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Addison Montgomery
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Addison Montgomery
Grey's Anatomy & Private Practice character
Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery in Private Practice.
First appearance
Grey's Anatomy:
"Who's Zoomin' Who?" 1x09 (as guest)
"Something To Talk About" 2x07 (as regular cast)
Private Practice:
"In Which We Meet Addison, a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else" 1x01
Last appearance
Grey's Anatomy:
"Didn't We Almost Have It All?" 3x25 (as regular cast)
"If/Then" 8x13 (as special guest)
Private Practice:
"In Which We Say Goodbye" 6x13
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Kate Walsh
Information
Nickname(s)
Addie
Monty
She-Shepherd
Satan
Occupation
Obstetrician-gynecologist at Seaside Health & Wellness
Fetal and neonatal surgeon at St. Ambrose Hospital
Obstetrician-gynecologist at Oceanside Wellness Group (former)
Fetal and neonatal surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital (former)
Title
Director Of Seaside Health & Wellness
Chief Of OB/GYN and Neonatal Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital (former)
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
F.A.C.O.G.
Family
Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery (mother, deceased)
"Captain" Montgomery (father)
Archer Forbes Montgomery (brother)
Spouse(s)
Derek Shepherd (divorced, deceased)
Jake Reilly
Significant other(s)
Mark Sloan
Alex Karev
Kevin Nelson
Pete Wilder
Sam Bennett
Children
Henry Montgomery (son)
Angela Reilly (step-daughter via Jake)
Dr. Addison Adrianne Forbes Montgomery[1] (formerly Montgomery-Shepherd) is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice played by Kate Walsh. Addison is a world-class neonatal surgeon[2] with board certifications in both Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Maternal and Fetal Medicine.[3] Additionally, she is a medical genetics fellow.[3][4] She works at the Oceanside Wellness Group, a fictional practice located in Santa Monica, California.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 Backstory
1.2 Grey's Anatomy
1.3 Private Practice
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed "The Captain" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]
Grey's Anatomy[edit]
The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]
During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]
Private Practice[edit]
In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]
In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]
Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]
Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.
At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]
In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
"I discovered I had endless stories to write for her. Grey's is mainly about young people starting their careers. I realized Kate could anchor a show about people 10 years down the line — what happens if they didn't achieve their dreams, or if they did?"
— Shonda Rhimes on creating a show centered on Kate Walsh's character[31]
Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. "It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years," she said.[33]
Characterization[edit]
Montgomery was initially described as "cold and unforgiving".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had "softened" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as "a girl you love to hate".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: "She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled."[36]
Walsh felt that Montgomery had become "stronger" and "more centered" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, "Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back."[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that "she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying."[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because "the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there."[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); "It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'"[37]
Reception[edit]
TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: "Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show."[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she "went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn." Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, "the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character "fun" and added: "Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting."[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[45][46]
In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Season 3, Episode 10: "Blowups"
^ Jump up to: a b c Shonda Rhimes (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2007-09-26). "In Which We Meet Addison, a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else". Private Practice. Season 1. Episode 01. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Klaviter (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2006-04-30). "Blues for Sister Someone". Grey's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 23. ABC.
Jump up ^ Zoanne Clack (writer), Wendey Stanzler (director) (2005-10-16). "Deny, Deny, Deny". Grey's Anatomy. Season 1. Episode 04. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jon Cowan and Robert L. Rovner (writers), James Frawley (director) (2008-11-26). "Tempting Faith". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 07. ABC.
Jump up ^ Steve Blackman (writer), Michael Zinberg (director) (2009-02-19). "Wait and See". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 17. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Tony Phelan and Joan Rater (writers), Dan Attias (director) (2009-02-12). "Before and After". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 15. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Michael Dinner (director) (2005-11-20). "Thanks for the Memories". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 09. ABC.
Jump up ^ "Private Practice Bios". ABC.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
Jump up ^ Mark Wilding (writer), Dan Minahan (director) (2005-09-04). "Owner of a Lonely Heart". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 11. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Dan Minahan (director) (2006-09-21). "Time Has Come Today". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 01. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Greg Yaitanes (director) (2007-01-18). "Six Days, Part 2". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 12. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2005-10-30). "Into You Like a Train". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 06. ABC.
Jump up ^ Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman (writers), Wendey Stanzler (director) (2005-11-27). "Much Too Much". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 10. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Rob Corn (director) (2006-02-19). "Yesterday". Grey's Anatomy. Season 2. Episode 18. ABC.
Jump up ^ Krista Vernoff (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2006-09-28). "I Am a Tree". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 02. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mark Wilding (writer), Tom Verica (director) (2006-04-26). "Desire". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 21. ABC.
^ Jump up to: a b Shonda Rhimes (writer), Michael Grossman (director) (2007-05-03). "The Other Side of This Life, Part 1 and 2". Grey's Anatomy. Season 3. Episode 22-23. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mitvich, Matt (November 6, 2008). "Exclusive: Multi-Episode Grey's Anatomy/Private Practice Crossover Is in the Works". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
Jump up ^ Tony Phelan and Joan Rater (writers), Rob Corn (director) (2007-05-17). "Didn't We Almost Have It All?". Grey's Anatomy. Season 5. Episode 25. ABC.
Jump up ^ Emily Halpern (writer), Jeff Melman (director) (2007-11-14). "In Which Sam Gets Taken for a Ride". Private Practice. Season 1. Episode 07. ABC.
Jump up ^ Stacy McKee (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-05-01). "Piece of My Heart". Grey's Anatomy. Season 4. Episode 13. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes and Marti Noxon (writers), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-10-01). "A Family Thing". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 01. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mike Ostrowski (writer), Tom Verica (director) (2008-10-08). "Equal and Opposite". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 02. ABC.
Jump up ^ Craig Turk (writer), Michael Pressman (director) (2008-10-29). "Past Tense". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 04. ABC.
Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes (writer), Mark Tinker (director) (2008-12-03). "Crime and Punishment". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 08. ABC.
Jump up ^ Craig Turk (writer), Jim Frawley (director) (2009-01-29). "Second Chances". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 14. ABC.
Jump up ^ Mike Ostrowski (writer), Steve Gomer (director) (2009-02-05). "Acceptance". Private Practice. Season 2. Episode 15. ABC.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1546921/
^ Jump up to: a b Netflix.com
Jump up ^ Schneller, Johanna (October 11, 2007). "Kate Walsh Interview: What's Up, Doc?". Marie Claire. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (May 6, 2009). "Casting chemistry keeps 'Grey's' fresh". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Day, Patrick Kevin (June 12, 2012). "Kate Walsh says she's leaving 'Private Practice'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Dehnart, Andy (March 28, 2007). "‘Addison's Anatomy’ will only hurt ‘Grey's’". TODAY.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Mary (April 20, 2005). "Grey's Anatomy Love Triangle Erupts!". TV Guide. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marsi, Steve (November 15, 2006). "Eric Dane, Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide". TV Fanatic. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kate Walsh Talks About Addison’s New Love Life". People. July 21, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Corcoran, Monica. "Kate Walsh: "I've Always Been the Girl Who Keeps on Trying" - Page 2 Read more: Kate Walsh Interview – Actress Kate Walsh on Her Divorce and Private Practice". Redbook. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim (October 22, 2008). "TV.com Q&A: Private Practice's Kate Walsh". TV.com. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "I would like first to clarify...". TV Guide. September 26, 2005. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keller, Joel (October 9, 2008). "It's good to see the old Addison Montgomery back". AOL TV. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). "Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey’s Anatomy". New York. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TV's Most Intriguing Characters". Comcast. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "12 Most Stylish TV Characters". Glamour. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 31, 2012). "The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television". BuzzFeed. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Winner Announcement" (PDF). www.pressacademy.com. International Press Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 29, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 28, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. January 27, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees". PeoplesChoice.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com
Private Practice at ABC.com
[show]
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Axis leaders of World War II
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Japanese propaganda postcard of the Shōwa era showing Adolf Hitler, Fumimaro Konoe and Benito Mussolini, the political leaders of the three main Axis powers in 1938
The Axis leaders of World War II were important political and military figures during World War II. The Axis was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology; with a policy of anti-communism. During the early phase of the war, puppet governments were established in their occupied nations. When the war ended, many of them faced trial for war crimes. The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Unlike what happened with the Allies, there was never a joint meeting of the main Axis heads of government, although Mussolini and Adolf Hitler did meet on a regular basis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Kingdom of Bulgaria (1941–1944)
2 The Third Reich (Nazi Germany)
3 Kingdom of Hungary (1940–1945)
4 Imperial State of Iran (1941)
5 Kingdom of Iraq (1941)
6 Kingdom of Italy (1940–1943), Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
7 Empire of Japan
8 Finland (1941–1944)
9 Kingdom of Romania (1941–1944)
10 Kingdom of Thailand (1940–1945)
11 Client state and protectorate of Axis
11.1 Albanian Kingdom (1939–1940)
11.2 Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)
11.3 French State (1940–1942)
11.4 Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
12 Puppet states of Nazi Germany
12.1 Protectorate of Denmark (1940–1945)
12.2 Province of Ljubljana (1943–1945)
12.3 Norwegian National government (1940–1945)
12.4 Government of National Salvation, Serbia (1941–1944)
13 Puppet states of the Kingdom of Italy
13.1 Albanian Kingdom (1940–1943)
13.2 Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1943)
14 Joint German-Italian puppet states
14.1 Hellenic State (1941–1944)
15 Puppet states of Imperial Japan
15.1 State of Burma (1943–1945)
15.2 Kingdom of Cambodia (1945)
15.3 Republic of China-Nanjing (1940–1945)
15.4 Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945)
15.5 Kingdom of Laos (1945)
15.6 Great Manchu Empire
15.7 Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
15.8 Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
15.9 Empire of Vietnam (1945)
16 See also
17 References
Kingdom of Bulgaria (1941–1944)[edit]
Tsar Boris III.
Bogdan Filov
Boris III was the Tsar from 1918 until his death in 1943.
Simeon II was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 until 1946, was underage and did not have any power.
Kyril, Prince (knyaz) of Bulgaria, head of the regency council, 1943–44.
Bogdan Filov, prime minister, 1940–43, member of the regency council, 1943–44.
Dobri Bozhilov, prime minister, 1943–44.
Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov was prime minister in 1944. He attempted to pull Bulgaria out of the war and declare neutrality.
Konstantin Muraviev, prime minister, 1944.Bulgarian Agrarian National Union.
Kimon Georgiev, prime minister, 1944–46. Zveno
Aleksandar Tsankov, prime minister of the Bulgarian government-in-exile.
Nikola Mikhov was a lieutenant general, Minister of Defence of Bulgaria
Constantine Lukasz was a lieutenant general, Chief of Staff of the Bulgarian Army
Stoyan Stoyanov was the highest scoring Bulgarian fighter ace of the Royal Bulgarian Air Force with 14 victories.
Ferdinand Kozovski was a lieutenant-general in the Bulgarian who served as the Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria from 1950–1965.
Damyan Velchev was a Bulgarian colonel-general, Minister of Defence of Bulgaria.
Vladimir Stoychev was a Bulgarian colonel-general, diplomat and horse rider.
The Third Reich (Nazi Germany)[edit]
Adolf Hitler was the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party
Heinrich Himmler was Commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Minister of the Interior
Adolf Hitler was leader of Nazi Germany, first as Chancellor from 1933 until 1934. He later became Germany's Führer from 1934 until his suicide in 1945. Hitler came to power during Germany's period of crisis after the Great War. During his rule, Germany became a fascist state with a policy of anti-Semitism that led to the Holocaust. Hitler pursued an extremely aggressive foreign policy that triggered World War II. He committed suicide on April 30, 1945 along with Eva Braun his long term mistress whom he had married less than 24 hours before they committed suicide.
