text:
South African general election, 1948
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South African general election, 1948
← 1943 26 May 1948 (1948-05-26) 1953 →
All 150 general roll seats in the House of Assembly
First party
Second party
Leader
D. F. Malan Jan Smuts
Party
Reunited National United
Leader's seat
Piketberg Standerton
Last election
43 seats 89 seats
Seats won
70 65
Seat change
27 24
Popular vote
401,834 524,230
Percentage
37.70% 49.18%
Swing
1.00% 0.50%
House of Assembly after the election
Prime Minister before election
Jan Smuts
United
Elected Prime Minister
D. F. Malan
Reunited National
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
South Africa
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
South Africa
Constitution[show]
Bill of Rights
Executive[show]
President
Jacob Zuma
Deputy President
Cyril Ramaphosa
Cabinet
Shadow Cabinet
Legislative[show]
National Council of Provinces
Chairperson
Thandi Modise
National Assembly
Speaker
Baleka Mbete
Leader of the Opposition
Mmusi Maimane
Judiciary[show]
Chief Justice
Mogoeng Mogoeng
Deputy Chief Justice
Bess Nkabinde (Acting)
Courts
Constitutional Court
Supreme Court of Appeal
President: Mandisa Maya
High Court
Magistrate's courts
Electoral Court
Elections[show]
General
1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
Municipal
2000 2006 2011 2016
Referendums
1960 1983 1992
Political parties
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Districts
Metropolitan municipality
District municipality
Municipalities (list)
Foreign relations[show]
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions
Passport
Related topics[show]
Human rights
Taxation
Protests
Repression
Political assassinations
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The parliamentary election in South Africa on 26 May 1948 represented a turning point in the country's history. The United Party, which had led the government since its foundation in 1933, and its leader, incumbent Prime Minister Jan Smuts, were ousted by the Reunited National Party (Herenigde Nasionale Party in Afrikaans), led by Daniel Francois Malan, a Dutch Reformed cleric.
During the election battle, both the UP and the NP formed coalitions with smaller parties. The UP was aligned with the left-leaning Labour Party, while the Afrikaner Party sought to advance Afrikaner rights by allying with the HNP. By legislation relating to franchise requirements, very few people of Coloured and Asian descent were able to vote in this election; Africans had been banned altogether since the late 1930s, with the limited number of Africans meeting electoral qualifications voting for four "own" white MPs separately.
The HNP, realising that many White South Africans felt threatened by black political aspirations, pledged to implement a policy of strict racial segregation in all spheres of living. The Nationalists labelled this new system of social organisation "apartheid" ("apartness" or "separation"), the name by which it became universally known. The HNP also took advantage of white fear of black-on-white crime, and the HNP promised whites safety and security from black-on-white crime and violence.
In contrast to the HNP's consistent, straightforward platform, the UP supported vague notions of slowly integrating the different racial groups within South Africa. Furthermore, white dissatisfaction with domestic and economic problems in South Africa after World War II, the NP's superior organisation, and electoral gerrymandering, all proved to be significant challenges to the UP campaign.
Results[edit]
Together, the HNP and the Afrikaner Party won 79 seats in the House of Assembly against a combined total of 74 won by the UP and the Labour Party. By a quirk of the First Past the Post system the NP had won more seats, even though the UP had received over eleven percent more votes. The Nationalist coalition subsequently formed a new government and ushered in the era of formal, legally binding apartheid. In 1951, the HNP and the Afrikaner Party merged, returning to the name National Party (NP).
Party Seats Seats % Votes Votes % Leader
Reunited National 70 45.75 401,834 37.70 Dr D. F. Malan
United 65 42.48 524,230 49.18 Field Marshal Jan Smuts
Afrikaner Party 9 5.88 41,885 3.93 Nicolaas Havenga
Labour 6 3.92 27,360 2.57 John Christie
Independent 3 1.96 70,662 6.63 -
Total 153
Reasons for the National Party victory[edit]
One of the central issues facing the white electorate in the 1948 election was that of race. The United Party (UP) and the National Party (NP) presented voters with differing answers to questions relating to racial integration in SA. Smuts and his followers were in favour of a pragmatic approach, arguing that racial integration was inevitable and that the government should thus relax regulations which sought to prevent black people from moving into urban areas.[1] Whilst still seeking to maintain white dominance, the UP argued in favour of gradually reforming the political system so that black South Africans could eventually, at some unspecified point in the future, exercise some sort of power in a racially integrated South Africa. In contrast to this seemingly vague ideology, the NP advanced the notion of further strictly enforced segregation between races and the total disempowerment of black South Africans. Rural to urban movement by blacks was to be discouraged.[1] The UP position was supported by the Fagan Commission while the Sauer Commission informed the NP's stance.[1]
The putative policy of apartheid proposed by the NP served the economic interests of certain groups of white South Africans. Farmers from the northern portions of the country relied on cheap black labour to maximise profits [2] while working class whites living in urban areas feared the employment competition that would follow an urban influx of black South Africans.[3] Many commercial and financial Afrikaner interests based on agriculture saw the value of apartheid in promoting growth in this sector.[4] The UP failed to realise the enormous economic benefits of apartheid to these large and influential groups and did not prioritise segregation as much as the NP.
As regards election tactics, the NP was extremely adroit at exploiting white fears while campaigning in the 1948 election. Because the UP had seemed to take a fairly lukewarm stance towards both integration and segregation, the NP was able to argue that a victory for the UP would ultimately lead to a black government in South Africa. NP propaganda linked black political power to Communism, an anathema to many white South Africans at the time. Slogans such as "Swart Gevaar" ("Black Peril"), "Rooi Gevaar" ("Red Peril"), "Die kaffer op sy plek" ("The Kaffir in his place"), and "Die koelies uit die land" ("The coolies out of the country")[5] played upon and amplified white anxieties.[4] Much was made of the fact that Smuts had developed a good working relationship with Joseph Stalin during World War II, when South Africa and the USSR were allies in the fight against Nazi Germany. Smuts had once remarked that he "doffs his cap to Stalin" and the NP presented this remark as proof of Smuts’s latent Communist tendencies.
The Smuts government's controversial immigration programme served to further inflame Afrikaner disquiet. Under this programme, numerous British immigrants had moved to South Africa and were perceived to have taken homes and employment away from (white) South African citizens. Moreover, it was claimed that the intention behind such plans was to swamp the Afrikaners, who had a higher birth rate than the British diaspora, with British immigrants so that Afrikaners would be outnumbered at the polls in future elections.[6]
In preparation for the 1948 election, the NP moderated its stance on republicanism. Because of the immense and abiding national trauma caused by the Anglo-Boer War, transforming South Africa into a republic and dissolving all ties between South Africa and the United Kingdom had been an important mission for earlier incarnations of the NP. English speaking South Africans tended to favour a close relationship with the UK, and so the republican project became a source of conflict between the two largest white groups in South Africa. A staunchly pro-republic stance alienated moderate Afrikaners who had supported South Africa's participation in World War II and wished to achieve reconciliation between their own people and English speakers. When the NP agreed to compromise its fiercely republican standpoint, conceding that South Africa should remain a Dominion in the Commonwealth, many Afrikaner UP supporters switched allegiance.[4]
