text:
Polyphony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the musical texture. For other uses, see Polyphony (disambiguation).
A bar from J.S. Bach's "Fugue No.17 in A flat", BWV 862, from Das Wohltemperierte Clavier (Part I), a famous example of contrapuntal polyphony. Play (help·info)
In music, polyphony is one type of musical texture, where a texture is, generally speaking, the way that melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic aspects of a musical composition are combined to shape the overall sound and quality of the work. In particular, polyphony consists of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.
Within the context of the Western musical tradition, the term polyphony is usually used to refer to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Baroque forms such as fugue, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as contrapuntal. Also, as opposed to the species terminology of counterpoint,[clarification needed] polyphony was generally either "pitch-against-pitch" / "point-against-point" or "sustained-pitch" in one part with melismas of varying lengths in another.[1] In all cases the conception was probably what Margaret Bent (1999) calls "dyadic counterpoint",[2] with each part being written generally against one other part, with all parts modified if needed in the end. This point-against-point conception is opposed to "successive composition", where voices were written in an order with each new voice fitting into the whole so far constructed, which was previously assumed.
The term polyphony is also sometimes used more broadly, to describe any musical texture that is not monophonic. Such a perspective considers homophony as a sub-type of polyphony.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 European polyphony
2.1 Historical context
2.2 Western Europe and Roman Catholicism
2.2.1 Notable works and artists
2.3 Protestant Britain and the United States
2.4 Balkan region
2.5 Corsica
3 Caucasus region
3.1 Georgia
3.2 Chechens and Ingushes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origins[edit]
Traditional (non-professional) polyphony has a wide, if uneven, distribution among the peoples of the world.[citation needed] Most polyphonic regions of the world are in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Oceania. It is believed that the origins of polyphony in traditional music vastly predate the emergence of polyphony in European professional music. Currently there are two contradictory approaches to the problem of the origins of vocal polyphony: the Cultural Model, and the Evolutionary Model.[4] According to the Cultural Model, the origins of polyphony are connected to the development of human musical culture; polyphony came as the natural development of the primordial monophonic singing; therefore polyphonic traditions are bound to gradually replace monophonic traditions.[5] According to the Evolutionary Model, the origins of polyphonic singing are much deeper, and are connected to the earlier stages of human evolution; polyphony was an important part of a defence system of the hominids, and traditions of polyphony are gradually disappearing all over the world.[6]:198–210
Although the exact origins of polyphony in the Western church traditions are unknown, the treatises Musica enchiriadis and Scolica enchiriadis, both dating from c. 900, are usually considered the oldest extant written examples of polyphony. These treatises provided examples of two-voice note-against-note embellishments of chants using parallel octaves, fifths, and fourths. Rather than being fixed works, they indicated ways of improvising polyphony during performance. The Winchester Troper, from c. 1000, is the oldest extant example of notated polyphony for chant performance, although the notation does not indicate precise pitch levels or durations.[7]
European polyphony[edit]
Historical context[edit]
European polyphony rose out of melismatic organum, the earliest harmonization of the chant. Twelfth-century composers, such as Léonin and Pérotin developed the organum that was introduced centuries earlier, and also added a third and fourth voice to the now homophonic chant. In the thirteenth century, the chant-based tenor was becoming altered, fragmented, and hidden beneath secular tunes, obscuring the sacred texts as composers continued to play with this new invention called polyphony. The lyrics of love poems might be sung above sacred texts in the form of a trope, or the sacred text might be placed within a familiar secular melody. The oldest surviving piece of six-part music is the English rota Sumer is icumen in (c. 1240).[8]
These musical innovations appeared in a greater context of societal change. After the first millennium, European monks decided to start translating the works of Greek philosophers into the vernacular. Western Europeans were aware of Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates during the Middle Ages. However they had largely lost touch with the content of their surviving works because the use of Greek as a living language was restricted to the lands of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). Once these ancient works started being translated thus becoming accessible, the philosophies had a great impact on the mind of Western Europe. This sparked a number of innovations in medicine, science, art, and music.
Western Europe and Roman Catholicism[edit]
European polyphony rose prior to, and during the period of the Western Schism. Avignon, the seat of the antipopes, was a vigorous center of secular music-making, much of which influenced sacred polyphony.[9]
It was not merely polyphony that offended the medieval ears, but the notion of secular music merging with the sacred and making its way into the papal court. It gave church music more of a jocular performance quality removing the solemn worship they were accustomed to. The use of and attitude toward polyphony varied widely in the Avignon court from the beginning to the end of its religious importance in the fourteenth century. Harmony was not only considered frivolous, impious, and lascivious, but an obstruction to the audibility of the words. Instruments, as well as certain modes, were actually forbidden in the church because of their association with secular music and pagan rites. Dissonant clashes of notes give a creepy feeling that was labeled as evil, fueling their argument against polyphony as being the devil’s music. After banishing polyphony from the Liturgy in 1322, Pope John XXII spoke in his 1324 bull Docta Sanctorum Patrum warning against the unbecoming elements of this musical innovation.[10] Pope Clement VI, however, indulged in it.
The oldest extant polyphonic setting of the mass attributable to one composer is Guillaume de Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame, dated to 1364, during the pontificate of Pope Urban V.
More recently, the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) stated: "Gregorian chant, other things being equal, should be given pride of place in liturgical services. But other kinds of sacred music, especially polyphony, are by no means excluded.... Religious singing by the people is to be skillfully fostered, so that in devotions and sacred exercises, as also during liturgical services, the voices of the faithful may ring out”.[11]
Notable works and artists[edit]
Tomás Luis de Victoria
William Byrd, Mass for Five Voices
Thomas Tallis
Orlandus Lassus, Missa super Bella'Amfitrit'altera
Guillaume de Machaut, Messe de Nostre Dame
Jacob Obrecht
Palestrina, Missa Papae Marcelli
Josquin des Prez, Missa Pange Lingua
Gregorio Allegri, Miserere
Protestant Britain and the United States[edit]
English Protestant west gallery music included polyphonic multi-melodic harmony, including fuguing tunes, by the mid-18th century. This tradition passed with emigrants to North America, where it was proliferated in tunebooks, including shape-note books like The Southern Harmony and The Sacred Harp. While this style of singing has largely disappeared from British and North American sacred music, it survived in the rural Southern United States, until it again began to grow a following throughout the United States and even in places such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, Poland, Australia and New Zealand, among others.[citation needed]
Balkan region[edit]
Albanian polyphonic folk group wearing qeleshe and fustanella in Skrapar.
Polyphonic singing in the Balkans is traditional folk singing of this part of southern Europe. It is also called ancient, archaic or old-style singing.[12][13]
Byzantine chant
Ojkanje singing, in Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ganga singing, in Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Epirote singing, in northern Greece and southern Albania (see below)
Iso-polyphony in southern Albania (see below)
Gusle singing, in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Albania
Izvika singing, in Serbia
Woman choirs of Shopi (Bistritsa Babi) and Pirin, in Bulgaria
Incipient polyphony (previously primitive polyphony) includes antiphony and call and response, drones, and parallel intervals.
Balkan drone music is described as polyphonic due to Balkan musicians using a literal translation of the Greek polyphōnos ('many voices'). In terms of Western classical music, it is not strictly polyphonic, due to the drone parts having no melodic role, and can better be described as multipart.[14]