Joseph Goebbels was Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda from 1933 until 1945. An avid supporter of the war, Goebbels did everything in his power to prepare the German people for a large-scale military conflict. He was one of Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers. After Hitler's suicide, Goebbels and his wife Magda had their six children poisoned and then also committed suicide. He became Chancellor for one day before his death.
Hermann Göring was Reichsmarschall and Prime Minister of Prussia. Within the short life of the Third Reich, Göring held a variety of public offices heaped upon him by Hitler. He was the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, President of the Reichstag, Original Head of the Gestapo, Minister of Economics, Paramount Chief of the War Economy, Head of the Four Year Plan, Reichmarshall of the Greater German Reich, Minister of the Forests of the Third Reich and finally defendant Number 1 at the Nuremberg Trials. Hitler awarded Göring the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful leadership. Originally, Hitler's designated successor, and the second highest-ranking Nazi official. However, by 1942, with his power waning, Göring fell out of favor with the Führer, but continued to be the de jure second-in-command of the Third Reich. Göring was the highest-ranking Nazi official brought before the Nuremberg Trials. He committed suicide with cyanide before his sentence was carried out.
Heinrich Himmler became the second-in-command of Nazi Germany following Göring's downfall after the repeated losses of the Luftwaffe which the Reichsmarshall commanded, as Supreme Commander of the Home Army and Reichsführer-SS. As commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Himmler also held overall command of the Gestapo. He was the chief architect of the "Final Solution" and through the SS was overseer of the Nazi concentration camps, extermination camps, and Einsatzgruppen death squads. He held final command responsibility for annihilating "subhumans" who were deemed unworthy of living. Shortly before the end of the war, he offered to surrender "Germany" to the Western Allies if he was spared from prosecution as a Nazi leader. Himmler committed suicide with cyanide after he became a captive of the British Army.
Joachim von Ribbentrop was the German Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1945. He was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
Karl Dönitz was made Großadmiral of the Kriegsmarine on 30 January 1943 and was President for 23 days after Hitler's suicide. Under his command the U-boat fleet conducted unrestricted submarine warfare during the Battle of the Atlantic. After the war he was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to ten years in prison.
Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk was Leading Minister of the German Reich in the short-lived Flensburg government in 1945.
Martin Bormann was head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler. He gained Hitler's trust and derived immense power within the Third Reich by controlling access to the Führer and by regulating the orbits of those closest to him.
Rudolf Hess was Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party. Hess hoped to score a stunning diplomatic victory by sealing a peace between the Third Reich and Britain. He flew to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace, but was arrested. He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Albert Speer was German Minister of Armaments from 1942 until the end of the war, in which position he was responsible for organizing most of the logistical aspects of Germany's war effort. He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to twenty years in prison.
Alfred Rosenberg was a German philosopher and an influential ideologue of the Nazi Party. He is considered one of the main authors of key National Socialist ideological creeds, including its racial theory, persecution of the Jews, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to degenerate modern art. During the war he headed the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs and later the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. After the war he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
Reinhard Heydrich was SS-Obergruppenführer (general) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the Gestapo, Kripo, and SD) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy/Acting Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia (in what is now the Czech Republic). Heydrich served as president of the ICPC (later known as Interpol) and was one of the main architects of the Holocaust. He died of wounds from an assassination attempt in Prague 1942.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner was an SS-Obergruppenführer. He was appointed by Himmler as chief of the SD (Sicherheitsdienst) in January 1943, the SiPo, (Sicherheitspolizei) made up of the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kripo (Kriminalpolizei) and the RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt); after Reinhard Heydrich's assassination. Further, Kaltenbrunner was in command of the Einsatzgruppen death squads. He was the highest-ranking SS leader to face trial at Nuremberg and be executed.
Wilhelm Canaris was a German admiral, and chief of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. During the Second World War, he was among the military officers involved in the clandestine opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. He was executed in the Flossenbürg concentration camp for the act of high treason.
Wilhelm Keitel was an army general and the chief of the OKW, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Military, throughout the war. He was condemned to death at Nuremberg for the commission of war crimes and hanged.
Alfred Jodl was an army general and operations chief of the OKW throughout the war. Like his chief, Keitel, he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
Franz Halder was a German general and the chief of the OKH, Oberkommando des Heeres, from 1938 until September 1942, when he was dismissed after frequent disagreements with Hitler
Kurt Zeitzler was a German general and the chief of the OKH, from 1942 until July 1944.
Walther von Brauchitsch was commander-in-chief of the army from 1940 until his dismissal in December 1941, when Hitler took personal command of the army.
Erich Raeder was Großadmiral of the Kriegsmarine (Navy) from 1 April 1939 until 30 January 1943.
Fedor von Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, he was named commander of Army Group Center and commanded Operation Typhoon, the ultimately failed attempt to capture Moscow during the winter of 1941. His final command was that of Army Group South in 1942 before being dismissed by Hitler. He was killed by British aircraft on May 4, 1945.
Albert Kesselring was a German Luftwaffe general. He served as commander of Luftflotte 2 for the early part of the war, commanding air campaigns in west and east, before being assigned as commander-in-chief of German forces in the Mediterranean, a position he would occupy for most of the war, commanding German forces in the defense of Italy. In March 1945, he became the last German commander-in-chief in the west.
Gerd von Rundstedt was a Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) in the German army and held some of the highest field commands in all phases of the war. He commanded large formations during the invasion of Poland and Battle of France. During Operation Barbarossa, he was named commander of Army Group South. In 1942 he was appointed commander of OB West. He retained this command (with several interruptions) until his dismissal by Hitler in March 1945.
Erich von Manstein is credited with the drawing up of the Ardennes invasion plan of France. In the Soviet campaign, he also conquered Sevastopol in 1942 and was then made Generalfeldmarschall and took command of Army Group South. A command he held until he was dismissed by Hitler in March, 1944. He is often considered one of the finest German strategists and field commanders of World War II.
