text:
The Kitchen (talk show)
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017)
The Kitchen
Genre
Talk show
Presented by
Sunny Anderson
Katie Lee
Jeff Mauro
Marcela Valladolid
Geoffrey Zakarian
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
15
No. of episodes
90+ (as of November 2015)[1]
Production
Producer(s)
BSTV Entertainment[2]
Release
Original network
Food Network
Original release
January 4, 2014 (2014-01-04) – present
Chronology
Followed by
Kitchen Sink
External links
The Kitchen: Food Network
bstventertainment.com
The Kitchen is a cooking-themed talk show that airs on Food Network. The series is presented by Food Network chefs Sunny Anderson and Jeff Mauro (who also hosts the Cooking for Real and Sandwich King); as well as chef Katie Lee and Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian. The series premiered on January 4, 2014 (2014-01-04).[3]
On February 20, 2014 (2014-02-20), it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season,[4] which began airing on April 19, 2014 (2014-04-19).[1] The series is currently in its fifteenth season, which began airing on October 14th, 2017. .[5]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Ceremony
Category
Work
Result
2015[6] Daytime Emmy Outstanding Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design N/A Nominated
Outstanding Talk Show / Informative N/A Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Kitchen (TV Series 2014– ) - Episodes - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Kitchen (TV Series 2014– ) - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Kitchen". The Kitchen. Season 1. Episode 1. January 4, 2014. Food Network. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (February 20, 2014). "Food Network Renews Weekly Cooking Show 'The Kitchen' (Exclusive) - TheWrap". The Wrap. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Kitchen (TV Series 2014– ) - Episodes - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMYOF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCESThe 42nd ANNUALDAYTIME EMMY®AWARDNOMINATIONS | The Emmy Awards - The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Daytime Emmy Award. National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 31, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Kitchen on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
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Food Network original programming
Current
Barefoot Contessa (since 2002)
Beat Bobby Flay (since 2014)
Brunch @ Bobby's (since 2010)
Cake Wars (since 2015)
Chopped (since 2009)
Chopped After Hours (since 2015)
Chopped Junior (since 2015)
Clash of the Grandmas (since 2015)
Cupcake Wars (since 2009)
Cutthroat Kitchen (since 2013)
Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives (since 2006)
Food Network Star (since 2005)
Food Network Star Kids (since 2016)
The Great Food Truck Race (since 2010)
Guilty Pleasures (since 2015)
Guy's Big Bite (since 2006)
Guy's Grocery Games (since 2013)
Halloween Baking Championship (since 2015)
Halloween Wars (since 2011)
Holiday Baking Championship (since 2014)
Kids Baking Championship (since 2015)
The Kitchen (since 2014)
Kitchen Sink (since 2016)
The Pioneer Woman (since 2011)
Spring Baking Championship (since 2015)
Top 5 Restaurants (since 2015)
Valerie's Home Cooking (since 2015)
Worst Bakers in America (since 2016)
Worst Cooks in America (since 2010)
Former
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Cooking Live (1997–2003)
Emeril Live (1997–2010)
Essence of Emeril (1994–2007)
Good Eats (1999–2012)
How to Boil Water (1993–2000)
2000s debuts
30 Minute Meals (2001–2012)
$40 a Day (2002–2005)
5 Ingredient Fix (2009–2011)
Ace of Cakes (2006–2011)
BBQ with Bobby Flay (2004–2007)
Boy Meets Grill (2002–2011)
Behind the Bash (2006)
Ask Aida (2008–2009)
The Best Thing I Ever Ate (2009–2011)
Big Daddy's House (2008–2011)
Chocolate with Jacques Torres (2002–2004)
Dinner: Impossible (2007–2010)
Everyday Italian (2003–2008)
Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin (2009–2010)
Feasting on Asphalt (2006–2008)
Food 911 (2000–2006)
Food Network Challenge (2007–2011)
Giada at Home (2008–2015)
Giada's Weekend Getaways (2007–2008)
Glutton for Punishment (2007–2011)
Good Deal with Dave Lieberman (2005–2007)
Ham on the Street (2006)
How'd That Get on My Plate? (2008)
Iron Chef America (2005–2014)
The Next Iron Chef (2007–2012)
Party Line with the Hearty Boys (2005–2006)
Paula's Best Dishes 2008–2013
Paula's Home Cooking 2002–2012
Private Chefs of Beverly Hills (2009–2011)
Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels (2005–2009)
Road Tasted (2006–2008)
The Secret Life of... (2002–2008)
Sara's Secrets (2002–2007)
Sugar Rush (2005–2007)
Ten Dollar Dinners (2009–2012)
Throwdown! with Bobby Flay (2006–2010)
Tyler's Ultimate (2003–2010)
Ultimate Recipe Showdown (2008–2010)
Unwrapped (2001–2011)
What Would Brian Boitano Make? (2009–2010)
Will Work for Food (2009)
2010s debuts
24 Hour Restaurant Battle (2010–2011)
$24 in 24 (2012)
Aarti Party (2010–2011)
America's Best Cook (2014)
BBQ Blitz (2015)
Buddy's Family Vacation (2016)
Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell (2012–2013)
Duff Till Dawn (2015)
