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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Micrograph of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, demonstrating marked steatosis (fatty liver appears white). Trichrome stain
Specialty
Gastroenterology
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the types of fatty liver which occurs when fat is deposited (steatosis) in the liver due to causes other than excessive alcohol use. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most extreme form of NAFLD.[1] NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in developed countries.[2][3]
NAFLD is related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome and may respond to treatments originally developed for other insulin-resistant states (e.g. diabetes mellitus type 2) such as weight loss, metformin, and thiazolidinediones.[4] Up to 80% of obese people have the disease.[5] NASH is regarded as a major cause of cirrhosis of the liver of unknown cause.[1] Most people have a good outcome if the condition is caught in its early stages.[6]
About 12 to 25% of people in the United States have NAFLD,[7] while NASH affects between 2 and 5% of people in the United States.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
2.1 Diet
2.2 Genetics
2.3 Drugs
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
5 Management
5.1 Nutrition
5.2 Exercise
5.3 Medication
5.4 Surgery
6 Epidemiology
7 History
8 Children
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Most people with NAFLD have few or no symptoms. Patients may complain of fatigue, malaise, and dull right-upper-quadrant abdominal discomfort. Mild jaundice may be noticed, although this is rare. More commonly NAFLD is diagnosed following abnormal liver function tests during routine blood tests. By definition, alcohol consumption of over 20 g/day (about 25 ml/day of net ethanol) excludes the condition.[4]
NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (obesity, combined hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus (type II), and high blood pressure).[4][1] Recent research has shown that NAFLD increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases,[8] such as cardiac arrhythmias.[9][10]
Causes[edit]
The common risk factors of NAFLD are hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and type II diabetes. Increasing age leads to higher severity and rates of NAFLD.
Diet[edit]
Soft drinks have been linked to NAFLD due to high concentrations of fructose, which may be present either in high-fructose corn syrup or, in similar quantities, as a metabolite of sucrose. The quantity of fructose delivered by soft drinks may cause increased deposition of fat in the abdomen.[11][12] Central obesity has the most association with NAFLD.
Genetics[edit]
Genetic risk factors of NAFLD are also known. 66.67% T2DM family reported more than one family member have NAFLD. In addition, Hispanic persons have higher prevalence of NAFLD than white and black individuals.[13] Native American males have a higher rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.[citation needed] Two genetic mutations for this susceptibility have been identified, and these mutations provided clues to the mechanism of NASH and related diseases.[citation needed]
Polymorphisms (genetic variations) in the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) T455C and C482T in APOC3 are associated with fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and possibly hypertriglyceridemia. 95 healthy Asian Indian men and 163 healthy non-Asian Indian men around New Haven, Connecticut were genotyped for polymorphisms in those SNPs. 20% homogeneous wild both loci. Carriers of T-455C, C-482T, or both (not additive) had a 30% increase in fasting plasma apolipoprotein C3, 60% increase in fasting plasma triglyceride and retinal fatty acid ester, and 46% reduction in plasma triglyceride clearance. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was 38% in carriers, 0% wild (normal). Subjects with fatty liver disease had marked insulin resistance.[14]
Drugs[edit]
NAFLD can also be caused by some medications (drug-induced illness):[4]
Amiodarone
Antiviral drugs (nucleoside analogues)
Aspirin rarely as part of Reye's syndrome in children
Corticosteroids
Methotrexate
Tamoxifen
Tetracycline
Pathophysiology[edit]
NAFLD is considered to cover a spectrum of disease activity. This spectrum begins as fatty accumulation in the liver (hepatic steatosis). A liver can remain fatty without disturbing liver function, but by varying mechanisms and possible insults to the liver, it may also progress to become non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state in which steatosis is combined with inflammation and fibrosis (steatohepatitis). NASH is a progressive disease: over a 10-year period, up to 20% of patients with NASH will develop cirrhosis of the liver, and 10% will suffer death related to liver disease.[15] Cigarette smoking is not associated with an increased risk of developing NASH.
The exact cause of NAFLD is still unknown. However, both obesity and insulin resistance probably play a strong role in the disease process. The exact reasons and mechanisms by which the disease progresses from one stage to the next are not known.
