text:
Across the Universe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the song. For other uses, see Across the Universe (disambiguation).
"Across the Universe"
Song by The Beatles
from the album No One's Gonna Change Our World
Released
12 December 1969
Recorded
4 February 1968, EMI Studios, London
Genre
Psychedelic folk
Length
3:50
Label
Regal Starline
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"Across the Universe"
1996 US jukebox single of the song, backed with "Two of Us"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Let It Be
Published
Northern Songs Ltd.
Released
8 May 1970
Recorded
4 February 1968, Abbey Road Studios, London, England
Genre
Psychedelic folk
Length
3:47
Label
Apple
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
Phil Spector
"Across the Universe" is a song recorded by the Beatles. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song first appeared on the various artists' charity compilation album No One's Gonna Change Our World in December 1969, and later, in different form, on Let It Be, the group's final released album.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Musical structure
3 Recording and version history
3.1 February 1968 recordings
3.2 World Wildlife Fund version
3.3 Let It Be version
3.4 Other versions
4 Critical reception and legacy
5 Personnel
6 Covers
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Composition[edit]
One night in 1967, the phrase "words are flowing out like endless rain into a paper cup" came to Lennon after hearing his then-wife Cynthia, according to Lennon, "going on and on about something". Later, after "she'd gone to sleep – and I kept hearing these words over and over, flowing like an endless stream", Lennon went downstairs and turned it into a song. He began to write the rest of the lyrics and when he was done, he went to bed and forgot about them.
I was lying next to my first wife in bed, you know, and I was irritated, and I was thinking. She must have been going on and on about something and she'd gone to sleep and I kept hearing these words over and over, flowing like an endless stream. I went downstairs and it turned into a sort of cosmic song rather than an irritated song, rather than a "Why are you always mouthing off at me?"[1] [The words] were purely inspirational and were given to me as boom! I don't own it you know; it came through like that.[2]
The flavour of the song was heavily influenced by Lennon's and the Beatles' interest in Transcendental Meditation in late 1967 – early 1968, when the song was composed. Based on this, he added the mantra "Jai guru deva om" (Sanskrit: जय गुरुदेव ॐ) to the piece, which became the link to the chorus. The Sanskrit phrase is a sentence fragment whose words could have many meanings. Literally it approximates as "glory to the shining remover of darkness"[3] and can be paraphrased as "Victory to God divine", "Hail to the divine guru", or the phrase commonly invoked by the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in referring to his spiritual teacher, "All glory to Guru Dev".[4]
The song's lyrical structure is straightforward: three repetitions of a unit consisting of a verse, the line "Jai guru deva om" and the line "Nothing's gonna change my world" repeated four times. The lyrics are highly image-based, with abstract concepts reified with phrases like thoughts "meandering", words "slithering", and undying love "shining". The title phrase "across the universe" appears at intervals to finish lines, although it never cadences, always appearing as a rising figure, melodically unresolved. It finishes on the leading note; to the Western musical ear, the next musical note would be the tonic and would therefore sound complete.
In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, Lennon referred to the song as perhaps the best, most poetic lyric he ever wrote: "It's one of the best lyrics I've written. In fact, it could be the best. It's good poetry, or whatever you call it, without chewin' it. See, the ones I like are the ones that stand as words, without melody. They don't have to have any melody, like a poem, you can read them."[5]
Musical structure[edit]
On a standard-tuned guitar (EADGBE) the song is played in the key of D; however, the recording was slowed electronically, resulting in a lower C# tuning to the ear. The verse beginning "Words are flowing out" (I (D) chord) is notable for a prolonged vi (Bm)–iii (F#m) to ii7 (Em7) minor drop to the dominant chord V7 (A7) on "across the universe" in the 4th bar.[6] On the repeat of this chord sequence a turn following the ii7 (Em7) through a iv minor (Gm) brings the verse to a close before moving on directly to the tonic on the "Jai Guru Deva Om" refrain. The vi–ii minor drop leading to V had been used earlier in "I Will" (on "how long I've loved you") and George Harrison utilised a shorter vi–iii minor alternation to delay getting back to the dominant (V) in "I Need You".[6] The verse beginning "Words are flowing out like endless rain …" is also notable for the suitably breathless phrasing and almost constant 8th-note rhythm (initially four D melody notes, then C#, B, A, B).[7]
Recording and version history[edit]
Complete recording and mixing history
Date
Activity
4 February 1968 Takes one–two and four–seven recorded. Overdub onto take seven. Reduction into take eight. Overdub onto take eight. Sound effects on takes one–three.[8]
8 February 1968 Overdub onto take eight. Mono mixing from take eight.[9]
January 1969 Overdubs onto take eight. Mono mixing from take eight. Version planned for the album No One's Gonna Change Our World.[10]
2 October 1969 Overdubs onto take eight. Stereo mixing from take eight. Version released on the album No One's Gonna Change Our World and later on Past Masters.[11]
5 January 1970 Stereo mixing from take eight. Version to have been released on 5 January Get Back album.[12]
23 March 1970 Stereo mixing from take eight.[13]
1 April 1970 Reduction into take nine. Overdub onto take nine.[14]
2 April 1970 Stereo mixing from take nine. Version released on the Let It Be album.[14]
February 1968 recordings[edit]
In February 1968, the Beatles convened at the EMI Abbey Road studios to record a single for release during their absence on their forthcoming trip to India. Paul McCartney had written "Lady Madonna", and Lennon had "Across the Universe". Both tracks were recorded along with Lennon's "Hey Bulldog" and the vocal track for Harrison's "The Inner Light" between 3 and 11 February.
The basic track was taped on 4 February. Along with acoustic guitar, percussion and tambura, it featured an overdubbed sitar introduction by Harrison. Two teenage fans, Lizzie Bravo and Gayleen Pease, were invited in off the street to provide backup vocals.
Lennon was still not satisfied with the feel of the track, and several sound effects were taped, including 15 seconds of humming and a guitar and a harp-like sound, both to be played backwards; however, none of these were used on the released version. The track was mixed to mono and put aside as the group had decided to release "Lady Madonna" and "The Inner Light" as the single. On their return from India, the group set about recording the many songs they had written there, and "Across the Universe" remained on the shelf. In the autumn of 1968, the Beatles seriously considered releasing an EP including most of the songs for the Yellow Submarine album and "Across the Universe", and went as far as having the EP mastered.
World Wildlife Fund version[edit]
During the February 1968 recording sessions, Spike Milligan dropped into the studio and, on hearing the song, suggested the track would be ideal for release on a charity album he was organising for the World Wildlife Fund. At some point in 1968, the Beatles agreed to this proposal. In January 1969, the best mono mix was remixed for the charity album.[10] In keeping with the "wildlife" theme of the album, sound effects of birds were added to the beginning and end.[15] The original (mono) mix from February 1968 is 3:37 in length. After the effects were added, the track was speeded up so that even with 20 seconds of effects, it is only 3:49. Speeding up the recording also raised the key to E-flat.[15] By October 1969, it was decided that the song needed to be remixed into stereo. This was done by Geoff Emerick immediately prior to the banding of the album. "Across the Universe" was first released in this version on the Regal Starline SRS 5013 album No One's Gonna Change Our World in December 1969.
This version was issued, in its stereo form, on four Beatles compilation albums: the British version of Rarities, the different American version of Rarities, The Beatles Ballads, and the second disc of the two-CD Past Masters album, released in 1988. The January 1969 mono mix, which had been considered for an aborted Yellow Submarine EP, was finally released on Mono Masters, part of The Beatles in Mono box set, in 2009.
Let It Be version[edit]
The Beatles took the song up again during the Get Back/Let It Be rehearsal sessions of January 1969; footage of Lennon playing the song appeared in the Let It Be movie. Bootleg recordings from the sessions include numerous full group performances of the song, usually with Lennon–McCartney harmonies on the chorus. To ensure the album tied in with the film, it was decided that the song must be included on what by January 1970 had become the Let It Be album. Also, Lennon's contributions to the sessions were sparse, and this unreleased piece was seen as a way to fill the gap.[citation needed]
Although the song was extensively rehearsed on the Twickenham Studios soundstage, the only recordings were mono transcriptions for use in the film soundtrack. No multitrack recordings were made after the group's move to Apple Studios. Thus in early January 1970 Glyn Johns remixed the February 1968 recording. The new mix omitted the teenage girls' vocals and the bird sound effects of the World Wildlife Fund version. As neither of the Glyn Johns Get Back albums were officially released, the version most are familiar with came from Phil Spector, who in late March and early April 1970 remixed the February 1968 recording yet again and added orchestral and choral overdubs. Spector also slowed the track to 3:47, close to its original duration. According to Lennon, "Spector took the tape and did a damn good job with it".[16]
Other versions[edit]
A previously unreleased February 1968 alternate take of the song (recorded before the master), without heavy production, appeared on Anthology 2 in 1996.[17] This is often referred to as the "psychedelic" recording because of the strong Indian sitar and tambura sound, and illustrates the band's original uncertainty over the best treatment for the song.
The February 1968 master was remixed again for inclusion on Let It Be... Naked in 2003, at the correct speed but stripped of most of the instrumentation and digitally processed to correct tuning issues.
Critical reception and legacy[edit]
Music critic Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said the song was "one of the group's most delicate and cosmic ballads" and "one of the highlights of the Let It Be album".[18] Music critic Ian MacDonald was critical of the song, calling it a "plaintively babyish incantation" and saying "its vague pretensions and listless melody are rather too obviously the products of acid grandiosity rendered gentle by sheer exhaustion".[19]
Lennon himself was unhappy with the song as it was recorded. In his 1980 Playboy interview Lennon says that the Beatles "didn't make a good record of it" and says of the Let It Be version that "the guitars are out of tune and I'm singing out of tune...and nobody's supporting me or helping me with it and the song was never done properly".[20] He further accused McCartney of ruining the song:
Paul would … sort of subconsciously try and destroy a great song … usually we'd spend hours doing little detailed cleaning-ups of Paul's songs; when it came to mine … somehow this atmosphere of looseness and casualness and experimentation would creep in. Subconscious sabotage.[21]