Heat Seekers (2011–2012)
Kid in a Candy Store (2010–2011)
Kitchen Casino (2014)
Mystery Diners (2012–2016)
Patricia Heaton Parties (2015–2016)
Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off (2012–2014)
Restaurant Express (2013)
Restaurant: Impossible (2011–2016)
Restaurant Stakeout (2012–2014)
Rewrapped (2014)
Southern at Heart (2013–2016)
Sweet Genius (2011–2013)
See also: Food Network pilots and specials
This article relating to reality television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Motto
Aiding Business
Formation
1834
Type
Non-profit organization
Legal status
Foundation
Purpose
Economic
Headquarters
Kolkata, India
Region served
South Asia
Official language
English
Key People
Mr. Sutanu Ghosh(President) Mr. Chandra Sekhar Ghosh(President Designate) Mr. Indrajit Sen( Sr. Vice President) Mr. Subhodip Ghosh(Director General)
Website
www.bengalchamber.com
Formerly called
Calcutta Chamber of Commerce
The Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a chamber of commerce based in West Bengal, India.
Established in 1853, it is the only such institution in India.[1]
The organization has its headquarters at the former Royal Exchange in B. B. D. Bagh, Kolkata, which was once the residence of William bentick, the first Governor-General of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Membership
2 History
3 Notable people
4 List of Presidents
5 Notable corporate members
6 External links
7 Notes
Membership[edit]
The members include corporations and industries of all sizes, professionals, divisions of large multinational corporations and service industry organizations. The corporate members are drawn largely from the sectors of agriculture, engineering, textiles, leather, fast-moving consumer goods and customer services, and are not confined to West Bengal and the Eastern Region, but are from all over India.[1]
History[edit]
The Bengal Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1853, replacing the former Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, which was merged into the new organization. At the outset, it had eighty-six members in Calcutta and eighteen others. Its objects included[2] –
To establish just and equitable principles in trade;
To form a code or codes of practice to facilitate transaction of business;
To maintain uniformity in rules, regulations and usages of trade;
To communicate with Chambers of Commerce and other mercantile and public bodies throughout the world, and concert and promote measures for the protection of trade and traders.
On 30 November 1857, as a result of the Indian Mutiny, the Chamber appealed to the Government of India to send "a force of Europeans, either sailors or soldiers" to defend Akyab, as it considered the Arracan Battalion not to give enough protection. It was concerned about "the safety of the inhabitants and the security of the public treasury". The Secretary to the Government replied on 2 December, regretting that "there is no European force available at present."[3]
In 1876, at a time when silver was falling in value, chiefly due to the opening of new mines in the United States, the Bengal Chamber of Commerce was so concerned that it proposed that the Government of India should suspend the coining of silver. The Economist of 5 August 1876 reported that
The Chamber of Commerce of Bengal have resolved "that it is expedient for the government to suspend clause 19 of Act 23 of 1870, which makes it obligatory on the Indian Mint to receive all silver tendered for coinage... and that during such suspension it be unlawful to import coined rupees.[4]
The Chamber and its business were greatly disrupted by the partition of India and the partition of Bengal in 1947, with West Bengal becoming part of the new Union of India and East Bengal going to Pakistan. Despite this, changes in the Chamber were later described as "slow and incremental". New businesses joined the Chamber, and its first Indian President of the new era was elected in 1958. It developed from a gentlemen's club of able merchants whose chief concern was with trade into a modern organization with as much concern for industry as for trade. Whereas the officers and committee members had previously been the owners of capital, they were now more likely to be professional senior managers.[5]
Notable people[edit]
James Lyle Mackay, later first Earl of Inchcape, was elected president of the Chamber in 1890, and Ernest Cable in 1903,[6] followed by Sir Apcar Alexander Apcar KCSI from 1904 to 1907. Archibald Birkmyre (1875–1935) was vice-president, and John Jardine Paterson was President in 1966.[7]
In 2004, O. P. Jindal (1930–2005) was awarded the Chamber's Lifetime Achievement Award for his outstanding contribution to the Indian Steel Industry.[8]
List of Presidents[edit]
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with then President of the chamber H.D. Cumberbatch in January 1948.
John N. Bullen: 1865
Sir Alexander Wilson (1843–1907): 1885
Henry Blois Hawkins Turner (1839–1909): 1886–1887
James Lyle Mackay, later first Earl of Inchcape, 1890
Sir Allan Arthur (1857–1923): 1894–95, 1896–97, part of 1898, 1899–1900
Sir Montagu Cornish Turner (1853–1934): 1898, 1901, 1902