Heinz Guderian was the principal creator of Blitzkrieg. He commanded several front line armies in the early years of the war, most notably Panzergruppe Guderian during Operation Barbarossa. Guderian later served as chief of staff of the army from July 1944 to March 1945.
Erwin Rommel was the commander of the Afrika Korps in the North African campaign and became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox". Rommel was admired as a tactical genius by both Axis and Allied leaders during the war. He was subsequently in command of the German forces during the battle of Normandy. He was forced to commit suicide on October 14, 1944 for being implicated in the July 20th plot against Hitler.
Walter Model was a general in the German army who became best known as a skilled practitioner of defensive warfare on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. Following the invasion of Normandy in June, 1944 he was reassigned to the west where he took command of Army Group B. He was also the principal architect of the Ardennes Offensive. He committed suicide on April 21, 1945.
Hans-Jürgen von Arnim was a German colonel general and commander-in-chief of the Army Group Africa and de facto commander of the Afrika Korps from March 9, 1943 until his capture by the British Indian Army's 14th Infantry Division on May 12, 1943.
Kingdom of Hungary (1940–1945)[edit]
Regent Miklós Horthy of Hungary
Ferenc Szálasi
Miklós Horthy was the supreme regent (head of state) from 1920 until 1944.
László Bárdossy was his prime minister from 1941 until 1942. After World War II, Bárdossy was tried by a People’s Court in November 1945. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
Miklós Kállay was prime minister from 1942 until 1944.
Döme Sztójay was prime minister from March until August 1944. Sztójay was captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945, after which time he was tried by a Communist People’s Tribunal in Budapest. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
Géza Lakatos was a general in the Hungarian Army during World War II who served briefly as prime minister, under governor Miklós Horthy from August 29, 1944 until October 15 the same year.
Ferenc Szálasi was the leader of the fascist Arrow Cross Party, the "Leader of the Hungarian Nation" (Nemzetvezető), and the prime minister from 1944 to 1945. He was tried by the People's Tribunal in Budapest. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
Béla Miklós was acting as prime minister, at first in opposition, from 1944 to 1945.
Károly Bartha was a colonel general, Minister of Defence.
Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeydner
Ferenc Szombathelyi was a colonel general, chief of the General Staff.
Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak
Iván Hindy was a colonel-general in the Hungarian Army. He orchestrated the defence of Budapest. Hindy was captured by the Soviets On February 11, 1945, when he tried to escape just prior to the fall of the city on February 13. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
Gusztáv Jány was the commander of the Hungarian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad.
Zoltán Szügyi was the commander of the Szent László Infantry Division.
László Háry was the commander of the Hungarian Air Force.
Elemér Gorondy-Novák was the commander of the Hungarian Third Army.
Imperial State of Iran (1941)[edit]
Rezā Shāh
Rezā Shāh was the Shah of Iran from 1925 until 1941. Rezā Shāh was a reformist who modernized Iran during his rule. During World War II, Rezā Shāh had a policy of neutrality, continuing relations with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and refusing to expel their citizens when requested to by the British. Fearing that Iran's oil would fall under Nazi control, and wishing to ensure communications between them, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran. Rezā Shāh was deposed and went into exile in South Africa. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, took the throne and brought Iran into line with the Allied powers.
Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Iranian minister and diplomat.
Fazlollah Zahedi was an Iranian general during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Zahedi was named military governor of Khuzestan province, the hub of Iran's oil industry. When the British invaded, he was arrested and held in Palestine until 1945. After World War II he became prime minister.
Kingdom of Iraq (1941)[edit]
Faisal II
Faisal II of Iraq was King of Iraq
Rashid Ali al-Kaylani was Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940 and 1941. He overthrew the pro-British Nuri Said Pasha and established an anti-British regime. Britain responded with severe economic sanctions against Iraq and an invasion. The Anglo-Iraqi War ended with a British victory and Ali al-Kaylani out of power.[citation needed]
Haj Amin al-Husseini was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem who had been exiled from the British Mandate of Palestine for his nationalist activities. Husayni issued a 'fatwa' for a holy war against British rule in May 1941. The Mufti's widely heralded proclamation against Britain was declared in Iraq, where he was instrumental in the anti-British Iraqi revolt.
Kingdom of Italy (1940–1943), Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)[edit]
King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III
Benito Mussolini, prime minister, Duce and leader of the National Fascist Party.
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy was King of Italy and the supreme head, with Mussolini, of the Royal Italian Army, from 1935 he became Emperor of the Italian Empire. He supported Mussolini in 1922 during the March on Rome and he named him prime minister. In 1943, after successive military defeats, he, along with Marshal Pietro Badoglio, dissolved the Fascist government, dismissed and arrested Mussolini and arranged an armistice with the Allies, setting up a Royalist government in Southern Italy led by the Marshal.
Benito Mussolini was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943. The founder of fascism, Mussolini made Italy the first fascist state, using the ideas of nationalism, militarism, anti-communism and anti-socialism combined with state propaganda. In 1925, he assumed dictatorial powers as the Duce ("Leader") of Fascism, and was subsequently called Duce by his Fascist supporters. From 1925, King Victor Emmanuel III delegated his powers to Mussolini and opposition to Mussolini and the Fascist state was seen as treason. Though his regime influenced Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Mussolini did not subscribe to Nazi racial theories, dismissing them as mythical and fabricated. Only in 1938, under increased pressure from Hitler, did he adopt anti-Semitism as a state policy, and opposed the deportation of Jews by the Germans from Italian territory. Mussolini was the official head of the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN ("Volunteer Militia for National Security"), often called the "Blackshirts", who were Fascist partisans loyal specifically to him, rather than the King. Successive military defeats from 1941, culminating in the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, led to Mussolini and his government's dissolution and dismissal by the King. Arrested on the orders of the King, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans and became the puppet Head of State of the Italian Social Republic (regime under control of Nazi Germany) in northern Italy. Mussolini was executed by Italian partisans on 28 April 1945, while attempting to flee to Spain.