On 4 February 2008, at 00:00 UTC, NASA transmitted the Interstellar Message "Across the Universe"[22] in the direction of the star Polaris, 431 light years from Earth.[23] The transmission was made using a 70m antenna in the Deep Space Network's Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex, located outside of Madrid, Spain. It was done with an "X band" transmitter, radiating into the antenna at 18 kW. This was done to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the song's recording, the 45th anniversary of the Deep Space Network (DSN), and the 50th anniversary of NASA. The idea was hatched by Beatles historian Martin Lewis, who encouraged all Beatles fans to play the track as it was beamed to the distant star. The event marked the first time a song had ever been intentionally transmitted into deep space, and was approved by McCartney, Yoko Ono, and Apple Corps.[24] (The first musical interstellar message was "1st Theremin Concert to Aliens", section 2 of the Teen Age Message, in 2001.)
Personnel[edit]
No One's Gonna Change Our World/Past Masters version:
John Lennon – lead vocal, acoustic guitar, electric Leslie-speaker guitar
Paul McCartney – bass,[25] backing vocal
George Harrison – tambura and backing vocal
Ringo Starr – maracas
Lizzie Bravo – backing vocal
Gayleen Pease – backing vocal
Let It Be version:
John Lennon –lead vocal, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Paul McCartney – bass
George Harrison – tambura
Ringo Starr – maracas
Phil Spector – strings and choir
Let It Be... Naked version:
John Lennon – lead vocal, acoustic guitar, electric Leslie-speaker guitar
George Harrison – tambura
Anthology 2 Version
John Lennon - lead vocal and acoustic guitar
George Harrison - sitar
Ringo Starr - tom tom drum and swarmandal
Production
George Martin , producer (original 1968 version)
Phil Spector – producer (1970 version)
Ken Scott, Martin Benge – engineers (original 1968 version)
Jeff Jarratt – remix engineer (1969 No One's Gonna Change Our World version)
Peter Bown, Mike Sheady – recording & remix engineers (1970 Let It Be version)
Personnel per Ian MacDonald[26]
Elements of the performance recorded on 8 February 1968 were replaced by an orchestra and choir recorded on 1 April 1970.[27]
Covers[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There have been several recordings of "Across the Universe" released by the Beatles as well as covers by other artists.[28]
Artist Release date Album title Notes
Cilla Black 3 July 1970 Sweet Inspiration Produced by George Martin
David Bowie 7 March 1975 Young Americans Backing vocals and guitar by John Lennon
Roger Waters 12 June 1985 - With Andy Fairweather Low; from a television tribute to John Lennon
Vadim Brodski 1986 Beatles Symphony
Cyndi Lauper 1989/2009 (unreleased) / Across the Universe 2009 Version w/ Jake Shimabukuro
Lana Lane 21 November 1988 Ballad Collection, Vol. 1
Laibach 1988 Let It Be Vocals by Anja Rupel
Worlds Apart 1994 (unreleased) Recorded for their debut album Together, but never released
10cc 1995 10cc Alive
Nikolay Rastorguyev 1996/2007 Четыре ночи в Москве / Birthday (With Love)
Aine Minogue 15 July 1997 Between the Worlds Celtic version
Fiona Apple 13 October 1998 Pleasantville soundtrack
Rufus Wainwright 12 February 2002 Poses US Edition bonus track, part of the soundtrack of the film I Am Sam: played in episode 6 of the science fiction TV series "FlashForward": used in 2017 on a television advertisement for a Samsung mobile phone.
Verdena 5 June 2003 B-side
Ben Allison & Medicine Wheel 24 May 2004 Buzz
Kingdom Come 20 December 2006 Ain't Crying for the Moon
Jim Sturgess & Joe Anderson 18 September 2007 Across the Universe soundtrack From the Julie Taymor musical based on Beatles songs. Also the title for the film
John Butler Trio 24 August 2004 What You Want
Seether 5 August 2008 iTunes Originals – Seether
Justin Mauriello 6 February 2010 Justin Sings the Hits
Brian Molko 3 July 2010 Live performance to mark Belgium's Presidency of European Union.[29]
Beady Eye 4 April 2011 Proceeds go to Japanese Tsunami Relief Recorded at RAK studios on 2 April 2011, performed live at the Japan Disaster Benefit concert on 3 April 2011, and released as a digital download on 4 April 2011, with proceeds going to the charity
Bill Frisell 27 September 2011 All We Are Saying Released on Savoy Jazz records.
Scorpions 4 November 2011 Comeblack
Denise Ho 6 December 2012 無臉人演唱會
Hikaru Utada 9 December 2010 Wild Life (concert) Performed during her final concert aka "Wild Life" followed by her hiatus. Although the song was not officially recorded, it was included on her Wild Life DVD and Blu-ray release on 3 February 2011.
Chris Hadfield and the Wexford Gleeks 6 December 2013 CBC Sounds of the Season Live performance on CBC Toronto News
Curved Air 17 March 2014 North Star
Andrew Huang 20 Nov 2014 Comet Made using sounds from Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
In 2007, Jackson Browne and Robby Krieger of The Doors also recorded and released a version of the song.
According to the IMDb website, the American band Velvet Revolver, with Slash playing a 12-string Gibson Les Paul, along with other artists, Bono, Norah Jones, Alicia Keys, Tim McGraw, Steven Tyler, Brian Wilson, Alison Krauss on fiddle, Billie Joe Armstrong, and Stevie Wonder, on lead vocals and harmonica, covered the song live as a tribute to the Tsunami Victims at the 2005 Grammy Awards. According to the 5 March 2005 Billboard magazine, the all-star Grammy recording debuted at no. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as a digital download. During their 1981/1982 Time Tour, Electric Light Orchestra covered "Across the Universe" together with "Imagine" and "A Day in the Life" as part of their tribute to John Lennon. Band leader Jeff Lynne had gained most of his inspiration to make Electric Light Orchestra from the works of Lennon both with The Beatles and his solo career and would later produce new songs for The Beatles Anthology albums.[citation needed] Barbara Dickson recorded "Across the Universe" in 2006 for her album Nothing's Gonna Change My World, a modern approach to Beatles songs. A live version can be heard on her 2017 live album, In Good Company, a live recording of her 2017 concert tour.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Sheff p. 265 by David Sheff
Jump up ^ Sheff p. 267
Jump up ^ "Learn Vedic Meditation". Introtomeditation.com. 15 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Woo, Elaine (6 February 2008). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; founded Transcendental Meditation movement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Across The Universe". The Beatles Bible. The Beatles Bible. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p. 76.
Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p. 538.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 134.
^ Jump up to: a b Howlett 2009.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 197.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1988, p. 198-199.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan W. Pollack. "Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Across The Universe"". rug.nl.
Jump up ^ "84 – 'Across the Universe'". 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996, pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 276–277.
Jump up ^ Sheff, pp. 266–67
Jump up ^ Sheff, p. 266
Jump up ^ Karimi, Faith. "Will.i.am premieres song – from Mars". CNN.
Jump up ^ NASA 2008.
Jump up ^ MSNBC 2008.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 276.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, pp. 134, 198.
Jump up ^ Allmusic 2009.
Jump up ^ "Brian Molko – "Across The Universe" live [Lyrics Subbed]". YouTube. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
References[edit]
"Across the Universe". Allmusic. 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Howlett, Kevin (2009). The Beatles in Mono (booklet). The Beatles. Apple Records.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). Anthology 2 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records.
"NASA beaming Beatles tune to the stars". MSNBC. 1 February 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
"NASA Beams Beatles' 'Across the Universe' into Space". NASA. 31 January 2008.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying. St Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2009). "Review of "Across the Universe"". Allmusic. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Willman, Chris (29 November 2006). "Labor of LOVE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
Further reading[edit]
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. Chancellor Press. ISBN 0-7607-0327-2.
Sulpy, Doug; Schweighhardt, Ray (2003). Get Back: The Beatles Let It Be Disaster. Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-83-8.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Let It Be
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Across the Universe"
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Let It Be
Let It Be (film)
Let It Be... Naked
Songs
Side one
"Two of Us"
"Dig a Pony"
"Across the Universe"
"I Me Mine"
"Dig It"
"Let It Be"
"Maggie Mae"
Side two
"I've Got a Feeling"
"One After 909"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"For You Blue"
"Get Back"
Non-album B-side
"Don't Let Me Down"
"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
Outtakes
"All Things Must Pass"
"Another Day"
"The Back Seat of My Car"
"Gimme Some Truth"
"Hear Me Lord"
"Let It Down"
"Teddy Boy"
"Watching Rainbows"
Related articles
Rooftop concert
Break-up of the Beatles
Billy Preston
Phil Spector
Let It Be (Laibach album)
Kum Back
Let It Be (musical)
Let It Be...Naked
The Beatles discography
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
show
v
t
e
Beady Eye
Liam Gallagher
Gem Archer
Andy Bell
Chris Sharrock
Jay Mehler
Jeff Wootton
Studio albums
Different Gear, Still Speeding
BE
Singles
"Bring the Light"
"Four Letter Word"
"The Roller"
"Across the Universe"
"Millionaire"
"The Beat Goes On"
"Second Bite of the Apple"
"Shine a Light" / "The World's Not Set in Stone"
"Iz Rite" / "Soul Love"
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Bands
Oasis
Ride
The Rain
Heavy Stereo
Hurricane #1
Gorillaz
Kasabian
Book
show
v
t
e
Rufus Wainwright
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Studio albums
Rufus Wainwright
Poses
Want One
Want Two
Release the Stars
All Days Are Nights: Songs for Lulu
Out of the Game
Take All My Loves: 9 Shakespeare Sonnets
Live albums
Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall
Milwaukee at Last!!!
Rufus Wainwright: Live from the Artists Den
Compilations
Want
House of Rufus
Vibrate: The Best of Rufus Wainwright
EPs
Waiting for a Want
Alright, Already: Live in Montréal
Tiergarten
DVDs
Live at the Fillmore
All I Want
Rufus! Rufus! Rufus! Does Judy! Judy! Judy!: Live from the London Palladium
Milwaukee at Last!!!
Singles
"I Don't Know What It Is"
"Oh What a World"
"Across the Universe"
"The One You Love"
"Hallelujah"
"Going to a Town"
"Rules and Regulations"
"Tiergarten"
"Me and Liza"
Other
All These Poses Anniversary Tour
"April Fools"
"The Art Teacher"
The Best of Rufus Wainwright
Blackoutsabbath
"Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk"
"Dinner at Eight"
"Gay Messiah"
Hadrian
If I Loved You: Gentlemen Prefer Broadway
Odd Man Out Tour
"One Man Guy"
Out of the Game Tour
Prima Donna
album
Prima Donna: A Symphonic Visual Concert
"Sanssouci"
Wainwright Libre
Family
Loudon Wainwright III
Kate McGarrigle
Martha Wainwright
Lucy Wainwright Roche
Anna McGarrigle
Loudon Wainwright, Jr.
Sloan Wainwright
Jörn Weisbrodt
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Across_the_Universe&oldid=852849212"
Categories:
1969 songs
10cc songs
Ballads
Rock ballads
Folk ballads
David Bowie songs
Fiona Apple songs
Rufus Wainwright songs
Seether songs
Scorpions (band) songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
The Beatles songs
Psychedelic songs
Songs published by Northern Songs
Cilla Black songs
1960s ballads
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2013
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 July 2018, at 19:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

