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List of most subscribed YouTube channels
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PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube, with over 57 million subscribers as of September 2017.
This list of most subscribed users on YouTube contains the top 50 channels with the most subscribers on the video platform YouTube.[1] The ability to "subscribe" to a user's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005,[2] and the "most subscribed" list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006, at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than 3,000 subscribers.[3] Since December 22, 2013, the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie with 57 million followers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top channels
1.1 All-time
1.2 By country
2 Historical most subscribed channels
2.1 Timeline
3 Reactions
4 See also
5 References
Top channels[edit]
All-time[edit]
The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of October 12, 2017, 30 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (21 from the United States) and 35 are English-language channels.[1]
Vevo channel
Self-owned channel (without a network)
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)
1. PewDiePie[5] N/A Sweden English 57
2. HolaSoyGerman.[6] Machinima Chile Spanish 32
3. JustinBieberVEVO[7] Vevo Canada English 31
4. T-Series[8] tseriesmusic India Hindi 25
5. elrubiusOMG[9] Mixicom Spain Spanish 25
6. RihannaVEVO[10] Vevo Barbados English
7. YouTube Spotlight[11] Google United States English
8. TaylorSwiftVEVO[12] Vevo
9. KatyPerryVEVO[13]
10. Fernanfloo[14] BroadbandTV El Salvador Spanish 24
11. whinderssonnunes[15] N/A Brazil Portuguese 23
12. EminemVEVO[16] Vevo United States English
13. Dude Perfect[17] N/A
14. Smosh[18] Break 22
15. OneDirectionVEVO[19] Vevo United Kingdom
16. JuegaGerman[20] Machinima Chile Spanish 21
17. Ed Sheeran[21] WMG United Kingdom English
18. VanossGaming[22] N/A Canada
19. TheEllenShow[23] Time Warner United States 20
20. nigahiga[24] N/A
21. Canal KondZilla[25] ONErpm Brazil Portuguese 19
22. VEGETTA777[26] Mixicom Spain Spanish
23. Yuya[27] N/A Mexico
24. Spinnin' Records[28] Spinnin Records Netherlands English 18
25. Markiplier[29] Maker Studios United States
26. WWE[30] N/A
27. ArianaGrandeVevo[31] Vevo
28. JennaMarbles[32] N/A 17
29. Bruno Mars[33] WMG
30. KSI[34] StyleHaul United Kingdom
31. shakiraVEVO[35] Vevo Colombia English /
Spanish 16
32. jacksepticeye[36] Maker Studios Ireland English
33. DanTDM[37] StyleHaul United Kingdom
34. Skrillex[38] N/A United States
35. FBE[39]
36. Trap Nation[40] 15
37. WatchMojo.com[41] WatchMojo Canada
38. SET India[42] SET India Hindi
39. AdeleVEVO[43] Vevo United Kingdom English
40. enchufetv[44] N/A Ecuador Spanish
41. David Guetta[45] Vevo France English 14
42. Vevo[46] United States
43. Felipe Neto[47] N/A Brazil Portuguese
44. The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48] NBCU Shows United States English
45. Maroon5VEVO[49] Vevo
46. ERB[50] Maker Studios
47. SelenaGomezVEVO[51] Vevo
48. CanalCanalha[52] Endemol beyond Brasil Brazil Portuguese
49. Werevertumorro[53] sevenludus Mexico Spanish
50. PTXofficial[54] N/A United States English 13
As of October 12, 2017
By country[edit]
The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)
1. Sweden PewDiePie[55] 57
2. Chile HolaSoyGerman.[6] 32
3. Canada JustinBieberVEVO[7] 31
4. Spain elrubiusOMG[9] 25
5. India T-Series[8]
6. Barbados RihannaVEVO[10]
7. USA YouTube Spotlight[11]
8. El Salvador Fernanfloo[14] 24
9. Brazil whinderssonnunes[15] 23
10. UK OneDirectionVEVO[19] 22
11. Mexico Yuya[27] 19
12. Netherlands Spinnin' Records[28] 18
13. Colombia shakiraVEVO[35] 16
14. Ireland jacksepticeye[36]
15. Ecuador enchufetv[44] 15
16. France David Guetta[45] 14
17. Puerto Rico LuisFonsiVEVO[56] 13
18. Russia Get Movies[57]
19. Ukraine EeOneGuy[58] 12
20. South Korea SMTOWN[59] 11
21. Venezuela Dross Rotzank[60]
22. Finland Clash of Clans[61]
23. Thailand Workpoint[62] 10
24. Australia HowToBasic[63] 9
25. Argentina El Reino Infantil[64]
26. Norway Alan Walker[65]
27. South Africa Caspar Lee[66] 7
28. Turkey netd müzik[67]
29. Italy Marzia[68]
30. Philippines ABS-CBN Entertainment[69] 6
31. Austria Red Bull[70]
32. Belgium Tomorrowland[71]
33. Germany freekickerz[72] 5
34. Japan はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[73]
35. Jordan toyoraljanahtv[74]
36. Saudi Arabia Rotana[75]
37. Portugal SirKazzio[76] 4
38. UAE MBC GROUP[77]
39. Peru whatdafaqshow[78]
40. Uruguay dosogas[79] 3
41. Vietnam POPS MUSIC[80]
42. Iraq الرماس ميوزك[81]
43. Romania Cat Music[82]
44. Morocco Saad Lamjarred[83]
45. Poland SA Wardega[84]
46. Latvia TrapMusicHDTV[85]
47. Denmark LEGO[86]
48. Israel TuTiTuTV[87]
49. New Zealand Shaaanxo[88]
50. Indonesia Raditya Dika[89] 2
51. Czechia ViralBrothers[90]
52. Croatia 2CELLOS[91]
53. Egypt Albernameg[92]
54. Pakistan Coke Studio[93]
55. Taiwan TGOP這群人[94]
56. Belarus tellblog.net[95]
57. Switzerland Typhoon Cinema[96] 1
58. Bulgaria Bodil40[97]
59. Kuwait Swar Shuaib[98]
60. Malaysia Les' Copaque Production[99]
61. Kazakhstan Saspens[100]
62. China Hunan Television[101]
63. Dominican Republic El Show de Carlos Durán[102]
64. Serbia IDJVideos.TV[103]
65. Slovakia GoGoManTV[104]
66. Palestine M.A TUBE[105]
67. Qatar Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[106]
68. Algeria Oum Walid[107]
69. Slovenia Tiger Productions[108]
70. Panama Windy GirkTV[109]
71. Nigeria MarkAngelComedy[110]
72. Lebanon Elissa[111]
73. Nepal Music Nepal[112]
74. Jamaica JavierNathaniel[113]
75. Singapore Clicknetwork[114]
76. Hong Kong 蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[115]
As of October 12, 2017
Historical most subscribed channels[edit]
The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.
