text:
Velocity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about velocity in physics. For other uses, see Velocity (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Velocity
As a change of direction occurs while the racing cars turn on the curved track, their velocity is not constant.
Common symbols
v, v
SI unit
m/s
SI dimension
LT^{-1}
Classical mechanics
F → = m a → {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=m{\vec {a}}}
Second law of motion
History
Timeline
Branches[show]
Applied
Celestial
Continuum
Dynamics
Kinematics
Kinetics
Statics
Statistical
Fundamentals[hide]
Acceleration
Angular momentum
Couple
D'Alembert's principle
Energy
kinetic
potential
Force
Frame of reference
Impulse
Inertia / Moment of inertia
Mass

Mechanical power
Mechanical work

Moment
Momentum
Space
Speed
Time
Torque
Velocity
Virtual work
Formulations[show]
Newton's laws of motion
Analytical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics
Hamiltonian mechanics
Routhian mechanics
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
Appell's equation of motion
Udwadia–Kalaba equation
Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
Core topics[show]
Damping (ratio)
Displacement
Equations of motion
Euler's laws of motion
Fictitious force
Friction
Harmonic oscillator
Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame
Mechanics of planar particle motion
Motion (linear)
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's laws of motion
Relative velocity
Rigid body
dynamics
Euler's equations
Simple harmonic motion
Vibration
Rotation[show]
Circular motion
Rotating reference frame
Centripetal force
Centrifugal force
reactive
Coriolis force
Pendulum
Tangential speed
Rotational speed
Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity
Scientists[show]
Galileo
Newton
Kepler
Horrocks
Halley
Euler
d'Alembert
Clairaut
Lagrange
Laplace
Hamilton
Poisson
Daniel Bernoulli
Johann Bernoulli
Cauchy
v
t
e
The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of its speed and direction of motion (e.g. 7001600000000000000♠60 km/h to the north). Velocity is an important concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called "speed", being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI (metric system) as metres per second (m/s) or as the SI base unit of (m⋅s−1). For example, "5 metres per second" is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per second east" is a vector. If there is a change in speed, direction or both, then the object has a changing velocity and is said to be undergoing an acceleration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Constant velocity vs acceleration
2 Distinction between speed and velocity
3 Equation of motion
3.1 Average velocity
3.2 Instantaneous velocity
3.3 Relationship to acceleration
3.3.1 Constant acceleration
3.4 Quantities that are dependent on velocity
4 Relative velocity
4.1 Scalar velocities
5 Polar coordinates
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Constant velocity vs acceleration
To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant direction. Constant direction constrains the object to motion in a straight path thus, a constant velocity means motion in a straight line at a constant speed.

