text:
Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy
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Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy
Studio album by ASAP Mob
Released
August 25, 2017[1]
Recorded
2016–17
Genre
Hip hop
trap
Length
51:38
Label
ASAP Worldwide
Polo Grounds
RCA
Producer
5 Star Rico
Djo Watt
Dun Deal
Franchise
Frank Dukes
Hector Delgado
Hit-Boy
Medi BPM
Michael Uzowuru
P on the Boards
Pi'erre Bourne
Pyroman
RZA
SdotFire
Slade Da Monsta
Sly C
Vegyn
Zoneout Worldwide
ASAP Mob chronology
Cozy Tapes Vol. 1: Friends
(2016)Cozy Tapes Vol. 1: Friends2016 Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy
(2017)
Singles from Cozy Tapes Vol. 2
"RAF"
Released: May 15, 2017
"Feels So Good"
Released: August 16, 2017
Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy is the second studio album by American hip hop collective ASAP Mob. It was released on August 25, 2017, by ASAP Worldwide, Polo Grounds Music and RCA Records.[2] The album features guest appearances from Big Sean, Playboi Carti, Pro Era, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert, Lil Yachty, Chief Keef, Gucci Mane, Schoolboy Q, Frank Ocean, Jaden Smith, Smooky Margielaa and Flatbush Zombies. It was preceded by two singles, "RAF" featuring ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean, and "Feels So Good" featuring ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Nast, ASAP Twelvyy and ASAP Ant.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Promotion
2.1 Singles
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Track listing
6 Charts
7 References
Background[edit]
On July 4, 2017, ASAP Mob confirmed the second installment of their Cozy Tapes series.[5] Its released was preceded by solo releases from two other ASAP Mob members in August, with ASAP Twelvyy's 12 album on August 4 and ASAP Ferg's Still Striving mixtape on August 18.[6]
The track listing surfaced online on August 22, a few days before release.[7]
Promotion[edit]
The album's promotional single, "Wrong" featuring ASAP Rocky and ASAP Ferg, was released on April 28, 2017, it was produced by Harry Fraud, which did not make the final track listing.[8][9]
The music video for the song, titled "RAF", was released on July 24, 2017, directed by ASAP Rocky and Austin Winchell.[10]
On July 25, 2017, ASAP Mob announced the Too Cozy Tour to accompany the album across the United States from September to November 2017.[11]
Singles[edit]
The lead single, "RAF" featuring ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean, was released on May 15, 2017.[12] The second single, "Feels So Good" featuring ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Nast, ASAP Twelvyy and ASAP Ant, was released on August 16, 2017.[13]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 70/100[14]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [15]
Consequence of Sound B[16]
Exclaim! 4/10[17]
HipHopDX 3.5/5[18]
Pitchfork 6/10[19]
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 70, based on five reviews.[14] M.T. Richards of Exclaim! criticised the album for a lack of originality and cohesion: "Rocky and his acolytes convene for a rundown of trends worth exploiting; as such, it often sounds like a Migos album as interpreted by 16 clueless New Yorkers. The lack of thump and energy is fatal, throwing cold water on any chance Rocky may have had at profiting off of Migos' grassroots momentum. At its best ("Frat Rules"), CTV2 is perfunctory; at its worst ("Get a Bag"), it denotes a scornful disinterest in what makes club-goers tick."[17] Greg Whitt of Consequence of Sound commented that Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 has "a loose family vibe. One gets the sense that almost anyone who dropped by the studio as they were recording had the chance to make the album. As such, the album’s not a show of force, it’s a party."[16]
Commercial performance[edit]
Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with 41,000 album-equivalent units.[20] The album also entered at number 54 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 1,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[21] It also entered at number 22 on the UK R&B Chart.[22]
Track listing[edit]
Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy[2]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Performers
Length
1. "Skool Bus (Skit)" Donterio Hundon 2:15
2. "Perry Aye"
Rakim Mayers
Tariq Devega
Nicolas Zita
Jordan Herff
Jordan Carter
Jaden Smith
Pyroman
DJO Watt
ASAP Rocky, ASAP Nast, Playboi Carti and Jaden Smith 2:26
3. "Please Shut Up"
Mayers
Kelton Scott II
Radric Davis
Franchise ASAP Rocky, Key! and Gucci Mane 3:30
4. "Blowin' Minds (Skateboard)"
Mayers
Jordan Jenks
Devega
Adam Kirkman
Keith Cozart
Carter
Pi'erre Bourne ASAP Rocky, ASAP Nast, ASAP Ant, Chief Keef and Playboi Carti 3:27
5. "Black Card"
Mayers
Anthony Corpuz
Rico Evans
SDotFire
5 Star Rico
ASAP Rocky and Smooky Margielaa 1:59
6. "Walk on Water"
Jamel Phillips
Hector Delgado
Kirkman
Devega
Darold Brown
Carter
Hector Delgado ASAP Twelvyy, ASAP Ant, ASAP Nast, ASAP Ferg and Playboi Carti 3:56
7. "BYF"
Mayers
Delgado
Christian Robles
Kirkman
Sly C
Hector Delgado[a]
ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ant and Smooky Margielaa 2:54
8. "Get the Bag"
Mayers
Brown
Kirkman
Devega
Tyrone Walker
Carter
Zoneout Worldwide ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Ant, ASAP Nast, ASAP TyY, Playboi Carti and Smooky Margielaa 4:16
9. "Bahamas"
Mayers
Marcus Slade
Brown
Phillips
Miles McCollum
Whittaker
Quincy Hanley
Slade Da Monsta ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Twelvyy, Lil Yachty, Key!, Schoolboy Q and Smooky Margielaa 3:15
10. "Principal Daryl Choad (Skit)" John Reilly Reilly 0:56
11. "Frat Rules"
Mayers
Chauncey Hollis
Carter
Sean Anderson
Hit-Boy ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti and Big Sean 3:38
12. "FYBR (First Year Being Rich)"
Phillips
Mayers
Kirkman
Brown
Whittaker
Carter
Patricio Contreras
P on the Boards ASAP Twelvyy, ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ant, ASAP Ferg, Key! and Playboi Carti 3:31
13. "Feels So Good"
Mayers
Brown
Devega
Phillips
Kirkman
Hollis
Adam Feeney
Hit-Boy
Frank Dukes
ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Nast, ASAP Twelvyy and ASAP Ant 3:25
14. "Coziest"
Phillips
Martin Rodriguez
Zackaria Kharbouch
Medi BPM ASAP Twelvyy and Zack 2:46
15. "What Happens"
Mayers
Robert Diggs
Brown
Phillips
Jo-Vaughn Scott
Carter
Kirlan Labarrie
Jesse Cordasco
Dimitri Simms
Antonio Lewis
RZA ASAP Rocky, ASAP Ferg, ASAP Twelvyy, Playboi Carti, Joey Badass, Kirk Knight, Nyck Caution, Meechy Darko and Zombie Juice 3:39
16. "RAF"
Mayers
David Cunningham
Carter
Quavious Marshall
Symere Woods
Christopher Ocean
Dun Deal
Vegyn[b]
Michael Uzowuru[b]
ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean 4:15
17. "Last Day of Skool (Skit)"
Reilly
Phillips
John Reilly and ASAP Twelvyy 1:31
Total length: 51:38
