text:
Wings of Fire
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This article is about the autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam. For other uses, see Wings of Fire (disambiguation).
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Wings of fire
Book cover for A P J Abdul Kalam's Wings of Fire.
Author
A P J Abdul Kalam
Cover artist
Photograph courtesy: The Week
Subject
India journey to self-reliance in technology
Genre
Autobiography
Publisher
Universities Press
Publication date
1999
Media type
Print (Paperback)
Pages
180 (paperback edition)
ISBN
81-7371-146-1 (paperback edition)
OCLC
41326410
LC Class
Q143.A197 A3 1999
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam (1999), former President of India. It was written by Dr. Kalam and Arun Tiwari.[1] Kalam examines his early life, effort, hardship, fortitude, luck and chance that eventually led him to lead Indian space research, nuclear and missile programs. Kalam started his career, after graduating from Aerospace engineering at MIT (Chennai), India, at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and was assigned to build a hovercraft prototype. Later he moved to ISRO and helped establish the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and pioneered the first space launch-vehicle program. During the 1990s and early 2000, Kalam moved to the DRDO to lead the Indian nuclear weapons program, with particular successes in thermonuclear weapons development culminating in the operation Smiling Buddha and an ICBM Agni (missile). Kalam died on 27 July 2015, during a speech at Indian Institute of Management in Shillong, Meghalaya.
Contents
[hide]
1 Translations
2 Structure
3 Orientation
3.1 Creation
3.2 Propitiation
4 Pictures
5 References
6 External links
Translations[edit]
The autobiography first published in English, has so far been translated and published in 13 languages including Hindi, English, Tamil, Malayalam, Oriya, Marathi, and Gujarati. Outside of the major Indian languages, Wings of Fire was translated into Chinese (titled Huo Yi, by Ji Peng), and translated into French.[2]
Structure[edit]
Wings of Fire unfolds the story of Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam from his childhood in the following seven sections:
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introductions
Orientation
Creation
Propitiation
Contemplation
Epilogue
Orientation[edit]
Kalam was born in 1931, the son of a little-educated boat owner in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. His father was also the imam of the small mosque in Rameswaram. He had an unparallel career as a defense scientist, culminating the highest civilian award of India, Bharat Ratna. As a chief of the country's defence research and development programmer, Kalam demonstrated a great potential for dynamics and innovations that existed in seemingly moribund research establishment. This is the story of Kalam's own rise from obscurity and his personal and professional struggles, as well as the story of AGNI, TRISHUL and NAG missiles that have become household names in India and that have raised the nation to the level of a missile power of international reckoning. Since independence, India has sought in various ways, to self-realization, and fortunately, also to adulation and success. The book begins with the childhood of Kalam's life. In the beginning, he introduces us to his family and tries to familiarize us with his birthplace Rameswaram. In the childhood he was a great admirer of his father, Jainulabdeen. He was a man of great wisdom and kindness, and Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, a close friend of his father and the head priest of the Rameswaram Temple. He had an ideal helpmate in his mother, Ashiamma. He was also influenced by his close friend, Ahmed Jallaluddin; he was about 15 years older than Kalam. With his friend, he talked about spiritual matters. This shows that he believed in spirituality and also believed in God and Khudah. He always went to Lord Shiva's temple with his friends. The later part of the opening chapters, he introduces his cousin Samsuddin, his school teachers and all the people who were felt any difference amongst them. Here he expresses one event, which happened in his school days, "Rameswaram Sastry, a new teacher of his school he could not stomach a Hindu Priest's son sitting with a Muslim boy. In accordance with our social ranking as the new teacher saw it, I was asked to go and sit on the back bench. I felt very sad, and so did my parents about the incident. Lakshmana Sastry summoned the teacher, and in our presence, told the teacher that he should not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance in the minds of innocent children". He completed his school education in the Rameswaram Elementary School and Schwartz High School, Rameswaram. In 1950, he joined St. Joseph's College Trichi, to study for the B.Sc degree course when he realized that physics was not his subject. Then, at last, he applied in Madras Institute of Technology, [MIT]. He or his family could not afford to spend that much of money for the course of MIT. Zohara, his sister stood with him. When he had in a specific branch of aeronautical engineering, the goal was very clear in his mind at that time. And he tried to communicate with different kind of people. In MIT, their teacher shaped his thought, Prof. Sponder, Prof. Kal Pandalai and Prof. Narasingalu Rao. Each of them had carried distinct personalities. Last year of MIT was a year of transition and had a great impact on his later life. From MIT, he went out to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, [HAL], at Bangalore as a trainer. There he worked on engine overhauling as part of a team. He had trained in radial engine-cum- drum operations. After the completion of engineering, he had applied for the Air Force and Directorate of Technical Development and Production –DTD and PC (Air) of the Ministry of Defence. But he was not selected in Air Force because he failed to pass the physical fitness standards. Later, he was appointed in DTD and PC (Air) as senior scientific Assistant on basic salary only of Rs. 250 per month, in 1950. He had to create opportunities by his own. At the stage, he covered 32 eventful years of his life when he was just on the threshold of his career after graduation.
Creation[edit]
the section 'Creation' traverses seven chapters, from chapters four to chapter ten; and covers Kalam's life and work for 17 years, from the year 1963 until 1980. It begins with his recollection of works at the Langley Research Center, NASA, in Houston, Virginia, U.S., and at other facilities in the USA, including the Wallops Flight Facility at Wallops Island in East Coast of the United States, Virginia. At a NASA facility, he remembers to have seen a painting, prominently displayed in the lobby. The painting depicted a battle scene with a rocket flying in the background. On closer examination, he found that the painting depicted Tipu Sultan's army fighting the British. Kalam felt happy to see an Indian glorified in NASA as a hero of rocketry warfare.
His association with Thumba and Satellite Launch Vehicle and related projects are vividly presented in the section 'Creation'. During the period covered under 'Creation', Kalam, in the year 1976, lost his father who lived up to 102 years of age. Kalam took the bereavement with courage and remembered these words written on the death of William Butler Yeats by his friend Auden, and his father:
Earth receive an honoured guest;
William Yeats is laid to rest:
In the prison of his days
Teach the free man how to praise.
