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A Million Ways to Die in the West
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A Million Ways to Die in the West
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Seth MacFarlane
Produced by
Seth MacFarlane
Scott Stuber
Jason Clark
Written by
Seth MacFarlane
Alec Sulkin
Wellesley Wild
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Charlize Theron
Amanda Seyfried
Neil Patrick Harris
Giovanni Ribisi
Sarah Silverman
Liam Neeson
Narrated by
Rex Linn
Music by
Joel McNeely
Cinematography
Michael Barrett
Edited by
Jeff Freeman
Production
company
Media Rights Capital
Fuzzy Door Productions
Bluegrass Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
May 30, 2014 (2014-05-30)
Running time
116 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$87.2 million[3]
A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 American western comedy film directed by Seth MacFarlane, who wrote the screenplay with Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild. The film features an ensemble cast including MacFarlane, Charlize Theron, Amanda Seyfried, Neil Patrick Harris, Giovanni Ribisi, Sarah Silverman and Liam Neeson. The film follows Albert Stark (MacFarlane) who feels certain that the western frontier is trying to kill him while coping from his break-up with his girlfriend. However, a beautiful, pistol-packing woman named Anna (Theron) rides into town and helps Albert find his inner courage. Then Stark must put his newfound bravery to the test when Anna's outlaw husband arrives with plans to plant him in an unmarked grave.
Development for A Million Ways to Die in the West began while MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild were watching western movies during the development of Ted. Casting was done between December 2012 and March 2013. Filming began on May 6, 2013, in various locations in New Mexico including Alburquerque and Santa Fe, and it concluded on August 9 that year. Joel McNeely composed the score and Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films produced the film.
The film was released on May 30, 2014, in the United States, and distributed worldwide by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with criticism directed toward the film's length and MacFarlane's performance. The film was number three at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $87 million worldwide against a budget of $40 million. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014, and earned more than $15 million in home media sales.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameos
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Box office
5.3 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1882, in the town of Old Stump, Arizona, a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor's (John Aylward) son (Dylan Kenin) in a saloon. During the ensuing fight, Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers, and the two become close friends. They attend a county fair where Louise's new boyfriend, the haughty Foy (Neil Patrick Harris), challenges Albert to a shooting contest. Albert is defeated, but Anna steps in and defeats Foy. Foy mocks Albert, who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week's time. Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot.
During a barn dance the night before the duel, Anna slips Foy a Mickey. After leaving the dance, Albert and Anna kiss before heading home. Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff, Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch. On the day of the duel, Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk. Albert, who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for, once again forfeits the duel. He retires to the saloon, but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife. When no one comes forward, Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy (Ryan Reynolds). He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife's lover duels him at noon the next day. Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert's name and then prepares to have sex with her, but she knocks him unconscious and escapes.
Anna returns to Albert's farm, where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him. Clinch pursues Anna to the farm; Albert helps her escape, then escapes himself. While fleeing, he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians, who threaten to burn him alive. The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language. They give him a bowl of peyote, which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna. Meanwhile, Clinch recaptures Anna in town, in front of Edward's (Giovanni Ribisi) house. Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch. He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand, but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison. Louise attempts to win back Albert, but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna. Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep.
Later at the Fair, the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called "Runaway Slave" asks who would like to take a shot. Django (Jamie Foxx) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that "people die at the fair".
Cast[edit]
Seth MacFarlane as Albert Stark, a sheepherder.
Mike Salazar as 6-year-old Albert
Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes-Leatherwood,[4] Clinch Leatherwood's wife who befriends Albert.
Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood,[5] an infamous outlaw and Anna's husband.
Giovanni Ribisi as Edward,[5] Albert's best friend and Ruth's boyfriend
Neil Patrick Harris as Foy,[6] an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise's current boyfriend.
Sarah Silverman as Ruth, Edward's girlfriend and a prostitute.
Amanda Seyfried as Louise,[7] Albert's ex-girlfriend.
Christopher Hagen as George Stark, Albert's cantankerous father.
Wes Studi as Cochise[8]
Rex Linn as Sheriff/Narrator[7]
Alex Borstein as Millie, a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at.
Ralph Garman as Dan
John Aylward as Pastor Wilson
Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton
Evan Jones as Lewis, an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood's right-hand man.
Dylan Kenin as Pastor's Son, the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar.
Cameos[edit]
Jamie Foxx (uncredited) as Django Freeman,[9] he appears where he shoots the owner of the "Runaway Slave" game. The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets.
