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List of most expensive video games to develop
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The following is a list of the most expensive video games ever developed, with a minimum total cost of US$50 million and sorted by the total cost adjusted for inflation.
Name
Year
Developer
Publisher
Platform
Development cost
(million US$)
Marketing cost
(million US$)
Total cost
(million US$)
Total cost with 2017 inflation
(million US$)
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 2009 Infinity Ward Activision PC, PS3, Xbox 360 50 200 250[1] 279
Grand Theft Auto V 2013 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 137[2] 128 265[3] 272
Final Fantasy VII 1997 Square Square Enix, Sony Computer Entertainment (PS), Eidos Interactive (PC) PS, PC 45[4] 100[5] 145 216
Star Wars: The Old Republic 2011 BioWare Electronic Arts, LucasArts PC 200[6] 200+[6] 213+
Destiny 2014 Bungie Activision PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One <140[7] <140[7] 140[7][8][9] 142
Grand Theft Auto IV 2008 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360, PC 100+[10] 111+
Too Human 2008 Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios Xbox 360 60-100[11] 100 111
APB: All Points Bulletin 2010 Realtime Worlds Electronic Arts, Realtime Worlds, Deep Silver (PS4, XB1) PC, PS4, Xbox One 100[12] 110
Max Payne 3 2012 Rockstar Studios Rockstar Games PC, Xbox 360, PS3 105[13] 105[13] 110
Red Dead Redemption 2010 Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360 80-100[14] 100[15] 110
Deadpool 2013 High Moon Studios Activision PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PC 100[16] 103
Disney Infinity 2013 Avalanche Software, Altron (3DS) Disney Interactive Studios PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, Wii U, 3DS, PC 100[17] 103
Tomb Raider (2013 video game) 2013 Crystal Dynamics Square Enix PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 100[18] 103
Shenmue 1999 Sega AM2 Sega Dreamcast 70[19] 70[19] 101
Enter the Matrix 2003 Shiny Entertainment Atari, Inc. GameCube, PC, PS2, Xbox 20[20] 67[20] 87
Defiance 2013 Trion Worlds, Human Head Studios Trion Worlds PC, PS3, Xbox 360 80 80[21] 82
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt 2015 CD Projekt RED CD Projekt PC, Xbox One, PS4 46[22] 35[23] 81 82
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain 2015 Kojima Productions Konami PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 80 80[24] 81
Pokémon Red/Blue 1996 Game Freak Nintendo Game Boy 50[25] 50+ 76+
Final Fantasy XIII 2009 Square Enix Square Enix PC, PS3, Xbox 360 65+[26] 65+ 73+
Watch Dogs 2014 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft PC, PS3, PS4, Wii U, Xbox 360, Xbox One 68[27] 68+ 69+
Crysis 3 2013 Crytek Electronic Arts PS3, Xbox 360, PC 66[28][29][clarification needed] 66 68
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier 2012 Ubisoft Paris, Red Storm Entertainment, Ubisoft Bucharest, Ubisoft Kiev (PC) Ubisoft PC, Xbox 360, PS3 65[30] 65[30] 68
Gran Turismo 5 2010 Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 60[31] 60 66
Rift 2011 Trion Worlds Trion Worlds PC 50 10-20 60-70[32] 64-75
Gears of War: Judgment 2013 Epic Games, People Can Fly Microsoft Studios Xbox 360 60[33] 62
Heavy Rain 2010 Quantic Dream Sony Computer Entertainment PS3, PS4 23.2[34] 32.4[34] 55.6[34] 61
Final Fantasy IX 2000 Square Square PS, PC 40[35] 40+ 56+
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Atari, Inc. Atari, Inc. Atari 2600 22[36] 55
DC Universe Online 2011 Daybreak Game Company Daybreak Game Company, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox One 50[37] 50[37] 53
L.A. Noire 2011 Team Bondi Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360, PC 50[38] 50 53
Half-Life 2 2004 Valve Corporation Valve Corporation PC, PS3, Xbox, Xbox 360 40[39] 40 51
World of Warcraft 2004 Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment PC 40[40][unreliable source?] 51
Known cancelled projects with a cost of more than 50 million US$[hide]
Rank
Name
Year
started
Year
cancelled
Developer
Publisher
Platform
Development Cost
(million US$)
Marketing Cost
(million US$)
Total Cost
(million US$)
Total with 2017 inflation
(million US$)
1 Halo MMO Cancelled ? Ensemble Studios Microsoft Game Studios PC 90[41] 90 100
2 Fable Legends Cancelled 2016 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios PC, Xbox One 75[42] 75+ 75+
3 This Is Vegas Cancelled ? Surreal Software Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC, PS3, Xbox 360 40-50[43] 40-50 44-55
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Funk, John (November 19, 2009). "How much did MW2 Cost?". The Escapist. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GTA V dev costs over $137 million, says analyst". gamesindustry.biz. February 1, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Alan (February 1, 2013). "GTA 5' Costs $265 Million To Develop And Market, Making It The Most Expensive Video Game Ever Produced: Report". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Essential 50: Final Fantasy VII". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stanton, Rich (June 2, 2013). "Final Fantasy 7 retrospective". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fritz, Ben (January 20, 2012). "Star Wars: The Old Republic — the story behind a galactic gamble". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pham, Alex (May 21, 2012). "Bungie-Activision contract". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that the total cost was $500 million, but Bungie's Eric Osborne stated that the budget was "Nowhere near $500 Million"". Retrieved October 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (May 6, 2014). "Destiny is a $500 Million Gamble for Activision, says Kotick". IGN. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Androvitch, Mark (April 30, 2008). "GTA IV: Most expensive game ever developed?". Games Industry International.
Jump up ^ Mackey, Bob (August 14, 2014). Gaming's Greatest Flops: Too Human. USgamer.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (August 27, 2010). "Realtime Worlds: an inside story". theguardian.com. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Max Payne 3's Sales May Be Hitting Rockstar Where It Hurts". www.gametrailers.com. June 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New York Times - "Red Dead Redempetion" Brings Old West to Life". New York Times. May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Schiesel, Seth (May 16, 2010). "Way Down Deep in the Wild, Wild West". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "20 of the Most Expensive Games Ever Made". GameSpot. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (August 25, 2013). "Disney Tries Anew to Raise Its Score on Digital Games". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (January 17, 2014). "Tomb Raider finally achieved profitability "by the end of last year"". Eurogamer.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheffield, Brandon (March 2, 2011). "GDC 2011: Yu Suzuki: 'Sega Will Probably Let Me Make Shenmue 3'". Gamasutra.com. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex (May 16, 2003). "'Enter the Matrix': An alignment of the digital planets". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bercovici, Jeff (November 26, 2012). "With 'Defiance,' Comcast's Syfy Bets $100M On Convergence Of TV And Videogames". Forbes. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CD PROJEKT Group - first half of 2015".
Jump up ^ "The Witcher 3 sells 6m copies in six weeks". Retrieved August 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 3, 2015). "New article on Konami paints a bleak picture". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Steven (October 9, 2013). "Final Fantasy XIII cost $65M; Mario Kart Wii made bank". Destructoid. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mosca, Marco (June 18, 2013). "Watch Dogs, le très gros budget d’Ubisoft". Challenges. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nutt, Christian (1 March 2013). "What's holding back Crysis 3?". Gamasutra. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Charles Onyett. "GC 2008: Crysis Cost 22 Million to Make".
^ Jump up to: a b "Ubisoft discusses next-generation game budgets". Eurogamer.net. May 16, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Remo, Chris (November 5, 2009). "Yamauchi: Gran Turismo 5's Development Cost Hit $60 Million". Gamasutra.com. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Much Does It Cost To Make A Big Video Game?". Kotaku. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.glixel.com/interviews/epics-tim-sweeney-on-vr-and-the-future-of-civilization-w459561