Demarcation of electoral district boundaries favoured the NP.[3] Most of the 70 seats won by the National Party during the 1948 election were in rural areas, whereas most of the 65 seats won by the United Party were in the urban areas. According to the Constitution that South Africa had at the time, the constituencies in the rural areas were smaller than those in urban areas. This meant that there were more rural constituencies than urban ones. This was to the benefit of the National Party, since it tended to do well in rural areas in terms of votes. Despite winning 140,000 fewer votes than the UP, the NP/AP coalition gained a plurality of seats in Parliament. It has been calculated that if rural and urban votes had been of equal value, the UP would have won 80 seats, the NP/AP 60 seats, and other parties the remaining seats, thus giving the UP a majority.[4]
Smuts and his cabinet were blamed for many of the hardships that occurred as a result of South Africa's participation in World War II. During the war petrol was rationed by means of coupons, and bakeries were ordered not to bake white bread so as to conserve wheat. After the war some of these measures continued, as South Africa exported food and other necessaries to Britain and the Netherlands. South Africa even provided Britain with a loan of 4 million ounces of gold. These measures caused local shortages of meat and the unavailability of white bread. The Smuts government was blamed for this, as well as for the rate of inflation and the government's dismal housing record. All these factors provided ammunition for the NP.[4]
The UP at the time has been characterised as cumbersome and lacking vigour while the NP displayed energy and superior organisational skills. World War II had a bonding effect on the UP and white South Africans generally. Once this external uniting force fell away, Smuts lost a great deal of control over the UP as more and more voters considered alternatives to his tired regime; humiliatingly, the Prime Minister lost his parliamentary seat (Standerton) to an NP challenger. As can be seen from the final tally of seats, Smuts and his party proved unable to counter the many grievances raised by the NP in an effective way, and this inability led to a narrow NP victory.
After the 1948 election, the ruling coalition succeeded in fully enfranchising the mostly Afrikaans- and German-speaking voters in South West Africa, later known as Namibia upon independence in 1990; the result being that this gave the National Party more or less six reliable votes in parliament.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Meredith, Martin. In the name of apartheid: South Africa in the postwar period. 1st U.S. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1988
Jump up ^ "The Union of South Africa: Movement towards Republic | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Martin (2001). South Africa 1948-2000: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. Longman. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-582-47383-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Afrikaner Nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s". South African History Online. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Aikman, David. Great Souls: Six Who Changed the Century page 81
Jump up ^ Joyce, Peter (2007). The Making of a Nation: South Africa's Road to Freedom. Zebra Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-77007-312-8.
Jump up ^ Ross, A Concise History of South Africa (Cambridge), pp 115
[show]
v
t
e
Elections and referendums in South Africa
General elections
1910
1915
1920
1921
1924
1929
1933
1938
1943
1948
1953
1958
1961
1966
1970
1974
1977
1981
1984
1987
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
Municipal elections
1995–96
2000
2006
2011
2016
Referendums
1960
1983
1992
See also: Elections and referendums in the Boer republics and South African colonies
Elections and referendums in South African Bantustans
[show]
v
t
e
Political history of South Africa
Defunct polities
Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817)
Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819)
Cape Colony (1795–1910)
Zulu Kingdom (1816–97)
Natalia Republic (1839–43)
Natal Colony (1843–1910)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
Griqualand East (1861–79)
Griqualand West (1870–73)
Goshen (1882–83)
Stellaland (1882–85)
Nieuwe Republiek (1884–88)
Upingtonia (1885–87)
Klein Vrystaat (1886–91)
Orange River Colony (1902–10)
Transvaal Colony (1902–10)
Union of South Africa (1910–61)
Transkei (1976–94)
Bophuthatswana (1977–94)
Venda (1979–94)
Ciskei (1981–94)
Events
1652–1815
Dutch settlement
French Huguenot settlement
Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
Xhosa Wars
Battle of Muizenberg
Battle of Blaauwberg
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1815–1910
Mfecane
1820 Settlers
Great Trek
Boer Republics
Mineral Revolution
Witwatersrand Gold Rush
South African Wars
South Africa Act 1909
1910–1948
Maritz Rebellion
Rand Rebellion
Great Depression
1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
Bantustans
Apartheid era
1948 general election
Apartheid legislation
Pass laws
Internal resistance
Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
Defiance Campaign
Congress of the People
Freedom Charter
Women's March 1956
1957 Alexandra bus boycott
Sharpeville massacre
1960 republic referendum
International isolation
Academic boycott
Disinvestment
Sporting boycott
Olympics
Rugby union
Rivonia Trial
Tar Baby Option
Durban Moment
Border War
Israeli alliance
Israel–South Africa Agreement
Soweto Uprising
Weapons of mass destruction
Project Coast
Constructive engagement
Church Street bombing
1983 constitutional reform referendum
Rubicon speech
Dakar Conference
Third Force
CODESA
1992 apartheid referendum
Saint James Church massacre
Bophuthatswana crisis
Shell House massacre
Post-apartheid
1994 general election
Government of National Unity
Reconstruction and Development Programme
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Arms Deal
Floor crossing
Soweto bombings
African Renaissance
Xenophobia
Marikana massacre
2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
Nkandlagate
2014 platinum strike
#RhodesMustFall protests
#FeesMustFall student protests
Tshwane riots
Political culture
African nationalism
Afrikaner Calvinism
Afrikaner nationalism
Azania
Baasskap
Boerehaat
Black Consciousness Movement
Day of the Vow
Greater South Africa
Honorary whites
Rooi gevaar
Slavery
Swart gevaar
Uitlander
Volkstaat
Defunct
organisations
Civic and political
organisations
Afrikaner Bond
Afrikaner Broederbond
Afrikaner Party
AITUP
APO
AVF
BPC
Black Sash
CDA
CTEG
COD
Congress Alliance
COSG
CP
Dominion Party
DP (1973–1977)
DP (1989–2000)
DPP
ECC
FA
FD
Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
GNP
Het Volk
HNP
IDASA
ID
IP
ISL
Jeugkrag
Johannesburg Reform Committee
Labour Party (1910–1958)
Labour Party (1969–1994)
Liberal Party (1953–1968)
NA
NCP
NIC
NLP
NNP
NP
NPP
NRP
NUSAS
PFP
Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
Progressive Party
PRP
Radio Freedom
Reform Party
SABP
SADECO
SAIC
SASO
SAYCO
SAYRCO
South African Party (Cape Colony)
South African Party (1911–1934)
South African Party (1977–1980)
TNIP
Torch Commando
UFP
United Party
Unionist Party
Volksparty
Workers Party
WOSA
Trade unions and
social movements
APF
BCM
BLATU
CNETU
CTSWU
FCWU
FNETU
FOSATU
ICU
IWW (SA)
MUSA
NEUM
NURHS
PAWE
SAAPAWU
SACTU
SAIF
SARHU
SATUC
Die Spoorbund
UDF
Umkosi Wezintaba
Paramilitary and
terrorist organisations
APLA
ARM
BBB
Boeremag
Greyshirts
MK
Ossewabrandwag
Orde van die Dood
SANF
Histories of
political parties
African National Congress
Democratic Alliance
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_general_election,_1948&oldid=801100380"
Categories:
General elections in South Africa
1948 elections in Africa
Events associated with apartheid
1948 in South Africa
May 1948 events
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2012
Use South African English from July 2012
All Wikipedia articles written in South African English
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles needing additional references from December 2009
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Nederlands
Norsk
Português
Română
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 17:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: class style