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as cowboy killed in bar
Tait Fletcher as Cowboy #1[10]
Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln,[11] he was seen during Albert's drug trip.
Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph
Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman
John Michael Higgins as Dandy #1
Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown[12]
Bill Maher as comic[13]
Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert's expense at the fair.
Alec Sulkin as guy at fair
Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight
Kaley Cuoco (uncredited, unrated version only) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store.
Patrick Stewart (uncredited voice) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert's drug trip.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild,[14] while they were watching Hang 'Em High.[15] The joke evolved into "riffing on the idea of how dull, depressing, and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West."[14] MacFarlane, a lifelong fan of westerns, began researching the topic, using Jeff Guinn's nonfiction novel, The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral — And How It Changed the American West as an "invaluable resource," and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film.[14] Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns. The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana (1950) and his average, non-confrontational demeanor by 3:10 to Yuma (1957).[16] Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma! (1955), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and El Dorado (1966).[16] The film was first announced on December 3, 2012, marking MacFarlane's second foray into live-action directing, after 2012's Ted.[17]
Casting[edit]
On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film.[18] Theron later revealed that she "begged" for her role, as she wanted the opportunity to work in comedy.[19] On February 11, it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film.[20] On March 6, it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film.[21] Neeson, who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting, agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent. In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent.[22] On March 18, it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film.[23] On May 10, it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions, along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios.[24] On May 11, 2013, it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film.[25] On May 29, 2013, MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast.[13] On February 21, 2014, he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast.[11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: "everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms."[14]
Soundtrack[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West
Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely
Released
May 27, 2014
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
41:20
Label
Back Lot Music
Joel McNeely film scores chronology
The Pirate Fairy
(2014) A Million Ways to Die in the West
(2014) Home
(2015)
The score was composed by Joel McNeely. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27, 2014.[31] The theme song "A Million Ways to Die" is performed by Alan Jackson. It was released as a single on April 29, 2014.[32] A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd's cameo.[10]
Track listing
All music composed by Joel McNeely, except as noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "A Million Ways to Die" (performed by Alan Jackson) 2:27
2. "Main Title" 2:33
3. "Missing Louise" 2:08
4. "Old Stump" 0:45
5. "Saloon Brawl" 1:50
6. "Rattlesnake Ridge" 1:28
7. "People Die at the Fair" 2:11
8. "The Shooting Lesson" 2:16
9. "The Barn Dance" 2:29
10. "If You’ve Only Got a Moustache" (composed by Stephen Foster, performed by Amick Byram) 1:31
11. "Anna and Albert" 4:19
12. "Clinch Hunts Albert" 3:41
13. "Racing the Train" 2:21
14. "Captured by Cochise" 2:07
15. "Albert Takes a Trip" 2:24
16. "The Showdown" 2:20
17. "Sheep to the Horizon" 2:00
18. "End Title Suite" 2:30
Total length: 41:20
Release[edit]
On May 16, 2014, the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[33][34] The film was later released nationwide on May 30, 2014.[35] The film was produced by Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures.[36][37]
Marketing[edit]
On January 27, 2014, MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film's script, which was released on March 4, 2014.[38][39] An audio-book version was also made available, narrated by Jonathan Frakes.[40] MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film, partially due to boredom.[14]
Box office[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $86.4 million, against its $40 million budget.[3]
The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend's opener X-Men: Days of Future Past.[3] This was below expectations of $26 million.[41] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing an additional $7.3 million.[42] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $3.2 million.[43] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number 11, grossing $1.6 million.[44]
Home media[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[45] The Blu-ray release contains an unrated version (135 minutes), along with the original theatrical cut (116 minutes). In the United States, the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $15,075,582.[46]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics.[47][48] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33% rating based on 192 reviews, with an average score of 4.9/10. The site's consensus states, "While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast, Seth MacFarlane's overlong, aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair."[49] Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave a score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; opening weekend demographics were 55% male and 72% over 25 years of age.[50]
Claudia Puig's review in USA Today was largely positive, writing, "A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern, A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane, at once silly and witty, juvenile and clever."[51] Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral, calling the film "a live-action spinoff of [Family Guy], with different characters."[52] "While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me, A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough, delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming," wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir.[53] Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing, calling it "another example of MacFarlane's ability to mix poop jokes with romance, foul language with sweet sentiment, offensive humor with boyish charm."[54]
Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane's decision to make an unconventional western comedy, but summarized the film as "just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing."[55] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed, deeming the film a "broad, wildly hit-or-miss satire," remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny.[56] "Spiritually, it's closer to a mid-range crowd-pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles, too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite," wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian.[57]
Much of the film's criticism was directed towards its writing, running time, and MacFarlane's debut live-action performance. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane's acting and direction as: "A failure of craft. He can't direct action, or even handle scenery well. He can't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head-butting and bone-crunching, and he doesn't know how, or when, to move his camera. He's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture."[58] Richard Corliss of Time called the film a "sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing."[59] Scott Foundas of Variety found the film "overlong and uninspired," criticizing the film's "lazy writing," and MacFarlane's "surprisingly bland" comic performance.[60]
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star, commenting, "There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you're watching it, the movie seems like a passable comedy. By the time you get home, though, you can barely remember the jokes."[61] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film's running time: "Though the film is hardly laugh-free, its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process."[62] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film's length "exhausting," noting, "Some of it sputters, settling for smiles instead of laughs, and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches [...] for ever more common denominators in toilet humor."[63]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref
People's Choice Award January 7, 2015 Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Charlize Theron Nominated [64]
International Film Music Critics Association Award February 19, 2015 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Joel McNeely Nominated [65]
Golden Raspberry Awards February 21, 2015 Worst Actor Seth MacFarlane Nominated [66]
Worst Actress Charlize Theron Nominated
Worst Director Seth MacFarlane Nominated
Worst Screen Combo Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron Nominated
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Million Ways to Die in the West
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A Million Ways to Die in the West on IMDb
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Box Office Mojo
A Million Ways to Die in the West at Rotten Tomatoes
Template:Mfetacritic film
show
v
t
e
Seth MacFarlane
Filmography
Awards
Series created
Family Guy (1999–2003; 2005–present)
American Dad! (2005–present)
The Cleveland Show (2009–13)
The Orville (2017–present)
Films directed
Ted (2012)
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Ted 2 (2015)
Studio albums
Music Is Better Than Words (2011)
Holiday for Swing (2014)
No One Ever Tells You (2015)
In Full Swing (2017)
Novels
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Characters
Peter Griffin
Brian Griffin
Stewie Griffin
Glenn Quagmire
Stan Smith
Roger
See also
Fuzzy Door Productions
The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve
Rachael MacFarlane
"Everybody Needs a Best Friend"
Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
Night of the Hurricane
show
v
t
e
Fuzzy Door Productions
Seth MacFarlane
Television
series
Animated
Family Guy (1999–2003; since 2005)
American Dad! (since 2005)
The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)
Bordertown (2016)
Live-action
The Winner (2007)
Dads (2013–14)
Blunt Talk (2015–16)
The Orville (since 2017)
Documentary
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014)
Films
Straight-to-DVD
Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story (2005)
Theatrical
Ted (2012)
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Voltage divider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Figure 1: A simple voltage divider
In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them.
Resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages, or to reduce the magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured, and may also be used as signal attenuators at low frequencies. For direct current and relatively low frequencies, a voltage divider may be sufficiently accurate if made only of resistors; where frequency response over a wide range is required (such as in an oscilloscope probe), a voltage divider may have capacitive elements added to compensate load capacitance. In electric power transmission, a capacitive voltage divider is used for measurement of high voltage.
Contents
[hide]
1 General case
2 Examples
2.1 Resistive divider
2.2 Low-pass RC filter
2.3 Inductive divider
2.4 Capacitive divider
3 Loading effect
4 Applications
4.1 Sensor measurement
4.2 High voltage measurement
4.3 Logic level shifting
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
General case[edit]
A voltage divider referenced to ground is created by connecting two electrical impedances in series, as shown in Figure 1. The input voltage is applied across the series impedances Z1 and Z2 and the output is the voltage across Z2. Z1 and Z2 may be composed of any combination of elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors.
If the current in the output wire is zero then the relationship between the input voltage, Vin, and the output voltage, Vout, is:
V o u t = Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 ⋅ V i n {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {Z_{2}}{Z_{1}+Z_{2}}}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}
Proof (using Ohm's Law):
V i n = I ⋅ ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {in} }=I\cdot (Z_{1}+Z_{2})}
V o u t = I ⋅ Z 2 {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }=I\cdot Z_{2}}
I = V i n Z 1 + Z 2 {\displaystyle I={\frac {V_{\mathrm {in} }}{Z_{1}+Z_{2}}}}
V o u t = V i n ⋅ Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }=V_{\mathrm {in} }\cdot {\frac {Z_{2}}{Z_{1}+Z_{2}}}}
The transfer function (also known as the divider's voltage ratio) of this circuit is:
H = V o u t V i n = Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 {\displaystyle H={\frac {V_{\mathrm {out} }}{V_{\mathrm {in} }}}={\frac {Z_{2}}{Z_{1}+Z_{2}}}}
In general this transfer function is a complex, rational function of frequency.