One debated mechanism proposes a "second hit", or further injury, enough to cause change that leads from hepatic steatosis to hepatic inflammation. Oxidative stress, hormonal imbalances, and mitochondrial abnormalities are potential causes for this "second hit" phenomenon.[4]
Diagnosis[edit]
Common findings are elevated liver enzymes and a liver ultrasound showing steatosis. An ultrasound may also be used to exclude gallstone problems (cholelithiasis). A liver biopsy (tissue examination) is the only test widely accepted as definitively distinguishing NASH from other forms of liver disease and can be used to assess the severity of the inflammation and resultant fibrosis.[4]
Non-invasive diagnostic tests have been developed, such as FibroTest, that estimates liver fibrosis,[16] and SteatoTest, that estimates steatosis,[17] however their use has not been widely adopted.[18] Apoptosis has been indicated as a potential mechanism of hepatocyte injury as caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (M30-Apoptosense ELISA) in serum/plasma is often elevated in patients with NASH and tests based on these parameters have been developed;[19] however, as the role of oncotic necrosis has yet to be examined it is unknown to what degree apoptosis acts as the predominant form of injury.[20][21]
Other diagnostic tests are available. Relevant blood tests include erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glucose, albumin, and kidney function. Because the liver is important for making proteins used in coagulation some coagulation related studies are often carried out especially the INR (international normalized ratio). In people with fatty liver with associated inflammatory injury (steatohepatitis) blood tests are usually used to rule out viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C and herpes viruses like EBV or CMV), rubella, and autoimmune related diseases. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in NASH patients which would be detected by determining the TSH.[22]
It has been suggested that in cases involving overweight patients whose blood tests do not improve on losing weight and exercising that a further search of other underlying causes is undertaken. This would also apply to those with fatty liver who are very young or not overweight or insulin-resistant. In addition those whose physical appearance indicates the possibility of a congenital syndrome, have a family history of liver disease, have abnormalities in other organs, and those that present with moderate to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis.[23]
Management[edit]
No pharmacological treatment has received approval as of 2015.[24] Some studies suggest diet, exercise, and antiglycemic drugs may alter the course of the disease. General recommendations include improving metabolic risk factors and reducing alcohol intake.[4][25] While many treatments appear to improve biochemical markers such as alanine transaminase levels, most have not been shown to reverse histological abnormalities or reduce clinical endpoints.[4]
Bariatric surgery may also be effective.[26]
Nutrition[edit]
Treatment of NAFLD typically involves counseling to improve nutrition and consequently body weight and composition. Diet changes have shown significant histological improvement.[27] Specifically, avoiding food containing high-fructose corn syrup and trans-fats is recommended.[28] A systematic review and meta-analysis found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in those with NAFLD/NASH using doses approaching or higher than 1 gram daily (median dose 4 grams/day with median duration 6 months treatment) has been associated with improvements in liver fat.[29][30] The best dose of omega-3 fatty acids for individuals with NAFLD/NASH is unclear.[29]
Epidemiological data have suggested that coffee consumption may be associated with a decreased incidence of NAFLD and may reduce the risk of liver fibrosis in those who already have NAFLD/NASH.[29] Olive oil consumption, as part of the Mediterranean diet, is also a reasonable dietary intervention; the optimal dose of olive oil supplementation for people with NAFLD/NASH has not been well-established.[29] Few studies have been performed to evaluate the respective impact of a diet rich in avocados, red wine, tree nuts, or tea in people with NAFLD/NASH.[29] However, limited evidence suggests that avocados may improve other areas of cardiovascular health (i.e., lipid profile) and their addition to a balanced diet is reasonable.[29] Red wine consumption (in modest amounts) is likely safe and may improve insulin resistance but definitive studies are lacking.[29]
Exercise[edit]
Gradual weight loss may improve the process in obese patients; rapid loss may worsen NAFLD. Specifically, walking or some form of aerobic exercise at least 30–45 minutes daily is recommended.[28] The negative effects of rapid weight loss are controversial: the results of a meta-analysis showed that the risk of progression is very low.[31]
Medication[edit]
Insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones) are commonly used for insulin resistance in those with NAFLD.[32] Improvements in liver biochemistry and histology in patients with NAFLD through treatment with statins have been observed in numerous cases, although these studies were carried out on a relatively small sample of patients.[33] Statins have also been recommended for use in treating dyslipidemia for patients with NAFLD. Treatment with pentoxifylline has demonstrated improvements in the histological appearance of fatty liver tissue under the microscope in many small trials.[32]
Surgery[edit]
Weight-loss surgery leads to improvement and or resolution of NASH in around 80% of people.[34]
Epidemiology[edit]
The percentage of people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ranges from 9 to 36.9% in different parts of the world.[35][36][37] Approximately 20% of the United States population have non-alcoholic fatty liver, and the number of people affected is increasing.[38] This means about 75 to 100 million people in the United States are affected.[39]
The rates of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is higher in Hispanics, which can be attributed to high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic populations.[40] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is also more common among men than women in all age groups until age 60, where the prevalence between sex equalize. This is due to the protective nature of estrogen.[41] Fatty liver and NASH occur all ages, with the highest rates in the 40- to 49-year-old age group. It is the most common liver abnormality in children ages 2 to 19.[42]
History[edit]
Cases now understood as NAFLD were first described in the Japanese literature in the mid-1970s, followed by case reports in English. The term "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis" was first published by Jurgen Ludwig and co-authors from the Mayo Clinic in 1980, and the broader NAFLD started to be used around 2002.[13][43]
The 1980 paper was mostly ignored at the time but came to be seen as a landmark paper, and starting in the mid-1990s the condition began to be intensively studied, and a series of international meetings were held on the topic starting in 1998.[13]
Diagnostic criteria began to be worked out; in 2005 the Pathology Committee of the NIH NASH Clinical Research Network proposed a scoring system that as of 2006 had not been validated.[13]
Children[edit]
Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was first reported in 1983.[44] It is currently the primary form of liver disease among children.[45] NAFLD has been associated with the metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of risk factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies have demonstrated that abdominal obesity and insulin-resistance in particular are thought to be key contributors to the development of NAFLD.[46][47][48][49][50] Because obesity is becoming an increasingly common problem worldwide, the prevalence of NAFLD has been increasing concurrently.[51] Moreover, boys are more likely to be diagnosed with NAFLD than girls with a ratio of 2:1.[52][53] Studies have suggested that progression toward a more advance stage of disease among children is dependent on age and presence of obesity.[48] This finding is consistent with previous studies in adults demonstrating the same association between age and obesity, and liver fibrosis.[54][55] Early diagnosis of NAFLD in children may help prevent the development of liver disease during adulthood.[48][56] This is challenging as most children with NAFLD are asymptomatic with few showing abdominal pain.[56] Currently, liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing NAFLD.[45] However, this method is invasive, costly and bears greater risk for children, and noninvasive screening and diagnosing methods would have significant public health implications for children with NAFLD.[45] The only treatment shown to be truly effective in childhood NAFLD is weight loss.[57][58]
See also[edit]
Alcoholic liver disease
Fatty liver (includes both non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver disease)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Guha IN, Parkes J, Roderick P, Chattopadhyay D, Cross R, Harris S, Kaye P, Burt AD, Ryder SD, Aithal GP, Day CP, Rosenberg WM (February 2008). "Noninvasive markers of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Validating the European Liver Fibrosis Panel and exploring simple markers". Hepatology. 47 (2): 455–60. doi:10.1002/hep.21984. PMID 18038452.
Jump up ^ Rashid M, Roberts EA (January 2000). "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 30 (1): 48–53. doi:10.1097/00005176-200001000-00017. PMID 10630439.
Further reading[edit]
Hassan K, Bhalla V, Ezz El Regal M, A-Kader HH (September 2014). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review of a growing epidemic". World Journal of Gastroenterology (review). 20 (34): 12082–12101. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12082. PMC 4161796  . PMID 25232245.