Pietro Badoglio was Marshal of the Army. He led the Italian Army during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. He resigned in 1940 after the Italian defeat in Greece. In 1943 he arranged with the Allies for an armistice and set up a Royalist government in Southern Italy (Brindisi).
Ugo Cavallero was the head of the Italian Royal Army during the Second World War, his powers being delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Army. He led Italian forces during the Greco-Italian War in which Italian forces faltered badly.
Italo Gariboldi was the commander of the Italian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad.
Arturo Riccardi was the head of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) from 1940 to 1943, his powers being delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Navy.
Inigo Campioni was a commander of the Italian Royal Navy during the battles of Taranto, Cape Spartivento, and Calabria.
Angelo Iachino succeeded Campioni as commander of the Royal Italian Navy.
Italo Balbo was the most important person of the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) from the 1930s until his death in 1940. His powers were officially delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Air Force. He also commanded the Tenth army in Libya until his death.
Galeazzo Ciano was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1936 by Mussolini (who was also his father-in-law) and remained in that position until the end of the Fascist regime in 1943. Ciano signed the Pact of Steel with Germany in 1939 and subsequently the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Japan in 1940. Ciano attempted to convince Mussolini to bring Italy out of the war as casualties mounted but was ignored. In 1943, Ciano supported the ousting of Mussolini as prime minister. Ciano was later executed by Fascists in the Italian Social Republic for betraying Mussolini.
Rodolfo Graziani was commander of Italian North Africa and Governor-General of Libya. Graziani was ordered to invade Egypt by Mussolini. Graziani expressed doubts about the ability of his largely un-mechanized force to defeat the British, however, he followed orders and the Tenth Army attacked on September 13. He resigned his commission in 1941 after being defeated by the British in Operation Compass. Graziani was the only one of the Italian marshals to remain loyal to Mussolini after Dino Grandi's Grand Council of Fascism coup, and was appointed Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI). Graziani had under his command the mixed Italo-German LXXXXVII "Liguria" Army (Armee Ligurien) of the RSI.
Giovanni Messe was the commander of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia, or CSIR). The CSIR fought on the Eastern Front, fighting with German forces against the Soviet Union. He later led Axis forces in the Tunisia Campaign. He is considered by many to be the best Italian general of the war.
Alfredo Guzzoni was commander-in-chief of the Italian forces during the Allied Invasion of Sicily.
Rino Corso Fougier was a general in the Royal Italian Air Force and Chief of Staff 1941-43.
Giuseppe Fioravanzo was one of the "intellectuals" of the Regia Marina; he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars.
Junio Valerio Borghese was the commander of the Decima Flottiglia MAS.
Empire of Japan[edit]
Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan
Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944
Hirohito (posthumously known as Emperor Shōwa) was the Emperor from 1926 until his death in 1989. He was viewed as a semi-divine leader. He was Commander of the Imperial General Headquarters from 1937 to 1945 and authorized in 1936, by imperial decree, the expansion of Shiro Ishii's bacteriological research unit,[1] while, according to some authors, assuming control over the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons.[2] His generals took the full blame and he was exonerated from criminal prosecution, with all members of the imperial family, by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP).
Fumimaro Konoe was prime minister from 1937 to 1939 and 1940 until 1941. Konoe authorized the publications of Kokutai no Hongi (1937) and Shinmin no Michi (1941). He joined the military to recommended to emperor Shöwa the invasion of China and launched the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War and the Taisei Yokusankai to promote a total war effort. Konoe was opposed to war with the Occidental powers. During the occupation of Japan, he refused to collaborate with the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers to exonerate Hirohito and the imperial family of criminal responsibility and came under suspicion of war crimes. He committed suicide in 1945.
Hiranuma Kiichirō was prime minister from 5 January 1939 to 30 August 1939. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Nobuyuki Abe was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and Prime Minister of Japan from 30 August 1939 to 16 January 1940.
Mitsumasa Yonai was prime minister in 1940 and minister of the Navy from 1937 to 1939 and 1944 to 1945. During his second mandate as Navy minister, the Imperial Japanese Navy implemented the tokkōtai or suicide units against the Allied fleet. He cooperated with SCAP to fix the testimony of the senior officers accused in the Tokyo trials and was exonerated from criminal prosecutions.
Hideki Tojo was Supreme Military Leader from 1936 until 1944 and prime minister from 1941 until 1944. He was a strong supporter of the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany and Italy. Minister of War in the second cabinet of Fumimaro Konoe, he was chosen as prime minister by the emperor in October 1941. He was a main proponent of the war against the Occidental powers. Tojo strengthened the Taisei Yokusankai to create a single-party state. He was demoted in July 1944 by the emperor, following the Battle of Saipan and condemned to death by the Tokyo tribunal and executed.
Kuniaki Koiso was a senior army general who served as prime minister from July 1944 to April 1945.
Kantarō Suzuki was an admiral who served as prime minister from April to August 1945. He agreed to Japan's surrender to the Allies on August 15, 1945.
Sadao Araki was Minister of the Army from 1931 to 1933 and Education Minister from 1938 to 1939. Araki was one of the main proponents of militarism and expansionism during the Shōwa era. He developed the fascist ideas of the Kōdōha and led the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement to promote the Holy war against China. After the war Araki was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment but was released in 1955 with all the other major convicts.
Kotohito Kanin was Chief of Staff of the Army from 1931 to 1940. During his mandate, the Army committed the Nanking massacre and regularly used chemical weapons in China. Kan'in was one of the main proponents of State Shinto. He died before the end of the war.
Hajime Sugiyama was Minister of the Army from 1937 to 1938, then chief of staff from 1940 to 1944. During this period, the Army kept using chemical weapons and implemented the sanko sakusen. He committed suicide in 1945.