For example, a car moving at a constant 20 kilometres per hour in a circular path has a constant speed, but does not have a constant velocity because its direction changes. Hence, the car is considered to be undergoing an acceleration.
Distinction between speed and velocity
Kinematic quantities of a classical particle: mass m, position r, velocity v, acceleration a.
Speed describes only how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives both how fast it is and in which direction the object is moving.[1] If a car is said to travel at 60 km/h, its speed has been specified. However, if the car is said to move at 60 km/h to the north, its velocity has now been specified.
The big difference can be noticed when we consider movement around a circle. When something moves in a circular path (at a constant speed, see above) and returns to its starting point, its average velocity is zero but its average speed is found by dividing the circumference of the circle by the time taken to move around the circle. This is because the average velocity is calculated by only considering the displacement between the starting and the end points while the average speed considers only the total distance traveled.
Equation of motion
Main article: Equation of motion
Average velocity
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time, which may also be referred to as the instantaneous velocity to emphasize the distinction from the average velocity. In some applications the "average velocity" of an object might be needed, that is to say, the constant velocity that would provide the same resultant displacement as a variable velocity in the same time interval, v(t), over some time period Δt. Average velocity can be calculated as:
v ¯ = Δ x Δ t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}={\frac {\Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}}{\Delta {\mathit {t}}}}.}
The average velocity is always less than or equal to the average speed of an object. This can be seen by realizing that while distance is always strictly increasing, displacement can increase or decrease in magnitude as well as change direction.
In terms of a displacement-time (x vs. t) graph, the instantaneous velocity (or, simply, velocity) can be thought of as the slope of the tangent line to the curve at any point, and the average velocity as the slope of the secant line between two points with t coordinates equal to the boundaries of the time period for the average velocity.
The average velocity is the same as the velocity averaged over time – that is to say, its time-weighted average, which may be calculated as the time integral of the velocity:
v ¯ = 1 t 1 − t 0 ∫ t 0 t 1 v ( t ) d t , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}={1 \over t_{1}-t_{0}}\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {v}}(t)\ dt,}
where we may identify
Δ x = ∫ t 0 t 1 v ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}{\boldsymbol {v}}(t)\ dt}
and
Δ t = t 1 − t 0 . {\displaystyle \Delta t=t_{1}-t_{0}.}
Instantaneous velocity
Example of a velocity vs. time graph, and the relationship between velocity v on the y-axis, acceleration a (the three green tangent lines represent the values for acceleration at different points along the curve) and displacement s (the yellow area under the curve.)
If we consider v as velocity and x as the displacement (change in position) vector, then we can express the (instantaneous) velocity of a particle or object, at any particular time t, as the derivative of the position with respect to time:
v = lim Δ t → 0 Δ x Δ t = d x d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\lim _{{\Delta t}\to 0}{\frac {\Delta {\boldsymbol {x}}}{\Delta t}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {x}}}{d{\mathit {t}}}}.}
From this derivative equation, in the one-dimensional case it can be seen that the area under a velocity vs. time (v vs. t graph) is the displacement, x. In calculus terms, the integral of the velocity function v(t) is the displacement function x(t). In the figure, this corresponds to the yellow area under the curve labeled s (s being an alternative notation for displacement).
x = ∫ v d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\int {\boldsymbol {v}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.}
Since the derivative of the position with respect to time gives the change in position (in metres) divided by the change in time (in seconds), velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s). Although the concept of an instantaneous velocity might at first seem counter-intuitive, it may be thought of as the velocity that the object would continue to travel at if it stopped accelerating at that moment.
Relationship to acceleration
Although velocity is defined as the rate of change of position, it is often common to start with an expression for an object's acceleration. As seen by the three green tangent lines in the figure, an object's instantaneous acceleration at a point in time is the slope of the line tangent to the curve of a v(t) graph at that point. In other words, acceleration is defined as the derivative of velocity with respect to time:
a = d v d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {v}}}{d{\mathit {t}}}}.}
From there, we can obtain an expression for velocity as the area under an a(t) acceleration vs. time graph. As above, this is done using the concept of the integral:
v = ∫ a d t . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}=\int {\boldsymbol {a}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.}
Constant acceleration
In the special case of constant acceleration, velocity can be studied using the suvat equations. By considering a as being equal to some arbitrary constant vector, it is trivial to show that
v = u + a t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t}
with v as the velocity at time t and u as the velocity at time t = 0. By combining this equation with the suvat equation x = ut + at2/2, it is possible to relate the displacement and the average velocity by
x = ( u + v ) 2 t = v ¯ t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}={\frac {({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {v}})}{2}}{\mathit {t}}={\boldsymbol {\bar {v}}}{\mathit {t}}} .
It is also possible to derive an expression for the velocity independent of time, known as the Torricelli equation, as follows:
v 2 = v ⋅ v = ( u + a t ) ⋅ ( u + a t ) = u 2 + 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 {\displaystyle v^{2}={\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {v}}=({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t)=u^{2}+2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}}
( 2 a ) ⋅ x = ( 2 a ) ⋅ ( u t + 1 2 a t 2 ) = 2 t ( a ⋅ u ) + a 2 t 2 = v 2 − u 2 {\displaystyle (2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}}=(2{\boldsymbol {a}})\cdot ({\boldsymbol {u}}t+{\frac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {a}}t^{2})=2t({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}})+a^{2}t^{2}=v^{2}-u^{2}}
∴ v 2 = u 2 + 2 ( a ⋅ x ) {\displaystyle \therefore v^{2}=u^{2}+2({\boldsymbol {a}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {x}})}
where v = |v| etc.
The above equations are valid for both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity. Where Newtonian mechanics and special relativity differ is in how different observers would describe the same situation. In particular, in Newtonian mechanics, all observers agree on the value of t and the transformation rules for position create a situation in which all non-accelerating observers would describe the acceleration of an object with the same values. Neither is true for special relativity. In other words, only relative velocity can be calculated.
Quantities that are dependent on velocity
The kinetic energy of a moving object is dependent on its velocity and is given by the equation
E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
ignoring special relativity, where Ek is the kinetic energy and m is the mass. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity as it depends on the square of the velocity, however a related quantity, momentum, is a vector and defined by
p = m v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}=m{\boldsymbol {v}}}
In special relativity, the dimensionless Lorentz factor appears frequently, and is given by
γ = 1 1 − v 2 c 2 {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}