values:
/wiki/EMI_Studios
mw-redirect
EMI Studios

values:
/wiki/Regal_Zonophone
mw-redirect
Regal Zonophone

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Cynthia_Powell
mw-redirect
Cynthia Powell

values:
/wiki/I_Will_(The_Beatles_song)
mw-redirect
I Will (The Beatles song)

values:
/wiki/I_Need_You_(The_Beatles_song)
mw-redirect
I Need You (The Beatles song)

values: Edit section: Recording and version history

values:
/wiki/Tanpura_(instrument)
mw-redirect
Tanpura (instrument)

values: Edit section: World Wildlife Fund version

values:
/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund
mw-redirect
World Wildlife Fund

values:
/wiki/Rarities_(1978_The_Beatles_album)
mw-redirect
Rarities (1978 The Beatles album)

values:
/wiki/Rarities_(1980_The_Beatles_album)
mw-redirect
Rarities (1980 The Beatles album)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Critical reception and legacy

values:
/wiki/Madrid,_Spain
mw-redirect
Madrid, Spain

values:
/wiki/Deep_Space_Network
mw-redirect
Deep Space Network

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Laibach_(band)
mw-redirect
Laibach (band)

values:
/wiki/Aine_Minogue
mw-redirect
Aine Minogue

values:
/wiki/Ben_Allison_%26_Medicine_Wheel
mw-redirect
Ben Allison & Medicine Wheel

values:
/wiki/Hikaru_Utada
mw-redirect
Hikaru Utada

values:
/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
47th Grammy Awards

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22951001

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/song/t909335

values: refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Let_It_Be
extiw
q:Let It Be

values:
/wiki/Let_It_Be...Naked
mw-redirect
Let It Be...Naked

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
Beady_Eye
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Liam_Gallagher
*_Gem_Archer
*_Andy_Bell
*_Chris_Sharrock
*_Jay_Mehler
*_Jeff_Wootton

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/The_Rain_(Manchester_band)
mw-redirect
The Rain (Manchester band)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
Rufus_Wainwright
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: List of awards and nominations received by Rufus Wainwright

values: List of songs recorded by Rufus Wainwright

values: Take All My Loves: 9 Shakespeare Sonnets

values: Rufus Wainwright: Live from the Artists Den

values: The One You Love (Rufus Wainwright song)

values: If I Loved You: Gentlemen Prefer Broadway

values:
/wiki/Loudon_Wainwright,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Loudon Wainwright, Jr.

values: Category:Song recordings produced by George Martin

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Phil Spector

values: Category:Songs written by Lennon–McCartney

values: Category:Songs published by Northern Songs

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Across_the_Universe
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: Across the Universe (brano musicale) – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values: アクロス・ザ・ユニバース – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Across the Universe (canção) – Portuguese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: อะครอสเดอะยูนิเวิร์ส – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Across_the_Universe rootpage-Across_the_Universe skin-vector action-view