Yoshijirō Umezu was the chief of staff from 1944 to 1945.
Hiroyasu Fushimi was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1932 to 1941. Starting in 1937, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service implemented strategic bombing of Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. He was exonerated from criminal prosecutions with all members of the imperial family by SCAP.
Osami Nagano was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1941 to 1944. During this period, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service committed the attack of Pearl Harbor and the strategic bombing of Chongqing. He was tried before the Tokyo tribunal but died in prison before his sentence was carried out.
Isoroku Yamamoto was Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1939 to 1943 and was responsible for Japan's early naval victories, including the attack on Pearl Harbor. Considered the most brilliant Japanese naval commander of the war, his death in 1943 deprived the military of a skilled tactician and was a severe blow to Japanese morale.
Tomoyuki Yamashita was lieutenant-general of the Japanese Imperial Army from 1905 to 1945. He was most famous for conquering the British colonies of Malaya and Singapore, earning the nickname "The Tiger of Malaya". He was hanged on 23 February 1946.
Masaharu Homma was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, most noted for his victory in conquering the Philippines in the Philippines Campaign.
Jisaburō Ozawa was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, commander of the Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. He was the last commander-in-chief of the Japanese fleet.
Tadamichi Kuribayashi was commander of the Japanese forces who was killed at the battle of Iwo Jima.
Isamu Yokoyama was commander of Japanese forces in China.
Shigeyoshi Inoue was commander of the Japanese forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea
Iwane Matsui
Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
Finland (1941–1944)[edit]
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was the commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces and a Marshal of Finland.
Kyösti Kallio was the 4th President of Finland.
Risto Ryti was 5th President of Finland and the 14th Prime Minister of Finland.
Johan Wilhelm Rangell was the Prime Minister of Finland 1941-1943.
Eric Heinrichs commanded the Army of Karelia during the Continuation War.
Karl Lennart Oesch commanded the Army of Karelia and Aunus Group during the trench warfare phase of the Continuation War.
Jarl Lundqvist commanded the Finnish Air Force during the Continuation War.
Väinö Valve commanded the Finnish Navy during the Continuation War.
Kingdom of Romania (1941–1944)[edit]
Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu was the Prime Minister of Romania and the Conducător (Leader) with dictatorial powers from 1940 to 1944. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
Michael I was King from 1940 until 1947. He was installed by Antonescu to replace Michael's father Carol II. He was not intended to have much power. He led a coup to overthrow Antonescu and switched sides to the Allies in 1944.
Constantin Sănătescu was the prime minister 1944.
Nicolae Rădescu was the prime minister 1944-45.
Petre Dumitrescu commanded the Romanian Third Army on its campaign against the Soviet Union.
Constantin Constantinescu-Claps commanded the Romanian Fourth Army.
Emanoil Ionescu commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force.
Ermil Gheorghiu commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force.
Horia Macellariu commanded the Royal Romanian Navy.
Horia Sima was head of the pro-Nazi "government in exile".
Kingdom of Thailand (1940–1945)[edit]
Plaek Pibulsongkram
Ananda Mahidol was King of Thailand from 1935 until his death in 1946. During the war, Mahidol stayed in neutral Switzerland. He returned to Thailand in 1945 after the war.
Plaek Phibunsongkhram was Field Marshal of the Thai Army and was Prime Minister of Thailand from 1938 until 1944. The Pibulsonggram regime embarked upon a course of economic nationalism and anti-Chinese policies. In 1940, he decided to invade Indo-China in hostilities known as the French-Thai War. In 1941, he allied Thailand with Japan and allowed it to use the country for the invasions of Burma and Malaya. When Japanese defeat was imminent, he was pressured to resign in 1944.
Jarun Rattanakun Seriroengrit was a general who commanded Phayap Army that occupied the Shan State of British Burma.
Pridi Banomyong a former revolutionary and cabinet minister, was appointed to the regency council in 1941. By 1944, he became sole Regent and de facto Head of State, but this position was only nominal. He secretly became leader of the resistance forces or the Free Thai Movement in 1942.
Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime Minister of Thailand, 1944–45.
Client state and protectorate of Axis[edit]
King Zog I
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1940)[edit]
Zog I was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. He fled into exile following the Italian Invasion of Albania.
Xhemal Aranitasi was a general and commander in chief of the Royal Albanian Army.
Gustav von Myrdacz was influential in organising the Royal Albanian Army from the early 1920s to 1945.
Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)[edit]
Ante Pavelić
Philippe Pétain
Jozef Tiso
Ante Pavelić, Headman (Poglavnik) of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from 1941 to 1945.
Tomislav II, the Italian-born King of Croatia.
Nikola Mandić, prime minister under Pavelić from 1943 to 1945.
Mladen Lorković, the Foreign Minister and Minister of the Interior of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH)
Slavko Kvaternik, Minister of Defense.
Vladimir Laxa, Army Chief of Staff.
Vladimir Kren, was the commander of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia.
Edgar Angeli, was the commander of the Navy of the Independent State of Croatia.
Vjekoslav Luburić, was the commander of the Croatian Armed Forces.
Jure Francetić, was the commander of the Black Legion.
Marko Mesić, was the commander of the Croatian Legion.
Andro Vrkljan, was the commander of the Croatian Naval Legion.
French State (1940–1942)[edit]
Philippe Pétain was an Army Marshal and Chief of State of Vichy France from its establishment in 1940 until the invasion of Normandy in 1944. The Pétain government collaborated with the Nazis, and organized raids to capture French Jews. The Pétain government was opposed by General de Gaulle's Free French Forces, and eventually fell to them. After the war, Pétain was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison.
Pierre Laval was Pétain's head of government in 1940, and from 1942 to 1944. Under his second government, collaboration with Nazi Germany intensified. In 1945, Laval was tried for treason, sentenced to death and executed.
