text:
Pulsar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a type of neutron star. For other uses, see Pulsar (disambiguation).
Play media
Artistic animation of a pulsar pulling matter from a nearby star
PSR B1509-58 - X-rays from Chandra are gold; Infrared from WISE in red, green and blue/max.
A pulsar (from pulse and -ar as in quasar)[1] is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star or white dwarf, that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can be observed only when the beam of emission is pointing toward Earth (much like the way a lighthouse can be seen only when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer), and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission. Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular rotational periods. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. Pulsars are believed to be one of the candidates of the observed ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (see also centrifugal mechanism of acceleration).
The precise periods of pulsars make them very useful tools. Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12. Certain types of pulsars rival atomic clocks in their accuracy in keeping time.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of observation
1.1 Discovery
1.2 Milestones
2 Nomenclature
3 Formation, mechanism, turn off
4 Categories
4.1 Disrupted recycled pulsar
5 Applications
5.1 Maps
5.2 Precise clocks
5.3 Probes of the interstellar medium
5.4 Probes of space-time
5.5 Gravitational waves detectors
6 Significant pulsars
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References and further reading
11 External links
History of observation[edit]
Discovery[edit]
Composite optical/X-ray image of the Crab Nebula, showing synchrotron emission in the surrounding pulsar wind nebula, powered by injection of magnetic fields and particles from the central pulsar.
The first pulsar was observed on November 28, 1967, by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish.[3][4][5] They observed pulses separated by 1.33 seconds that originated from the same location on the sky, and kept to sidereal time. In looking for explanations for the pulses, the short period of the pulses eliminated most astrophysical sources of radiation, such as stars, and since the pulses followed sidereal time, it could not be man-made radio frequency interference. When observations with another telescope confirmed the emission, it eliminated any sort of instrumental effects. At this point, Bell Burnell said of herself and Hewish that "we did not really believe that we had picked up signals from another civilization, but obviously the idea had crossed our minds and we had no proof that it was an entirely natural radio emission. It is an interesting problem—if one thinks one may have detected life elsewhere in the universe, how does one announce the results responsibly?"[6] Even so, they nicknamed the signal LGM-1, for "little green men" (a playful name for intelligent beings of extraterrestrial origin). It was not until a second pulsating source was discovered in a different part of the sky that the "LGM hypothesis" was entirely abandoned.[7] Their pulsar was later dubbed CP 1919, and is now known by a number of designators including PSR 1919+21 and PSR J1921+2153. Although CP 1919 emits in radio wavelengths, pulsars have subsequently been found to emit in visible light, X-ray, and gamma ray wavelengths.[8]
The word "pulsar" is a portmanteau of "pulsating star", and first appeared in print in 1968:
An entirely novel kind of star came to light on Aug. 6 last year and was referred to, by astronomers, as LGM (Little Green Men). Now it is thought to be a novel type between a white dwarf and a neutron [star]. The name Pulsar is likely to be given to it. Dr. A. Hewish told me yesterday: "… I am sure that today every radio telescope is looking at the Pulsars."[9]
The existence of neutron stars was first proposed by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1934, when they argued that a small, dense star consisting primarily of neutrons would result from a supernova.[10] In 1967, shortly before the discovery of pulsars, Franco Pacini suggested that a rotating neutron star with a magnetic field would emit radiation, and even noted that such energy could be pumped into a supernova remnant around a neutron star, such as the Crab Nebula.[11] After the discovery of the first pulsar, Thomas Gold independently suggested a rotating neutron star model similar to that of Pacini, and explicitly argued that this model could explain the pulsed radiation observed by Bell Burnell and Hewish.[12] The discovery of the Crab pulsar later in 1968 seemed to provide confirmation of the rotating neutron star model of pulsars. The Crab pulsar has a 33-millisecond pulse period, which was too short to be consistent with other proposed models for pulsar emission. Moreover, the Crab pulsar is so named because it is located at the center of the Crab Nebula, consistent with the 1933 prediction of Baade and Zwicky.[13]
In 1974, Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle became the first astronomers to be awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noting that Hewish played a "decisive role in the discovery of pulsars".[14] Considerable controversy is associated with the fact that Hewish was awarded the prize while Bell, who made the initial discovery while she was his Ph.D student, was not. Bell claims no bitterness upon this point, supporting the decision of the Nobel prize committee.[15]
Milestones[edit]
The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.
In 1974, Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. and Russell Hulse discovered for the first time a pulsar in a binary system, PSR B1913+16. This pulsar orbits another neutron star with an orbital period of just eight hours. Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that this system should emit strong gravitational radiation, causing the orbit to continually contract as it loses orbital energy. Observations of the pulsar soon confirmed this prediction, providing the first ever evidence of the existence of gravitational waves. As of 2010, observations of this pulsar continue to agree with general relativity.[16] In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Taylor and Hulse for the discovery of this pulsar.[17]
In 1982, Don Backer led a group which discovered PSR B1937+21, a pulsar with a rotation period of just 1.6 milliseconds (38,500 rpm).[18] Observations soon revealed that its magnetic field was much weaker than ordinary pulsars, while further discoveries cemented the idea that a new class of object, the "millisecond pulsars" (MSPs) had been found. MSPs are believed to be the end product of X-ray binaries. Owing to their extraordinarily rapid and stable rotation, MSPs can be used by astronomers as clocks rivaling the stability of the best atomic clocks on Earth. Factors affecting the arrival time of pulses at Earth by more than a few hundred nanoseconds can be easily detected and used to make precise measurements. Physical parameters accessible through pulsar timing include the 3D position of the pulsar, its proper motion, the electron content of the interstellar medium along the propagation path, the orbital parameters of any binary companion, the pulsar rotation period and its evolution with time. (These are computed from the raw timing data by Tempo, a computer program specialized for this task.) After these factors have been taken into account, deviations between the observed arrival times and predictions made using these parameters can be found and attributed to one of three possibilities: intrinsic variations in the spin period of the pulsar, errors in the realization of Terrestrial Time against which arrival times were measured, or the presence of background gravitational waves. Scientists are currently attempting to resolve these possibilities by comparing the deviations seen between several different pulsars, forming what is known as a pulsar timing array. The goal of these efforts is to develop a pulsar-based time standard precise enough to make the first ever direct detection of gravitational waves. In June 2006, the astronomer John Middleditch and his team at LANL announced the first prediction of pulsar glitches with observational data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. They used observations of the pulsar PSR J0537-6910.
In 1992, Aleksander Wolszczan discovered the first extrasolar planets around PSR B1257+12. This discovery presented important evidence concerning the widespread existence of planets outside the Solar System, although it is very unlikely that any life form could survive in the environment of intense radiation near a pulsar.
In 2016, AR Scorpii was identified as the first pulsar in which the compact object is a white dwarf instead of a neutron star.[19] Because its moment of inertia is much higher than that of a neutron star, the white dwarf in this system rotates once every 1.97 minutes, far slower than neutron-star pulsars.[20] The system displays strong pulsations from ultraviolet to radio wavelengths, powered by the spin-down of the strongly magnetized white dwarf.[19]
Nomenclature[edit]
Initially pulsars were named with letters of the discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D).
The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All new pulsars have a J indicating 2000.0 coordinates and also have declination including minutes (e.g. PSR J1921+2153). Pulsars that were discovered before 1993 tend to retain their B names rather than use their J names (e.g. PSR J1921+2153 is more commonly known as PSR B1919+21). Recently discovered pulsars only have a J name (e.g. PSR J0437-4715). All pulsars have a J name that provides more precise coordinates of its location in the sky.[21]
Formation, mechanism, turn off[edit]
Schematic view of a pulsar. The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star, the curves indicate the magnetic field lines, the protruding cones represent the emission beams and the green line represents the axis on which the star rotates.
The events leading to the formation of a pulsar begin when the core of a massive star is compressed during a supernova, which collapses into a neutron star. The neutron star retains most of its angular momentum, and since it has only a tiny fraction of its progenitor's radius (and therefore its moment of inertia is sharply reduced), it is formed with very high rotation speed. A beam of radiation is emitted along the magnetic axis of the pulsar, which spins along with the rotation of the neutron star. The magnetic axis of the pulsar determines the direction of the electromagnetic beam, with the magnetic axis not necessarily being the same as its rotational axis. This misalignment causes the beam to be seen once for every rotation of the neutron star, which leads to the "pulsed" nature of its appearance.
In rotation-powered pulsars, the beam originates from the rotational energy of the neutron star, which generates an electrical field from the movement of the very strong magnetic field, resulting in the acceleration of protons and electrons on the star surface and the creation of an electromagnetic beam emanating from the poles of the magnetic field.[22][23] This rotation slows down over time as electromagnetic power is emitted. When a pulsar's spin period slows down sufficiently, the radio pulsar mechanism is believed to turn off (the so-called "death line"). This turn-off seems to take place after about 10–100 million years, which means of all the neutron stars born in the 13.6 billion year age of the universe, around 99% no longer pulsate.[24]
Though the general picture of pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars is widely accepted, Werner Becker of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics said in 2006, "The theory of how pulsars emit their radiation is still in its infancy, even after nearly forty years of work."[25]
Categories[edit]
Three distinct classes of pulsars are currently known to astronomers, according to the source of the power of the electromagnetic radiation:
Rotation-powered pulsars, where the loss of rotational energy of the star provides the power,
Accretion-powered pulsars (accounting for most but not all X-ray pulsars), where the gravitational potential energy of accreted matter is the power source (producing X-rays that are observable from the Earth).
Magnetars, where the decay of an extremely strong magnetic field provides the electromagnetic power.
Although all three classes of objects are neutron stars, their observable behavior and the underlying physics are quite different. There are, however, connections. For example, X-ray pulsars are probably old rotationally-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their power, and have only become visible again after their binary companions had expanded and began transferring matter on to the neutron star. The process of accretion can in turn transfer enough angular momentum to the neutron star to "recycle" it as a rotation-powered millisecond pulsar. As this matter lands on the neutron star, it is thought to "bury" the magnetic field of the neutron star (although the details are unclear), leaving millisecond pulsars with magnetic fields 1000-10,000 times weaker than average pulsars. This low magnetic field is less effective at slowing the pulsar's rotation, so millisecond pulsars live for billions of years, making them the oldest known pulsars. Millisecond pulsars are seen in globular clusters, which stopped forming neutron stars billions of years ago.[24]
