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God bless you
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For the song by Martha & the Vandellas, see Bless You (song).
Look up God bless you in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
God bless you (variants include God bless or bless you[1]) is a common English expression, used to wish a person blessings in various situations,[1][2] especially as a response to a sneeze, and also, when parting or writing a valediction.[1][3]
The phrase has been used in the Hebrew Bible by Jews (cf. Numbers 6:24), and by Christians, since the time of the early Church as a benediction, as well as a means of bidding a person Godspeed.[4][5] Many clergy, when blessing their congregants individually or as a group, use the phrase "God bless you".[6]
A typical polite response after being told "bless you" in response to sneezing is to thank the person who has said it.
Origins and legends[edit]
The Elder Pliny says,
"Why do we say 'Bless you' when people sneeze?"
(Penguin: Pliny the Elder, Natural History: A Selection, p.254 paragraph 22, "Superstitions")
Pliny died in 79 CE trying to save people from the eruption of Vesuvius. Therefore this custom was a mystery 2000 years ago give or take. Since its origin was a mystery to him at the time, the Romans may perhaps, for example, have got it from the Greeks. Therefore it started as a pagan blessing, not a Christian one, and in its origins had nothing to do with plagues or popes.
National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, "Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague."[7] By AD 750, it became customary to say "God bless you" as a response to one sneezing.[8]
The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when they sneezed,[9] that sneezing otherwise opened the body to invasion by the Devil or evil spirits,[10][11] or that sneezing was the body's effort to force out an invading evil presence.[9] In these cases, "God bless you" or "bless you" is used as a sort of shield against evil.[12] The Irish Folk story "Master and Man" by Thomas Crofton Croker, collected by William Butler Yeats, describes this variation.[13] Moreover, in the past some people may have thought that the heart stops beating during a sneeze, and that the phrase "God bless you" encourages the heart to continue beating.[9][10][11]
In some cultures, sneezing is seen as a sign of good fortune or God's beneficence.[9][14] As such, alternative responses to sneezing are the German word Gesundheit (meaning "health") sometimes adopted by English speakers, the Irish word sláinte (meaning "good health"), the Spanish salud (also meaning "health") and the Hebrew laBri'ut (colloquial) or liVriut (classic) (both spelled: "לבריאות") (meaning "to health").
In Persian culture, sneezing sometimes is called "sabr =صبر," meaning "to wait or be patient." And when trying to do something or go somewhere and suddenly sneezing, one should stop or sit for a few minutes and then re-start. By this act the "bad thing" passes and one will be saved. This is observed in Indian culture as well.
In Greek culture, sneezing was widely recognized as a divine omen. In Book 17 of Homer’s Odyssey, Penelope speaks to Eumaeus in private about the suitors feasting in the halls of the king's palace, and how surely Odysseus will return and kill them. Suddenly her son Telemachus sneezes and Penelope laughed. A sneeze meant the intercession of the gods to make her statement come true. It was a blessing from the gods, connecting the sneeze to the "God Bless You."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jucker, Andreas H.; Taavitsainen, Irma (10 April 2008). Speech Acts in the History of English. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 171. ISBN 9789027291417. God bless you has been attested as a leave-taking term since 1740 and can be today heard in the US as an explicit wish or blessing and as an implicit leave-taking term. Some also use the reduced variant of God bless.
Jump up ^ Alhujelan, Naser S. (2008). Worldviews of the Peoples of the Arabian Peninsula: A Study of Cultural System. ProQuest. p. 369. ISBN 9780549703549. The expression "May God bless you" includes blessing, meaning growth, happiness, and many other good things. It is often said by family and loved ones as a kind of prayer.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Roger (1997). The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. Applause. p. 415. ISBN 9781557832481. The letter ends with the solemn valediction 'God bless you .'
Jump up ^ Everett, Isaac (1 May 2009). The Emergent Psalter. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 9780898696172. The beginning of this psalm echoes the priestly benediction from Numbers 6: May God bless you and keep you.
Jump up ^ Wachspress, Amy (8 June 2012). Memories from Cherry Harvest. Counterpoint LLC. p. 91. ISBN 9781593764890. reciting the ancient Jewish benediction a parent gives to a child: "May God bless you and keep you and may God's countenance shine upon you and bring you peace."
Jump up ^ Driscoll, Rev. Michael S.; Hilgartner, Rev. Msgr. Richard B.; Kelly, Maureen A.; John Thomas Lane; James Presta; Corinna Laughlin; Jim Schellman; D. Todd Williamson; Paul Turner; Catherine Combier-Donovan; Diana Macalintal; Sr. Genevieve (2012). The Liturgy Documents, Volume Two: Essential Documents for Parish Sacramental Rites and Other Liturgies. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 439. ISBN 9781616710279. Thus, the the [sic?] Book of Blessings, as in the Divine Office, while clergy may close with a true blessing ("May almighty God bless you."), laypersons can only request God's blessing ("May the Lord bless us.")
Jump up ^ Patrick, Bethanne Kelly; Thompson, John Milliken (2009). An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic. p. 74. ISBN 9781426204203. In Rome during the plague of 590, Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately ("God bless you"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plague. Although the populace did not understand that the sneeze was the source of transmittal, they may have sensed it was connected to the disease. "God bless you" became a verbal totem invoking divine mercy on the sneezer.
Jump up ^ Whiting, Bartl Jere (1977). Early American Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. Harvard University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780674219816. The year 750, is commonly reckoned the era of the custom of saying "God bless you," to one who happens to sneeze, etc.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Snopes Urban Legends - Bless You!
^ Jump up to: a b Ed Zotti, Editor. Why Do We Say "God Bless You" After a Sneeze?, Straight Dope, 27 September 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Madsci.org, Mad Scientist posting by Tom Wilson, M.D./PhD, Pathology, Div. of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine
Jump up ^ Stollznow, Karen (2014). "“God Bless You!” – A Blessing in Disguise?". Skeptic Magazine. 19 (4). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gutenberg.org, Project Gutenberg story by T. Crofton Croker, 1898.
Jump up ^ Re: Why does plucking my eyebrows make me sneeze?, MadSci Network posting by Robert West, Post-doc/Fellow, 1997-08-05
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem. A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1992. ISBN 0-19-282916-5
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Fireworks competitions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of worldwide fireworks competitions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Internationaler Feuerwerkswettbewerb Herrenhausen (International Fireworks Competition Hanover-Herrenhausen)
2 Montreal Fireworks Festival
3 DIFF-DaNang International Fireworks Festival
4 World Pyro Olympics
5 Celebration of Light
6 Macau International Fireworks Display
7 GlobalFest International Fireworks Festival
8 Firework Champions
9 Fireworks Championship
10 National Pyrotechnics Fair of Tultepec, Mexico
11 Tarragona International Fireworks Display
12 The World Fireworks Championship
13 Ignis Brunensis
14 Pyrotechnics Guild International
15 Philippine International Pyromusical Competition
16 International Costa Brava Fireworks contest "Trofeu Vila de Blanes"
17 References
18 External links
Internationaler Feuerwerkswettbewerb Herrenhausen (International Fireworks Competition Hanover-Herrenhausen)[edit]
The Competition takes place every year in the Baroque Royal Gardens of Hanover-Herrenhausen, Germany. Consequently each team has to show in its twenty-five minutes program a baroque part due to the gardens.
Montreal Fireworks Festival[edit]
Main article: L'International des Feux Loto-Québec
Known officially as L’International des Feux Loto-Québec, the Montreal Fireworks Festival is the most prestigious and largest fireworks competition in the world. It is an annual international competition held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada since 1985. The event begins in June and carries on until August. Each summer, several pyrotechnical companies from different countries present a 30-minute-long pyromusical show. Gold, Silver and Bronze Jupiter trophies are awarded to the winners. The Jupiters have become symbols of prestige within the fireworks industry. See the festival's [1]. The fireworks are synchronized to music which is also broadcast over a local radio station. Over 3 million spectators gather each year to see the fireworks. The main viewing locations are: the Jacques-Cartier Bridge (closed to traffic the evening of each event), La Ronde (amusement park), and on either side of the St. Lawrence River. Approximately 6,000 fireworks are set off during each show.
DIFF-DaNang International Fireworks Festival[edit]
DIFF is a competition started in 2008 where teams from all over the world compete against each other, in the city of DaNang, Vietnam. It was held at the end of March (2008-2010) and the end of April (2011-2015)
Now with 2018, The Event is now called DaNang International Fireworks Festival, is one of the biggest, most exciting and original event in the world. Taking an extraordinary turn this year, the competition will no longer be just two nights, but separated into five (5) separate nights with eleven (11) displays from teams around the world to paint the skies of the night. Being themed The Legends of Bridges, the competition have 5 night. This long festival would be carried out from April until June with many fascinating side events.
website: http://www.difcdanang.com
facebook : https://www.facebook.com/diffvietnam/
World Pyro Olympics[edit]
Main article: World Pyro Olympics