Current record
Former record
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference
PewDiePie[55] Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 22, 2013 1,390 [116]
YouTube Spotlight[11] Google USA Dec 12, 2013 10 [117][118]
PewDiePie[55] Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 8, 2013 4 [116]
YouTube Spotlight[11] Google USA Nov 2, 2013 36 [119]
PewDiePie[55] Felix Kjellberg Sweden Aug 15, 2013 80 [120]
Smosh[18] Defy Media USA Jan 12, 2013 215 [121][122]
Ray William Johnson[123] Ray Johnson Jun 28, 2011 564 [124][125]
nigahiga[24] Ryan Higa Aug 20, 2009 677 [126][127]
Fяᴇᴅ[128] Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6, 2008 318 [129]
nigahiga[24] nigahiga Sep 24, 2008 12 [129]
Smosh[18] Defy Media Apr 26, 2007 517 [130]
lonelygirl15[131] Mesh Flinders Sep 17, 2006 221 [132][133][134]
geriatric1927[135] Peter Oakley UK Aug 17, 2006 31 [136]
Brookers[137] Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3, 2006 45 [138][139]
Judson Laipply[140] Judson Laipply Jun 12, 2006 21 [116][141]
Smosh[18] Defy Media May 17, 2006 26 [142]
As of October 12, 2017
Timeline[edit]
Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Oct 2017)
Reactions[edit]
In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.
Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[143] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[144]
See also[edit]
List of most viewed YouTube videos
List of most viewed Vevo videos
List of most liked YouTube videos
List of most disliked YouTube videos
List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours
List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 100 sorted by Subscribers. YouTubers sorted by Subscribers - Socialblade YouTube Stats | YouTube Statistics". socialblade.com. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "It's been awhile since our last update". Official YouTube Blog. Blogspot. October 25, 2005. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17, 2006, youtube.com
Jump up ^ "Track YouTube analytics, future predictions, & live subscriber counts - Social Blade". socialblade.com. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
Jump up ^ "PewDiePie". YouTube. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "HolaSoyGerman.". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "JustinBieberVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "T-Series". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "elrubiusOMG". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "RihannaVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "YouTube Spotlight". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TaylorSwiftVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "KatyPerryVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fernanfloo". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "whinderssonnunes". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "EminemVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dude Perfect". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Smosh". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "OneDirectionVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "JuegaGerman". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran". YouTube. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VanossGaming". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TheEllenShow". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "nigahiga". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canal KondZilla". YouTube. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VEGETTA777". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yuya". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spinnin' Records". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Markiplier". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WWEFanNation". YouTube. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ArianaGrandeVevo". YouTube. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "JennaMarbles". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "KSI". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "shakiraVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "jacksepticeye". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DanTDM". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Skrillex". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fine Brothers Entertainment". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TrapNation". YouTube. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "WatchMojo.com". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SET India". YouTube. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AdeleVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "enchufetv". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "David Guetta". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vevo". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Felipe Neto". YouTube. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maroon5VEVO". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ERB". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SelenaGomezVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CanalCanalha". YouTube. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Werevertumorro". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PTXofficial". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "PewDiePie". YouTube. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LuisFonsiVEVO". YouTube. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get Movies". YouTube. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EeOneGuy". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SMTOWN". YouTube. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dross Rotzank". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Clash of Clans". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "WORKPOINT OFFICIAL". YouTube. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "HowToBasic". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "El Reino Infantil". YouTube. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alan Walker". YouTube. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Caspar Lee". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "netd müzik". YouTube. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marzia". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ABS-CBN Entertainment". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Red Bull". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tomorrowland". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "freekickerz". YouTube. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "はじめしゃちょー（hajime）". YouTube. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "toyoraljanahtv". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rotana". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SirKazzio". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MBC GROUP". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "whatdafaqshow". YouTube. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "dosogas". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "POPS MUSIC". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "الرماس ميوزك". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cat Music". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Saad Lamjarred". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SA Wardega". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TrapMusicHDTV". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LEGO". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TuTiTuTV". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shaaanxo". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Raditya Dika". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ViralBrothers". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2CELLOS". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Albernameg". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coke Studio". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TGOP (This Group Of People)". YouTube. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