Sir George Henry Sutherland (1866–1937): 1900–1901
Ernest Cable, 1903
Sir Apcar Alexander Apcar KCSI, 1904 to 1907
Sir Ruthven Grey Monteath (1864–1949): 1914
Sir Francis Hugh Stewart (1869–1921): 1915
Sir Edward Hugh Bray (1874–1950): 1917
Sir Walter Erskine Crum (1874–1923): 1919–20
Sir Alexander Robertson Murray (1872–1956): 1920
Sir Campbell Rhodes (1874–1941): 1922
Sir Willoughby Langer Carey (1875–1933): 1923
Sir William Crawford Currie (1884–1961): 1924–1925
Sir John William Anderson Bell (1873–1938): 1926–1927
Sir Basil Eden Garth Eddis (1881–1971): 1927–1928
Sir Edward Charles Benthall (1893–1961): 1932 and 1936
Sir George Riddoch Campbell (1887–1965): 1935–36 and 1938–39
Sir (John) Henry Richardson (1889–1980): 1940
Sir (Robert) Renwick Haddow (1891–1946): 1942–43 and 1945–46
Sir John Henry Burder (1900–1988): 1943–1944
Sir Kenneth William Mealing (1895–1968): 1944–1945
Sir Harry Townend (1891–1976): 1946–1947
Sir Hugh Douglas Cumberbatch (1897–1951): 1947–1948
Sir Arthur Paul Benthall (1902–1992): 1948 and 1950
Sir Anthony Joseph Elkins (1904–1978): 1949
Sir Albert Ridgeby Foster (1907–1973):
Sir Charles Alexander Innes (1902–1963): 1952–1953
Ernest John Pakes (1899–1988): 1953–1954
Sir George Mason MacKinlay (1906–1973): 1954–1955
Sir (George) Alexander Sim (1905–1980): 1955–1956
Sir Owain Trevor Jenkins (1907–1996): 1956–1957
Sir Walter Harold Strachan Michelmore (1908–1988): 1957
Sir John Douglas Keith Brown (1913–2000): 1958–1960
Sir Henry Morton Leech Williams (1913–1989): 1960
Sir Nicol Stenhouse (1911–1998): 1961–1962
Sir Hugh MacKay-Tallack (1912–1989): 1962–1963
Sir Alec Drummond Ogilvie (1913–1997): 1964–1965
Sir James Harvey Kincaid Stewart Lindsay (1915–2007): 1965
Sir John Jardine Paterson (1920–2000): 1966-1967
Sir Cyril Alfred Pitts (1916–2009): 1967–1968
Sir (John) Michael Parsons (1915–2009): 1968–1969
Dr Abhijit Sen: 1991[9]
Mr Sundaresan Radhakrishnan: 2007-2008[10]
Notable corporate members[edit]
The present members of the Chamber include Allahabad Bank, Alstom Projects India Ltd., American Reprographics Company, Andrew Yule and Company Ltd., Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals, Kolkata, AREVA T&D India Limited, Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd., Bajaj Allianz General Insurance, Babcock Borsig Ltd., Balmer Lawrie, Berger Paints India Ltd, Bhushan Power & Steel Ltd., Biecco Lawrie, Birla Tyres, BOC India Ltd., Britannia Industries Ltd., Calcutta Business School, Castrol India Ltd., CESC Limited, Chatterjee Management Services Private Ltd., Coal India Limited, Delhi Business School's Kolkata Campus, Descon Limited, Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, Dunlop India, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Eastern Railway, EIH Limited, Eveready Industries India, Exide Industries, Fortis Healthcare Limited, Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, Gillanders Arbuthnot & Co. Ltd, Greaves Cotton, GTZ (India) Private Limited, Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., Hawkins Cookers Limited, Hindalco Industries Ltd., Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Hindustan Unilever Ltd., Housing Development Finance Corporation, Howrah Mills, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Hyatt Regency Kolkata, ICFAI Business School, Internet Content Rating Association, India Steamship, Indian Oil Corporation, and International Combustion (India) Ltd.[11]
External links[edit]
bengalchamber.com, official web site
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Welcome to the Bengal Chamber Web Site at bengalchamber.com, accessed 5 January 2011
Jump up ^ The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial, vol. 1 (1907), pp. 230-233
Jump up ^ Accounts and papers of the House of Commons, 245
Jump up ^ Walter Bagehot, The collected works of Walter Bagehot vol. 4, p. 568
Jump up ^ Stanley A. Kochanek, Business and politics in India (University of California Press, 1974), pp. 119-121
Jump up ^ Who's Who for 1926, p. 444
Jump up ^ 'Jardine Paterson, Sir John (Valentine)', in Who Was Who (A. & C. Black, 1920–2008), online edition by Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 5 January 2011
Jump up ^ O. P. JINDAL: THE MAN OF STEEL WHO COULD TALK TO MACHINES Archived 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. at jsw.in, accessed 6 January 2011
Jump up ^ Attar Chand, Prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, the scholar and the statesman (1991), p. 134
Jump up ^ Mr Sundaresan Radhakrishnan Archived February 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. at desconlimited.com
Jump up ^ Members list at bengalchamber.com, accessed 5 January 2011
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry&oldid=791084043"
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text:
Bone marrow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the use of animal bone marrow as human food, see Bone marrow (food).
Bone marrow
A simplified illustration of cells in bone marrow
Details
System
Immune system[1](Lymphatic system)[Endocrine system]
Identifiers
Latin
Medulla ossium
MeSH
D001853
TA
A13.1.01.001
FMA
9608