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
^[b] signifies an additional producer
Sample credits
"BYF" contains a sample of "Swole Pocket Shawty", performed by Gucci Mane.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[23]
24
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[24]
40
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[25]
126
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[26]
14
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[27]
37
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[28]
31
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[29]
42
French Albums (SNEP)[30]
74
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[31]
77
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[32]
17
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[33]
26
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[34]
54
UK Albums (OCC)[35]
54
UK R&B Albums (OCC)[22]
22
US Billboard 200[20]
6
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[36]
4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A$AP Mob Announces 'Cozy Tapes, Vol. 2' Release Date". Rap-Up. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "RAF (feat. A$AP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert & Frank Ocean) – Single by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Feels So Good (feat. A$AP Rocky, A$AP Ferg, A$AP Nast, A$AP Twelvyy & a$AP Ant) – Single by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ F, Matt (July 4, 2017). "A$AP Mob Announce "Cozy Tapes Vol.2"". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (August 1, 2017). "A$AP Mob’s Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy Is Coming Out This Month". The Fader. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tracklist For ASAP Mob's "Cozy Tapes Vol. 2" Surfaces Online". HotNewHipHop. August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ASAP Rocky and ASAP Ferg Collab on New Song 'Wrong'". XXL. April 27, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wrong (feat. A$AP Rocky & A$AP Ferg) – Single by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch ASAP Mob’s "RAF" Video Featuring ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti and Quavo". XXL. July 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ASAP Mob Are Heading Out on Tour". XXL. July 25, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "RAF (feat. A$AP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert & Frank Ocean – Single by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Feels So Good (feat. A$AP Rocky, A$AP Ferg, A$AP Nast, A$AP Twelvyy & A$AP Ant – Single by A$AP Mob on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reviews and Tracks for Cozy Tapes, Vol. 2: Too Cozy by A$AP Mob". Metacritic. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil Z. "Cozy Tapes, Vol. 2: Too Cozy - A$AP Mob". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitt, Greg (August 30, 2017). "A$AP Mob – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Richards, M.T. (August 29, 2017). "A$AP Mob Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy". Exclaim!. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glaysher, Scott. "Review: A$AP Mob Reaches Synchronicity On Cluttered "Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy"". HipHopDX. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jayasuriya, Mehan (August 31, 2017). "A$AP Mob Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Caulfield, Keith (September 3, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert's 'Luv Is Rage 2' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Charts Analysis: Queens Of The Stone Age debut at No.1 on albums chart". Music Week. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – A$AP Mob – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 - Too Cozy" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – A$AP Mob – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 - Too Cozy" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On The Charts: September 4, 2017". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201735 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – A$AP Mob – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 - Too Cozy" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A$AP Mob: Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 35, 2017)". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – A$AP MOB – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 - Too Cozy" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – A$AP Mob". VG-lista. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – A$AP Mob – Cozy Tapes Vol. 2 - Too Cozy". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "{{{artist}}} – Chart history" Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums for {{{artist}}}. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
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Take This Job and Shove It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For the film, see Take This Job and Shove It (film). For the album, see Take This Job and Shove It (album).
"Take This Job and Shove It"
Single by Johnny Paycheck
from the album Take This Job and Shove It
B-side
"Colorado Kool-Aid"
Released
October 1977
Format
7" single
Recorded
August 24, 1977
Genre
Country
Length
2:35
Label
Epic 50469
Songwriter(s)
David Allan Coe
Producer(s)
Billy Sherrill
Johnny Paycheck singles chronology
"I'm the Only Hell (Mama Ever Raised)"
(1977) "Take This Job and Shove It"
(1977) "Georgia in a Jug"
(1978)
"I'm the Only Hell (Mama Ever Raised)"
(1977) "Take This Job and Shove It'"
(1977) "Georgia in a Jug"
(1978)
"Take This Job and Shove It" is a 1977 country music song written by David Allan Coe and popularized by Johnny Paycheck, about the bitterness of a man who has worked long and hard with no apparent reward. The song was first recorded by Paycheck on his album also titled Take This Job and Shove It. The recording hit number one on the country charts for two weeks, spending 18 weeks on the charts.[1] It was Paycheck's only #1 hit.
Its B-side, "Colorado Kool-Aid," spent ten weeks on the same chart and peaked at #50.[1]
Coe's recording was released in 1978 on his "Family Album". Coe also recorded a variation of the song called "Take This Job and Shove It Too" on his 1980 album "I've Got Something To Say". It included the double-meaning line "Paycheck you may be a thing of the past." Coe was annoyed people assumed Paycheck had written the song. Though the single released by Paycheck, and subsequent album, both correctly credit Coe as the song's composer.
The song inspired a 1981 film by the same name.
A cover version also appears on Bedtime for Democracy by Dead Kennedys. Another cover version, "Shove This Jay-Oh-Bee", performed by Canibus with Biz Markie, appears in the film Office Space. Chuck Barris and the Hollywood Cowboys performed a modified version of the piece as Barris's swan song when The Gong Show was kicked off NBC in 1978.