The period covered in the section 'Creation' also brought Kalam national recognition. A pleasant surprise came in the form of conferment of Padma Bhushan on the Republic Day,1981.
Propitiation[edit]
Section Propitiation covers the period 1981 to 1991, and contains five chapters, from chapter 10 to chapter 14.
This section covers the scientist's journey towards becoming the "Missile Man of India". In this section, his excellent leadership qualities as taking up the responsibility of shaping up the Guided Missile Development Program, are clearly visible. In this phase of the life, Kalam was responsible for the development of the five missiles – Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag and Agni.
Pictures[edit]
The book has 24 plates with photographs associated with the life and work of Kalam:
Ramanathapuram, from where Kalam had completed his high schooling.
Plate 8 shows his teachers at Schwartz High School.
Plate 9 shows Nandi, an indigenous hovercraft prototype.
Plate 10 shows the picture of a Church in Thumba, a place which was donated by the local Christian community to the India's Space Research Centre.
Plate 11 shows him with Prof. Vikram Sarabhai.
Plate 12 shows an SLV-3 review meeting.
Plate 13 shows presentation of members of SLV-3 team.
Plate 14 is the first plate with a colour photograph and shows Prof. Brahm Prakash inspecting SLV-3 in its final stage on integration, and plate 16 shows a colour photograph of SLV-3 on the launch pad.
Plate 15 shows him with Prof. Satish Dhawan and the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Plate 16 shows SLV-3 launch.
Plate 17 shows him receiving Padma Bhushan.
Plates 18 shows successful launch of Prithvi, now a part of India's surface-to-surface weapons system.
Plate 19 shows Kalam standing by the side of Agni, standing on its launch pad.
Plate 20 shows a cartoon by renowned cartoonist R.K. Laxman.
Plate 21 shows another cartoon on the failure of Agni Missile.
Plate 22 shows him after successful launch of Agni Missile.
Plate 23 shows Kalam receiving the Bharat Ratna from K. R. Narayanan, the President.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wings of Fire
Jump up ^ In French
External links[edit]
Review of Wings of Fire
A review of the book
Wings of Fire to go online
Book Review of Wings of Fire
[hide]
v
t
e
Works by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Ignited Minds
India 2020
Indomitable Spirit
Wings of Fire
Target 3 Billion
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wings_of_Fire&oldid=826553131"
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Dirty Dancing (2017 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dirty Dancing
Based on
Dirty Dancing
by Eleanor Bergstein
Written by
Jessica Sharzer
Directed by
Wayne Blair
Starring
Abigail Breslin
Colt Prattes
Sarah Hyland
Nicole Scherzinger
Tony Roberts
J. Quinton Johnson
Music by
Mark Isham
Country of origin
United States
Production
Executive producer(s)
Allison Shearmur
Producer(s)
Stephen Meinen
Judy Cairo
Bill Hill
Adam Anders
Cinematography
John Lindley
Editor(s)
Michael P. Shawver
Running time
130 minutes
Production company(s)
Allison Shearmur Productions
Lionsgate Television
Distributor
Lionsgate Television
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
Dirty Dancing is a 2017 American television film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Jessica Sharzer. It is a remake of the 1987 film of the same name. The film stars Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, Bruce Greenwood, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Tony Roberts, Billy Dee Williams, and J. Quinton Johnson. It aired on May 24, 2017, on ABC.[1] In its original broadcast, the film was seen by 6.61 million viewers with a 1.4 Nielsen rating in the 18-49 age demographic and a 5 share.[2]
It received negative reviews from a majority of critics.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
4 Marketing
5 Soundtrack
6 Reception
6.1 Critical reception
6.2 Viewership
7 References
8 External Links
Plot[edit]
In late summer 1963, affluent, college-bound Frances "Baby" Houseman visits Kellerman's Catskills resort with her family and falls in love with working-class dance instructor Johnny Castle. The film closely follows the plot of the original film; the following are notable changes:
Baby plans to study medicine, rather than economics.
The role of Marjorie Houseman is significantly expanded. Feeling alienated by Jake's lack of attention and affection, despite her active efforts to engage him, Marjorie contacts a divorce lawyer and suggests she and Jake live apart. As Kellerman's is where Marjorie and Jake met and fell in love, Jake romances Marjorie and they have sex, reconciling.
The role of Vivian Pressman is also expanded; now a divorcee who visits Kellerman's alone, she tells Marjorie of her intense loneliness at night. When Johnny is accused of theft, the stolen property is no longer Vivian's husband's wallet, but instead her ex-husband's watch, which Johnny earlier rejected as a gift and which Vivian apparently planted among his belongings.
Lisa rejects Robbie much earlier in the film. She befriends a new character, Marco, the resort's African-American pianist. Over his boss Tito's objections, Marco teaches Lisa to play the ukulele and performs with her in the talent show. Tito and Max acknowledge that the world is changing for the better.
A frame story is added. In 1975, Frances attends "Dirty Dancing," a Broadway show choreographed by Johnny and inspired by a book Frances wrote. Frances' faith in Johnny gave him the confidence to pursue a career. Frances is married and has a daughter. Frances takes a weekly dance lesson; she and Johnny encourage each other to continue dancing.