The World Pyro Olympics are an annual competition amongst the top fireworks companies in the world. It is held in Manila, Philippines. The event is one of the largest and most intense international fireworks competitions.
The World Pyro Olympics run through a period of five consecutive days allowing patrons to experience more of the show. Two countries perform each day; the last participant performs on the final evening of the event.
The host of the event does not participate in the competition but performs a fireworks display on the last night. Awards, such as the People’s Choice, are given out after the exhibition. The crowning of the World Pyro Olympics Champion ends the event.
Celebration of Light[edit]
Main article: Celebration of Light
The Honda Celebration of Light of Vancouver is an annual musical fireworks competition held every summer over English Bay in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada since 1990. Three companies representing their country perform a twenty-five-minute firework display set to music. Typically the last Saturday of July, the following Wednesday and the first Saturday of August. The fireworks are synchronized to music which is also broadcast over a local radio station. Musical concerts, displays and activations entice festival goers to the site early in the day. The dates for the 2016 event are July 23, July 27 and July 30.
Macau International Fireworks Display[edit]
Held over 5 weeks during September with 2 displays on the same night weekly, with the final night held on China National Day on 1 October. The competition features 10 pyrotechnic companies from around the world.
GlobalFest International Fireworks Festival[edit]
Main article: GlobalFest
GlobalFest has been held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada every August since 2003 featuring cultural pavilions, a film festival and an international fireworks festival. In previous years, the international fireworks competition featured a different nation each night of the five night competition with live performances 3 different stages throughout Elliston Park showcasing the culture of that country prior to the fireworks display. The 2009 Festival ran from 21–29 August.
Firework Champions[edit]
A series of four events at various venues around the UK each summer, organised by MLE Pyrotechnics of Daventry.
At each event, three UK firework companies (different competitors at each event) compete against each other with a 10-minute firework display choreographed to music. They are followed by a (non-competing) display by the host company. The audience can text vote for their favourite team. Displays are fired using the latest state of the art technology.
The 2011 events were held at: Stanford Hall in Leicestershire, Saturday 6 August. Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire, Saturday 13 August. Capesthorne Hall in Cheshire, Saturday 20 August. Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire, Saturday 3 September.
The 2013 events will be held at: Stanford Hall in Leicestershire, Saturday 3 August. Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire, Saturday 17 August. Capesthorne Hall in Cheshire, Saturday 24 August. Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire, Saturday 31 August.
Fireworks Championship[edit]
Four teams compete against each other in Sweden with a music firework display. Displays are fired at the bank of the river Motala ström In the center of Norrköping. Usually it takes place in the first weeks of August. The winner of the last eight competitions have been the Gothenburg located firm Göteborgs FyrverkeriFabrik.
National Pyrotechnics Fair of Tultepec, Mexico[edit]
A Mexican Castillo with ceremonial dancers around it
Every year this town, known as "Mexico's Capital of Pyrotechnics", hosts a week-long pyrotechnics fair that features the "Castillos de Torre" or "Tower Fireworks Competition". Since 2005, a Pyromusical Competition has been held involving up to 7 fireworks shows lasting 10 minutes each. These events are not yet open to international competition.
In addition to the competition fireworks, almost everyday different types of fireworks (including day-time tower fireworks) are burned as part of the religious festivities. The fair also includes the "Burning of the Bulls", which is always held on 8 March in celebration of John of God, the patron saint of Tultepec's pyrotechnicians.
Tarragona International Fireworks Display[edit]
Main article: Tarragona International Fireworks Displays Competition
This fireworks contest is held every first week of July in Catalonia, Spain.
The World Fireworks Championship[edit]
Main article: The World Fireworks Championship
The World Fireworks Championship was a pyromusical competition in which six pyrotechnics companies took part over three successive weekends. The event took place in Oman in 2010 where an estimated 750,000 spectators attended. French company Lacroix Ruggieri won the competition.
Ignis Brunensis[edit]
Main article: Ignis Brunensis
Ignis Brunensis international fireworks competition is held every year in May - June in Brno, Czech Republic.
Pyrotechnics Guild International[edit]
The Pyrotechnics Guild International, Inc. or PGI, holds a convention each August featuring competitions not only in displays but in creation of individual fireworks. Individual classes of hand-built fireworks are competitively judged, ranging from simple rockets to extremely large and complex aerial shells.
Philippine International Pyromusical Competition[edit]
Philippine International Pyromusical Competition (PIPC) is a contest that started in 2010 where different countries showcases their own display. It is held every Saturday between February and March every year at the Mall of Asia Philippines. The show lasts a minimum of 15 minutes each participant.
International Costa Brava Fireworks contest "Trofeu Vila de Blanes"[edit]
Fireworks of Blanes is an annual competition with international participation. Their beginnings in 1960, with international participation in 1970 and became an international competition in 1980. Held every year during the Santa Anna festival on July in Catalonia, Spain.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
http://internationaldesfeuxloto-quebec.com/en/default.aspx/ Official website of L'International des Feux Loto-Québec / Montréal Fireworks Festival, Montréal (Canada)
http://www.difcdanang.com - Official website of the DaNang International Fireworks Festival, DaNang (Vietnam)
http://www.pyrophilippines.com - Official website of the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition, Manila (Philippines)
http://www.hondacelebrationoflight.com - Official website of the Honda Celebration of Light, Vancouver (Canada)
http://www.macautourism.gov.mo/english/event_en/firework.html - Macau International Fireworks Display, Macau (China)
http://www.fireworkchampions.co.uk - Official website of the Firework Champions, (United Kingdom)
http://www.tarragona.feuerwerk.net - Official website of Tarragona International Fireworks Displays Competition, Tarragona, Catalonia (Spain)
http://www.fireworksguide.com/ Guide to International Fireworks Displays
http://www.pgi.org/ Pyrotechnics Guild International
http://www.blanes.cat/focs - Official website of the International Costa Brava Fireworks contest "Trofeu Vila de Blanes"
http://www.wfchampionship.com - Official website of The World Fireworks Championship
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fireworks_competitions&oldid=811382533"
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Plateau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Plateau (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Satellite image of the Tibetan Plateau between the Himalayan mountains to the south and the Taklamakan Desert to the north
In geology and physical geography a plateau ( /pləˈtoʊ/, /plæˈtoʊ/ or /ˈplætoʊ/; plural plateaus or plateaux[1][2]), is also called a high plain or a tableland. It is an area of a highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain that is raised significantly above the surrounding area, often with one or more sides with steep slopes. Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers. Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment as intermontane, piedmont, or continental.
Contents
1 Formation
1.1 Volcanic
1.2 Erosion
2 Classification
3 Large plateaus
3.1 Asia
3.2 Antarctica
3.3 North America
3.4 South America
3.5 Africa
3.6 Oceania
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Formation[edit]
Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers.
Volcanic[edit]
Main article: volcanic plateau
Volcanic plateaus are produced by volcanic activity. The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States is an example. They may be formed by upwelling of volcanic magma or extrusion of lava.
The Pajarito Plateau in New Mexico is an example of a volcanic plateau.
The underlining mechanism in forming plateaus from upwelling starts when magma rises from the mantle, causing the ground to swell upward.In this way, large, flat areas of rock are uplifted to form a plateau. For plateaus formed by extrusion, the rock is built up from lava spreading outward from cracks and weak areas in the crust.
Erosion[edit]
Plateaus can also be formed by the erosional processes of glaciers on mountain ranges, leaving them sitting between the mountain ranges. Water can also erode mountains and other landforms down into plateaus. Dissected plateaus are highly eroded plateaus cut by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys. Computer modeling studies suggest that high plateaus may also be partially a result from the feedback between tectonic deformation and dry climatic conditions created at the lee side of growing orogens.[3]
Classification[edit]
Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment.
Intermontane plateaus are the highest in the world, bordered by mountains. The Tibetan Plateau is one such plateau.
Piedmont plateaus are bordered on one side by mountains and on the other by a plain or a sea. The Piedmont Plateau of the Eastern United States between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coastal Plain is an example.
Continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains. An example of a continental plateau is the Antarctic Plateau or Polar Plateau in East Antarctica.
Large plateaus[edit]
Asia[edit]
The largest and highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau, sometimes metaphorically described as the "roof of the world", which is still being formed by the collisions of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Tibetan plateau covers approximately 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi), at about 5,000 m (16,000 ft) above sea level. The plateau is sufficiently high enough to reverse the Hadley cell convection cycles and to drive the monsoons of India towards the south.