where γ is the Lorentz factor and c is the speed of light.
Escape velocity is the minimum speed a ballistic object needs to escape from a massive body such as Earth. It represents the kinetic energy that, when added to the object's gravitational potential energy, (which is always negative) is equal to zero. The general formula for the escape velocity of an object at a distance r from the center of a planet with mass M is
v e = 2 G M r = 2 g r , {\displaystyle v_{\text{e}}={\sqrt {\frac {2GM}{r}}}={\sqrt {2gr}},}
where G is the Gravitational constant and g is the Gravitational acceleration. The escape velocity from Earth's surface is about 11 200 m/s, and is irrespective of the direction of the object. This makes "escape velocity" somewhat of a misnomer, as the more correct term would be "escape speed": any object attaining a velocity of that magnitude, irrespective of atmosphere, will leave the vicinity of the base body as long as it doesn't intersect with something in its path.
Relative velocity
Main article: Relative velocity
Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects as determined in a single coordinate system. Relative velocity is fundamental in both classical and modern physics, since many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two or more particles. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity is independent of the chosen inertial reference frame. This is not the case anymore with special relativity in which velocities depend on the choice of reference frame.
If an object A is moving with velocity vector v and an object B with velocity vector w, then the velocity of object A relative to object B is defined as the difference of the two velocity vectors:
v A relative to B = v − w {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{A{\text{ relative to }}B}={\boldsymbol {v}}-{\boldsymbol {w}}}
Similarly the relative velocity of object B moving with velocity w, relative to object A moving with velocity v is:
v B relative to A = w − v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{B{\text{ relative to }}A}={\boldsymbol {w}}-{\boldsymbol {v}}}
Usually the inertial frame is chosen in which the latter of the two mentioned objects is in rest.
Scalar velocities
In the one-dimensional case,[2] the velocities are scalars and the equation is either:
v r e l = v − ( − w ) {\displaystyle \,v_{rel}=v-(-w)} , if the two objects are moving in opposite directions, or:
v r e l = v − ( + w ) {\displaystyle \,v_{rel}=v-(+w)} , if the two objects are moving in the same direction.
Polar coordinates
In polar coordinates, a two-dimensional velocity is described by a radial velocity, defined as the component of velocity away from or toward the origin (also known as velocity made good), and an angular velocity, which is the rate of rotation about the origin (with positive quantities representing counter-clockwise rotation and negative quantities representing clockwise rotation, in a right-handed coordinate system).
The radial and angular velocities can be derived from the Cartesian velocity and displacement vectors by decomposing the velocity vector into radial and transverse components. The transverse velocity is the component of velocity along a circle centered at the origin.
v = v T + v R {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}+{\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}}
where
v T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}} is the transverse velocity
v R {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}} is the radial velocity.
The magnitude of the radial velocity is the dot product of the velocity vector and the unit vector in the direction of the displacement.
v R = v ⋅ r | r | {\displaystyle v_{R}={\frac {{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {r}}}{\left|{\boldsymbol {r}}\right|}}}
where
r {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}} is displacement.
The magnitude of the transverse velocity is that of the cross product of the unit vector in the direction of the displacement and the velocity vector. It is also the product of the angular speed ω {\displaystyle \omega } and the magnitude of the displacement.
v T = | r × v | | r | = ω | r | {\displaystyle v_{T}={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|}}=\omega |{\boldsymbol {r}}|}
such that
ω = | r × v | | r | 2 . {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {|{\boldsymbol {r}}\times {\boldsymbol {v}}|}{|{\boldsymbol {r}}|^{2}}}.}
Angular momentum in scalar form is the mass times the distance to the origin times the transverse velocity, or equivalently, the mass times the distance squared times the angular speed. The sign convention for angular momentum is the same as that for angular velocity.
L = m r v T = m r 2 ω {\displaystyle L=mrv_{T}=mr^{2}\omega \,}
where
m {\displaystyle m\,} is mass
r = ∥ r ∥ . {\displaystyle r=\|{\boldsymbol {r}}\|.}
The expression m r 2 {\displaystyle mr^{2}} is known as moment of inertia. If forces are in the radial direction only with an inverse square dependence, as in the case of a gravitational orbit, angular momentum is constant, and transverse speed is inversely proportional to the distance, angular speed is inversely proportional to the distance squared, and the rate at which area is swept out is constant. These relations are known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
See also
Four-velocity (relativistic version of velocity for Minkowski spacetime)
Group velocity
Hypervelocity
Phase velocity
Proper velocity (in relativity, using traveler time instead of observer time)
Rapidity (a version of velocity additive at relativistic speeds)
Terminal velocity
Velocity vs. time graph
Notes
Jump up ^ Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1901). Vector analysis: a text-book for the use of students of mathematics and physics, founded upon the lectures of J. Willard Gibbs. p. 125. This is the likely origin of the speed/velocity terminology in vector physics.
Jump up ^ Basic principle
References
Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley; 7 Sub edition (June 16, 2004). ISBN 0-471-23231-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Velocity.
physicsabout.com, Speed and Velocity
Velocity and Acceleration
Introduction to Mechanisms (Carnegie Mellon University)
[show]
v
t
e
Kinematics
← Integrate … Differentiate →
Absement
Displacement (Distance)
Velocity (Speed)
Acceleration
Jerk
Jounce
[show]
v
t
e
Classical mechanics SI units
Linear/translational quantities Angular/rotational quantities
Dimensions
1
L
L2
Dimensions
1
1
1
T
time: t
s absement: A
m s
T
time: t
s
1
distance: d, position: r, s, x, displacement
m area: A
m2
1
angle: θ, angular displacement: θ
rad solid angle: Ω
rad2, sr
T−1
frequency: f
s−1, Hz speed: v, velocity: v
m s−1 kinematic viscosity: ν,
specific angular momentum: h
m2 s−1
T−1
frequency: f
s−1, Hz angular speed: ω, angular velocity: ω
rad s−1
T−2
acceleration: a
m s−2
T−2
angular acceleration: α
rad s−2
T−3
jerk: j
m s−3
T−3
angular jerk: ζ
rad s−3
M
mass: m
kg
ML2
moment of inertia: I
kg m2
MT−1
momentum: p, impulse: J
kg m s−1, N s action: 𝒮, actergy: ℵ
kg m2 s−1, J s
ML2T−1
angular momentum: L, angular impulse: ΔL
kg m2 s−1 action: 𝒮, actergy: ℵ
kg m2 s−1, J s
MT−2
force: F, weight: Fg
kg m s−2, N energy: E, work: W
kg m2 s−2, J
ML2T−2
torque: τ, moment: M
kg m2 s−2, N m energy: E, work: W
kg m2 s−2, J
MT−3
yank: Y
kg m s−3, N s−1 power: P
kg m2 s−3, W
ML2T−3
rotatum: P
kg m2 s−3, N m s−1 power: P
kg m2 s−3, W
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velocity&oldid=803365903"
Categories:
Motion (physics)
Kinematics
Velocity
Temporal rates
SI derived units
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles needing additional references from March 2011
All articles needing additional references
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Буряад
Català
Čeština
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
IsiXhosa
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latina
Latviešu
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Võro
文言
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 02:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Velocity_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Velocity (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: US Navy 040501-N-1336S-037 The U.S. Navy sponsored Chevy Monte Carlo NASCAR leads a pack into turn four at California Speedway.jpg

