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West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
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West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
পশ্চিমবঙ্গ উচ্চমাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা সংসদ
The Logo of the Council
Abbreviation
WBCHSE
Established
1975
Type
Governmental organization
Headquarters
'Vidyasagar Bhavan', Salt Lake, Kolkata - 700 091
Website
http://www.wbchse.nic.in
West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (Bengali:পশ্চিমবঙ্গ উচ্চমাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা সংসদ) is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 12 examination (or Higher secondary level or Pre-university level examination) of West Bengal, India. The examination for the 12th standard is called the Uchcha Madhyamik (Bengali:উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক ) or Higher Secondary examination (Also known by its acronym H.S. or 10+2). The Higher Secondary examination is conducted annually and simultaneously all over the state of West Bengal and also in affiliates of the board located outside West Bengal, elsewhere in India.
It has its headquarters at Vidyasagar Bhavan, Salt Lake City, in Kolkata, India. Besides it main office it has 3 other offices at Bidhannagar, Karunamoyee, Kolkata along with other 4 regional offices.
See also[edit]
West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
School Education Department, West Bengal
West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education
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text:
Surface roughness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The basic symbol of surface roughness
Digital Holographic Microscope measuring hip prosthesis roughness
Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface. However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.
Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its environment. In tribology, rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities on the surface may form nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than scale specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful predictions of mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness [1] and static friction.[2]
Although a high roughness value is often undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to control in manufacturing. For example, it is difficult and expensive to control surface roughness of fused deposition modelling (FDM) manufactured parts.[3] Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its manufacturing cost. This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application.
Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" (a sample of known surface roughness), but more generally a surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer. These can be of the contact variety (typically a diamond stylus) or optical (e.g.: a white light interferometer or laser scanning confocal microscope).
However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss surface can be too shiny to the eye and too slippery to the finger (a touchpad is a good example) so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where both amplitude and frequency are very important.
Contents
[hide]
1 Parameters
1.1 Profile roughness parameters
1.1.1 Amplitude parameters
1.1.2 Slope, spacing, and counting parameters
1.1.3 Bearing ratio curve parameters
1.1.4 Fractal theory
1.2 Areal roughness parameters
2 Soil-surface roughness
3 Practical effects
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Parameters[edit]
It has been suggested that portions of Surface metrology#Roughness parameters be split from it and merged into this section. (Discuss) (May 2014)
A roughness value can either be calculated on a profile (line) or on a surface (area). The profile roughness parameter (Ra, Rq,...) are more common. The area roughness parameters (Sa, Sq,...) give more significant values.
Profile roughness parameters[edit]
Each of the roughness parameters are calculated using a formula for describing the surface. Standard references that describe each in detail are Surfaces and their Measurement.[4]
The profile roughness parameters are included in BS EN ISO 4287:2000 British standard, identical with the ISO 4287:1997 standard.[5] The standard is based on the ″M″ (mean line) system.
There are many different roughness parameters in use, but R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} is by far the most common, though this is often for historical reasons and not for particular merit, as the early roughness meters could only measure R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} . Other common parameters include R z {\displaystyle R_{\text{z}}} , R q {\displaystyle R_{\text{q}}} , and R sk {\displaystyle R_{\text{sk}}} . Some parameters are used only in certain industries or within certain countries. For example, the R k {\displaystyle R_{\text{k}}} family of parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the Motif parameters are used primarily in the French automotive industry.[6] The MOTIF method provides a graphical evaluation of a surface profile without filtering waviness from roughness. A motif consists of the portion of a profile between two peaks and the final combinations of these motifs eliminate ″insignificant″ peaks and retains ″significant″ ones. Please note that Ra is a dimensional unit that can be micrometer or microinch.
Since these parameters reduce all of the information in a profile to a single number, great care must be taken in applying and interpreting them. Small changes in how the raw profile data is filtered, how the mean line is calculated, and the physics of the measurement can greatly affect the calculated parameter. With modern digital equipment, the scan can be evaluated to make sure there are no obvious glitches that skew the values.
Because it may not be obvious to many users what each of the measurements really mean, a simulation tool allows a user to adjust key parameters, visualizing how surfaces which are obviously different to the human eye are differentiated by the measurements. For example, R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} fails to distinguish between two surfaces where one is composed of peaks on an otherwise smooth surface and the other is composed of troughs of the same amplitude. Such tools can be found in app format.[7]
By convention every 2D roughness parameter is a capital R followed by additional characters in the subscript. The subscript identifies the formula that was used, and the R means that the formula was applied to a 2D roughness profile. Different capital letters imply that the formula was applied to a different profile. For example, Ra is the arithmetic average of the roughness profile, Pa is the arithmetic average of the unfiltered raw profile, and Sa is the arithmetic average of the 3D roughness.