Of interest to the study of the state of the matter in a neutron star are the glitches observed in the rotation velocity of the neutron star. This velocity is decreasing slowly but steadily, except by sudden variations. One model put forward to explain these glitches is that they are the result of "starquakes" that adjust the crust of the neutron star. Models where the glitch is due to a decoupling of the possibly superconducting interior of the star have also been advanced. In both cases, the star's moment of inertia changes, but its angular momentum does not, resulting in a change in rotation rate.
Disrupted recycled pulsar[edit]
When two massive stars are born close together from the same cloud of gas, they can form a binary system and orbit each other from birth. If those two stars are at least a few times as massive as our sun, their lives will both end in supernova explosions. The more massive star explodes first, leaving behind a neutron star. If the explosion does not kick the second star away, the binary system survives. The neutron star can now be visible as a radio pulsar, and it slowly loses energy and spins down. Later, the second star can swell up, allowing the neutron star to suck up its matter. The matter falling onto the neutron star spins it up and reduces its magnetic field. This is called "recycling" because it returns the neutron star to a quickly-spinning state. Finally, the second star also explodes in a supernova, producing another neutron star. If this second explosion also fails to disrupt the binary, a double neutron star binary is formed. Otherwise, the spun-up neutron star is left with no companion and becomes a "disrupted recycled pulsar", spinning between a few and 50 times per second.[26]
Applications[edit]
The discovery of pulsars allowed astronomers to study an object never observed before, the neutron star. This kind of object is the only place where the behavior of matter at nuclear density can be observed (though not directly). Also, millisecond pulsars have allowed a test of general relativity in conditions of an intense gravitational field.
Maps[edit]
Relative position of the Sun to the center of the Galaxy and 14 pulsars with their periods denoted
Pulsar maps have been included on the two Pioneer Plaques as well as the Voyager Golden Record. They show the position of the Sun, relative to 14 pulsars, which are identified by the unique timing of their electromagnetic pulses, so that our position both in space and in time can be calculated by potential extraterrestrial intelligences.[27] Because pulsars are emitting very regular pulses of radio waves, its radio transmissions do not require daily corrections. Moreover, pulsar positioning could create a spacecraft navigation system independently, or be used in conjunction with satellite navigation.[28][29]
Precise clocks[edit]
Generally, the regularity of pulsar emission does not rival the stability of atomic clocks.[30] However, for some millisecond pulsars, the regularity of pulsation is even more precise than an atomic clock.[31] This stability allows millisecond pulsars to be used in establishing ephemeris time[32] or in building pulsar clocks.[33]
Timing noise is the name for rotational irregularities observed in all pulsars. This timing noise is observable as random wandering in the pulse frequency or phase.[34] It is unknown whether timing noise is related to pulsar glitches.
Probes of the interstellar medium[edit]
The radiation from pulsars passes through the interstellar medium (ISM) before reaching Earth. Free electrons in the warm (8000 K), ionized component of the ISM and H II regions affect the radiation in two primary ways. The resulting changes to the pulsar's radiation provide an important probe of the ISM itself.[35]
Because of the dispersive nature of the interstellar plasma, lower-frequency radio waves travel through the medium slower than higher-frequency radio waves. The resulting delay in the arrival of pulses at a range of frequencies is directly measurable as the dispersion measure of the pulsar. The dispersion measure is the total column density of free electrons between the observer and the pulsar,
D M = ∫ 0 D n e ( s ) d s , {\displaystyle \mathrm {DM} =\int _{0}^{D}n_{e}(s)ds,}
where D {\displaystyle D} is the distance from the pulsar to the observer and n e {\displaystyle n_{e}} is the electron density of the ISM. The dispersion measure is used to construct models of the free electron distribution in the Milky Way.[36]
Additionally, turbulence in the interstellar gas causes density inhomogeneities in the ISM which cause scattering of the radio waves from the pulsar. The resulting scintillation of the radio waves—the same effect as the twinkling of a star in visible light due to density variations in the Earth's atmosphere—can be used to reconstruct information about the small scale variations in the ISM.[37] Due to the high velocity (up to several hundred km/s) of many pulsars, a single pulsar scans the ISM rapidly, which results in changing scintillation patterns over timescales of a few minutes.[38]
Probes of space-time[edit]
Pulsars orbiting within the curved space-time around Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, could serve as probes of gravity in the strong-field regime.[39] Arrival times of the pulses would be affected by special- and general-relativistic Doppler shifts and by the complicated paths that the radio waves would travel through the strongly curved space-time around the black hole. In order for the effects of general relativity to be measurable with current instruments, pulsars with orbital periods less than about 10 years would need to be discovered;[39] such pulsars would orbit at distances inside 0.01 pc from Sgr A*. Searches are currently underway; at present, five pulsars are known to lie within 100 pc from Sgr A*.[40]
Gravitational waves detectors[edit]
There are 3 consortia around the world which use pulsars to search for gravitational waves. In Europe, there is the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA); there is the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) in Australia; and there is the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) in Canada and the US. Together, the consortia form the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA). The pulses from Millisecond Pulsars (MSPs) are used as a system of Galactic clocks. Disturbances in the clocks will be measurable at Earth. A disturbance from a passing gravitational wave will have a particular signature across the ensemble of pulsars, and will be thus detected.
Significant pulsars[edit]
Pulsars within 300 pc[41]
PSR
Distance
(pc)
Age
(Myr)
J0030+0451 244 7,580
J0108−1431 238 166
J0437−4715 156 1,590
J0633+1746 156 0.342
J0659+1414 290 0.111
J0835−4510 290 0.0113
J0453+0755 260 17.5
J1045−4509 300 6,710
J1741−2054 250 0.387
J1856−3754 161 3.76
J2144−3933 165 272
Gamma-ray pulsars detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
The pulsars listed here were either the first discovered of its type, or represent an extreme of some type among the known pulsar population, such as having the shortest measured period.
The first radio pulsar "CP 1919" (now known as PSR B1919+21), with a pulse period of 1.337 seconds and a pulse width of 0.04 second, was discovered in 1967.[42]
The first binary pulsar, PSR 1913+16, whose orbit is decaying at the exact rate predicted due to the emission of gravitational radiation by general relativity
The first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21
The brightest millisecond pulsar, PSR J0437-4715
The first X-ray pulsar, Cen X-3
The first accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar, SAX J1808.4-3658
The first pulsar with planets, PSR B1257+12
The first pulsar observed to have been affected by asteroids: PSR J0738-4042
The first double pulsar binary system, PSR J0737−3039
The shortest period pulsar, PSR J1748-2446ad, with a period of ~0.0014 seconds or ~1.4 milliseconds (716 times a second).
The longest period pulsar, at 118.2 seconds, as well as the only known example of a white dwarf pulsar, AR Scorpii.[43]
The longest period neutron star pulsar, PSR J2144-3933, with a period of 8.51 seconds.[44]
The pulsar with the most stable period, PSR J0437-4715
The first millisecond pulsar with 2 stellar mass companions, PSR J0337+1715
PSR J1841-0500, stopped pulsing for 580 days. One of only two pulsars known to have stopped pulsing for more than a few minutes.
PSR B1931+24, has a cycle. It pulses for about a week and stops pulsing for about a month.[45] One of only two pulsars known to have stopped pulsing for more than a few minutes.
PSR J1903+0327, a ~2.15 ms pulsar discovered to be in a highly eccentric binary star system with a Sun-like star.[46]
PSR J2007+2722, a 40.8-hertz 'recycled' isolated pulsar was the first pulsar found by volunteers on data taken in February 2007 and analyzed by distributed computing project Einstein@Home.[47]
PSR J1311–3430, the first millisecond pulsar discovered via gamma-ray pulsations and part of a binary system with the shortest orbital period.[48]
Gallery[edit]
Video - Crab Pulsar - bright pulse & interpulse.
Play media
Video - Vela pulsar - X-ray light.
Play media
Video - Artist’s impression of AR Scorpii.
See also[edit]
Star portal
Anomalous X-ray pulsar
Black hole
Double pulsar
Magnetar
Neutron star
Optical pulsar
Pulsar clock
Pulsar planet
Pulsar wind nebula
Radio astronomy
Radio star
Rotating radio transient
Soft gamma repeater
Supernova remnant
X-ray pulsar
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pulsar
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Walter (February 9, 1983). "PULSAR TERMED MOST ACCURATE 'CLOCK' IN SKY". NY Times. The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pranab Ghosh, Rotation and accretion powered pulsars. World Scientific, 2007, p.2.
Jump up ^ M. S. Longair, Our evolving universe. CUP Archive, 1996, p.72.
Jump up ^ M. S. Longair, High energy astrophysics, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.99.
Jump up ^ S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1977). "Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?". Cosmic Search Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-30. (after-dinner speech with the title of Petit Four given at the Eighth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics; first published in Annals of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 302, pages 685–689, Dec., 1977)
Jump up ^ Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn (23 April 2004). "So Few Pulsars, So Few Females". Science. 304 (5670): 489. doi:10.1126/science.304.5670.489. PMID 15105461.
Jump up ^ Courtland, Rachel. "Pulsar Detected by Gamma Waves Only." New Scientist, 17 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph, 21/3, 5 March 1968.
Jump up ^ Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934). "Remarks on Super-Novae and Cosmic Rays". Physical Review. 46: 76. Bibcode:1934PhRv...46...76B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.46.76.2.
Jump up ^ Pacini, F. (1967). "Energy Emission from a Neutron Star". Nature. 216 (5115): 567. Bibcode:1967Natur.216..567P. doi:10.1038/216567a0.
Jump up ^ Gold, T. (1968). "Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources". Nature. 218 (5143): 731. Bibcode:1968Natur.218..731G. doi:10.1038/218731a0.
Jump up ^ Lyne & Graham-Smith, pp. 1–7 (1998).
Jump up ^ "Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974". 15 October 1974. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ Bell Burnell, S. Jocelyn. Little Green Men, White Dwarfs, or Pulsars? Annals of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 302, pages 685–689, Dec., 1977 [1]
Jump up ^ Weisberg, J.M.; Nice, D.J. & Taylor, J.H. (2010). "Timing measurements of the relativistic binary pulsar PSR B1913+ 16" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing. 722 (2): 1030–1034. arXiv:1011.0718  . Bibcode:2010ApJ...722.1030W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1030.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Prize in Physics 1993". Retrieved 2010-01-07.
Jump up ^ D. Backer; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Heiles, Carl; Davis, M. M.; Goss, W. M. (1982). "A millisecond pulsar". Nature. 300 (5893): 315–318. Bibcode:1982Natur.300..615B. doi:10.1038/300615a0.
^ Jump up to: a b Buckley, D. A. H.; Meintjes, P. J.; Potter, S. B.; Marsh, T. R.; Gänsicke, B. T. (2017-01-23). "Polarimetric evidence of a white dwarf pulsar in the binary system AR Scorpii". Nature Astronomy. 1: 0029. arXiv:1612.03185  . Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..29B. doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0029. ISSN 2397-3366.
Jump up ^ Marsh, T. R.; Gänsicke, B. T.; Hümmerich, S.; Hambsch, F.-J.; Bernhard, K.; Lloyd, C.; Breedt, E.; Stanway, E. R.; Steeghs, D. T. "A radio-pulsing white dwarf binary star". Nature. 537 (7620): 374–377. arXiv:1607.08265  . Bibcode:2016Natur.537..374M. doi:10.1038/nature18620. PMID 27462808.