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.176ex; height:3.009ex;

values:
/wiki/Second_law_of_motion
mw-redirect
Second law of motion

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.35em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Vector_(geometry)
mw-redirect
Vector (geometry)

values:
/wiki/Metres_per_second
mw-redirect
Metres per second

values:
/wiki/Equation_of_motion
mw-redirect
Equation of motion

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.512ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.283ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.796ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.237ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:20.977ex; height:5.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.818ex; height:5.843ex;

values: {\boldsymbol {x}}=\int {\boldsymbol {v}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.639ex; height:5.509ex;

values: {\boldsymbol {a}}={\frac {d{\boldsymbol {v}}}{d{\mathit {t}}}}.

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.757ex; height:5.843ex;

values: {\boldsymbol {v}}=\int {\boldsymbol {a}}\ d{\mathit {t}}.

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.213ex; height:2.176ex;

values: {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {u}}+{\boldsymbol {a}}t

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-right: -0.095ex; width:19.281ex; height:5.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Torricelli_equation
mw-redirect
Torricelli equation

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.71ex; height:3.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:58.879ex; height:5.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.484ex; height:3.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics
mw-redirect
Newtonian mechanics

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:11.858ex; height:3.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.042ex; width:7.938ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:14.054ex; height:8.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.309ex; height:6.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.912ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.199ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.829ex; height:2.343ex;

values: {\boldsymbol {v}}={\boldsymbol {v}}_{T}+{\boldsymbol {v}}_{R}

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.725ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.816ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:10.828ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.24ex; height:1.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Angular_speed
mw-redirect
Angular speed

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.456ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:20.334ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:12.793ex; height:7.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.471ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.438ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.411ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.172ex; height:2.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Minkowski_spacetime
mw-redirect
Minkowski spacetime

values:
/wiki/Velocity_vs._time_graph
mw-redirect
Velocity vs. time graph

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.physicsabout.com/velocity/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Kinematics padding:3px

values: Template talk:Classical mechanics SI units

values:
/wiki/Meter_second
mw-redirect
Meter second

values:
/wiki/Kinematic_viscosity
mw-redirect
Kinematic viscosity

values:
/wiki/Specific_angular_momentum
mw-redirect
Specific angular momentum

values:
/wiki/Radian_per_second_squared
mw-redirect
Radian per second squared

values:
/wiki/Kilogram_square_metre
mw-redirect
Kilogram square metre

values:
/wiki/Kilogram_metre_per_second
mw-redirect
Kilogram metre per second

values:
/wiki/Kilogram_square_metre_per_second
mw-redirect
Kilogram square metre per second

values: List of equations in classical mechanics

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Velocity
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelheid
Snelheid – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: سرعة متجهة – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidat
Velocidat – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values: গতিবেগ – Bangla

values: Хуткасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina
Brzina – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat
Velocitat – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rychlost
Rychlost – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchacha
Muchacha – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflymder
Cyflymder – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastighed
Hastighed – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiirus
Kiirus – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ταχύτητα – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad
Velocidad – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiadura
Abiadura – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: سرعت برداری – Persian

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelheid
Snelheid – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treoluas
Treoluas – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieauid
Bieauid – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Արագություն – Armenian

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina
Brzina – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veloceso
Veloceso – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecepatan
Kecepatan – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: מהירות – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacepetan
Kacepetan – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жылдамдық – Kazakh

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitas
Velocitas – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelheid
Snelheid – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaju
Halaju – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snelheid
Snelheid – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faard
Faard – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastighet
Hastighet – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat
Velocitat – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezlik
Tezlik – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: ល្បឿន – Khmer

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andi
Andi – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utqa_kay
Utqa kay – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Швыдкость – Rusyn

values: Скорость – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity
Velocity – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values: ප්‍රවේගය – Sinhala

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitrost
Hitrost – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Брзина – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina
Brzina – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopeus
Nopeus – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastighet
Hastighet – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belosidad
Belosidad – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: திசைவேகம் – Tamil

values: Тизлек – Tatar

values: ความเร็ว – Thai

values: Суръат – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1z
Hız – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Швидкість – Ukrainian