Each of the formulas listed in the tables assume that the roughness profile has been filtered from the raw profile data and the mean line has been calculated. The roughness profile contains n {\displaystyle n} ordered, equally spaced points along the trace, and y i {\displaystyle y_{i}} is the vertical distance from the mean line to the i th {\displaystyle i^{\text{th}}} data point. Height is assumed to be positive in the up direction, away from the bulk material.
Amplitude parameters[edit]
Amplitude parameters characterize the surface based on the vertical deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line. Many of them are closely related to the parameters found in statistics for characterizing population samples. For example, R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} is the arithmetic average value of filtered roughness profile determined from deviations about the center line within the evaluation length and Rt is the range of the collected roughness data points.
The arithmetic average roughness, R a {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}} , is the most widely used one-dimensional roughness parameter.
Parameter
Description
Formula
Ra,[8] Raa, Ryni arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile R a = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n | y i | {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|y_{i}\right|} [8]
Rq, RRMS[8] root mean squared R q = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n y i 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{q}}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}^{2}}}} [8]
Rv maximum valley depth R v = min i y i {\displaystyle R_{\text{v}}=\min _{i}y_{i}}
Rp maximum peak height R p = max i y i {\displaystyle R_{\text{p}}=\max _{i}y_{i}}
Rt, Ry Maximum Height of the Profile R t = R p − R v {\displaystyle R_{\text{t}}=R_{\text{p}}-R_{\text{v}}}
Rsk skewness R sk = 1 n R q 3 ∑ i = 1 n y i 3 {\displaystyle R_{\text{sk}}={\frac {1}{nR_{\text{q}}^{3}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}^{3}}
Rku kurtosis R ku = 1 n R q 4 ∑ i = 1 n y i 4 {\displaystyle R_{\text{ku}}={\frac {1}{nR_{\text{q}}^{4}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}y_{i}^{4}}
RzDIN, Rtm average distance between the highest peak and lowest valley in each sampling length, ASME Y14.36M - 1996 Surface Texture Symbols R zDIN = 1 s ∑ i = 1 s R t i {\displaystyle R_{\text{zDIN}}={\frac {1}{s}}\sum _{i=1}^{s}R_{{\text{t}}i}} , where s {\displaystyle s} is the number of sampling lengths, and R t i {\displaystyle R_{{\text{t}}i}} is R t {\displaystyle R_{\text{t}}} for the i th {\displaystyle i^{\text{th}}} sampling length.
RzJIS Japanese Industrial Standard for R z {\displaystyle R_{\text{z}}} , based on the five highest peaks and lowest valleys over the entire sampling length. R zJIS = 1 5 ∑ i = 1 5 R p i − R v i {\displaystyle R_{\text{zJIS}}={\frac {1}{5}}\sum _{i=1}^{5}R_{{\text{p}}i}-R_{{\text{v}}i}} , where R p i {\displaystyle R_{{\text{p}}i}} and R v i {\displaystyle R_{{\text{v}}i}} are the i th {\displaystyle i^{\text{th}}} highest peak, and lowest valley respectively.
Here is a common conversion table with also roughness grade numbers:
Roughness N
ISO Grade Numbers
Roughness values Ra
micrometers (µm)
Roughness values Ra
microinches (µin.)
RMS
CLA (µin.)
Center Line Avg.
Rt
Roughness (µm)
N12 50 2000 2200 2000 200
N11 25 1000 1100 1000 100
N10 12.5 500 550 500 50
N9 6.3 250 275 250 25
N8 3.2 125 137.5 125 13
N7 1.6 63 64.3 63 8
N6 0.8 32 32.5 32 4
N5 0.4 16 17.6 16 2
N4 0.2 8 8.8 8 1.2
N3 0.1 4 4.4 4 0.8
N2 0.05 2 2.2 2 0.5
N1 0.025 1 1.1 1 0.3
Slope, spacing, and counting parameters[edit]
Slope parameters describe characteristics of the slope of the roughness profile. Spacing and counting parameters describe how often the profile crosses certain thresholds. These parameters are often used to describe repetitive roughness profiles, such as those produced by turning on a lathe.