Cast[edit]
Abigail Breslin as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Colt Prattes as Johnny Castle
Debra Messing as Marjorie Houseman
Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Jake Houseman
Nicole Scherzinger as Penny
Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman
Tony Roberts as Max Kellerman
Trevor Einhorn as Neil Kellerman
Shane Harper as Robbie Gould
J. Quinton Johnson as Marco
Casper Smart as Billy Kostecki
Katey Sagal as Vivian Pressman
Billy Dee Williams as Tito Suarez
Production[edit]
In January 2011, Lionsgate announced that Kenny Ortega, the choreographer of the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, would direct its remake; however, the project was shelved the following year.[5] In December 2015, ABC and Lionsgate Television announced a three-hour remake of the movie which will not be live and would be in the same vein as The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, a remake of the 1975 film of the same name. The remake was directed by Wayne Blair and the screenplay was written by Jessica Sharzer. Allison Shearmur was attached to the project as executive producer.[6]
Casting[edit]
Abigail Breslin had been officially attached as Baby, while the studio would green-light the project after further casting.[7] In January 2016, ABC officially green-lit the project after Debra Messing was cast as Baby's mother.[7] The following month, after a lengthy audition process, dancer Colt Prattes was announced as Johnny, the role originally played by Patrick Swayze.[8] In March 2016, it was announced that Nicole Scherzinger would co-star as Penny, Johnny's dance partner,[9] alongside Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman, Baby's sister,[10] and Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father.[11] Billy Dee Williams as Tito, the band leader,[12] Shane Harper as Robbie,[13] joined the cast of the movie alongside Beau “Casper” Smart and J. Quinton Johnson.[14] Later that month, Trevor Einhorn was tapped to play Neil Kellerman.[15] In April 2016, Katey Sagal and Tony Roberts were respectively cast as Vivian Pressman and Max Kellerman.[16][17]
Filming[edit]
Filming was based in Hendersonville, North Carolina. Most of the filming locations were across western North Carolina including Asheville, Cashiers and Saluda, with filming taking place in April and May 2016.[18][19] People living in the Hendersonville area served as crew members, extras and dancers, and they were invited to provide cars from the 1960s. Much of the filming took place at High Hampton Inn in Cashiers.[20] It created an estimated 1,225 jobs, including 900 extras, 30 cast members and 225 crew positions to support the project.[21]
Marketing[edit]
The official poster was unveiled in March 2017, and features Breslin and Prattes in an embrace from their final dance in the movie.[22] A 30-second teaser trailer was released a month before the television movie's release.[23]
Soundtrack[edit]
Dirty Dancing: Original Television Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
Length
50:28
Label
Virgin
Deepwell
Dirty Dancing: Original Television Soundtrack[24]
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Be My Baby" Bea Miller 2:44
2. "Big Girls Don't Cry" Karmin 2:20
3. "Love Man" J. Quinton Johnson 2:19
4. "Do You Love Me" Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger & Johnson 2:45
5. "Fever" Katey Sagal & Prattes 3:21
6. "When I’m Alone" Johnson 2:44
7. "Wipe Out" American Authors featuring Lindsey Stirling 2:31
8. "Hungry Eyes" Greyson Chance 3:42
9. "Hey Baby" Lady Antebellum 2:24
10. "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" Scherzinger & Abigail Breslin 3:07
11. "Cry To Me" Seal 2:50
12. "They Can't Take That Away From Me" Debra Messing 2:29
13. "Love Is Strange" Breslin & Prattes 3:01
14. "They Can’t Take That Away (Reprise)" Bruce Greenwood 2:00
15. "She's Like the Wind" Calum Scott 3:25
16. "Don’t Think Twice It’s Alright" Sarah Hyland & Johnson 3:39
17. "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" The Cast of Dirty Dancing featuring Prattes, Breslin, Johnson, Scherzinger, Messing & Greenwood 5:07
Total length: 50:28
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The film has received negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 22% "Rotten" based on 17 reviews.[3] On Metacritic, the film was given a score of 39 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[4]
Kimberly Roots of TVLine gave Dirty Dancing a D, stating: "By adding unnecessary elements and turning Dirty Dancing into a musical, ABC proves that it wouldn't know what made the original film special if it hit them in the pachanga."[25]
Mae Abdulbaki of theyoungfolks.com gave Dirty Dancing a 3 (out of 10), stating "Remaking one of the most popular and beloved movies in the history of cinema feels almost disrespectful on many levels. Going into the TV movie remake of Dirty Dancing with a clear and open mind, I figured that if at least the dancing was good, then there was something to enjoy. However, the updated version doesn't even meet the lowest of expectations and blows past mediocre to land at downright terrible. The film is slow and dull, the lead actors have absolutely no chemistry, and the musical aspect doesn't add anything to the film."[26]
Sonia Saraiya of Variety stated in her negative review: "An ill-conceived remake of the 1987 film retains none of the passion, skill, or fun of the original."[27]
Viewership[edit]
Dirty Dancing averaged a 1.3 rating in adults 18-49 and 6.6 million viewers, airing from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. The remake gave ABC its most-watched Wednesday in nearly seven months.[28][29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Association, Press (9 December 2015). "Dirty Dancing gets television remake". Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 25, 2017). "Empire finale and Dirty Dancing adjust up, Survivor reunion adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dirty Dancing (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dirty Dancing (2017) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (December 8, 2015). "ABC Sets 'Dirty Dancing' Musical With Abigail Breslin". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (January 14, 2016). "TV News Roundup: Debra Messing Cast in ABC’s ‘Dirty Dancing,’ LeBron James Nabs CNBC Unscripted Series". Variety. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2015). "‘Dirty Dancing’ TV Remake Nears ABC Green Light With Abigail Breslin Starring". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 23, 2016). "‘Dirty Dancing’: Dancer Colt Prattes To Play Johnny In ABC Remake". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 1, 2016). "Nicole Scherzinger to Co-Star in ABC's 'Dirty Dancing' Reboot". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2016). "‘Dirty Dancing’ ABC Remake Adds ‘Modern Family’s Sarah Hyland". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate; Goldberg, Lesley (March 22, 2016). "Bruce Greenwood Boards ABC's 'Dirty Dancing' Remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 3, 2016). "ABC's 'Dirty Dancing' Adds Billy Dee Williams". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (March 10, 2016). "ABC's 'Dirty Dancing' Remake Adds 'Awkward' Alum as Robbie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 15, 2016). "‘Dirty Dancing’: Beau "Casper" Smart Joins ABC Remake; J. Quinton Johnson Cast Too". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 30, 2016). "Trevor Einhorn Joins ABC’s ‘Dirty Dancing’ Remake". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 4, 2016). "‘Dirty Dancing’: Katey Sagal Joins ABC Remake". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (April 8, 2016). "Tony Roberts Joins ABC's 'Dirty Dancing' Remake (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kimzey, Kim (18 March 2016). "Dirty Dancing production sets up in Hendersonville". Fox Carolina. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff, Web (8 March 2016). "Casting agency seeks extras for ‘Dirty Dancing’ remake filmed in NC". Fox 8. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Benton, Hayley (22 March 2016). "'Dirty Dancing' sets up production HQ in Hendersonville". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Saylor, Jennifer (18 March 2016). "'Dirty Dancing' production HQ sets up--in Hendersonville". WLOS. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirley (March 1, 2017). "Dirty Dancing remake: Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes strike a pose in first poster". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (April 25, 2017). "Watch the First Trailer for ABC’s ‘Dirty Dancing’ Remake — See Abigail Breslin as Baby!". Us Weekly. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dirty Dancing (Original Television Soundtrack) by Various Artists". iTunes Store (United States). Apple Inc. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly. (April 30, 2017). "Dirty Dancing Review: You Won't Have the Time of Your Life With ABC Remake.". Tvline.com. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abdulbaki, Mae. (May 1, 2017). "'Dirty Dancing' Review: ABC Remake of Popular Film.". www.theyoungfolks.com. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (May 18, 2017). "TV Movie Review: ‘Dirty Dancing’ Rebooted on ABC". Variety. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (May 24, 2017). "TV Ratings: ABC’s ‘Dirty Dancing’ Remake Flounders Against ‘Survivor’ Season Finale". Variety. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'connell, Michael (May 25, 2017). "TV Ratings: 'Empire' Finale Pops, 'Dirty Dancing' Does OK on ABC". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
External Links[edit]
Dirty Dancing on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing_(2017_film)&oldid=800829374"
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text:
List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional men's basketball league, consisting of 30 teams in North America (29 in the United States and one in Canada). The NBA was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] It adopted the name National Basketball Association at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[1] The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball, which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) as the National Governing Body (NGB) for basketball in the country.[2] The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America.[3] There have been 15 defunct franchises in NBA history.