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Bone marrow is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones. In humans, red blood cells are produced by cores of bone marrow in the heads of long bones in a process known as hematopoiesis.[2] On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb). The hematopoietic component of bone marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which use the bone marrow vasculature as a conduit to the body's systemic circulation.[3] Bone marrow is also a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system.[4] In addition to hematopoietic cells, the marrow is composed of marrow adipose tissue as well as trabecular bone. The interplay between these different cell types and the local factors they produce can have an effect on hematopoietic cells within the hematopoietic stem cell niche.
Bone marrow transplants can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of cancer such as leukemia. Additionally, bone marrow stem cells have been successfully transformed into functional neural cells,[5] and can also potentially be used to treat illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Types of bone marrow
1.2 Stroma
1.3 Cellular components
2 Function
2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells
2.2 Bone marrow barrier
2.3 Lymphatic role
2.4 Compartmentalization
3 Society and culture
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Disease
4.2 Imaging
4.3 Histology
4.4 Donation and transplantation
4.4.1 Harvesting
5 Fossil record
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
Structure[edit]
Types of bone marrow[edit]
A femoral head with a cortex of bone and medulla of trabecular bone. Both red (hematopoietic) bone marrow and a central focus of yellow (fatty) bone marrow are visible.
The two types of bone marrow are "red marrow" (Latin: medulla ossium rubra), which consists mainly of hematopoietic tissue, and "yellow marrow" (Latin: medulla ossium flava), which is mainly made up of fat cells. Red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells arise in red marrow. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries. At birth, all bone marrows are red. With age, more and more of it is converted to the yellow type; only around half of adult bone marrow is red. Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity, the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones. In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.
Stroma[edit]
The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of hematopoiesis.[2] Yellow bone marrow makes up the majority of bone marrow stroma, in addition to smaller concentrations of stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Though not as active as parenchymal red marrow, stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:
fibroblasts (reticular connective tissue)
macrophages, which contribute especially to red blood cell production, as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production.
adipocytes (fat cells)
osteoblasts (synthesize bone)
osteoclasts (resorb bone)
endothelial cells, which form the sinusoids. These derive from endothelial stem cells, which are also present in the bone marrow.[7]
Cellular components[edit]
Hematopoietic precursor cells: promyelocyte in the center, two metamyelocytes next to it and band cells from a bone marrow aspirate.
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma[8]
Group
Cell type
Average
fraction
Reference
range
Myelopoietic
cells Myeloblasts 0.9% 0.2–1.5
Promyelocytes 3.3% 2.1–4.1
Neutrophilic myelocytes 12.7% 8.2–15.7
Eosinophilic myelocytes 0.8% 0.2–1.3
Neutrophilic metamyelocytes 15.9% 9.6–24.6
Eosinophilic metamyelocytes 1.2% 0.4–2.2
Neutrophilic band cells 12.4% 9.5–15.3
Eosinophilic band cells 0.9% 0.2–2.4
Segmented neutrophils 7.4% 6.0–12.0
Segmented eosinophils 0.5% 0.0–1.3
Segmented basophils and mast cells 0.1% 0.0–0.2
Erythropoietic
cells Pronormoblasts 0.6% 0.2–1.3
Basophilic normoblasts 1.4% 0.5–2.4
Polychromatic normoblasts 21.6% 17.9–29.2
Orthochromatic normoblast 2.0% 0.4–4.6
Other cell
types Megakaryocytes < 0.1% 0.0-0.4
Plasma cells 1.3% 0.4-3.9
Reticular cells 0.3% 0.0-0.9
Lymphocytes 16.2% 11.1-23.2
Monocytes 0.3% 0.0-0.8
In addition, the bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in the circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[7]
Function[edit]
Mesenchymal stem cells[edit]
Main article: Mesenchymal stem cell
The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),[7] also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.
Bone marrow barrier[edit]
The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.[9] Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.
Lymphatic role[edit]
The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.[4] The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.
Compartmentalization[edit]
Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance, erythrocytes, macrophages, and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels, while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow.[7]
Society and culture[edit]
Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia, such as the famed Milanese Ossobuco.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia, malignancies such as multiple myeloma, or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells.[10] Furthermore, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed immune system. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.
To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia.[11]
Imaging[edit]
On CT and plain film, marrow change can be seen indirectly by assessing change to the adjacent ossified bone. Assessment with MRI is usually more sensitive and specific for pathology, particularly for hematologic malignancies like leukemia and lymphoma. These are difficult to distinguish from the red marrow hyperplasia of hematopoiesis, as can occur with tobacco smoking, chronically anemic disease states like sickle cell anemia or beta thalassemia, medications such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, or during recovery from chronic nutritional anemias or therapeutic bone marrow suppression.[12] On MRI, the marrow signal is not supposed to be brighter than the adjacent intervertebral disc on T1 weighted images, either in the coronal or sagittal plane, where they can be assessed immediately adjacent to one another.[13] Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia, can occur with normal aging,[14] though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.[15]
Histology[edit]
Main article: Bone marrow examination
A Wright's-stained bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with leukemia.
Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias, decrease in polycythemias, and reverse in cases of thalassemia.[16]
Donation and transplantation[edit]
Main article: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
A bone marrow harvest in progress.
The preferred sites for the procedure
In a bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (allogenic) or into the same person at a later time (autologous). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.[17]
Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses,[5] and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease.[6] In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs;[18][19] however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.[20]
Harvesting[edit]
The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest, often under general anesthesia. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.[21]
Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood.[22] An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum, while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants.[11] In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord.[23]
Fossil record[edit]
Bone marrow may have first evolved in Eusthenopteron, a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early tetrapods.
The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron, a lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago.[24] Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's humerus, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.[24] Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day.[24]
See also[edit]
National Marrow Donor Program, a nonprofit organization that operates a registry of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and umbilical cord blood units in the United States
Gift of Life Marrow Registry, an American bone marrow transplantation registry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Richard F.; Lang, Florian; Heckmann, Manfred (2010-11-30). "What are the organs of the immune system?". © IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care): 3/7.
^ Jump up to: a b Birbrair, Alexander; Frenette, Paul S. (2016-03-01). "Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1370: 82–96. ISSN 1749-6632. PMC 4938003  . PMID 27015419. doi:10.1111/nyas.13016.
Jump up ^ Vunjak-Novakovic, G.; Tandon, N.; Godier, A.; Maidhof, R.; Marsano, A.; Martens, T. P.; Radisic, M. (2010). "Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering". Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews. 16 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0352.
^ Jump up to: a b The Lymphatic System. Allonhealth.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly Into Brain Cells". Science Daily. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Research Supports Promise of Cell Therapy for Bowel Disease". Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer (2007). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90. ISBN 0-7817-9516-8.
Jump up ^ Appendix A:IV in Wintrobe's clinical hematology (9th edition). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger (1993).
Jump up ^ "The Red Cell Membrane: structure and pathologies" (PDF). Australian Centre for Blood Diseases/Monash University. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bonnet, D; Dick, JE (1997). "Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell". Nature Medicine. 3: 730–737. PMID 9212098. doi:10.1038/nm0797-730. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy". Lab Tests Online UK. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Poulton, TB; Murphy, WD; Duerk, JL; Chapek, CC; Feiglin, DH (December 1993). "Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings.". AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 161 (6): 1217–21. PMID 8249729. doi:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729.