Parameter
Description
Formula
Rdq, R Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } q the RMS slope of the profile within the sampling length R d q = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N Δ i 2 {\displaystyle R_{dq}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\Delta _{i}^{2}}}}
Rda, R Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } a the average absolute slope of the profile within the sampling length R d a = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N | Δ i | {\displaystyle R_{da}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}|\Delta _{i}|}
Δ i {\displaystyle \Delta _{i}\!} where delta i is calculated according to ASME B46.1 and is a 5th order Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter Δ i = 1 60 d x ( y i + 3 − 9 y i + 2 + 45 y i + 1 − 45 y i − 1 + 9 y i − 2 − y i − 3 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{i}={\frac {1}{60dx}}(y_{i+3}-9y_{i+2}+45y_{i+1}-45y_{i-1}+9y_{i-2}-y_{i-3})}
Other "frequency" parameters are Sm, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } a and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } q. Sm is the mean spacing between peaks. Just as with real mountains it is important to define a "peak". For Sm the surface must have dipped below the mean surface before rising again to a new peak. The average wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } a and the root mean square wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } q are derived from Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } a. When trying to understand a surface that depends on both amplitude and frequency it is not obvious which pair of metrics optimally describes the balance, so a statistical analysis of pairs of measurements can be performed (e.g.: Rz and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } a or Ra and Sm) to find the strongest correlation.
Common conversions:
Bearing ratio curve parameters[edit]
These parameters are based on the bearing ratio curve (also known as the Abbott-Firestone curve.) This includes the Rk family of parameters.
Sketches depicting surfaces with negative and positive skew. The roughness trace is on the left, the amplitude distribution curve is in the middle, and the bearing area curve (Abbott-Firestone curve) is on the right.
Fractal theory[edit]
The mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot has pointed out the connection between surface roughness and fractal dimension.[9] The description provided by a fractal at the microroughness level may allow the control of the material properties and the type of the occurring chip formation. But fractals cannot provide a full-scale representation of a typical machined surface affected by tool feed marks, it ignores the geometry of the cutting edge. (J. Paulo Davim, 2010, op.cit.).
Areal roughness parameters[edit]
Further information: ISO 25178: Geometric Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: areal
Areal roughness parameters are defined in the ISO 25178 series. The resulting values are Sa, Sq, Sz,... Many optical measurement instruments are able to measure the surface roughness over an area. Area measurements are also possible with contact measurement systems. Multiple, closely spaced 2D scans are taken of the target area. These are then digitally stitched together using relevant software, resulting in a 3D image and accompanying areal roughness parameters.
Soil-surface roughness[edit]
Soil-surface roughness (SSR) refers to the vertical variations present in the micro- and macro-relief of a soil surface, as well as their stochastic distribution. There are four distinct classes of SSR, each one of them representing a characteristic vertical length scale; the first class includes microrelief variations from individual soil grains to aggregates on the order of 0.053–2.0 mm; the second class consists of variations due to soil clods ranging between 2 and 100 mm; the third class of soil surface roughness is systematic elevation differences due to tillage, referred to as oriented roughness (OR), ranging between 100 and 300 mm; the fourth class includes planar curvature, or macro-scale topographic features[10].
The two first classes account for the so-called microroughness, which has been shown to be largely influenced on an event and seasonal timescale by rainfall and tillage, respectively. Microroughness is most commonly quantified by means of the Random Roughness, which is essentially the standard deviation of bed surface elevation data around the mean elevation, after correction for slope using the best-fit plane and removal of tillage effects in the individual height readings.[11] Rainfall impact can lead to either a decay or increase in microroughnesss, depending upon initial microroughness conditions and soil properties.[12] On rough soil surfaces, the action of rainsplash detachment tends to smoothen the edges of soil surface roughness, leading to an overall decrease in RR. However, a recent study which examined the response of smooth soil surfaces on rainfall showed that RR can considerably increase for low initial microroughness length scales in the order of 0 - 5 mm. It was also shown that the increase or decrease is consistent among various SSR indices [13].
Practical effects[edit]
Surface structure plays a key role in governing contact mechanics,[1] that is to say the mechanical behavior exhibited at an interface between two solid objects as they approach each other and transition from conditions of non-contact to full contact. In particular, normal contact stiffness is governed predominantly by asperity structures (roughness, surface slope and fractality) and material properties.
In terms of engineering surfaces, roughness is considered to be detrimental to part performance. As a consequence, most manufacturing prints establish an upper limit on roughness, but not a lower limit. An exception is in cylinder bores where oil is retained in the surface profile and a minimum roughness is required.[14]
Surface structure is often closely related to the friction and wear properties of a surface.[2] A surface with a higher fractal dimension, large R a {\displaystyle R_{a}} value, or a positive R s k {\displaystyle R_{sk}} , will usually have somewhat higher friction and wear quickly. The peaks in the roughness profile are not always the points of contact. The form and waviness (i.e. both amplitude and frequency) must also be considered.