In basketball, points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal.[4] The NBA introduced three-point field goals in the 1979–80 season as a bonus for field goals made from a longer distance.[5][6] Karl Malone scored 36,374 points with the Utah Jazz, the most points by a player for a single franchise.[7] Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the NBA's all-time leading scorer, is the Milwaukee Bucks leader with 14,211 points.[8][9] He scored more points with the Los Angeles Lakers (24,176), where he ranks third in Lakers' history.[10] Kobe Bryant leads the Lakers, scoring the most points in the NBA while playing for only one team in an entire career.[10][11] Dirk Nowitzki of the Dallas Mavericks is second behind Bryant in scoring while playing for only one team.
Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the regular 2016–17 NBA season.
^ Active NBA player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[note 1]
Franchise with scoring leader on its current roster
Franchise [note 2]
Player
Points
Ref
Atlanta Hawks[note 3] Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins* 23,292 [12]
Boston Celtics Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek* 26,395 [13]
Brooklyn Nets[note 4] Lopez, BrookBrook Lopez 10,444 [14]
Charlotte Hornets[note 5] Curry, DellDell Curry 9,839 [15]
Chicago Bulls Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 29,277 [16]
Cleveland Cavaliers James, LeBronLeBron James^ 20,868 [17]
Dallas Mavericks Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^ 30,260 [18]
Denver Nuggets English, AlexAlex English* 21,645 [19]
Detroit Pistons[note 6] Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* 18,822 [20]
Golden State Warriors[note 7] Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 17,783 [21]
Houston Rockets[note 8] Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon* 26,511 [22]
Indiana Pacers Miller, ReggieReggie Miller* 25,279 [23]
Los Angeles Clippers[note 9] Smith, RandyRandy Smith 12,735 [24]
Los Angeles Lakers[note 10] Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant† 33,643 [10]
Memphis Grizzlies [note 11] Conley, MikeMike Conley^ 10,050 [25]
Miami Heat Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^ 20,221 [26]
Milwaukee Bucks Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar* 14,211 [8]
Minnesota Timberwolves Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett† 19,201 [27]
New Orleans Pelicans[note 12] West, DavidDavid West^ 8,690 [28]
New York Knicks Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing* 23,665 [29]
Oklahoma City Thunder[note 13] Payton, GaryGary Payton* 18,207 [30]
Orlando Magic Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ 11,435 [31]
Philadelphia 76ers[note 14] Greer, HalHal Greer* 21,586 [32]
Phoenix Suns Davis, WalterWalter Davis 15,666 [33]
Portland Trail Blazers Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler* 18,040 [34]
Sacramento Kings[note 15] Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* 22,009 [35]
San Antonio Spurs Duncan, TimTim Duncan† 26,496 [36]
Toronto Raptors DeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan^ 11,456 [37]
Utah Jazz[note 16] Malone, KarlKarl Malone* 36,374 [38]
Washington Wizards[note 17] Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes* 15,551 [39]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ This list only includes active NBA franchises.
Jump up ^ Formerly St. Louis Hawks, Milwaukee Hawks, Tri-Cities Blackhawks
Jump up ^ Formerly New York Nets, New Jersey Nets
Jump up ^ Formerly Charlotte Hornets (1988-2002) Charlotte Bobcats (2004-14)
Jump up ^ Formerly Fort Wayne Pistons
Jump up ^ Formerly San Francisco Warriors, Philadelphia Warriors
Jump up ^ Formerly San Diego Rockets
Jump up ^ Formerly San Diego Clippers, Buffalo Braves
Jump up ^ Formerly Minneapolis Lakers
Jump up ^ Formerly Vancouver Grizzlies
Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Hornets (2002-04, 2007-13), New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2005-07)
Jump up ^ Formerly Seattle SuperSonics
Jump up ^ Formerly Syracuse Nationals
Jump up ^ Formerly Kansas City Kings, Kansas City-Omaha Kings, Cincinnati Royals, Rochester Royals
Jump up ^ Formerly New Orleans Jazz
Jump up ^ Formerly Washington Bullets, Capital Bullets, Baltimore Bullets, Chicago Zephyrs, Chicago Packers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Goldaper, Sam (April 17, 2006). "Nov. 1, 1946: New York vs. Toronto — The First Game". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Inside USA Basketball". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pennington, Bill (April 4, 2003). "Drugs; Anti-Doping Executive Plans to Prod Pro Leagues". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Basketball glossary". FIBA.com. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brown, Clifton (February 5, 1990). "3-Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Haubner, Mark (January 2, 2003). "The trey is the thing in today's NBA". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "LAKERS: Lakers Gameday 01/08/12 Grizzlies". NBA.com. NBA Media Ventures. January 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012. In the history of the NBA, only two players have scored more points with a single franchise than Bryant (28,049): Karl Malone (1st/36,374) and Michael Jordan (2nd/29,277).