The second-highest plateau is the Deosai Plateau of the Deosai National Park (also known as Deoasai Plains) at an average elevation of 4,114 m (13,497 ft). It is located in the Astore and Skardu districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, in northern Pakistan. Deosai means 'the land of giants'. The park protects an area of 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi). It is known for its rich flora and fauna of the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe ecoregion. In spring it is covered by sweeps of wildflowers and a wide variety of butterflies. The highest point in Deosai is Deosai Lake, or Sheosar Lake from the Shina language meaning "Blind lake" (Sheo – Blind, Sar – lake) near the Chilim Valley. The lake lies at an elevation of 4,142 m (13,589 ft), one of the highest lakes in the world, and is 2.3 km (1.4 mi) long, 1.8 km (1.1 mi) wide, and 40 m (130 ft) deep on average.
Hardangervidda, the largest plateau in Europe
Bogotá, Colombia is located in a high plateau, over 8,600 ft (2,600 m) high
Some other major plateaus in Asia are: Najd in the Arabian Peninsula elevation 762 to 1,525 m (2,500 to 5,003 ft), Armenian Highlands (~400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi), elevation 900–2,100 metres (3,000–6,900 ft)), Iranian plateau (~3,700,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi), elevation 300–1,500 metres (980–4,920 ft)), Anatolian Plateau, Mongolian Plateau (~2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi), elevation 1,000–1,500 metres (3,300–4,900 ft)), and the Deccan Plateau (~1,900,000 km2 (730,000 sq mi), elevation 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft)).
Antarctica[edit]
Another very large plateau is the icy Antarctic Plateau, which is sometimes referred to as the Polar Plateau, home to the geographic South Pole and the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, which covers most of East Antarctica where there are no known mountains but rather 3,000 m (9,800 ft) high of superficial ice and which spreads very slowly toward the surrounding coastline through enormous glaciers. This polar ice cap is so massive that the echolocation sound measurements of ice thickness have shown that large parts of the Antarctic "dry land" surface have been pressed below sea level. Thus, if that same ice cap were suddenly removed, the large areas of the frozen white continent would be flooded by the surrounding Antarctic Ocean or Southern Ocean. On the other hand, were the ice cap melts away too gradually, the surface of the land beneath it would gradually rebound away through isostasy from the center of the Earth and that same land would ultimately rise above sea level.
North America[edit]
A large plateau in North America is the Colorado Plateau, which covers about 337,000 km2 (130,000 sq mi) in Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico.[4]
In northern Arizona and southern Utah the Colorado Plateau is bisected by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon. How this came to be is that over 10 million years ago, a river was already there, though not necessarily on exactly the same course. Then, subterranean geological forces caused the land in that part of North America to gradually rise by about a centimeter per year for millions of years. An unusual balance occurred: the river that would become the Colorado River was able to erode into the crust of the Earth at a nearly equal rate to the uplift of the plateau. Now, millions of years later, the North Rim of the Grand Canyon is at an elevation of about 2,450 m (8,040 ft) above sea level, and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon is about 2,150 m (7,050 ft) above sea level. At its deepest, the Colorado River is about 1,830 m (6,000 ft) below the level of the North Rim.
Another high altitude plateau in North America is the Mexican Plateau. With an area of 601,882 km2 (232,388 sq mi) and average height of 1,825 m, it is the home of more than 70 million people.
South America[edit]
Main article: Tepui
A tepui ( /ˈtɛpwi/), or tepuy (Spanish: [teˈpui]), is a table-top mountain or mesa found in the Guiana Highlands of South America, especially in Venezuela and western Guyana. The word tepui means "house of the gods" in the native tongue of the Pemon, the indigenous people who inhabit the Gran Sabana.
Tepuis can be considered minute plateaus and tend to be found as isolated entities rather than in connected ranges, which makes them the host of a unique array of endemic plant and animal species. Some of the most outstanding tepuis are Neblina, Autana, Auyan and Mount Roraima. They are typically composed of sheer blocks of Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone that rise abruptly from the jungle, giving rise to spectacular natural scenery. Auyantepui is the source of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall.
The Colombian capital city of Bogota sits on an Andean plateau known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense roughly the size of Switzerland. Averaging a height of 2,600 metres above sea level, this northern Andean plateau is situated in the country's eastern range and is divided into three main flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso.
Road to the ALMA’s Operations Support Facility and then on further to the Chajnantor Plateau at 5000 meters above sea level.[5]
The parallel Sierra of Andes delimit one of the world highest plateaux: the Altiplano, (Spanish for "high plain"), Andean Plateau or Bolivian Plateau. It lies in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. The bulk of the Altiplano lies within Bolivian and Peruvian territory while its southern parts lie in Chile. The Altiplano plateau hosts several cities like Puno, Oruro, El Alto and La Paz the administrative seat of Bolivia. Northeastern Altiplano is more humid than the Southwestern, the latter of which hosts several salares, or salt flats, due to its aridity. At the Bolivia-Peru border lies Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America.
Africa[edit]
The highest African plateau is the Ethiopian Highlands which cover the central part of Ethiopia. It forms the largest continuous area of its altitude in the continent, with little of its surface falling below 1500 m (4,921 ft), while the summits reach heights of up to 4550 m (14,928 ft). It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa due to its height and large area.
Another example is the Highveld which is the portion of the South African inland plateau which has an altitude above approximately 1500 m, but below 2100 m, thus excluding the Lesotho mountain regions. It is home to some of largest South-African urban agglomerations.
Oceania[edit]
The Western Plateau, part of the Australian Shield, is an ancient craton covering much of the continent's southwest, an area of some 700,000 square kilometres. It has an average elevation of between 305 and 460 m.
The North Island Volcanic Plateau is an area of high land occupying much of the centre of the North Island of New Zealand, with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes, the most notable of which is the country's largest lake, Lake Taupo. The plateau stretches approximately 100 km east to west and 130 km north to south. The majority of the plateau is more than 600 m above sea level.
See also[edit]
Atherton Tableland
Butte
Chapada
Deosai National Park
Mesa
Oceanic plateau for submarine or undersea plateaux
Potrero
Tuya
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of plateau". American English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Definition of plateau". Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Garcia-Castellanos, D., 2007. The role of climate during high plateau formation. Insights from numerical experiments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 257, 372-390, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.039 pdf
Jump up ^ Leighty, Dr. Robert D. (2001). "Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province". Contract Report. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD) Information Sciences Office. Archived from the original on 2004-09-26. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
Jump up ^ "The Road to the Stars". Retrieved 27 July 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plateaus.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Plateau.
"Plateau" at scienceclarified.com
nationalgeographic.com
travel-university.org
britannica.com
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text:
List of Spider-Man enemies in other media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Picture of the original Sinister Six in the series, a group consisting of Spider-Man villains in The Spectacular Spider-Man
Spider-Man has had much media attention due to his popularity as a superhero, as have his villains. Here is a list of his primary villains that have undergone media attention such as in films, televisions, and video games.
Contents
[hide]
1 Film
2 Television
2.1 Sinister Six
3 Made-for-TV villains
3.1 Spider-Man (1967)
3.2 Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
3.3 Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981)
3.4 Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
3.5 Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003)
3.6 Ultimate Spider-Man (2012)
4 Video games
5 Novels, theatre and radio
5.1 The Gentleman
5.2 Lesser Threats
6 References
Film[edit]
This is a list of Spider-Man enemies that have been in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man duology, and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The films also introduce Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors, the man who in the comics becomes the Lizard, but this entity and transformation never took place during Raimi's tenure as director. Spider-Man 2 also features Daniel Gillies as John Jameson, whose similar transformation into the Man-Wolf is not depicted in the film. Additionally, the Kingpin was featured prominently in the 2003 Mark Steven Johnson film Daredevil, where he was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan. Mendel Stromm was also portrayed by actor Ron Perkins in Spider-Man, although he did not become a villain. In Marc Webb's reboot of Spider-Man, the Lizard is the villain. Irrfan Khan also portrays the antagonistic Dr. Ratha in The Amazing Spider-Man. In Spider-Man: Homecoming, the villains Vulture (comics), Tinkerer (comics), and Shocker (comics) are introduced, played by Michael Keaton, Michael Chernus, and Bokeem Woodbine, respectively.
Villain Film Actor/Actress
Alistair Smythe The Amazing Spider-Man 2 B.J Novak
Dennis Carradine
Burglar Spider-Man
Spider-Man 3
The Amazing Spider-Man Michael Papajohn