The polyphonic singing tradition of Epirus is a form of traditional folk polyphony practiced among Aromanians, Albanians, Greeks, and Macedonian Slavs in southern Albania and northwestern Greece.[15][16] This type of folk vocal tradition is also found in the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. Albanian polyphonic singing can be divided into two major stylistic groups as performed by the Tosks and Labs of southern Albania. The drone is performed in two ways: among the Tosks, it is always continuous and sung on the syllable ‘e’, using staggered breathing; while among the Labs, the drone is sometimes sung as a rhythmic tone, performed to the text of the song. It can be differentiated between two-, three- and four-voice polyphony.
The phenomenon of Albanian folk iso-polyphony (Albanian iso-polyphony) has been proclaimed by UNESCO a "Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity". The term iso refers to the drone, which accompanies the iso-polyphonic singing and is related to the ison of Byzantine church music, where the drone group accompanies the song.[17][18]
Corsica[edit]
The French island Corsica has a unique style of music called Paghjella that is known for its polyphony. Traditionally, Paghjella contains a staggered entrance and continues with the three singers carrying independent melodies. This music tends to contain lots of melisma and is sung in a nasally temperament. Additionally, many paghjella songs contain a picardy third. After paghjella's revival in the 1970s, it experienced some changes. In the 1980s it had moved away from some of its more traditional features as it became much more heavily produced and tailored towards western tastes. There were now 4 singers, significantly less melisma, it was much more structured, and it exemplified more homophony. To the people of Corsica, the polyphony of paghjella represented freedom; it had been a source of cultural pride in Corsica and many felt that this movement away from the polyphonic style meant a movement away from paghjella's cultural ties. This resulted in a transition in the 1990s. Paghjella again had a strong polyphonic style and had a less structured meter.[19][20]
Caucasus region[edit]
Georgia[edit]
Polyphony in the Republic of Georgia is arguably the oldest polyphony in the Christian world. Georgian polyphony is traditionally sung in three parts with strong dissonances, parallel fifths, and a unique tuning system based on perfect fifths. Georgian polyphonic singing has been proclaimed by UNESCO an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[21] Polyphony plays a crucial role in Abkhazian traditional music. Polyphony is present in all genres where the social environment provides more than one singer to support the melodic line. The ethnomusicologist Izaly Zemtsovsky reported witnessing an example of such an incident, in which an Abkhazian dozing at a bus stop started singing a drone to support a singer unknown to him.[6]:8 Abkhazian two and three-part polyphony is based on a drone (sometimes a double drone). Two part drone songs are considered by Abkhazian and Georgian scholars the most important indigenous style of Abkhazian polyphony. Two-part drone songs are dominating in Gudauta district, the core region of ethnic Abkhazians. Millennia of cultural, social and economic interactions between Abkhazians and Georgians on this territory resulted in reciprocal influences, and in particular, creation of a new, so-called “Georgian style” of three-part singing in Abkhazia, unknown among Adighis. This style is based on two leading melodic lines (performed by soloists - akhkizkhuo) singing together with the drone or ostinato base (argizra). Indigenous Abkhazian style of three-part polyphony uses double drones (in fourths, fifths, or octaves) and one leading melodic line at one time. Abkhazians use a very specific cadence: tetrachordal downward movement, ending on the interval of a fourth.[6]:55
Chechens and Ingushes[edit]
Both Chechen and Ingush traditional music could be very much defined by their tradition of vocal polyphony. As in other North Caucasian musical cultures, Chechen and Ingush polyphony is based on a drone. Unlike most of the other North Caucasian polyphonic traditions (where two-part polyphony is the leading type), Chechen and Ingush polyphony is mostly three-part. Middle part, the carrier of the main melody of songs, is accompanied by the double drone, holding the interval of the fifth “around” the main melody. Intervals and chords, used in Chechen and Ingush polyphony, are often dissonances (sevenths, seconds, fourths). This is quite usual in all North Caucasian traditions of polyphony as well, but in Chechen and Ingush traditional songs more sharp dissonances are used. In particular, a specific cadence, where the final chord is a dissonant three-part chord, consisting of fourth and the second on top (c-f-g), is quite unique for North Caucasia. Only on the other side of Caucasian mountains, in western Georgia, there are only few songs that finish on the same dissonant chord (c-f-g).[6]:60–61
See also[edit]
Micropolyphony
Polyphonic Era
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hendrik van der Werf (1997). "Early Western polyphony", Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816540-4.
Jump up ^ Margaret Bent (1999). "The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis", Tonal Structures of Early Music. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-2388-3.
Jump up ^ DeVoto, Mark (2015). "Polyphony". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
Jump up ^ Jordania, Joseph (2011). Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution. Logos. pp. 60–70. ISBN 978-9941-401-86-2.
Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl. Polyphony in North American Indian music. Musical Quarterly, 1961, 47:354–62
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joseph Jordania (2006). Who Asked the First Question? The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech (PDF). Tbilisi: Logos. ISBN 99940-31-81-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Riemann, Hugo. History of music theory, books I and II: polyphonic theory to the sixteenth century, Book 1. Da Capo Press. June 1974.
Jump up ^ Albright, Daniel (2004). Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-01267-0.
Jump up ^ Riemann, Hugo. History of music theory, books I and II: polyphonic theory to the sixteenth century, Book 2. Da Capo Press. June 1974.
Jump up ^ Pope John XXII (1879). "Translated from the original Latin of the bull Docta sanctorum patrum as given in Corpus iuris canonici, ed. a. 1582" (PDF). pp. 1256–57.
Jump up ^ Vatican II, Constitution on the Liturgy, 112–18
Jump up ^ "Startseite - Forschungszentrum für Europäische Mehrstimmigkeit". www.mdw.ac.at.
Jump up ^ Kartomi, Margaret J.; Blum, Stephen (9 January 1994). "Music-cultures in contact: convergences and collisions". Currency Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Koço, Eno (27 February 2015). A Journey of the Vocal Iso(n). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. xx. ISBN 978-1-4438-7578-3. A free, unpublished version of this passage is available on Google Books.
Jump up ^ Bart Plantenga. Yodel-ay-ee-oooo. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-93990-4, p. 87 Albania: "Singers in Pogoni region perform a style of polyphony that is also practised by locals in Vlach and Slav communities [in Albania].
Jump up ^ Engendering Song: Singing and Subjectivity at Prespa by Jane C. Sugarman, 1997, ISBN 0-226-77972-6, p. 356, "Neither of the polyphonic textures characteristic of south Albanian singing is unique to Albanians. The style is shared with Greeks in the Northwestern district of Epirus (see Fakiou and Romanos 1984) while the Tosk style is common among Aromanian communities from the Kolonje region of Albania the so called Farsherotii (see Lortat-Jacob and Bouet 1983) and among Slavs of the Kastoria region of Northern Greece (see N.Kaufamann 1959 ). Macedonians in the lower villages of the Prespa district also formerly sang this style "
Jump up ^ European voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the ..., Volume 1 By Ardian Ahmedaja, Gerlinde Haid p. 241 [1]
Jump up ^ "Albanian Folk Iso-polyphony". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Keyser, William. "Learn about Corsican traditional music, groups and recordings". www.corsica-isula.com. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ Bithell, Caroline (1996). Polyphonic Voices: National Identity, World Music and the Recording of Traditional Music in Corsica. British Forum of Ethnomusicology.
Jump up ^ "Georgian Polyphonic Singing". UNESCO.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyphony.
Thirteenth-Century Polyphony
Tuning and Intonation in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Polyphony
World Routes in Albania – Iso-Polyphony in Southern Albania on BBC Radio 3
World Routes in Georgia – Ancient polyphony from the Caucasus region on BBC Radio 3
Aka Pygmy Polyphony African Pygmy music, with photos and soundscapes
hide
v
t
e
Counterpoint and polyphony
Canon
Catch
English cadence
False relation
Fugue
Imitation
Ricercar
Round
Subject
Voice
Voice leading
hide
v
t
e
Musical textures
Monophony
Homorhythm and Homophony
Heterophony
Polyphony and Counterpoint
Micropolyphony
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyphony&oldid=840501881"
Categories:
Polyphonic form
Polyphonic singing
Harmony
Musical texture
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Furlan
Gaeilge
Galego
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Latina
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Тоҷикӣ
Українська
中文
42 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 09:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Polyphony_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Polyphony (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/J.S._Bach
mw-redirect
J.S. Bach