values:
summary
font-size: 125%;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

value: hr

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: style class

values: text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:15%;

values: text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 1px;width:70%;

values: text-align:right; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:15%;

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #ff9933

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #318CE7

values:
/wiki/D._F._Malan
mw-redirect
D. F. Malan

values:
/wiki/Reunited_National_Party
mw-redirect
Reunited National Party

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: South African House of Assembly 1948.svg

values: width:50%; text-align:left; text-size: 80%

values: width:50%; text-align:right; text-size: 80%

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (South Africa)

values: Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1960
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1960

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1983
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1983

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1992
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1992

values: List of political parties in South Africa

values: Administrative divisions of South Africa

values: Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)

values: Minister of International Relations and Cooperation

values: List of diplomatic missions of South Africa

values: Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa

values: Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19.0em;

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister
mw-redirect
Prime Minister

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Francois_Malan
mw-redirect
Daniel Francois Malan

values:
/wiki/Nederduits_Gereformeerde_Kerk
mw-redirect
Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk

values:
/wiki/White_South_Africans
mw-redirect
White South Africans

values:
/wiki/First_Past_the_Post
mw-redirect
First Past the Post

values:
width: 5px; background-color: #ff9933;
Reunited National Party

values:
width: 5px; background-color: #318CE7;
United Party (South Africa)

values:
width: 5px; background-color: #0095B6;
Afrikaner Party

values:
width: 5px; background-color: #FF0000;
Labour Party (South Africa)

values:
width: 5px; background-color: #DDDDDD;
Independent (politics)

values:
/wiki/Independent_(politics)
mw-redirect
Independent (politics)

values: Edit section: Reasons for the National Party victory

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: South African municipal elections, 1995–96

values: South African constitutional reform referendum, 1983

values: South African apartheid referendum, 1992

values: Template:Boer and South African colonial elections

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Political history of South Africa

values: Template talk:Political history of South Africa

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg
mw-redirect
Battle of Muizenberg

values:
/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Maritz Rebellion

values: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid

values: Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era

values: Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics

values: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction

values: Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa

values: Government of National Unity (South Africa)

values: Reconstruction and Development Programme

values: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)

values: Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)

values: Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa

values: International Socialist League (South Africa)

values: National Conservative Party (South Africa)

values: National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)

values: National Union of South African Students

values: South African Youth Revolutionary Council

values: South African Party (Republic of South Africa)

values: Workers Organisation for Socialist Action

values: Federation of South African Trade Unions

values: Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union

values: Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)

values: National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants

values: South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union

values: South African Railways and Harbours Union

values: History of the African National Congress

values: History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)