Jump up ^ Zajick DC, Jr; Morrison, WB; Schweitzer, ME; Parellada, JA; Carrino, JA (November 2005). "Benign and malignant processes: normal values and differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging in vertebral marrow.". Radiology. 237 (2): 590–6. PMID 16244268. doi:10.1148/radiol.2372040990.
Jump up ^ Shah, LM; Hanrahan, CJ (December 2011). "MRI of spinal bone marrow: part I, techniques and normal age-related appearances.". AJR. American journal of roentgenology. 197 (6): 1298–308. PMID 22109283. doi:10.2214/ajr.11.7005.
Jump up ^ Vande Berg, BC; Lecouvet, FE; Galant, C; Maldague, BE; Malghem, J (July 2005). "Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging.". Radiologic clinics of North America. 43 (4): 761–70, ix. PMID 15893536. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2005.01.007.
Jump up ^ "Definition: 'M:E Ratio'". Stedman's Medical Dictionary via MediLexicon.com. 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bone marrow transplantation". UpToDate.com. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bone marrow 'frees men of HIV drugs'". BBC. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stem-Cell Transplants Erase HIV In Two Men". PopSci. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "HIV Returns in Two Men Thought 'Cured' by Bone Marrow Transplants". RH Reality Check. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
Jump up ^ National Marrow Donor Program Donor Guide Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Marrow.org. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Bone marrow donation: What to expect when you donate. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ McGuckin, C. P.; Forraz, N.; Baradez, M. -O.; Navran, S.; Zhao, J.; Urban, R.; Tilton, R.; Denner, L. (2005). "Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood". Cell Proliferation. 38 (4): 245–255. PMID 16098183. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00346.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sanchez, S.; Tafforeau, P.; Ahlberg, P. E. (2014). "The humerus of Eusthenopteron: a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1782): 20140299. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0299.
External links[edit]
Bone marrow histology photomicrographs
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone marrow.
Nature Bone Marrow Transplantation (Nature Publishing Group) – specialist scientific journal with articles on bone marrow biology and clinical uses.
Cooper, B (2011). "The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood: from antiquity to the time of Osler" (PDF). Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 24 (2): 115–8. PMC 3069519  . PMID 21566758. [permanent dead link]
Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Chen M, Ou C, Wang J (2013). "Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert long-term neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic stroke by promoting arteriogenesis and angiogenesis". Brain Behav Immun. 34: 56–66. PMC 3795857  . PMID 23891963. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.010.
Wang J, Yu L, Jiang C, Fu X, Liu X, Wang M, Ou C, Cui X, Zhou C, Wang J (2015). "Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system". Brain Behav Immun. 43: 172–83. PMC 4258426  . PMID 25110149. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.022.
Wang J, Liu X, Lu H, Jiang C, Cui X, Yu L, Fu X, Li Q, Wang J (2015). "CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice". Brain Behav Immun. 45: 98–108. PMC 4342301  . PMID 25526817. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.015.
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Hockey World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the men's field hockey world cup. For the ice hockey world cup, see World Cup of Hockey. For the women's field hockey tournament, see Women's Hockey World Cup. For other hockey World Cups, see World Cup.
Men's Hockey World Cup
Current season, competition or edition:
2018 Men's Hockey World Cup
Sport
Field hockey
Founded
1971
No. of teams
12
Continent
International (FIH)
Most recent
champion(s)
Australia (3rd title)
Most titles
Pakistan (4 titles)
Official website
worldhockey.org
The Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics.
There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organised by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation in 1982.
Five countries have dominated the event's history. Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands and Australia have won three titles, and Germany has each won two titles. India won the tournament once.
The 2014 tournament was held in The Hague, Netherlands from 2 to 14 June.[1] Australia defeated Netherlands 6–1 in the final, to win their third World Cup title.[2] The 2018 tournament will be held in Bhubaneswar, India from 28 November to 16 December.[3][4] The World Cup will expand to 16 teams in 2018, and FIH will evaluate the possibility of increasing it to 24 in 2022.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Trophy
3 Format
3.1 Qualification