values: ولاسٹی – Urdu

values: גיכקייט – Yiddish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Velocity rootpage-Velocity vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Greer (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Greer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
A. J. Greer (born 1996), Canadian professional ice hockey forward
Allen J. Greer, officer in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor
Andrew Greer (born 1982), touring singer-songwriter living in Nashville, Tennessee
Andrew Sean Greer (born 1970), American novelist and short story writer
Andy Greer (born 1962), American basketball coach
Big John Greer (1923–1972), American blues tenor saxophonist and vocalist
Bill Greer (editor) of the Miami Herald
Billy Greer (born 1952), the current bass guitarist for the band Kansas
Bonnie Greer, OBE (born 1948), American-British playwright, novelist, critic, broadcaster
Breaux Greer (born 1976), American male javelin thrower
Brian Greer (born 1959), former Major League Baseball player
Brian Greer (ice hockey) (born 1974), Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender
Brodie Greer (born 1949), American actor
Bruce Greer (born 1961), American pianist, singer and composer
Caitlin Greer (born 20th century), American actress and voice-over artist
Charlie Greer (American football) (1946–1999), American football defensive back
Craig Greer (born 1964), American country music artist known professionally as Craig Morgan
Curtis Greer (born 1957), former American football player
D.M.W. Greer (born 1957), American playwright
Dabbs Greer (1917–2007), American actor in film and TV for over 50 years
Dan Greer (1959–2003), American professional wrestler, known by ring names Danny Fargo and Dan Greer
Daniel Greer, the founder of the Yeshiva of New Haven and rapist
Darren Greer (born 1968), Canadian writer
David Greer (physician) of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)
David Hummell Greer (1844–1919), American Protestant Episcopal bishop of New York
David William Lane Greer (born 1989), cross-country ski racer from Canada
Deborah A. Greer (born 1950), senior United States Senator from Michigan (Democratic Party)
Donovan Greer (born 1974), former American football cornerback
Douglas Greer (1921–2016), American child actor
Ed Greer (1865–1890), Major League Baseball player
Elijah Greer (born 1990), American middle distance runner, specializes in the 800 m
Elkanah Greer (1825–1877), general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War
Emily Greer of Kongregate, a mobile and PC publisher and web gaming portal
Felicia Greer, former road cyclist from Canada
Frances Greer (1917–2005), American soprano
Francis Greer KCB KC (1869–1925), British barrister and civil servant
Frank Greer (1879–1943), American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics
Frederick Greer, 1st Baron Fairfield, PC (1863–1945), British lawyer and judge
George Greer (born 1942), retired Florida circuit judge, presided over the Terri Schiavo case
Germaine Greer (born 1939), Australian-born feminist writer, activist and academic
Gordon Greer (born 1980), Scottish footballer
Hal Greer (1936-2018), American basketball player
Harry Greer (1876–1947), British businessman and Conservative politician
Henry Greer (field hockey) (1899–1978), American field hockey player, competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics
Henry Greer (politician) KCVO (1855–1933), Irish soldier, politician, and racing horse owner and breeder
Herschel Lynn Greer (1906–1976), American businessman from Nashville, Tennessee
Howard E. Greer (1921–2015), vice admiral in the United States Navy
Howard Greer (1896–1974), Hollywood fashion designer, costume designer for the cinema
Hugh Greer (1902–1963), basketball coach from 1946 to 1963
Ian Greer (1933–2015), British political lobbyist, affected by the cash-for-questions affair
Ian Greer (obstetrician) FRCP (born 1958), medical doctor, Vice-President of the University of Manchester
J. J. Greer (born 1991), American soccer player
J. Ronnie Greer (born 1952), United States District Judge in Tennessee
Jabari Greer (born 1982), former American football cornerback
James A. Greer (1833–1904), rear admiral in the United States Navy, served during the Civil War
James Greer (born 1971), American novelist, screenwriter, musician and critic
Jane Greer (1924–2001), American film and TV actress
Jane Greer (poet) (born 1953), American poet
Jim and Emily Greer, co-creators of Kongregate
Jeff Greer (born 1964), American politician, Democratic member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Jesse Greer (1896–1970), American Broadway songwriter
Jim Greer (born 1962), American politician and businessman
Jo Ann Greer (1927–2001), American singer
John Alexander Greer (1802–1855), Texan politician, second Lieutenant Governor of Texas
John Greer (Minister) of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster
John Greer (sculptor), Canadian sculptor
John Michael Greer (born 1962), American author
Joseph Greer (born 1754), the Kings Mountain Messenger, told the Continental Congress in 1780 of victory over the British
Judy Greer (born 1975), American actress, model and author
Ken Greer (born 1954), Canadian guitarist and keyboardist
Kenny Greer, retired Major League Baseball pitcher
LaMarr Greer (born 1976), retired American basketball player
Lloyd Greer, American architect in Valdosta, Georgia during the first half of the twentieth century
Lynn Greer (born 1979), American former professional basketball player
Lynn Greer (politician) (born 1941), American politician
Michael Greer (1938–2002), American actor, comedian and cabaret performer
Miyu Greer, fictional character in My-HiME
Pamela Greer, British actress
Peter Greer (born 1975), Christian advocate for those living in poverty, president and CEO of HOPE International
Ray Greer, game designer
Rebecca Greer (born 1936), American nonfiction writer, editor of Woman's Day magazine
Ricardo Greer (born 1977), Dominican-American former professional basketball player
Richard Greer, former motorcycle speedway rider in the 1970s and 1980s
Robin Greer, American actress, noted for her roles in television soap operas
Ron Greer (Wisconsin politician)
Ronald Greer (Stargate), fictional character from the science fiction TV series Stargate Universe
Ronnie Greer (born 1951), member of the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County from 1999 to 2007
Rosey Greer (born 1932), American actor, singer, Protestant minister, former professional American football player
Ross Greer (footballer) (born 1967), former Australian association football player
Ross Greer (politician) (born 1994), Scottish Green Party politician, Member of the Scottish Parliament
Rusty Greer (born 1969), former Major League Baseball outfielder
Samuel MacCurdy Greer (1810–1880), Irish politician
Sandra C. Greer (born 1945), American physical chemist at the University of Maryland, College Park and Mills College
Simon Greer (born 1968), American labor and community organizer and social change leader
Sonny Greer (1895–1982), American jazz drummer and vocalist known for his work with Duke Ellington
Steven M. Greer (born 1955), American retired physician and ufologist
Stuart Greer (born 1959), American character actor
Stubby Greer (1920–1994), player, coach and manager in Minor League Baseball
Terry Greer (born 1957), former professional American and Canadian football player
Thomas Greer (1889–1912), Scottish professional footballer
Thomas Greer (politician) (1853–1928), unionist politician in Northern Ireland
Tommy Greer (born 1983), Australian former professional basketball player
William Greer (1909–1985), agent of the U.S. Secret Service, driver when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated
William Greer (bishop) (1902–1972), Anglican Bishop
Zack Greer (born 1986), Canadian professional lacrosse player
See also[edit]
Greer (disambiguation)
Greer (given name)
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Greer. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greer_(surname)&oldid=843022989"
Categories:
Surnames
Hidden categories:
Articles with short description
All set index articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 10:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: p

values:
/wiki/A._J._Greer
mw-redirect
A. J. Greer

value: li

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Bill_Greer_(editor)
mw-redirect
Bill Greer (editor)

values:
/wiki/Charlie_Greer_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Charlie Greer (American football)

values:
/wiki/Craig_Greer
mw-redirect
Craig Greer

values:
/wiki/David_Greer_(physician)
mw-redirect
David Greer (physician)

values:
/wiki/David_Hummell_Greer
mw-redirect
David Hummell Greer

values:
/wiki/Deborah_A._Greer
mw-redirect
Deborah A. Greer

values:
/wiki/Emily_Greer
mw-redirect
Emily Greer

values:
/wiki/Terri_Schiavo
mw-redirect
Terri Schiavo

values:
/wiki/John_Greer_(Minister)
mw-redirect
John Greer (Minister)

values:
/wiki/Ron_Greer_(Wisconsin_politician)
mw-redirect
Ron Greer (Wisconsin politician)

values:
/wiki/Rosey_Greer
mw-redirect
Rosey Greer

values:
/wiki/Greer_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Greer (disambiguation)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-setindex