values: History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania

values: Category:Political history of South Africa

values: Category:General elections in South Africa

values: Category:Events associated with apartheid

values: Category:Use South African English from July 2012

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in South African English

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 1948 – Afrikaans

values: Parlamentswahl in Südafrika 1948 – German

values: Elecciones generales en Sudáfrica de 1948 – Spanish

values: Élections générales sud-africaines de 1948 – French

values: 1948년 남아프리카 연방 총선거 – Korean

values: Pemilihan umum Afrika Selatan 1948 – Indonesian

values: Zuid-Afrikaanse parlementsverkiezingen 1948 – Dutch

values: Eleições gerais na África do Sul em 1948 – Portuguese

values: Alegeri legislative în Africa de Sud, 1948 – Romanian

values: தென்னாப்பிரிக்கப் பொதுத் தேர்தல், 1948 – Tamil

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-South_African_general_election_1948 rootpage-South_African_general_election_1948 vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Time in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Time in the United States, by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (an agency of the Department of Commerce); and its military counterpart, the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations.
It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services, which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment.
Map of U.S. time zones since November 2007, when 5 counties in Indiana returned to the Eastern time zone
Contents
1 History
1.1 From GMT to UTC
2 United States time zones
2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time
2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S.
2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.
2.4 Zones outside the states
2.5 Minor Outlying Islands
2.6 Antarctic research stations
3 Boundaries between the zones
3.1 Eastern-Central boundary
3.2 Central-Mountain boundary
3.3 Mountain-Pacific boundary
4 Daylight saving time
5 Time representation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set their clocks to noon when the sun passed their local meridian, pre-corrected for the equation of time on the date of observation, to form local mean solar time. Noon occurred at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph.
The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved.[1] American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem.[1]
Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities.[2]
In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom (UK). The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian.[1]
From GMT to UTC[edit]
GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1960, when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated as UTC. It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0°.[3] It does not observe daylight saving time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.
United States time zones[edit]
Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260.[4] The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation, in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time.[5] As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC.[6] Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich (GMT).
Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones.
The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law[7] they are:
The Atlantic standard time zone
The Eastern standard time zone
The Central standard time zone
The Mountain standard time zone
The Pacific standard time zone
The Alaska standard time zone
The Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone
The Samoa standard time zone
The Chamorro standard time zone
View the standard time zone boundaries here.
Standard time and daylight saving time[edit]
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Time
States in Zone
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone HST (UTC−10:00) HDT (UTC−09:00) Alaska, Hawaii (no DST)[8]
Alaska Time Zone AKST (UTC−09:00) AKDT (UTC−08:00) Alaska
Pacific Time Zone PST (UTC−08:00) PDT (UTC−07:00) California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada
Mountain Time Zone MST (UTC−07:00) MDT (UTC−06:00) Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho
Central Time Zone CST (UTC−06:00) CDT (UTC−05:00) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
Eastern Time Zone EST (UTC−05:00) EDT (UTC−04:00) Connecticut, Florida, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia
Zones used in the contiguous U.S.[edit]
From east to west, the times zones of the contiguous United States are:
The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley.
The Central standard time zone: (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, and Great Plains.
The Mountain standard time zone: (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains.
The Pacific standard time zone: (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast, plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle.
Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.[edit]
The Alaska standard time zone: (AKST; UTC−09:00; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska.
The Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone: (or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time) (HST; UTC−10:00; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169°30′W).
Zones outside the states[edit]
The Samoa standard time zone (SST; UTC−11:00; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa.
The Chamorro standard time zone: (ChST; UTC+10:00; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
The Atlantic standard time zone: (AST; UTC-4:00; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
Minor Outlying Islands[edit]
Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. §260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time. In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time (UTC±00:00) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC−12, while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00. Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line, it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef (UTC−11:00); Johnston Atoll (UTC−10:00); and Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, and Serranilla Bank (UTC−05:00).
Antarctic research stations[edit]
See also: Time in Antarctica
In Antarctica, the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC−03:00, while McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand.
Boundaries between the zones[edit]
(Described from north to south along each boundary.)
Eastern-Central boundary[edit]
Marker showing the border of Wayne County, Kentucky, and the Eastern Time Zone
Time in Indiana: red areas belong to the Central Time Zone.
roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties) observe CT, all other counties in the U.P. observe ET
follows Lake Michigan
divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state
follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east)
divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state
divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast.
divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee, except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee, from the rest of Tennessee.
follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east), although Phenix City, Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time.
divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida.
Central-Mountain boundary[edit]
divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state
divides South Dakota roughly in half
divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state
divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado (Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman, and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado—Cheyenne, Morton, and Stanton counties—observe CST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east) (although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma–New Mexico state line, Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County, Oklahoma unofficially observes MST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east)
divides El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas
Mountain-Pacific boundary[edit]
follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east)
turns west at 45°33.46′N 114°33.89′W / 45.55767°N 114.56483°W / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River
follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins, where the Salmon River turns north. This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next.
turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45°51.3′N 116°47.5′W / 45.8550°N 116.7917°W / 45.8550; -116.7917). This loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more-westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River.
turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon
turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south
follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42°27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border
turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east)
turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W.
turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada, and putting it in the Mountain Time Zone. Jackpot, Nevada, just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes Mountain Time, on an unofficial basis.
follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east)
follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), mostly defined by the Colorado River, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico.
Daylight saving time[edit]
Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November.
Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates:
Year
Start date
Ending date
2006 April 2 October 29
2007 March 11 November 4
2008 March 9 November 2
2009 March 8 November 1
2010 March 14 November 7
2011 March 13 November 6
2012 March 11 November 4
2013 March 10 November 3
2014 March 9 November 2
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6
2017 March 12 November 5
2018 March 11 November 4
2019 March 10 November 3
2020 March 8 November 1
In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory:
Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months. Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November.
Arizona time zones
Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However:
The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation, which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST. (See map inset right.)
In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions:
The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time.
Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time, but did (unofficially) observe DST.
Time representation[edit]
Further information: Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States
There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States; see Category:Clock towers in the United States.
See also[edit]
History of time in the United States
List of time zones by U.S. state
Daylight saving time in the United States
Lists of time zones
Effects of time on North American broadcasting
Date and time notation in the United States
East Coast bias
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Do We Have Time Zones?".
Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm
Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot, "Solar time, legal time, time in use" Metrologica, August 2011 (volume 48, issue 4), pages 181–185.
Jump up ^ 15 USC §260.
Jump up ^ "15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME".
Jump up ^ Public Law 110–69 — America COMPETES Act (August 9, 2007). Sec. 3013)
Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
Jump up ^ ""What are the time zones in the United States?"". National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. May 18, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018. Hawaii-Aleutian (HT); HST -10; HDT -9; DST observed in Aleutian Islands, but not Hawaii
External links[edit]
Official website
U.S. Navy time zone page
North American Time Zone border data and images
CFR's Title 40 - Protection of Environment (also at wikisource:Code of Federal Regulations/Title 49/Subtitle A/Part 71)
Standard Time Law 15USC260-267 (also at wikisource:United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 6/Subchapter IX)
hide
v
t
e
Time in the Americas
North America
Central America
South America
Caribbean
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
US Virgin Islands
hide
v
t
e
Time in the United States
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=864517471"
Categories:
Time in the United States
Geography of the United States
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2013
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Bahasa Indonesia
Русский
Українська
اردو
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 October 2018, at 18:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: United States Department of Transportation