See also[edit]
Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)
Rugosity
Normal contact stiffness
Surface finish
Surface metrology
Surface roughness measurement ISO 25178
Waviness
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Zhai, C.; Gan, Y.; Hanaor, D.; Proust, G.; Retraint, D. (2016). "The Role of Surface Structure in Normal Contact Stiffness" (PDF). Experimental Mechanics. 56 (3): 359–368. doi:10.1007/s11340-015-0107-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanaor, D.; Gan, Y.; Einav, I. (2016). "Static friction at fractal interfaces". Tribology International. 93: 229–238.
Jump up ^ http://manufacturingscience.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2475087
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (2012). Surfaces and their Measurement. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0080972015.
Jump up ^ BS EN ISO 4287:2000, Geometrical product specification (GPS). Surface texture. Profile method. Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
Jump up ^ Dietzsch M., Papenfluss K., Hartmann, T. The MOTIF method (ISO 12085: 1996)- A suitable description for functional, manufactural and metrological requirements, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 1998, 38, No 5-6, pp. 625-632
Jump up ^ Abbott, Steven. "SPE (Surface Profile Explorer)". AbbottApps. Steven Abbott TCNF Ltd. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, p. 223, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Jump up ^ Den Outer, A.; Kaashoek, J.F.; Hack, H.R.G.K. (1995). "Difficulties of using continuous fractal theory for discontinuity surfaces". International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts. 32 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1016/0148-9062(94)00025-X.
Jump up ^ Römkens, M.J.M; Helming, K; Prasad, S.N. "Soil erosion under different rainfall intensities, surface roughness, and soil water regimes". CATENA. 46 (2-3): 103–123. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00161-8.
Jump up ^ Allmaras, R. R. (1966). Total Porosity and Random Roughness of the Interrow Zone as Influenced by Tillage. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Jump up ^ K. N. Potter; Potter, K. N. (1990). "SOIL PROPERTIES EFFECT ON RANDOM ROUGHNESS DECAY BY RAINFALL". Transactions of the ASAE. 33 (6): 1889–1892. doi:10.13031/2013.31554.
Jump up ^ Abban, B. K. B.; Papanicolaou, A. N. (.; Giannopoulos, C. P.; Dermisis, D. C.; Wacha, K. M.; Wilson, C. G.; Elhakeem, M. (2017-09-28). "Quantifying the changes of soil surface microroughness due to rainfall impact on a smooth surface". Nonlin. Processes Geophys. 24 (3): 569–579. doi:10.5194/npg-24-569-2017. ISSN 1607-7946.
Jump up ^ http://www.enginebuildermag.com/2000/09/cylinder-bore-surface-finishes/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surface roughness.
Look up surface roughness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Surface Metrology Guide
Roughness terminology
Ra and Rz description
Surface Roughness (Finish) Review and Equations
SPE (Surface Profile Explorer)
Enache, Ştefănuţă,La qualité des surfaces usinées (Transl.: Quality of machined surfaces).Dunod, Paris,1972, 343 pp.
Husu, A.P., Vitenberg, Iu.,R., Palmov, V. A., Sherohovatost poverhnostei (Teoretiko-veroiatnostnii podhod) (Transl.: Surface roughness (theoretical-probabilistic approach)), Izdatelstvo "Nauka", Moskva, 1975, 342 pp.
Davim, J. Paulo, Surface Integrity in Machining, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010, ISBN 978-1-84882-873-5
Whitehouse, D. Handbook of Surface Metrology, Institute of Physics Publishing for Rank Taylor-Hobson Co.,Bristol 1996
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Strength of materials RS.kurmi
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text:
Urban rail transit in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bengaluru Metro
Chennai Metro
Chennai Suburban Railway
Chennai MRTS
Delhi Metro
Delhi Suburban Railway
Gurugram Metro
Pune Suburban Railway
Hyderabad Metro
Hyderabad MMTS
Jaipur Metro
Kochi Metro
Kolkata Metro
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata Tram
Lucknow Metro
Mumbai Metro
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Mumbai Monorail
Operational urban rail transit systems in India
Urban rail transit in India consists of suburban rail, rapid transit, monorail, light rail, and tram systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 Suburban railway
2 Metro
3 Monorail
4 Light rail
5 Tram
6 Rolling stock manufacturers
7 Legislation
8 See also
9 References
10 Notes
Suburban railway[edit]
Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Barabanki–Lucknow, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long distance trains. The suburban rail system of Chennai and Mumbai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long distance trains
The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country.
Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25kV AC.[1] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai account for about 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3 million train kilometres but contribute 53.2% of all railway passengers.[2] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems have led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Proposed to be scrapped
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes
Mumbai Suburban Railway Mumbai Maharashtra 16 April 1853 427.5 6 140 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE First suburban railway
Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata West Bengal 15 August 1854 1243 25 365+ 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE Largest suburban railway
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway Lucknow
Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 23 April 1867 72 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 April 1931 303 4 150+ 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE Largest Suburban Railway in South India
Delhi Suburban Railway Delhi Delhi 1 October 1975 85+ 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Pune Suburban Railway Pune Maharashtra 16 April 1978 63 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Hyderabad Telangana 9 August 2003 43 3 36 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway Barabanki
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 9 August 2013 36 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Pernem–Karwar Suburban Railway Goa
Karwar Goa, Karnataka 1 April 2015 100 1 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Bengaluru Commuter Rail Bengaluru Karnataka Planning 200 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Ahmedabad Gujarat Planning 52.96 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Coimbatore Suburban Railway Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Proposed 2 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge 25kV AC
OHE
Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi
Alwar Delhi, Rajasthan Proposed
Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi
Meerut Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Proposed
Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi
Panipat Delhi, Haryana Proposed
Metro[edit]
There are currently 11 operational rapid transit (also called 'metro') systems in ten cities in India. As of November 2017, India has 425 kilometres (264 miles) of operational metro lines and 347 stations. A further 500+ km of lines are under construction. Metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines but all new projects in India are on standard gauge as rolling stock imported is of standard gauge.
The first rapid transit system in India is Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country. The newest metro opened in Hyderabad Metro on 29 November 2017.
In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of 20 lakh (2 million).[3] On 11 August 2014, Union Government announced that it would provide financial assistance, for the implementation of a metro rail system, to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[4][5] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities. The majority of the planned projects will be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government will invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$77 billion).[6][7] In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[8] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to new metro rail project, unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[9][10][11]
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct
System
City
State
Opening
System Length (km)
No of Lines[a]
No of Stations[b]
Gauge
Traction
Notes
IO[c]
UC[d]
Planned[e]
Kolkata Metro Kolkata West Bengal 24 October 1984 27.22 113.42 1 24 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail First mass rapid transit /metro rail system in India and the 17th zone of the Indian Railways.Its First in India to have the Third rail for power supply and the first to use fully Made in India metro coaches by ICF & BEML, First metro in India to run under-water through tunnel line below Hooghly river.
Delhi Metro Delhi NCR Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh 24 December 2002 277 103[12] 111[13] 8 184 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE India's first modern rapid transit/metro system.
Namma Metro Bengaluru Karnataka 20 October 2011 42.30 34.37 57.07 2 41 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail First metro in southern India and also first to have the third rail for power supply in south India & to introduce Wi-Fi onboard trains.[14]
Rapid Metro Gurgaon Haryana 14 November 2013 11.7 1 11 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail India's first fully privately financed metro,[15] and the first metro system in the country to auction naming rights for its stations.[16]
Mumbai Metro Mumbai Maharashtra 8 June 2014 11.4 68.6 156.8 1 12 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE India's first public private partnership (PPP) metro system with Reliance group.
Jaipur Metro Jaipur Rajasthan 3 June 2015 9.63 2.4 23.01 1 9 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE Double-story elevated road and Metro track project for the first time in the country.
Chennai Metro Chennai Tamil Nadu 29 June 2015 35 18.52 104.4 2 26 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE First metro rail in the country to connect two lines {blue & green} through loop line to run direct service from the airport to central even though had interchange station at Alandur. First metro in India for underground stations with sliding doors.First Metro service in India to use ALSTOM coaches.
Kochi Metro Kochi Kerala 17 June 2017[17] 18.4 25.6 56.7 3 49 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail First Indian metro to go live with CBTC signalling.[18][19][20][21] The first metro in India to have QR code based ticket instead of tokens. First metro to had fully made in India Alstom coaches. The first metro in India to have theme-based stations.[21][22][23] the first government-owned company in India to formally appoint transgenders [24]. [25] First Indian Public Transport Organisation in the country to adopt an open-data approach and to Provide transit data in General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format [26][27] Kochi metro has India's first open-loop transit card (Kochi-1 card) for travel. [28]
Lucknow Metro Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 5 September 2017 8.5 33 140 2 33 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE The fastest built and commissioned metro system in the world.[29][30][31] Opened to the public on 5 September 2017.[32][33][34]
Hyderabad Metro Hyderabad Telangana 29 November 2017[35] 30 41.6 168 3 64 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE India's first metro to have CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems, i.e. driver less metro. Longest route length commissioned in the first phase among all metros(30☃☃km) . It is a Public-Private Partnership with L&T.