text:
St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
St. Croix River
River
The St. Croix River, looking downstream toward Stillwater, Minnesota
Country
United States
States
Wisconsin, Minnesota
Tributaries
- left Sunrise River, Snake River, Kettle River
- right Apple River, Yellow River, Namekagon River, Eau Claire River (St. Croix River), Kinnickinnic River
Cities
St. Croix Falls, WI, Taylors Falls, MN, Osceola, WI, Stillwater, MN, Hudson, WI, Prescott, WI, Somerset, WI, River Falls, WI
Source
Upper St. Croix Lake
- location near Solon Springs, Wisconsin, Douglas County, WI
- coordinates 46°23′19″N 91°45′34″W / 46.38861°N 91.75944°W / 46.38861; -91.75944
Mouth
Mississippi River
- location Prescott, WI, Pierce County, Washington, Dakota, MN, WI
- coordinates 44°44′45″N 92°48′10″W / 44.74583°N 92.80278°W / 44.74583; -92.80278Coordinates: 44°44′45″N 92°48′10″W / 44.74583°N 92.80278°W / 44.74583; -92.80278
Length
169 mi (272 km)
Map of the St. Croix watershed.
The St. Croix River (French: Holy Cross) is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 169 miles (272 km) long,[1] in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lower 125 miles (201 km) of the river form the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota. The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service. A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies power to the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography and hydrography
2 Conservation efforts
3 Naming
4 History
4.1 Fur trade
4.2 Logging
5 Cities and towns
6 Bridge crossings
7 Commerce and recreation
8 Further reading
9 References
10 External links
Geography and hydrography[edit]
The St. Croix River rises in the northwestern corner of Wisconsin, out of Upper St. Croix Lake in Douglas County, near Solon Springs, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Lake Superior. It flows south to Gordon, then southwest. It is joined by the Namekagon River in northern Burnett County, where it becomes significantly wider. A few miles downstream the St. Croix meets the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin, which it demarcates for another 130 miles (209 km) until its confluence with the Mississippi River.
Aerial photo near Prescott, Wisconsin, where the clearer waters of the St. Croix meet the muddier Mississippi River.
Other major tributaries include the Kettle River, Snake River, and Sunrise River joining from the west, and the Apple River, Willow River, and Kinnickinnic River joining from the east. Just below Stillwater, Minnesota the river widens into Lake St. Croix, and eventually joins the Mississippi River at Prescott, Wisconsin, approximately 20 miles (32 km) southeast of St. Paul, Minnesota.
Conservation efforts[edit]
The St. Croix River was one of the original eight rivers to have significant portions placed under protection by the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The upper reaches of the river in Wisconsin below the St. Croix Flowage, 15 miles (24 km) downstream from its source, as well as the Namekagon River, are protected as the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. The free-flowing nature of the river is interrupted only by a hydroelectric dam operated by the Northern States Power Company at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.
The lower 27 miles (43 km) below the dam, including both sides of the river along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, were protected as part of the Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. This area includes the Dalles of the St. Croix River, a scenic gorge located near Interstate Park, south of St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.
Although the addition of an interstate bridge connected to MN Highway 36 was objected to by residents, nearby communities, conservation groups, and the National Park Service, construction of the bridge was authorized by amending the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968.[citation needed] Light and noise pollution are concerns of those opposed to the bridge, who cite the original act that kept such activity to the south along the Interstate 94 corridor.
The St. Croix River Association (SCRA) is a watershed-wide non-profit advocating for conservation throughout the watershed. Founded in 1911 as an all-volunteer citizens group, it has evolved into a staffed, mature nonprofit organization and official "friends group" of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. Its mission is to protect, restore and celebrate the St. Croix River and its watershed.[2]
St Croix River, MN
Naming[edit]
St. Croix River Dalles at Interstate State Park, Wisconsin.
Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683, from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut: "There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it The River of the Grave, or Mausoleum, because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake." In the original French, this is translated as "Rivière Tombeaux".[3]
Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin's 1688 map recorded a "Fort St. Croix" on the upper reaches of the river.[4][5] The name "Rivière de Sainte-Croix" was applied to the river sometime in 1688 or 1689,[3]:28 and this more auspicious name supplanted Father Hennepin's earlier designation.
On Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi (1718) by Guillaume Delisle and on A Map of North America (1768) by John Blair, the St. Croix River—more specifically what was then known as the east branch of the St. Croix River (known today as the Namekagon River)—is shown as the Ouasisacadeba, a French representation of the Dakota name for the St. Croix River. On the 1778 Mitchell Map, the river is simply titled "Ouadeba", which represents the Dakota watpá meaning "river".
The upper portion of river—originally called the north branch of the St. Croix River—was known to the Ojibwa as Manoominikeshiinh-ziibi (Ricing-Rail River).[6][7] Downstream of its confluence with the Namekagon, the Ojibwa renamed the river as Gichi-ziibi (Big River)[7][8] or Okijii-ziibi (Pipestem River)[9]
At the time of European settlement of the valley, Dakota and Ojibwe were engaged in a long and deadly war with each other. Consequently, the portion of the river below the confluence with Trade River is called Jiibayaatig-ziibi (Grave-marker River) in the Ojibwe language,[7] reinforcing the earlier "Rivière Tombeaux" name in their language.
On Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin (1830) by John Farmer, the St. Croix River is shown as the "Chippewa River". However, by 1843, Joseph Nicollet's Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River reinforced the name provided by Franquelin's 1688 map.
History[edit]
The river is the result of geologic forces going back 1.1 billion years. At that time, the Mid-Continent Rift rended the middle of North America apart, creating a volcanic zone. The lave spewed forth cooled into hard basalt. That basalt is what today creates the dramatic cliffs around the Interstate State Parks. About 500 million years ago, a shallow sea covered the area, laying down layers of sand and minerals that make up much of the sandstone bluffs now seen along the river. In the last 20,000 years, glaciers have scraped the landscape and released torrents of meltwater, which carved the St. Croix River's course.
The river has been home to people for thousands of years. A bison kill site in May Township, Washington County, Minnesota is believed to be about 4,000 years old.[citation needed] An Oneota village from about 1200 A.D. has been studied by archaeologists.
At the time of European arrival in the region, the river valley and the surrounding area was occupied by the semi-nomadic Ojibwe, Dakota and nine other American Indian tribes. The Indians lived mainly on wild rice, fish, and game. By the 18th century, the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two primary tribes that inhabited the area, until around 1745, when the Dakota were forever driven from the St. Croix Valley as a result of the Battle of Kathio.[3]
Fur trade[edit]
The first Europeans to arrive in the area were Sieur du Lhut and his men in the fall and winter of 1679-1680. For the next eighty years the area was primarily under French influence, and the fur trade grew throughout the first half of the 18th century, with beaver pelts as the prize trade good. French trade in the upper valley was dominated by the Ojibwe and tied to Lake Superior traders, whereas in the lower valley the Dakota assisted in trading with merchants based out of St. Louis downstream.[10] After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, British traders entered the area, and grew in numbers and influence with the help of the powerful North West Company.[3]:32–35
Logging[edit]
The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters with the Ojibwe was signed at St. Peters (now Mendota) which ceded to the United States government a vast tract of land in what today is north central Wisconsin and east central Minnesota, roughly bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line in the south, Mississippi River in the west, St. Croix and Chippewa River watersheds in the north, and a 25-mile parallel east of the Wisconsin River in the east. This opened the region to logging. The river was important to the transportation of lumber downstream, from the areas where it was being cut to the sawmills that processed it. During the 1840s, important sawmills were located at St. Croix Falls and Marine on St. Croix, but as the 1850s progressed Stillwater became the primary lumber destination. During this time the population of Stillwater boomed, several additional sawmills were opened, and the town saw an influx of capital, primarily from lumber companies based downriver in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1856 construction began on a boom site two miles north of Stillwater, which was used to store and sort the lumber floating downstream and remained in operation for over fifty years.[3]:102 The St. Croix Boom Site is now a wayside rest and National Historic Landmark along Minnesota State Highway 95.
The vast white pine forests in the upper valley provided the forest products that built the towns along Lake St. Croix, Minneapolis and St. Paul; the St. Croix along with the forest reserves in the river valleys of the nearby Red Cedar, Chippewa, and Rum provided supplies for the building of Winona, Minnesota, Davenport, Iowa, Rock Island, Illinois, and St. Louis.[10]
The lumber industry continued to grow throughout the latter half of the 19th century, with progressively larger spring drives and consequent dangers to navigation on the river above Stillwater. Logs were frequently caught in log jams at the narrow Dalles of the St. Croix River, and in 1883 the blockade was so severe it took almost two months before the flow of logs was re-established.[3]:76 At its peak in 1890, logging in the St. Croix River valley produced 450,000,000 board feet (1,100,000 m3) of lumber and logs.[10] The lumber industry continued until the last major log drive in 1912 marked the end of the rich white pine forests of the area.
It was along the banks of the St. Croix, in the milltown of Stillwater, that the state of Minnesota was first proposed in 1848.
Cities and towns[edit]
Afton, Minnesota
Bayport, Minnesota
Danbury, Wisconsin
Gordon, Wisconsin
Hudson, Wisconsin
Lake St. Croix Beach, Minnesota
Lakeland, Minnesota
Lakeland Shores, Minnesota
Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota
North Hudson, Wisconsin
Oak Park Heights, Minnesota
Osceola, Wisconsin
Point Douglas, Minnesota
Prescott, Wisconsin
St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin
St. Marys Point, Minnesota
Scandia, Minnesota
Solon Springs, Wisconsin
Stillwater, Minnesota
Taylors Falls, Minnesota
Bridge crossings[edit]
Train crossing the Soo Line High Bridge
A crossing of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad at the mouth of the St. Croix in 1891
Significant bridge crossings of the St. Croix River are listed below, ordered from source to mouth.[11][12]
Scott Bridge in Douglas County, Wisconsin.
County Road T bridge in Douglas County, Wisconsin.
C.C.C. Bridge in Burnett County, Wisconsin.
Wisconsin State Highway 35 bridge near Danbury, Wisconsin.
Minnesota State Highway 48 to Wisconsin State Highway 77 bridge near Danbury, Wisconsin.
Minnesota State Highway 70 to Wisconsin State Highway 70 bridge near Grantsburg, Wisconsin.
U.S. Highway 8 bridge between Taylors Falls, Minnesota and St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.
Minnesota State Highway 243 bridge at Osceola, Wisconsin.
Soo Line High Bridge north of Stillwater, Minnesota. This private, rail-only bridge is 2,682 feet (817 m) long and 184 feet (56 m) above the river. It roughly marks the northern limit of zebra mussel infestation in the St. Croix.[13]
The Stillwater lift bridge, built 1931, between Stillwater, Minnesota and Houlton, Wisconsin.
St. Croix Crossing bridge near Stillwater, Minnesota and Houlton, Wisconsin.
Union Pacific Railroad swing bridge at Hudson, Wisconsin
Interstate 94 bridge at Hudson, Wisconsin.
U.S. Highway 10 drawbridge at Prescott, Wisconsin.
BNSF Railway lift bridge at Prescott, Wisconsin.
Commerce and recreation[edit]
William O' Brien State Park
The St. Croix is a popular recreational river. Common uses include boating, fishing, camping and canoeing. Highways along both sides of the river offer scenic drives punctuated by small towns offering restaurants, shopping (especially antiques, books and gifts), bed and breakfasts, historical tours and other common tourist activities.
Public lands along the St. Croix River include:
Governor Knowles State Forest (Wisconsin)
Saint Croix State Forest (Minnesota)
Saint Croix State Park (Minnesota)
Chengwatana State Forest (Minnesota)
Wild River State Park (Minnesota)
Interstate Park (Minnesota and Wisconsin)
William O'Brien State Park (Minnesota)
Afton State Park (Minnesota)
St. Croix Boom Site (Minnesota)
The St. Croix River is mentioned in the band Rocket Club's song "North Country" as a symbol for the singer's desire to "head up North."
Further reading[edit]
Dunn, James Taylor. The St. Croix: Midwest Border River. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965, 309 pp. ISBN 978-0-873-51141-4
McMahon, Eileen M., and Theodore J. Karamanski. North Woods River: The St. Croix River in Upper Midwest History. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. xii, 338 pp. ISBN 978-0-299-23424-9
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed October 5, 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.stcroixriverassociation.org
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dunn, James Taylor (1979). The St. Croix: Midwest Border River. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-87351-141-7.
Jump up ^ Holland, Robert A. Chicago in Maps: 1612-2002
Jump up ^ Franquelin, Jean-Baptiste Service historique de la Marine, Vincennes, France
Jump up ^ Verwyst, Chrysostom Adrian. "Reminiscences of a Pioneer Missionary" in Proceedings of the Society at its Sixty-fourth Annual Meeting (Madision, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1916). p. 174
^ Jump up to: a b c Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission. Gidakiiminaan = Our Earth. (Odanah, WI: Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9665820-4-8
Jump up ^ Treuer, Anton. Living our language: Ojibwe tales & oral histories (St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001) ISBN 0-87351-404-1
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Benjamin G. and Thomas P. Wentworth. Early life among the Indians : reminiscences from the life of Benj. G. Armstrong. Treaties of 1835, 1837, 1842 and 1854. Habits and customs of the red men of the forest. Incidents, biographical sketches, battles, &c. (Ashland, WI. : Press of A.W. Bowron, 1892) p.254.
^ Jump up to: a b c McMahon, Eileen M.; Theodore J. Karamanski (2002). Time and the River: A History of the Saint Croix. Omaha, Nebraska: National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ County Maps (Map). Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
Jump up ^ Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway: Brochures, Section Maps (Map). National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway: Boating Checklist". National Park Service. 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota).
Saint Croix National Scenic River (National Park Service)
Detailed River Maps (National Park Service)
St. Croix River Association
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Croix_River_(Wisconsin–Minnesota)&oldid=794224610"
Categories:
Rivers of Minnesota
Rivers of Wisconsin
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
Borders of Wisconsin
Borders of Minnesota
Rivers of Douglas County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Burnett County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Polk County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Chisago County, Minnesota
Rivers of Washington County, Minnesota
Rivers of St. Croix County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Pierce County, Wisconsin
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
Geobox usage tracking for river type
Articles containing French-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Frysk
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 August 2017, at 17:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; background-color: #b3cce4;