Contents
[hide]
1 Phrase
2 Chart performance
3 References
4 External links
Phrase[edit]
"Take this job and shove it" became a popular phrase as a result of the song. It also became a snowclone phrase, leading to a variety of book and article titles of the form, "Take this job and ... it". The most notable is "Take this job and love it", which has been the title of dozens of books, mostly about career counseling, as well as the title of a 2007 episode of the television series Hannah Montana. Another notable variation was the 2006 book Take This Job and Ship It by U.S. Senator Byron Dorgan. Another variation is the quote "take this job and fill it" from the Simpsons episode, "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy". (Another related snowclone is "take this ... and shove it," for any unpleasant or low-quality item.)
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1977–78)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 319. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Here You Come Again"
by Dolly Parton Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
January 7-January 14, 1978 Succeeded by
"What a Difference You've Made in My Life"
by Ronnie Milsap
Preceded by
"Sweet Music Man"
by Kenny Rogers RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
January 14, 1978 Succeeded by
"My Way"
by Elvis Presley
[hide]
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Take This Job and Shove It (1977)
Double Trouble (1980)
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"She's All I Got"
"Take This Job and Shove It"
"Maybellene"
"You Better Move On"
Related articles
Discography
This 1970s country song–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
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text:
Telephone numbers in Italy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Italy telephone numbers
Map of Italy colored according to the landlines area codes
Location
Country
Italy
Continent
Europe
Regulator
Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni
Type
Open
Access codes
Country calling code
+39
International call prefix
00
Trunk prefix
None
List of Italy dialing codes
Telephone numbers in Italy are defined by a telephone numbering plan that is organized by types of services.[1] Landline numbers and mobile phone numbers are easily recognizable: the former start with 0 and the latter start with 3. Other initial digits denote other services, such as emergency and toll-free numbers.
The country code for calling Italy from abroad is 39.[2] The international prefix is 00, as is standard in most European countries. Four different emergency numbers exist, including 112.[3]
Italy uses an open numbering plan in which the length of subscriber telephone numbers varies from six to eleven digits. The dialing procedures for callers mandate that the full telephone number is always dialed, including the area code, which is called prefix (prefisso in Italian).
When communicating phone numbers it is usual to group the digits, but there are no fixed rules for grouping. The same phone number is likely to be written or pronounced differently by different people. Several symbols can be used to group digits; spaces are common, but dots and hyphens are often seen as well.
Contents
1 Number formats
1.1 Landline numbers
1.2 Mobile phone numbers
1.3 Emergency and service numbers
1.4 Special-rate numbers
1.5 Other numbers
1.6 Unassigned numbers
2 Previous number formats
2.1 Trunk code removal
2.2 Mobile numbers prefix shortening
2.3 Other changes
3 Special relations with other countries
3.1 Campione d'Italia
3.2 San Marino
3.3 Vatican City
4 See also
5 References
Number formats[edit]
The minimum number length is 3 digits and the maximum is 12.[1]
Landline numbers[edit]
Landline numbers start with the digit 0 and are 6 to 11 digits long, although they are rarely shorter than 9. They are composed of a variable length prefix followed by a variable length subscriber number.
Prefixes are assigned on a geographical basis, starting from the north of the country: for example Turin has prefix "011", Rome has "06", Naples has "081" and Taranto has "099".[4]
Mobile phone numbers[edit]
Mobile phone numbers start with the digit 3 and are generally ten digits long. It is still possible, but rare, to find nine-digit numbers, which were the first to be assigned.
The first three digits of the mobile phone numbers (prefix) identify the mobile network operator that assigned the number, but since 2002 mobile number portability is possible and thus any number can end up being managed by any operator.
Some network operators allow the caller to insert additional digit in order to redirect phone calls to voice mail. For example dialing "36 339 7308986" will connect to the voice mail of the phone number "339 7308986".[5] The extra digits required vary based on the network operator managing the number.
Emergency and service numbers[edit]
Emergency and service numbers start with the digit 1.
Four different emergency numbers are currently in use, but they are in the process of being replaced by 112, previously assigned to the gendarmerie, is already accepting any emergency calls in some areas.[6][7] Calls to 112 are answered within seconds and in multiple languages.[3]
The complete list of emergency numbers is:
"112": gendarmerie (Carabinieri);[3][8]
"113": police (Polizia di Stato);[3][8]
"115": fire department (Vigili del Fuoco);[3][8]
"118": first aid.[3][8]
Examples of service numbers are:
"10...": carrier selection codes, to be prepended to the dialed number;
"116": road help (ACI);
"117": customs/financial/border police (Guardia di Finanza);[8]
"12xx": directory services;
"1240": directory service provided by Italiaonline;[9]
"15xx": public utility services;
"1515": fire department (forestry), handled by Corpo Forestale dello Stato;[8]
"1525": Environmental emergencies;
"1518": road information, handled by CCISS;[8]
"1530": maritime assistance, handled by Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard;
"194...": customer care services;
"19696": social communication services, helpline for children;
Special-rate numbers[edit]
Special-rate numbers start with 8 and include toll-free numbers (called green numbers, numeri verdi in Italian, starting with "80..."), shared-rate numbers ("84...") and premium-rate services ("89...").
Other numbers[edit]
Numbers starting with 4 are used for network-specific phone services like voice mailbox and various information services; they can be free, non-premium or premium.
Included in this category are, among others:
"40...": free operator internal services;
"455...": fundraising services for social purposes by non-profit agencies, organizations and associations and government;
"47...": mass call services;
The digit 5 has been reserved for VoIP numbers.
Finally 7 is used for internet services such as virtual fax numbers and dial up internet access ("70...").
Unassigned numbers[edit]
Numbers starting with the digits 2, 6 and 9 are currently unassigned and reserved for future purposes.
Previous number formats[edit]
Trunk code removal[edit]
In the past it was possible to omit the prefix when calling from a landline to another landline in the same area. The digit "0" was the trunk code and it had to be removed when calling from abroad.[10]
This changed in 1998, with a transition period lasting from 19 June to 31 December. The new dial plan requires one to dial the full number for every call. The main advantage is the availability of millions of previously reserved phone numbers.[10]
The change was widely advertised with a campaign named "Fissa il prefisso" ("Attach the prefix").[10]
It was originally intended also to replace the leading "0" with "4" for landlines. This was scheduled to be implemented starting from 29 December 2000, but this never happened: "0" remained to identify landlines and "4" now identifies network services.