Nagpur Metro Nagpur Maharashtra May 2018[36] 43 93 2 42 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE Fastest built metro in India to reach at triastage, Trail run conducted on 30 September 2017[37]
Noida Metro Noida Uttar Pradesh September 2018[38] 29.7 1 22 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE Construction was started in late 2014.
Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar Gujarat December 2018[39] 19 37.766[40] 2 32 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail Construction began on 15 March 2015.[41]
Navi Mumbai Metro Navi Mumbai Maharashtra May 2019[42] 11.10 12.30[43] 1 20 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC OHE
Pune Metro Pune Maharashtra 2021[44] 60.51 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge Construction began in May 2017.[45]
Kanpur Metro Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2021 24 38 2 24 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25 kv AC OHE DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]
Visakhapatnam Metro Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2021 39 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A Govt. to take up the Project under PPP model, RFP invited and Tender may be awarded before June -2018.[47] DPR prepared and to be submitted.[48][49][50][51]
Surat Metro Surat Gujarat 2023[52] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A DPR submitted to the Union Cabinet.[53]
Patna Metro Patna Bihar 2022 60[54] 5 54 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 25kV AC OHE Work on Patna Metro Rail Project to begin in 2019[55]
Coimbatore Metro Coimbatore Tamil nadu 2022 3 24 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25 kv AC
OHE
DPR being prepared.[56]
Guwahati Metro Guwahati Assam 2022 61.4 TBD N/A DPR approved by the sate cabinet.[57]
Bhopal Metro Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2024[58] 85[58] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]
Agra Metro Agra Uttar Pradesh 2024[60][61][62] 27[63] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]
Meerut Metro Meerut Uttar Pradesh 2024[60][61][62] 30 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A DPR approved by the state cabinet on 17 January 2018.[46]
Varanasi Metro Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 2024[60][61][62] 25[64] [65] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A DPR approved by the state cabinet.[60][61][62]
Kozhikode Light Metro Kozhikode Kerala 2025[66] 22[66] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge N/A DPR prepared by DMRC; awaiting state cabinet approval.[67]
Indore Metro Indore Madhya Pradesh 2025[68] 107[69] 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 25kV AC DPR approved by state cabinet.[59]
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 2025[70] 22[70] TBD N/A DPR approved and submitted by DMRC in November 2017; awaiting state cabinet approval.[71]
Dehradun Metro Dehradun - Rishikesh - Haridwar Uttarakand 2025 73 2 TBD N/A DPR being prepared.[72][73]
Srinagar Metro Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir 2025 N/A N/A DPR being prepared.[74]
Greater Gwalior Metro Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 2025 105 N/A N/A DPR being prepared.
Jabalpur Metro Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 2025 N/A N/A DPR being prepared.
Greater Nashik Metro Nashik Maharashtra 2025 N/A N/A Proposed metro line which will connect Igatpuri, Deolali, Nashik Road, Nasik Central and Ozar Airport.
Western railway elevated corridor Mumbai Maharashtra 2025 63.27 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge N/A Rejected because of infeasibility.
Chandigarh Metro Chandigarh Tricity Punjab 37.5 TBD N/A Rejected because of commercial viability.[75]
Bareilly Metro Bareilly Uttar Pradesh Proposed
Ludhiana Metro Ludhiana Punjab Proposed
Allahabad Metro Allahabad Uttar Pradesh Proposed
Ranchi Metro Ranchi Jharkhand Proposed
Monorail[edit]
The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014 is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[76] Many other Indian cities have monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, in different phases of planning.