^ Jump up to: a b c Purchese, Robert (April 19, 2013). "Heavy Rain cost €16.7 million to make and made Sony "more than €100 million"". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Alder, Davon (July 29, 2000). "Square Haven News / NTV Tokyo Interviews Hironobu Sakaguchi". squarehaven.com. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phipps, Keith (February 2, 2005). "Howard Scott Warshaw". A.V. Club. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex; Fritz, Ben (January 11, 2011). "DC Universe Online: $50 million gamble aims for audience that World of Warcraft ‘can’t touch’". Hero Complex - movies, comics, pop culture - Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Geoghegan, Kev (May 27, 2011). "Will L.A. Noire change the game for actors?". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Half-Life 2: $40 million in, still Steaming forward". Eurogamer. March 22, 2004. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MMO Budget Busters". MMOHuts. May 10, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke (April 13, 2010). "Why The Halo MMO Was Cancelled". Kotaku. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (May 12, 2016). "Report: Fable Legends was a $75M project 'nobody' wanted to work on". Polygon. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zelfden, N. Van (February 16, 2009). "What's Killing the Video-Game Business?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
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text:
Jagannath Temple, Puri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Jagannath Temple" redirects here. For other uses, see Jagannath Temple (disambiguation).
Shree Jagannath Temple at Puri
The Shree Jagannath Temple at Puri
Location in Odisha
Geography
Coordinates
19°48′17″N 85°49′6″E / 19.80472°N 85.81833°E / 19.80472; 85.81833Coordinates: 19°48′17″N 85°49′6″E / 19.80472°N 85.81833°E / 19.80472; 85.81833
Country
India
State
Odisha
District
Puri
Locale
Puri
Elevation
1 m (3 ft)
Culture
Sanctum
Jagannath
Major festivals
Ratha Yatra
Chandan Yatra
Snana Yatra
Nabakalebara
Architecture
Architecture
Kalinga Architecture
Number of temples
31
History
Date built
1161( It was reconstructed by Raja Chodaganga deba which was completed in the year 1161 AD )
Creator
Indradyumna
Temple board
Shree Jagannath Temple Managing Committee, Puri
Governing body
Shree Jagannath Temple Office, Puri, Odisha
Website
http://jagannath.nic.in/
Char Dham
Badrinath • Rameswaram
Dwarka • Puri
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The Shree Jagannath Temple of Puri is an important Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of lord Vishnu, located on the eastern coast of India, at Puri in the state of Odisha. The temple is an important pilgrimage destination and one of the four great 'Char Dham' pilgrimage sites, found at India's four cardinal points. The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, first of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.[1] [2]
The temple is famous for its annual Rath Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars. These gave their name to the English term Juggernaut. Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood and is ceremoniously replaced every twelve or nineteen years by an exact replica.[3]
The temple is sacred to all Hindus and especially in those of the Vaishnava traditions. Many great saints, such as Adi Shankaracharya , Ramananda & Ramanuja were closely associated with the temple. [Association of Adi Shankaracharya with Jagannath temple was not true, as Adi Shankar lived in 8th century CE, and the temple was first constructed at late 11th century and early 12th century CE}. Ramanuja established the Emar Mutt near the temple and the Govardhan Mutt, which is the seat of one of the four Shankaracharyas is also located here. It is also of particular significance to the followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism whose founder Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, was attracted to the deity, Jagannath, and lived in Puri for many years.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Deities
2 Origins of the temple
2.1 Legends
2.1.1 Legend surrounding the Temple origin
3 Invasions and desecrations of the Temple
4 Entry and Darshan
5 Cultural integrity
5.1 Acharyas and Jagannatha Puri
5.2 Char Dham
6 Structure
6.1 Nila Chakra
6.2 The Singhadwara
6.3 Other entrances
6.4 Minor temples
6.5 The Mandapas
7 Daily food offerings
8 Rosaghara
9 Festivals
9.1 Chandan Yatra
9.2 Snnana Yatra
9.3 Anavasara or Anasara
9.4 Rath Yatra at Puri
9.5 Niladri Bije
9.6 Gupta Gundicha
9.7 Nabakalebara
10 The name Purushottama Kshetra and Its Significance
11 Culture and tradition of Puri
12 Management
13 Contact us
14 Security
15 References
16 Sources
17 External links
Deities[edit]
The Gods Mahaprabhu Jagannath, Badathakura Balabhadra and the Goddess Subhadra constitute the main trinity of deities worshiped at the temple. The temple iconography depicts these three Gods sitting on the bejewelled platform or the Ratnabedi in the inner sanctum. The Sudarshan Chakra, deities of Madanmohan, Sridevi and Vishwadhatri are also placed on the Ratnavedi.[4] The temple icons of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshan Chakra are made from sacred Neem logs known as Daru. Depending on the season the deities are adorned in different garbs and jewels. Worship of these deities pre-date the temple structure and may have originated in an ancient tribal shrine.[5]
Origins of the temple[edit]
Mercenaries of Mahmud Gaznavi destroyed Danta Puri Vihar, a huge Buddha vihar, which preserved a valuable relic, a tooth of Lord Buddha in it. The destroyer goons were afraid to destroy it. Hence, a temporary make shift temple was built in place of Danta Puri Vihar and two deities of local tribes, were brought from nearby forest (in present Angul district forests) and placed inside temple. One of the deity was called Neel Madhav, which was black in colour. The chest portion of this deity was cut open and the holy relic was placed inside and closed like a chaste. This was called as Jivan Vastu. This process is still followed every 12 years, at the time of 'Nabo Kolebaro'. Later on, a temple was constructed by Kalinga king Indradyummna and rechristened as Lord Jagannath Puri Temple. Lord Jagannath was declared as incarnation of Lord Vishnu. One more deity was added and rechristened as Lord Balabhadra and Godess Subhadra, the brother and sister of Lord Jagannath. Incidentally, this temple was also destroyed by Kalapahad aka Rajiv Lochan Ray. And later on, the present magnificent temple was built thereby, by King Chodaganga of Eastern Ganga dynasty, in between late 11th century and early 12th century.
The vimana of the main temple
According to the recently [6][when?] discovered copper plates from the Ganga dynasty, the construction of the current Jagannath temple was initiated by the ruler of Kalinga, Anantavarma Chodaganga.[7] The Jaga mohan and the Vimana portions of the temple were built during his reign (1078 - 1148 CE). However, it was only in the year 1174 CE that the Odiya ruler Ananga Bhima Deva rebuilt the temple to give a shape in which it stands today.[8] Lord Jagannath word was not found in Vedas or in Vedantas or earlier Hindu scriptures. Hence, worshipping of Lord Jagannath was a non-vedic retual. Jagannath worship in the temple continued until 1558, when Odisha was attacked by the Afghan general Kalapahad. Subsequently, when Ramachandra Deb established an independent kingdom at Khurda in Orissa, the temple was consecrated and the deities reinstalled.[9]
Legends[edit]
Statue of Aruna the charioteer of the Sun God on top of the Aruna Stambha in front of the Singhadwara
According to legend, the construction of the first Jagannath temple was commissioned by King Indradyumna, son of Bharat and Sunanda, and a Malava king, mentioned in the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[10]
The legendary account as found in the Skanda-Purana, Brahma Purana and other Puranas and later Oriya works state that Lord Jagannath was originally worshipped as Lord Neela Madhaba by a Savar king (tribal chief) named Viswavasu. Having heard about the deity, King Indradyumna sent a Brahmin priest, Vidyapati to locate the deity, who was worshipped secretly in a dense forest by Viswavasu. Vidyapati tried his best but could not locate the place. But at last he managed to marry Viswavasu's daughter Lalita. At repeated request of Vidyapti, Viswavasu took his son-in-law blind folded to a cave where Lord Neela Madhaba was worshipped.