Example for calling the landline subscriber number "xxxxxxxx" in Rome:
"xxxxxxxx": from within Rome, before 1998;
"06 xxxxxxxx": from within Rome, after 1998;
"06 xxxxxxxx": from outside Rome, both before and after 1998;
"+39 6 xxxxxxxx": from abroad, before 1998;
"+39 06 xxxxxxxx": from abroad, after 1998.
Mobile numbers prefix shortening[edit]
Until 2001 a leading "0" was part of any mobile phone number, but it has been removed.[11]
Example for calling the mobile phone number "3xx xxxxxxx":
"03xx xxxxxxx": from within Italy, before 2001;
"3xx xxxxxxx": from within Italy, after 2001;
"+39 3xx xxxxxxx": from abroad, both before and after 2001.
Other changes[edit]
Several other smaller changes occurred during the years: for example the prefix for toll free numbers changed from "167" to "800" in 1999.[12]
Special relations with other countries[edit]
Campione d'Italia[edit]
The Italian municipality Campione d'Italia, an exclave within the Swiss canton of Ticino, uses the Swiss telephone network and is part of the Swiss numbering plan.
San Marino[edit]
Main article: Telephone numbers in San Marino
The Italian enclave San Marino has its own country code 378, but landline numbers can be reached using the Italian country code as well: the prefix "0549" is assigned to San Marino. Dialing either "+378 xxxxxx" or "+39 0549 xxxxxx" will reach the same number. Mobile phone customers are sometimes assigned Italian phone numbers.
Vatican City[edit]
Main article: Telephone numbers in Vatican City
The country code 379 is assigned to Vatican City, but it is not used: telephone numbers in Vatican City are integrated into the Italian numbering plan. Vatican landline telephone numbers are in the form "+39 06 698xxxxx", "+39" being the country code for Italy and "06" the prefix for Rome.
See also[edit]
List of dialling codes in Italy
List of Italian telephone companies
Telecommunications in Italy
Internet in Italy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "National Numbering Plans : Italy" (PDF). ITU. p. 1. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of ITU-T recommendation E.164 - assigned country codes" (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. p. 5. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "112 in Italy". European Commission. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Find an Area Code". Pagine Bianche. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Il Servizio di segreteria telefonica - TIM" [Voicemail service - TIM]. TIM (in Italian). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Modena, attivato il 112 Numero Unico per le Emergenze" [Modena, activated the single emergency number 112]. Ministero dell'Interno (in Italian). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nel 2017 parte in Liguria il servizio 112 Numero unico emergenze" [The single emergency number 112 is going to be activated in Liguria in 2017]. Ministero dell'Interno (in Italian). Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Useful numbers". Pagine Bianche. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "12.40". Italiaonline (in Italian). Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Da domani il prefisso anche in città" [Starting from tomorrow the prefix within the city]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cellulari, prefisso senza 0 da sabato è obbligatorio" [Mobile phones without 0, from tomorrow it's mandatory]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Telecom: numero verde, il 167 diventa 800" [Telecom: green number, 167 becomes 800]. Adnkronos (in Italian). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
National ITU-T E.164 numbering plan for country code +39
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text:
List of animals of Yellowstone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Grizzly bear sow with radio neckband and her cub
Yellowstone National Park in the northwest United States is home to a large variety of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians, many of which migrate within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These animals are a major park attraction.[1]
Contents
1 Large mammals
1.1 American bison
1.2 Bears
1.3 Bighorn sheep
1.4 Bobcats
1.5 Canada lynx
1.6 Coyotes
1.7 Elk
1.8 Moose
1.9 Mountain goats
1.10 Mountain lions
1.11 Mule deer and white-tailed deer
1.12 Gray wolf
1.13 Red fox
2 Small mammals
3 Birds
4 Amphibians and reptiles
5 Fish
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 Notes
Large mammals[edit]
Main article: Mammals of Yellowstone National Park
American bison[edit]
A lone, grazing bison
Bison are the largest grazing mammals in Yellowstone National Park. They are obligate herbivores, a grazer of grasslands and sedges in the meadows, the foothills, and even the high-elevation, forested plateaus of Yellowstone. Bison males, called bulls, can weigh upwards of 1,800 pounds. Females (cows) average about 1,300 pounds. Both stand approximately six feet tall at the shoulder, and can move with surprising speed to defend their young or when approached too closely by people. Bison breed from mid-July to mid-August, and bear one calf in April and May. Some wolf predation of bison is documented in Canada and has recently been observed in Yellowstone. Bison live an average lifespan of 20–25 years in the wild.[2]
Yellowstone is the only place in the lower 48 states where a population of wild American bison has persisted since prehistoric times, although fewer than 50 native bison remained there in 1902. Fearing extinction, the park imported 21 bison from two privately owned herds, as foundation stock for a bison ranching project that spanned 50 years at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch in Yellowstone's Lamar Valley. Activities there included irrigation, hay-feeding, roundups, culling, and predator control, to artificially ensure herd survival. By the 1920s, some intermingling of the introduced and wild bison had begun. With protection from poaching, the native and transplanted populations increased. In 1936, bison were transplanted to historic habitats in the Firehole River and Hayden Valley. In 2003, the entire population numbered 1,477. Bison were trapped and herds periodically reduced until 1967, when only 397 bison were counted parkwide. All bison herd reduction activities were phased out after 1966, again allowing natural ecological processes to determine bison numbers and distribution. Presently, the park's bison population is estimated at about 4,000.
Bison are nomadic grazers, wandering high on Yellowstone's grassy plateaus in summer. Despite their slow gait, bison are surprisingly fast for animals that weigh more than half a ton. In winter, they use their large heads like a plow to push aside snow and find winter food. In the park interior where snows are deep, they winter in thermally influenced areas and around the geyser basins. Bison also move to winter range in the northern part of Yellowstone.[3]
Bears[edit]
Grizzly bears
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population within the Yellowstone ecosystem is estimated to be approximately 280-610 bears. The current estimate of the black bear (Ursus americanus) population is 500-650 bears.