Jump up ^ "tellblog.net". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Typhoon Cinema". Youtube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bodil40". YouTube. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swar Shuaib". YouTube. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Les' Copaque Production". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Saspens". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "湖南卫视芒果TV官方频道 China HunanTV Official Channel". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "El Show de Carlos Durán". YouTube. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "IDJVideos.TV". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "GoGoManTV". YouTube. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "M.A TUBE". YouTube. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oum Walid". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tiger Productions". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Windy GirkTV". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MarkAngelComedy". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elissa". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Music Nepal". YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "JavierNathaniel". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Clicknetwork". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily". YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dryden, Liam (16 March 2017). "A Complete Timeline Of Every “Most Subscribed” YouTuber In History". We The Unicorns. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PewDiePie - YouTube". 2013-12-22. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2016-09-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "YouTube Spotlight - YouTube". 2013-12-22. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2016-09-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ joshuajcohen (2013-11-04). "YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube". Tubefilter. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ joshuajcohen (2013-08-16). "It's Official: PewDiePie Becomes #1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube". Tubefilter. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ joshuajcohen (2013-01-12). "Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as #1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel". Tubefilter. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "SMOSH Becomes The #1 Most-Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars". 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Ray William Johnson". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Humphrey, Michael. "Ray William Johnson: =3 Adds Up To Most-Subscribed On YouTube". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time". socialtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ Parr, Ben. "DETHRONED: Fred No Longer #1 on YouTube". Mashable. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ William Hyde (2009-08-21), YouTube Winners & Losers! NigaHiga and Fred, retrieved 2016-09-11
Jump up ^ "FRED". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b BuckHollywood (2008-10-06), Fred, Smosh or Nigahiga?!, retrieved 2016-09-11
Jump up ^ Heffernan, Virginia. "A Big Deal: The Run-Off on YouTube!!". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "lonelygirl15". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Stars!: The Lonelygirl15 Story". Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ Jr, Tom Zeller (2006-09-17). "Lonelygirl15: Prank, Art or Both". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12. Lonelygirl15". Complex. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "geriatric1927". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The meteoric rise of geriatric1927". 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Brookers". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brooke BRODACK | EMC". www.entertainment-masterclass.tv. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels". 2006-07-03. Archived from the original on 2006-07-03. Retrieved 2016-09-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Judson Laipply". YouTube. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gutelle, Sam (March 15, 2017). "The History Of YouTube’s Most-Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip". tubefilter. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017. In the early days, anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten, with “Evolution of Dance” performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit.
Jump up ^ "YouTube - Most Subscribed Members (This Month)". 2006-05-04. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2016-09-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson (January 15, 2013). "RWJ vs SMOSH". YouTube. =3. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen (January 12, 2013). "YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming #1 Most-Subscribed YouTube Channel". Tubefilter. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
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text:
And Justice for None
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
And Justice for None
Studio album by Five Finger Death Punch
Released
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Recorded
2016–2017
Genre
Heavy metal[1]
nu metal[2]
hard rock[2]
blues rock[2]
Length
47:10
Label
Prospect Park
Eleven Seven
Producer
Kevin Churko
Five Finger Death Punch
Five Finger Death Punch chronology
A Decade of Destruction
(2017) And Justice for None
(2018)
Singles from And Justice for None
"Fake"
Released: April 5, 2018[3]
"Sham Pain"
Released: April 20, 2018[4]
"When the Seasons Change"
Released: May 4, 2018[5]
Alternative cover
Deluxe edition
And Justice for None is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. It was released on May 18, 2018,[6] and was preceded by two singles released in December 2017 on their first greatest hits record.
Contents
1 Background
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
4 Charts
5 References
Background[edit]
The band had already completed recording of the album by December 31, 2016. However, due to ongoing problems with their label Prospect Park, the album was delayed until 2018 after they reached negotiations with the label. After negotiations were reached in late 2017, they released the greatest hits compilation A Decade of Destruction and two new songs entitled "Trouble" and a cover of The Offspring song "Gone Away" recorded for the new album, were included on the compilation, with "Trouble" being featured on the deluxe version of the new album, which also features a different album cover than the standard edition.[7]
Track listing[edit]
Standard edition[6]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Fake" 3:30
2. "Top of the World" 2:42
3. "Sham Pain" 3:29
4. "Blue on Black" (Kenny Wayne Shepherd cover) 4:34
5. "Fire in the Hole" 2:56
6. "I Refuse" 3:38
7. "It Doesn't Matter" 3:45
8. "When the Seasons Change" 3:47
9. "Stuck in My Ways" 3:56
10. "Rock Bottom" 2:31
11. "Gone Away" (The Offspring cover) 4:35
12. "Bloody" 3:49
13. "Will the Sun Ever Rise" 3:56
Total length: 47:10
showDeluxe edition[6]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Trouble" 3:12
2. "Fake" 3:30
3. "Top of the World" 2:42
4. "Sham Pain" 3:29
5. "Blue on Black" (Kenny Wayne Shepherd cover) 4:34
6. "Fire in the Hole" 2:56
7. "I Refuse" 3:38
8. "It Doesn't Matter" 3:45
9. "When the Seasons Change" 3:47
10. "Stuck in My Ways" 3:56
11. "Rock Bottom" 2:31
12. "Gone Away" (The Offspring cover) 4:35
13. "Bloody" 3:49
14. "Will the Sun Ever Rise" 3:56
15. "Bad Seed" 3:59
16. "Save Your Breath" 3:27
Total length: 57:48
Personnel[edit]
Ivan Moody – vocals
Zoltan Bathory – rhythm guitar
Jason Hook – lead guitar, backing vocals
Jeremy Spencer – drums, percussion