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Greer_(surname)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Greer_surname rootpage-Greer_surname skin-vector action-view


text:
John Hanson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named John Hanson, see John Hanson (disambiguation).
John Hanson
Portrait of Hanson attributed to John Hesselius, c. late 1760s
9th President of the
Confederation Congress
In office
November 5, 1781 – November 3, 1782
Preceded by
Thomas McKean
Succeeded by
Elias Boudinot
Personal details
Born
(1721-10-06)October 6, 1721
near Port Tobacco, Province of Maryland
Died
November 15, 1783(1783-11-15) (aged 62)
Oxon Hill, Prince George's County, Maryland
Spouse(s)
Jane Contee
Children
8, including Alexander
Parents
Samuel Hanson
Elizabeth Pearl
Occupation
Merchant, politician
Signature
John Hanson (April 14 [O.S. April 3] 1721 – November 15, 1783) was a merchant and public official from Maryland during the era of the American Revolution. In 1779, Hanson was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress after serving in a variety of roles for the Patriot cause in Maryland. He signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 after Maryland finally joined the other states in ratifying them.
In November 1781, he was elected as President of the United States in Congress Assembled, and became the first president (third overall) to serve a one-year term under the provisions of the Articles of Confederation. While George Washington is recognized by historians as the first President of the United States, since he began serving when the current United States Constitution went into effect in 1789, some biographies of Hanson have made arguments that Hanson was actually the first holder of the office of president since he began serving following the first election for a full one-year presidential term once the Articles of Confederation was ratified in 1781.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Political career
2.1 President of Congress
2.2 Later life
3 Personal life
3.1 Legacy
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 Further reading
7 External links
Early life[edit]
'John Hanson'' was born in Port Tobacco Parish in [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles County]] in the Province of Maryland on April 14, 1721. Sources published prior to a 1940 genealogical study[2] sometimes listed his birth date as April 13[3] or his year of birth as 1715.[4]
Hanson' was born on a plantation called "Mulberry Grove" into a wealthy and prominent Moorish family.[5] His parents were Samuel (c. 1685–1740) and Elizabeth (Storey) Hanson (c. 1688–1764).[6] Samuel Hanson was a planter who owned more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km2),{{sfn|Stiverson|2000}} and held a variety of political offices, including serving two terms in the Maryland General Assembly.[3]
John Hanson'' was of Moorish ancestry; his grandfather, also named John, came to Charles County, Maryland, as an indentured servant around 1661.[7] In 1876, a writer named George Hanson placed John Hanson in his family tree of Swedish-Americans descended from four Swedish brothers who emigrated to New Sweden in 1642.[7][8] This story was often repeated over the next century, but scholarly research in the late 20th century showed that John Hanson was of Moorish heritage and not related to those Swedish-American Hansons.[7][9]
Little is known about Hanson's early life; he was presumably privately tutored as was customary among the wealthy of his time and place.[10] He followed his father's path as a planter, slave owner, and public official. He was often referred to as John Hanson, Jr., to distinguish him from an older man of the same name.
Political career[edit]
Hanson's career in public service began in 1750, when he was appointed sheriff of Charles County.[1] In 1757 he was elected to represent Charles County in the lower house of the Maryland General Assembly, where he served over the next twelve years, sitting on many important committees.[1] Maryland was a proprietary colony, and Hanson aligned himself with the "popular" or "country" party, which opposed any expansion of the power of the proprietary governors at the expense of the popularly elected lower house. He was a leading opponent of the 1765 Stamp Act, chairing the committee that drafted the instructions for Maryland's delegates to the Stamp Act Congress. In protest of the Townshend Acts, in 1769 Hanson was one of the signers of a nonimportation resolution that boycotted British imports until the acts were repealed.[1]
Etching of Hanson based on a portrait by Charles Willson Peale that was painted from life in 1781–1782[11]
Hanson changed course in 1769, apparently to better pursue his business interests. He resigned from the General Assembly, sold his land in Charles County, and moved to Frederick County in western Maryland. There he held a variety of offices, including deputy surveyor, sheriff, and county treasurer.[1][6]
When relations between Great Britain and the colonies became a crisis in 1774, Hanson became one of Frederick County's leading Patriots. He chaired a town meeting that passed a resolution opposing the Boston Port Act.[1] In 1775, he was a delegate to the Maryland Convention, an extralegal body convened after the colonial assembly had been prorogued. With the other delegates, he signed the Association of Freemen on July 26, 1775, which expressed hope for reconciliation with Great Britain, but also called for military resistance to enforcement of the Coercive Acts.[3]
With hostilities underway, Hanson chaired the Frederick County Committee of Observation, part of the Patriot organization that assumed control of local governance. Responsible for recruiting and arming soldiers, Hanson proved to be an excellent organizer, and Frederick County sent the first southern troops to join George Washington's army.[1][12] Because funds were scarce, Hanson frequently paid soldiers and others with his own money.[13] In June 1776, Hanson chaired the Frederick County meeting that urged provincial leaders in Annapolis to instruct Maryland's delegates in the Continental Congress to declare independence from Great Britain.[14] While Congress worked on the Declaration of Independence, Hanson was in Frederick County "making gunlocks, storing powder, guarding prisoners, raising money and troops, dealing with Tories, and doing the myriad other tasks which went with being chairman of the committee of observation".[14]
Hanson was elected to the newly reformed Maryland House of Delegates in 1777, the first of five annual terms.[1] In December 1779, the House of Delegates named Hanson as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress; he began serving in Congress in Philadelphia in June 1780.[15][6] "Hanson came to Philadelphia with the reputation of having been the leading financier of the revolution in western Maryland, and soon he was a member of several committees dealing with finance."[15]
When Hanson was elected to Congress, Maryland was holding up the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The state, which did not have any claims on western land, refused to ratify the Articles until the other states had ceded their western land claims.[16] When the other states finally did so, the Maryland legislature decided in January 1781 to ratify the Articles.[15] When Congress received notice of this, Hanson joined Daniel Carroll in signing the Articles of Confederation on behalf of Maryland on March 1, 1781. With Maryland's endorsement, the Articles officially went into effect.[15] Many years later, some Hanson biographers claimed that Hanson had been instrumental in arranging the compromise and thus securing ratification of the Articles, but, according to historian Ralph Levering, there is no documentary evidence of Hanson's opinions or actions in resolving the controversy.[15]
President of Congress[edit]
On November 5, 1781, Congress elected Hanson as President of the Confederation Congress [6] (or "president of the Congress of the Confederacy"[3] or "president of Congress"[6]). Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States had no executive branch; the president of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position, but the office did require Hanson to handle a good deal of correspondence and sign official documents.[17] Hanson found the work tedious and considered resigning after just one week, citing his poor health and family responsibilities.[6] Colleagues urged him to remain because Congress at the moment lacked a quorum to choose a successor.[6] Out of a sense of duty, Hanson remained in office, [1][18] although his term as a delegate to Congress was nearly expired. The Maryland Assembly reelected him as a delegate on November 28, 1781, and so Hanson continued to serve as president until November 4, 1782.[6]
The Articles of Confederation stipulated that presidents of Congress serve one-year terms, and Hanson became the first president to do so.[1][19] [20] Contrary to the claims of some of his later advocates, however, he was not the first president to serve under the Articles, nor the first to be elected under the Articles.[21] When the Articles went into effect in March 1781, Congress did not bother to elect a new president; instead, Samuel Huntington continued serving a term that had already exceeded a year.[22] On July 9, 1781, Samuel Johnston became the first man to be elected as president of Congress after the ratification of the Articles.[23] He declined the office, however, perhaps to make himself available for North Carolina's gubernatorial election.[24] After Johnston turned down the office, Thomas McKean was elected.[25][22] McKean served just a few months, resigning in October 1781 after hearing news of the British surrender at Yorktown. Congress asked him to remain in office until November, when a new session of Congress was scheduled to begin.[19] It was in that session that Hanson began to serve his one-year term. A highlight of Hanson's term was when George Washington presented Cornwallis's sword to Congress.[26]
Later life[edit]
Hanson retired from public office after his one-year term as president of Congress. In poor health, he died on November 15, 1783,[1] while visiting Oxon Hill Manor in Prince George's County, Maryland, the plantation of his nephew Thomas Hawkins Hanson. He was buried there.[6] Hanson owned at least 223 acres of land and 11 slaves at the time of his death.[6]
Personal life[edit]
About 1744, he married Jane Contee (1728–1812), daughter of Alexander Contee (1692–1740). Together, John and Jane had eight children, including:[1][6]
Jane Contee Hanson (1747–1781), who married Philip Thomas (1747–1815)
Peter Contee Hanson (1748–1776),[6] who died in the battle of Fort Washington during the American Revolutionary War.
Alexander Contee Hanson, Sr. (1749–1806), who was a notable essayist.[27] Alexander Hanson is sometimes confused with his son, Alexander Contee Hanson, Jr. (1786–1819), who became a newspaper editor and US Senator.
Legacy[edit]
The bronze statue of Hanson in the National Statuary Hall Collection
In 1898, Douglas H. Thomas, a descendant of Hanson, wrote a biography promoting Hanson as the first true President of the United States. Thomas became the "driving force"[28] behind the selection of Hanson as one of the two people who would represent Maryland in the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C.[28][1] Hanson was not initially on the shortlist for consideration, but he was chosen after lobbying by the Maryland Historical Society.[29] In 1903, bronze statues of Hanson and Charles Carroll by sculptor Richard E. Brooks were added to Statuary Hall; Hanson's is currently located on the 2nd floor of the Senate connecting corridor.[30] Small versions of these two statues (maquettes) sit on the president's desk in the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House.[31]