3.2 Final tournament
4 Results
4.1 Summaries
4.2 Successful national teams
4.3 Performance by host nations
4.4 Performance by continental zones
5 Team appearances
6 Debut of teams
7 References
History[edit]
The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH through Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on 26 October 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on 12 April 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.
However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. The FIH had inadvertently scheduled the first World Cup to be played in Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Furthermore, Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup.
Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, coincidentally in the same month Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site.[6]
The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date. The remaining 9 World Cups have featured 12 nations.
The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous one. It was halfway between the Summer Olympics hockey competition and has continued that way. In other words, the tournament has been held every four years ever since.
Trophy[edit]
The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On 27 March 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm (4.758 in) high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm (26 in). It weighs 11,560 g (408 oz), including 895 g (31.6 oz) of gold, 6,815 g (240.4 oz) of silver, 350 g (12 oz) of ivory and 3,500 g (120 oz) of teak.[7]
Format[edit]
The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.
Qualification[edit]
The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.
Final tournament[edit]
The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.
Results[edit]
Summaries[edit]
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
1971
Details Barcelona, Spain
Pakistan 1–0
Spain
India 2–1
after extra time
Kenya
1973
Details Amstelveen, Netherlands
Netherlands 2–2
(4–2)
Penalty strokes
India
West Germany 1–0
Pakistan
1975
Details Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
India 2–1
Pakistan
West Germany 4–0
Malaysia
1978
Details Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pakistan 3–2
Netherlands
Australia 4–3
West Germany
1982
Details Bombay, India
Pakistan 3–1
West Germany
Australia 4–2
Netherlands
1986
Details London, England
Australia 2–1
England
West Germany 3–2
after extra time
Soviet Union
1990
Details Lahore, Pakistan
Netherlands 3–1
Pakistan
Australia 2–1
after extra time
West Germany
1994
Details Sydney, Australia
Pakistan 1–1
(4–3)
Penalty strokes
Netherlands
Australia 5–2
Germany
1998
Details Utrecht, Netherlands
Netherlands 3–2
after extra time
Spain
Germany 1–0
Australia
2002
Details Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Germany 2–1
Australia
Netherlands 2–1
after extra time
South Korea
2006
Details Mönchengladbach, Germany
Germany 4–3
Australia
Spain 3–2
after extra time
South Korea
2010
Details New Delhi, India
Australia 2–1
Germany
Netherlands 4–3
England
2014
Details The Hague, Netherlands
Australia 6–1
Netherlands
Argentina 2–0
England
2018
Details Bhubaneswar, India
Successful national teams[edit]
Field Hockey Titles
Twenty-four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals. To date, Pakistan has been the most successful team in the World Cup, with four titles from six appearances in the final. The Netherlands have also been successful, with three titles from six appearances in the final.
Australia have been the most successful team in the World Cup in recent years. They won the tournament in 2010 and 2014, and now have three titles from five appearances in the final. Australia took the mantle from Germany who won in 2002 and 2006. India won their lone title in 1975.
Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third places
Fourth places
Pakistan 4 (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994) 2 (1975, 1990*) 1 (1973)
Netherlands 3 (1973*, 1990, 1998*) 3 (1978, 1994, 2014*) 2 (2002, 2010) 1 (1982)
Australia 3 (1986, 2010, 2014) 2 (2002, 2006) 4 (1978, 1982, 1990, 1994*) 1 (1998)
Germany^ 2 (2002, 2006*) 2 (1982, 2010) 4 (1973, 1975, 1986, 1998) 3 (1978, 1990, 1994)
India 1 (1975) 1 (1973) 1 (1971)
Spain 2 (1971*, 1998) 1 (2006)
England 1 (1986*) 2 (2010, 2014)
Argentina 1 (2014)
South Korea 2 (2002, 2006)
Kenya 1 (1971)
Malaysia 1 (1975*)
Soviet Union# 1 (1986)
* = host nation
^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
# = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Performance by host nations[edit]
Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.
Performance by continental zones[edit]
To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. Asian and European teams are tied with five titles each. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. Neither the Americas nor Africa have ever won the title.
Continent
Best performance
Asia 5 titles, won by Pakistan (4) and India (1)
Europe 5 titles, won by the Netherlands (3) and Germany (2)
Oceania 3 titles, won by Australia
Americas Third place (Argentina, 2014)
Africa Fourth place (Kenya, 1971)
Team appearances[edit]
Participating nations
Team