Examples[edit]
Resistive divider[edit]
Figure 2: Simple resistive voltage divider
A resistive divider is the case where both impedances, Z1 and Z2, are purely resistive (Figure 2).
Substituting Z1 = R1 and Z2 = R2 into the previous expression gives:
V o u t = R 2 R 1 + R 2 ⋅ V i n {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}
If R1 = R2 then
V o u t = 1 2 ⋅ V i n {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}
If Vout=6V and Vin=9V (both commonly used voltages), then:
V o u t V i n = R 2 R 1 + R 2 = 6 9 = 2 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\mathrm {out} }}{V_{\mathrm {in} }}}={\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}={\frac {6}{9}}={\frac {2}{3}}}
and by solving using algebra, R2 must be twice the value of R1.
To solve for R1:
R 1 = R 2 ⋅ V i n V o u t − R 2 = R 2 ⋅ ( V i n V o u t − 1 ) {\displaystyle R_{1}={\frac {R_{2}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}{V_{\mathrm {out} }}}-R_{2}=R_{2}\cdot \left({{\frac {V_{\mathrm {in} }}{V_{\mathrm {out} }}}-1}\right)}
To solve for R2:
R 2 = R 1 ⋅ 1 ( V i n V o u t − 1 ) {\displaystyle R_{2}=R_{1}\cdot {\frac {1}{\left({{\frac {V_{\mathrm {in} }}{V_{\mathrm {out} }}}-1}\right)}}}
Any ratio Vout/Vin greater than 1 is not possible. That is, using resistors alone it is not possible to either invert the voltage or increase Vout above Vin.
Low-pass RC filter[edit]
Figure 3: Resistor/capacitor voltage divider
Consider a divider consisting of a resistor and capacitor as shown in Figure 3.
Comparing with the general case, we see Z1 = R and Z2 is the impedance of the capacitor, given by
Z 2 = − j X C = 1 j ω C , {\displaystyle Z_{2}=-\mathrm {j} X_{\mathrm {C} }={\frac {1}{\mathrm {j} \omega C}}\ ,}
where XC is the reactance of the capacitor, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, j is the imaginary unit, and ω (omega) is the radian frequency of the input voltage.
This divider will then have the voltage ratio:
V o u t V i n = Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 = 1 j ω C 1 j ω C + R = 1 1 + j ω R C . {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{\mathrm {out} }}{V_{\mathrm {in} }}}={\frac {Z_{\mathrm {2} }}{Z_{\mathrm {1} }+Z_{\mathrm {2} }}}={\frac {\frac {1}{\mathrm {j} \omega C}}{{\frac {1}{\mathrm {j} \omega C}}+R}}={\frac {1}{1+\mathrm {j} \omega RC}}\ .}
The product τ (tau) = RC is called the time constant of the circuit.
The ratio then depends on frequency, in this case decreasing as frequency increases. This circuit is, in fact, a basic (first-order) lowpass filter. The ratio contains an imaginary number, and actually contains both the amplitude and phase shift information of the filter. To extract just the amplitude ratio, calculate the magnitude of the ratio, that is:
| V o u t V i n | = 1 1 + ( ω R C ) 2 . {\displaystyle \left|{\frac {V_{\mathrm {out} }}{V_{\mathrm {in} }}}\right|={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+(\omega RC)^{2}}}}\ .}
Inductive divider[edit]
Inductive dividers split AC input according to inductance:
V o u t = L 2 L 1 + L 2 ⋅ V i n {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {L_{2}}{L_{1}+L_{2}}}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}
The above equation is for non-interacting inductors; mutual inductance (as in an autotransformer) will alter the results.
Inductive dividers split DC input according to the resistance of the elements as for the resistive divider above.
Capacitive divider[edit]
Capacitive dividers do not pass DC input.
For an AC input a simple capacitive equation is:
V o u t = C 1 C 1 + C 2 ⋅ V i n {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {out} }={\frac {C_{1}}{C_{1}+C_{2}}}\cdot V_{\mathrm {in} }}
Any leakage current in the capactive elements requires use of the generalized expression with two impedances. By selection of parallel R and C elements in the proper proportions, the same division ratio can be maintained over a useful range of frequencies. This is the principle applied in compensated oscilloscope probes to increase measurement bandwidth.