External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: K76.0
ICD-9-CM: 571.8
DiseasesDB: 29786
External resources
eMedicine: med/775

Medscape article on NASH.
MEDICINENET article on Steatosis.
NIH page on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
British Medical Journal article on the diagnosis and initial management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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text:
Sincerely (Dwight Twilley Band album)
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Sincerely
Studio album by Dwight Twilley Band
Released
July 1976
Recorded
1974–1976
Genre
Rock, power pop
Length
43:31
Label
Shelter
Producer
Dwight Twilley, Phil Seymour
Dwight Twilley Band chronology
Sincerely
(1976) Twilley Don't Mind
(1977)Twilley Don't Mind1977
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
Christgau's Record Guide B+[2]
Sincerely is the debut album from the Dwight Twilley Band, released in 1976 on Shelter Records. The band consisted solely of Dwight Twilley (guitar, piano, lead and harmony vocals) and Phil Seymour (drums, bass, percussion, lead and harmony vocals), although touring band member Bill Pitcock IV played lead guitar on every song except for "Sincerely" itself. The album credited production to Oister, which was the original name of the Dwight Twilley Band; later reissues have credited production directly to Twilley and Seymour.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Release
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
4.1 Producers
4.2 Musicians
5 Notes
Background[edit]
The songs on Sincerely come from three distinct recording periods: the band's first Tulsa and Los Angeles sessions for Shelter Records in 1974, which were intended by the label as rehearsals and demos but produced both of the first two singles (the top 20 hit "I'm on Fire" and "You Were So Warm"), a recording session produced by Robin Cable at Trident Studios in London that produced an entire album of material (tentatively called Fire), and the band's sessions in Tulsa after returning from London.[3]
Due to the split between Leon Russell and Denny Cordell, Shelter Records lost its distribution deal in 1975 and was essentially out of business for a year. Had Fire been released as planned in late 1975, the track list supposedly included the following thirteen songs, with five songs produced by Oister (#) and eight by Cable (+): "I'm On Fire"#, "England"+, "Look Like An Angel"+, "I Don't Know My Name"+, "Lovin' Me"#, "Rock Yourself, Son"+, "Sky Blue"+, "Shark (In The Dark)"#, "Miserable Lady"+, "You Were So Warm"#, "No Resistance"+, "Dancer"+ and "Please Say Please"#.[3]
Because Shelter had no deal to release anything at the time, though, Fire was never released, and the final album was substantially altered, as the Twilley Band had recorded and produced at least another album's worth of material in the intervening year. Ultimately, only one of the Robin Cable-produced songs ("England") and three of the songs from Fire (also "I'm On Fire" and "You Were So Warm") reached the original version of Sincerely.
Release[edit]
The extensive delay in release of the album after "I'm on Fire" contributed to Sincerely's lack of sales success. It topped out at #138 on the Billboard album charts -- even though the album used the same cover photograph as the front of the "I'm On Fire" single (a photograph of Twilley taken in a photo booth) to play up the connection. All but one of the songs from Fire (and the other unreleased Twilley tracks from that period, some of which were intended for The B Album -- at one time viewed as the follow-up to Fire) have ended up either as bonus tracks on later editions of Sincerely or on The Great Lost Twilley Album, a compilation of unreleased Dwight Twilley Band tracks that was issued on DCC Compact Classics (through Shelter) in 1993. The only song that has never been released in any form is the Cable-produced version of "Sky Blue"; although Twilley has written that the Dwight Twilley Band recorded that song more times than any other and that it was the first Twilley Band song to be played on the radio,[4] the only version of it to be released is a Twilley solo version.
Because of the shifting distributions of Shelter Records until it was acquired by EMI in 1993, Sincerely went out of print on LP within a couple of years after release. It has been reissued on CD three times: by DCC Compact Classics in 1989, by The Right Stuff imprint of EMI in 1997 and by Australia's Raven Records in 2007, as part of a two-pack with the second Dwight Twilley Band album, Twilley Don't Mind. Both of the first two reissues of Sincerely contain a bonus track that is not available elsewhere: "Look Like An Angel" on the 1989 DCC Classics reissue, and "Tiger Eyes" on the 1997 The Right Stuff/EMI reissue. However, all of the bonus songs on the 2007 Raven Records reissue were previously released on The Great Lost Twilley Album.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Dwight Twilley.