1971

1973

1975

1978

1982

1986

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018
Total
Argentina 10th 9th 11th 8th 12th 6th 9th 7th – 6th 10th 7th 3rd Q 13
Australia 8th – 5th 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 4th 2nd 2nd 1st 1st Q 13
Belarus Part of the Soviet Union 12th – – – – – – 1
Belgium – 8th – 14th – – – 11th – 14th – – 5th Q 6
Canada – – – 11th – 10th 11th – 8th – – 11th – Q 6
China – – – – – – – – – – – – – Q 1
Cuba – – – – – – – – – 16th – – – – 1
England – 6th 6th 7th 8th 2nd 5th 6th 6th 7th 5th 4th 4th Q 13
France 7th – – – – – 7th – – – – – – Q 3
Germany^ 5th 3rd 3rd 4th 2nd 3rd 4th 4th 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 6th Q 14
Ghana – – 12th – – – – – – – – – – – 1
India 3rd 2nd 1st 6th 5th 12th 10th 5th 9th 10th 11th 8th 9th Q 14
Ireland – – – 12th – – 12th – – – – – – Q 3
Italy – – – 13th – – – – – – – – – – 1
Japan 9th 10th – – – – – – – 12th 9th – – – 4
Kenya 4th 12th – – – – – – – – – – – – 2
Malaysia – 11th 4th 10th 10th – – – 11th 8th – – 12th Q 8
Netherlands 6th 1st 9th 2nd 4th 7th 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 7th 3rd 2nd Q 14
New Zealand – 7th 7th – 7th 9th – – 10th 9th 8th 9th 7th Q 10
Pakistan 1st 4th 2nd 1st 1st 11th 2nd 1st 5th 5th 6th 12th – Q 13
Poland – – 10th 9th 8th 8th – – 12th 15th – – – – 6
South Africa – – – – – – – 10th – 13th 12th 10th 11th Q 6
South Korea – – – – – – – 8th 7th 4th 4th 6th 10th – 6
Soviet Union# – – – – 6th 4th 6th Defunct 3
Spain 2nd 5th 8th 5th 11th 5th 8th 9th 2nd 11th 3rd 5th 8th Q 14
Total
10
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
12
16
12
12
12
16
176
^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
# = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Germany, India, the Netherlands and Spain are the only teams to have competed at each World Cup; 24 teams have competed in at least one World Cup.
Debut of teams[edit]
Year
Debutants
Total
1971 Argentina, Australia, France, India, Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, West Germany^ 10
1973 Belgium, England, New Zealand, Malaysia 4
1975 Ghana, Poland 2
1978 Canada, Ireland, Italy 3
1982 Soviet Union# 1
1986 0
1990 0
1994 Belarus, Germany^, South Africa, South Korea 3 (+1^)
1998 0
2002 Cuba 1
2006 0
2010 0
2014 0
2018 China 1
Total 25 (+1^)
^ = Germany is a successor of West Germany and not a separate team.
# = Belarus was a part of Soviet Union but not successor, hence Belarus is a new separate entity.
Total number of teams which have participated in the World Cups through 2018 is 25, using FIH's view on successor teams
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netherlands to host 2014 FIH Men's & Women's World Cups". FIH. 2010-11-11. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Kookaburras beat Dutch 6-1 in WC final". SBS. 2014-06-16. Archived from the original on 2014-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Hockey turf job on fast track". Calcutta: The Telegraph. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ "England & India to host Hockey World Cups 2018". FIH. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "World Cup field to expand to 16 teams in 2018". FIH. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
Jump up ^ "World Cup Hockey". Retrieved 2006-08-02.
Jump up ^ "The World Cup — A Masterpiece". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
[show]
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[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hockey_World_Cup&oldid=816476701"
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values: كأس العالم لهوكي – Arabic

values: Mistrovství světa v pozemním hokeji mužů – Czech

values: Campeonato Mundial de Hockey sobre Hierba – Spanish

values: Coupe du monde de hockey sur gazon masculin – French

values: 하키 월드컵 – Korean

values: हॉकी विश्वकप – Hindi

values: Svjetski kup u hokeju na travi – Croatian

values: Championatu Mundal de Hockey sure terre – Interlingue

values: Campionato mondiale di hockey su prato – Italian

values: მსოფლიოს ჩემპიონატი ბალახის ჰოკეიში ვაჟთა შორის – Georgian

values: Ерлер арасындағы көгалдағы хоккейден әлем чемпионаты – Kazakh

values: हॉकी विश्वचषक – Marathi

values: Wereldkampioenschap hockey mannen – Dutch

values: ホッケー・ワールドカップ – Japanese

values: Verdensmesterskapet i landhockey for menn – Norwegian

values: Mistrzostwa świata w hokeju na trawie mężczyzn – Polish

values: Copa do Mundo de Hóquei sobre a Grama Masculino – Portuguese

values: Чемпионат мира по хоккею на траве среди мужчин – Russian

values: හොකි ලෝක කුසලානය – Sinhala

values: Majstrovstvá sveta v pozemnom hokeji – Slovak

values: Maahockeyn maailmanmestaruuskilpailut – Finnish

values: Världsmästerskapet i landhockey för herrar – Swedish

values: ฮอกกี้ชิงแชมป์โลก – Thai

values: Чемпіонат світу з хокею на траві – Ukrainian

values: ہاکی عالمی کپ – Urdu

values: 世界杯曲棍球赛 – Chinese

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