Loading effect[edit]
The output voltage of a voltage divider will vary according to the electric current it is supplying to its external electrical load. The effective source impedance coming from a divider of Z1 and Z2, as above, will be Z1 in parallel with Z2 (sometimes written Z1 // Z2), that is: (Z1 Z2) / (Z1 + Z2)=HZ1.
To obtain a sufficiently stable output voltage, the output current must either be stable (and so be made part of the calculation of the potential divider values) or limited to an appropriately small percentage of the divider's input current. Load sensitivity can be decreased by reducing the impedance of both halves of the divider, though this increases the divider's quiescent input current and results in higher power consumption (and wasted heat) in the divider. Voltage regulators are often used in lieu of passive voltage dividers when it is necessary to accommodate high or fluctuating load currents.
Applications[edit]
Voltage dividers are used for adjusting the level of a signal, for bias of active devices in amplifiers, and for measurement of voltages. A Wheatstone bridge and a multimeter both include voltage dividers. A potentiometer is used as a variable voltage divider in the volume control of many radios.
Sensor measurement[edit]
Voltage dividers can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of a sensor.[1] The sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage divider and a known voltage is applied across the divider. The microcontroller's analog-to-digital converter is connected to the center tap of the divider so that it can measure the tap voltage and, by using the measured voltage and the known resistance and voltage, compute the sensor resistance. An example that is commonly used involves a potentiometer (variable resistor) as one of the resistive elements. When the shaft of the potentiometer is rotated the resistance it produces either increases or decreases, the change in resistance corresponds to the angular change of the shaft. If coupled with a stable voltage reference, the output voltage can be fed into an analog-to-digital converter and a display can show the angle. Such circuits are commonly used in reading control knobs. Note that the potentiometer must have a linear taper.
High voltage measurement[edit]
High voltage resistor divider probe.
A voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can be measured by a volt meter. The high voltage is applied across the divider, and the divider output—which outputs a lower voltage that is within the meter's input range—is measured by the meter. High voltage resistor divider probes designed specifically for this purpose can be used to measure voltages up to 100 kV. Special high-voltage resistors are used in such probes as they must be able to tolerate high input voltages and, to produce accurate results, must have matched temperature coefficients and very low voltage coefficients. Capacitive divider probes are typically used for voltages above 100 kV, as the heat caused by power losses in resistor divider probes at such high voltages could be excessive.
Logic level shifting[edit]
A voltage divider can be used as a crude logic level shifter to interface two circuits that use different operating voltages. For example, some logic circuits operate at 5V whereas others operate at 3.3V. Directly interfacing a 5V logic output to a 3.3V input may cause permanent damage to the 3.3V circuit. In this case, a voltage divider with an output ratio of 3.3/5 might be used to reduce the 5V signal to 3.3V, to allow the circuits to interoperate without damaging the 3.3V circuit. For this to be feasible, the 5V source impedance and 3.3V input impedance must be negligible, or they must be constant and the divider resistor values must account for their impedances. If the input impedance is capacitive, a purely resistive divider will limit the data rate. This can be roughly overcome by adding a capacitor in series with the top resistor, to make both legs of the divider capacitive as well as resistive.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A very quick and dirty introduction to Sensors, Microcontrollers, and Electronics" (PDF). Retrieved 2 November 2015.
See also[edit]
Current divider
DC-to-DC converter
External links[edit]
Divider Circuits and Kirchhoff's Laws chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC free ebook and Lessons In Electric Circuits series.