Vidyapati was very intelligent. He dropped mustard seeds on the ground on the way. The seeds germinated after a few days, which enabled him to find out the cave later on. On hearing from him, King Indradyumna proceeded immediately to Odra desha (Odisha) on a pilgrimage to see and worship the Deity. But the deity had disappeared. The king was disappointed. The Deity was hidden in sand. The king was determined not to return without having a darshan of the deity and observed fast unto death at Mount Neela, Then a celestial voice cried 'thou shalt see him.' Afterwards the king performed a horse sacrifice and built a magnificent temple for Vishnu. Sri Narasimha Murti brought by Narada was installed in the temple. During sleep, the king had a vision of Lord Jagannath. Also an astral voice directed him to receive the fragrant tree on the seashore and make idols out of it. Accordingly, the king got the image of Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Chakra Sudarshan made out of the wood of the divine tree and installed them in the temple.
Indradyumna's prayer to Lord Brahma
King Indradyumna put up for Jagannath the tallest monument of the world. It was 1,000 cubits high. He invited Lord Brahma, the cosmic creator, consecrate the temple and the images.[11] Brahma came all the way from Heaven for this purpose. Seeing the temple he was immensely pleased with him. Brahma asked Indradyumna as to in what way can he (Brahma) fulfill the king's desire, since was very much pleased with him for his having put the most beautiful Temple for Lord Vishnu. With folded hands, Indradyumna said, "My Lord if you are really pleased with me, kindly bless me with one thing, and it is that I should be issueless and that I should be the last member of my family." In case anybody left alive after him, he would only take pride as the owner of the temple and would not work for the society.
Legend surrounding the Temple origin[edit]
The traditional story concerning the origins of the Lord Jagannath temple is that here the original image of Jagannath (a deity form of Vishnu) at the end of Treta yuga manifested near a banyan tree, near seashore in the form of an Indranila mani or the Blue Jewel. It was so dazzling that it could grant instant moksha, so the God Dharma or Yama wanted to hide it in the earth, and was successful. In Dvapara Yuga King Indradyumna of Malwa wanted to find that mysterious image and to do so he performed harsh penances to obtain his goal. Vishnu then instructed him to go to the Puri seashore and find a floating log to make an image from its trunk.
The King found the log of wood. He did a yajna from which God Yajna Nrisimha appeared and instructed that Narayana should be made as fourfold expansion, i.e. Paramatma as Vasudeva, his Vyuha as Samkarshana, Yogamaya as Subhadra, and his Vibhava asSudarsana. Vishwakarma appeared in the form of an artisan and prepared images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra from the tree.[12]
When this log, radiant with light was seen floating in the sea, Narada told the king to make three idols out of it and place them in a pavilion. Indradyumna got Visvakarma, the architect of Gods, to build a magnificent temple to house the idols and Vishnu himself appeared in the guise of a carpenter to make the idols on condition that he was to be left undisturbed until he finished the work.
But just after two weeks, the Queen became very anxious. She took the carpenter to be dead as no sound came from the temple. Therefore, she requested the king to open the door. Thus, they went to see Vishnu at work at which the latter abandoned his work leaving the idols unfinished. The idol was devoid of any hands. But a divine voice told Indradyumana to install them in the temple. It has also been widely believed that in spite of the idol being without hands, it can watch over the world and be its lord. Thus the idiom.
The Rath Yatra in Puri in modern times showing the three chariots of the deities with the Temple in the background
Invasions and desecrations of the Temple[edit]
The temple annals, the Madala Panji records that the Jagannath temple at Puri has been invaded and plundered eighteen times.[13] The invasion by Raktabahu has been considered the first invasion on the temple by the Madalapanji. In 1692, Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of the temple, but the local Mughal officials who came to carry out the job were somehow bribed out of it. The temple was merely closed. It was re-opened after Aurangzeb’s death in 1707.
Entry and Darshan[edit]
Caste system is severely followed while giving entry permission to this temple. Non-Hindus are totally barred from entry. Even Hindus from other countries are not allowed to enter, if they look different from average Indians. There is a Temple Management Committee, but nearly seven thousand Servitors (Pandas), mostly illiterate and superstitious, rule the roost. Temple has 4 entrances in all directions. Temple security is selective regarding who is allowed entry. Practicing Hindus of non-Indian descent are excluded from the premises.[14] Visitors not allowed entry may view the precincts from the roof of the nearby Raghunandan Library and pay their respects to the image of God Jagannath known as Patitapavana at the main entrance to the temple.[15] There is some evidence that this came into force following a series of invasions by foreigners into the temple and surrounding area. Buddhist, and Jain groups are allowed into the temple compound if they are able to prove their Indian ancestry.[16] The temple has slowly started allowing Hindus of non-Indian origin into the area, after an incident in which 3 Balinese Hindus were denied entry, even though Bali is 90% Hindu.[17]
The temple remains open from 5 am to 12 midnight. Unlike many other temples devotees can go behind the idols (go round the idols). All devotees are allowed to go right up to the deities during the Sahana Mela without paying any fees. The Sahana mela or the public darshan is usually following the abakasha puja between around 7 to 8 am in the morning.[18] Special darshan or Parimanik darshan is when devotees on paying 50 Rupees are allowed right up to the deities. Parimanik darshan happens after the dhupa pujas at around 10 am, 1 pm and 8 pm . At all other times devotees can view the deities from some distance for free. The rathyatra occurs every year some time in the month of July. 2 or 6 weeks before Rathyatra (depending upon the year) there is a ritual of Lord undergoing "Bhukaar" (sick) hence the idols are not on "Darshan". Devotees to make a note of this before they plan to visit the lord.
Cultural integrity[edit]
giant rakhis are made in puri temple
Starting from Lord Jagannath himself, history has it that he was a tribal deity, adorned by the Sabar people, as a symbol of Narayan. Another legend claims him to be Nilamadhava, an image of Narayana made of blue stone and worshipped by the aboriginals. He was brought to Nilagiri (blue mountain) or Nilachala and installed there as Shri Jagannath in company with Balabhadra and Subhadra. The images made of wood are also claimed to have their distant linkage with the aboriginal system of worshipping wooden poles. To cap it all the Daitapatis, who have a fair share of responsibilities to perform rituals of the Temple, are claimed to be descendants of the aboriginals or hill tribes of Odisha. So we may safely claim that the beginning of the cultural history of Shrikshetra is found in the fusion of Hindu and Tribal Cultures. This has been accepted as a facet of our proud heritage. The three deities came to be claimed as the symbols of Samyak Darshan, Samyak Jnana and Samyak Charita usually regarded as Triratha (of the Jain cult), an assimilation of which leads to Moksha (salvation) or the ultimate bliss...
Jagannath is worshipped as Vishnu or Narayana or Krishna and Lord Balabhadra as Shesha. Simultaneously, the deities are regarded as the bhairava with Vimala (the devi or the consort of Shiva) installed in the campus of the temple. So ultimately we find a fusion of Saivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism of the Hindu religion with Jainism and up to an extent Buddhism in the culture of Jagannath and the cultural tradition so reverently held together in Shrikshetra.
Acharyas and Jagannatha Puri[edit]