value: tr

attrs: class title

values:
mergedtoprow
Location name (local name)

values: text-align: center; background-color: #b3cce4;

values: mergedbottomrow Category

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: St. Croix River above Stillwater Minnesota.JPG

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: th

value: span

values: Country/Countries in which the site lies

values:
mergedrow
State/States in which the site lies

values: Major tributaries observed as the river flows

values:
/wiki/Snake_River_(St._Croix_River)
mw-redirect
Snake River (St. Croix River)

values:
/wiki/Kettle_River_(Minnesota)
mw-redirect
Kettle River (Minnesota)

values: Major left tributaries observed as the river flows

values: Major right tributaries observed as the river flows

values:
mergedrow
Major settlements which lie in the site

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: width: 256px; padding: 0; font-size: 89%;

values:
/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93St._Paul
mw-redirect
Minneapolis–St. Paul

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Willow_River_(St._Croix_River)
mw-redirect
Willow River (St. Croix River)

values:
/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota
mw-redirect
St. Paul, Minnesota

values:
/wiki/Dalles_of_the_St._Croix_River
mw-redirect
Dalles of the St. Croix River

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Interstate_State_Park
mw-redirect
Interstate State Park

values:
/wiki/Father_Louis_Hennepin
mw-redirect
Father Louis Hennepin

values: May Township, Washington County, Minnesota

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values:
/wiki/St._Croix_Falls
mw-redirect
St. Croix Falls

values:
/wiki/Eastern_White_Pine
mw-redirect
Eastern White Pine

values:
/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Highway_35
mw-redirect
Wisconsin State Highway 35

values:
/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Highway_77
mw-redirect
Wisconsin State Highway 77

values:
/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Highway_70
mw-redirect
Wisconsin State Highway 70

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_8
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 8

values:
/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_243
mw-redirect
Minnesota State Highway 243

values:
/wiki/U.S._Highway_10
mw-redirect
U.S. Highway 10

values:
/wiki/William_O%27_Brien_State_Park
mw-redirect
William O' Brien State Park

values:
nofollow
http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/
external text

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.stcroixriverassociation.org

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota)

values:
nofollow
http://www.nps.gov/sacn/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nps.gov/sacn/trip/maps.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.stcroixriverassociation.org

values: Category:Tributaries of the Mississippi River

values: Category:Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States

values: Category:Rivers of Douglas County, Wisconsin

values: Category:Rivers of Burnett County, Wisconsin

values: Category:Rivers of Polk County, Wisconsin

values: Category:Rivers of Chisago County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of Washington County, Minnesota

values: Category:Rivers of St. Croix County, Wisconsin

values: Category:Rivers of Pierce County, Wisconsin

values: Category:Geobox usage tracking for river type

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Saint Croix River (Mississippi River) – German

values: Río St. Croix (Wisconsin-Minnesota) – Spanish

values: St. Croix (rivier yn Wiskonsin en Minnesota) – Western Frisian

values: St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota) – Simple English

values: St. Croix (Wisconsin–Minnesota) – Serbo-Croatian

values: St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota) – Swedish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-St_Croix_River_Wisconsin–Minnesota rootpage-St_Croix_River_Wisconsin–Minnesota skin-vector action-view