Voltage and Current Dividers: What They Are and What They Do
SparkFun voltage divider tutorial
Voltage divider tutorial video in HD
Voltage divider calculator
A Real World Voltage Divider Calculator
Voltage Divider Calculator
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text:
Apartheid legislation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Apartheid legislation
in South Africa
Precursors (before 1948)[show]
Franchise and Ballot Act (1892)
Glen Grey Act (1894)
Natal Legislative Assembly Bill (1894)
Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act (1906)
South Africa Act (1909)
Mines and Works Act (1911)
Natives Land Act (1913)
Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923)
Immorality Act (1927)
Native Administration Act (1927)
Women's Enfranchisement Act (1930)
Franchise Laws Amendment Act (1931)
Representation of Natives Act (1936)
Native Trust and Land Act (1936)
Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (1945)
Asiatic Land Tenure Act (1946)
Malan to Verwoerd (1948–66)[show]
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
Immorality Amendment Act † (1950)
Population Registration Act (1950)
Group Areas Act (1950)
Suppression of Communism Act (1950)
Native Building Workers Act (1951)
Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951)
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act (1951)
Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
Native Laws Amendment Act † (1952)
Pass Laws Act (1952)
Public Safety Act (1953)
Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953)
Bantu Education Act (1953)
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
Natives Resettlement Act (1954)
Group Areas Development Act (1955)
Riotous Assemblies Act (1956)
Industrial Conciliation Act (1956)
Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act (1956)
Immorality Act (1957)
Bantu Investment Corporation Act (1959)
Extension of University Education Act (1959)
Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act (1959)
Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)
Indemnity Act (1961)
Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act (1961)
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1961)
Urban Bantu Councils Act (1961)
General Law Amendment Act (1963)
Coloured Persons Representative Council Act (1964)
After Verwoerd to Botha (1966–90)[show]
Terrorism Act (1967)
Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (1968)
Prohibition of Political Interference Act (1968)
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970)
Bantu Homelands Constitution Act (1971)
Aliens Control Act (1973)
Indemnity Act (1977)
National Key Points Act (1980)
List of National Key Points
Internal Security Act (1982)
Black Local Authorities Act (1982)
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1983)
Abolishment (1990–96)[show]
Negotiations to end Apartheid (1990–93)
Interim Constitution (1993)
Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act (1995)
Constitution (1996)
† No new legislation introduced, rather
the existing legislation named was amended.
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Part of a series on
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The system of racial segregation in South Africa known as apartheid was implemented and enforced by a large number of acts and other laws. This legislation served to institutionalise racial discrimination and the dominance by white people over people of other races. While the bulk of this legislation was enacted after the election of the National Party government in 1948, it was preceded by discriminatory legislation enacted under earlier British and Afrikaner governments. Apartheid is distinguished from segregation in other countries by the systematic way in which it was formalised in law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication of Legislation
2 Segregationist legislation before apartheid
3 List of apartheid segregation
3.1 Population registration and segregation
3.2 Job reservation and economic apartheid
3.3 Segregation in education
3.4 Sexual apartheid
3.5 Land tenure and geographic segregation
3.6 Pass laws and influx control
3.7 Political representation
3.8 Separate development and bantustans
3.9 Banning, detention without trial and state security
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Publication of Legislation[edit]
Apartheid legislation was published in the Government Gazette of South Africa (known as the Afrikaans term "Staatskoerant" during Apartheid). This was the official medium used by the Apartheid government in South Africa to communicate with the public. This medium continues to be used today by the post apartheid governments.
Segregationist legislation before apartheid[edit]
Although apartheid as a comprehensive legislative project truly began after the National Party came into power in 1948, many of these statutes were preceded by the laws of the previous British and Afrikaner administrations in South Africa's provinces.[1][2] An early example is the Glen Grey Act, passed in 1894 in Cape Colony, and which had the effect of diminishing the land rights of Africans in scheduled areas.[3]
List of apartheid segregation[edit]
Population registration and segregation[edit]
The Population Registration Act, 1950, required that every South African be classified into one of a number of racial "population groups". This act provided the foundation upon which the whole edifice of apartheid would be constructed.
The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 allowed public premises, vehicles and services to be segregated by race, even if equal facilities were not made available to all races.
The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act was repealed by the Discriminatory Legislation regarding Public Amenities Repeal Act, 1990, and the Population Registration Act was repealed by the Population Registration Act Repeal Act, 1991, but the racial classifications remained on the population register until 1992.
Job reservation and economic apartheid[edit]
Mines and Works Act, 1911
Native Building Workers Act, 1951
Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act, 1953
Industrial Conciliation Act, 1956
Segregation in education[edit]
Bantu Education Act, 1953
Extension of University Education Act, 1959
Coloured Persons Education Act, 1963
Indians Education Act, 1965
Sexual apartheid[edit]
The Immorality Act, 1927 forbade extramarital sex between white people and black people.
The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 forbade marriages between white people and people of other races.
The Immorality Amendment Act, 1950 forbade extramarital sex between white people and people of other races.
These laws were repealed by the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, 1985.
Land tenure and geographic segregation[edit]
The Natives Land Act, 1913 limited land ownership by black people to 8% of the land area of South Africa.
The Native Trust and Land Act, 1936 expanded this limit to encompass about 13% of the land area of South Africa.
The Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 1946 restricted land ownership by Asians in towns and cities.
The Group Areas Act, 1950 (re-enacted in 1957 and 1966) divided urban areas into "group areas" in which ownership and residence was restricted to certain population groups.
The Group Areas Development Act, 1955 formed part of the machinery for the implementation of the Group Areas Act.
The Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act, 1961 and the Rural Coloured Areas Act, 1963 established "reserve" areas for coloured people in rural areas.
The Preservation of Coloured Areas Act, Act No 31 of 1961 further entrenched "Coloured Areas" in law and created a legal mechanism to seize land for white Guardians.
The Aliens Control Act, 1973 loosened the restrictions on residence by Asians in parts of South Africa.
These and other discriminatory acts related to land tenure were repealed by the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991.
Pass laws and influx control[edit]
Natives (Urban Areas) Act, 1923
Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, 1945
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, 1951
Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952
Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952
Natives Resettlement Act, 1954
Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act, 1956
Urban Bantu Councils Act, 1961
Black Local Authorities Act, 1982
The pass laws were repealed by the Identification Act, 1986 and the influx control laws by the Abolition of Influx Control Act, 1986.
Political representation[edit]
The South Africa Act 1909, which united the four South African colonies into a unitary state, preserved electoral arrangements unchanged, meaning that qualified black voters in the Cape Province could vote for the House of Assembly. This was an entrenched clause, protected by a provision requiring a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting of Parliament to alter the Cape Qualified Franchise.
The Representation of Natives Act, 1936, passed with the necessary two-thirds majority, removed black voters in the Cape from the common voters' roll and placed them on a separate roll, allowing them to elect only three members to the House of Assembly. The act also provided for four indirectly elected Senators to represent black people countrywide. Qualified coloured voters in the Cape remained on the common roll.
The Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 1946 allowed Indians in the Transvaal Province and Natal Province to elect three members of the House of Assembly and two Senators, but this representation was removed by the Asiatic Laws Amendment Act, 1948.
The Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951 removed coloured voters in the Cape from the common voters' roll and placed them on a separate roll, allowing them to elect only four members to the House of Assembly. It was not, initially, passed with a two-thirds majority, and the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court invalidated it on this basis, precipitating the "coloured vote constitutional crisis". The government subsequently altered the method of election of the Senate and passed the South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956 with a two-thirds majority, validating the Separate Representation of Voters Act.
The Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959 abolished the remaining parliamentary representation for black people under the Representation of Natives Act.
The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968, abolished the remaining parliamentary representation for coloured people, and the Coloured Persons Representative Council Amendment Act, 1968 replaced it with an elected "Representative Council" with limited powers.
The Prohibition of Political Interference Act, 1968 prohibited multi-racial political parties.
The Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983 established a tricameral Parliament with separate houses representing whites, coloureds and Indians. Blacks remained unrepresented.
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 established universal non-racial adult suffrage.
Separate development and bantustans[edit]
The Native Administration Act, 1927 gave the executive government wide-ranging authority to govern the "native reserves", and the people living in them, by proclamation.
The Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 established a hierarchy of tribal, regional and territorial authorities, led by chiefs and appointed councillors, to govern the reserves.
The Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act, 1959 provided for the development of the territorial authorities into self-governing bantustans.
The Bantu Investment Corporation Act, 1959 established a corporation to develop the economies of the bantustans.
The Transkei Constitution Act, 1963 made the Transkei an autonomous self-governing territory, with a partially elected assembly.
The Bantu Homelands Development Corporations Act, 1965 established separate economic development corporations for the various homelands.
The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970 made black people citizens of one of the bantustans, with the intention that when the bantustans became independent they would cease to be South African citizens.
The Bantu Homelands Constitution Act, 1971 allowed other homelands to become autonomous self-governing territories, similar to the Transkei.
The Status of the Transkei Act, 1976 declared the Transkei to be an independent state and no longer part of South Africa. This independence was not recognised by any country other than South Africa.
The Status of Bophuthatswana Act, 1977, the Status of Venda Act, 1979, and the Status of Ciskei Act, 1981, similarly declared Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei to be independent states.
The bantustans were abolished by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, and the nominally independent states were integrated back into South Africa.
Banning, detention without trial and state security[edit]
Suppression of Communism Act, 1950
Public Act, 1953
Riotous Assemblies Act, 1956
Unlawful Organizations Act, 1960
Indemnity Act, 1961
General Law Amendment Act, 1963
Terrorism Act, 1967
Indemnity Act, 1977
Internal Security Act, 1982
See also[edit]
Category:Apartheid laws in South Africa
Apartheid in South Africa
Law of South Africa
South African Statutes and other Legislation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Scythe, N C: 'Early apartheid: race laws in South Africa 1652 - 1836', LLM thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1995.