^ Jump up to: a b "Milwaukee Bucks Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Info Page". NBA.com. NBA Media Ventures. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Los Angeles Lakers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBA's 20,000-point Club, One Team - Kobe Bryant, Lakers, 26,398 points". SI.com. Time. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Atlanta Hawks Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boston Celtics Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Nets Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte Hornets Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Bulls Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Cavaliers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dallas Maverick Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Denver Nuggets Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Pistons Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Golden State Warriors Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Houston Rockets Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indiana Pacers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Clippers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Memphis Grizzlies Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Miami Heat Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Timberwolves Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Orleans Pelicans Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New York Knicks Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oklahoma City Thunder Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Orlando Magic Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia 76ers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Phoenix Suns Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Portland Trail Blazers Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Kings Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Antonio Spurs Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Raptors Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Washington Wizards Career Leaders". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
[hide]
v
t
e
National Basketball Association statistical leaders
Players
Career
Regular season
Points
Franchise
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Turnovers
Three-point field goals
Free throws
Seasons
Games
Minutes
Playoffs
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Turnovers
Three-point field goals
Free throws
Games
Minutes
Annual
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Minutes
Field goal percentage
Three-point field goals
Three-point field goal percentage
Free throw percentage
Season
Points
Rookie
Rebounds
Rookie
Game
Points
Playoffs
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Misc
Tallest players
Shortest players
Oldest and youngest players
Highest-paid players
Teams
Winningest teams
Winning streaks
Losing streaks
Misc
Highest-scoring games
Records
Regular season
Playoffs
All-Star Game
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_franchise_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=805032678"
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values: List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders

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values: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

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values: List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff minutes leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual statistical leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual field goal percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goal percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-season scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association rookie single-season scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-season rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association rookie single-season rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-game blocks leaders

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values: List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history

values: List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players

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text:
List of postal codes in Italy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Italy's postal code system is called CAP (Codice di Avviamento Postale, literally: Postal Expedition Code). CAP are routing information for all the Italian cities and towns which have just a single CAP each; 28 city centres have a specific CAP. Vatican City and San Marino also use the Italian postal code system.
Italian CAP postal codes have an optional prefix of "I-" (or "IT-", or none at all, depending on where the mail originates) followed by five digits. The region name is not used in the postal address, but the provincia is included as the 2-letter abbreviation of the province's capital. Thus, a Mario Rossi living on Via Giuseppe Garibaldi, 10 in the town of Buccinasco in the province of Milan will be addressed as follows:
Rossi Mario
Via Giuseppe Garibaldi, 10
20090 BUCCINASCO MI
ITALY
The town of Buccinasco is in the province of Milan (MI); the region (Lombardy) is not included in the address.
Note also the surname is generally written before the first name
The 2-letter abbreviation of the provincial capital is usually not included in addresses for large towns characterised by multi-CAP in their city centres. Thus, a Mario Rossi living at Via Dante, 10 in the city of Rome in the province of Rome will be addressed as follows:
Rossi Mario
Via Dante, 10
00194 ROMA
ITALY
Neither the province of Rome (RM) nor the region (Lazio) is included in the address.
List of postal codes in Italy (including Vatican City and San Marino)[edit]
Province
Code
Region
CAP capital towns
CAP other towns
Rome RM Lazio 001xx (00118 to 00199) 000xx (00010 to 00069)
Vatican City SCV - 00120 -
Viterbo VT Lazio 01100 010xx (01010 to 01039)
Rieti RI Lazio 02100 020xx (02010 to 02049)
Frosinone FR Lazio 03100 030xx (03010 to 03049)
Latina LT Lazio 04100 040xx (04010 to 04029)
Terni TR Umbria 05100 050xx (05010 to 05039)
Perugia PG Umbria 061xx (06121 to 06135) 060xx (06010 to 06089)
Sassari SS Sardinia 07100 070xx (07010 to 07019 and 07030 to 07049) (*)