values:
/wiki/Well-tempered_Clavier
mw-redirect
Well-tempered Clavier

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Rota_(music)
mw-redirect
Rota (music)

values:
/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in
mw-redirect
Sumer is icumen in

values: Edit section: Western Europe and Roman Catholicism

values: Docta Sanctorum Patrum (page does not exist)

values: Mass for Five Voices (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Orlandus_Lassus
mw-redirect
Orlandus Lassus

values:
/wiki/Missa_Pange_Lingua
mw-redirect
Missa Pange Lingua

values: Edit section: Protestant Britain and the United States

values:
/wiki/The_Southern_Harmony
mw-redirect
The Southern Harmony

values:
/wiki/The_Sacred_Harp
mw-redirect
The Sacred Harp

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
/wiki/Ojkanje_singing
mw-redirect
Ojkanje singing

values:
/wiki/Parallel_interval
mw-redirect
Parallel interval

values:
grc-Latn
Ancient Greek-language transliteration

values: Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.corsica-isula.com/music.htm

values: Template talk:Counterpoint & polyphony (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Texture (music) (page does not exist)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Polyphony
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: بولفونية – Arabic

values: Паліфонія – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Полифония – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie
Polyfonie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliffoni
Poliffoni – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni
Polyfoni – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πολυφωνία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonio
Polifonio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: چندصدایی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Պոլիֆոնիա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonio
Polifonio – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifoni
Polifoni – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פוליפוניה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: პოლიფონია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Полифония – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Полифония – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie
Polyfonie – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonie
Polyfonie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni
Polyfoni – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni
Polyfoni – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonia
Polifonia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polifonie
Polifonie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Полифония – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Полифонија – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfonia
Polyfonia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyfoni
Polyfoni – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Полифония – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values: Поліфонія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Polyphony rootpage-Polyphony skin-vector action-view


text:
Iron(III) chloride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Iron(III) chloride

Iron(III) chloride (hydrate)