"I'm on Fire" – 3:15
"Could Be Love" – 2:38
"Feeling in the Dark" – 2:54
"You Were So Warm" – 2:25
"I'm Losing You" – 2:11
"Sincerely" – 2:38
"TV" – 2:23
"Release Me" – 2:28
"Three Persons" – 2:05
"Baby Let's Cruise" – 3:00
"England" – 2:33
"Just Like the Sun" – 3:46
1989 bonus tracks
"Did You See What Happened?" – 3:15
"Look Like an Angel" – 4:42
"Miserable Lady" – 2:56
"Rock Yourself, Son" – 2:27
1997 bonus tracks
"Tiger Eyes" – 2:36
"Please Say Please" – 2:23
"Miserable Lady" – 3:03
"Rock Yourself, Son" – 2:28
2007 bonus tracks
"I Don't Know My Name"
"Shark (In the Dark)"
"Didn't You Say"
"You Never Listen to My Music"
Personnel[edit]
Producers[edit]
Dwight Twilley and Phil Seymour (also known as "Oister")
except – "TV" produced by Twilley, Seymour and Bob Schaper;
"England", "Look Like an Angel", "Miserable Lady", "Rock Yourself, Son" and "I Don't Know My Name" produced by Robin Cable;
"Shark (In The Dark)" produced by Twilley, Seymour and "The Master of Time and Space" (Leon Russell).
Engineers – Jim Barth, Roger Harris, Roger Linn, Robin Cable, Ted Sharp, Bob Schaper, John Harkin
Musicians[edit]
Dwight Twilley – lead and harmony vocals, guitar, keyboards, harmonica on "Baby Let's Cruise"
Phil Seymour – lead and harmony vocals, drums, percussion, bass
Bill Pitcock IV – lead guitar
Roger Linn – lead guitar and bass on "Sincerely"
Jerry Naifeh – drums on "TV"
Johnny Johnson – bass on "I'm Losing You", "TV", "Three Persons", "Baby Let's Cruise", "Please Say Please" and "Didn't You Say"
Leon Russell – piano and bass on "Feeling In The Dark" and "Shark (In The Dark)"
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Deming, Mark. "Sincerely – Dwight Twilley / Dwight Twilley Band". AllMusic. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert. "CG: Dwight Twilley Band". RobertChristgau.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Benjamin, Kent H. "The Dwight Twilley Story". dwighttwilley.com. Retrieved 8-27-2007.
Jump up ^ Twilley, Dwight. Liner notes to XXI, 1995.
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Could Be Love (1976)
Looking For The Magic (1977)
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Twilley (1979)
Scuba Divers (1982)
Jungle (1984)
Wild Dogs (1986)
Tulsa (1999)
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Phil Seymour (1980)
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Related articles
Power Pop
Ray Harris
Tom Petty
You're Next
Portal:Rock music
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Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974
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Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974
Long title
An Act to reduce losses of life and property, through better fire prevention and control, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)
FFPCA, FPCA
Nicknames
Fire Prevention and Control Act
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
October 29, 1974
Citations
Public law
93-498
Statutes at Large
88 Stat. 1535
Codification
Titles amended
15: Commerce and Trade
U.S.C. sections created
15 U.S.C. ch. 49 § 2201 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1769 by Warren Magnuson (D–WA) on May 9, 1973
Committee consideration by Senate Commerce, House Science and Astronautics
Passed the Senate on November 2, 1973 (62-7)
Passed the House on April 29, 1974 (352-12, in lieu of H.R. 11989)
Reported by the joint conference committee on October 2, 1974; agreed to by the House on October 9, 1974 (381-3) and by the Senate on October 10, 1974 (agreed)
Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on October 29, 1974
Major amendments
Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990
The Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 was created in response to the 1973 National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control report, America Burning.[1] The report's authors estimated fires caused 12,000 deaths, 300,000 serious injuries and $11.4 billion in property damage annually in the United States, asserting that "the richest and most technologically advanced nation in the world leads all the major industrialized countries in per capita deaths and property loss from fire."[2] The report proposed that a federal agency be established to help combat the growing problem of fatal fires happening throughout the country. [3] The S. 1769 legislation was passed by the 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford on October 29, 1974.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions of the FPCA
1.1 Congressional Findings
1.2 Establishment of the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration
1.3 Establishment of National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control
1.4 Fire Technology
1.5 National Fire Data Center
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Provisions of the FPCA[edit]
The Act of Congress created a national superintendence for the administrative and organizational parameters of local and State government firefighting entities. The Act established the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control, and a National Fire Data Center.[5]
Congressional Findings[edit]
Congress finds that —
(1) The National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control has made an exhaustive and comprehensive examination of the Nation's fire problem, has made detailed findings as to the extent of this problem in terms of human suffering and loss of life and property, and has made ninety recommendations.[6]
(2) The United States has the highest per capita rate of death and property loss from fire of all the major industrialized nations in the world.