text:
The Berkshires
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a geologic and cultural region in the United States. For other uses, see Berkshire (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Berkshires
Region of Massachusetts and Connecticut
A view of the Berkshires from near North Adams, Massachusetts
Country
United States
States
Massachusetts and Connecticut
Berkshires
Berkshire Hills, Berkshire Mountains
Highest point
Peak
Crum Hill
Elevation
2,841 ft (866 m)
Coordinates
42°42′40″N 73°01′11″W / 42.71111°N 73.01972°W / 42.71111; -73.01972
Dimensions
Length
98 mi (158 km) north-south
Geography
Berkshires labeled as B
Country
United States
State
Massachusetts and Connecticut
Range coordinates
42°10′0.325″N 73°8′58.385″W / 42.16675694°N 73.14955139°W / 42.16675694; -73.14955139Coordinates: 42°10′0.325″N 73°8′58.385″W / 42.16675694°N 73.14955139°W / 42.16675694; -73.14955139
Geology
Type of rock
Metamorphic
The Berkshires (locally /ˈbɜːrkʃɪərz, -ʃərz/) are a highland geologic region located in the western parts of Massachusetts and Connecticut. The term "Berkshires" is normally used by locals in reference to the portion of the Vermont-based Green Mountains that extends south into western Massachusetts; the portion extending further south into northwestern Connecticut is locally referred to as either the Northwest Hills or Litchfield Hills.[1]
Also referred to as the Berkshire Hills, Berkshire Mountains, and Berkshire Plateau, the region enjoys a vibrant tourism industry based on music, arts, and recreation. Geologically, the mountains are a range of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Berkshires was named among the 200 Last Great Places by The Nature Conservancy.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 Political
1.2 Cultural
1.3 Geographic
1.3.1 Formation
1.3.2 Elevation
1.3.3 Rivers
1.3.4 Counties
1.3.5 Municipalities
2 History
3 Ecology
4 Tourism
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Definition[edit]
The term "The Berkshires" has overlapping but non-identical political, cultural, and geographic definitions.
Political[edit]
Politically, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, was formed as a governing body in 1761; it includes the western extremity of the state, with its western boundary bordering New York and its eastern boundary roughly paralleling the watershed divide separating the Connecticut River watershed from the Housatonic River-Hoosic River watersheds.
Cultural[edit]
Culturally, the term "Berkshires" includes all of the highland region in western Massachusetts west of the Connecticut River and lower Westfield River, and (under the name "Litchfield Hills") all of northwest Connecticut from the Farmington River valley in the northern part of the state in a diagonal arc west to Winsted and Litchfield, then southwest to Lake Candlewood on the New York border and ending in Ridgefield, Connecticut. The cultural region also includes the Taconic Mountains bordering New York, which are geologically distinct from the Berkshires orogeny. Southwest Vermont and the Taconic region of New York are occasionally grouped with the Berkshires cultural region.
Sir Francis Bernard, the royal governor (in office 1760-1769), named the area "Berkshire" to honor his home county in England.
Geographic[edit]
The Mount Greylock massif seen from the west in winter, with the deep valley known as "The Hopper" directly below the summit
Geologically and physically, the Berkshires are the southern continuation of the Green Mountains of Vermont, distinct from them only by their lower average elevation and by virtue of what side of the border they fall on. In physical geography, the Berkshires extend from the Housatonic River and Hoosic River valleys in western Massachusetts, to the Connecticut River valley in north-central Massachusetts, and to the foot of the lower Westfield River valley in south-central Massachusetts. In Connecticut, where they are referred to as the Litchfield Hills, they extend from the upper Housatonic River valley in the northwest part of the state, south along the western border of the state, east to the Farmington River valley in north-central Connecticut, south to the Quinnipiac River valley in central Connecticut, then southwest to the Housatonic River valley in southwest Connecticut.
Geologically, the Berkshires are bordered on the west by the Taconic Mountains, the marble valleys of the Hoosic River and Housatonic River and, further south, by the Hudson Highlands; to the east, they are bordered by the Metacomet Ridge geology. They are on the average 1,000 ft (300 m) lower and less prominent than the Green Mountains of Vermont, and form a broad, dissected plateau punctuated by hills and peaks and cut by river valleys. The Berkshires topography gradually diminishes in profile and elevation from west to east and from north to south, except where rivers have cut deep gorges and sharp bluff faces into the Berkshire plateau.
Formation[edit]
The Berkshires and related Green Mountains formed over half a billion years ago when Africa collided with North America, pushing up the Appalachian Mountains and forming the bedrock of the Berkshires. Erosion over hundreds of millions of years wore these mountains down to the hills that we see today.[4]
Elevation[edit]
The average regional elevation of the Berkshires ranges from about 700 to 1,200 feet (210 to 370 m).[citation needed] One of the high points is Spruce Mountain, at 2,710 feet (830 m). The highest point in the Berkshires physiographic region is Crum Hill, 2,841 feet (866 m), in the town of Monroe; however, nearby Mount Greylock of the Taconic Mountains, at 3,491 feet (1,064 m) the highest point in the state of Massachusetts, is considered the high point of the Berkshires cultural region.
Rivers[edit]
The Housatonic River, Hoosic River, Westfield River, and Deerfield River watersheds drain the Berkshires region in Massachusetts; in Connecticut the main river drainages are the Farmington River, the Naugatuck River, the Shepaug River, and the Housatonic River.
Counties[edit]
The Berkshire mountain range runs through:
Berkshire County, Massachusetts (all towns)
Hartford County, Connecticut (Hartland, Granby)
Franklin County, Massachusetts (western part)
Hampden County, Massachusetts (Tolland, Chester, Granville, Blandford)
Hampshire County, Massachusetts (western part)
Litchfield County, Connecticut (all towns)
Municipalities[edit]
The largest municipalities associated with the Berkshires cultural region include Pittsfield, North Adams, Great Barrington, Williamstown, Stockbridge, Lee, and Lenox, Massachusetts.
History[edit]
During the American Revolution a Continental Army force under Henry Knox brought captured cannons from Fort Ticonderoga by ox-drawn sleds south along the west bank of the Hudson River from the fort to Albany, where he then crossed the Hudson. Knox and his men continued east through the Berkshires and finally arrived in Boston. This feat, known as the "Noble train of artillery", was accomplished in the dead of winter, 1775-1776.
Ecology[edit]
The Berkshires lie within the New England/Acadian forests ecoregion.[5]
Similarly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Massachusetts (Griffith et al. 1994) has defined six ecoregions within this area: Taconic Mountains, Western New England Marble Valleys, Lower Berkshire Hills, Berkshire Highlands, Vermont Piedmont, and Berkshire Transition. Each region is distinct from the others, providing a unique habitat assemblage.
Much of the Hoosic and Housatonic River valleys have underlying bedrock limestone and marble which contribute to calcareous wetlands unique in Massachusetts. The alkaline pH waters support a diversity of plants and animals intolerant of more acidic waters, some of which are state-listed rare or endangered. Combined with the rich mesic forests ranging from the northern hardwood to the taiga or sub-alpine, the Berkshires have a valuable, biologically diverse ecosystem.
The classic study of the vegetation of the Berkshire Highlands was Egler's 1940 monograph,[6] covering the flora of an area stretching roughly from Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in the west to Hatfield, Massachusetts, in the east, and from Goshen, Connecticut, in the south to the Vermont border in the north.
Today, efforts are being made by many organizations to preserve and manage this region for biological diversity and sustainable human development. See also: Natural History of the Berkshires.
Tourism[edit]
The Berkshires are a popular year-round premiere tourist destination and vacation getaway. The Berkshires are less than three hours from New York City and Boston and offer culture and adventure year-round. The surrounding mountains provide plenty of opportunity for outdoor excursions in all seasons, while world-class culture and entertainment along with a deeply rooted food culture and an array of lodging options amidst picturesque towns set this region apart. The Berkshires is a rural destination with a cultural scene to rival far larger urban dwellings.