Iron(III) chloride (anhydrous)
Names
IUPAC names
Iron(III) chloride
Iron trichloride
Other names
Ferric chloride
Molysite
Flores martis
Identifiers
CAS Number
7705-08-0 Y
10025-77-1 (hexahydrate) N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:30808 Y
ChemSpider
22792 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.846
EC Number 231-729-4
PubChem CID
24380
RTECS number LJ9100000
UNII
U38V3ZVV3V N
0I2XIN602U (hexahydrate) N
UN number 1773 (anhydrous)
2582 (aq. soln.)
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/3ClH.Fe/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Y
Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Y
InChI=1S/3ClH.Fe/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-DFZHHIFOAF
Key: RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SMILES[show]
Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl
Properties
Chemical formula
FeCl3
Molar mass 162.204 g/mol (anhydrous)
270.295 g/mol (hexahydrate)[1]
Appearance green-black by reflected light; purple-red by transmitted light
hexahydrate: yellow solid
aq. solutions: brown
Odor slight HCl
Density 2.90 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.82 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)[1]
Melting point 307.6 °C (585.7 °F; 580.8 K) (anhydrous)
37 °C (99 °F; 310 K) (hexahydrate)[1]
Boiling point 316 °C (601 °F; 589 K) (anhydrous, decomposes)[1]
280 °C (536 °F; 553 K) (hexahydrate, decomposes)
Solubility in water
912 g/L (anh. or hexahydrate, 25 °C)[1]
Solubility in acetone
Methanol
Ethanol
Diethyl ether[1] 630 g/L (18 °C)
highly soluble
830 g/L
highly soluble
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
+13,450·10−6 cm3/mol[2]
Viscosity 40% solution: 12 cP
Structure
Crystal structure
Hexagonal, hR24
Space group
R3, No. 148[3]
Lattice constant
a = 0.6065 nm, b = 0.6065 nm, c = 1.742 nm
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°
Formula units (Z)
6
Coordination geometry
octahedral
Hazards[5][6][Note 1]
Safety data sheet ICSC 1499
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word DANGER
GHS hazard statements
H290, H302, H314, H318
GHS precautionary statements
P234, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+312, P301+330+331, P303+361+353, P363, P304+340, P310, P321, P305+351+338
NFPA 704
0
2
0
Flash point Non-flammable
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
REL (Recommended)
TWA 1 mg/m3[4]
Related compounds
Other anions
Iron(III) fluoride
Iron(III) bromide
Other cations
Iron(II) chloride
Manganese(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) chloride
Ruthenium(III) chloride
Related coagulants
Iron(II) sulfate
Polyaluminium chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl3 and with iron in the +3 oxidation state. The colour of iron(III) chloride crystals depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is deliquescent, forming hydrated hydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is rarely observed in its natural form, the mineral molysite, known mainly from some fumaroles.
When dissolved in water, iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis and gives off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic, and corrosive solution is used as a flocculant in sewage treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is a fairly strong Lewis acid, and it is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Structure and properties
3 Preparation
4 Reactions
4.1 Oxidation
5 Uses
5.1 Industrial
5.2 Laboratory use
5.3 Other uses
6 Safety
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
Nomenclature[edit]
The descriptor hydrated or anhydrous is used when referring to iron(III) chloride, to distinguish between the two common forms. The hexahydrate is usually given as the simplified empirical formula FeCl3⋅6H2O. It may also be given as trans-[Fe(H2O)4Cl2]Cl⋅2H2O and the systematic name tetraaquadichloroiron(III) chloride dihydrate, which more clearly represents its structure.
Structure and properties[edit]
Anhydrous iron(III) chloride adopts the BiI3 structure, which features octahedral Fe(III) centres interconnected by two-coordinate chloride ligands. Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate consists of trans-[Fe(H2O)4Cl2]+ cationic complexes and chloride anions, with the remaining two H2O molecules embedded within the monoclinic crystal structure.[3][8]
Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapour consists of the dimer Fe2Cl6 (c.f. aluminium chloride) which increasingly dissociates into the monomeric FeCl3 (D3h point group molecular symmetry) at higher temperature, in competition with its reversible decomposition to give iron(II) chloride and chlorine gas.[9]
Preparation[edit]
Anhydrous iron(III) chloride may be prepared by union of the elements:[10]
2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3(s)
Solutions of iron(III) chloride are produced industrially both from iron and from ore, in a closed-loop process.
Dissolving iron ore in hydrochloric acid
Fe3O4(s) + 8 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + 2 FeCl3(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
Oxidation of iron (II) chloride with chlorine
2 FeCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3(aq)
Oxidation of iron (II) chloride with oxygen
4FeCl2(aq) + O2 + 4HCl → 4FeCl3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Small amounts can be produced by reacting iron with hydrochloric acid, then with hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant in turning ferrous chloride into ferric chloride
Like many other hydrated metal chlorides, hydrated iron(III) chloride can be converted to the anhydrous salt by refluxing with thionyl chloride.[11] Conversion of the hydrate to anhydrous iron(III) chloride is not accomplished by heating, as HCl and iron oxychlorides are produced.
Reactions[edit]
A brown, acidic solution of iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis to give an acidic solution. When heated with iron(III) oxide at 350 °C, iron(III) chloride gives iron oxychloride, a layered solid and intercalation host.[12]
FeCl3 + Fe2O3 → 3 FeOCl
It is a moderately strong Lewis acid, forming adducts with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide, e.g. FeCl3(OPPh3)2 where Ph = phenyl. It also reacts with other chloride salts to give the yellow tetrahedral FeCl4− ion. Salts of FeCl4− in hydrochloric acid can be extracted into diethyl ether.
Alkali metal alkoxides react to give the metal alkoxide complexes of varying complexity.[13] The compounds can be dimeric or trimeric.[14] In the solid phase a variety of multinuclear complexes have been described for the nominal stoichiometric reaction between FeCl3 and sodium ethoxide:[15][16]
FeCl3 + 3 [C2H5O]−Na+ → Fe(OC2H5)3 + 3 NaCl
Oxalates react rapidly with aqueous iron(III) chloride to give [Fe(C2O4)3]3−. Other carboxylate salts form complexes, e.g. citrate and tartrate.
Oxidation[edit]
Iron(III) chloride is a mild oxidising agent, for example, it is capable of oxidising copper(I) chloride to copper(II) chloride.
FeCl3 + CuCl → FeCl2 + CuCl2
It also reacts with iron to form iron(II) chloride:
2 FeCl3 + Fe → 3 FeCl2
Reducing agents such as hydrazine convert iron(III) chloride to complexes of iron(II).
Granulated iron(III) chloride hexahydrate
Uses[edit]
Industrial[edit]
Iron(III) chloride is used in sewage treatment and drinking water production.[17] In this application, FeCl3 in slightly basic water reacts with the hydroxide ion to form a floc of iron(III) hydroxide, or more precisely formulated as FeO(OH)−, that can remove suspended materials.
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 4 HO− → [Fe(H2O)2(HO)4]− + 4 H2O → [Fe(H2O)O(HO)2]− + 6 H2O
It is also used as a leaching agent in chloride hydrometallurgy,[18] for example in the production of Si from FeSi (Silgrain process).[19]
Another important application of iron(III) chloride is etching copper in two-step redox reaction to copper(I) chloride and then to copper(II) chloride in the production of printed circuit boards.[20]
FeCl3 + Cu → FeCl2 + CuCl
FeCl3 + CuCl → FeCl2 + CuCl2
Iron(III) chloride is used as catalyst for the reaction of ethylene with chlorine, forming ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), an important commodity chemical, which is mainly used for the industrial production of vinyl chloride, the monomer for making PVC.
H2C=CH2 + Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl
Laboratory use[edit]
In the laboratory iron(III) chloride is commonly employed as a Lewis acid for catalysing reactions such as chlorination of aromatic compounds and Friedel-Crafts reaction of aromatics.[citation needed] It is less powerful than aluminium chloride, but in some cases this mildness leads to higher yields, for example in the alkylation of benzene:
The ferric chloride test is a traditional colorimetric test for phenols, which uses a 1% iron(III) chloride solution that has been neutralised with sodium hydroxide until a slight precipitate of FeO(OH) is formed.[21] The mixture is filtered before use. The organic substance is dissolved in water, methanol or ethanol, then the neutralised iron(III) chloride solution is added—a transient or permanent coloration (usually purple, green or blue) indicates the presence of a phenol or enol.