Chris Kael – bass, backing vocals
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[8]
4
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[9]
1
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[10]
12
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[11]
26
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[12]
4
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[13]
6
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[14]
19
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[15]
2
French Albums (SNEP)[16]
31
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[17]
1
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[18]
24
Irish Albums (IRMA)[19]
84
Italian Albums (FIMI)[20]
54
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[21]
12
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[22]
3
Scottish Albums (OCC)[23]
6
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[24]
95
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[25]
4
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[26]
1
UK Albums (OCC)[27]
7
US Billboard 200[28]
4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janssen, Timothy (May 26, 2018). "'Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None". Grimmgent. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Five Finger Death Punch // And Justice for None". Hysteria Mag. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Munro, Scott (April 6, 2018). "Five Finger Death Punch release new single Fake". Metal Hammer. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Munro, Scott (April 20, 2018). "Five Finger Death Punch hit back with new single Sham Pain". Louder. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Song Premiere: Five Finger Death Punch's 'When The Seasons Change'". Blabbermouth.net. May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Five Finger Death Punch To Release 'And Justice For None' Album In May; Massive Summer Tour Announced". Blabbermouth.net. March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Childers, Chad (March 13, 2018). "Five Finger Death Punch Confirm 'And Justice for None' New Album Details + Full Major Tour With Breaking Benjamin". Loudwire.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Five Finger Death Punch Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 21, 2018". Hitlisten. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Five Finger Death Punch: And Justice for None" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2018. 21. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 25 May 2018". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 21 (dal 2018-05-18 al 2018-05-24)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 21, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 21: del 18.5.2018 al 24.5.2018" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 25, 2018. Click on "Veckans albumlista".
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Five Finger Death Punch – And Justice for None". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (May 27, 2018). "BTS Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Love Yourself: Tear'". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
show
v
t
e
Five Finger Death Punch
Zoltan Bathory
Jeremy Spencer
Ivan Moody
Jason Hook
Chris Kael
Caleb Bingham
Darrell Roberts
Matt Snell
Studio albums
The Way of the Fist (2007)
War Is the Answer (2009)
American Capitalist (2011)
The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1 (2013)
The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2 (2013)
Got Your Six (2015)
And Justice for None (2018)
Compilation albums
A Decade of Destruction (2017)
Singles
"The Bleeding"
"Never Enough"
"Stranger than Fiction"
"Hard to See"
"Walk Away"
"Dying Breed"
"No One Gets Left Behind"
"Bad Company"
"Far from Home"
"Under and Over It"
"Back for More"
"Remember Everything"
"Coming Down"
"The Pride"
"Lift Me Up"
"Battle Born"
"House of the Rising Sun"
"Wrong Side of Heaven"
"Jekyll and Hyde"
"Wash It All Away"
"My Nemesis"
"Gone Away"
Related articles
Discography
Invidia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Justice_for_None&oldid=858102802"
Categories:
2018 albums
Five Finger Death Punch albums
Nu metal albums
Blues rock albums
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text:
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Amendments XI–XXVII
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The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Other Constitutional provisions regarding taxes
3 Income taxes before the Pollock case
4 The Pollock case
5 Adoption
6 Pollock overruled
7 Case law
7.1 The Brushaber case
7.2 The Kerbaugh-Empire Co. case
7.3 The Glenshaw Glass case
7.4 Income taxation of wages, etc.
7.5 The Penn Mutual case
7.6 The Murphy case
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
Text
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
Other Constitutional provisions regarding taxes
Article I, Section 2, Clause 3:
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers...[1]
Article I, Section 8, Clause 1:
The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.
Article I, Section 9, Clause 4:
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
This clause basically refers to a tax on property, such as a tax based on the value of land,[2] as well as a capitation.
Article I, Section 9, Clause 5:
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
Income taxes before the Pollock case
Until 1913, customs duties (tariffs) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue.[3] During the War of 1812, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax, but it was never implemented.[4] The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861.[5] It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800. This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862, which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866. The Civil War income taxes, which expired in 1872, proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states, with New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected.[6] During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax, the Greenback movement, the Labor Reform Party, the Populist Party, the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax.[6]
The Socialist Labor Party advocated a graduated income tax in 1887.[7] The Populist Party "demand[ed] a graduated income tax" in its 1892 platform.[8] The Democratic Party, led by William Jennings Bryan, advocated the income tax law passed in 1894,[9] and proposed an income tax in its 1908 platform.[10]
Before Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., all income taxes had been considered to be indirect taxes imposed without respect to geography, unlike direct taxes, that have to be apportioned among the states according to population.[11][12]
The Pollock case
In 1894, an amendment was attached to the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act that attempted to impose a federal tax of two percent on incomes over $4,000 (equal to $113,000 in 2017).[13] The federal income tax was strongly favored in the South, and it was moderately supported in the eastern North Central states, but it was strongly opposed in the Far West and the Northeastern States (with the exception of New Jersey).[14] The tax was derided as "un-Democratic, inquisitorial, and wrong in principle".[15]
In Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., the U.S. Supreme Court declared certain taxes on incomes – such as those on property under the 1894 Act – to be unconstitutionally unapportioned direct taxes. The Court reasoned that a tax on income from property should be treated as a tax on "property by reason of its ownership" and so should be required to be apportioned. The reasoning was that taxes on the rents from land, the dividends from stocks, and so forth, burdened the property generating the income in the same way that a tax on "property by reason of its ownership" burdened that property.