With numerous trails, including part of the Appalachian Trail, large tracts of wilderness, and parks like Kent Falls the tallest waterfall in Connecticut, Berkshire Botanical Garden and Hebert Arboretum, the Berkshires are very popular with nature lovers. The area includes Bash Bish Falls, the tallest waterfall in Massachusetts. The Berkshires are also home to dozens of summer camps, some of which date back to the turn of the 20th century.
The Berkshire region is noted as a center for the visual and performing arts; its art museums include the Norman Rockwell Museum, the Clark Art Institute, the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (Mass MoCA), and the Williams College Museum of Art (WCMA). At Williams College, the Chapin Library displays a wide selection of rare books and documents. Performing-arts institutions in the Berkshires include Tanglewood Music Center and Boston University Tanglewood Institute in Lenox, the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra; the Bang on a Can Summer Festival for contemporary music in North Adams; Shakespeare & Company in Lenox; summer stock theatre festivals such as the Williamstown Theatre Festival[7] in Williamstown, Barrington Stage Company in Pittsfield, and the Berkshire Theatre Festival[8] in Stockbridge; and America's first and longest-running dance festival, Jacob's Pillow, in the town of Becket.
The Kripalu Center, "North America's largest residential facility for holistic health and education",[citation needed] is located in Stockbridge.
See also[edit]
BerkShares
Famous Berkshire Cottages:
Naumkeag
Edith Wharton's The Mount
Ventfort Hall
Litchfield Hills
Taconic Mountains
Geography of Massachusetts
List of mountains in Massachusetts
Berkshire, England
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Berkshire Hills". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Martha (June 2010). "Winsome Twosome". Traditional Building Magazine. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Where We Work > Regions > North America > Areas > Berkshire Taconic Landscape". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Raymo, Chet and Raymo, Maureen E. Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.
Jump up ^ Olson, D. M, E. Dinerstein; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933–938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Egler, F. E. 1940. "Berkshire Plateau Vegetation, Massachusetts". Ecological Monographs 10:147-192.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Berkshire Hills.
Berkshire Visitors Bureau
Massachusetts State Parks in the Berkshires
[show]
v
t
e
State of Connecticut
Hartford (capital)
Topics
Index
Constitution
Delegations
Elections
Geography
Government
History
Images
People
Tourist Attractions
Society
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Party strength
Regions
Connecticut panhandle
Coastal Connecticut
Gold Coast
Greater Bridgeport
Greater Danbury
Greater Hartford
Greater New Haven
Litchfield Hills
Lower Connecticut River Valley
Central Naugatuck Valley
Naugatuck River Valley
Quiet Corner
Southeastern Connecticut
Counties
Fairfield
Hartford
Litchfield
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Windham
Cities
Ansonia
Bridgeport
Bristol
Danbury
Derby
Groton
Hartford
Meriden
Middletown
Milford
New Britain
New Haven
New London
Norwalk
Norwich
Shelton
Stamford
Torrington
Waterbury
West Haven
All Towns
Andover
Ansonia
Ashford
Avon
Barkhamsted
Beacon Falls
Berlin
Bethany
Bethel
Bethlehem
Bloomfield
Bolton
Bozrah
Branford
Bridgeport
Bridgewater
Bristol
Brookfield
Brooklyn
Burlington
Canaan
Canterbury
Canton
Chaplin
Cheshire
Chester
Clinton
Colchester
Colebrook
Columbia
Cornwall
Coventry
Cromwell
Danbury
Darien
Deep River
Derby
Durham
East Granby
East Haddam
East Hampton
East Hartford
East Haven
East Lyme
East Windsor
Eastford
Easton
Ellington
Enfield
Essex
Fairfield
Farmington
Franklin
Glastonbury
Goshen
Granby
Greenwich
Griswold
Groton
Guilford
Haddam
Hamden
Hampton
Hartford
Hartland
Harwinton
Hebron
Hartford
Kent
Killingly
Killingworth
Lebanon
Ledyard
Lisbon
Litchfield
Lyme
Madison
Manchester
Mansfield
Marlborough
Meriden
Middlebury
Middlefield
Middletown
Milford
Monroe
Montville
Morris
Naugatuck
New Britain
New Canaan
New Fairfield
New Hartford
New Haven
New London
New Milford
Newington
Newtown
Norfolk
North Branford
North Canaan
North Haven
North Stonington
Norwalk
Norwich
Old Lyme
Old Saybrook
Orange
Oxford
Plainfield
Plainville
Plymouth
Pomfret
Portland
Preston
Prospect
Putnam
Redding
Ridgefield
Rocky Hill
Roxbury
Salem
Salisbury
Scotland
Seymour
Sharon
Shelton
Sherman
Simsbury
Somers
South Windsor
Southbury
Southington
Sprague
Stafford
Stamford
Sterling
Stonington
Stratford
Suffield
Thomaston
Thompson
Tolland
Torrington
Trumbull
Union
Vernon
Voluntown
Wallingford
Warren
Washington
Waterbury
Waterford
Watertown
West Hartford
West Haven
Westbrook
Weston
Westport
Wethersfield
Willington
Wilton
Winchester
Windham
Windsor
Windsor Locks
Wolcott
Woodbridge
Woodbury
Woodstock
Places
Boroughs
Villages
Historic Places
Geography
[show]
v
t
e
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Boston (capital)
Topics
Index
Administrative divisions
Congressional districts
Elections
Geography
Geology
Government
History
Images
Law
Music
People
State symbols
Transportation
Villages
Tourist attractions
Windmills
Society
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Sports
Regions
The Berkshires
Blackstone Valley
Cape Ann
Cape Cod
Central Massachusetts
Greater Boston
The Islands
Merrimack Valley
MetroWest
Montachusett-North County
North Shore
Pioneer Valley
Quabbin-Swift River Valley
South Coast
South County
South Shore
Southeastern Massachusetts
Western Massachusetts
Counties
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Dukes
Essex
Franklin
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Nantucket
Norfolk
Plymouth
Suffolk
Worcester
Cities
Agawam
Amesbury
Attleboro
Barnstable
Beverly
Boston
Braintree
Bridgewater
Brockton
Cambridge
Chelsea
Chicopee
East Longmeadow
Easthampton
Everett
Fall River
Fitchburg
Franklin
Gardner
Gloucester
Greenfield
Haverhill
Holyoke
Lawrence
Leominster
Lowell
Lynn
Malden
Marlborough
Medford
Melrose
Methuen
New Bedford
Newburyport
Newton
North Adams
Northampton
Palmer
Peabody
Pittsfield
Quincy
Randolph
Revere
Salem
Somerville
Southbridge
Springfield
Taunton
Waltham
Watertown
Westfield
West Springfield
Weymouth
Winthrop
Woburn
Worcester
Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see all municipalities)
[show]
v
t
e
Mountains of Massachusetts
The Berkshires
Hoosac Range
Crum Hill
Others
Bakke Mountain
Borden Mountain
Crum Hill
Massaemett Mountain
Monument Mountain
Pocumtuck Mountain
Tekoa Mountain
Holyoke Range
Bare Mountain
Long Mountain
Mount Hitchcock
Mount Holyoke
Mount Norwottuck
Round Mountain
Seven Sisters
Metacomet Ridge
Bare Mountain
Crag Mountain
East Mountain
Farley Ledges
Mount Grace
Mount Hitchcock
Mount Holyoke
Mount Lincoln
Mount Nonotuck
Mount Norwottuck
Mount Orient
Mount Toby
Mount Tom
Northfield Mountain
Pine Cobble Mountain
Provin Mountain
Round Mountain
Seven Sisters
Sugarloaf Mountain
Mount Tom Range
Mount Nonotuck
Mount Tom
Pocumtuck Range
Sugarloaf Mountain
Taconic Mountains
Alander Mountain
Berlin Mountain
Berry Hill
Berry Mountain
Brodie Mountain
Doll Mountain
Holy Mount
Honwee Mountain
Misery Mountain
Mount Everett
Mount Fitch
Mount Fray
Mount Frissell
Mount Greylock
Mount Race
Mount Raimer
Mount Williams
Pine Mountain
Poppy Mountain
Potter Mountain
Round Mountain
Rounds Mountain
Saddle Ball Mountain
Shaker Mountain
Smith Mountain
Tower Mountain
White Rock
Wapack Range
Mount Watatic
Others
Faggot Hill
Great Blue Hill
Little Tom Mountain
Mount Institute
Mount Jefferson
Mount Pisgah
Mount Wachusett
Peaked Mountain
Pine Hill
Tully Mountain
Waitt's Mountain
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Berkshires&oldid=799193799"
Categories:
Berkshires
Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
Mountain ranges of Connecticut
Mountain ranges of Massachusetts
Landforms of Litchfield County, Connecticut
Landforms of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Regions of Connecticut
Regions of Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Tourist attractions in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Articles needing additional references from December 2008
All articles needing additional references
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikivoyage
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Русский
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 September 2017, at 06:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Berkshire_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Berkshire (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;