Olbia-Tempio OT Sardinia 07026 (Olbia), 07029 (Tempio Pausania) 070xx (07020 to 07029) and 08020 (*)
Nuoro NU Sardinia 08100 080xx (08010 to 08039) (*)
Ogliastra OG Sardinia 08045 (Lanusei), 08048 (Tortolì) 080xx (08040 to 08049) (*)
Cagliari CA Sardinia 091xx (09121 to 09134) 090xx (09010 to 09049) and 080xx (08030,08033,08035,08043)
Oristano OR Sardinia 09170 090xx (09070 to 09099) and 080xx (08010,08013,08019,08030,08034)
Carbonia-Iglesias CI Sardinia 09013 (Carbonia), 09016 (Iglesias) 090xx (09010 to 09017) (*)
Medio Campidano MD/VS [1] Sardinia 09025 (Sanluri), 09039 (Villacidro) 090xx (09020 to 09041) (*)
Turin TO Piedmont 101xx (10121 to 10156) 100xx (10010 to 10099)
Aosta AO Aosta Valley 11100 (Aosta) 110xx (11010 to 11029)
Cuneo CN Piedmont 12100 120xx (12010 to 12089) and 18025
Vercelli VC Piedmont 13100 130xx (13010 to 13060)
Biella BI Piedmont 13900 138xx (13811 to 13899)
Asti AT Piedmont 14100 140xx (14010 to 14059)
Alessandria AL Piedmont 15100 150xx (15010 to 15079)
Genoa GE Liguria 161xx (16121 to 16167) 160xx (16010 to 16049)
Savona SV Liguria 17100 170xx (17010 to 17058) and 12071
Imperia IM Liguria 18100 180xx (18010 to 18039)
La Spezia SP Liguria 191xx (19121 to 19137) 190xx (19010 to 19038)
Milan MI Lombardy 201xx (20121 to 20162) 200xx (20010 to 20099)
Monza and Brianza MB Lombardy 20900 208xx (20811 to 20886)
Varese VA Lombardy 21100 210xx (21010 to 21059)
Como CO Lombardy 22100 220xx (22010 to 22079)
Sondrio SO Lombardy 23100 230xx (23010 to 23038)
Lecco LC Lombardy 23900 238xx (23801 to 23899)
Bergamo BG Lombardy 241xx (24121 to 24129) 240xx (24010 to 24069)
Brescia BS Lombardy 251xx (25121 to 25136) 250xx (25010 to 25089)
Cremona CR Lombardy 26100 260xx (26010 to 26049)
Lodi LO Lombardy 26900 268xx (26811 to 26867)
Pavia PV Lombardy 27100 270xx (27010 to 27059)
Novara NO Piedmont 28100 280xx (28010 to 28079)
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola VB Piedmont 289xx (Verbania, 28921 to 28925) 288xx (28801 to 28899)
Piacenza PC Emilia-Romagna 29100 290xx (29010 to 29029)
Venice VE Veneto 301xx (30121 to 30176) 300xx (30010 to 30039)
Treviso TV Veneto 31100 310xx (31010 to 31059)
Belluno BL Veneto 32100 320xx (32010 to 32047)
Udine UD Friuli-Venezia Giulia 33100 330xx (33010 to 33059)
Pordenone PN Friuli-Venezia Giulia 33170 330xx (33070 to 33099)
Trieste TS Friuli-Venezia Giulia 341xx (34121 to 34151) 340xx (34010 to 34018)
Gorizia GO Friuli-Venezia Giulia 34170 340xx (34070 to 34079)
Padua PD Veneto 351xx (35121 to 35143) 350xx (35010 to 35048)
Vicenza VI Veneto 36100 360xx (36010 to 36078)
Verona VR Veneto 371xx (37121 to 37142) 370xx (37010 to 37069)
Trento TN Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 381xx (38121 to 38123) 380xx (38010 to 38089)
Bolzano/Bozen BZ Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 39100 (Bolzano/Bozen) 390xx (39010 to 39058)
Bologna BO Emilia-Romagna 401xx (40121 to 40141) 400xx (40010 to 40069)
Modena MO Emilia-Romagna 41121 to 41126, the old 41100 whole town cap is discouraged 410xx (41010 to 41059)
Reggio Emilia RE Emilia-Romagna 421xx (42121 to 42124) 420xx (42010 to 42049)
Parma PR Emilia-Romagna 43100 430xx (43010 to 43059)
Ferrara FE Emilia-Romagna 44100 440xx (44010 to 44049)
Rovigo RO Veneto 45100 450xx (45010 to 45039)
Mantua MN Lombardy 46100 460xx (46010 to 46049)
Forlì-Cesena FC Emilia-Romagna 471xx (47121-47122) (Forlì), 475xx (47521-47522) (Cesena) 470xx (47010 to 47043)
Rimini RN Emilia-Romagna 479xx (47921 to 47924) 478xx (47814 to 47866)
Republic of San Marino RSM - 47890 (City of San Marino) 4789x (47891 to 47899)
Ravenna RA Emilia-Romagna 481xx (48121 to 48125) 480xx (48010 to 48027)
Florence FI Tuscany 501xx (50121 to 50145) 500xx (50010 to 50068)
Pistoia PT Tuscany 51100 510xx (51010 to 51039)
Arezzo AR Tuscany 52100 520xx (52010 to 52048)
Siena SI Tuscany 53100 530xx (53011 to 53049)
Massa-Carrara MS Tuscany 54100 (Massa), 54023 (Carrara) 540xx (54010 to 54038)
Lucca LU Tuscany 55100 550xx (55010 to 55064)
Pisa PI Tuscany 561xx (56121 to 56128) 560xx (56010 to 56048)
Livorno or Leghorn LI Tuscany 571xx (57121 to 57128) 570xx (57014 to 57039)
Grosseto GR Tuscany 58100 580xx (58010 to 58055)
Prato PO Tuscany 59100 590xx (59011 to 59026)
Ancona AN Marche 601xx (60121 to 60131) 600xx (60010 to 60048)
Pesaro e Urbino PU Marche 61100 (Pesaro), 61029 (Urbino) 610xx (61010 to 61049)
Macerata MC Marche 62100 620xx (62010 to 62039)
Ascoli Piceno AP Marche 63100 630xx (63061 to 63096)
Fermo FM Marche 63900 638xx (63811 to 63858)
Teramo TE Abruzzo 64100 640xx (64010 to 64049)
Pescara PE Abruzzo 651xx (65121 to 65129) 650xx (65010 to 65029)
Chieti CH Abruzzo 66100 660xx (66010 to 66054)
L'Aquila AQ Abruzzo 67100 670xx (67010 to 67069)
Bari BA Apulia 701xx (70121 to 70132) 700xx (70010 to 70059)
Foggia FG Apulia 71100 710xx (71010 to 71049)
Brindisi BR Apulia 72100 720xx (72010 to 72029)
Lecce LE Apulia 73100 730xx (73010 to 73059)
Taranto TA Apulia 74100 740xx (74010 to 74028)
Matera MT Basilicata 75100 750xx (75010 to 75029)
Barletta-Andria-Trani BT Apulia 76121 (Barletta), 76123 (Andria), 76125 (Trani) 760xx (76011 to 76017)
Naples NA Campania 801xx (80121 to 80147) 800xx (80010 to 80079)
Caserta CE Campania 81100 810xx (81010 to 81059)
Benevento or Beneventum BN Campania 82100 820xx (82010 to 82038)
Avellino AV Campania 83100 830xx (83010 to 83059)
Salerno SA Campania 841xx (84121 to 84135) 840xx (84010 to 84099)
Potenza PZ Basilicata 85100 850xx (85010 to 85059)
Campobasso CB Molise 86100 860xx (86010 to 86049)
Isernia IS Molise 86170 860xx (86070 to 86097)
Cosenza CS Calabria 87100 870xx (87010 to 87076)
Catanzaro CZ Calabria 88100 880xx (88020 to 88070)
Crotone KR Calabria 88900 888xx (88811 to 88842)
Reggio Calabria RC Calabria 891xx (89121 to 89135) 890xx (89010 to 89069)
Vibo Valentia VV Calabria 89900 898xx (89812 to 89868)
Palermo PA Sicily 901xx (90121 to 90151) 900xx (90010 to 90049)
Trapani TP Sicily 91100 910xx (91010 to 91029)
Agrigento AG Sicily 92100 920xx (92010 to 92029)
Caltanissetta CL Sicily 93100 930xx (93010 to 93019)
Enna EN Sicily 94100 940xx (94010 to 94019)
Catania CT Sicily 951xx (95121 to 95131) 950xx (95010 to 95049)
Syracuse SR Sicily 96100 960xx (96010 to 96019)
Ragusa RG Sicily 97100 970xx (97010 to 97019)
Messina ME Sicily 981xx (98121 to 98168) 980xx (98020 to 98079)
^ Provisional code MD modified in VS from December 2006.