Jump up ^ Lyne, Andrew G.; Graham-Smith, Francis. Pulsar Astronomy. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Pulsar Beacon Animation". Retrieved 2010-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Pulsars". Retrieved 2010-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/Pulsars.html
Jump up ^ "Old Pulsars Still Have New Tricks to Teach Us". Staff. ESA. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Background material on "Disrupted Recycled Pulsar" in press release on the pulsar found by Einstein@Home "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
Jump up ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec1.html
Jump up ^ Marissa Cevallos, Science News,"HOW TO USE A PULSAR TO FIND STARBUCKS"[2], Discovery News,Wed Nov 24, 2010 10:21 AM ET .
Jump up ^ Angelo Tartaglia; Matteo Luca Ruggiero; Emiliano Capolongo (2011). "A null frame for spacetime positioning by means of pulsating sources". Advances in Space Research. 47 (4): 645–653. arXiv:1001.1068  . Bibcode:2011AdSpR..47..645T. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.10.023.
Jump up ^ John G. Hartnett; Andre Luiten (2011). "Colloquium: Comparison of Astrophysical and Terrestrial Frequency Standards". Reviews of Modern Physics. 83: 1–9. arXiv:1004.0115  . Bibcode:2011RvMP...83....1H. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1.
Jump up ^ Matsakis, D. N.; Taylor, J. H.; Eubanks, T. M. (1997). "A Statistic for Describing Pulsar and Clock Stabilities" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 326: 924–928. Bibcode:1997A&A...326..924M. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
Jump up ^ Backer, Don (1984). "The 1.5 Millisecond Pulsar". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 422 (Eleventh Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics): 180–181. Bibcode:1984NYASA.422..180B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23351.x. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
Jump up ^ "World's most accurate clock to be built in Gdańsk". Polska Agencja Prasowa. 2010. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
Jump up ^ African Skies 4 – Radio Pulsar Glitch Studies
Jump up ^ Ferrière, Katia (2001). "The Interstellar Environment of Our Galaxy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 73 (4): 1031–1066. arXiv:astro-ph/0106359  . Bibcode:2001RvMP...73.1031F. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.1031.
Jump up ^ Taylor, J. H.; Cordes, J. M. (1993). "Pulsar Distances and the Galactic Distribution of Free Electrons". Astrophysical Journal. 411: 674. Bibcode:1993ApJ...411..674T. doi:10.1086/172870.
Jump up ^ Rickett, Barney J. (1990). "Radio Propagation Through the Turbulent Interstellar Plasma". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 28: 561–605. Bibcode:1990ARA&A..28..561R. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.003021.
Jump up ^ Rickett, Barney J.; Lyne, Andrew G.; Gupta, Yashwant (1997). "Interstellar Fringes from Pulsar B0834+06". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 287: 739–752. Bibcode:1997MNRAS.287..739R. doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.739.
^ Jump up to: a b Angelil, R.; Saha, P.; Merritt, D. (2010). "Towards relativistic orbit fitting of Galactic center stars and pulsars". The Astrophysical Journal. 720: 1303–1310. arXiv:1007.0007  [astro-ph.GA]. Bibcode:2010ApJ...720.1303A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/2/1303.
Jump up ^ Deneva, J. S.; Cordes, J. M.; Lazio, T. J. W. (2009). "Discovery of Three Pulsars from a Galactic Center Pulsar Population". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 702 (2): L177–182. arXiv:0908.1331  . Bibcode:2009ApJ...702L.177D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/L177.
Jump up ^ Abt, Helmut A. (May 2011). "The Age of the Local Interstellar Bubble". The Astronomical Journal. 141 (5): 165. Bibcode:2011AJ....141..165A. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/165.
Jump up ^ Hewish, A. et al. "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source." Nature, Volume 217, 1968 (pages 709–713).
Jump up ^ Buckley, D. A. H.; Meintjes, P. J.; Potter, S. B.; Marsh, T. R.; Gänsicke, B. T. (2017-01-23). "Polarimetric evidence of a white dwarf pulsar in the binary system AR Scorpii". Nature Astronomy. 1 (2): 0029. arXiv:1612.03185  . Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..29B. doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0029. ISSN 2397-3366.
Jump up ^ Young, M. D.; Manchester, R. N.; Johnston, S. (1999). "A Radio Pulsar with an 8.5-Second Period that Challenges Emission Models". Nature. 400 (6747): 848–849. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..848Y. doi:10.1038/23650.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Tim. "Part-time pulsar yields new insight into inner workings of cosmic clocks | Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics". www.jb.man.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Champion, David J.; Ransom, S. M.; Lazarus, P.; Camilo, F.; Bassa, C.; Kaspi, V. M.; Nice, D. J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Stairs, I. H.; Van Leeuwen, J.; Stappers, B. W.; Cordes, J. M.; Hessels, J. W. T.; Lorimer, D. R.; Arzoumanian, Z.; Backer, D. C.; Bhat, N. D. R.; Chatterjee, S.; Cognard, I.; Deneva, J. S.; Faucher-Giguere, C.-A.; Gaensler, B. M.; Han, J.; Jenet, F. A.; Kasian, L.; Kondratiev, V. I.; Kramer, M.; Lazio, J.; McLaughlin, M. A.; et al. (2008). "An Eccentric Binary Millisecond Pulsar in the Galactic Plane". Science. 320 (5881): 1309–1312. arXiv:0805.2396  . Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1309C. doi:10.1126/science.1157580. PMID 18483399.
Jump up ^ Knispel, B.; Allen, B; Cordes, JM; Deneva, JS; Anderson, D; Aulbert, C; Bhat, ND; Bock, O; et al. (2010). "Pulsar Discovery by Global Volunteer Computing". Science. 329 (5997): 1305. arXiv:1008.2172  . Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1305K. doi:10.1126/science.1195253. PMID 20705813.
Jump up ^ Pletsch, H. J.; Guillemot; Fehrmann, H.; Allen, B.; Kramer, M.; Aulbert, C.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; De Angelis, A.; Atwood, W. B.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Borgland, A. W.; Bottacini, E.; Brandt, T. J.; Bregeon, J.; Brigida, M.; Bruel, P.; Buehler, R.; Buson, S.; Caliandro, G. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Caraveo, P. A.; Casandjian, J. M.; Cecchi, C.; et al. (2012). "Binary millisecond pulsar discovery via gamma-ray pulsations". Science. 338 (6112): 1314–7. arXiv:1211.1385  . Bibcode:2012Sci...338.1314P. doi:10.1126/science.1229054. PMID 23112297.
References and further reading[edit]
Lorimer, Duncan R.; Kramer, Michael (2004). Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82823-6.
Lorimer, Duncan R. (2008). "Binary and Millisecond Pulsars".
Lyne, Andrew G.; Graham-Smith, Francis (1998). Pulsar Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59413-8.
Manchester, Richard N.; Taylor, Joseph H. (1977). Pulsars. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-0358-0.
Stairs, Ingrid H (2003). "Testing General Relativity with Pulsar Timing".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulsars.
"Pinning Down a Pulsar’s Age". Science News.
"Astronomical whirling dervishes hide their age well". Astronomy Now.
Animation of a Pulsar. Einstein.com, 17 January 2008.
"The Discovery of Pulsars." BBC, 23 December 2002.
"A Pulsar Discovery: First Optical Pulsar." Moments of Discovery, American Institute of Physics, 2007 (Includes audio and teachers guides).
Discovery of Pulsars: Interview with Jocelyn Bell-Burnell. Jodcast, June 2007 (Low Quality Version).
Audio: Cain/Gay – Astronomy Cast. Pulsars – Nov 2009
Listing for PULS CP 1919 (The First Pulsar), Simbad Database
Australia National Telescope Facility: Pulsar Catalogue
Johnston, William Robert. "List of Pulsars in Binary Systems." Johnston Archive, 22 March 2005.
Staff Writers. "Scientists Can Predict Pulsar Starquakes." Space Daily, 7 June 2006.
Staff Writers. "XMM-Newton Makes New Discoveries About Old Pulsars." Space Daily, 27 July 2006.
Than, Ker. "Hot New Idea: How Dead Stars Go Cold." Space.com, 27 July 2006.
"New Kind of Pulsar Discovered"[3]. Cosmos Online.
"Astronomers discover the first white dwarf pulsar in history" [4]. zmescience.com.
[show]
v
t
e
Neutron star
Types
Radio-quiet
Pulsar
Single pulsars
Magnetar
Soft gamma repeater
Anomalous X-ray
Rotating radio transient
Binary pulsars
Binary
X-ray pulsar
X-ray binary
X-ray burster
List
Millisecond
Be/X-ray
Spin-up
Properties
Blitzar
Fast radio burst
Bondi accretion
Gamma-ray burst
Glitch
Neutronium
Neutron-star oscillation
Optical
Pulsar kick
Quasi-periodic oscillation
Relativistic
Rp-process
Starquake
Timing noise
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
Urca process
Related
Gamma-ray burst progenitors
Astroseismology
Compact star
Quark star
Exotic star
Supernova
Supernova remnant
Related links
Hypernova
Kilonova
Neutron star merger
Quark-nova
White dwarf
Related links
Stellar black hole
Related links
Radio star
Pulsar planet
Pulsar wind nebula
Thorne–Żytkow object
Discovery
LGM-1
Centaurus X-3
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
Satellite
investigation
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Other
X-ray pulsar-based navigation
Tempo software program
Astropulse
The Magnificent Seven
[show]
v
t
e
Star
Formation
Accretion
Molecular cloud
Bok globule
Young stellar object
Protostar
Pre-main-sequence star
Herbig Ae/Be
Orion
T Tauri
FU Orionis
Herbig–Haro object
Hayashi track
Henyey track
Evolution
Main sequence
Red giant branch
Horizontal branch
Red clump
Asymptotic giant branch
Protoplanetary nebula
Planetary nebula
PG1159 star
Dredge-up
Instability strip
Luminous blue variable
Blue straggler
Stellar population
Supernova
Supernova impostor
Hypernova
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
Color–color diagram
Luminosity class
Subdwarf
Dwarf
Blue
Red
White
Yellow
Brown
Subgiant
Giant
Blue
Red
Yellow
Bright giant
Supergiant
Blue
Red
Yellow
Hypergiant
Yellow
Spectral
classification
O
B
A
F
G
K
M
WR
Be
OB
Subdwarf O
Subdwarf B
Late-type
Chemically peculiar
Am
Ap/Bp
Barium
Carbon
CH
CN
Extreme helium
Lambda Boötis
Lead
HgMn
S
Technetium
Shell
Remnants
White dwarf
Helium planet
Neutron star
Radio-quiet
Pulsar
Binary
X-ray
Magnetar
Stellar black hole
X-ray binary
Burster
Theoretical stars
Black dwarf
Exotic
Quark
Strange
Preon
Planck
Electroweak star
Dark-matter star
Dark-energy star
Black star
Gravastar
Frozen star
Q star
Quasi-star
Thorne–Żytkow object
Iron star
Blitzar
Nucleosynthesis
Deuterium burning
Lithium burning
Proton–proton chain
CNO cycle
Helium flash
Triple-alpha process
Alpha process
Carbon burning
Neon burning
Oxygen burning
Silicon burning
S-process
R-process
Fusor
Nova
Symbiotic
Remnant
Luminous red nova
Structure
Core
Convection zone
Microturbulence
Oscillations
Radiation zone
Atmosphere
Photosphere
Starspot
Chromosphere
Corona
Stellar wind
Bubble
Bipolar outflow
Accretion disk
Asteroseismology
Helioseismology
Eddington luminosity
Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
Properties
Designation
Dynamics
Effective temperature
Kinematics
Magnetic field
Absolute magnitude
Mass
Metallicity
Rotation
UBV color
Variable star
Mira variable
Star systems
Binary
Contact
Common envelope
Eclipsing
Symbiotic
Multiple
Star cluster
Open cluster
Globular cluster
Super star cluster
Planetary system
Earth's Solar System
Earth-centric
observation of
Pole star
Circumpolar star
Constellation
Asterism
Magnitude
Apparent
Extinction
Photographic
Radial velocity
Proper motion
Parallax
Photometric-standard star
Lists
Star names
Arabic
Chinese
Extremes
Most massive
Highest temperature
Largest volume
Smallest volume
Brightest
Historical
Most luminous
Nearest
Nearest bright
Stars with exoplanets
Brown dwarfs
White dwarfs
Milky Way novae
Notable supernovae
Supernova candidates
Supernova remnants
Planetary nebulae
Timeline of stellar astronomy
Related articles
Substellar object
Brown dwarf
Sub-brown dwarf
Planet
Galactic year
Galaxy
Supercluster
Guest star
Gravity
Intergalactic star
Infrared dark cloud
Starfield
Category:Stars · Star portal
[show]
v
t
e
Variable stars
Pulsating
Cepheids and
cepheid-like
Classical
Type II (BL Herculis, W Virginis, RV Tauri)
RR Lyrae
Delta Scuti
Rapidly oscillating Ap
SX Phoenicis
Blue-white with
early spectra
Alpha Cygni
Beta Cephei
Slowly pulsating B
PV Telescopii
Blue large-amplitude pulsator
Long-period
Mira
Semiregular
Slow irregular
Other
Gamma Doradus
Solar-like oscillations
White dwarf
Eruptive
Protostar and PMS
FU Orionis
Herbig Ae/Be
Orion (T Tauri)
Giants and
supergiants
Luminous blue variable
R Coronae Borealis (DY Persei)
Yellow hypergiant
Eruptive binary
Double periodic
FS Canis Majoris
RS Canum Venaticorum
Other
Flare
Gamma Cassiopeiae
Lambda Eridani
Wolf–Rayet
Cataclysmic
AM Canum Venaticorum
Dwarf nova
Luminous red nova
Nova
Polar
DQ Herculis
Supernova
Hypernova
SW Sextantis
Symbiotic
Symbiotic nova
Z Andromedae
Rotating
Non-spherical
Rotating ellipsoidal
Stellar spots
BY Draconis
FK Comae Berenices
Magnetic fields
Alpha² Canum Venaticorum
Pulsar
SX Arietis
Eclipsing
Algol
Beta Lyrae
Planetary transit
W Ursae Majoris
Star portal
[show]
v
t
e
Supernovae
Classes
Type Ia
Type Ib and Ic
Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)