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: United States Secretary of Transportation

values: Edit section: Standard time and daylight saving time

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values:
/wiki/New_York_(U.S._state)
mw-redirect
New York (U.S. state)

values: Edit section: Zones used in the contiguous U.S.

values:
/wiki/Mississippi_Valley
mw-redirect
Mississippi Valley

values:
/wiki/Idaho_panhandle
mw-redirect
Idaho panhandle

values: Edit section: Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.

values:
/wiki/Hawaii-Aleutian_Time_Zone
mw-redirect
Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone

values: Edit section: Antarctic research stations

values: Edit section: Boundaries between the zones

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Daylight saving time in the United States

values: Date and time notation in the United States

values:
/wiki/Clock_towers
mw-redirect
Clock towers

values: Category:Clock towers in the United States

values:
/wiki/List_of_time_zones_by_U.S._state
mw-redirect
List of time zones by U.S. state

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.time.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://OnTimeZone.com

values: Time in North America (page does not exist)

values: Time in Central America (page does not exist)

values: Time in South America (page does not exist)

values: Time in the Caribbean (page does not exist)

values:
*_North_America
*_Central_America
*_South_America
*_Caribbean

values: Time in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)

values: Time in the Bahamas (page does not exist)

values: Time in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)

values: Time in El Salvador (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)
mw-redirect
Territory (subdivision)

values: Time in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

values: Time in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)

values: Time in French Guiana (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Time_in_Greenland
mw-redirect
Time in Greenland

values: Time in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)

values: Time in Martinique (page does not exist)

values: Time in Montserrat (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Martin (France) (page does not exist)

values: Time in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)

values: Time in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)

values: Time in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)

values: Time in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)

values: Time in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)

values: Time in the United States Virgin Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expand navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Time in California (page does not exist)

values: Time in Connecticut (page does not exist)

values: Time in Georgia (U.S. state) (page does not exist)

values: Time in Mississippi (page does not exist)

values: Time in New Jersey (page does not exist)

values: Time in New Mexico (page does not exist)

values: Time in North Carolina (page does not exist)

values: Time in Pennsylvania (page does not exist)

values: Time in South Carolina (page does not exist)

values: Time in Washington (state) (page does not exist)

values: Time in West Virginia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Time_in_American_Samoa
mw-redirect
Time in American Samoa

values:
/wiki/Time_in_Guam
mw-redirect
Time in Guam

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সময়াঞ্চল – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে সময় – Bangla

values: Časová pásma ve Spojených státech amerických – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Zeitzonen in den Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Zonas horarias de los Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: زمان در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values: Tiidsônes yn de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: Zona waktu di Amerika Serikat – Indonesian