While in spawning streams, Yellowstone cutthroat trout are preyed upon by numerous predators including black bears and grizzly bears. Due to their high digestibility and protein and lipid content, spawning cutthroat trout are one of the highest sources of net digestible energy for grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Cutthroat trout are an important late-spring and early-summer food source for bears and may provide bears the opportunity to regain body mass after den emergence and help females with cubs meet the energetic demands of lactation. The average lifespan of a grizzly bear in Yellowstone is about 22 years, and the average lifespan of a Yellowstone black bear is about 17.
Black bear
With the reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park, much interest has been shown regarding the effects of a restored wolf population on both grizzly bears and black bears. Grizzly bears, black bears, and gray wolves have historically coexisted in much of the same range throughout a large portion of North America.
Bears were once commonly observed along roadsides and within developed areas of Yellowstone National Park. Bears were attracted to these areas by the availability of human foods in the form of handouts and unsecured camp groceries and garbage. Although having bears readily visible along roadsides and within developed areas was very popular with the park visitors, it was also considered to be the primary cause of an average of 48 bear-caused human injuries per year from 1930 through 1969. Rocky Mountain grizzly bears have killed several people in the park since the 1970s.[4]
A black bear looks for food in a passing vehicle on one of Yellowstone's main roads in 1967, shortly before the bear management program began.
In 1970, the park took a gamble and initiated an intensive bear management program. The objectives of this change was restoring the grizzly bear and black bear populations to subsistence on natural forage and reducing bear-caused injuries to humans. As part of the bear management program implemented in 1970, regulations prohibiting the feeding of bears were strictly enforced. Some experts believed that the bears would not survive this change. As the bears became more desperate for food and more aggressive, more of them were encountered in camps and in the next several years, over 100 grizzly bears had to be euthanized, putting the park bear population on the brink of extinction. On July 28, 1975, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear in the lower 48 states as a threatened species.[5]
Over the next several decades, the bears learned to hunt and forage for themselves from non-human food sources, and their population slowly grew.[5] On March 22, 2007, grizzly bears were taken off of the endangered species list. In the 30 years since the grizzly was listed as a threatened species, the Yellowstone population increased from 126 to 500. "The grizzly is a large predator that requires a great deal of space, and conserving such animals is a challenge in today's world," Deputy Interior Secretary Lynn Scarlett said in announcing the decision. "I believe all Americans should be proud that, as a nation, we had the will and the ability to protect and restore this symbol of the wild." [6]
From 1980 to 2002, over 62 million people visited Yellowstone National Park (YNP). During the same period, 32 people were injured by bears. Grizzly bear-inflicted injuries to humans in developed areas averaged approximately 1 per year during the 1930s through the 1950s and 4 per year during the 1960s. Human injuries from black bears have decreased from averages of 46 per year from 1931 to 1969, to 4 per year during the 1970s and less than one (0.17) per year from 1980 to 2002. The chance of being injured by a bear while in the park is approximately 1 in 1.9 million. Five known bear-caused human fatalities and 1 possible fatality have occurred within the park. In addition, 1 fatality occurred in the Gallatin National Forest outside of the park.
Bighorn sheep[edit]
Bighorn sheep
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were once very numerous in western United States and were an important food source for humans. The "Sheepeaters", a band of Shoshone people, lived year-round in Yellowstone until 1880. Their principal food was bighorn sheep and they made their bows from sheep horns. By 1900, during an "epoch of relentless destruction by the skin hunters", bighorn numbers were reduced to a few hundred in the United States. In 1897 about 100-150 were estimated to be present in the park. By 1912, despite a disease (scab) contracted from domestic sheep, bighorns in the park had increased to more than 200 and travelers could find them with fair certainty by devoting a few days to searching around Mount Everts, Mount Washburn or other well-known ranges. In winter, small bands of sheep could then be seen every day between Mammoth and Gardiner. Bighorn sheep usually live 10–15 years in the wild.
Bobcats[edit]
In the early years of the 20th century, bobcats (Lynx rufus) were reported as "somewhat common" in the park. There have been 9 to 14 reported sightings each decade since 1960. These sightings have occurred throughout the park; about 80 percent have occurred in the northern half. Bobcats have been reported in about equal numbers during all seasons. In 1960, a bobcat was killed by a car near Squaw Lake (now Indian Pond) on the north shore of Yellowstone Lake; its skull was deposited in the Yellowstone Museum collection. Other roadkilled bobcats were reported in 1993 and 1996. In 1960, a young bobcat was reported on the porch of the administration building at Mammoth; other young bobcats have been reported at Pebble Creek bridge (February 1977) and at Canyon campground (July 1986), where one accompanied an adult bobcat.
No research has been conducted in Yellowstone to determine the numbers or distribution of this elusive animal that usually is solitary, nocturnal, and widely scattered over its range.
Unlike Canadian lynx, which they resemble, bobcats elsewhere have been highly adaptable to human-caused changes in environmental conditions; some biologists believe that there are more bobcats in the United States today than in colonial times. Yellowstone has many rock outcrops, canyons bordered by rock ledges, conifer forests, and semi-open areas that seem to offer conditions favorable for bobcats—adequate shelter, a variety of rodents, rabbits, hares, birds, and other small animals as well as seasonal carrion, for food. Carrion is seldom used if live prey is available. Studies elsewhere have shown that bobcats also may kill both young and adult antelope and deer; they stalk bedded adults and may be carried long distances while biting their prey in the neck. Bobcats live an average lifespan of about 7 years.
Visitors are advised to report any sightings of bobcats or bobcat tracks to a ranger or visitor center. For animals so seldom recorded, every observation is considered useful and important.[7]
Canada lynx[edit]
The Canada lynx is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Biologists studying the lynx in Yellowstone believe it has persisted in the park in some number since the park's creation in 1872. A four-year study completed in 2005 concluded there is a small resident population of lynx in the park, but it is rarely seen directly or indirectly (tracks) by either biologists or visitors.[8]
Coyotes[edit]
Coyote howling on snow-covered ground
Yellowstone's coyotes (Canis latrans) are among the largest coyotes in the United States; adults average about 30 pounds (13–14 kg). and some weigh around 40 pounds (18 kg).