Physics of
Calcium-rich supernovae
Carbon detonation
Pair-instability supernova
Phillips relationship
P-nuclei
P-process
R-process
Supernova nucleosynthesis
Supernova neutrinos
Related
Supernova impostor
Pulsational pair-instability supernova
Foe
Gamma-ray burst
Failed supernova
Hypernova
Kilonova
Nova
Symbiotic nova
Luminous red nova
Near-Earth supernova
Pulsar kick
Quark-nova
Progenitors
Hypergiant
Yellow
Luminous blue variable
Supergiant
Blue
Red
Yellow
White dwarf
Related links
Wolf–Rayet star
Remnants
Supernova remnant
Pulsar wind nebula
Neutron star
Pulsar
Magnetar
Related links
Stellar black hole
Related links
Compact star
Quark star
Exotic star
Zombie star
Local Bubble
Superbubble
Orion–Eridanus
Discovery
Guest star
History of supernova observation
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
Lists
Candidates
Notable
Massive stars
Most distant
Remnants
In fiction
Notable
Barnard's Loop
Cassiopeia A
Crab
Crab Nebula
iPTF14hls
Tycho's
Kepler's
SN 1987A
SN 185
SN 1006
SN 2003fg
Remnant G1.9+0.3
SN 2007bi
SN 2011fe
SN 2014J
SN Refsdal
Vela Remnant
Research
ASAS-SN
Calán/Tololo Survey
High-Z Supernova Search Team
Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
Nearby Supernova Factory
Sloan Supernova Survey
Supernova/Acceleration Probe
Supernova Cosmology Project
Supernova Early Warning System
Supernova Legacy Survey
Texas Supernova Search
Book:Supernovae
Category:Supernovae
Commons:Supernovae
Authority control
GND: 4047828-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&oldid=821778357"
Categories:
Pulsars
Radio astronomy
Stellar phenomena
Star types
Hidden categories:
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 January 2018, at 15:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Pulsar_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Pulsar (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt style src