This reaction is exploited in the Trinder spot test, which is used to indicate the presence of salicylates, particularly salicylic acid, which contains a phenolic OH group.
This test can be used to detect the presence of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone,[22] which cause it to turn red-brown.
Other uses[edit]
Used in anhydrous form as a drying reagent in certain reactions.
Used to detect the presence of phenol compounds in organic synthesis e.g.: examining purity of synthesised Aspirin.
Used in water and wastewater treatment to precipitate phosphate as iron(III) phosphate.
Used by American coin collectors to identify the dates of Buffalo nickels that are so badly worn that the date is no longer visible.
Used by bladesmiths and artisans in pattern welding to etch the metal, giving it a contrasting effect, to view metal layering or imperfections.
Used to etch the widmanstatten pattern in iron meteorites.
Necessary for the etching of photogravure plates for printing photographic and fine art images in intaglio and for etching rotogravure cylinders used in the printing industry.
Used to make printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Used in veterinary practice to treat overcropping of an animal's claws, particularly when the overcropping results in bleeding.
Reacts with cyclopentadienylmagnesium bromide in one preparation of ferrocene, a metal-sandwich complex.[23]
Sometimes used in a technique of Raku ware firing, the iron coloring a pottery piece shades of pink, brown, and orange.
Used to test the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and other alloys.
Used in conjunction with NaI in acetonitrile to mildly reduce organic azides to primary amines.[24]
Used in an animal thrombosis model.[25]
Used in energy storage systems
Historically it was used to make direct positive blueprints.[26][27]
A component of modified Carnoy's solution used for surgical treatment of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT)
Safety[edit]
Iron(III) chloride is harmful, highly corrosive and acidic. The anhydrous material is a powerful dehydrating agent.
Although reports of poisoning in humans are rare, ingestion of ferric chloride can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Inappropriate labeling and storage lead to accidental swallowing or misdiagnosis. Early diagnosis is important, especially in seriously poisoned patients.
See also[edit]
Iron(II) sulfate
Aluminium chloride
Verhoeff’s Stain
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ An alternative GHS classification from the Japanese GHS Inter-ministerial Committee (2006)[7] notes the possibility of respiratory tract irritation from FeCl3 and differs slightly in other respects from the classification used here.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.69. ISBN 1439855110.
Jump up ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.133. ISBN 1439855110.
^ Jump up to: a b Hashimoto, S.; Forster, K.; Moss, S. C. (1989). "Structure refinement of an FeCl3 crystal using a thin plate sample". Journal of Applied Crystallography. 22 (2): 173. doi:10.1107/S0021889888013913.
Jump up ^ "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0346". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ HSNO Chemical Classification Information Database, New Zealand Environmental Risk Management Authority, retrieved 2010-09-19
Jump up ^ Various suppliers, collated by the Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University. (accessed 2010-09-19)
Jump up ^ GHS classification – ID 831, Japanese GHS Inter-ministerial Committee, 2006, retrieved 2010-09-19
Jump up ^ Lind, M. D. (1967). "Crystal Structure of Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate". J. Chem. Phys. 47: 990. doi:10.1063/1.1712067.
Jump up ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
Jump up ^ Tarr, B. R.; Booth, Harold S.; Dolance, Albert (1950). "Anhydrous Iron(III) Chloride". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 3: 191–194. ISBN 978-0-470-13234-0. doi:10.1002/9780470132340.ch51.
Jump up ^ Pray, Alfred R.; Richard F. Heitmiller; Stanley Strycker (1990). "Anhydrous Metal Chlorides". Inorganic Syntheses. 28: 321–323. ISBN 978-0-470-13259-3. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch80.
Jump up ^ Kikkawa, S.; Kanamaru, F.; Koizumi, M.; Rich, Suzanne M.; Jacobson, Allan (1984-01-01). Jr, Smith L. Holt, ed. Layered Intercalation Compounds. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 86–89. ISBN 9780470132531. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch17.
Jump up ^ Turova, N. Ya. (2002) "12.22.1 Synthesis, p. 481 in The chemistry of metal alkoxides. Springer. ISBN 0792375211.
Jump up ^ Bradley, D. C. (2001) "3.2.10. Alkoxides of later 3d metals", p. 69 in Alkoxo and aryloxo derivatives of metals. Academic Press. ISBN 0080488323.
Jump up ^ Veith, Michael; Grätz, Frank; Huch, Volker (2001). "Fe9O3(OC2H5)21·C2H5OH—A New Structure Type of an Uncharged Iron(III) Oxide-Alkoxide Cluster". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2001 (2): 367. doi:10.1002/1099-0682(200102)2001:2<367::AID-EJIC367>3.0.CO;2-V.
Jump up ^ Seisenbaeva, Gulaim A.; Gohil, Suresh; Suslova, Evgeniya V.; Rogova, Tatiana V.; Turova, Nataliya Ya.; Kessler, Vadim G. (2005). "The synthesis of iron (III) ethoxide revisited: Characterization of the metathesis products of iron (III) halides and sodium ethoxide". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 358 (12): 3506. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2005.03.048.
Jump up ^ Water Treatment Chemicals (PDF). Akzo Nobel Base Chemicals. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
Jump up ^ Park, Kyung Ho; Mohapatra, Debasish; Reddy, B. Ramachandra (2006). "A study on the acidified ferric chloride leaching of a complex (Cu–Ni–Co–Fe) matte". Separation and Purification Technology. 51 (3): 332. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2006.02.013.
Jump up ^ Dueñas Díez, Marta; Fjeld, Magne; Andersen, Einar; Lie, Bernt (2006). "Validation of a compartmental population balance model of an industrial leaching process: The Silgrain process". Chemical Engineering Science. 61: 229. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2005.01.047.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, N. N.; A. Earnshaw (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1084.
Jump up ^ Furnell, B. S.; et al. (1989). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: Longman/Wiley.
Jump up ^ Zhang, S. Y.; Huang, Z. P. (2006). "A color test for rapid screening of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in drink and urine". Fa yi xue za zhi. 22 (6): 424–7. PMID 17285863.
Jump up ^ Kealy, T. J.; Pauson, P. L. (1951). "A New Type of Organo-Iron Compound". Nature. 168 (4285): 1040. doi:10.1038/1681039b0.
Jump up ^ Kamal, Ahmed; Ramana, K.; Ankati, H.; Ramana, A. (2002). "Mild and efficient reduction of azides to amines: synthesis of fused [2,1-b]quinazolines". Tetrahedron Letters. 43 (38): 6961. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(02)01454-5.
Jump up ^ Tseng, Michael; Dozier, A.; Haribabu, B.; Graham, U. M. (2006). "Transendothelial migration of ferric ion in FeCl3 injured murine common carotid artery". Thrombosis Research. 118 (2): 275–280. PMID 16243382. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2005.09.004.
Jump up ^ Pellet, Henbi (1881) "Method of preparing paper" U.S. Patent 241,713
Jump up ^ Lietze, Ernst (1888). Modern Heliographic Processes. New York: D. Van Norstrand Company. p. 65.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron(III) chloride.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
A.F. Wells, 'Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.
J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.
Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Acidic and Basic Reagents, (H. J. Reich, J. H. Rigby, eds.), Wiley, New York, 1999.
[show]
v
t
e
Iron compounds
Fe(-II)
Na2Fe(CO)4
Fe(0)
Fe(CO)5
Fe2(CO)9
Fe3(CO)12
Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6
Fe(I)
FeH
Organoiron(I) compounds
(C5H5FeCO)2(CO)2
Fe(0,II)
Fe3C
Fe(II)
FeBr2
FeCl2
FeF2
FeI2
FeH2
FeMoO4
FeO
Fe(OH)2
FeS
FeSO4
FeSe
FeSi2
FeTiO3
FeCO3
FeC2O4
Fe(C2H3O2)2
Fe(C3H5O3)2
FeC6H6O7
FeC12H22O14
Fe2CrO4
Fe3(PO4)2
FeH2(CO)4
Fe(HCO3)2
Mg2FeH6
Organoiron(II) compounds
Fe(C5H5)2
Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2
C4H4Fe(CO)3
Fe(0,III)
Fe3P
Fe(II,III)
Fe3O4
Fe3S4
Fe(III)
FeBr3
FeCl3
FeF3
FeI3
Fe(NO3)3
FeOCl
FeO(OH)
FePO4
Fe4(P2O7)3
Fe2(CrO4)3
Fe2(C2O4)3
Fe2O3
Fe2S3
Fe2(SO4)3
FeBO3
FeB
Organoiron(III) compounds
Fe(C5H5)2BF4
C6H8O7⋅xFe3+⋅yNH3
Fe(VI)
K2FeO4
BaFeO4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron(III)_chloride&oldid=786922875"
Categories:
Chlorides
Iron compounds
Metal halides
Coordination compounds
Deliquescent substances
Dehydrating agents
Acid catalysts
Hidden categories:
Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs
Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing
Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers
Articles without KEGG source
Articles with changed CASNo identifier
ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata
Articles with changed FDA identifier
Chembox having GHS data
Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 June 2017, at 11:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;