All of the renowned acharyas including Madhvacharya have been known to visit this kshetra. Adi Shankara established his Govardhana matha here. There is also evidence that Guru Nanak, Kabir, Tulsidas, Ramanujacharya, and Nimbarkacharya had visited this place. Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Gaudiya Vaishnavism stayed here for 24 years, establishing that the love of God can be spread by chanting the Hare Krishna mantra. Srimad Vallabhacharya visited Jagannath Puri and performed a 7-day recitation of Srimad Bhagvat. His sitting place is still famous as "baithakji." It confirms his visit to Puri.[19] A famous incident took place when Vallabhachrya visited. There was a discourse being held between the Brahmins and 4 questions were asked. Who is the highest of Gods, What is the highest of mantras, What is the highest scripture and What is the highest service. The discourse went on for many days with many schools of thought. Finally Shri Vallabh said to ask Lord Jagannath to confirm Shri Vallabh's answers. A pen and paper were left in the inner sanctum. After some time, the doors were opened and 4 answers were written. 1) The Son of Devaki (Krishna) is the God of Gods 2) His name is the highest of mantras 3) His song is the highest scripture (Bhagavat Geeta) 4) Service to Him is the Highest service. The king was shocked and declared Shri Vallabh the winner of the discourse. Some of the pandits who participated became jealous of Shri Vallabh and wanted to test Him. The next day was Ekadashi, a fasting day where one must fast from grains. The pandits gave Shri Vallabh rice Prasad of Shri Jagannathji (The temple is famous for this). If Shri Vallabh ate it, He would break His vow of fasting but if He did not take it, He would disrespect Lord Jagannath. Shri Vallabh accepted the prasad in his hand and spent the rest of the day and night explaining slokas of the greatness of Prasad and ate the rice the next morning.
Char Dham[edit]
Char Dham
Badrinath • Rameswaram
Dwarka • Puri
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The temple is one of the holiest Hindu Char Dham (four divine sites) sites comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath, Puri and Dwarka.[20] Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism propagated by Sankaracharya, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.[21] The four monasteries lie across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair.[22] There are four abodes in Himalayas called Chota Char Dham (Chota meaning small): Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri - all of these lie at the foot hills of Himalayas [23] The name Chota was added during the mid of 20th century to differentiate the original Char Dhams.[citation needed] The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime.[24] Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.[24]
Structure[edit]
pahundi bije of the lord
rath yatra of 2015
The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2), and is surrounded by a high fortified wall. This 20 feet (6.1 m) high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.[25] Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.[26] It contains at least 120 temples and shrines. With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.[27] The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely -
Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall).[28]
The main temple is a curvilinear temple and crowning the top is the 'srichakra' (an eight spoked wheel) of Vishnu. Also known as the "Nilachakra", it is made out of Ashtadhatu and is considered sacrosanct.[29] Among the existing temples in Orissa, the temple of Shri Jagannath is the highest. The temple tower was built on a raised platform of stone and, rising to 214 feet (65 m) above the inner sanctum where the deities reside, dominates the surrounding landscape. The pyramidal roofs of the surrounding temples and adjoining halls, or mandapas, rise in steps toward the tower like a ridge of mountain peaks.[30]
Nila Chakra[edit]
the transformation of old bodies into new bodeies made of neem wood is called nabakalebar
The Nila Chakra (Blue Discus) is the discus mounted on the top shikhar of the Jagannath Temple. As per custom, everyday a different flag is waved on the Nila Chakra. The flag hoisted on the Nila Cakra is called the Patita Pavana (Purifier of the Fallen) and is equivalent to the image of the deities placed in the sanctum sanctorum.[31]
The Nila Chakra is a disc with eight Navagunjaras carved on the outer circumference, with all facing towards the flagpost above. It is made of alloy of eight metals (Asta-dhatu) and is 3.5 Metres (11 feet and 8 inches) high with a circumference of about 11 metres (36 feet).[32] During the year 2010, the Nila Chakra was repaired and restored by the Archaeological Survey of India.
The Nila Chakra is distinct from the Sudarshana chakra which has been placed with the deities in the inner sanctorum.
Nila Chakra is the most revered iconic symbol in the Jagannath cult. The Nila Chakra is the only physical object whose markings are used as sacrament and considered sacred in Jagannath worship. It symbolizes protection by Shri Jagannath.
The Singhadwara[edit]
The Singhadwara in 1870 showing the Lion sculptures with the Aruna Stambha Pillar in the foreground
The Singahdwara, which in Sanskrit means The Lion Gate, is one of the four gates to the temple and forms the Main entrance. The Singhadwara is so named because two huge statues of crouching lions exist on either side of the entrance. The gate faces east opening on to the Bada Danda or the Grand Road.[33] The Baisi Pahacha or the flight of twenty two steps leads into the temple complex. An idol of Jagannath known as Patitapavana, which in Sanskrit, means the "Saviour of the downtrodden and the fallen" is painted on the right side of the entrance. In ancient times when untouchables were not allowed inside the temple, they could pray to Patita Pavana. The statues of the two guards to the temple Jaya and Vijaya stand on either side of the doorway.[34] Just before the commencement of the Rath Yatra the idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are taken out of the temple through this gate. On their return from the Gundicha Temple they have to ceremonially placate Goddess Mahalakshmi, whose statue is carved atop the door, for neglecting to take her with them on the Yatra. Only then the Goddess allows them permission to enter the temple. A magnificent sixteen-sided monolithic pillar known as the Arun stambha stands in front of the main gate. This pillar has an idol of Arun, the charioteer of the Sun God Surya, on its top. One significant thing about Arun stambha is that prior it was located in the Konark Sun temple,[35][36] later, the Maratha guru Brahmachari Gosain brought this pillar from Konark.[37] The Puri Jagannath Temple was also saved by Maratha emperor Shivaji from being plundered at his times from the Mughals.
Other entrances[edit]
The Ashwadwara Gate
Apart from the Singhadwara, which is the main entrance to the temple, there are three other entrances facing north, south and west. They are named after the sculptures of animals guarding them. The other entrances are the Hathidwara or the Elephant Gate, the Vyaghradwara or the Tiger Gate and the Ashwadwara or the Horse Gate.[38]
Minor temples[edit]
Cluster of minor temples in the southern part of Jagannath temple complex, including the Vimala Temple (extreme right). c. 1890.
There are numerous smaller temples and shrines within the Temple complex where active worship is regularly conducted. The Vimala Temple (Bimala Temple) is considered one of the most important of the Shaktipeeths marks the spot where the Goddess Sati's navel fell. It is located near Rohini Kund in the temple complex. Until food offered to Jagannath is offered to Goddess Vimala it is not considered Mahaprasad.
The temple of Mahalakshmi has an important role in rituals of the main temple. It is said that preparation of naivedya as offering for Jagannath is supervised by Mahalakshmi. The Kanchi Ganesh Temple is dedicated to Uchchhishta Ganapati. Tradition says the King of Kanchipuram (Kanchi) in ancient times gifted the idol, when Gajapati Purushottama Deva married Padmavati, the kanchi princess. There are other shrines namely Muktimandap, Surya, Saraswati, Bhuvaneshwari, Narasimha, Rama, Hanuman and Eshaneshwara.
The Mandapas[edit]
The Dola Mandapa in 1890 where the annual Dol Yatra is held
There are many Mandapas or Pillared halls on raised platforms within the temple complex meant for religious congregations. The most prominent is the Mukti Mandapa the congregation hall of the holy seat of selected learned brahmins.[39] Here important decisions regarding conduct of daily worship and festivals are taken. The Dola Mandapa is noteworthy for a beautifully carved stone Torana or arch which is used for constructing a swing for the annual Dol Yatra festival. During the festival the idol of Dologobinda is placed on the swing. The Snana Bedi is a rectangular stone platform where idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are placed for ceremonial bathing during the annual Snana Yatra
Daily food offerings[edit]
Main article: Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)
Daily offerings are made to the Lord six times a day. These include:
The offering to the Lord in the morning that forms his breakfast and is called Gopala Vallabha Bhoga. Breakfast consists of seven items i.e. Khua, Lahuni, Sweetened coconut grating, Coconut water, and popcorn sweetened with sugar known as Khai, Curd and Ripe bananas.
The Sakala Dhupa forms his next offering at about 10 AM. This generally consists of 13 items including the Enduri cake & Mantha puli.
Bada Sankhudi Bhoga forms the next repast & the offering consists of Pakhala with curd and Kanji payas. The offerings are made in the Bhog Mandapa, about 200 feet from the Ratnabedi. This is called Chatra Bhog and was introduced by Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century to help pilgrims share the temple food.
The Madhyanha dhupa forms the next offering at the noon.
The next offering to the Lord is made in the evening at around 8 PM it is Sandhya Dhupa.
The last offering to the Lord is called the Bada Simhara Bhoga.[40]
The Mahaprasad of Lord Jagannath are distributed amongst the devotees near the Ratnavedi inside the frame of Phokaria, which is being drawn by the Puja pandas using Muruj, except for the Gopal Ballav Bhog and Bhog Mandap Bhoga which are distributed in the Anabsar Pindi & Bhoga Mandap respectively.
Rosaghara[edit]
Main article: Rosaghara
Mahaprasad (Large)
The temple's kitchen is considered as the largest kitchen in the world.[27] [41] [42] [43] Tradition maintains that all food cooked in the temple kitchens are supervised by the Goddess Mahalakshmi, the empress of Srimandir herself. It is said that if the food prepared has any fault in it, a shadow dog appears near the temple kitchen. The temple cooks, or Mahasuaras, take this as a sign of displeasure of Mahalakshmi with the food, which is, then, promptly buried and a new batch cooked.[44] All food is cooked following rules as prescribed by Hindu religious texts, the food cooked is pure vegetarian without using onions and garlic.[45] Cooking is done only in earthen pots with water drawn from two special wells near the kitchen called Ganga and Yamuna. There are a total of 56 varieties of naivedhyas offered to the deities, near Ratnabedi as well as in Bhoga Mandap on five particular Muhurta. The most awaited Prasad is Kotho Bhoga or Abadha, offered at mid-day at around 1 pm, depending upon temple rituals. The food after being offered to Jagannath is distributed in reasonable portions as Mahaprasad, which is considered to be divine by the devotees in the Ananda Bazar (an open market, located to the North-east of the Singhadwara inside the Temple complex).
Festivals[edit]
Ratha Yatra Festival in Puri. Painting by James Fergusson
Main article: List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri
There are elaborate daily worship services. There are many festivals each year attended by millions of people. The most important festival is the Rath Yatra or the Chariot festival in June. This spectacular festival includes a procession of three huge chariots bearing the idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra through the Bada Danda meaning the Grand Avenue of Puri till their final destination the Gundicha Temple.[46]
Early European observers told tales of devotees being crushed under the wheels of these chariots, whether by accident or even as a form of meritorious suicide akin to suttee. These reports gave rise to the loan word juggernaut suggesting an immense, unstoppable, threatening entity or process operated by fanatics. Many festivals like Dol Yatra in spring and Jhulan Yatra in monsoon are celebrated by temple every year. Pavitrotsava and Damanaka utsava are celebrated as per panchanga or panjika.There are special ceremonies in the month of Kartika and Pausha.
The annual shodasha dinatmaka or 16 day puja beginning 8 days prior to Mahalaya of Ashwin month for Goddess Vimala and ending on Vijayadashami, is of great importance, in which both the utsava murty of lord Madanmohan and Vimala take part.
Pana Sankranti: Also known or Vishuva Sankranti and Mesha Sankranti: Special rituals are performed at the temple.[47]
Chandan Yatra[edit]
Main article: Chandan Yatra
In Akshaya Tritiya every year the Chandan Yatra festival marks the commencement of the construction of the Chariots of the Rath Yatra.
Snnana Yatra[edit]
On the Purnima of the month of Jyestha the Gods are ceremonially bathed and decorated every year on the occasion of Snana Yatra.
Anavasara or Anasara[edit]
Main article: Snana Yatra
Literally means vacation. Every year, the main idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra & Sudarshan after the holy Snana Yatra on the jyestha purnima, go to a secret altar named Anavasara Ghar where they remain for the next dark fortnight (Krishna paksha). Hence devotees are not allowed to view them. Instead of this devotees go to nearby place Brahmagiri to see their beloved lord in the form of four handed form Alarnath a form of Vishnu.[48] Then people get the first glimpse of lord on the day before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is said that the Gods fall in fever after taking a huge bath and they are treated by the special servants named, Daitapatis for 15 days. During this period cooked food is not offered to the deities.[49]
Rath Yatra at Puri[edit]
Main article: Ratha-Yatra (Puri)
inside garbhgriha of the temple
Pahandi bije during Ratha Yatra at Puri
The Jagannath triad are usually worshiped in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the month of Asadha (Rainy Season of Orissa, usually falling in month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (main street of Puri) and travel (3 km) to the Shri Gundicha Temple, in huge chariots (ratha), allowing the public to have darśana (Holy view). This festival is known as Rath Yatra, meaning the journey (yatra) of the chariots (ratha). The Rathas are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately 45 feet high and 35 feet square and takes about 2 months to construct.[50] The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.[51] The huge chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word Juggernaut.[52] The Ratha-Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha yatra.
The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha-Yatra is the chhera pahara. During the festival, the Gajapati King wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the Chera Pahara (sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati King cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati King and the most humble devotee.[53] Chera pahara is held on two days, on the first day of the Ratha Yatra, when the deities are taken to garden house at Mausi Maa Temple and again on the last day of the festival, when the deities are ceremoniously brought back to the Shri Mandir.
As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the Chariots in Pahandi vijay.
In the Ratha Yatra, the three deities are taken from the Jagannath Temple in the chariots to the Gundicha Temple, where they stay for nine days. Thereafter, the deities again ride the chariots back to Shri Mandir in bahuda yatra. On the way back, the three chariots halt at the Mausi Maa Temple and the deities are offered Poda Pitha, a kind of baked cake which are generally consumed by the Odisha people only.
The observance of the Rath Yatra of Jagannath dates back to the period of the Puranas. Vivid descriptions of this festival are found in Brahma Purana, Padma Purana, and Skanda Purana. Kapila Samhita also refers to Rath Yatra. In Moghul period also, King Ramsingh of Jaipur, Rajasthan has been described as organizing the Rath Yatra in the 18th Century. In Orissa, Kings of Mayurbhanj and Parlakhemundi were organizing the Rath Yatra, though the most grand festival in terms of scale and popularity takes place at Puri.
Moreover, Starza[54] notes that the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. Friar Odoric of Pordenone visited India in 1316-1318, some 20 years after Marco Polo had dictated the account of his travels while in a Genoese prison.[55] In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.[56] [57]
Niladri Bije[edit]
suna besa 2016
Suna Vesha or Golden Attire of Lord Jagannath
temple main gate
jagannath living in sri mandir
Celebrated on Asadha Trayodashi.[58] Niladri Bije is the concluding day of Ratha yatra. On this day deities return to the ratna bedi.[59] [60] Lord Jagannath offers Rasgulla to Goddess Laxmi to enter into the temple.[61][62]
Gupta Gundicha[edit]
Celebrated for 16 days from Ashwina Krushna dwitiya to Vijayadashami.[63] As per tradition, the idol of Madhaba, along with the idol of Goddess Durga (known as Durgamadhaba), is taken on a tour of the temple premises. The tour within the temple is observed for the first eight days. For the next eight days, the idols are taken outside the temple on a palanquin to the nearby Narayani temple situated in the Dolamandapa lane. After their worship, they are brought back to the temple.[64]