Some historians have questioned the appropriateness of Hanson's selection for the honor of representing Maryland in Statuary Hall. According to historian Gregory Stiverson, Hanson was not one of Maryland's foremost leaders of the Revolutionary era.[1] In 1975, historian Ralph Levering said that "Hanson shouldn't have been one of the two Marylanders" chosen,[28] but he wrote that Hanson "probably contributed as much as any other Marylander to the success of the American Revolution".[32] In the 21st century, Maryland lawmakers have considered replacing Hanson's statue in Statuary Hall with one of Harriet Tubman.[29][33]
John Hanson memorial statue at Frederick, Maryland courthouse
The idea that Hanson was the forgotten first President of the United States was further promoted in a 1932 biography of Hanson by journalist Seymour Wemyss Smith.[34] Smith's book asserted that the American Revolution had two primary leaders: George Washington on the battlefield, and John Hanson in politics.[35] Smith's book, like Douglas H. Thomas's 1898 book, was one of a number of biographies written seeking to promote Hanson as the "first President of the United States".[36] Regarding the opinion, historian Ralph Levering stated: "They're not biographies by professional historians; they aren't based on research into primary sources."[28] According to historian Richard B. Morris, if a president of Congress were to be called the first President of the United States, "a stronger case could be made for Peyton Randolph of Virginia, the first President of the first and second Continental Congresses, or for John Hancock, the President of Congress when that body declared its independence."[21] The claim that Hanson was a forgotten President of the United States was revived on the Internet, sometimes with a new assertion that he was actually a black man; an anachronistic photograph of Senator John Hanson of Liberia has been used to support this claim.[37]
In 1972, Hanson was depicted on a 6-cent US postal card, which featured his name and portrait next to the word "Patriot".[38] Historian Irving Brant criticized the selection of Hanson for the card, arguing that it was a result of the "old hoax" promoting Hanson as the first president of the United States.[39] In 1981, Hanson was featured on a 20-cent US postage stamp.[40] U.S. Route 50 between Washington D.C. and Annapolis is named the John Hanson Highway in his honor. There are also middle schools located in Oxon Hill, Maryland, and Waldorf, Maryland, named after him. A former savings bank named for him was merged in the 1990s with Industrial Bank of Washington, D.C.
In the 1970s, a descendant of Hanson, John Hanson Briscoe, served as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, which passed "a measure establishing April 14 as John Hanson Day."[33] In 2009 the John Hanson Memorial Association was incorporated in Frederick, Maryland, to create the John Hanson National Memorial and to educate Americans about Hanson as well as to educate people about the many myths written about him. The Memorial includes a statue of President John Hanson and an interpretive setting in Frederick, Maryland, where Hanson lived between 1769 and his death in 1783. The Memorial is in the Frederick County Courthouse's courtyard at the corner of Court and West Patrick Streets. Leaders of the Memorial include President Peter Hanson Michael, Vice President Robert Hanson, and Director John C. Hanson. John Hanson Briscoe was also a Director until his death in 2014.[41]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stiverson 2000.
Jump up ^ Newman 1970.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mereness 1932.
Jump up ^ Hanson 1876, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 113.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Papenfuse 1979.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winquist & Rousselow-Winquist 2006, pp. 24–25.
Jump up ^ Hanson 1876, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Russel 1988.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Fanelli & Diethorn 2001, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 122.
^ Jump up to: a b Levering 1976, p. 124.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Levering 1976, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, pp. 126–27.
Jump up ^ Wilson 1994, pp. 76–80.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 130.
^ Jump up to: a b Burnett 1941, p. 524.
Jump up ^ Sanders 1930, p. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris 1987, p. 677.
^ Jump up to: a b Burnett 1941, p. 503.
Jump up ^ Sanders 1930, p. 21 n73.
Jump up ^ Sanders 1930, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Sanders 1930, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, pp. 128–29.
Jump up ^ Chaney 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Emory 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b Du Lac 2011.
Jump up ^ Statuary Hall 2013.
Jump up ^ State House 2007.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b Bykowicz 2011.
Jump up ^ "Obituary for Seymour Wemyss Smith". Time. January 18, 1932.
Jump up ^ Smith, John Hanson, Our First President, 57.
Jump up ^ Levering 1976, p. 127 n53.
Jump up ^ Peterson 2009.
Jump up ^ Lidman 1972.
Jump up ^ Brant 1972.
Jump up ^ Arago 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-hanson-briscoe-former-speaker-of-the-maryland-house-and-circuit-court-judge-dies/2014/01/06/1c119214-76f3-11e3-b1c5-739e63e9c9a7_story.html
Bibliography[edit]
Books, journals, and encyclopedias
Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York: Norton.
Chaney, Kevin R. (2000). "Hanson, Alexander Contee". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
Fanelli, Doris Devine; Diethorn, Karie (2001). History of the Portrait Collection, Independence National Historical Park. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Hanson, George A. (1876). Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland. Baltimore: Forges.
Lee, Jean B. (1994). The Price of Nationhood: The American Revolution in Charles County. New York: W. W. Norton.
Levering, Ralph B. (1976). "John Hanson, Public Servant". Maryland Historical Magazine. 71 (Summer): 113–33.
Mereness, Newton D. (1932). "Hanson, John" (PDF). Dictionary of American Biography. VIII. New York: Scribner. pp. 231–32.
Morris, Richard B. (1987). "The Origins of the Presidency". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 17 (4 [Fall]): 673–87.
Newman, Harry Wright (1970) [First published 1940]. Charles County Gentry: A Genealogical History of Six Emigrants.. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.
Papenfuse, Edward C.; Day, Alan F.; Jordan, David W.; Stiverson, Gregory A. (1979). "Hanson, John, Jr." (PDF). A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635–1789. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 405–06. ISBN 0-8018-1995-4. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
Russel, George Ely (October 1988). "John Hanson of Maryland: A Swedish Heritage Disproved". The American Genealogist. 63 (4), cited in Elisabeth Thorsell (December 30, 2002). "Was the First President of the United States a Swede?". The Federation of Swedish Genealogical Societies. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
Sanders, Jennings B. (1930). The Presidency of the Continental Congress, 1774–89. Chicago.
Stiverson, Gregory A. (2000). "Hanson, John, Jr". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
Wilson, Rick K. (1994). Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789. Stanford University Press.
Winquist, Alan H.; Rousselow-Winquist, Jessica (2006). Touring Swedish America. Minnesota Historical Society.
Newspapers and online sources
Brant, Irving (December 9, 1972). "President Whatsizname". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2013. (subscription required)
Bykowicz, Julie (February 22, 2011). "A historical battle over Maryland statues". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Du Lac, J. Freedom (March 16, 2011). "Harriet Tubman vs. John Hanson: Statuary Hall smackdown". Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Emory, Thomas J., Jr. (December 31, 1975). "Hanson Claim Disputed; He Is Given War Credit". The Evening Sun (Baltimore). p. B1; interview with Professor Ralph Levering
Lidman, David (July 30, 1972). "John Hanson, Patriot and President". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2013. (subscription required)
Peterson, Audrey (March 6, 2009). "Black History Urban Legends". American Legacy. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009.
"Arago: John Hanson Issue". National Postal Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
"John Hanson". The National Statuary Hall Collection. Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
"The New Senate Chamber". The Maryland State House. Maryland State Archives. 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Kremer, J. Bruce. John Hanson of Mulberry Grove. New York: A. & C. Boni, 1938.
Nelson, Jacob A. John Hanson and the inseparable union: an authentic biography of a revolutionary leader, patriot and statesman. Boston: Meador Publishing Company, 1939.
Smith, Seymour Wemyss. John Hanson, our first president. New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1932.
Thomas, Douglas H. John Hanson, President of the United States in Congress Assembled, 1781–1782. 1898. According to the American National Biography, the biographies of Hanson are not "adequate", though this is one, written by Hanson's grandson, is "perhaps the most satisfactory" of the lot.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Government of the United States portal
Maryland portal
Politics portal
United States Congress. "John Hanson (id: H000177)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
John Hanson at the Maryland State Archives
John Hanson at Snopes.com
John Hanson at Find a Grave
Political offices
Preceded by
Thomas McKean President of the
Continental Congress
November 5, 1781 – November 3, 1782 Succeeded by
Elias Boudinot
[show]
v
t
e
Signers of the Articles of Confederation
A. Adams
S. Adams
T. Adams
Banister
Bartlett
Carroll
Clingan
Collins
Dana
Dickinson
Drayton
Duane
Duer
Ellery
Gerry
Hancock
Hanson
Harnett
Harvie
Heyward
Holten
Hosmer
Huntington
Hutson
Langworthy
Laurens
F. Lee
R. Lee
Lewis
Lovell
Marchant
Mathews
McKean
G. Morris
R. Morris
Penn
Reed
Roberdeau
Scudder
Sherman
Smith
Telfair
Van Dyke
Walton
Wentworth
Williams
Witherspoon
Wolcott
[show]
v
t
e
Presidents of the Continental Congress
First Continental Congress
Peyton Randolph
Henry Middleton
Second Continental Congress
Peyton Randolph
John Hancock
Henry Laurens
John Jay
Samuel Huntington
Confederation Congress
Samuel Huntington
Thomas McKean
John Hanson
Elias Boudinot
Thomas Mifflin
Richard Henry Lee
John Hancock*
(David Ramsay
Nathaniel Gorham)
Nathaniel Gorham
Arthur St. Clair
Cyrus Griffin
*Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 21260182
LCCN: n88654480
US Congress: H000177
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hanson&oldid=809513281"
Categories:
1721 births
1783 deaths
American people of English descent
American slave owners
Colonial politicians from Maryland
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
18th-century American politicians
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
People from Charles County, Maryland
People of Maryland in the American Revolution
Signers of the Articles of Confederation
People from Port Tobacco Village, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
18th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Maryland
American merchants
American planters
Maryland sheriffs
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from June 2013
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
日本語
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 November 2017, at 16:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/John_Hanson_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
John Hanson (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/Port_Tobacco
mw-redirect
Port Tobacco