values: chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)

values:
/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard
mw-redirect
ECHA InfoCard

values: European Community number (chemical identifier)

values: font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: Simplified molecular-input line-entry system

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame2

values:
/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system
mw-redirect
Hexagonal crystal system

values:
/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg
image
Corr. Met. 1; Skin Corr. 1C; Eye Dam. 1

values:
/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
image
Acute Tox. 4 (oral)

values: Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

values:
/wiki/GHS_hazard_statement
mw-redirect
GHS hazard statement

values:
abbr
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage

values: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

values: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product

values: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection

values: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

values: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting

values: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower

values:
abbr
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse

values: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

values: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician

values: Specific treatment (see … on this label)

values: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing

values: Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water

values: Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform

values: Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;

values: width:100%; background:transparent; margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif background:; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;

values: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

values: margin:0 auto; text-align:left; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;

values: background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;

values: width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;

values: width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;

values:
/wiki/Industrial_etching
mw-redirect
Industrial etching

values:
/wiki/Printed_circuit_boards
mw-redirect
Printed circuit boards

values:
/wiki/Iron_(II)_chloride
mw-redirect
Iron (II) chloride

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Aromatic_compound
mw-redirect
Aromatic compound

values:
/wiki/Friedel-Crafts_reaction
mw-redirect
Friedel-Crafts reaction

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/File:FeCl3_Friedel-Crafts.gif
image
Iron(III) chloride as a catalyst

values:
/wiki/Widmanstatten_pattern
mw-redirect
Widmanstatten pattern

values:
/wiki/Keratocystic_odontogenic_tumor
mw-redirect
Keratocystic odontogenic tumor

values:
/wiki/Verhoeff%E2%80%99s_Stain
mw-redirect
Verhoeff’s Stain

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1712067

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132340.ch51

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132593.ch80

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132531.ch17

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ica.2005.03.048

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ces.2005.01.047

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285863

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F1681039b0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243382