(*) In Sardinia in 2005, 4 new provinces were created (and the borders of existing provinces modified). The CAP of 2006 approved new provincial prefixes for postal codes in the affected areas but did not modify the existing numeric suffixes of the postal codes. In December 2006, the Italian government approved the codes of the new Sardinian provinces, changing those of Medio Campidano from MD to VS.
References[edit]
Frank's Compulsive Guide To Postal Addresses
External links[edit]
Poste Italiane (in Italian)
postal code database with maps
All Italian ZIP Codes with search by Address - nonsoloCAP.it
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_postal_codes_in_Italy&oldid=775556590"
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Unit of alcohol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A large (250 ml) glass of 12% ABV red wine has about three units of alcohol. A medium (175 ml) glass has about two units.[Note 1]
Units of alcohol are used in the United Kingdom (UK) as a measure to quantify the actual alcoholic content within a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, in order to provide guidance on total alcohol consumption.
A number of other countries (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US) use the concept of a standard drink, the definition of which varies from country to country, for the same purpose. Standard drinks were referred to in the first UK guidelines (1984) that published "safe limits" for drinking, but these were replaced by references to "alcohol units" in the 1987 guidelines and the latter term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance.[1]
One unit of alcohol (UK) is defined as 10 millilitres (8 grams) of pure alcohol.[2][3] Typical drinks (i.e., typical quantities or servings of common alcoholic beverages) may contain 1–3 units of alcohol.[3]
Containers of alcoholic beverages sold directly to UK consumers are normally labelled to indicate the number of units of alcohol in a typical serving of the beverage (optional) and in the full container (can or bottle), as well as information about responsible drinking.[4]
As an approximate guideline, a typical healthy adult can metabolise (break down) about one unit of alcohol per hour,[3] although this may vary depending on sex, age, weight, health, and many other factors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formula
2 Labelling
3 Quantities
3.1 Beers
3.2 Wines
3.3 Fortified wines
3.4 Spirits
3.5 Alcopops
4 Time to metabolise
5 Recommended maximum
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Formula[edit]
The number of UK units of alcohol in a drink can be determined by multiplying the volume of the drink (in millilitres) by its percentage ABV, and dividing by 1000.
For example, one imperial pint (568 ml) of beer at 4% alcohol by volume (ABV) contains:
568 ml × 4 % × 1 unit 10 ml = 568 ml × 4 100 × 1 unit 10 ml = 568 ml × 4 units 1000 ml = 2.3 units {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}568{\mbox{ ml}}\times 4\%\times {\frac {1{\mbox{ unit}}}{10{\mbox{ ml}}}}&=568{\mbox{ ml}}\times {\frac {4}{100}}\times {\frac {1{\mbox{ unit}}}{10{\mbox{ ml}}}}=\\568{\mbox{ ml}}\times {\frac {4{\mbox{ units}}}{1000{\mbox{ ml}}}}&=2.3{\mbox{ units}}\end{aligned}}}
The formula uses ml ÷ 1000. This results in exactly one unit per percentage point per litre, of any alcoholic beverage.
The formula can be simplified for everyday use by expressing the serving size in centilitres and the alcohol content literally as a percentage.
75 cl × 12 % × 1 unit 1 cl = 75 cl × 12 100 × 1 unit 1 cl = 75 × 12 100 units = 9 units {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}75{\mbox{ cl}}\times 12\%\times {\frac {1{\mbox{ unit}}}{1{\mbox{ cl}}}}&=75{\mbox{ cl}}\times {\frac {12}{100}}\times {\frac {1{\mbox{ unit}}}{1{\mbox{ cl}}}}=\\75\times {\frac {12}{100}}{\mbox{ units}}&=9{\mbox{ units}}\end{aligned}}}
Thus, a 750 ml bottle of wine at 12% ABV contains 75 cl × 12% = 9 units. Alternatively, the serving size in litres multiplied by the alcohol content as a number, the above example giving 0.75 × 12 = 9 units.
0.75 l × 12 % × 100 units 1 l = 0.75 l × 12 100 × 100 units 1 l = 0.75 × 12 units = 9 units {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}0.75{\mbox{ l}}\times 12\%\times {\frac {100{\mbox{ units}}}{1{\mbox{ l}}}}&=0.75{\mbox{ l}}\times {\frac {12}{100}}\times {\frac {100{\mbox{ units}}}{1{\mbox{ l}}}}=\\0.75\times 12{\mbox{ units}}&=9{\mbox{ units}}\end{aligned}}}
Both pieces of input data are usually mentioned in this form on the bottle, so is easy to retrieve.
Labelling[edit]
Example of Wine Bottle label in accordance with UK voluntary health labelling scheme
UK alcohol companies pledged in March 2011 to implement an innovative health labelling scheme to provide more information about responsible drinking on alcohol labels and containers. This voluntary scheme is the first of its kind in Europe and has been developed in conjunction with the UK Department of Health. The pledge stated:[5]
"We will ensure that over 80% of products on shelf (by December 2013) will have labels with clear unit content, NHS guidelines and a warning about drinking when pregnant."