values: Время в США – Russian

values: Час у Сполучених Штатах Америки – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ریاستہائے متحدہ میں وقت – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Time_in_the_United_States rootpage-Time_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the fictional character. For the song, see Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song). For other uses, see Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation).
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers, Inc.
First appearance
1939
Created by
Robert L. May
Voiced by
Billie Mae Richards (TV series, 1964–2010)
Kathleen Barr (movie)
Information
Nickname(s)
Rudolph in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie: Red, Rudy, Rudy the Red nosed Reject, Neon-nose.
Species
Reindeer
Gender
Male
Title
The Red Nosed Reindeer
Family
Donner (father in 1964 film)
Mrs. Donner (mother in 1964 film)
Blitzen (father in 1998 film)
Mitzi (mother in 1998 film)
Rusty (brother in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen)
Arrow (cousin in 1998 film)
Comet, Cupid and Dasher (uncles in 1998 film)
Leroy, the Redneck Reindeer (cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name, on the album, Mr. Christmas)
Spouse(s)
Clarice (in 1964 film and 2001 film)/Zoey in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
Children
Robbie (son in the Robbie the Reindeer films)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, popularly known as "Santa's ninth reindeer", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives scrutiny for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather.
Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store.[1][2][3]
The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song, the iconic 1964 television special and sequels, and a feature film and sequel. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character[4] and the 50th anniversary of the television special.[5] A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 The story
3 In media
3.1 Theatrical cartoon short (1948)
3.2 Song (1949)
3.3 Comic books (beginning in 1950)
3.4 Children's book (1958)
3.5 Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)
3.6 Animated feature-length films
3.7 Other
4 Homages in media
4.1 Film
4.2 Games
4.3 Music
4.4 Television and webisodes
5 Relatives in different adaptations
5.1 Parents
5.2 Offspring
5.3 Siblings
5.4 Aunts, uncles, and cousins
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Publication history[edit]
Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer "Rollo" or "Reginald" before deciding upon using the name "Rudolph."[8] In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story.[9] The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas").[citation needed] Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.[citation needed]
While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. "Suddenly I had it!" he recalled. "A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight."[10]
The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930's popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw "cute reindeer", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.[11]
Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947[citation needed] and a sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, in 1954.[citation needed] In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947.[citation needed] In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp.[citation needed] Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph's Second Christmas (now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue).[12]
The story[edit]
The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph, a youthful reindeer buck (male) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose. Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait, Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening. Rudolph agrees, and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment.
In media[edit]
Theatrical cartoon short (1948)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)
Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948, in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written.[13] It was reissued in 1951 with the song added.[13]
Song (1949)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)
May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s.[14]
Comic books (beginning in 1950)[edit]
DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962.[15][16] Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories.[17]
In 1972, DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format. Subsequently, they published six more in that format: Limited Collectors' Edition C-24, C-33, C-42, C-50[18] and All-New Collectors' Edition C-53, C-60.[19]
Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980).[20] The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.[21][22]
Children's book (1958)[edit]
In 1958, Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book, similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short, is no longer in print,[citation needed] but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972.
Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)
Young Rudolph (right) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special.
Perhaps the most well-known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin/Bass Productions version of 1964.[citation needed] Filmed in Japan, with all sound recordings done in Toronto, Canada, the show premièred on NBC. As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book, they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song, one that differed from the book. This re-telling chronicles Rudolph's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home. Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey, who skipped elf practice to become a dentist, along with a loud, boisterous, eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth. Additional original characters include Rudolph's love interest, Clarice; the antagonistic "Abominable Snow Monster"; and, as narrator, the living Sam the Snowman, voiced by Burl Ives.
In the 1964 stop-motion movie, Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner's wife. He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny, glowing red nose. Donner, regardless of Rudolph's defect, trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the "Abominable Snow Monster", a giant, furry white beast. To hide Rudolph's nose, Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating. This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent, as told by the Rudolph's peers. A short time later, Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games, where he meets Fireball, who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head, and Clarice, a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph. Clarice's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying, but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose, revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him; this distraction, in turn, prompts the coach (Comet) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games. Clarice remains loyal to him, only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with "a red-nosed reindeer."
Rudolph soon runs into Hermey, an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole's toy factory; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry. They come to the conclusion that they're both misfits and decide to run away together. On their aimless journey, they run into Yukon Cornelius, the self-described "greatest prospector of the North" who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold, and attempt to stay away from the Bumble, a huge abominable snow monster. Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys, where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners. King Moonracer, the winged lion that lords over the Island, refuses to let them stay there permanently, instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys' plight, in exchange for one night's stay on the island. Rudolph refuses the offer and, fearing for his friends' life, runs off alone.
A now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.
After the story's initial broadcast, its closing credits were revised. Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below, where they were found by children who loved them. The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy. The special now airs annually on CBS, rather than NBC, and is hailed as a classic by many. The special's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status, and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing.
The sequel Rudolph's Shiny New Year (premier air date December 10, 1976) continued the reindeer's journeys, and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature-length film Christmas in July, which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin/Bass's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman.
Animated feature-length films[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) is an animated feature film. It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video. Its inclusion of a villain, a love interest, a sidekick, and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin/Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song (the characters of Stormella, Zoey, Arrow, Slyly, and Leonard parallel the Rankin/Bass characters of the Bumble, Clarice, Fireball, Hermey, and Yukon, respectively). The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph's harassment by his schoolmates (primarily his cousin Arrow) during his formative years.
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys
GoodTimes Entertainment, the producers of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001). Unlike the previous film, the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin/Bass special (as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin/Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use).
Role
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
(1998)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer:
The Island of Misfit Toys
(2001)
Director
William R. Kowalchuk
Producer
Writer
Michael Aschner
Composer
Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B
Editor
Tom Hok Lennie Nelson
Production Companies
GoodTimes Entertainment
Golden Books Family Entertainment
Tundra Productions
Distributor
Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment
Running Time
80 minutes 74 minutes
Release Date
October 6, 1998 October 30, 2001
Other[edit]
A live-action version of Rudolph (complete with glowing nose) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special, "Last Christmas" which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014.[23] In this special, Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose.
Nathaniel Dominy, an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College (Robert L. May's alma mater), published a scholarly paper on Rudolph's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015. In the paper, Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans, allowing them to see ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light, however, is much more easily scattered in fog, which would blind reindeer. Thus, Rudolph's red nose, emitting longer-wavelength red light, would penetrate the fog more easily. A summary of Dominy's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22.[24]
Homages in media[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)
Film[edit]
In the film remake of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Grinch disguises his dog, Max, as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville, to stop Christmas from coming. He also changes Rudolph's story saying, he hates Christmas and is gonna steal it. He then yells "Action!" through a megaphone. But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him.
In the film Fred Claus (2007), Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen, although his red nose is not glowing. Fred (Vince Vaughn) is filling in for his injured brother Nick (Paul Giamatti) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve. While en route, he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to "shake it off". There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries. Willie the elf says, "Fred, I have a bad feeling about this", followed by a shot of the full moon. The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera. Here, you can see Rudolph leading the pack. In slow motion, you can clearly count nine reindeer.
Games[edit]
Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two (2008) during a tutorial video about the use of the game's Aggro feature.
In Guild Wars Nightfall (2006), player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest.
Music[edit]
Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys' song "Little Saint Nick" (1963) in the following lyric: "Now haulin' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead."[25]
"Run Rudolph Run" (1958) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music (ASCAP). The song was released as a single on Chess Records (label no. 1714) and has since been covered by numerous other artists, sometimes under the title "Run, Run, Rudolph". The song is a 12-bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry's popular and recognizable song, "Johnny B. Goode" (1958);[citation needed] it is also melodically identical to Berry's "Little Queenie" (1959).[citation needed]
In Ray Stevens' novelty song "Santa Claus Is Watching You" (1962), Rudolph is replaced on Santa's team by "Clyde the Camel", a character from Steven's earlier hit, "Ahab the Arab". In the original version, aimed at children in a similar fashion to "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during "a twist contest"; a later version, warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching, has Rudolph on a "stakeout at (the lover's) house".
Television and webisodes[edit]
In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode, "Songtaran Carols" (2012), the Sontaran warrior-nurse-detective, Strax, stated: "Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose. It proved to be a tactical disadvantage, because it enabled me to punch him in the dark."
Rudolph along with Donner and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special, Last Christmas.
The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper, a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve, who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose. However his background and story is otherwise very different.
MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin-Bass special called Raging Rudolph. Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose, and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius (a hitman in the special) to kill and decapitate Santa. Rudolph then takes over the North Pole. A sequel to the skit, The Reinfather, shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman's death in a nod to The Godfather.
Relatives in different adaptations[edit]
Main article: Santa Claus's reindeer § Additional reindeer
Parents[edit]
Robert L. May's original book does not name Rudolph's parents.
The animated specials produced by both Rankin/Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents:
In Rankin/Bass's holiday special, he is Donner's son, and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner.
In GoodTimes' retelling, Rudolph's father is Blitzen, and his mother is named Mitzi.
Offspring[edit]
Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph's son, Robbie the Reindeer. However, Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name (references are replaced by the first and second films' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase, "Don't say that name!", or something similar, presumably for copyright reasons.)
Siblings[edit]
Rudolph is also given a younger brother, Rusty Reindeer, in the American special, Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006). Unlike in the "Robbie the Reindeer" cartoons, Rudolph's name is mentioned in the film.
Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity.
Aunts, uncles, and cousins[edit]
Rudolph has a cousin, Leroy, in Joe Diffie's 1995 song, "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer" (1995), which tells the story of Leroy's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph, who was ill.
In GoodTimes' retelling, three of Santa's reindeer (Dasher, Comet, and Cupid) are his uncles, and Cupid's son Arrow is Rudolph's cousin and rival.
See also[edit]
Holidays portal
Santa Claus
Santa Claus's reindeer
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (December 19, 2010). "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ramer, Holly; Talbot, Toby (photo) (December 23, 2011). "Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history". Hanover, NH: Associated Press. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kim, Wook (December 17, 2012). "Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Parrella, Andrew (December 18, 2014). "From The Archives: Rudolph Turns 75". New Hampshire Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary". CBS News. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval". United States Postal Service. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the nation’s longest-running and highest-rated Christmas television special 'went down in history' to receive its stamp of approval today. The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph, Hermey, Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964.
Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html
Jump up ^ "Old Fashioned Christmas". University Place/Wisconsin Historical Society. December 12, 2010. 0:28 minutes in. Wisconsin Public Television.
Jump up ^ Moreau, Jennifer (December 24, 2010). "Rudolph's Burnaby roots". Burnaby Now. p. A11.
Jump up ^ Powell, J. Mark. "The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ Chow, Wanda (December 2010). "How Rudolph the reindeer came to be". Burnaby Now: A3.
Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl=
^ Jump up to: a b "Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Restoration". Animation World Network. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. Jackson; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Simon and Schuster. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Alex (2010). "1950s". In Dolan, Hannah. DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Christmas special. Following the success of the famous song (released in 1949), DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures...The Christmas Special would continue until 1962, and then return from 1972–1977.
Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ Markstein, Don. "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Limited Collectors' Edition #C-20, #C-24, #C-33, #C-42, and #C-50 at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ All-New Collectors' Edition #C-53 and #C-60 at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ "The Best of DC #4". Grand Comics Database. 1980.
Jump up ^ Markstein, Don (2006). "Sheldon Mayer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011. [Mayer] also worked on several tabloid-formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s, including the company's first use of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Mark (December 2012). "You Know Dasher and Dancer: Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer". Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (61): 7–10.
Jump up ^ "Doctor Who". BBC. December 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014. In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure… and his reindeer!
Jump up ^ Ramer, Holly (December 22, 2015). "Rudolph's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue". Associated Press. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Little Saint Nick" Lyrics". Lyricsfreak.com. n.d. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book
Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948)
Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948) Full Film (public domain footage)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer on IMDb
Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Jam Handy) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Rankin/Bass) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Preceded by
"Mule Train" by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number-one single
January 7, 1950 (Gene Autry) Succeeded by
"I Can Dream, Can't I" by The Andrews Sisters
[show]
v
t
e
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Music
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
"Run Rudolph Run"
Film and television
adaptations
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film short)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964 TV special)
Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976 TV special)
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979 TV film)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998 film)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001 made-for-video film)
Related
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game)
Santa Claus's reindeer
Robert L. May
[show]
v
t
e
Christmas
Christmas Eve
Children's Day
Boxing Day
Nochebuena
Saint Nicholas Day
St. Stephen's Day
Sol Invictus
Yule
In
Christianity
Biblical Magi
Adoration of the Magi
Adoration of the Shepherds
Advent
Angel Gabriel
Annunciation
Annunciation to the shepherds
Baptism of the Lord
Bethlehem
Christingle
Christmastide
Epiphany
Herod the Great
Jesus
Joseph
Mary
Massacre of the Innocents
flight into Egypt
Nativity Fast
Nativity of Jesus
in art
in later culture
Nativity scene
Saint Nicholas
Star of Bethlehem
Twelfth Night
In folklore
Badalisc
La Befana
Belsnickel
Caganer
Christkind
Ded Moroz
Elves
Father Christmas
Grýla
Jack Frost
Joulupukki
Knecht Ruprecht
Korvatunturi
Krampus
Mikulás
Miner's figure
Mrs. Claus
Nisse/Tomte
North Pole
Old Man Winter
Olentzero
Père Fouettard
Père Noël
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Saint Lucy
Santa's reindeer
Santa's workshop
Sinterklaas
Tió de Nadal
Vertep
Yule Cat
Yule Lads
Zwarte Piet
Gift-bringers
Saint Nicholas
Santa Claus
List of Christmas gift-bringers by country
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Advent wreath
Boar's Head Feast
Candle arches
Cards
Carols by Candlelight
Cavalcade of Magi
Crackers
Decorations
Events and celebrations
Feast of the Seven Fishes
Flying Santa
Google Santa Tracker
Hampers
Las Posadas
Letters
Lights
Lord of Misrule
Markets
Meals and feasts
Moravian star
Nine Lessons and Carols
NORAD Tracks Santa
Nutcrackers
dolls
Ornaments
Parades
list
Piñatas
Pyramids
Räuchermann
Seals
Secret Santa
Spanbaum
Stamps
Stockings
Tree
Twelve Days
Wassailing
Windows
Yule Goat
Yule log
By country
Australia and New Zealand
Denmark
Germany
Hawaii
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Ireland
Mexico
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Sweden
Ukraine
Music
Carols
list
Hit singles UK
Hit singles US
Music books
Carols for Choirs
The Oxford Book of Carols
The New Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
Other media
Films
Poetry
"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight"
"A Visit from St. Nicholas"
Television
specials
Yule Log
In
modern
society
Advent Conspiracy
Black Friday (partying)
Black Friday (shopping)
Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
Christmas club
Christmas creep
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Lectures
Christmas Mountains
Christmas truce
Controversies
Cyber Monday
Economics
Giving Tuesday
El Gordo
Holiday season
In July
In August
Leon Day
NBA games
NFL games
Puritan New England
American Civil War
Post-War United States
Running of the Santas
SantaCon
Santa's Candy Castle
Small Business Saturday
Super Saturday
Virginia O'Hanlon
White Christmas
Winter festivals
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Xmas
Food and
drink
Dinner
Joulupöytä
Julebord
Kūčios
Réveillon
Twelve-dish supper
Smörgåsbord
Wigilia
Sweets
bûche de Noël
Cake
Candy cane
Cookies
Fruitcake
Gingerbread
Kourabiedes
Melomakarono
Mince pie
Pavlova
Pecan pie
Pumpkin pie
Pudding
Rosca de reyes
Szaloncukor
Turrón
Soup
Menudo
Sauce
Cranberry sauce
Beverages
Apple cider
Champurrado
Eggnog
Mulled wine
Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumpling
Hallaca
Tamale
Meat
Ham
Roast goose
Romeritos
Turkey
Stuffing
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer&oldid=825841007"
Categories:
Christmas children's books
Christian folklore
Fictional characters introduced in 1939
Fictional deer and moose
Montgomery Ward
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Santa's helpers
Holiday characters
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from February 2014
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Articles with trivia sections from November 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Ænglisc
Brezhoneg
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 February 2018, at 18:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: darkred; color: #FFFFFF;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer Marion Books.jpg