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US241713

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Iron_carbide
mw-redirect
Iron carbide

values:
/wiki/Iron(II)_titanate
mw-redirect
Iron(II) titanate

values: Iron(II) bicarbonate (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs

values: Category:Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing

values: Category:Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers

values: Category:Articles with changed CASNo identifier

values: Category:Articles with changed FDA identifier

values: Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: كلوريد الحديد الثلاثي – Arabic

values: Μολυσίτης – Greek

values: Երկաթի եռքլորիդ – Armenian

values: Хлорид железа(III) – Russian

values: ไอเอิร์น(III) คลอไรด์ – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Iron_III_chloride rootpage-Iron_III_chloride vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Pirates of the Caribbean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the franchise. For real pirates, see piracy in the Caribbean. For the boat, see 2005–06 Volvo Ocean Race.
Pirates of the Caribbean
Created by
Walt Disney
Original work
Disneyland attraction (1967)
Owner
The Walt Disney Company
Print publications
Novel(s)
Jack Sparrow (2006–2009)
Legends of the Brethren Court (2008–present)
The Price of Freedom (2011)
The Brightest Star in the North (2017)
Films and television
Film(s)
Film series (2003–present)
Games
Video game(s)
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game (2011)
Disney Universe (2011)*
Disney Infinity (2013)*
Pirates of the Caribbean video games
Miscellaneous
Theme park attractions
Pirates of the Caribbean (1967–present)
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow (2012–2014)
Pirates of the Caribbean – Battle for the Sunken Treasure (2016–present)
* Crossover work where characters and settings from this franchise appear.
Pirates of the Caribbean is a Disney media franchise encompassing numerous theme park attractions, a series of films, and spin-off novels, as well as a number of related video games and other media publications. The franchise originated with the Pirates of the Caribbean theme ride attraction, which opened at Disneyland in 1967 and was one of the last Disney theme park attractions overseen by Walt Disney. Disney based the ride on pirate legends and folklore. As of October 2016, Pirates of the Caribbean attractions can be found at five Disney theme parks. Their related films have grossed over US$ 3.7 billion worldwide as of January 2015,[1] putting the film franchise 11th in the list of all-time highest grossing franchises and film series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Attractions
2 Films
3 Video games
4 Books
5 Adaptations
6 Characters
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Attractions[edit]
Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)
Pirates of the Caribbean – Battle for the Sunken Treasure
Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow (attraction)
Films[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)
Video games[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean video games
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom by Capcom featured a stage in which the player had to rescue six civilians from pirates in an island resembling the attraction.
Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour by Eidos Interactive included a level in which players can race water boats at the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction in Walt Disney World.
Pirates of the Caribbean (Originally entitled Sea Dogs II) was released in 2003 by Bethesda Softworks to coincide with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Although it had no relation to the characters, it features the movie's storyline about cursed Aztec gold and undead pirates, and it was the first of several games to be inspired by the attraction, prior to this exploring the stories that made Captain Jack Sparrow a legend.
Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile for mobile phones
Pirates of the Caribbean Online a massively multiplayer online role playing game which was released in Autumn 2007.
Kingdom Hearts II features a world based on Pirates of the Caribbean, "Port Royal", taking place during the events of the first film, with movie characters such as Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, Will Turner, and Captain Barbossa making appearances. In the first visit, the story is directly copied from the film, but partially modified to fit the Kingdom Hearts II storyline, shown with the inclusions of Sora, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pete. The second visit focuses more on Organization XIII's activities in Port Royal, as well as Sora, Jack, Donald and Goofy's first encounter with Luxord.
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl for Game Boy Advance (Nintendo) and a few others. This game is based on Captain Jack Sparrow's misadventures in the pursuit of saving Ria Anasagasti with his shipmate Will Turner.
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow was released for the PlayStation 2 console and for PC.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, was released for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, Game Boy Advance and others.
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End was released on May 22, 2007 and was based on the film of the same name which was released on May 25, 2007. It was the first game in the series to be released for a seventh generation console.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned, an action and role playing video game, was being developed by Propaganda Games but was cancelled in October 2010.
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game, released in May 2011, is the most recent Pirates game. It features all four films as well as over 70 characters and over 21 levels.[2]
Pirates of the Caribbean: Master of the Seas, a gaming app available on Android and iOS.[3]
Jack Sparrow, Hector Barbossa, and Davy Jones are playable characters in Disney Infinity and other entries in its series. A playset themed after the franchise was included with the starter pack.
Books[edit]
Two series of young reader books have been made as prequels to the first film:
Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow (12 books)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Legends of the Brethren Court (5 books)
In addition there is a novel written for adults:
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom by Ann C. Crispin
One young reader book was made as a prequel to the fifth film:
The Brightest Star in the North: The Adventures of Carina Smyth by Meredith Rusu
Adaptations[edit]
Several additional works have been derived from the franchise:
In 2000, Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for Buccaneer Gold, opened at DisneyQuest at Florida's Walt Disney World Resort. The attraction allows up to five players to board a virtual pirate ship and attempt to sink other ships with water cannons.
Ron Gilbert often has said that the Monkey Island computer game series was the inspiration for Pirates of the Caribbean (especially upon seeing the second movie[4]), although he has said that he mainly got his inspiration from Tim Powers' book On Stranger Tides (which later inspired the fourth film in the franchise). Within both the film and the Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge adventure game is a key-carrying dog named Walt, whose name is a nod to Walt Disney and whose appearance is based on the jail scene from the rides.
A Pirates of the Caribbean board game Monopoly is manufactured by USAopoly.
A Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game The Game of Life was developed.
A Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game Battleship is produced by Hasbro under the title of Battleship Command.
Pirates of the Caribbean was the name of a team participating in the 2005–2006 Volvo Ocean Race. Their boat was named the "Black Pearl." [5]
A Pirates of the Caribbean multiplayer online game was released by Disney on October 31, 2007.[6]
The British Melodic Hard Rock band Ten have released an album entitled Isla De Muerta, the title of which is about the legendary island of the series.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Captain Jack Sparrow
Hector Barbossa
Will Turner
Joshamee Gibbs
Elizabeth Swann
Henry Turner
Davy Jones
James Norrington
Lord Cutler Beckett
Weatherby Swann
Pintel and Ragetti
Blackbeard
Angelica
Philip Swift
Syrena
Kraken
Captain Salazar
Tia Dalma
See also[edit]
List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales". JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lego Pirates Of The Caribbean slips anchor. Metro.co.uk (November 19, 2010). Retrieved on 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: Master of the Seas Review » 148Apps » iPhone and iPod Touch Application Reviews and News. 148Apps (October 31, 2011). Retrieved on 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Ron Gilbert (June 24, 2006). "The Monkey Island Movie". Grumpy Gamer. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Team News: Pirates of the Caribbean". Volvo Ocean Race. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean Online". Disney. October 31, 2007. Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pirates of the Caribbean.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pirates of the Caribbean
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Pirates of the Caribbean
Film series
The Curse of the Black Pearl
video game
soundtrack
Dead Man's Chest
video game
soundtrack
At World's End
video game
soundtrack
On Stranger Tides
soundtrack
Dead Men Tell No Tales
soundtrack
Characters
Jack Sparrow
Hector Barbossa
Will Turner
Elizabeth Swann
Joshamee Gibbs
James Norrington
Davy Jones
Pintel and Ragetti
Bootstrap Bill
Cutler Beckett
Tia Dalma
Weatherby Swann
Universe
Black Pearl
Flying Dutchman
Queen Anne's Revenge
Kraken
Locations
Music
List of songs in the film series
"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)"
Soundtrack Treasures Collection
Swashbuckling Sea Songs
1966 soundtrack
"He's a Pirate"
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Remixes
Theme park
attractions
Pirates of the Caribbean
Battle for the Sunken Treasure
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow
Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island
Mickey's Pirate and Princess Party
Video games
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom
Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow
Pirates of the Caribbean Online
Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile
Kingdom Hearts II
Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Disney Infinity
Books
Jack Sparrow
Legends of the Brethren Court
The Price of Freedom
Other
Trading Card Game
Pinball machine
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean
Accolades for the film series
Rob Kidd
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
Licensing
Disney Retail
Disney Store
Disney Publishing Worldwide
Disney comics
Disney English
Disney Press
Disney Hyperion
Marvel Press (joint w/Marvel)
Games and Interactive
Experiences
DCPI Labs
The Muppets Studio
Disney Interactive Studios
Disney Mobile
Playdom
Franchises
Disney Channels Worldwide
Disney Junior
Elena of Avalor
Gravity Falls
Kim Possible
Phineas and Ferb
Star vs. the Forces of Evil
Disney comics
Donald Duck universe
Disney Fairies
Disney Princess
Disney Tsum Tsum
Disney Villains
Disney Interactive
Club Penguin
Disney Infinity
Kingdom Hearts
Where's My Water?
Frozen
The Kingdom Keepers
Marvel
Lucasfilm
Indiana Jones
Star Wars
Mickey & Friends
The Muppets
Pirates of the Caribbean
Pixar
Cars
Finding Nemo
The Incredibles
Monsters Inc.
Toy Story
Tron
Winnie the Pooh
Other
D23
Disney Comics
Disney Vault
Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean&oldid=836523577"
Categories:
Pirates of the Caribbean
Disney franchises
Media franchises introduced in 1967
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from October 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Български
Euskara
한국어
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
Norsk nynorsk
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Tiếng Việt
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 April 2018, at 08:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: lavender;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game