Coyotes live an average of about 6 years, although one Yellowstone coyote lived to be more than 13 before she was killed and eaten by a cougar.[9] The coyote is a common predator in the park, often seen alone or in packs, traveling through the park's wide open valleys hunting small mammals. But they are widely distributed and their sign can also be found in the forests and thermal areas throughout Yellowstone. They are capable of killing large prey, especially when they cooperatively hunt.
The reintroduction of wolves in 1995 has significantly decreased the coyote population, although those who remain often scavenge from wolf kills. Throughout the restoration project, coyote research has continued, with an eye toward identifying the interactions between coyotes and wolves and on assessing the effects of wolves on coyote populations. During planning and environmental assessment of the effects of wolf restoration, biologists anticipated that coyotes would compete with the larger canid, perhaps resulting in disruption of packs and numerical declines.[9]
Coyotes occasionally lose their wariness of humans and frequent roadsides or developed areas, becoming conditioned to human food by receiving handouts or picking up food scraps. They can quickly learn bad habits like roadside begging behavior. This leads to potential danger for humans and coyotes. Several instances of coyote aggression toward humans have occurred in the park, including one that involved an actual attack. Habituation most likely played a role in this unusual coyote behavior.[9]
Elk[edit]
Bull elk at Mammoth Hot Springs
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) are the most abundant large mammal found in Yellowstone; paleontological evidence confirms their continuous presence for at least 1,000 years. Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872, when market hunting of all large grazing animals was rampant. Not until after 1886, when the United States Army was called in to protect the park and wildlife slaughter was brought under control, did the large animals increase in number.[10] In recent years, however, Yellowstone's elk population has plummeted. The Northern Herd, the only herd that winters in the park, has declined from nearly 20,000 animals in 1994 to less than 4,000 in 2013. Ecologists have linked this decline to a declining population of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake, caused by invasive lake trout. With less fish to eat, grizzly bears began to eat more elk calves, causing a steep decline in elk numbers.[11][12]
More than 30,000 elk from 7-8 different herds summer in Yellowstone and approximately 15,000 to 22,000 winter in the park. The subspecies of elk that lives here are found from Arizona to northern Canada along the Rocky Mountain chain; other species of elk were historically distributed from coast to coast, but disappeared from the eastern United States in the early 19th century. Some other subspecies of elk still occupy coastal regions of California, Washington, and Oregon. Elk are the second largest member of the deer family (moose are the largest). Adult males, or bulls, range upwards of 700 pounds (~320 kg) while females, or cows, average 500-525 pounds (~225–240 kg). Their coats are reddish brown with heavy, darker-colored manes and a distinct yellowish rump patch. Elk usually live about 15 years in the wild.
Bull elk with 8-pointed rack in tall grass
Bulls grow antlers annually from the time they are nearly one year old. When mature, a bull’s "rack" may have 6 to 8 points or tines on each side and weigh more than 30 pounds. The antlers are usually shed in March or April, and begin regrowing in May, when the bony growth is nourished by blood vessels and covered by furry-looking "velvet." Antler growth ceases each year by August, when the velvet dries up and bulls begin to scrape it off by rubbing against trees, in preparation for the autumn mating season or rut. A bull may gather 20-30 cows into his harem during the mating season, often clashing or locking antlers with another mature male for the privilege of dominating the herd group. By November, mating season ends and elk generally move to their winter ranges. Calves weighing 25-40 pounds are born in late May or early June.[10]
Moose[edit]
Moose in Hayden Valley
Moose (Alces alces shirasi Nelson), the largest member of the deer family, were reportedly very rare in northwest Wyoming when Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872. Subsequent protection from hunting and wolf control programs may have contributed to increased numbers but suppression of forest fires probably was the most important factor, since moose here depend on mature fir forests for winter survival.
Surveys in the late 1980s suggested a total park population of fewer than 1000 moose. The moose calf crop has been declining since the fires of 1988. During that summer there was also high predation of moose by grizzly bears in small patches of surviving timber. The winter following the fires many old moose died, probably as a combined result of the loss of good moose forage and a harsh winter. The fires forced some moose into poorer habitats, with the result that some almost doubled their home range, using deeper snow areas than previously, and sometimes browsing burned lodgepole pines.
Moose are commonly observed in the park's southwestern corner along the Bechler and Fall rivers, in the riparian zones around Yellowstone Lake, in the Soda Butte Creek, Pelican Creek, Lewis River, and Gallatin River drainages, and in the Willow Park area between Mammoth and Norris. Summer moose migrations from south and west of the park into Yellowstone have been confirmed by radio telemetry. Moose usually live to 20 years in the wild.
Mountain goats[edit]
Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) are not native in the park but were introduced into the Absaroka Range in Montana in the 1940s. They migrated into the park and breeding populations established themselves in the northwestern and northeastern regions of the park in the 1990s. As of 2008, the number of goats in and adjacent to the park is estimated to be 175–225. This colonization of a non-native species has raised concerns about adverse effects on alpine habitats. Surveys in 2002 and 2003 suggest that ridgetop vegetation cover is lower, and barren areas along alpine ridges are more prevalent in areas with relatively high goat use. Competition with high densities of mountain goats could also negatively affect bighorn sheep, whose range overlaps with mountain goats. Mountain goats generally live 15 years in the wild.[13]
Mountain lions[edit]
Mountain lion climbing down rock
The mountain lion (Puma concolor), also called the cougar, is the largest member of the cat family living in Yellowstone. Mountain lions can weigh up to 200 pounds (~90 kg), although lions in Yellowstone are thought to range between 140 and 160 pounds (~65 and ~70 kg) for males and around 100 pounds (45 kg) for females. Two to three kittens may be born at any time of year, although most arrive in summer and fall. For reasons that are not clear, only about 50 percent of kittens survive their first year. The current population of lions in Yellowstone is estimated to be 18-24 animals and is thought to be increasing. Mountain lions live an average lifespan of about 12 years in the wild.