values: File:Millisecond pulsar and accretion disk - NASA animation (hi-res).ogv

attrs: href title target

attrs: id class style videopayload

values: <video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv/640px--Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="47.266666666667" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_(hi-res).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1017168" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (3.09 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="3088006" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="161320" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="284712" data-framerate="30"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv/Millisecond_pulsar_and_accretion_disk_-_NASA_animation_%28hi-res%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="512328" data-framerate="30"/></video>

attrs: class style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Period_(physics)
mw-redirect
Period (physics)

values:
/wiki/PSR_B1913%2B16
mw-redirect
PSR B1913+16

values:
/wiki/Synchrotron_emission
mw-redirect
Synchrotron emission

values:
/wiki/Radio_frequency_interference
mw-redirect
Radio frequency interference

values:
/wiki/Radio_waves
mw-redirect
Radio waves

values:
/wiki/Crab_pulsar
mw-redirect
Crab pulsar

values:
/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics
mw-redirect
Nobel Prize in physics

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Russell_Hulse
mw-redirect
Russell Hulse

values:
/wiki/Gravitational_radiation
mw-redirect
Gravitational radiation

values:
/wiki/Orbital_energy
mw-redirect
Orbital energy

values:
/wiki/Atomic_clocks
mw-redirect
Atomic clocks

values:
/wiki/Extrasolar_planet
mw-redirect
Extrasolar planet

values: Edit section: Formation, mechanism, turn off

values: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

values:
/wiki/Accretion-powered_pulsar
mw-redirect
Accretion-powered pulsar

values:
/wiki/Pioneer_Plaque
mw-redirect
Pioneer Plaque

values: Edit section: Probes of the interstellar medium

values:
/wiki/Dispersion_measure
mw-redirect
Dispersion measure

values:
/wiki/Column_density
mw-redirect
Column density

values: {\displaystyle \mathrm {DM} =\int _{0}^{D}n_{e}(s)ds,}

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.695ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.009ex;

values:
/wiki/Scintillation_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Scintillation (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Visible_light
mw-redirect
Visible light

values:
/wiki/Doppler_shift
mw-redirect
Doppler shift

values: Edit section: Gravitational waves detectors

values:
/wiki/Gravitational_waves
mw-redirect
Gravitational waves

values:
/wiki/Parkes_Pulsar_Timing_Array
mw-redirect
Parkes Pulsar Timing Array

values: North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves

values:
/wiki/Millisecond_Pulsars
mw-redirect
Millisecond Pulsars

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align: center; float: right;

values:
/wiki/PSR_1913%2B16
mw-redirect
PSR 1913+16

values: File:Vela Pulsar jet seen by Chandra Observatory.ogv

values: width: 150px; margin:41px auto; width:120px;