values: text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left;

values:
/wiki/Video_games
mw-redirect
Video games

values: List of highest-grossing franchises and film series

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

values: Walt Disney World Quest: Magical Racing Tour

values:
/wiki/Eidos_Interactive
mw-redirect
Eidos Interactive

values: Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile

values:
/wiki/Mobile_phones
mw-redirect
Mobile phones

values:
/wiki/Captain_Barbossa
mw-redirect
Captain Barbossa

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (video game)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game)

values:
/wiki/Disney_Infinity_(series)
mw-redirect
Disney Infinity (series)

values:
/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort
mw-redirect
Walt Disney World Resort

values: List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters

values:
/wiki/Lord_Cutler_Beckett
mw-redirect
Lord Cutler Beckett

values:
/wiki/Philip_Swift
mw-redirect
Philip Swift

values:
/wiki/Syrena_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)
mw-redirect
Syrena (Pirates of the Caribbean)

values:
/wiki/Captain_Salazar
mw-redirect
Captain Salazar

values: List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean

values:
nofollow
external text
http://grumpygamer.com/8123463

values:
nofollow
external text
http://disney.go.com/pirates/online

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Pirates of the Caribbean

values: q:Special:Search/Pirates of the Caribbean

values:
nofollow
http://disney.go.com/pirates/
external text

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (soundtrack)

values: Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)

values: List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Soundtrack Treasures Collection

values: Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: Swashbuckling Sea Songs

values: Pirates of the Caribbean (1966 soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure

values: List of Pirates of the Caribbean video games

values: Pirates of the Caribbean Trading Card Game

values: List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean film series

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Disney_Consumer_Products
mw-redirect
Disney Consumer Products

values:
/wiki/Disney_Press
mw-redirect
Disney Press

values:
/wiki/Disney_Hyperion
mw-redirect
Disney Hyperion

values:
/wiki/Disney_franchises
mw-redirect
Disney franchises

values:
/wiki/Disney_Villains
mw-redirect
Disney Villains

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Media franchises introduced in 1967

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Karib dənizinin quldurları – Azerbaijani

values: Карибски пирати – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: 캐리비안의 해적 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: Pirates of the Caribbean – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: கரீபியக் கடற்கொள்ளையர்கள் – Tamil

values: పైరేట్స్ ఆఫ్ ది కరీబియన్ – Telugu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pirates_of_the_Caribbean rootpage-Pirates_of_the_Caribbean skin-vector action-view