Mountain lions were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 20th century. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. At that time, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. Reports of lions in Yellowstone have increased steadily from 1 each year between 1930 and 1939 to about 16 each year between 1980 and 1988. However, increases in visitor travel in Yellowstone and improvements in record keeping during this period probably contributed to this trend.
In 1987, the first study of mountain lion ecology was initiated in Yellowstone National Park. The research documented population dynamics of mountain lions in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem inside and outside the park boundary, determined home ranges and habitat requirements, and assessed the role of lions as a predator in the ecosystem. In recent years in other areas of the West, mountain lions have occasionally attacked humans. No documented lion/human confrontations have occurred in Yellowstone.
Mule deer and white-tailed deer[edit]
Mule deer
The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. It gets its name from its large mule-like ears. In Yellowstone mule deer are commonly found in forests, grasslands, and shrub lands.
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) occurs in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the central and northern Great Plains, and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors, river valley bottomlands, and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain regions from Wyoming to southeastern British Columbia. It is an occasional visitor to these habitats in the Yellowstone region. Both mule and white-tailed deer live an average lifespan of 10 to 15 years in the wild.[14]
Gray wolf[edit]
Main articles: Wolf reintroduction and History of wolves in Yellowstone
Collared wolf from the Druid Peak pack
Northern Rocky Mountain wolves, a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), were native to Yellowstone when the park was established in 1872. Predator control was practiced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1914 and 1926, at least 136 wolves were killed in the park; by the 1940s, wolf packs were rarely reported. By the 1970s, scientists found no evidence of a wolf population in Yellowstone; wolves persisted in the lower 48 states only in northern Minnesota and on Isle Royale in Michigan. Canadian grey wolves were introduced into Yellowstone in 1995.[15] This move has returned wolves to land that was once ruled by the canine. They currently exist in several packs, the largest of which are the Slough Creek, Yellowstone Delta, and Leopold packs. The wolves had to "re-learn" an instinct that their ancestors once had: hunting bison. Being used to the elk in Canada, the wolves were dumbfounded by the large, burly bison found all over Yellowstone. However, their main prey remains elk. They have made many appearances on National Geographic Channel documentaries. Wolves in Yellowstone can live as long as 10 years in the wild, though 6 to 8 is normal.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service provides weekly updates on the wolves of the Rocky Mountain region including wolves of Yellowstone.[16] This site has stated that at the end of 2011 there was at least 98 wolves in ten packs and two loner wolves in the park.[17]
Red fox[edit]
Vulpes vulpes macroura
A montane subspecies of Red fox (Vulpes vulpes macroura) occurs in the park and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These foxes are not overly common due to predation and displacement by the more common coyote. They are most commonly found in forested areas of the park.[18][19][20]
Small mammals[edit]
Main article: Small mammals of Yellowstone National Park
There are at least 50 small mammal species known to occur in Yellowstone National Park, including four common species of bats: big brown bat, little brown bat, long-legged bat, and silver-haired bat. Squirrel, rabbit, skunk, raccoon, badger, otter,[21] vole, mice, and shrew species are common, but many are nocturnal and rarely seen by visitors. The Uinta ground squirrel, least chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel and American red squirrel are commonly encountered.
Weasel species, including the North American river otter are prevalent in the park. Beaver were almost trapped out of the park region prior to its creation. In 1998, beaver populations were making a comeback and an estimated 500 beavers were living in the park with the densest colonial in the Bechler River and Fall River region, the Yellowstone River delta above Yellowstone Lake and the lower Madison River and its tributaries.[22]
Birds[edit]
Main article: Birds of Yellowstone National Park
Breeding pair of sandhill cranes
Since the creation of the park in 1872, 318 species of birds have been documented within its boundaries.[23] Although Yellowstone is not a birding mecca because of its high altitude and cold winters, it is home to a variety of interesting bird species that attract visitor attention every year. The park has a good resident population of bald eagles, trumpeter swans, common loons, ospreys, American white pelicans, and sandhill cranes. The extensive rivers, lakes and wetlands are summer homes to large numbers of waterfowl, while the forests and meadows host many different species of warblers, sparrows and other passerine birds.
Amphibians and reptiles[edit]
Main article: Amphibians and reptiles of Yellowstone National Park
Columbia spotted frog
Yellowstone is home for four species of amphibians. Glacial activity and current cool and dry conditions are likely responsible for their relatively low numbers in Yellowstone.[24]
Although no Yellowstone reptile or amphibian species are currently listed as threatened or endangered, several — including the boreal toad — are thought to be declining in the West. Surveys and monitoring are underway to try to determine if amphibian populations are declining in Yellowstone National Park. In 2014, a population of plains spadefoot toad was found in the park.[25] More common species include the boreal chorus frog, columbian spotted frog, and the blotched tiger salamander.[26]
Cool, dry conditions limit Yellowstone's reptiles to six species and population numbers for these species are not known. Known reptile species in the park: prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), valley garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi), wandering garter snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans), rubber boa (Charina bottae), sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus graciosus).[27]
Rubber boa
In 1991 park staff began cooperating with researchers from Idaho State University to sample additional park habitats for reptiles and amphibians. This led to establishment of long-term monitoring sites in the park. The relatively undisturbed nature of the park and the baseline data may prove useful in testing hypotheses concerning the apparent declines of several species of toads and frogs in the western United States. Reptile and amphibian population declines may be caused by such factors as drought, pollution, disease, predation, habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced fish and other non-native species.[27]
Fish[edit]
Main article: Fishes of Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone Lake supports the largest inland population of cutthroat trout in the world, and is the core of the remaining undisturbed habitat for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Each spring, cutthroat trout migrate from the lake to its tributaries to spawn.