After Pollock, while income taxes on wages (as indirect taxes) were still not required to be apportioned by population, taxes on interest, dividends, and rental income were required to be apportioned by population. The Pollock ruling made the source of the income (e.g., property versus labor, etc.) relevant in determining whether the tax imposed on that income was deemed to be "direct" (and thus required to be apportioned among the states according to population) or, alternatively, "indirect" (and thus required only to be imposed with geographical uniformity).[16]
Dissenting in Pollock, Justice John Marshall Harlan stated:
When, therefore, this court adjudges, as it does now adjudge, that Congress cannot impose a duty or tax upon personal property, or upon income arising either from rents of real estate or from personal property, including invested personal property, bonds, stocks, and investments of all kinds, except by apportioning the sum to be so raised among the States according to population, it practically decides that, without an amendment of the Constitution – two-thirds of both Houses of Congress and three-fourths of the States concurring – such property and incomes can never be made to contribute to the support of the national government.[17]
Members of Congress responded to Pollock by expressing widespread concern that many of the wealthiest Americans had consolidated too much economic power.[18]
Adoption
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On June 16, 1909, President William Howard Taft, in an address to the Sixty-first Congress, proposed a two percent federal income tax on corporations by way of an excise tax and a constitutional amendment to allow the previously enacted income tax.
Upon the privilege of doing business as an artificial entity and of freedom from a general partnership liability enjoyed by those who own the stock.[19][20]
An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska. He submitted two proposals, Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39. The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman.[21]
On July 12, 1909, the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress[22] and was submitted to the state legislatures. Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states, while opposition was strongest in the northeastern states.[23] Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs, which were the primary source of revenue at the time. From well before 1894, Democrats, Progressives, Populists and other left-oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor, interfered with prices, were unpredictable, and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue. The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous, more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes, including in the urban Northeast.[24] A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea, notably Theodore Roosevelt and the "Insurgent" Republicans (who would go on to form the Progressive Party).[25] These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan, Britain and the European powers, their own imperial ambitions and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships.[26] Moreover, these progressive Republicans were, as the name suggests, convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies.[27] A bigger government and a bigger military, of course, required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it.
Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists, although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax. In 1910, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice, spoke out against the income tax amendment. Hughes supported the idea of a federal income tax, but believed the words "from whatever source derived" in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds. He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and "would make it impossible for the state to keep any property".[28]
Between 1909 and 1913, several conditions favored passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Inflation was high and many blamed federal tariffs for the rising prices. The Republican Party was divided and weakened by the loss of Roosevelt and the Insurgents who joined the Progressive Party, a problem that blunted opposition even in the Northeast.[29] In 1912, the Democrats won the presidency and control of both houses of Congress. The country was generally in a left-leaning mood, with the Socialist Party winning a seat in the House in 1910 and polling six percent of the popular presidential vote in 1912.
Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912.[30] On February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three-fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution.[31] The Revenue Act of 1913 was enacted shortly thereafter.
According to the United States Government Publishing Office, the following states ratified the amendment:[32]
Alabama (August 10, 1909)
Kentucky (February 8, 1910)
South Carolina (February 19, 1910)
Illinois (March 1, 1910)
Mississippi (March 7, 1910)
Oklahoma (March 10, 1910)
Maryland (April 8, 1910)
Georgia (August 3, 1910)
Texas (August 16, 1910)
Ohio (January 19, 1911)
Idaho (January 20, 1911)
Oregon (January 23, 1911)
Washington (January 26, 1911)
Montana (January 27, 1911)
Indiana (January 30, 1911)
California (January 31, 1911)
Nevada (January 31, 1911)
South Dakota (February 1, 1911)
Nebraska (February 9, 1911)
North Carolina (February 11, 1911)
Colorado (February 15, 1911)
North Dakota (February 17, 1911)
Michigan (February 23, 1911)
Iowa (February 24, 1911)
Kansas (March 2, 1911)
Missouri (March 16, 1911)
Maine (March 31, 1911)
Tennessee (April 7, 1911)
Arkansas (April 22, 1911), after having previously rejected the amendment
Wisconsin (May 16, 1911)
New York (July 12, 1911)
Arizona (April 3, 1912)
Minnesota (June 11, 1912)
Louisiana (June 28, 1912)
West Virginia (January 31, 1913)
Delaware (February 3, 1913)
Ratification (by the requisite 36 states) was completed on February 3, 1913 with the ratification by Delaware. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states, bringing the total number of ratifying states to forty-two[33] of the forty-eight then existing:
New Mexico (February 3, 1913)
Wyoming (February 3, 1913)
New Jersey (February 4, 1913)
Vermont (February 19, 1913)
Massachusetts (March 4, 1913)
New Hampshire (March 7, 1913), after rejecting the amendment on March 2, 1911
The legislatures of the following states rejected the amendment without ever subsequently ratifying it:
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Utah
Virginia[34]
The legislatures of the following states never considered the proposed amendment:
Florida
Pennsylvania
Pollock overruled
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The Sixteenth Amendment removed the precedent set by the Pollock decision.[35][36]
Professor Sheldon D. Pollack at the University of Delaware wrote:
On February 25, 1913, in the closing days of the Taft administration, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, a former Republican senator from Pennsylvania and attorney general under McKinley and Roosevelt, certified that the amendment had been properly ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures. Three more states ratified the amendment soon after, and eventually the total reached 42. The remaining six states either rejected the amendment or took no action at all. Notwithstanding the many frivolous claims repeatedly advanced by so-called tax protestors, the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was duly ratified as of February 3, 1913. With that, the Pollock decision was overturned, restoring the status quo ante. Congress once again had the "power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration".[37]
From William D. Andrews, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School:
In 1913 the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted, overruling Pollock, and the Congress then levied an income tax on both corporate and individual incomes.[38]
From Professor Boris Bittker, who was a tax law professor at Yale Law School:
As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case, the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, of the original Constitution rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax, to the extent that it is a direct tax, must be apportioned among the states. A corollary of this conclusion is that any direct tax that is not imposed on "income" remains subject to the rule of apportionment. Because the Sixteenth Amendment does not purport to define the term "direct tax," the scope of that constitutional phrase remains as debatable as it was before 1913; but the practical significance of the issue was greatly reduced once income taxes, even if direct, were relieved from the requirement of apportionment.[39]
Professor Erik Jensen at Case Western Reserve University Law School has written:
[The Sixteenth Amendment] was a response to the Income Tax Cases (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.), and it exempts only "taxes on incomes" from the apportionment rule that otherwise applies to direct taxes.[40]
Professor Calvin H. Johnson, a tax professor at the University of Texas School of Law, has written:
The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1913, was written to allow Congress to tax income without the hobbling apportionment requirement.