Leif Gantvoort
Otto Octavius
Doctor Octopus Spider-Man 2 Alfred Molina
Donald Menken The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Colm Feore
Maxwell "Max" Dillon
Electro The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Jamie Foxx
Felicia Hardy The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Felicity Jones
Gustav Fiers
Gentleman[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The Amazing Spider-Man
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Michael Massee
Norman Osborn
Green Goblin Spider-Man
Spider-Man 2
Spider-Man 3
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Willem Dafoe

Chris Cooper
Harry Osborn
Green Goblin Spider-Man 3
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 James Franco
Dane DeHaan
Jackson "Montana" Brice
Shocker Spider-Man: Homecoming Logan Marshall Green
Curt Connors
Lizard The Amazing Spider-Man Rhys Ifans
Mac Gargan Spider-Man: Homecoming Michael Mando
Aleksei Sytsevich
Rhino The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Paul Giamatti
William "Flint Marko" Baker
Sandman Spider-Man 3 Thomas Haden Church
Herman Schultz
Shocker Spider-Man: Homecoming Bokeem Woodbine
Phineas Mason
Tinkerer Spider-Man: Homecoming Michael Chernus
Eddie Brock
Venom Spider-Man 3
Venom Topher Grace
Tom Hardy
Adrian Toomes
Vulture Spider-Man: Homecoming Michael Keaton
Television[edit]
A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man television series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in animation. Also, in Wolverine and the X-Men, there was a character that closely resembles Shadrac. Here is a listing in alphabetical order.
Villain Television Actor/Actress
Alistair Smythe Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Maxwell Caulfield
Jason Spisak
Anti-Venom Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Matt Lanter
Beetle Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Iron Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Christopher Collins
John Reilly
Steven Blum
Boomerang The Marvel Super Heroes
The Avengers: United They Stand
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Rob Cowan
Rob Paulsen
Big Man Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
(alter ego only)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ego only)
James Arnold Taylor
Big Wheel Spider-Man (1994 TV series) Michael Des Barres
Black Cat Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series) (reformed)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Morgan Lofting
Jennifer Hale
Tricia Helfer
Grey Griffin
Burglar Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited (show theme)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man