Cutthroat trout
Yellowstone cutthroat trout generally declined in the second half of the 20th century due to angler overharvest, competition with exotic fishes, and overzealous egg collection. Populations rebounded in the park after the advent of catch-and-release-only fishing rules in the 1970s, but new and aggressive invaders are causing an increasing threat to these native fish and alarming park fisheries biologists. Nonnative lake trout, an effective fish predator, were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994. Throughout the west cutthroat trout populations preyed upon by introduced lake trout have typically declined, exhibited lower growth, or have disappeared. Aggressive lake trout control efforts by the National Park Service and no harvest limits have resulted in removing thousands of lake trout from Yellowstone Lake since 1994, including more than 12,000 in 2000. Still, the number of Yellowstone cutthroat trout monitored during the annual fall count in Yellowstone Lake was lower in recent years than at any other time in the 25-year history of the monitoring effort. Whirling disease, which has been implicated in recent years in the decline of trout populations in many western states, was discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1998. So far, it is unclear which of these two nonnative invaders has been the greater factor in the decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, but there is no question they are causing it.
Yellowstone cutthroat trout have declined throughout the west and are currently designated as a "Species of Special Concern-Class A" by the American Fisheries Society. A formal petition to list this subspecies as "threatened" throughout its range was submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998. Yellowstone National Park represents approximately 91% of the current range of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and contains 85% of the historical lake habitat for this subspecies, so the park is considered crucial to the survival of the species.
Other native sport fish, including westslope cutthroat trout and Montana grayling, have been under catch-and-release-only fishing rules since 1973. This is the first time mountain whitefish have been placed under such rules in Yellowstone National Park. The new rule gives mountain whitefish equal status to the other native sport fish in the park.[28]
See also[edit]
List of animals of the Rocky Mountains
Further reading[edit]
Kendall, W. C.; Smith, Hugh M. (1921). The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park—With Description of Park Waters and Notes on Fishing (PDF). Washington D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries.
Brodrick, Harold J. (1952). Birds of Yellowstone National Park: A Descriptive Check List of the Birds of Yellowstone with Helpful Illustrations. Yellowstone National Park.
Broderick, Harold J. (1954). Wild Animals of Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service.
Stebbins, Robert C. (1954). Amphibian and Reptiles of Western North America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Turner, Frederick B. (1955). Reptiles and Amphibians of Yellowstone Park. Yellowstone National Park, WY: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association.
Zardus, Maurice J. (1967). Birds of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Salt Lake City, UT: Wheelright Press.
Follett, dick (1975). Birds of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Yellowstone Library and Museum Association. ISBN 0-911797-14-9.
Zarki, J.; Follett, R. (1987). A Checklist, Birds of Yellowstone National Park.
McEneaney, Terry; McEneaney, Karen (1988). Birds of Yellowstone: a Practical Habitat Guide to the Birds of Yellowstone National Park- and Where to Find Them. Boulder, CO: Robert Rinehart Inc. ISBN 0-911797-44-0.
Craighead, Karen (1991). Large Mammals of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks : How to Know Them, Where to See Them. Yellowstone Association for Natural Science History.
Wilkinson, Todd (1992). Yellowstone Wildlife A Watcher's Guide. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press. ISBN 1-55971-140-X.
Streubel, Donald P. (1995). Small Mammals of the Yellowstone Ecosystem. Boulder, CO: Robert Rineharts. ISBN 0-911797-59-9.
Koch, E. D.; Petersen, C.R. (1995). Amphibians & Reptiles of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-472-8.
Schullery, Paul; Varley, John D. (1998). Yellowstone Fishes—Ecology, History, and Angling in the Park. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2777-7.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Park Service - Yellowstone Wildlife Pages (adapted public domain text)". Archived from the original on 2006-01-12.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Bision". NPS. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Meagher, Margaret Mary (1973). The Bison of Yellowstone National Park National Park Service Scientific Monograph No. 1 (Report). Yellowstone National Park. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Fatal grizzly attack is Yellowstone's first in 25 years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b The Good, the Bad, and the Grizzly, from PBS. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Feds: Yellowstone Grizzlies Are Thriving. March 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Bobcats". NPS. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Kerry; Tiffany Potter; James Halfpenny; Kerry Gunther; Tildon Jones; Peter Lundberg (Spring 2005). "The Elusive Canada Lynx-Surveying for Yellowstone's Most Secretive Threatened Carnivore" (PDF). Yellowstone Science. Yellowstone Association, Yellowstone National Park, WY. 13 (2): 7–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Yellowstone Coyotes". NPS. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yellowstone Elk". NPS. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Elk Information Continued". National Park Service. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Christie (2014-04-18). "Why are Yellowstone's Elk Disappearing?". Discover Magazine.
Jump up ^ Superintendent’s 2008 Report on Natural Resource Vital Signs, Yellowstone National Park (PDF) (Report). Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming,. 2009. YCR-2009-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Mammal Checklist". Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Wolf Restoration". NPS. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Gray Wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains". Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Jump up ^ "Wolves of Yellowstone". Retrieved 2013-02-10.
Jump up ^ Bradley J. Swanson, Robert T. Fuhrmann; Robert L. Crabtree (2005). "Elevational isolation of red fox populations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem". Conservation Genetics. 6: 123–131. doi:10.1007/s10592-004-7730-0. Retrieved February 7, 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Eric M. Gese, Timm E. Stotts and Scott Grothe (May 1996). "Interactions between Coyotes and Red Foxes in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming". Journal of Mammalogy. American Society of Mammalogists. 77 (2): 377–382. doi:10.2307/1382811. JSTOR 1382811. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Keith W. Van Etten; Kenneth R. Wilson; Robert L. Crabtree (December 2007). "Habitat Use of Red Foxes in Yellowstone National Park Based on Snow Tracking and Telemetry". Journal of Mammalogy. American Society of Mammalogists. 88 (6): 1498–1507. doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-076.1. Retrieved February 7, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.yellowstonenationalpark.com/wildlife.htm
Jump up ^ Smith, Douglas W. (1998). Beaver Survey, Yellowstone National Park, 1998 (Report). Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park. YCR-NR-99-3.
Jump up ^ McEneaney, Terry (April 2004). Field Checklist of the Birds of Yellowstone National Park (PDF) (Report). Yellowstone Center for Resource, Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone's Amphibians". NPS. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Plains Spadefoot Toad". National Park Service. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Amphibians-Yellowstone National Park". National Park Service. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yellowstone's Reptiles". NPS. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Fishing in Yellowstone". NPS. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
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