Nabakalebara[edit]
The backside of the Jagannath temple with the 'Koili Baikuntha' garden in the foreground
Main article: Nabakalevara
One of the most grandiloquent events associated with the Lord Jagannath, Nabakalabera takes place when one lunar month of Ashadha is followed by another lunar month of Aashadha. This can take place in 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the "New Body" (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body), the festival is witnessed by as millions of people and the budget for this event exceeds $500,000. The event involves installation of new images in the temple and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili Vaikuntha. The idols that are currently being worshipped in the temple premises were installed in the year 1996.Next ceremony will be held on 2015.[65] More than 3 million devotees are expected to visit the temple during the Nabakalevara of 2015[66] making it one of the most visited festivals in the world.
The name Purushottama Kshetra and Its Significance[edit]
Puri Shri Jagannath Temple from a lane nearby
Lord Jagannath is the Purushottama as per the scripture, Skanda Purana. In order to teach human beings how to lead a life full of virtue, he has taken the form of Saguna Brahman or Darubrahman. He is the best brother to his siblings, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra. He is the best husband to Goddess Mahalaxmi (Sri and Bhu forms). The most noteworthy aspect is still in the month of Margashirsha, on three consecutive days during amavasya he does Shraddha to his parents (Kashyapa-Aditi, Dasharatha-Kaushalya, Vasudeva-Devaki, Nanda-Yashoda), along with the king Indradyumna and queen Gundicha. As a master he enjoys every comfort daily and in various festivals. He grants all wishes to his subjects, and those who surrender before him he takes the utmost care of.
Culture and tradition of Puri[edit]
Puri is one of the fascinating littoral districts of Odisha. The Cultural heritage of Puri with its long recorded history has its beginnings in the third century BC. The monuments, religious sanctity, and way of life of the people with their rich tradition is the cultural heart of Odisha. Indeed, Puri is considered the cultural capital of Odisha. The culture here flourished with its manifold activities.
The District has the happy conglomerate of different religions, sects and faith. In the course of history, Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina, Muslim, Christian, and Sikh are found here in the District.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, an incarnation of Lord Krishna, appeared 500 years ago, in the mood of a devotee to taste the sublime emotions of ecstasy by chanting the holy name of Krishna. Stalwart scholars of Puri like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya (a priest & great Sanskrit pandit) and others followed His teachings. Even kings and ministers of His period became His disciples. Especially King Prataparudra became His great admirer and ardent follower. Thus all cultures and religion became one in Puri after his teachings were given to all with no consideration of caste and creed.
Management[edit]
After independence, the State Government, with a view to getting better administrative system, passed " The Puri Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952.[67] It contained provisions to prepare the Record of Rights and duties of Sevayats and such other persons connected with the system of worship and management of the temple. Subsequently Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955 " was enacted to reorganize the management system of the affair of the temple and its properties.
Shri Dibyasingha Deb, Chief Servitor of the Temple
Gajapati Maharaj Shri Dibyasingha Deb is the "adhyasevak" (chief servitor) of the temple.[68][69] He took the role in 1970 after the death of his father, the then Maharaja of Puri, Birakishore Deb, at the age of 17.[70]
Contact us[edit]
(1)Shri Dibyasingha Deb (Gajapati Maharaja), Chairman, Shree Jagannath Temple Managing Committee, Shri Nahar, Puri, Odisha- 752001
(2)Chief Administrator, Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri, Odisha
(3)Collector-cum-District Magistrate & Deputy Chief Administrator, Puri, Odisha
(4)Superintendent of Police, Puri, Odisha
Security[edit]
The security at the 12th century Jagannath Temple is increased ahead of Ratha Yatra, the homecoming festival of the deities of Jagannath temple. In the wake of terror alert on 27 June 2012, the security forces were increased to ensure smooth functioning of the crowded Ratha Yatra and Suna Besha.[71]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Chodaganga Deva". indiadivine.org. 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Chodaganga Deva (1078-1150), the greatest of the Ganga kings, built a new temple on the ruins of the old one
Jump up ^ Nugteren, Albertina (2010). "Weaving Nature Into Myth: Continuing Narratives Of Wood, Trees, And Forests In The Ritual Fabric Around The God Jagannath In Puri". Journal For The Study Of Religion, Nature And Culture. 4.2: 159–172. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Deities In Lord Jagannath Temple - Jagannath Temple". jagannathtemplepuri.com. 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012. along with Balabhadra, Subhadra, Sudarshan, Madhaba, Sridevi and Bhudevi on the Ratnabedi or the bejewelled platform.
Jump up ^ "Juggernaut of Puri". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Jump up ^ Patel & Pal, Dr. C. B. & Bharati (27 September 2004). "OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 3 THE NEWLY DISCOVERED THREE SETS OF SVETAKA GANGA COPPER PLATES" (PDF). http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/40-48.pdf. Odisha State Museum Bhubaneswar. Retrieved 8 January 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Chouhan, Shashank. "The abode of the Lord of the Universe". Zeenews.com. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lord Jagannath : Symbol of Unity and Integration" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple". Archived from the original on 23 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Amalananda Ghosh. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL Academic. p. 161. ISBN 90-04-09264-1.
Jump up ^ "Sri Jagannath Puri Dham Information - Jagannath". jagannathpuri-info.net. 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012. The King wanted Lord Brahma to consecrate the temple
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple at Puri". Retrieved 2006-09-12.
Jump up ^ Dash, Abhimanyu (July 2011). "Invasions on the Temple of Lord Jagannath, Puri" (PDF). Orissa Review: 82–89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jagannatha Puri". Archived from the original on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Puri - Jagannath Temple". Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple". Retrieved 2006-09-12.
Jump up ^ Puri temple in Hindu gaffe Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Telegraph, Calcutta - 8 November 2007
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Darshan". http://jagannath.nic.in. Jagannath Temple Administration. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1994, p. 140
Jump up ^ Mittal, Sushil (2004). The Hindu World. New York: Routledge. p. 482. ISBN 0-203-64470-0.
Jump up ^ Brockman 2011, pp. 94-96
Jump up ^ Gupta 2008, p. 484-486
^ Jump up to: a b last=Gwynne 2008, Section on Char Dham
Jump up ^ "About Sakhigopal". samsepuja.in. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2012. The outermost is called 'Meghanad Pacheri' which has a length of 650ft from east to west and breadth of 644ft from north to south direction. The height of Meghanad Pacheri is 20ft and thickness of 6ft
Jump up ^ "Lord Jagannath:Inside the temple of the lord, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple,Orissa | orissa.oriyaonline.com". orissa.oriyaonline.com. 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012. and kurma Bedha (the inner wall) or the inner enclosure of the Jagannath temple i
^ Jump up to: a b "Sri Jagannath". Retrieved 2006-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple, India - 7 wonders". 7wonders.org. 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul
Jump up ^ "Architecture of Jagannath Temple, Jagannath Puri Architecture, Puri Jagannath Temple India". orissatourism.org. 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. wheel on top of the Jagannath Temple made of an alloy of eight metals (astadhatu). It is called the Nila Chakra (Blue Wheel)