Jim Cummings, James Remar

Benjamin Diskin
Calypso Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) Susan Beauban
Angela Bryant
Carnage Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ego only)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Scott Cleverdon
Michael Donovan

Dee Bradley Baker, Fred Tatasciore
Chameleon The Marvel Super Heroes
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

Hans Conried
Jim Cummings
Steven Blum
Doctor Octopus Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
The Incredible Hulk (1982 animated TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited
Robot Chicken
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series), Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload
Marvel's Spider-Man Vernon Chapman
Stan Jones
Michael Bell
Michael Bell
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.

Seth Green
Peter MacNicol
Tom Kenny
Scott Menville
Electro The Marvel Super Heroes
Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited (Counter Earth version)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Tom Harvey
Allan Melvin
Philip Proctor
Dale Wilson
Ethan Embry
Crispin Freeman
Christopher Daniel Barnes
Enforcers Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Ox
Cowboy
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Montana,
Ox
Fancy Dan

Jeff Bennett
Danny Trejo, Clancy Brown
Phil LaMarr
Steven Weber, Mark Hamill, Troy Baker
Green Goblin Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man:TNAS (mentioned)
Spider-Man Unlimited (Counter Earth version)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Len Carlson
Neil Ross
Neil Ross
Neil Ross
Rino Romano

Alan Rachins, Steve Blum
Steven Weber
Grizzly Ultimate Spider-Man John DiMaggio
Hammerhead Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man
Nicky Blair
John DiMaggio
Jon Polito
Jim Cummings
Hobgoblin Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ego only)
Marvel's Spider-Man Mark Hamill
Courtney B. Vance

Max Mittelman, Josh Keaton
Human Fly Spider-Woman (TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Hydro-Man Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ego only)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Rob Paulsen
Brad Garrett
Bill Fagerbakke

James Arnold Taylor
Jackal Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
(alter ego only)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ego only)
Marvel's Spider-Man Jonathan Harris

Brian George

John DiMaggio
Jack O'Lantern Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Drake Bell
Kangaroo X-Men (TV series)
Kingpin Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Woman (TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
The Trial of the Incredible Hulk
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series Tom Harvey

Stan Jones
Walker Edmiston
John Rhys-Davies
Roscoe Lee Browne
Michael Clarke Duncan
Kraven The Marvel Super Heroes
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited (Counter Earth version)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man

Robert Ridgely
Gregg Berger
Paul Dobson
Michael Dorn
Eric Vesbit
Diedrich Bader
Troy Baker
Lizard Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Gillie Fenwick

Joseph Campanella
Rob Zombie
Dee Bradley Baker
Tom Kenny, Dee Bradley Baker
Yuri Lowenthal
Man Mountain Marko Spider-Man (1981 TV series) Jack Angel
Man-Wolf Spider-Man Unlimited
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Scott McNeil
Nolan North
Josh Keaton
Molten Man The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Eric Lopez
James Arnold Taylor
Morbius Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Nick Jameson
Benjamin Diskin
Mysterio Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Chris Wiggins
Michael Rye
Peter Cullen
Gregg Berger
Xander Berkeley
Paul Scheer, Mary Kate Wiles
Rhino Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Ed McNamera
Don Stark
Clancy Brown
Daryl Sabara, Max Mittelman
Matthew Mercer
Richard Fisk Spider-Man (1994 TV series) Nick Jameson
Sandman Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Fantastic Four (1978 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Tom Harvey

Christopher Collins
John DiMaggio
Dee Bradley Baker
Travis Willingham (Sandman), Sofia Carson (Sand-Girl)
Scorpion Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
(alter ago mentioned)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Carl Banas

Martin Landau, Richard Moll

Dante Basco, Eric Bauza
Jason Spisak
Shocker Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man John Stephenson
Jim Cummings
Jeff Bennett
Troy Baker
Cameron Boyce
Shriek Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Ashley Eckstein
Silvermane Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) Paul Winchell
Jeff Corey
Miguel Ferrer
Silver Sable Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) Mira Furlan
Virginia Madsen
Nikki Cox
Spider-Carnage Spider-Man (1994 TV series) Christopher Daniel Barnes
Spider-Slayer Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)