(3) Fire is an undue burden affecting all Americans, and fire also constitutes a public health and safety problem of great dimensions. Fire kills 12,000 and scars and injures 300,000 Americans each year, including 50,000 individuals who require extended hospitalization. Almost $3 billion worth of property is destroyed annually by fire, and the total economic cost of destructive fire in the United States is estimated conservatively to be $11,000,000,000 per year. Firefighting is the Nation's most hazardous profession.
(4) Such losses of life and property from fire are unacceptable to the Congress.
(5) While fire prevention and control is and should remain a State and local responsibility, the Federal Government must help if a significant reduction in fire losses is to be achieved.
(6) The fire service and the civil defense program in each locality would both benefit from closer cooperation.
(7) The Nation's fire problem is exacerbated by —
(A) Indifference with which some Americans confront the subject
(B) Nation's failure to undertake enough research and development into fire and fire-related problems
(C) Scarcity of reliable data and information
(D) Fact that designers and purchasers of buildings and products generally give insufficient attention to fire safety
(E) Fact that many communities lack adequate building and fire prevention codes
(F) Fact that local fire departments spend about 95 cents of every dollar appropriated to the fire services on efforts to extinguish fires and only about 5 cents on fire prevention
(8) There is a need for improved professional training and education oriented toward improving the effectiveness of the fire services, including an increased emphasis on preventing fires and on reducing injuries to firefighters.
(9) A national system for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of fire data is needed to help local fire services establish research and action priorities.
(10) The number of specialized medical centers which are properly equipped and staffed for the treatment of burns and there habilitation of victims of fires is inadequate.
(11) The unacceptably high rates of death, injury, and property loss from fire can be reduced if the Federal Government establishes a coordinated program to support and reinforce the fire prevention and control activities of State and local governments.
Establishment of the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration[edit]
The National Fire Prevention and Control Administration is authorized to educate the public and to overcome public indifference as to fire and fire prevention. Such steps may include, but are not limited to, publications, audio visual presentations, and demonstrations. Such public education efforts shall include programs to provide specialized information for those groups of individuals who are particularly vulnerable to fire hazards, such as the young and the elderly. The NFPCA shall sponsor and encourage research, testing, and experimentation to determine the most effective means of such public education.
Establishment of National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control[edit]
The purpose of the National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control shall be to advance the professional development of fire service personnel and of other persons engaged in fire prevention and control activities.
Program of the Academy —
(1) Train fire service personnel in such skills and knowledge as may be useful to advance their ability to prevent and control fires, including, but not limited to —
(A) Techniques of fire prevention, fire inspection, firefighting, and fire and arson investigation
(B) Tactics and command of firefighting for present and future fire chiefs and commanders
(C) Administration and management of fire services
(D) Tactical training in the specialized field of aircraft fire control and crash rescue
(E) Tactical training in the specialized field of fire control and rescue aboard waterborne vessels
(F) Training of present and future instructors in the aforementioned subjects
(2) Develop model curricula, training programs, and other educational materials suitable for use a to there educational institutions, and to make such materials available without charge
(3) Develop and administer a program of correspondence courses to advance the knowledge and skills of fire service personnel
(4) Develop and distribute to appropriate officials model questions suitable for use in conducting entrance and promotional examinations for fire service personnel
(5) Encourage the inclusion of fire prevention and detection technology and practices in the education and professional practice of architects, builders, city planners, and others engaged in design and planning affected by fire safety problems.