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple, Orrisa". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
Jump up ^ Nilachakra is now repairing by Archaeological Survey of India — PURIWAVES | PURIWAVES | photonews || puri odisha || purinews || | Nilachakra is now repairing by Archaeological... Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "About Temple - Devotee Care Center". devoteecare.fullorissa.com. 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Two colossal lions flank the Purba Dwara (Eastern Gate) also known as Simha Dwara. This is a mini tower and the main entrance to the temple [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Sri Jagannath Temple". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Main Temple Complex - Sun Temple, Konarak - Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in. 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2012. To the front of the eastern staircase of the porch, once stood the free-standing chlorite pillar, the dhvaja-stambha, with Aruna, the charioteer of Surya as the crowning element
Jump up ^ "Aruna Stambha | PURIWAVES". puriwaves.nirmalya.in. 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. this Pillar was a part of Sun Temple Of Konark and was located in front of Sun Temple
Jump up ^ Behera, Prajna Paramita (2004). "The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha" (PDF). Orissa Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Puri Sri Jagannath temple tour & accommodation". go2india.in. 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Main Gate the Singh Dwar or Lion Gate ( Eastern gate ) Dharma Dwar Dakhina Dwar ( South gate or Horse gate ), Kudia Hanuman temple is there ( Kamana Gate ) Paschima Dwar ( West gate or Tiger gate ), Artha Dwar ( Money gate) Uttar Dwar ( North gate or Elephant gate ), Mokya Dyar
Jump up ^ "JAGANNATH TEMPLE, SANCTUARIES, MANDAPS OF LORD JAGANNATH TEMPLE PURI". jagannath.orissaculture.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012. It is allowed only for Sankaracharya, Brahmins of 16 sasans and for Jhulan yatra.
Jump up ^ "Rituals of LORDS". jagannath.nic.in. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012. This is the last bhoga of the day.
Jump up ^ Karan, Jajati (2009). "God's own kitchen vies for no record - India News - IBNLive". ibnlive.in.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012. the Jagannath temple in Puri has the world's largest kitchen that can feed more than one lakh people at a time
Jump up ^ "The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - June 2011". harekrsna.com. 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012. Not only is it the largest temple kitchen in the world
Jump up ^ "Amazing Orissa". nilachakra.org. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012. The Jagannath temple kitchen at Puri is reputed to be the largest kitchen in the world
Jump up ^ "Kitchen of Lord Jagannath - Devotee Care Center". devoteecare.fullorissa.com. 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. If the dog is seen, all the food must be buried and prepared again
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple Puri, Jagannath Temple of Puri, Jagannath Temple Odisha, Jagannath Temple Orissa". visitodisha.net. 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. The Prasad is prepared in a very traditional way, without using onion, garlic, chillies
Jump up ^ "Jagannath Temple at Puri". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Festivals of lord jagannath, puri festivals". fullorissa.com. 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2012. Pana Sankranti or Mahabishuba sankranti:
Jump up ^ "Alarnatha – Articles - Jagannath Dham". jagannathdham.com. 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012. peoples believe that Lord Jagannath during this time manifests as Alarnath Dev,
Jump up ^ "Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath". nilachakra.org. 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2012. suffer from fever on the account of elaborate bath and for that they are kept in dietary provisions (No cooked food is served) and are nursed by the Daitas
Jump up ^ Starza 1993, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Das 1982, p. 40.
Jump up ^ "Juggernaut-Definition and Meaning". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Karan, Jajati (4 July 2008). "Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon". IBN Live. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Starza 1993, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Mitter 1977, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Starza 1993, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Das 1982, p. 48.
Jump up ^ "Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath". nilachakra.org. 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2012. NILADRI BIJE - Celebrated on 13th day of bright fortnight of Asadha.
Jump up ^ "Ocean of devotees on Grand road to witness Sunavesh". news.oneindia.in. 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. entering in to the sanctum sanctorum popularly called Niladri Bije
Jump up ^ "Niladri Bije – Lord Jagannath Returning to Shree Mandir | PURIWAVES". puriwaves.nirmalya.in. 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ‘Niladri Bije’, the return journey to Shree Mandir. It is the welcome festival of Lord Jagannath to Shree Mandir
Jump up ^ "Lord placates wife with sweet delight". https://www.divinechariots.com. Odisha, India. 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. Lord Jagannath tries to mollify His wife by offering her rasagullas, so that she lets Him enter the temple with His siblings External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ "Lord Jagannath placates angry Mahalakshmi, reenters temple". dailypioneer.com. 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. Jagannath then offers Mahalakshmi rasgullas to placate her and to forgive him
Jump up ^ Panda, Namita (11 October 2010). "The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Orissa | Gupta Gundicha attracts devotees". telegraphindia.com. Calcutta, India. Retrieved 20 December 2012. Beginning from Ashwina Krishna dwitiya to the last day of Dusherra,
Jump up ^ "Gupta Gundicha In Srikhetra – Start of Durga Madhab worshiping | PURIWAVES". puriwaves.nirmalya.in. Retrieved 20 December 2012. The Vimanbadu servants ( who carry the chariot) carry Sri Durga – Madhab ( Sri Jagannath & Jaya Durga ) in a chariot to the temple of Narayani at Dolamandap Sahi.
Jump up ^ "Puri gearing up for 2015 Nabakalebar". dailypioneer.com. 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013. Nabakalebar ritual of Lord Jagannath to be held in 2015,
Jump up ^ "Plans afoot to manage Nabakalebar crowd". Times of India. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Manti, J.C. The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri. p. 100. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jagannath temple servitors oppose untimely ISKON Rathyatra". news.oneindia.in. 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Gajapati King, who is considered as the chief servitor of the temple
Jump up ^ "Lord Jagannath:Sevayats,complete list of servitors of Lord Jagannath,Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple, Orissa | orissa.oriyaonline.com". orissa.oriyaonline.com. Retrieved 28 September 2012. The Gajapati (The King of Puri) is treated as the first and foremost Servitor of the Temple
Jump up ^ "I can walk and not take the palanquin'". The Times Of India. 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2013. I ascended the throne in July 1970 when my father Gajapati Birakishore Deb died in the midst of the car festival. I was then only 17
Jump up ^ "Terror alert in Puri, security tightened". The Times Of India. 27 June 2012.
Sources[edit]
Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3.
Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994). The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0053-2.
Gwynne, Paul (2009). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publication. ISBN 978-1-4051-6702-4.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Jagannath Temple, Puri
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Jagannath Dham Puri (Official Website of the temple)
Lord Sri Jagannath Temple - Jagannath Dharma (Official website of the Puri district administration)
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OTDC Website
Comprehensive information about Jagannath Puri Dham
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Jagannath Temple travel guide from Wikivoyage
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States and territories of India