Marvel's Spider-Man
Imari Williams, Roger Craig Smith
Spot Spider-Man (1994 TV series) Oliver Muirhead
Spencer Smythe Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Edward Mulhare
Benjamin Diskin
Swarm Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series) Al Fann
Eric Bauza
Tinkerer The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) Thom Adcox
Tombstone Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) Dorian Harewood
Keith David, Kevin Richardson
Venom Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload
Marvel's Spider-Man Hank Azaria
Brian Drummond
Benjamin Diskin
Matt Lanter (Harry Osborn), Steven Weber (Goblin)
Benjamin Diskin (Skarr), Eliza Dushku (She-Hulk), Seth Green (A-Bomb), Clancy Brown (Red Hulk), Fred Tatasciore (Hulk)
Steven Jay Blum
Benjamin Diskin
Vulture Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Spider-Man Unlimited (Counter Earth version)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)
Marvel's Spider-Man Gillie Fenwick
Don Messick
Eddie Albert
Scott McNeil
Robert Englund
Tom Kenny
Alastair Duncan
Sinister Six[edit]
Main article: Sinister Six
A few of Spider-Man villains in other media have joined the group Sinister Six (or Insidious Six in Spider-Man: The Animated Series) to take down Spider-Man just like in the comics. Here is a list of villains who have joined. The numbers beside the supervillain with the parentheses in between them stand for their first meeting and second meeting and so on.
Show Members Leader
Spider-Man (1994 TV series) Chameleon (1st) (2nd)
Doctor Octopus (1st) (2nd)
Mysterio (1st)
Rhino (1st) (2nd)
Scorpion (1st) (2nd)
Shocker (1st) (2nd)
Vulture (2nd) Kingpin
The Spectacular Spider-Man Doctor Octopus (1st) (2nd)
Electro (1st) (2nd)
Kraven (2nd)
Mysterio (2nd)
Rhino (1st) (2nd)
Sandman (1st) (2nd)
Shocker (1st)
Vulture (1st) (2nd) Doctor Octopus
Ultimate Spider-Man Doctor Octopus (1st) (2nd) (3rd) (4th)
Rhino (1st) (2nd) (3rd) (4th)
Kraven (1st) (2nd) (3rd) (4th)
Electro (1st) (2nd) (3rd)
Lizard (1st) (2nd)
The Beetle (1st)
Scorpion (2nd) (4th)
Ultimate Green Goblin (3rd)
Hydro-Man (3rd)
Scarlet Spider (3rd)
Vulture (4th)
Crossbones (4th)
Doctor Octopus
Marvel's Spider-Man Doctor Octopus
Rhino
Alistair Smythe
Vulture
Oliver Osnick
Spider-Man Doctor Octopus
Made-for-TV villains[edit]
These villains do not appear in the comics. They were created for various cartoon series. Among them are:
Spider-Man (1967)[edit]
Main article: Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Baron Von Rantenraven: A German pilot who commanded Sky Harbor, which he used to invade New York with WWI biplanes. He uses paralyzing devices.
Bolton: A giant Martian warrior who can throw thunderbolts and was sent to invade Earth. He was freed from Spider-Man's webbing by Boomer, who then led Bolton to the "Gold Bullion Building", before he is accidentally sent away from Earth by one of his own thunderbolts. He is not to be confused with Thor.
Boomer: A crook who used explosives to rob banks with his partner, Borer, due to lightning covering the sound. He commanded Bolton after freeing them, but after their defeat Spider-Man knocks him out.
Brutus: The thuggish getaway driver for Charles Cameo, webbed up by Spider-Man.
Blackwell the Magician: Not a proper villain, but a powerful stage magician who tries to get Spider-Man's help to prevent the Old Gates theater from being knocked down, with former actors Emily Thorndike and James Booth. Later, the Green Goblin steals some of their magical powers, but Blackwell helps defeat him.
Blotto: A monster brought to life by Clive's "Spirit Scope" for getting revenge on the world. It starts consuming the city, but it is destroyed when the "Spirit Scope" is used again on it by Spider-Man, turning it to a papery substance.
Charles Cameo: A former actor who used disguises to commit crimes. He once impersonated the Prime Minister of Rutania to steal charity money and later impersonated well-known figures and finally Spider-Man to steal art treasures, but both times was exposed.
Carol: A young woman who is a part of a race of "Spider-Men". She started stealing equipment to help save her people.
Clive: A movie producer who planned revenge on the movie critics and audiences by creating the monster Blotto with his "Spirit Scope" while hiding in a power plant.
Collin: The dwarfish assistant of Clive. He is accidentally paralyzed by Clive's "Spirit Scope", but the Mayor later mentions he responded to treatment.
Desperado: A cowboy-themed thief armed with hypnotic guns. He flew around on a robotic horse equipped with a helicopter-like rotor.
De Vargas: A Spanish conquistador who ruled a golden Aztec city in the Andes (it's never explained what the Aztecs were doing in the Andes).
Dr. Atlantean: A scientist from Atlantis who brought Manhattan underwater as part of a plan to help the Atlanteans invade. He is a redrawn version of the Master Technician/Radiation Specialist.
Dr. Cool: A diamond thief who put Spider-Man in a freezer that was somehow able to be set to absolute zero.
Dr. Manta: Actually a Rocket Robin Hood villain. He used giant, mechanical beetles and other monsters (all controlled by playing an organ) to enslave an island's inhabitants and planned to use them to mine a mineral which would give him great power.
Dr. Noah Body: A brilliant scientist who has somehow found a way to make himself invisible. In his first appearance, he took revenge on J. Jonah Jameson for ridiculing his theories of invisibility. In the second appearance, he broke Electro, Green Goblin, and Vulture out of jail to take out Spider-Man. Spider-Man makes them fight among themselves using ventriloquism, then webs up Dr. Noah Body, who is then jailed.
Dr. Dumpty: Real name Dr. Humperdink Dumpty, a thief who stole the jewels of actress Rachel Welles when he attacked a parade. He utilized a small variety of balloon-themed weapons.
Dr. Genie: An evil female genie disguised as a woman named "Melissa Genie".
Dr. Magneto: Real name Dr. Matto Magneto (pronounced mag-net-o), a scientist armed with a gun that could magnetize and de-magnetize metals and non-metals. He planned revenge upon the world for refusing to induct him into the Science Hall of Fame.
Dr. Vespasian: A criminal scientist who developed a drinkable invisibility serum that he tested on himself and his dog, Brutus, and who tried to get the co-operation of the city's major criminals by getting rid of Spider-Man, before being captured by ice cream toppings.
Dr. Von Schlick: An evil scientist who wore a rubber, non-stick costume with petroleum-based bubbles emitted from his fingers. Spider-Man had to use a special webbing to stop him.
Dr. Zap: An electricity-powered scientist who kidnapped Dr. Irving Caldwell in order to learn the secrets of Dr. Caldwell's levitation helmet.
Fakir: An Arabian Fakir whose flute could move objects, cast illusions and control alligators.
Fiddler: Otherwise only known as "Otto", Fiddler is a man whose violin was capable of concussive blasts and disintegrating objects. He was angered that rock music is overcoming classical music.
Gator: An alligator that was given superhuman intelligence by Doctor Conner where its appearance has it made from recycled footage of the Lizard.
Harley Clivendon: An Australian game hunter who once hypnotized J. Jonah Jameson with an idol so that he could steal their money with the help of an Aborigine. He later tried to find the Fountain of Youth.
Human Fly Twins: Real names Stan and Lee Patterson, they are former circus performers who robbed people with their ability to scale walls. They once impersonated Spider-Man. Not to be confused with the Human Fly found in the mainstream comics.
Infinata: Actually a Rocket Robin Hood villain. Infinata is from the Fifth Dimension. He attempted to steal the Universal Library from a dying scientist who came from the destroyed planet Gorth, but Spider-Man discovered all of his power is based on fear.
Master Technician/Radiation Specialist: A mad scientist who took over Manhattan's new and only Nuclear Power Plant and uses a special ray in it to lift Manhattan into the clouds unless the city met his demands like amnesty from arrest and the right to make his own power plant. He had a radiation gun which gave Spider-Man a disadvantage. In his next appearance, he uses radiation that takes over nearly all of the city's minds. In "Swing City" he is named the Master Technician. In "Specialists and Slaves" he is the Radiation Specialist. The episode "Up From Nowhere" features Dr. Atlantean, who is a slightly redrawn M.T. In that episode, Manhattan is sunk instead of lifted into the air.
Master Vine: The leader of a prehistoric race of plant people that lives off of radium energy. In a redone appearance, the people used a machine that cools the environment.
Micro Man: Real name Professor Pretories, a diabolical scientist who created a light bulb that could shrink him to a small size and planned to destroy New York with a nuclear weapon he called "The Kingdom Come Device" after breaking out of prison. (Note: The name "Micro Man" comes from the title of the episode, and is not used in the episode itself.)
Miss Trubble: A middle-aged woman with a chest that enabled her to summon living statue versions of Greek mythological characters and creatures.
Mole: Leader of the Molemen, having apparently got the idea to steal buildings from Mugs Reilly. His appearance used Mugs Riley's footage.
Mugs Reilly: A criminal who escaped from jail and discovered an underground society of Molemen. He used them to steal entire banks while disguised as their leader, but was unmasked by Spider-Man.
Pardo: A strange-looking man who could turn into an enormous black house cat composed of "pure energy" with hypnotic (and possibly teleporting) vision. When the black cat is electrocuted, all that is left is Pardo's clothes.