Jump up ^ Smythe, N C: 'The origins of apartheid: race legislation in South Africa - 1836 - 1910'. LLM thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1995.
Jump up ^ Smythe, N C: 'The origins of apartheid: race legislation in South Africa - 1836 - 1910', p 262. ELM thesis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1994.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Category:Apartheid legislation
African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa, About.Com
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apartheid_legislation&oldid=807522729"
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House of Assembly (South Africa)

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Indian Accounting Standards
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Indian Accounting Standard (abbreviated as Ind-AS) is the Accounting standard adopted by companies in India and issued under the supervison of Accounting Standards Board (ASB) which was constituted as a body in the year 1977. ASB is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which consists of representatives from government department, academicians, other professional bodies viz. ICAI, representatives from ASSOCHAM, CII, FICCI, etc.
The Ind AS are named and numbered in the same way as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS) recommend these standards to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). MCA has to spell out the accounting standards applicable for companies in India. As on date MCA has notified 41 Ind AS. This shall be applied to the companies of financial year 2015-16 voluntarily and from 2016-17 on a mandatory basis.
Based on the international consensus, the regulators will separately notify the date of implementation of Ind-AS for the banks, insurance companies etc. Standards for the computation of Tax has been notified as ICDS in February 2015.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Applicability[2][3][4][5]
2.1 Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2017
3 List of Indian Accounting Standards[6]
4 Provisions
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
India followed accounting standards from Indian Generally Acceptable Accounting Principle (IGAAP) prior to adoption of the Ind-AS.[2][3]
Applicability[2][3][4][5][edit]
Companies shall follow Ind AS either Voluntarily or Mandatorily. Once a company follows Indian AS, either mandatorily or voluntarily, it can't revert to old method of Accounting.
=== Mandatory Applicability (1 April 16)
Every Company with Net worth of not less than 500 crores (5 billion).
Mandatory Applicability from Accounting Period beginning on or after 1st April 2017[edit]
Every Listed Company.
Unlisted Companies with Net worth greater than or equal to Rs. 250 crore (2.5 billion) but less than Rs. 500 crore (5 billion)(for any of the below mentioned periods).
Net worth shall be checked for the previous four Financial Years (2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-17)
List of Indian Accounting Standards[6][edit]
Ind As No.
Name of Indian Accounting Standard
Ind AS 101 First-time adoption of Ind AS
Ind AS 102 Share Based payments
Ind AS 103 Business Combination
Ind AS 104 Insurance Cont
Ind AS 105 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
Ind AS 106 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources
Ind AS 107 Financial Instruments: Disclosures
Ind AS 108 Operating Segments
Ind AS 109 Financial Instruments
Ind AS 110 Consolidated Financial Statements
Ind AS 111 Joint Arrangements
Ind AS 112 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities
Ind AS 113 Fair Value Measurement
Ind AS 114 Regulatory Deferral Accounts
Ind AS 115 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Ind AS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
Ind AS 2 Inventories Accounting
Ind AS 7 & in only AS 3 Statement of Cash Flows
Ind AS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
Ind AS 10 Events after Reporting Period
Ind AS 11 Construction Contracts
Ind AS 12 Income Taxes
Ind AS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
Ind AS 17 Leases
Ind AS 18 Revenue
Ind AS 19 Employee Benefits
Ind AS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
Ind AS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Ind AS 23 Borrowing Costs
Ind AS 24 Related Party Disclosures
Ind AS 27 Separate Financial Statements
Ind AS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
Ind AS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyper inflationary Economies
Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation
Ind AS 33 Earnings per Share
Ind AS 34 Interim Financial Reporting
Ind AS 36 Impairment of Assets
Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
Ind AS 38 Intangible Assets
Ind AS 40 Investment Property
Ind AS 41 Agriculture
Provisions[edit]
Ind-AS is in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).[7]
Ind-AS 107 deals with disclosures related to financial instruments and related risks and the policies for managing such risks.[4]
See also[edit]
Nepal Financial Reporting Standards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indian Accounting Standards Converged with IFRS Notified". Press Information Bureau.
^ Jump up to: a b "How new accounting standards will impact Indian companies", The Economic Times, 14 July 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Ind-AS to raise June quarter tax liabilities by 20%", The Economic Times, 13 April 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Ind AS requires 3,000 disclosures for fair picture of cos", Business Standard, 24 May 2016
Jump up ^ "Company (Inaian Accounting Standard) Rules, 2015" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - Indian Accounting Standards". www.mca.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Corporates put restructuring, mergers, de-mergers within organisation on hold", The Economic Times, 27 May 2016

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