Fire Technology[edit]
Technology Development Program —
The NFPCA shall conduct a continuing program of technology development, testing, and evaluation of equipment for use by the Nation's fire, rescue, and civil defense services, with the aim of making available improved suppression, protective, auxiliary, and warning devices incorporating the latest technology. Attention shall be given to the standardization, compatibility, and interchangeability of such equipment. Such development, testing, and evaluation activities shall include, but need not be limited to —
(1) Safer, less cumbersome articles of protective clothing, including helmets, boots, and coats
(2) Breathing apparatus with the necessary duration of service, reliability, low weight, and ease of operation for practical use
(3) Safe and reliable auxiliary equipment for use in fire prevention, detection, and control, such as fire location detectors, visual and audio communications equipment, and mobile equipment
(4) Special clothing and equipment needed for forest fires, brushfires, oil and gasoline fires, aircraft fires and crash rescue, fires occurring aboard waterborne vessels, and in other special firefighting situations
(5) Fire detectors and related equipment for residential use with high sensitivity and reliability, and which are sufficiently inexpensive to purchase, install, and maintain to insure wide acceptance and use
(6) In place fire prevention systems of low cost and of increased reliability and effectiveness
(7) Methods of testing fire alarms and fire protection devices and systems on a non-interference basis
(8) Development of purchase specifications, standards, and acceptance and validation test procedures for all such equipment and devices
(9) Operation tests, demonstration projects, and fire investigations in support of the activities set forth in this section.
National Fire Data Center[edit]
The NFPCA shall operate, directly or through contracts or grants, an integrated, comprehensive National Fire Data Center for the selection, analysis, publication, and dissemination of information related to the prevention, occurrence, control, and results of fires of all types. The program of such Data Center shall be designed to —
(1) Provide an accurate nationwide analysis of the fire problem
(2) Identify major problem areas
(3) Assist in setting priorities
(4) Determine possible solutions to problems
(5) Monitor the progress of programs to reduce fire losses.
To carry out these functions, the Data Center shall gather and analyze —
(1) Information on the frequency, causes, spread, and extinguishment of fires
(2) Information on the number of injuries and deaths resulting from fires, including the maximum available information on the specific causes and nature of such injuries and deaths, and information on property losses
(3) Informationon the occupational hazards faced by firefighters, including the causes of deaths and injuries arising, directly and indirectly, from firefighting activities
(4) Information on all types of firefighting activities, including inspection practices
(5) Technical information related to building construction, fire properties of materials, and similar information
(6) Information on fire prevention and control laws, systems, methods, techniques, and administrative structures used in foreign nations
(7) Information on the causes, behavior, and best method of control of other types of fire, including, but not limited to, forest fires, brushfires, fire underground, oil blowout fires, and waterborne fires
(8) Such other information and data as is deemed useful and applicable.
See also[edit]
Fire portal
Fire Research and Safety Act of 1968
Fire Research Laboratory
National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control (1968-1973)
America Burning (1973) -- report by National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NATIONAL FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ADMINISTRATION". Omeka.net. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "America Burning: The Report of The National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control" (PDF). U.S. Fire Administration. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 4, 1973. pp. 1–2. OCLC 23601256.
Jump up ^ United States (1973). America Burning. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters; John T. Woolley. "Gerald R. Ford: "Statement on Signing the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974.," October 29, 1974". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Fire Administration Organization". U.S. Fire Administration. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Jump up ^ "America Burning : The Report of The National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control" (PDF). U.S. Fire Administration. Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 4, 1973. p. 192. OCLC 23601256.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firefighting.
External links[edit]
"Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ B-160998. U.S. Government Accountability Office. April 13, 1978.
"Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974: Briefing Book (1974)". Internet Archive. October 29, 1974. OCLC 669776544.
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