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/512px--Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:512px;height:288px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="59.92679321586" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 512 × 288 (505 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="512" data-height="288" data-bandwidth="504847" data-framerate="29.9699"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="124984" data-framerate="29.9699"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="248176" data-framerate="29.9699"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Vela_pulsar
mw-redirect
Vela pulsar

values: File:Artist’s impression video of the exotic binary star system AR Scorpii.webm

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/854px--Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="30.962" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Artist’s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1011960" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2271368" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-title="Original WebM file, 3,840 × 2,160 (2.53 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" data-bandwidth="2528799" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="4570528" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="131808" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="257344" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="505752" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105461

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.46.76.2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F216567a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F218731a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1011.0718

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F300615a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1612.03185

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-016-0029

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-3366

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1607.08265

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18620

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27462808

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1001.1068

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2010.10.023

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1004.0115

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.83.1

values: Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0106359

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.73.1031

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F172870

values: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F287.4.739

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1007.0007

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.GA

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/0908.1331

values:
nofollow
external text
http://arxiv.org/abs/1612.03185

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F23650

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/0805.2396

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1157580

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483399

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1008.2172

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1195253

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705813

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1211.1385

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1229054

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112297

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Edit section: References and further reading

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2003-5

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A882218

values:
nofollow
http://www.aip.org/history/mod/
external text

values:
/wiki/Starquake_(astrophysics)
mw-redirect
Starquake (astrophysics)

values:
/wiki/Timing_noise
mw-redirect
Timing noise

values: Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values:
/wiki/Red_giant_branch
mw-redirect
Red giant branch

values:
/wiki/Blue_supergiant
mw-redirect
Blue supergiant

values:
/wiki/Red_supergiant
mw-redirect
Red supergiant

values:
/wiki/Yellow_supergiant
mw-redirect
Yellow supergiant

values:
/wiki/Late-type_star
mw-redirect
Late-type star

values:
/wiki/Strange_star
mw-redirect
Strange star

values:
/wiki/Planck_star
mw-redirect
Planck star

values:
/wiki/Deuterium_burning
mw-redirect
Deuterium burning

values:
/wiki/Eclipsing_binary
mw-redirect
Eclipsing binary

values:
/wiki/Symbiotic_binary
mw-redirect
Symbiotic binary

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Slowly_pulsating_B_star
mw-redirect
Slowly pulsating B star

values:
/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable
mw-redirect
Gamma Cassiopeiae variable

values:
/wiki/Z_Andromedae_variable
mw-redirect
Z Andromedae variable

values:
/wiki/FK_Comae_Berenices_variable
mw-redirect
FK Comae Berenices variable

values:
/wiki/Planetary_transit_variable
mw-redirect
Planetary transit variable

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Supernova_neutrino
mw-redirect
Supernova neutrino

values:
/wiki/List_of_most_massive_known_stars
mw-redirect
List of most massive known stars

values: Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey

values:
/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe
mw-redirect
Supernova/Acceleration Probe

values: navigation navbox Supernovae padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047828-2

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Category:Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Pulsar
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: পালসার – Bangla

values: Пульсар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Πάλσαρ – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaro
Pulsaro – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: تپ‌اختر – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Պուլսարներ – Armenian

values: पल्सर – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaro
Pulsaro – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: פולסר – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пульсар – Kazakh

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaras
Pulsaras – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: पल्सार – Marathi

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пульсар – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzar
Pulzar – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzar
Pulzar – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пулсар – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsari
Pulsari – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: துடிவிண்மீன் – Tamil

values: Пульсар – Tatar

values: พัลซาร์ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsar – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_xung
Sao xung – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pulsar rootpage-Pulsar skin-vector action-view