René Bousquet was the deputy head of the Vichy police force.
Joseph Darnand was the commander of the paramilitary French Militia. A pro-Nazi leader, he was a strong supporter of the Hitler and Pétain governments. He established the Milice to round-up Jews and fight the French Resistance. He was tried for treason and executed after the war.
Jean Decoux was the Governor-General of French Indochina representing the Vichy government. Decoux's task in Indochina was to reverse the policy of appeasement towards the Japanese led by his predecessor General Georges Catroux, but political realities soon forced him to continue down the same road. Arrested and tried after the war, Decoux was not convicted.
Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[edit]
Jozef Tiso, President of the Slovak Republic.
Vojtech Tuka, prime minister.
Ferdinand Čatloš was commander of the Field Army Bernolák during the Invasion of Poland.
Rudolf Pilfousek was commander of the SS-Heimatschutz Slowakei.
Augustín Malár
Ján Golian
Puppet states of Nazi Germany[edit]
Leonhard Kaupisch
Vidkun Quisling
Milan Nedić
Protectorate of Denmark (1940–1945)[edit]
Leonhard Kaupisch, Military commander of Denmark.
Werner Best, served as a civilian administrator in Denmark.
Erik Scavenius, Prime minister of Denmark from 1942–1943. He pursued a collaborative policy with the German occupation force until he dissolved the Danish government in 1943, and was replaced by German martial law.
Frits Clausen, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
Christian Peder Kryssing, was commander of the Free Corps Denmark.
Christian Frederik von Schalburg, was commander of the Free Corps Denmark.
Knud Børge Martinsen, was commander of the Schalburg Corps.
Province of Ljubljana (1943–1945)[edit]
Leon Rupnik, was the President of the provincial government.
Gregorij Rožman,
Ernest Peterlin, Battle of Turjak Castle
Norwegian National government (1940–1945)[edit]
Vidkun Quisling, Minister-President of the Norwegian national government from 1942 to 1945.
Kjeld Stub Irgens
Ragnar Skancke
Sverre Riisnæs
Jonas Lie, Minister of Police and SS-Standartenführer of the Germanic-SS Norway.
Karl Marthinsen, General of Police, head of Norwegian STAPO (Statspolitiet) and SIPO (Sikkerhetspolitiet). He was assassinated by the resistance in 1945 due to increasing power and influence over the Norwegian military.
Sophus Kahrs, was commander of the SS Ski Jäger Battalion "Norwegen".
Arthur Qvist, was commander of the Norwegian Legion.
Government of National Salvation, Serbia (1941–1944)[edit]
Milan Nedić, general and Prime Minister of the Government of National Salvation.
Milan Aćimović
Dimitrije Ljotić, Zbor
Dragomir Jovanović, was commander of the Serbian State Guard.
Kosta Mušicki, was commander of the Serbian Volunteer Corps.
Kosta Pećanac, was commander of the Pećanac Chetniks.
Momčilo Đujić, was commander of the Dinara Division.
Strahinja Janjić, was commander of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment.
Puppet states of the Kingdom of Italy[edit]
Albanian Kingdom (1940–1943)[edit]
Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister of the Albanian Kingdom.
Tefik Mborja, Albanian Fascist Party
Midhat Frashëri, Balli Kombëtar
Abaz Kupi, Legality Movement
Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1943)[edit]
Sekula Drljević was founder of the Montenegrin Federalist Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Montenegro until his imprisonment in 1941.
Blažo Đukanović was later military leader of Montenegro, as head of the Central Nationalist Committee, from 1942 to 1943.
Pavle Đurišić was commander of the Montenegrin Volunteer Corps.
Krsto Popović was commander of the Lovćen Brigade.
Joint German-Italian puppet states[edit]
Hellenic State (1941–1944)[edit]
Georgios Tsolakoglou was Prime Minister of the Greek collaborationist government from April 30, 1941 to December 2, 1942.
Konstantinos Logothetopoulos was prime minister from December 2, 1942 to April 7, 1943.
Ioannis Rallis was prime minister from April 7, 1943 to October 12, 1944.
Georgios Bakos Minister of Defence.
Puppet states of Imperial Japan[edit]
Chairman Wang Jingwei
Emperor Puyi
Zhang Jinghui
Chairman Demchugdongrub
State of Burma (1943–1945)[edit]
Ba Maw, political leader.
Kingdom of Cambodia (1945)[edit]
Sisowath Monivong was the King from 1927 until his death in 1941.
Norodom Sihanouk was the King following Monivong's death.
Son Ngoc Thanh, prime minister.
Republic of China-Nanjing (1940–1945)[edit]
Wang Jingwei, Head of State, President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government, officially known as the Republic of China.
Chen Gongbo, Head of the Legislative Yuan.
Zhou Fohai, Head of the Executive Yuan.
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945)[edit]
Subhas Chandra Bose, Head of State, The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs of the Free India government.
Kingdom of Laos (1945)[edit]
Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, prime minister from 1942 to 1945 and vice-king.
Great Manchu Empire[edit]
Puyi was the Emperor of Manchukuo from 1934 until the disestablishment of the state in 1945. He was installed by the Japanese after the Invasion of Manchuria. He was captured and imprisoned by the Soviet Union, and later handed over to the People's Republic of China.
Zhang Jinghui was the Prime Minister of Manchukuo. Zhang was a Chinese general and politician during the Warlord Era who collaborated with the Japanese to establish Manchukuo. After the war, he was captured and imprisoned by the Red Army.
Xi Qia was the finance superintendent of Manchukuo in 1932, a minister of Manchukuo in 1934, and palace and interior minister in 1936. At the end of World War II he was captured by the Soviets and held in a Siberian prison until he was returned to China in 1950, where he died in prison.
Chang Hai-peng, general of the Manchukuo Imperial Army.
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government[edit]
Demchugdongrub was the vice-chairman, then the chairman. In 1941 he became chairman of the Mongolian Autonomous federation.