...
Pollock was itself overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment as to apportionment of income ...[41]
From Gale Ann Norton:
Courts have essentially abandoned the permissive interpretation created in Pollock. Subsequent cases have viewed the Sixteenth Amendment as a rejection of Pollock's definition of "direct tax". The apportionment requirement again applies only to real estate and capitation taxes. Even if the Sixteenth Amendment is not viewed as narrowing the definition of direct taxes, it at least introduces an additional consideration to analysis under the Apportionment Clause. For the Court to strike an unapportioned tax, plaintiffs must establish not only that a tax is a direct tax, but also that it is not in the subset of direct taxes known as an income tax.[42]
From Alan O. Dixler:
In Brushaber, the Supreme Court validated the first post - 16th Amendment income tax. Chief Justice White, who as an associate justice had dissented articulately in Pollock, wrote for a unanimous Court. Upholding the income tax provisions of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, Chief Justice White observed that the 16th Amendment did not give Congress any new power to lay and collect an income tax; rather, the 16th Amendment permitted Congress to do so without apportionment ...[43]
Congress may impose taxes on income from any source without having to apportion the total dollar amount of tax collected from each state according to each state's population in relation to the total national population.[44]
In Wikoff v. Commissioner, the United States Tax Court said:
[I]t is immaterial, with respect to Federal income taxes, whether the tax is a direct or an indirect tax. Mr. Wikoff [the taxpayer] relied on the Supreme Court's decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. ... but the effect of that decision has been nullified by the enactment of the 16th Amendment.[45]
In Abrams v. Commissioner, the Tax Court said:
Since the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, it is immaterial with respect to income taxes, whether the tax is a direct or indirect tax. The whole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to relieve all income taxes when imposed from [the requirement of] apportionment and from [the requirement of] a consideration of the source whence the income was derived.[46]
Case law
The federal courts' interpretations of the Sixteenth Amendment have changed considerably over time and there have been many disputes about the applicability of the amendment.
The Brushaber case
In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, 240 U.S. 1 (1916), the Supreme Court ruled that (1) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes (such as taxes on income "derived from real property" that were the subject of the Pollock decision), be apportioned among the states according to population;[47] (2) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law; (3) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.
The Kerbaugh-Empire Co. case
In Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co., 271 U.S. 170 (1926), the Supreme Court, through Justice Pierce Butler, stated:
It was not the purpose or the effect of that amendment to bring any new subject within the taxing power. Congress already had the power to tax all incomes. But taxes on incomes from some sources had been held to be "direct taxes" within the meaning of the constitutional requirement as to apportionment. [citations omitted] The Amendment relieved from that requirement and obliterated the distinction in that respect between taxes on income that are direct taxes and those that are not, and so put on the same basis all incomes "from whatever source derived". [citations omitted] "Income" has been taken to mean the same thing as used in the Corporation Excise Tax of 1909 (36 Stat. 112), in the Sixteenth Amendment, and in the various revenue acts subsequently passed. [citations omitted] After full consideration, this court declared that income may be defined as gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined, including profit gained through sale or conversion of capital.
The Glenshaw Glass case
In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426 (1955), the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes "gross income" to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies, declaring that income taxes could be levied on "accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion". Under this definition, any increase in wealth – whether through wages, benefits, bonuses, sale of stock or other property at a profit, bets won, lucky finds, awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit, qui tam actions – are all within the definition of income, unless the Congress makes a specific exemption, as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party,[48] gifts, bequests, devises and inheritances,[49] and certain scholarships.[50]
Income taxation of wages, etc.
Federal courts have ruled that the Sixteenth Amendment allows a direct tax on "wages, salaries, commissions, etc. without apportionment".[51]
The Penn Mutual case
Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the "source" of the congressional power to tax incomes, at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes, a power the Congress had since 1789, but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations. In Penn Mutual Indemnity, the United States Tax Court stated:[52]
In dealing with the scope of the taxing power the question has sometimes been framed in terms of whether something can be taxed as income under the Sixteenth Amendment. This is an inaccurate formulation ... and has led to much loose thinking on the subject. The source of the taxing power is not the Sixteenth Amendment; it is Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit agreed with the Tax Court, stating:[53]
It did not take a constitutional amendment to entitle the United States to impose an income tax. Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U. S. 429, 158 U. S. 601 (1895), only held that a tax on the income derived from real or personal property was so close to a tax on that property that it could not be imposed without apportionment. The Sixteenth Amendment removed that barrier. Indeed, the requirement for apportionment is pretty strictly limited to taxes on real and personal property and capitation taxes.