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Anantavarman Codaganga

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Malava Kingdom

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Neela Madhaba

values: Edit section: Legend surrounding the Temple origin

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Blue Sapphire

values: Edit section: Invasions and desecrations of the Temple

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Garba griha

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Rekha Deula

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Patita Pavana

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Sudarshana chakra

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Sati (goddess)

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Pancha Tirtha of Puri

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Utkala brahmin

values: List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri

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Raksha bandhan

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Kartika (month)

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Brahmagiri, Orissa

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Ratha-Yatra (Puri)

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Mayurbhanj District

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Eastern Ganga Dynasty

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Friar Odoric

values: Edit section: The name Purushottama Kshetra and Its Significance

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Mohanpur Jagannath temple

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Dhamrai Jagannath Roth

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Sarala Dasa

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Nila Chakra

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Padmanabhaswamy temple

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Kaatkaraiappan Temple

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Moozhikkalattappan Temple

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Sree Vallabha Temple

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Imayavarappa Perumal Temple

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Mayapiran Temple

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Pambanaiappan Temple

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Thirunavaya Temple

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Koodal Azhagar Temple

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Srivilliputhur Divya Desam

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Tiru parameswara vinnagaram

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Tiru pavla vannam

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Tiru paadagam

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Ekambaranatha Temple

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Parthasarathy Kovil

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Thiru Vanpurushothamam

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Thiruvaikunda vinnagaram

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Thanjai Mamanikoil

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Sarangapani Temple

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Tirucherai Saranathan Temple

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Thirunandipura Vinnagaram

values: Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi

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Neelamegha Perumal Temple

values: Sri Hara Saabha Vimocchana Perumal Temple (Thirukkandiyur)

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Sri Vanamamalai Perumal Temple

values: Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple

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Srivaikuntanathan Permual Temple

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ThiruPulingudi Perumal Temple

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AlwarThirunagari Temple

values: Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai

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Makara Nedunkuzhai Kannan Temple

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Kanyakumari District

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Ocean of Milk

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Bhadrachalam Temple

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Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy

values: Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra

values: Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna

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/wiki/Sree_Poornathrayesa_Temple
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Sree Poornathrayesa Temple

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Janardana Swami Temple

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Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

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Udupi Krishna Temple

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Uddhava Gita

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Astasambhu Temples

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Lingaraj Temple

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Manibhadresvara Temple - II

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Parsurameswar Temple

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Vaital Deula

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Bharati Matha

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Sivatirtha Matha

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Joranda Gadhi

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values: জগন্নাথ মন্দির, পুরী – Bangla

values: Храм Джаганатхі ў Пуры – Belarusian

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values: Храм Джаганнатхи в Пури – Russian

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