Parafino: Owner of Parafino's Wax Museum, able to create living wax sculptures and trap people in suspended animation. He once used wax mannequins of Blackbeard, Jesse James, and the Executioner of Paris to commit crimes.
Phantom: Some sort of inventor, he appeared in "The Fifth Avenue Phantom" and "The Dark Terrors". He used a device that shrank valuables as well as android women who masqueraded as fashion mannequins. In his second appearance, he used a Shadow-Scope to create Shadow Monsters to commit crimes.
Plotter: Plotter is a criminal mastermind who hires Ox and Cowboy to steal a blueprint for a missile and has a hideout of sophisticated technology.
Plutonians: Not proper villains, but giant ice beings from Pluto with freezing powers who attempt to kidnap Dr. Smartyr so that they can use his warp-drive to leave Earth which they do until the end of the episode.
Ponce de León: A centuries-old Spanish conquistador who found the Fountain of Youth and kidnapped Dr. Connors to prevent it from being discovered. Although his cannon accidentally destroys it and he disappears. Never actually named, but at the episode's end Spider-Man says the character may have been Ponce de Leon.
Red Dog Melvin: A criminal who was imprisoned by Parafino.
Robot: A huge metal-eating robot, it is unexplained from where it came from. Spider-Man defeated it by causing it to fall into the water.
Scarf: A thief who projected psychedelic images into the sky and stole things during the confusion.
Scarlet Sorcerer: An ancient Egyptian sorcerer named Kotep who was defeated by his opponent Brazman and placed in suspended animation until a professor at Peter Parker's school used an incantation to awaken him 7,000 years later. He was followed by an army of demons who said they would only obey him if he defeated Spider-Man. Without his sceptre, Scarlet Sorcerer loses his power. When Spider-Man breaks it, he goes back to the depths of time.
Shakespeare: A gentleman thief whose gang dressed up in gorilla suits after some were let loose at a zoo to steal diamonds.
Sir Galahad: A thief dressed in a full suit of armor who rode a motorcycle and armed himself with an electrified lance.
Skymaster: A criminal that hated all "ground-dwellers", riding in his blimp.
Snow Master: A snowman brought to life by a chemical reaction and electrical charge. Spider-Man defeated the Snowman by electrocuting him. He is only briefly named "Snow Master" by J. Jonah Jameson in the closing moments of the episode.
Super Swami: A swami called Coga with a talent for creating illusions. He was assisted by Mistress, but was eventually knocked into a river by Spider-Man and jailed.
Mistress: A witch with hypnotizing powers and an ally of Super Swami.
Spider-Man (1981 TV series)[edit]
Main article: Spider-Man (1981 TV series)
Gadgeteer: Joshua is an evil janitor who takes on this identity to steal Dr. Norton's shrink ray.
Nephilia: A scientist named Dr. Bradley Shaw and his assistant Penny plotted to attain Spider-Man's blood and a DNA sample of a nephilia spider into order to duplicate his powers use them for Bradley's own needs. Unfortunately, he ends up becoming Nephilia: a mutant with a man's torso and a spider body from the waist down. When Penny ends up betraying Nephilia by cutting the boxcar containing gold loose, Nephilia helps Spider-Man into stoppong the runaway boxcar. After Penny was stopped, Spider-Man restored Nephilia back to Dr. Bradley Shaw.
Professor Gizmo: Professor Gizmo is a master criminal who planned to use Spider-Man to attach an antenna to the large sunken treasure ship, the El Conquistador.
Sidewinder: Sidewinder is a masked cowboy villain who rides a flying robot horse. He leads a gang of cowboys who also ride flying robot horses. Spider-Man managed to defeat Sidewinder and discover that he is Wild Willie Wilson who had pulled the robberies that framed the original owner of the Rodeo Show.
Stuntman: Jack Riven was the World's Greatest Stuntman until an accident permanently fused him to a mechanical suit of armor a few years ago. He blames Spider-Man for that. Stuntman has two lackey named Larry and Moe who help make up the Triangle of Evil.
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981)[edit]
Main article: Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Arachnoid: Zolton is a chemical scientist who creates a Spider-Serum that will give him Spider-Powers. He impersonates Spider-Man when committing crimes until he mutates into the Arachnoid: a mutant with the torso of a man and a spider's body from the waist down. This plot was somewhat based on Nephilia's.
Buzz Mason: He is a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who secretly controlled Lightwave into committing robberies of a device that will enable him to control a satellite called the GUARDSTAR.
Cyberiad: Nathan Price was Firestar's lover until an accident caused by an attack by AIM caused him to end up as a cyborg called Cyberiad. He attacked the X-Men Mansion and captured its members one-by-one. His design is based on Fatal Five member Tharok.
Gamesman: The Gamesman plotted to cause havoc in New York by using the arcade games to hypnotize the teenagers there. He unwittingly caused Francis Byte to become Videoman resulting in Gamesman to manipulate him.
Lightwave: Aurora Dante is Iceman's half-sister who can manipulate and control light. She is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. until Buzz Mason controlled her into stealing a device that will allow Buzz to control the GUARDSTAR. Lightwave is based on Aurora and Darkstar.
Videoman: Electro brought it out of an arcade game to steal components for his Ultra-Transformer, but was defeated by the Spider-Friends. Videoman was released again during a thunderstorm. A teenage video game prodigy named Francis Byte ends up becoming Videoman due to an explosion caused by the Gamesman's plot where Francis learns to become a good superhero. After the Gamesman's defeat, he is now training with the X-Men.
Spider-Man (1994 TV series)[edit]
Main article: Spider-Man (1994 TV series)
Alisha Silvermane: In this series, she is Silvermane's daughter.
Iceberg: He was a frozen crime lord that works for the Kingpin and that Hobbie Brown used to work for before becoming the Prowler.
Man-Spider: When Spider-Man's powers went out of control and - against Dr. Mariah Crawford's advice - he took a serum to cure himself, it instead caused him to mutate into an arachnid-like mutant creature. He is cured by Mariah with the help of Kraven the Hunter. Later, when Vulture briefly drains Spider-Man's youth, he finds himself turning into a Man-Spider for a time. In the series finale, Spider-Man encounters a parallel version of himself who has six arms and is prone to transforming into the Man-Spider.
Mirium: In this series, she is a Vampire Queen and the mother of Blade.
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003)[edit]
Main article: Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
Dr. Zellner: He developed a drug that would make stupid people intelligent. He tested it on thug twins Jack and Mack and used them to commit crimes.
The Gaines Twins: Roland and Roxanne Gaines are ruthless telepathic twins. They held a vendetta against Kraven the Hunter for killing their parents with a poison (that, ironically, also gave the Twins their powers) and almost manipulated Spider-Man into killing him.
Piranha: An assassin who, disguised as a European Union member named Harlan Tremain, targeted the Mayor of New York and the President. The Silver Sable attacked him, although Spider-Man thought she was the enemy at first.
Pterodax: Pterodax is a high-tech mercenary group led by Sergai.
Shikata: Shikata is a martial arts expert and swordsman who uses a mystical sword and incantation to stay young. Seeing Spider-Man as a worthy foe, she wanted to fight him to the death. At first Spider-Man refused, but after Shikata threatened Mary Jane, he ended up dueling her. Spider-Man destroyed the sword ending Shikata's prolonged life.
Talon: Cheyenne Tate is a high-tech thief who was a love interest for Harry Osborn. She is somewhat based on Black Cat.
Turbo Jet: As Turbo Jet, Wyler acts like a modern-day Robin Hood with the stealing from the rich and giving to the poor while wearing a high-tech suit. He is said to be based on Rocket Racer.
Ultimate Spider-Man (2012)[edit]
Boston Terroriers: A group of lesser Boston criminals stopped by Spider-Man who were given high-tech armor by Steel Spider.
Plymouth Rocker: A common Boston criminal who is given a giant high-tech armor suit by Steel Spider. Plymouth Rocker's exoskeleton enhances his hand-to-hand combat skills as well as giving him super-strength and being able to climb vertical walls. He is named after Plymouth Rock.
Salem's Witch: A Boston museum thief who is given high-tech armor by Steel Spider. Salem's Witch has anti-gravity disk beneath her boots enabling her to fly and laser-shooting bracelets. She is named after the Salem witch trials.
Slam Adams: A Boston robber given high-tech patriot armor by Steel Spider. Slam Adams also wields a shield. He is named after Samuel Adams.
Wolf Spider (real name: Peter Parker): a Spider-powered villain from another universe and the main antagonist of the "Return to the Spider-Verse" episodes in Season 4. Unlike most versions of Peter Parker, who stood for heroism and responsibility, Wolf Spider became a villainous madman. In that time before the Siege of Perilous came to his universe, Wolf Spider put everyone including his world's Miles Morales into misery.
Video games[edit]
A number of Spider-Man villains have made appearances in Spider-Man video games series or other Marvel Comics related shows mostly in other games. Here is a listing in alphabetical order.
Villain Video Games Actor/Actress
Alistair Smythe The Amazing Spider-Man: Lethal Foes
Spider-Man: The Animated Series
The Amazing Spider-Man