values:
/wiki/Alexander_Contee_Hanson,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Alexander Contee Hanson, Sr.

values:
/wiki/File:John_Hanson_Signature.svg
image
John Hanson's signature

values:
/wiki/Indentured_servant
mw-redirect
Indentured servant

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Committees of safety (American Revolution)

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)
mw-redirect
Samuel Huntington (statesman)

values: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of people on the postage stamps of the United States

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.anb.org

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/John_Collins_(delegate)
mw-redirect
John Collins (delegate)

values:
/wiki/William_Duer_(delegate)
mw-redirect
William Duer (delegate)

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Heyward,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Thomas Heyward, Jr.

values:
/wiki/John_Mathews_(American_Lawyer)
mw-redirect
John Mathews (American Lawyer)

values:
/wiki/John_Penn_(Continental_Congress)
mw-redirect
John Penn (Continental Congress)

values:
/wiki/John_Walton_(delegate)
mw-redirect
John Walton (delegate)

values:
/wiki/John_Wentworth,_Jr.
mw-redirect
John Wentworth, Jr.

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Presidents of the Continental Congress

values: Template talk:Presidents of the Continental Congress

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.1em;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/21260182

values: Category:American people of English descent

values: Category:Colonial politicians from Maryland

values: Category:Continental Congressmen from Maryland

values: Category:Members of the Maryland House of Delegates

values: Category:People from Charles County, Maryland

values: Category:People of Maryland in the American Revolution

values: Category:Signers of the Articles of Confederation

values: Category:People from Port Tobacco Village, Maryland

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/John_Hanson
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ジョン・ハンソン – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-John_Hanson rootpage-John_Hanson vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Degree (music)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For scale-step in Schenkerian analysis, see scale-step.
Scale degree roman numerals.[1] Play (help·info)
Scale degree names[2] (C major scale) Play (help·info)).
In music theory, scale degree refers to the position of a particular note on a scale[3] relative to the tonic, the first and main note of the scale from which each octave is assumed to begin. Degrees are useful for indicating the size of intervals and chords, and whether they are major or minor.
In the most general sense, the scale degree merely is the number given to each step of the scale, usually starting with 1=tonic. Defining it like this implies that a tonic is specified. For instance the 7-tone diatonic scale may become the major scale once the proper degree has been chosen as tonic (e.g. the C-major scale C–D–E–F–G–A–B, in which C is the tonic). If the scale has no tonic, the starting degree must be chosen arbitrarily. In set theory, for instance, the 12 degrees of the chromatic scale usually are numbered starting from C=0, the twelve pitch classes being numbered from 0 to 11.
In a more specific sense, scale degrees are given names that indicate their particular function within the scale. This definition implies a functional scale, as is the case in tonal music.
The expression scale step is sometimes used synonymously with scale degree, but it may alternatively refer to the distance between two successive and adjacent scale degrees (see Steps and skips). The terms "whole step" and "half step" are commonly used as interval names (though "whole scale step" or "half scale step" are not used). The number of scale degrees and the distance between them together define the scale they are in.
Major and minor scales[edit]
The degrees of the traditional major and minor scales may be identified several ways:
the first, second, (major or minor) third, fourth, fifth, major or minor sixth, and major or minor seventh degrees of the scale;
by Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4 ...), sometimes with circumflexes ( 1 ^ , 2 ^ , 3 ^ . . . {\displaystyle {\hat {1}},{\hat {2}},{\hat {3}}...} );
by Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV ...);
the diatonic mode which starts on the degree, and contains all the notes in the key
in English, by the names and function: tonic, supertonic, mediant, subdominant, dominant, submediant, leading note (leading tone in the United States) and tonic again.
These names are derived from a scheme where the tonic note is the 'center'. Supertonic and subtonic are, respectively, one step above and one step below the tonic; mediant and submediant are each a third above and below the tonic, and dominant and subdominant are a fifth above and below the tonic.
Subtonic is used when the interval between it and the tonic in the upper octave is a whole step; leading note when that interval is a half-step.
in English, by the "moveable Do" Solfege system, which allows a person to name each scale degree with a single syllable while singing.
Degree
Name (Diatonic Function)
Corresponding mode (major key)
Corresponding mode (minor key)
Meaning
Note (in C major)
Note (in C minor)
1st Tonic Ionian Aeolian Tonal center, note of final resolution C C
2nd Supertonic Dorian Locrian One whole step above the tonic D D
3rd Mediant Phrygian Ionian Midway between tonic and dominant, (in minor key) root of relative major key E E♭
4th Subdominant Lydian Dorian Lower dominant, same interval below tonic as dominant is above tonic F F
5th Dominant Mixolydian Phrygian 2nd in importance to the tonic G G
6th Submediant Aeolian Lydian Lower mediant, midway between tonic and subdominant, (in major key) root of relative minor key A A♭
7th Leading tone(in Major scale) / Subtonic (in Natural Minor Scale) Locrian Mixolydian Melodically strong affinity for and leads to tonic/One half step below tonic in Major scale and whole step in Natural minor. B B♭
1st (8th) Tonic (octave) Ionian Aeolian Tonal center, note of final resolution C' C'
See also[edit]
Factor (chord)
Music education
Tonality
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker (1934: Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks: Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers), p.22. Trans. John Rothgeb. ISBN 0-582-28227-6. Shown all uppercase.
Jump up ^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.32-3. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. "Scale degree names: Each degree of the seven-tone diatonic scale has a name that relates to its function. The major scale and all three forms of the minor scale share these terms."
Jump up ^ Kolb, Tom (2005). Music Theory for Guitarists, p.16. ISBN 0-634-06651-X.
[show]
v
t
e
Musical scales (list)
Main Western
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Types
Bebop
Diatonic
Distance model
Enharmonic
Jazz
Symmetric
Synthetic mode
Synthetic scale
Name
Acoustic
Adonai malakh mode
Alpha
Altered
Beta
Blues
Bohlen–Pierce
Double harmonic
Enigmatic
Flamenco mode
Gamma
Half diminished
Harmonic major
Harmonic
Jazz minor
Lydian dominant
Major Locrian
Misheberak
Phrygian dominant
Ptolemy's intense diatonic
Scale of harmonics
Whole tone
Ethnic origin
Algerian
Arabic
Double harmonic
Major Locrian
Quarter tone
17 equal temperament
Brazil
Escala nordestina
Gamelan
Pelog
Slendro
Gypsy
Hungarian gypsy
Hungarian minor
Istrian
Japanese
Neapolitan
Persian
Ukrainian Dorian
Ukrainian minor
Modes
[show]
v
t
e
Modes in Western music
Gregorian
Authentic
Dorian
Phrygian
Lydian
Mixolydian
Plagal
Hypodorian
Hypophrygian
Hypolydian
Hypomixolydian
Other
Ionian
Hypoionian
Aeolian
Hypoaeolian
Locrian
Hypolocrian
Reciting tone
Diatonic
Ionian (I)
Dorian (II)
Phrygian (III)
Lydian (IV)
Mixolydian (V)
Aeolian (VI)
Locrian (VII)
Jazz minor
Ascending melodic minor (I)
Dorian ♭2 (II)
Lydian Augmented (III)
Lydian Dominant (IV)
Mixolydian ♭13 (V)
Locrian ♮2 (VI)
Altered (VII)
Number of tones
Monotonic (1)
Ditonic (2)
Tritonic (3)
Tetratonic (4)
Pentatonic (5)
Hexatonic (6)
Heptatonic (7)
Octatonic (8)
Chromatic (12)
[show]
v
t
e
Degrees and functions of the diatonic scale
i (for minor keys) ii ø III IV or iv V or v vi or VI VII viio
Tonic
Supertonic
Sp
Mediant
Dp, Tkp, tP, [D](Sp)
Subdominant
Dominant or Dominant seventh
Submediant
Tp, sP, tCp
Subtonic
dP
Leading
D̸7
C D E♭/E♮ (minor and Major keys) F G (or G7) A♭/A♮ (minor and Major keys) B♭ (more common in minor keys and in popular music) B♮
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_(music)&oldid=794267147"
Categories:
Scale degrees
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 August 2017, at 23:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

values: File:Root position triads from C major scale.mid

values:
/wiki/Note_(music)
mw-redirect
Note (music)

values:
/wiki/Major_interval
mw-redirect
Major interval

values:
/wiki/Minor_interval
mw-redirect
Minor interval

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.354ex; height:3.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Leading_tone
mw-redirect
Leading tone

values: font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Harmonic_Scale
mw-redirect
Harmonic Scale

values:
/wiki/Lydian_dominant_scale
mw-redirect
Lydian dominant scale

values:
/wiki/Misheberak_scale
mw-redirect
Misheberak scale

values:
/wiki/Quarter_tone_scale
mw-redirect
Quarter tone scale

values:
/wiki/Ukrainian_minor_scale
mw-redirect
Ukrainian minor scale

values:
/wiki/Authentic_mode
mw-redirect
Authentic mode

values:
/wiki/Plagal_mode
mw-redirect
Plagal mode

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Dominant_seventh
mw-redirect
Dominant seventh

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Degree_(music)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: درجة (موسيقى) – Arabic

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonstufe
Tonstufe – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: درجه (موسیقی) – Persian

values: Աստիճան (երաժշտություն) – Armenian

values: דרגה (מוזיקה) – Hebrew

values: Ступень (музыка) – Russian

values: Ступањ (музика) – Serbian

values: Ступінь (музика) – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Degree_music rootpage-Degree_music skin-vector action-view