text:
List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This is a list of the United States cities over 100,000 people that have populations that are more than 30% Black or African American.[note 1] Statistics include Black people regardless of nationality.
Cities with the highest percentage of Blacks or African Americans in 2010.
There are 19 American cities with populations over 100,000 that have majority (over 50%) Black or African-American populations. These cities are located in the following 13 states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, as well as Washington, D.C.
Contents
1 Cities with the highest percentage of Black or African-Americans
2 Cities with the highest number of Black or African American people
3 Select cities with a large percentage of Black or African American people
4 See also
5 Notes and references
Cities with the highest percentage of Black or African-Americans[edit]
Top Ten cities with 100,000 or more total population and the highest percentages of Blacks or African-Americans, alone or with other races[1]
City
Total population
Black or African American, alone or with other races
Black or African American, alone
Mixed-race Black/African-American
Rank
Percentage of total population
Rank
Percentage of
total population
Rank
Percentage of
total population
Detroit, Michigan 713,777 1 84.3 1 82.7 83 1.6
Jackson, Mississippi 173,514 2 80.1 2 79.4 242 0.7
Miami Gardens, Florida 107,167 3 77.9 3 76.3 91 1.6
Birmingham, Alabama 212,237 4 74.0 4 73.4 257 0.6
Baltimore, Maryland 620,961 5 65.1 5 63.7 134 1.3
Memphis, Tennessee 646,889 6 64.1 6 63.3 225 0.8
New Orleans, Louisiana 343,831 7 61.2 7 60.2 184 1.0
Flint, Michigan 102,434 8 59.5 9 56.6 9 2.9
Montgomery, Alabama 205,764 9 57.4 8 56.6 231 0.8
Savannah, Georgia 136,286 10 56.7 10 55.4 139 1.3
Ten cities with 100,000 or more total population and the highest percentage "Black in combination" (mixed with other races)[1]
City
Total
population
Black or African American, alone or mixed with other races
Black or African American, alone
Mixed-race Black/African-American
Rank
Percent of
total population
Rank
Percent of
total population
Rank
Percent of
total population
Lansing, Michigan 114,297 45 27.8 78 23.7 1 4.1
Tacoma, Washington 198,397 132 15.0 145 11.2 2 3.8
Killeen, Texas 127,921 40 37.9 46 34.1 3 3.8
Syracuse, New York 145,170 51 33.1 57 29.5 4 3.6
Providence, Rhode Island 178,042 109 19.4 114 16.0 5 3.3
Fairfield, California 105,321 111 19.0 118 15.7 6 3.3
Rochester, New York 210,565 29 44.9 33 41.7 7 3.2
Fayetteville, North Carolina 200,564 31 44.8 32 41.9 8 2.9
Vallejo, California 115,942 81 24.9 83 22.1 10 2.9
Cities with the highest number of Black or African American people[edit]
Ten cities with 100,000 or more total population
and the highest number of Blacks or African Americans[2]
City
Total
population
Black or African American,
alone or mixed with other races
Black or African American,
alone
Mixed-race Black/African-American
Rank
Number
Rank
Number
Rank
Number
New York, NY 8,175,133 1 2,228,145 1 2,088,510 1 139,635
Chicago, IL 2,695,598 2 913,009 2 887,608 3 25,401
Philadelphia, PA 1,526,006 3 686,870 3 661,839 4 25,031
Detroit, MI 713,777 4 601,988 4 590,226 13 11,762
Houston, TX 2,099,451 5 594,217 5 498,466 8 11,751
Memphis, TN 646,889 6 414,928 6 409,687 58 5,241
Baltimore, MD 620,961 7 403,998 7 395,781 29 8,217
Los Angeles, CA 3,792,621 8 402,448 8 365,118 2 37,330
Washington, DC 601,723 9 314,352 9 305,125 22 9,227
Dallas, TX 1,197,816 10 308,087 10 298,993 23 9,094
Select cities with a large percentage of Black or African American people[edit]
[dubious – discuss]
The following data was sourced from the 2010 U.S. Census.[citation needed]
Rank
City
Percentage Black or African American
Total Black or African American
1 Detroit, MI 82.7 590,226
2 Jackson, MS 79.4 137,716
3 Chester, PA 77.8 26,429
4 Miami Gardens, FL 76.3 81,776
5 Orangeburg, SC 75.04 13,964
6 Birmingham, AL 73.4 155,791
7 Albany, GA 71.6 55,442
8 Macon, GA 67.9 91,351
9 Baltimore, MD 63.7 395,781
10 Memphis, TN 63.3 409,687
11 New Orleans, LA 60.2 206,871
12 Baton Rouge, LA 58.5 126,250
12 Wilmington, DE 58 41,326
13 Flint, MI 56.6 57,939
14 Savannah, GA 55.4 75,507
15 Augusta, GA 54.7 107,182
16 Shreveport, LA 54.7 109,022
17 Montgomery, AL 54.5 116,524
18 Atlanta, GA 54.0 226,894
19 Cleveland, OH 53.3 211,672
20 Portsmouth, VA 53.3 50,878
21 Harrisburg, PA 52.4 25,957
22 Newark, NJ 52.4 145,085
23 Valdosta, GA 51.1 27,860
24 Washington, D.C. 50.7 305,125
25 Richmond, VA 50.6 103,342
26 Mobile, AL 50.6 98,691
27 St. Louis, MO 49.2 157,160
28 Danville, VA 48.3 43,055
29 Beaumont, TX 47.3 55,931
30 North Charleston, SC 47.2 45,964
31 Jackson, TN 45.7 29,802
32 Columbus, GA 45.5 86,398
33 Cincinnati, OH[3] 45.0 123,157
34 Saginaw, MI 44.9 23,127
35 Inglewood, CA 43.9 48,164
36 Philadelphia, PA 43.4 661,839
37 Norfolk, VA 43.1 104,672
38 Dayton, OH 42.9 60,705
39 Suffolk, VA 42.7 36,120
40 Little Rock, AR 42.3 81,889
41 Columbia, SC 42.2 54,537
42 Fayetteville, NC 41.9 82,235
43 Rochester, NY 41.7 87,897
44 Durham, NC 41.0 93,517
45 Fort Pierce, FL 40.9 17,617
46 Newport News, VA 40.7 73,514
47 Greensboro, NC 40.6 109,586
48 Milwaukee, WI 40.0 237,769
49 Hartford, CT 38.7 48,331
50 Buffalo, NY 38.6 100,774
51 Penn Hills, PA 37.1 15,688
52 McKeesport, PA 36.5 7,201
53 Bronx, NY[4] 36.5 505,200
54 New Haven, CT 35.4 45,938
55 Tallahassee, FL 35.0 63,475
56 Charlotte, NC 35.0 256,241
57 Chattanooga, TN 34.9 58,507
58 Winston-Salem, NC 34.7 79,598
59 Brooklyn, NY[4] 34.3 860,083
60 High Point, NC 33.0 34,532
61 Chicago, IL 32.9 887,608
62 Compton, CA 32.9 31,688
63 Cheltenham, PA 32.8 12,097
64 Hopkinsville, KY 31.9 10,273
65 Paterson, NJ 31.7 46,314
66 Greenville, SC 31.5 18,422
67 Huntsville, AL 31.2 56,229
68 Brockton, MA 31.2 30,147
69 Jacksonville, FL 30.7 252,421
70 Kansas City, MO 29.9 137,540
71 Raleigh, NC 29.3 117,160
72 Lafayette, LA 28.51 34,654
73 Orlando, FL 28.1 66,876
74 Columbus, OH 28.0 220,241
75 Oakland, CA 28.0 109,471
76 Nashville, TN 27.7 181,387
77 Hawthorne, CA 27.7 23,385
78 Upper Darby, PA 27.5 22,769
79 Indianapolis, IN 27.2 226,671
80 Toledo, OH 27.2 69,243
81 Kansas City, KS 26.8 39,080
82 Richmond, CA 26.6 27,542
83 South Bend, IN 26.6 26,906
84 Tampa, FL 26.2 87,872
85 Pittsburgh, PA 26.1 79,710
86 Charleston, SC 25.4 30,496
87 Dallas, TX 25.0 298,993
88 Boston, MA 24.4 150,437
89 Houston, TX 23.6 498,466
90 Springfield, MA 22.3 34,073
91 Louisville, KY 22.2 136,611
92 Queens, NY[4] 20.1 446,098
93 North Las Vegas, NV 19.9 47,502
94 Virginia Beach, VA 19.6 85,935
95 Minneapolis, MN 18.6 71,160
96 Erie, PA 16.8 17,141
97 Victorville, CA 16.8 19,483
98 Port St. Lucie, FL 16.3 27,876
99 Aurora, CO 15.7 51,196
100 Manhattan, NY[4] 15.6 246,687
101 Oklahoma City, OK 15.1 87,354
102 San Bernardino, CA 15.0 31,582
103 Sacramento, CA 14.6 68,335
104 Lexington, KY 14.5 46,110
105 Bowling Green, KY 13.9 9,067
See also[edit]
African American portal
List of U.S. states by African-American population
List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
List of U.S. communities with African American majority populations
List of African American neighborhoods
Demographics of the United States
Notes and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ The United States Census Bureau defines Archived 2014-03-27 at the Wayback Machine. a "Black or African American" as "[a] person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as 'Black, African Am., or Negro'; or report entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian."
References
^ Jump up to: a b The Black Population: 2010 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. Table 7.
Jump up ^ The Black Population: 2010 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. Table 6.
Jump up ^ 2010 census figures for Saginaw Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brooklyn, The Bronx, and Queens are not cities, but rather boroughs of New York City.
hide
v
t
e
African American topics
History
Atlantic slave trade
Maafa
Slavery in the United States
Partus sequitur ventrem
Free negro
Reconstruction era
Military history of African Americans
Jim Crow laws
Nadir of American race relations
Redlining
Great Migration
Civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–68
Black Power movement
Second Great Migration
Afrocentrism
New Great Migration
Post–civil rights era
Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
Black Lives Matter
Culture
Art
African-American names
Afrofuturism
Black mecca
Dance
Film
Juneteenth
Kwanzaa
Literature
Music
Musical theater
Neighborhoods
Sexual orientation
Soul food
Education, science
and technology
Black schools
Black colleges and universities
Museums
African-American studies
Inventors and scientists
Women
in computer science
in medicine
in STEM fields
Religion
Black church
Black theology
Doctrine of Father Divine
American Society of Muslims
Nation of Islam
Black Hebrew Israelites
Political movements
Pan-Africanism
Self-determination
Nationalism
Black Power
Black fist
Anarchism
Capitalism
Conservatism
Populism
Leftism
Garveyism
Back-to-Africa movement
Civic and economic
groups
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Black Panther Party
National Urban League (NUL)
Rights organizations
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
Sports
Negro league baseball
Baseball color line
Black players in professional American football
African Americans in the Canadian Football League
Black players in ice hockey
Athletic associations
and conferences
Central (CIAA)
Southern (SIAC)
Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
Southwestern (SWAC)
Ethnic subdivisions
Black Indians
Gullah
Fula
Igbo
Louisiana Creole (of color)
Melungeon
Yoruba
Demographics
Neighborhoods
list
U.S. cities with large populations
2000 majorities
2010 majorities
Metropolitan areas
Black Belt
Languages
English
American English
African-American English
Gullah
Louisiana Creole French
By state/city
Alabama
Florida
Georgia (Atlanta)
Illinois (Chicago)
Iowa (Davenport)
Louisiana
Maryland
Massachusetts (Boston)
Michigan (Detroit)
Mississippi
Nebraska (Omaha)
New York
New York City
North Carolina
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia)
Puerto Rico
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Dallas-Fort Worth
Houston
Diaspora
Africa
Gambia
Ghana
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Back-to-Africa movement
Americas
Caribbean history
Canada
Nova Scotia
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
Other
France
Israel
Lists
African Americans
visual artists
Republicans
US representatives
US senators
African-American firsts
mayors
US state firsts
Neighborhoods
Landmark African-American legislation
African American-related articles
Topics related to the African diaspora
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations&oldid=857077283"
Categories:
African-American demographics
African American-related lists
Lists of United States populated places by ethnic group
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from December 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 12:17 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/African_American
mw-redirect
African American

value: sup

value: p

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Cities with the highest percentage of Black or African-Americans