At the end of 2014, 101 companies had committed to the pledge labelling scheme.[5]
There are five elements included within the overall labelling scheme, the first three being mandatory, and the last two optional:
Unit alcohol content per container (mandatory), and per serving (optional)
Chief Medical Officers' daily guidelines for lower-risk consumption
Pregnancy warning (in text or as a graphic)
Mention of "drinkaware.co.uk" (optional)
Responsibility statement (e.g., "please drink responsibly") (optional)
Further detailed specifications about the labelling scheme are available from the "Alcohol labelling tool kit".[6]
Drinks companies had pledged to display the three mandatory items on 80% of drinks containers on shelves in the UK off-trade by the end of December 2013.[6] A report published in Nov 2014, confirmed that UK drinks producers had delivered on that pledge with a 79.3% compliance with the pledge elements as measured by products on shelf. Compared with labels from 2008 on a like-for-like basis, information on Unit alcohol content had increased by 46%; 91% of products displayed alcohol and pregnancy warnings (18% in 2008); and 75% showed the Chief Medical Officers’ lower risk daily guidelines (6% in 2008).[7]
Quantities[edit]
Chart showing alcohol unit count for drink size and ABV
It is sometimes misleadingly stated that there is one unit per half-pint of beer, or small glass of wine, or single measure of spirits. However, such statements do not take into account the various strengths and volumes supplied in practice.[8][9][10][11]
For example, the ABV of beer typically varies from 3.5% to 5.5%. A typical "medium" glass of wine with 175 ml at 12% ABV has 2.1 units. And spirits, although typically 35–40% ABV, have single measures of 25 ml or 35 ml (so 1 or 1.4 units) depending on location.[8][9][10][11]
The misleading nature of "one unit per half-pint of beer, or small glass of wine, or single measure of spirits" can lead to people underestimating their alcohol intake.[8][9][10][11]
Beers[edit]
Half an imperial pint (284 ml) of beer with 3.5% ABV contains almost exactly one unit; however, most beers are stronger. In pubs in the United Kingdom, beers generally range from 3.5–5.5% ABV, and continental lagers start at around 4% ABV. An imperial pint of such lager (e.g., 568 ml at 5.2%) contains almost 3 units of alcohol[12] rather than the oft-quoted 2 units.
Stronger beer (6–12%) may contain 2 units or more per half pint (imperial).
A half litre (500 ml) of standard lager or ale (5%) contains 2.5 units.
One litre (1000 ml) of typical Oktoberfest beer (5.5–6%) contains 5.5–6 units of alcohol.
Wines[edit]
A medium glass (175 ml) of 12% ABV wine contains around two units of alcohol. However, British pubs and restaurants often supply larger quantities (large glass ≈ 250 ml), which contain 3 units. Red wines often have a higher alcohol content (on average 12.5%, sometimes up to 16%).
Wine sold by the glass is often served in nearly full glasses. Wine served at home, or when bought by the bottle in, say, a restaurant, is usually served in glasses less than half filled; the capacity of a wine glass is not the only criterion for judging quantity.
A 750 ml bottle of 12% ABV wine contains 9 units; 16% ABV wine contains 12 units; a fortified wine such as port at 20% ABV contains 15 units.
Fortified wines[edit]
A small glass (50 ml) of sherry, fortified wine, or cream liqueur (≈20% ABV) contains about one unit.
Spirits[edit]
Most spirits sold in the United Kingdom have 40% ABV or slightly less. In England, a single pub measure (25 ml) of a spirit contains one unit. However, a larger 35 ml measure is increasingly used (and in particular is standard in Northern Ireland [13]), which contains 1.4 units of alcohol at 40% ABV. Sellers of spirits by the glass must state the capacity of their standard measure in ml.
Alcopops[edit]
According to Alcohol and You Northern Ireland resource website, "Most alcopops contain 1.1–1.5 units per bottle. For example, a normal 275 ml bottle of WKD contains 1.1 units, whereas Bacardi Breezer and Smirnoff Ice both contain 1.5 units of alcohol."[14]
Time to metabolise[edit]
On average, it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise (break down) one unit of alcohol. However, this will vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired.[15]
Recommended maximum[edit]
Main article: Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages
From 1992 to 1995, the UK government advised that men should drink no more than 21 units per week, and women no more than 14.[16] (The difference between the sexes was due to the typically lower weight and water-to-body-mass ratio of women[citation needed].) The Times reported in October 2007 that these limits had been "plucked out of the air" and had no scientific basis.[17][18]
This was changed after a government study showed that many people were in effect "saving up" their units and using them at the end of the week, a phenomenon referred to as binge drinking.[citation needed] Since 1995 the advice was that regular consumption of 3–4 units a day for men, or 2–3 units a day for women, would not pose significant health risks, but that consistently drinking four or more units a day (men), or three or more units a day (women), is not advisable.[19]
An international study[20] of about 6,000 men and 11,000 women for a total of 75,000 person-years found that people who reported that they drank more than a threshold value of 2 units of alcohol a day had a higher risk of fractures than non-drinkers. For example, those who drank over 3 units a day had nearly twice the risk of a hip fracture.
See also[edit]
Liquor portal
Drink portal
Standard drink
Alcohol equivalence
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Even though the sizes of wine glasses are defined in UK law, the terms large, medium, standard, etc. are not defined in law.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alcohol guidelines, Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee. 7 December 2011. p. 7. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Drinkaware - What is an alcohol unit?".
^ Jump up to: a b c "How long does alcohol stay in your blood?". NHS Choices. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol Labelling". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol Labelling pledge". Dept of Health (UK). Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "UK Alcohol Health Labelling". Portman Group. Portman Group. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Drinks companies achieve voluntary alcohol labelling target". Portman Group. Portman Group. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Getting tight on units of alcohol". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What is a unit of alcohol?". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What is a Unit of Alcohol Anyway? -apas : Alcohol, Gambling, Solutions". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BBC News - Do you know how much you drink?". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The volume of the drink in litres multiplied by its percentage strength in ABV give the number of units. In this case, 0.568 × 5.2 gives 2.95; i.e., almost 3 units.
Jump up ^ "What is a unit of alcohol | Alcohol and You Northern Ireland". www.alcoholandyouni.com. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Question:- "How much alcohol is there in WKD vodka blue?"". Retrieved 27 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "How long does alcohol stay in your blood?". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Health Effects of Alcohol". Drinkaware.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Drink limits ‘useless’, The Times, 20 October 2007
Jump up ^ The great alcohol myth, The Guardian, 26 January 2009
Jump up ^ "Sensible drinking". NIdirect Government Services. 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, et al. (July 2005). "Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture". Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 16 (7): 737–42. PMID 15455194. doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1734-y.
External links[edit]
Alcohol Labelling, with downloadable "Alcohol labelling tool kit" including labelling specifications
Online converter between different countries' standard drinks and units
Drinkaware
NHS Choices: Drinking and alcohol
NHS Choices: Alcohol unit calculator
Online alcohol demotivator calculator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_of_alcohol&oldid=801058953"
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