Li Shouxin
Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)[edit]
José P. Laurel, President.
Empire of Vietnam (1945)[edit]
Bảo Đại was the King of Annam from 1926 until 1945 and Emperor of Vietnam from 1945 until 1949.
Tran Trong Kim, prime minister.
See also[edit]
World War II portal
War portal
Axis powers of World War II
Allied leaders of World War II
Commanders of World War II
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Daniel Barenblat, A plague upon humanity, 2004, p.37.
Jump up ^ Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu(Materials on Poison Gas Warfare), 1997, pp.25–29., Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001
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Throat irritation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Throat irritation can refer to a dry cough, a scratchy feeling at the back of the throat, or a sensation of a lumpy feeling or something stuck at the back of the throat
Contents
[hide]
1 Allergies
2 Laryngitis
3 Pharyngitis
4 Epiglottitis
5 Post-nasal drip
6 Strep throat
7 Environment
8 Acid reflux
9 Diagnosis
10 Treatment
11 References
Allergies[edit]
See also: Allergy
During the summer months, allergies are a common cause of throat irritation. Many individuals have allergies to pet dander, dust, mites, pollen and molds that can trigger an allergic reaction which present with runny nose, red eyes, congested nose and throat irritation. Often a dry cough may also be present.[1]
Laryngitis[edit]
See also: Laryngitis
It is inflammation of the voice box which can occur from overuse, irritation or an infection. Laryngitis can be a short term illness or a prolonged problem. The majority of cases of laryngitis are due to viral infections which only last a few days. Laryngitis is often a common complaint in individuals who sing. Opera singers or those who yell at sporting events strain the throat muscles and develop a case of laryngitis. However, persistent throat irritation and hoarseness may be from a more serious disorder like cancer.
Pharyngitis[edit]
See also: Pharyngitis
Viruses are common causes of the common cold. Less often, bacteria may also cause pharyngitis. Both of these organisms enter the body via the nose or mouth as aerosolized particles when someone sneezes or coughs. Because many germs are contagious, one can even acquire them from touching utensils, toys, personal care products or door knobs. The most common viruses that causes throat irritation include the common cold virus, influenza, infectious mononucleosis, measles and croup. Most bacteria and viruses usually induce throat irritation during the winter or autumn.[2]
Epiglottitis[edit]
See also: Epiglottitis
It is a very serious disorder of the back of the throat near the windpipe. The most common cause of epiglottitis is an infection by the bacteria, H influenza. The condition may present all of a sudden with high fever, severe sore throat, difficult and painful swallowing, drooling saliva, hoarse voice, difficulty breathing and malaise. The condition is life-threatening and needs immediate hospitalization. Epiglottitis is treated with antibiotics. Routine vaccination has made epiglottitis very rare but it still does present in some children. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can be life saving.
Post-nasal drip[edit]
Also called rhinorrhea, is a very common medical disorder that occurs when the nasal tissues are congested and the excess fluid runs either at the back of the throat or out of the nose. Post-nasal drip can be caused by the common cold, allergies to dust, smoking, or pet dander. Even spicy foods can sometimes cause post-nasal drip. Runny nose is not life-threatening but can be uncomfortable and socially unacceptable.[3]
Strep throat[edit]
See also: Streptococcal pharyngitis
It is caused by bacteria which if untreated can lead to many other problems in the body. Strep throat is most common in childhood but can affect people of all ages. It may present with throat pain, difficulty swallowing, painful and swollen tonsils, fever, headache, skin rash and flu. The diagnosis of strep throat is straight forward and the treatment requires a course of penicillin. However, if the treatment is not adequate, rheumatic fever can occur with resultant damage to the heart valves.[4]
Environment[edit]
When the environment is dry especially in winter, it can create a sensation of dryness and a scratchy feeling in the throat. This is most commonly observed in the morning. Other individuals who also develop throat irritation are those breathing through their mouth because of a congested nose. Environmental pollution is also a common cause of throat irritation. In fact, indoor pollution because of tobacco smoke used to be a common cause of throat irritation. Other items known to induce throat irritation include alcohol, spicy or hot foods and smokeless tobacco.[5]
Acid reflux[edit]
See also: Gastroesophageal reflux disease
This affliction is a common cause of throat irritation. Normally the stomach produces acid in the stomach which is neutralized in the small intestine. To prevent acid from flowing backwards, the lower part of the swallowing tube (esophagus) has a valve which closes after food passes through. In some individuals, this valve becomes incompetent and acid goes up into the esophagus. Reflux episodes often occur at night and one may develop a bitter taste in the mouth. The throat can be severely irritated when acid touches the vocal cords and can lead to spasms of coughing. To prevent throat irritation from reflux, one should lose weight, stop smoking, avoid coffee beverages and sleep with the head elevated.[6]
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of a throat irritation include a physical exam and throat culture.
Treatment[edit]
The majority of cases of throat irritation usually go away without any treatment. There is no real treatment for throat irritation from a virus. If you have difficulty swallowing then one should drink liquids, suck on lozenges, ice chips or mix salt with warm water to gargle. Bacterial infections generally require antibiotics. Home remedies for throat irritation include gargling with warm water twice a day, sipping honey and lemon mixture or sucking on medicated lozenges. If the cause is dry air, then one should humidify the home. Since smoke irritates the throat, stop smoking and avoid all fumes from chemicals, paints and volatile liquids. Rest your voice if you have been screaming or singing. If you have pharyngitis, avoid infecting others by covering your mouth when coughing and wear a mask.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allergic Reaction Emedicine Health. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ Pharyngitis Analysis American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ What is Post Nasal Drip Sinus Professionals Online Portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ Strep Throat Mayo Clinic. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ What Causes Sore Throats Family Doctor Portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ Gastro-oesophageal reflux NetDoctor Portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Jump up ^ Sore Throat or Pharyngitis MedicineNet. Retrieved on 2010-02-05
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throat_irritation&oldid=783632478"
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