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Edit section: Cities with the highest number of Black or African American people

values: Edit section: Select cities with a large percentage of Black or African American people

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2011)

values: Talk:List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations

values:
/wiki/U.S._Census
mw-redirect
U.S. Census

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Jackson,_MS
mw-redirect
Jackson, MS

values:
/wiki/Chester,_PA
mw-redirect
Chester, PA

values:
/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_FL
mw-redirect
Miami Gardens, FL

values:
/wiki/Orangeburg,_SC
mw-redirect
Orangeburg, SC

values:
/wiki/Birmingham,_AL
mw-redirect
Birmingham, AL

values:
/wiki/Memphis,_TN
mw-redirect
Memphis, TN

values:
/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_LA
mw-redirect
Baton Rouge, LA

values:
/wiki/Wilmington,_DE
mw-redirect
Wilmington, DE

values:
/wiki/Savannah,_GA
mw-redirect
Savannah, GA

values:
/wiki/Augusta,_GA
mw-redirect
Augusta, GA

values:
/wiki/Shreveport,_LA
mw-redirect
Shreveport, LA

values:
/wiki/Montgomery,_AL
mw-redirect
Montgomery, AL

values:
/wiki/Portsmouth,_VA
mw-redirect
Portsmouth, VA

values:
/wiki/Harrisburg,_PA
mw-redirect
Harrisburg, PA

values:
/wiki/Valdosta,_GA
mw-redirect
Valdosta, GA

values:
/wiki/Richmond,_VA
mw-redirect
Richmond, VA

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_MO
mw-redirect
St. Louis, MO

values:
/wiki/Danville,_VA
mw-redirect
Danville, VA

values:
/wiki/Beaumont,_TX
mw-redirect
Beaumont, TX

values:
/wiki/North_Charleston,_SC
mw-redirect
North Charleston, SC

values:
/wiki/Jackson,_TN
mw-redirect
Jackson, TN

values:
/wiki/Columbus,_GA
mw-redirect
Columbus, GA

values:
/wiki/Cincinnati,_OH
mw-redirect
Cincinnati, OH

values:
/wiki/Inglewood,_CA
mw-redirect
Inglewood, CA

values:
/wiki/Norfolk,_VA
mw-redirect
Norfolk, VA

values:
/wiki/Suffolk,_VA
mw-redirect
Suffolk, VA

values:
/wiki/Little_Rock,_AR
mw-redirect
Little Rock, AR

values:
/wiki/Columbia,_SC
mw-redirect
Columbia, SC

values:
/wiki/Fayetteville,_NC
mw-redirect
Fayetteville, NC

values:
/wiki/Rochester,_NY
mw-redirect
Rochester, NY

values:
/wiki/Newport_News,_VA
mw-redirect
Newport News, VA

values:
/wiki/Greensboro,_NC
mw-redirect
Greensboro, NC

values:
/wiki/Hartford,_CT
mw-redirect
Hartford, CT

values:
/wiki/Buffalo,_NY
mw-redirect
Buffalo, NY

values:
/wiki/Penn_Hills,_PA
mw-redirect
Penn Hills, PA

values:
/wiki/McKeesport,_PA
mw-redirect
McKeesport, PA

values:
/wiki/New_Haven,_CT
mw-redirect
New Haven, CT

values:
/wiki/Tallahassee,_FL
mw-redirect
Tallahassee, FL

values:
/wiki/Charlotte,_NC
mw-redirect
Charlotte, NC

values:
/wiki/Chattanooga,_TN
mw-redirect
Chattanooga, TN

values:
/wiki/Winston-Salem,_NC
mw-redirect
Winston-Salem, NC

values:
/wiki/High_Point,_NC
mw-redirect
High Point, NC

values:
/wiki/Compton,_CA
mw-redirect
Compton, CA

values:
/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania

values:
/wiki/Hopkinsville,_KY
mw-redirect
Hopkinsville, KY

values:
/wiki/Paterson,_NJ
mw-redirect
Paterson, NJ

values:
/wiki/Greenville,_SC
mw-redirect
Greenville, SC

values:
/wiki/Huntsville,_AL
mw-redirect
Huntsville, AL

values:
/wiki/Brockton,_MA
mw-redirect
Brockton, MA

values:
/wiki/Jacksonville,_FL
mw-redirect
Jacksonville, FL

values:
/wiki/Kansas_City,_MO
mw-redirect
Kansas City, MO

values:
/wiki/Raleigh,_NC
mw-redirect
Raleigh, NC

values:
/wiki/Lafayette,_LA
mw-redirect
Lafayette, LA

values:
/wiki/Orlando,_FL
mw-redirect
Orlando, FL

values:
/wiki/Columbus,_OH
mw-redirect
Columbus, OH

values:
/wiki/Oakland,_CA
mw-redirect
Oakland, CA

values:
/wiki/Nashville,_TN
mw-redirect
Nashville, TN

values:
/wiki/Hawthorne,_CA
mw-redirect
Hawthorne, CA

values:
/wiki/Upper_Darby,_PA
mw-redirect
Upper Darby, PA

values:
/wiki/Kansas_City,_KS
mw-redirect
Kansas City, KS

values:
/wiki/Richmond,_CA
mw-redirect
Richmond, CA

values:
/wiki/South_Bend,_IN
mw-redirect
South Bend, IN

values:
/wiki/Pittsburgh,_PA
mw-redirect
Pittsburgh, PA

values:
/wiki/Charleston,_SC
mw-redirect
Charleston, SC

values:
/wiki/Houston,_TX
mw-redirect
Houston, TX

values:
/wiki/Springfield,_MA
mw-redirect
Springfield, MA

values:
/wiki/Louisville,_KY
mw-redirect
Louisville, KY

values:
/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_NV
mw-redirect
North Las Vegas, NV

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_VA
mw-redirect
Virginia Beach, VA

values:
/wiki/Victorville,_CA
mw-redirect
Victorville, CA

values:
/wiki/Port_St._Lucie
mw-redirect
Port St. Lucie

values:
/wiki/Manhattan,_NY
mw-redirect
Manhattan, NY

values:
/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_OK
mw-redirect
Oklahoma City, OK

values:
/wiki/San_Bernardino,_CA
mw-redirect
San Bernardino, CA

values:
/wiki/Sacramento,_CA
mw-redirect
Sacramento, CA

values:
/wiki/Lexington,_KY
mw-redirect
Lexington, KY

values:
/wiki/Bowling_Green,_KY
mw-redirect
Bowling Green, KY

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Demographics of the United States

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)
mw-redirect
Borough (New York City)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

values: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

values: Second Great Migration (African American)

values: Post–civil rights era in African-American history

values: African-American culture and sexual orientation

values: Historically black colleges and universities

values: List of museums focused on African Americans

values: List of African-American inventors and scientists

values: African American women in computer science

values: List of African-American women in STEM fields

values:
/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine
mw-redirect
Doctrine of Father Divine

values: Southern Christian Leadership Conference

values: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

values: Category:African Americans' rights organizations

values:
/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund
mw-redirect
United Negro College Fund

values: Black players in professional American football

values: History of African Americans in the Canadian Football League

values: Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association

values: Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

values: List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000

values:
/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French
mw-redirect
Louisiana Creole French

values: African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: History of the African-Americans in Philadelphia

values:
/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Rican
mw-redirect
Afro-Puerto Rican

values: History of the African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth

values: History of the African Americans in Houston

values:
/wiki/African-Americans_in_Ghana
mw-redirect
African-Americans in Ghana

values:
/wiki/Haitian_emigration
mw-redirect
Haitian emigration

values: List of African-American United States Representatives

values: List of African-American United States Senators

values: List of African-American U.S. state firsts

values: List of landmark African-American legislation

values: Index of articles related to African Americans

values: List of topics related to the African diaspora

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Lists of United States populated places by ethnic group

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_U_S_cities_with_large_African-American_populations rootpage-List_of_U_S_cities_with_large_African-American_populations skin-vector action-view