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Traction
Notes
Mumbai Monorail Mumbai Maharashtra 2 February 2014 8.26 1 7 750 V DC Third rail
Chennai Monorail Chennai Tamil Nadu 2018 57 3 37 Centre approved Chennai monorail project, to be implemented under DBFOT model.[77][78][79][80][81]
Kolkata Monorail Kolkata West Bengal 72 2
Allahabad Monorail Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 70.4 2
Bengaluru Monorail Bengaluru Karnataka 60
Delhi Monorail Delhi Delhi 90 6
Indore Monorail Indore Madhya Pradesh
Kanpur Monorail Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 63 3
Navi Mumbai Monorail Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 36.82 2
Patna Monorail Patna Bihar 32 4
Pune Monorail Pune Maharashtra 52 2
Ahmedabad Monorail Ahmedabad Gujarat 30 4
Aizawl Monorail Aizawl Mizoram
Bhubaneswar Monorail Bhubaneswar Odisha
Jodhpur Monorail Jodhpur Rajasthan [82][83][84][85][86]
Kota Monorail Kota Rajasthan [82][83][84][85][86]
Nagpur Monorail Nagpur Maharashtra 50 DPR is being prepared.[87]
Nashik Monorail Nashik Maharashtra 130 DPR is being prepared.
Hyderabad Monorail Hyderabad Telangana 15 Proposed.
Tiruchirappalli Monorail Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu Proposed.
Ranchi Monorail Ranchi Jharkhand Proposed.
Coimbatore Monorail Coimbatore Tamil Nadu Proposed.
Thiruvananthapuram Monorail Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Proposed.
Warangal Monorail Warangal Telangana Proposed.
Light rail[edit]
Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the Metro systems. Two light rail projects have been proposed respectively in Delhi and Kolkata. There would be a total number of 68 stations of light rail in India.
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes
Vijayawada Metro Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 2020 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge [88]
Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kolkata West Bengal 2 12 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 750 V DC Third rail
Delhi Light Rail Transit Delhi Delhi 45 3
Tram[edit]
Main article: Trams in India
In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Trams in Kolkata is currently the only tram system in the country. The Calcutta Tramways Company (Now under WBTC) is in the process of upgrading the existing tramway network at a cost of ₹240 million (US$3.7 million).[89]
White background In service
Green background Under construction
Blue background In planning
Yellow background Proposed but not planned
Pink background Defunct
System
City
State
Opening Year
System Length (km)
No of Lines
No of Stations
Gauge
Traction
Notes
Kolkata Tram Kolkata West Bengal 1873 57.17 25 NA 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge 550 V DC
OHE First and only operational tram system in India
Rolling stock manufacturers[edit]
There are three metro rolling stock manufacturers in India. Bharat Earth Movers is the only Indian rolling stock manufacturer. The other manufacturers are the Indian subsidiaries of Canadian firm Bombardier and French company Alstom. Under the Union Government's Make in India program, 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[90]
Bharat Earth Movers
Bharat Earth Movers manufactures of Rolling Stock consortium with Hyundai Mitsubishi Rotem.
Delhi Metro – 200 coaches
Hyderabad Metro – 171 coaches
Namma Metro – 150 coaches
Kolkata Metro – 84 coaches
Jaipur Metro – 40 coaches
Nagpur metro - 9(On lease from Hyderabad metro)
Bombardier
Bombardier built a £26m factory in Savli, Gujarat after it won a contract to supply 614 cars to the Delhi Metro.[91] Production at Savli began in June 2009.[92] In June 2012, the plant won an order to supply semi-finished bogies to Australia.[92]
Alstom
In 2013, Alstom built a factory in Sri City, Andhra Pradesh after it won a €243 million contract to supply 168 cars to the Chennai Metro.[93] The 156-acre plant will be used to supply trains to cities in India and abroad.[94]
Chennai Metro – 168 coaches
Lucknow Metro – 80 coaches
Kochi Metro – 75 coaches
Integral Coach Factory
Integral Coach Factory manufactures Rolling Stock, ICF has manufactured "Medha Rakes" and is in the process of supplying them to various metro systems.
Others
Chinese firm CRRC is planning to set up a manufacturing plant in Nagpur, Maharashtra
Legislation[edit]
Main articles: The Metro Railways Act, 1978 and Metro Railway Act, 2002
The subject of Railways is in the Union List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, giving Parliament the exclusive power to enact legislation concerning it. According to former Minister of Urban Development Kamal Nath, "Since the Metro rail is a central subject, it has been decided that all such projects in the country, whether within one municipal area or beyond, shall be taken up under the Central Metro Acts."[95]
Construction of metros in India is governed by the centrally enacted The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978 which defines itself as an act to provide for the construction of works relating to metro railways in the metropolitan cities and for matters connected therewith.[96] Operation and maintenance of metros are governed by The Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Both laws were amended in 2009 with the passing of The Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 2009.[97] The amendment expanded the coverage of both the acts to all metropolitan areas of India.