It is not necessary to uphold the validity of the tax imposed by the United States that the tax itself bear an accurate label. Indeed, the tax upon the distillation of spirits, imposed very early by federal authority, now reads and has read in terms of a tax upon the spirits themselves, yet the validity of this imposition has been upheld for a very great many years.
It could well be argued that the tax involved here [an income tax] is an "excise tax" based upon the receipt of money by the taxpayer. It certainly is not a tax on property and it certainly is not a capitation tax; therefore, it need not be apportioned. We do not think it profitable, however, to make the label as precise as that required under the Food and Drug Act. Congress has the power to impose taxes generally, and if the particular imposition does not run afoul of any constitutional restrictions then the tax is lawful, call it what you will.
The Murphy case
On December 22, 2006, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated[54] its unanimous decision (of August 2006) in Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States.[55] In an unrelated matter, the court had also granted the government's motion to dismiss Murphy's suit against the Internal Revenue Service. Under federal sovereign immunity, a taxpayer may sue the federal government, but not a government agency, officer, or employee (with some exceptions). The Court ruled:
Insofar as the Congress has waived sovereign immunity with respect to suits for tax refunds under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(1), that provision specifically contemplates only actions against the "United States". Therefore, we hold the IRS, unlike the United States, may not be sued eo nomine in this case.
An exception to federal sovereign immunity is in the United States Tax Court, in which a taxpayer may sue the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.[56] The original three-judge panel then agreed to rehear the case itself. In its original decision, the Court had ruled that 26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(2) was unconstitutional under the Sixteenth Amendment to the extent that the statute purported to tax, as income, a recovery for a nonphysical personal injury for mental distress and loss of reputation not received in lieu of taxable income such as lost wages or earnings.
Because the August 2006 opinion was vacated, the Court of Appeals did not hear the case en banc.
On July 3, 2007, the Court (through the original three-judge panel) ruled (1) that the taxpayer's compensation was received on account of a nonphysical injury or sickness; (2) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code[57] does include compensatory damages for nonphysical injuries, even if the award is not an "accession to wealth", (3) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries is an indirect tax, regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of "human capital", and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 9, Clause 4, that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population; (4) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, that all duties, imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States; (5) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name.[58]
The Court stated that "[a]lthough the 'Congress cannot make a thing income which is not so in fact', ... it can label a thing income and tax it, so long as it acts within its constitutional authority, which includes not only the Sixteenth Amendment but also Article I, Sections 8 and 9."[59] The court ruled that Ms. Murphy was not entitled to the tax refund she claimed, and that the personal injury award she received was "within the reach of the Congressional power to tax under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution" – even if the award was "not income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment".[60] See also the Penn Mutual case cited above.
On April 21, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals.[61]
See also
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments
Notes
Jump up ^ Knowlton v. Moore 178 U.S. 41 (1900) and Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 220 U.S. 107 (1911)
Jump up ^ Hylton v. United States 3 U.S. 171 (1796)
Jump up ^ Buenker, John D. 1981. "The Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment." The Cato Journal. 1:1. PDF
Jump up ^ Baack, Bennet T. and Edward John Ray. 1985. "Special Interests and the Adoption of the Income Tax in the United States." The Journal of Economic History V. 45, No. 3. pp. 607-625.
Jump up ^ "On This Day: Congress Passes Act Creating First Income Tax". Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Baack and Ray, p. 608.
Jump up ^ "Socialist Labor Party Platform" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Populist Party Platform, 1892". Historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ Speeches of William Jennings Bryan, pp. 159-179. Books.google.com. 1909. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ 1908 Democratic party platform Archived January 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Commentary, James W. Ely, Jr., on the case of Springer v. United States, in answers.com, at [1]
Jump up ^ "Again the situation is aptly illustrated by the various acts taxing incomes derived from property of every kind and nature which were enacted beginning in 1861, and lasting during what may be termed the Civil War period. It is not disputable that these latter tax laws were classed under the head of excises, duties, and imposts because it was assumed that they were of that character, although putting a tax burden on income of every kind, including that derived from property real or personal, since they were not taxes directly on property because of its ownership.” Brushaber v. Union Pac. Railroad, 240 U.S. 1 (1916), at 15
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Baack and Ray, p. 610
Jump up ^ "Mr. Cockran's Final Effort" (PDF). New York Times. 1894-01-31.
Jump up ^ Read a description of the decision at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010-08-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Justice Harlan's dissenting opinion in ''Pollock''". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ See the quotes from Theodore Roosevelt at the Tax History Museum Archived 2010-08-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Taft Address of June 16, 1909 (American Presidency Project)". Presidency.ucsb.edu. 1909-06-16. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ President Taft Presidential addresses. Books.google.com. 1910. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ Volume 36, Statutes at Large, 61st Congress Session I, Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, p. 184, approved July 31, 1909
Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 40, 36 Stat. 184.
Jump up ^ "The Ratification of the Federal Income Tax Amendment, John D. Buenker" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ Buenker, p. 186.