values: padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;

values: padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;

values:
/wiki/Lake_Candlewood
mw-redirect
Lake Candlewood

values: List of colonial governors of Massachusetts

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values:
/wiki/Mesic_forest
mw-redirect
Mesic forest

values:
nofollow
external text
http://drm.williams.edu/nhb/index.htm

values: Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art

values:
/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow
mw-redirect
Jacob's Pillow

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
/wiki/Ventfort_Hall
mw-redirect
Ventfort Hall

values:
/wiki/Raymo,_Chet
mw-redirect
Raymo, Chet

values:
/wiki/Raymo,_Maureen_E.
mw-redirect
Raymo, Maureen E.

values:
/wiki/Globe_Pequot
mw-redirect
Globe Pequot

values:
nofollow
http://gis.wwfus.org/wildfinder/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://www.wtfestival.org/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
http://www.berkshiretheatre.org/
external autonumber

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.berkshires.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mass.gov/dcr/western.htm

values: United States congressional delegations from Connecticut

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Connecticut

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Category:Unincorporated communities in Connecticut

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton1
#
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: Administrative divisions of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Elections in Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Transportation in Massachusetts

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Economy of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Education in Massachusetts

values: Template talk:Mountains of Massachusetts

values: Monument Mountain (Berkshire County, Massachusetts)

values: Long Mountain (Hampshire County, Massachusetts)

values: Pine Hill (Barnstable County, Massachusetts)

values: Category:Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains

values: Category:Mountain ranges of Massachusetts

values: Category:Landforms of Litchfield County, Connecticut

values: Category:Landforms of Berkshire County, Massachusetts

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Litchfield County, Connecticut

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2008

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Berkshires
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Беркшир-Хилс – Russian

values: Беркшири – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Berkshires rootpage-The_Berkshires vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Vanna White
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vanna White
White next to the Wheel of Fortune board during a taping of Wheel of Fortune on February 8, 2006
Born
Vanna Marie Rosich[1]
(1957-02-18) February 18, 1957 (age 61)
Conway, South Carolina, U.S.
Occupation
Game show co-host[2]
Years active
1980–present
Spouse(s)
George Santo Pietro
(m. 1990; div. 2002)
Children
Gigi, Niko
Website
www.vannawhite.com
Vanna White (born Vanna Marie Rosich[1]; February 18, 1957) is an American television personality and film actress known as the hostess of Wheel of Fortune since 1982.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Television career
3 Personal life
4 Litigation
5 In popular culture
6 Publications
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
White was born Vanna Marie Rosich, in Conway, South Carolina,[3] the daughter of Joan Marie and Miguel Angel Rosich.[4] Her parents divorced when she was an infant,[1] and White took the name of her stepfather, Herbert Stackley White Jr., a former real estate broker in what is now North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[5]
Television career[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
White with Pat Sajak
Before her appearance on TV in 1980, White was a contestant in the Miss Georgia 1978 pageant. White's first appearance in a game show was on the June 20, 1980, episode of The Price Is Right, in which she was among the first four contestants. She did not make it onstage, but the clip of her running to Contestants' Row was rebroadcast as part of The Price Is Right 25th Anniversary Special in August 1996 and also was featured on the special broadcast Game Show Moments Gone Bananas. After Wheel of Fortune hostess Susan Stafford left in October 1982, White was selected as one of three substitute hostesses (along with Vicki McCarty and Summer Bartholomew) to co-host the show. On December 13, 1982, White became the regular hostess. Her 1987 autobiography, Vanna Speaks!, was a best-seller.[6] Also in 1987, she was featured in a Playboy pictorial, showing photos taken of her by her boyfriend (before her career on Wheel of Fortune) wearing see-through lingerie.
In 1988, she appeared in the NBC television film Goddess of Love, in which she played Venus; Betsy Palmer co-starred as Juno. The film was panned universally by critics, with TV Guide joking that White's acting was "wheely" bad. Film historian Leonard Maltin added that the picture was "...bottom-of-the-barrel yet, on its own terms, a must-see".[citation needed]
She has made cameo appearances on television shows such as L.A. Law, 227, Super Mario Bros. Super Show, Simon and Simon, The King of Queens, and Full House; and in films such as Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult (1994) and Double Dragon (1994). She also appeared as Doris in the horror movie Graduation Day in 1981.
She guest-starred on Married...With Children; in a gender-bending parody of the film Indecent Proposal, White had the Robert Redford role while Al Bundy had that of Demi Moore. She served as guest timekeeper for WrestleMania IV. In 1992, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized White as "television's most frequent clapper". In 1996, she was the main narrator and singer in the CD release of Leslie Bricusse's "Santa's Last Ride".
On April 20, 2006, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with Pat Sajak, Merv Griffin, and Alex Trebek as key witnesses.
White lent her voice to the Canadian animated television special The Real Story of Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star and the American animated television series Captain Planet and the Planeteers.
White is signed as a hostess of Wheel of Fortune until 2020.[7]
The handprints of Vanna White in front of Hollywood Hills Amphitheater at Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
Personal life[edit]
White dated Playgirl centerfold/Chippendales-dancer-turned-actor John Gibson in the 1980s, and they eventually became engaged. In 1986, Gibson was killed in a plane crash. White married restaurant owner George Santo Pietro in December 1990.[8] White first became pregnant in September 1992, and announced her pregnancy on an episode of Wheel of Fortune where "Vanna's pregnant" was the answer to a puzzle. She miscarried shortly after the episode's taping.[9] White later had a son, Nicholas, born in 1994[10] and a daughter, Giovanna (Gigi), born in 1997,[11] from her marriage to Santo Pietro. The couple divorced in November 2002.
From 2004 to 2006, she was engaged to businessman Michael Kaye, senior partner in a large leveraged buyout fund based in southern California. The two never wed.[12]
White is a crochet and knitting enthusiast and has a line of yarns called "Vanna's Choice" through Lion Brand Yarns.[13]
Litigation[edit]
In 1993, White sued the Samsung Electronics corporation over its use of a humorous ad featuring a robot turning letters on a game show, alleging a violation of her personality rights. The lower court's decision in Samsung's favor was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,[14] and the Ninth Circuit denied a rehearing; Judge Kozinski issued a dissent.[14] The U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari.[14] White ultimately was awarded $403,000 in damages.
In popular culture[edit]
Comic musician "Weird Al" Yankovic penned an original song, "Stuck in a Closet with Vanna White" featured on his hit album Even Worse.
In 1987, disc jockey David Kolin, credited as Dr. Dave, released a 12-inch single of a parody called "Vanna, Pick Me a Letter" to the tune of the song "The Letter" by The Box Tops.[15]
Publications[edit]
White, Vanna (1987). Vanna Speaks. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0446513660.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Vanna White - Game Show Host". Biography.com. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vanna White – Official Page – Wheel of Fortune".
Jump up ^ Almanac of Famous People, Gale Publishing, June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Say What?! 15 MORE Stars You Never Knew Were Latino!".
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Lee (March 22, 2011). "Say What?! 15 MORE Stars You Never Knew Were Latino!". latina.com. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About New York", The New York Times, May 23, 1987.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (May 2, 2017). "Pat Sajak, Vanna White, Alex Trebek Sign on for Two More Seasons of 'Wheel of Fortune,' 'Jeopardy'".
Jump up ^ "Stargazing". The Kansas City Star. March 11, 1991. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vanna Has Miscarriage". The Seattle Times. 18 September 1992. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "N-i-c-h-o-l-a-s Makes Vanna White A Mommy". Orlando Sentinel. June 15, 1994. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Baby Will Need 4 Vowels To Spell Name". Orlando Sentinel. July 11, 1997. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vanna White Opens Up About Finding Happiness After Heartbreak — "I'm Finally Happy Just the Way Things Are"". Closer. October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vanna's Choice Yarn at Lion Brand Yarn". Lion Brand Yarn. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Patrick (March 15, 1987). "Pop Eye".
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.
Vanna White on IMDb
Vanna White's biography on wheeloffortune.com
Judge Alex Kozinski's dissent in the White v. Samsung Electronics appeal
Vanna White interview video at the Archive of American Television
Media offices
Preceded by
Susan Stafford Wheel of Fortune Hostess
1982–present Incumbent
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: n86011252
VIAF: 70403297
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanna_White&oldid=842849012"
Categories:
1957 births
Living people
American television personalities
Contestants on American game shows
Game show models
People from North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
Actresses from South Carolina
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Articles needing additional references from March 2016
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Articles using Template:EmmyTVLegends name
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
Русский
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 02:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.vannawhite.com

values:
/wiki/Television_personality
mw-redirect
Television personality

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Contestants%27_Row
mw-redirect
Contestants' Row

values:
/wiki/Goddess_of_Love_(TV_Movie)
mw-redirect
Goddess of Love (TV Movie)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._Super_Show
mw-redirect
Super Mario Bros. Super Show

values:
/wiki/Simon_and_Simon
mw-redirect
Simon and Simon

values:
/wiki/Married...With_Children
mw-redirect
Married...With Children

values:
/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records
mw-redirect
Guinness Book of World Records

values:
/wiki/Hollywood_Hills_Amphitheater
mw-redirect
Hollywood Hills Amphitheater

values:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikisource:White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc./Panel Opinion

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001846/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/70403297

values: Category:Contestants on American game shows

values: Category:People from North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

values: Category:American people of Puerto Rican descent

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Category:Articles using Template:EmmyTVLegends name

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Vanna_White
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: فانا وايت – Arabic

values: 바나 화이트 – Korean

values: Уайт, Ванна – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vanna_White rootpage-Vanna_White skin-vector action-view