Initially, state governments attempted to implement metro rail projects through various Tramways Act. However, the Commissioner of Railways Safety (CRS), who operates under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is tasked with providing safety certification for metro rail projects. The CRS refused safety certification unless the projects were implemented under a Metro Act enacted by the state government and published in The Gazette of India.[98] Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO), another railway entity, also refused certification to projects not implemented under the criteria. Subsequently, several state governments have enacted their own Metro Acts.[98]
See also[edit]
Trams in India
Rail transport in India
Skybus Metro
Urban rail transit
List of suburban and commuter rail systems
List of metro systems
List of monorail systems
List of tram and light rail transit systems
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Vijayawada Metro Rail will be ready by Aug 2018: AP CM". Web India 123. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Revised DPR for Surat metro rail project to be approved this month-endsoon - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Two Surat Metro routes approved". The Times of India. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Driverless metro rail proposed for Bhopal". The Times of India. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "MP Cabinet approves DPR for Metro rail in Bhopal and Indore". The Indian Express. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Singh, Priyanka (17 January 2018). "UP Cabinet gives go-ahead to the revised Metro DPRs of Agra, Kanpur and Meerut". The Times of India. Lucknow. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Metro projects in Agra, Kanpur, Meerut get nod". Hindustan Times. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Survey for Srinagar Metro to commence on April 1". The Indian Express. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "After Hanging in For Years, Chandigarh Metro Rail Project Finally Scrapped Off & Here's Why - Chandigarh Metro". chandigarhmetro.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Alstom completes in Lapa plant the first train for Chennai metro, in India". Alstom. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
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Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Indicates lines that are in operation for operational systems, lines that are under construction for under construction systems and proposed lines for proposed systems.
Jump up ^ Indicates stations that are in operation for operational systems, stations that are under construction for under construction systems and proposed stations for proposed systems.
Jump up ^ In Operation - The length of the system currently in operation.
Jump up ^ Under construction - The length of the system currently under construction.
Jump up ^ Planned - The length of the system currently planned to be built, but construction has not yet started.
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text:
Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off"
Single by Joe Nichols
from the album III
Released
August 1, 2005
Recorded
2005
Genre
Country
Length
3:07
Label
Universal South
Songwriter(s)
Gary Hannan
John Wiggins
Producer(s)
Buddy Cannon
Joe Nichols singles chronology
"What's a Guy Gotta Do"
(2004) "Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off"
(2005) "Size Matters (Someday)"
(2006)
"What's a Guy Gotta Do"
(2004) "Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off"
(2005) "Size Matters (Someday)"
(2006)
"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off" is a song written by Gary Hannan and John Wiggins and recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols. It was released in August 2005 as the first single from Nichols' album III. The song became Nichols' second number one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in late 2005.
One of the song's co-writers, John Wiggins performed with his sister Audrey in the mid-1990s as the country duo John & Audrey Wiggins.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Reception
3 Chart performance
3.1 Year-end charts
4 References
5 External links
Content[edit]
The song's narrator discusses how his grandmother carelessly misplaces her clothes when she drinks tequila.
Reception[edit]
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a negative rating, saying that it was "mind-numbingly inane."[1] In his review of the album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic discussed the song favorably, saying that while it has a "silly name and would seem like a throwaway novelty, it is genuinely funny". He also said that Nichols "delivers it with sly humor and a low-key swagger that shows more character, as a vocalist, than he did on his previous albums."[2]
Chart performance[edit]
The song debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart on the week ending August 6, 2005.
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 32
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[4] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2005)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 59
Chart (2006)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[6] 57
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coyne, Kevin John (August 29, 2005). "Joe Nichols - Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off". Country Universe. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Joe Nichols - "III"". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Joe Nichols Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Joe Nichols Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2005: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2006: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Joe Nichols
Studio albums
Joe Nichols
Man with a Memory
Revelation
III
Real Things
Old Things New
It's All Good
Crickets
Never Gets Old
Christmas albums
A Traditional Christmas
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Top 40 singles
"The Impossible"
"Brokenheartsville"
"She Only Smokes When She Drinks"
"Cool to Be a Fool"
"If Nobody Believed in You"
"What's a Guy Gotta Do"
"Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off"
"Size Matters (Someday)"
"I'll Wait for You"
"Another Side of You"
"It Ain't No Crime"
"Believers"
"Gimmie That Girl"
"The Shape I'm In"
"Take It Off"
"Sunny and 75"
"Yeah"
"Hard to Be Cool"
"Freaks Like Me"
Related topics
Discography
This 2000s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tequila_Makes_Her_Clothes_Fall_Off&oldid=847150371"
Categories:
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Show Dog-Universal Music singles
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