Jump up ^ Buenker, p. 189
Jump up ^ Baack and Jay, p. 613-614
Jump up ^ Buenker, p. 184
Jump up ^ "Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., "The Sixteenth Amendment: The Historical Background," p. 175, ''Cato Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1981" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ Buenker, pp. 219-221
Jump up ^ Adam Young, "The Origin of the Income Tax", Ludwig von Mises Institute, Sept. 7, 2004
Jump up ^ "FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Amendments". FindLaw. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved April 20, 2012. .
Jump up ^ See Senate Document # 108-17, 108th Congress, Second Session, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002, at pp. 33-34, footnote 8, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, U.S. Gov't Printing Office (2004).
Jump up ^ "Virginia House Opposes Federal Clause by 54 to 37", The Washington Post, March 8, 1910
Jump up ^ Boris Bittker, "Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government," The Tax Lawyer, Fall 1987, Vol. 41, No. 1, p. 3 (American Bar Association) (Pollock case "was in effect reversed by the sixteenth amendment")
Jump up ^ "The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution overruled Pollock ..." Graf v. Commissioner, 44 T.C.M. (CCH) 66, TC Memo. 1982-317, CCH Dec. 39,080(M) (1982).
Jump up ^ Sheldon D. Pollack, "Origins of the Modern Income Tax, 1894-1913," 66 Tax Lawyer 295, 323-324, Winter 2013 (Amer. Bar Ass'n) (footnotes omitted; italics in original).
Jump up ^ William D. Andrews, Basic Federal Income Taxation, p. 2, Little, Brown and Company (3d ed. 1985).
Jump up ^ Boris I. Bittker, Martin J. McMahon, Jr. and Lawrence A. Zelenak, Federal Income Taxation of Individuals (2d ed. 2006) (emphasis added).
Jump up ^ Erik M. Jensen, "The Taxing Power, The Sixteenth Amendment, And the Meaning of 'Incomes'", Oct. 4, 2002, Tax Analysts (footnotes not reproduced).
Jump up ^ Calvin H. Johnson, "Purging Out Pollock: The Constitutionality of Federal Wealth or Sales Tax", Dec. 27, 2002, Tax Analysts.
Jump up ^ Gale Ann Norton, "The Limitless Federal Taxing Power," Vol. 8 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 591 (Summer, 1985) (footnotes omitted).
Jump up ^ Alan O. Dixler, "Direct Taxes Under the Constitution: A Review of the Precedents", Nov. 20, 2006, Tax Analysts.
Jump up ^ "Findlaw: Sixteenth Amendment, History and Purpose of the Amendment". Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
Jump up ^ Wikoff v. Commissioner, 37 T.C.M. (CCH) 1539, T.C. Memo. 1978-372 (1978).
Jump up ^ 82 T.C. 403, CCH Dec. 41,031 (1984)
Jump up ^ "As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case, the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the Constitution, rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax, to the extent that it is a direct tax, must be apportioned among the states." Boris I. Bittker, Martin J. McMahon, Jr. & Lawrence A. Zelenak, Federal Income Taxation of Individuals, ch. 1, paragr. 1.01[1][a], Research Institute of America (2d ed. 2005), as retrieved from 2002 WL 1454829 (W. G. & L.).
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 101.
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 102.
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 117.
Jump up ^ Parker v. Commissioner, 724 F.2d 469, 84-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9209 (5th Cir. 1984) (closing parenthesis in original has been omitted). For other court decisions upholding the taxability of wages, salaries, etc. see United States v. Connor, 898 F.2d 942, 90-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,166 (3d Cir. 1990); Perkins v. Commissioner, 746 F.2d 1187, 84-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9898 (6th Cir. 1984); White v. United States, 2005-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,289 (6th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, ____ U.S. ____ (2005); Granzow v. Commissioner, 739 F.2d 265, 84-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9660 (7th Cir. 1984); Waters v. Commissioner, 764 F.2d 1389, 85-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9512 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Buras, 633 F.2d 1356, 81-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9126 (9th Cir. 1980).
Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner, 32 T.C. 653 at 659 (1959), aff'd, 277 F.2d 16, 60-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9389 (3d Cir. 1960).
Jump up ^ Penn Mutual Indemnity Co. v. Commissioner, 277 F.2d 16, 60-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶. 9389 (3d Cir. 1960) (footnotes omitted).
Jump up ^ Order, Dec. 22, 2006, the ruling of Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Jump up ^ 460 F.3d 79, 2006-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,476, 2006 WL 2411372 (D.C. Cir. August 22, 2006).
Jump up ^ (Murphy v. United States)
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 (Murphy v United States, on rehearing)
Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing, July 3, 2007, Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States, case no. 05-5139, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 2007-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,531 (D.C. Cir. 2007)
Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing, July 3, 2007, p. 16, Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States, case no. 05-5139, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 2007-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,531 (D.C. Cir. 2007).
Jump up ^ Opinion on rehearing, July 3, 2007, p. 5-6, Murphy v. Internal Revenue Service and United States, case no. 05-5139, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 2007-2 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 50,531 (D.C. Cir. 2007).
Jump up ^ Denniston, Lyle (April 21, 2008). "Court to hear anti-dumping, sentencing cases". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
External links
Sixteenth Amendment and 1913 tax return form Images of original documents
CRS Annotated Constitution: Sixteenth Amendment
Pollock Decision The decision nullified by the Sixteenth Amendment
Brushaber Decision Supreme Court opinion on the apportionment clause of the Constitution.
Stanton Decision - no new power of taxation (affirming constitutionality of income tax after Sixteenth Amendment)
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