values: text-align:center;background: darkred; color: #FFFFFF;

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie

values: Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Robert_Lewis_May
mw-redirect
Robert Lewis May

values:
/wiki/Winter_weather
mw-redirect
Winter weather

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Theatrical cartoon short (1948)

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)

values: Edit section: Comic books (beginning in 1950)

values: Edit section: Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

values:
/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman_(TV_special)
mw-redirect
Frosty the Snowman (TV special)

values: Edit section: Animated feature-length films

values:
/wiki/CGI_animated
mw-redirect
CGI animated

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)

values:
/wiki/Christmas_song
mw-redirect
Christmas song

values:
/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town
mw-redirect
Santa Claus Is Coming to Town

values:
/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper
mw-redirect
Tony Tony Chopper

values:
/wiki/The_Godfather_(film)
mw-redirect
The Godfather (film)

values: Edit section: Relatives in different adaptations

values:
/wiki/Blitzen_the_Reindeer
mw-redirect
Blitzen the Reindeer

values: Edit section: Aunts, uncles, and cousins

values:
/wiki/Leroy_the_Redneck_Reindeer
mw-redirect
Leroy the Redneck Reindeer

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (video game)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.comics.org/series/703

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.comics.org/series/20874

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.toonopedia.com/rudolph.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/245191/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/245181/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/68948/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/245184/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/245187/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/245192/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/68933/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.comics.org/issue/34179/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.toonopedia.com/sh_mayer.htm

values: commons:Category:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.characterarts.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.cbs.com/specials/rudolph/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156031/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://xmasflix.com

values:
/wiki/Best_Sellers_in_Stores
mw-redirect
Best Sellers in Stores

values:
/wiki/I_Can_Dream,_Can%27t_I
mw-redirect
I Can Dream, Can't I

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day
mw-redirect
St. Stephen's Day

values:
/wiki/Old_Man_Winter
mw-redirect
Old Man Winter

values: List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country

values: Category:Christmas events and celebrations

values: List of Christmas and holiday season parades

values:
/wiki/Christmas_in_Denmark
mw-redirect
Christmas in Denmark

values: List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom

values: List of popular Christmas singles in the United States

values:
/wiki/Leon_Day_(holiday)
mw-redirect
Leon Day (holiday)

values: National Basketball Association Christmas games

values: National Football League Christmas games

values: List of multinational festivals and holidays

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1939

values: Category:Use mdy dates from February 2014

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with trivia sections from November 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Hrodulf se rēadnosoda hrāndēor – Old English

values: Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer – German

values: رودولف گوزن بینی قرمز – Persian

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer – Indonesian

values: Rudolph la renna dal naso rosso – Italian

values: רודולף אדום האף – Hebrew

values: ルドルフ 赤鼻のトナカイ – Japanese

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Rudolph, a Rena do Nariz Vermelho – Portuguese

values: Рудольф (олень) – Russian

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer – Simple English

values: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer – Tagalog

values: กวางรูดอล์ฟ – Thai

values: Рудольф — червононосий північний олень – Ukrainian

values: 紅鼻子馴鹿魯道夫 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer rootpage-Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer skin-vector action-view