Nolan North
Beetle Spider-Man: The Animated Series
Spider-Man: Lethal Foes
Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro
Ultimate Spider-Man
Lego Marvel Super Heroes

Daran Norris
Tucker Smallwood
Steven Blum
Carrion Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage
Demogoblin Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage
Lego Marvel Super Heroes
Doppelganger Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage
Grizzly X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse Keith Ferguson
Jackal Spider-Man: Web of Shadows Greg Baldwin
Jack O'Lantern Spider-Man: The Animated Series
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2
Marvel: Avengers Alliance
Menace Spider-Man: Edge of Time Tara Strong
Shriek Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage
Spider-Man: Mysterio's Menace
Spider-Man 3

Courtenay Taylor
Spencer Smythe Spider-Man: Web of Shadows
Tinkerer Spider-Man: The Animated Series
Spider-Man: Web of Shadows
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions
William Utay
Philip Proctor
Jim Cummings
Novels, theatre and radio[edit]
Spider-Man villains that were introduced in novels, theatre productions and radio programs.
The Gentleman[edit]
Main article: Gentleman (comics)
For decades, the wealthy and misanthropic Gustav Fiers controlled a criminal organisation. Fiers had a lethal reputation in the criminal underworld, known for conducting elaborate plans to increase his own wealth, involved behind the scenes in various significant events in global history. Gustav Fiers eventually learned that Richard and Mary Parker, two agents under his employ, were double agents working for the United States government. When the Parkers were hired by Albert Malik, Fiers informed Malik of their disloyalty.[8] Malik hired Gustav Fiers' brother, the Finisher, to kill the Parkers. The Finisher succeeded in doing so but, decades later, was killed in a battle with the Parkers' son, Spider-Man.[9]
Lesser Threats[edit]
Villain Media Creator
Disk Jockey Spider-Man: The Secret of the Sinister Six (2002 novel) Adam Troy Castro
Pity Spider-Man: The Gathering of the Sinister Six (1999 novel)
Spider-Man: The Revenge of the Sinister Six (2001 novel)
Spider-Man: The Secret of the Sinister Six (2002 novel) Adam Troy Castro
Swiss Miss Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark (2011 musical) Julie Taymor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Marc Webb Teases Another Amazing Spider-Man 2 Villain". 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Amazing Spider-Man 2' Easter Eggs You May Have Missed".
Jump up ^ "'Amazing Spider-Man 2' ending: Where do we go from here?".
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna. "All the easter eggs and references you might have missed in The Amazing Spider-Man 2".
Jump up ^ "16 Easter Eggs in The Amazing Spider-Man 2".
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (1 May 2014). "Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone Return in 'Spider-Man 2'" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Marc Webb Talks Spidey Credits, Sinister Six Mysterio Confirmed -/Film". 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Spider-Man: The Secret of the Sinister Six, Ibooks, 2002
Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #5
[show]
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Spider-Man in popular media
Television
Spider-Man (1967–70)
episodes
Spidey Super Stories (1974–77)
The Amazing Spider-Man (1977–79)
Spider-Man (1978–79)
Spider-Woman (1979–80)
Spider-Man (1981–82)
The Capture of Captain America
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981–83)
episodes
characters
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episodes
characters
Spider-Man Unlimited (1999–2001)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003)
The Spectacular Spider-Man (2008–09)
episodes
characters
Ultimate Spider-Man/Spider-Man: Web Warriors/Spider-Man VS. Sinister 6 (2012–17)
episodes
Spider-Man (2017)
Film
Spider-Man (1977)
Spider-Man (1978)
Spider-Man Strikes Back (1978)
Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981)
Spider-Man (2002)
Spider-Man 2 (2004)
Spider-Man 3 (2007)
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012)
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014)
Captain America: Civil War (2016)
Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)
Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
Live performances
Spider-Man's wedding
Spider-Man Live!
Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark
Video games
Spider-Man (1982)
Questprobe Featuring Spider-Man
Doctor Doom's Revenge
The Amazing Spider-Man (Amiga)
The Amazing Spider-Man (Game Boy)
The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin
Spider-Man: The Video Game
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (1992)
Return of the Sinister Six
Arcade's Revenge
Invasion of the Spider-Slayers
Maximum Carnage
Lethal Foes
Separation Anxiety
Spider-Man (1995)
Web of Fire
Spider-Man (2000)
The Sinister Six
Enter Electro
Mysterio's Menace
Spider-Man (2002)
Spider-Man 2
Ultimate Spider-Man
Battle for New York
Spider-Man 3
Friend or Foe
Web of Shadows
Toxic City
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Edge of Time
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012)
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014)
Spider-Man Unlimited (2014)
Spider-Man (2018)
Literature
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book series
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Spider-Man: The Darkest Hours
Comic strips
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Mr. and Mrs. Spider-Man (2008)
Theme park attractions
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Meet Spider-Man and the Marvel Super Heroes
Fan films
Spider-Man (1969)
Viva Spider-Man (1989)
The Green Goblin's Last Stand (1992)
Spider-Man Lives: A Miles Morales Story (2015)
Spider-Man Versus Kraven the Hunter (1974)
Parody and unofficial films
3 Dev Adam (1973)
SpiderBabe (2003)
Spider-Plant Man (2005)
Italian Spiderman (2007)
Superhero Movie (2008)
Spider-Man XXX: A Porn Parody (2011)
Superman vs. Spider-Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody (2012)
Related articles
Green Goblin in other media
Spider-Man enemies in other media
Category
[show]
v
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Sinister Six
Stan Lee
Steve Ditko
Members
Original
Doctor Octopus
Electro
Kraven the Hunter
Mysterio
Sandman
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Beetle
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Janice Lincoln
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Green Goblin
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Jason Macendale
Hydro-Man
Lizard
Overdrive
Rhino
Scorpion
Mac Gargan
Shocker
Speed Demon
Swarm
Tombstone
Trapster
Venom
In other media
Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six
Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six
Other
Spider-Man
All Spider-Man enemies
In other media
Savage Six
Sinister Syndicate
The Superior Foes of Spider-Man
Ultimate Six
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spider-Man_enemies_in_other_media&oldid=826463188"
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