering the Earth's atmosphere, typically in excess of 10 km/s for similar objects. The meteorite is unusual in that it is flat on both major surfaces, possibly causing it to have skipped across the top of the atmosphere like a flat stone skipping on water.
Discovery[edit]
The Hoba meteorite before the construction of the circular steps.
The Hoba meteorite left no preserved crater and its discovery was a chance event. The owner of the land, Jacobus Hermanus Brits, encountered the object while ploughing one of his fields with an ox. During this task, he heard a loud metallic scratching sound and the plough came to an abrupt halt. The obstruction was excavated, identified as a meteorite and described by Mr. Brits, whose report was published in 1920 and can be viewed at the Grootfontein Museum in Namibia.
Friedrich Wilhelm Kegel took the first published photograph of the Hoba meteorite.[4]
Description and composition[edit]
Part of the Hoba meteorite at Tatton Park
Hoba is a tabloid body of metal, measuring 2.7×2.7×0.9 metres (8.9×8.9×3.0 ft). In 1920 its mass was estimated at 66 tonnes. Erosion, scientific sampling and vandalism reduced its bulk over the years. The remaining mass is estimated at just over 60 tonnes. The meteorite is composed of about 84% iron and 16% nickel, with traces of cobalt. It is classified as an ataxite iron meteorite belonging to the nickel-rich chemical class IVB. A crust of iron hydroxides is locally present on the surface, owing to weathering.
Modern history[edit]
In an attempt to control vandalism and with permission from Mrs. O. Scheel, owner of the farm at the time, the government of South West Africa (now Namibia) on March 15, 1955, declared the Hoba meteorite to be a national monument.[5] In 1985 Rössing Uranium Ltd. made resources and funds available to the Namibian government to provide additional protection against vandalism. In 1987 Mr. J. Engelbrecht, the owner of Hoba West farm, donated the meteorite and the site where it lies to the state for educational purposes. Later that year, the government opened a tourist centre at the site. As a result of these developments, vandalism of the Hoba meteorite has ceased and it is now visited by thousands of tourists every year.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoba meteorite.
Glossary of meteoritics
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Meteoritical Bulletin Database: Hoba
Jump up ^ Harry McSween(1999). Meteorites and their parent planets (2nd ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521583039.
Jump up ^ Field Guide to Meteors and Meteorites - O. Richard Norton and Lawrence Chitwood. Springer Science + Business Media 2008, ISBN 978-1-84800-156-5
Jump up ^ Spencer, L. J.; Hey, M. H. (March 1932). "Hoba (South-West Africa), the largest known meteorite" (PDF). The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogic Society. XXIII (136): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Comparative erosion rates of stone and iron meteorites under small-particle bombardment". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Elsevier Science, New York. 31 (9): 1470. 1967. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(67)90021-X. ISSN 0016-7037.

Further reading[edit]
Universe: The Definitive Visual Dictionary, Robert Dinwiddie, DK Adult Publishing, (2005), pg. 223.
P. E. Spargo, "The History of the Hoba Meteorite Part I: Nature and Discovery," Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 67, nos. 5/6 (2008), pp. 85–94.
P. E. Spargo, "The History of the Hoba Meteorite Part II: The News Spreads," Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 67, nos. 9/10 (2008), pp. 166–77.
P. E. Spargo, "The History of the Hoba Meteorite Part III: Known and Loved by All," Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 67, no. 12 (2008). Full text at The Free Library
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