text:
List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress
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This article is part of a series on the
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India. The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public, developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms. The President of the All India Congress Committee, and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party (INC) as a whole, is known as the Congress President.
Since the party was established in 1885, 60 people have served as president. The first, Woomesh Chandra Banerjee presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December. The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi. The president of INC at the time of India's independence was J. B. Kripalani. Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president. There are six members of Nehru–Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Presidents
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
During 1885-1933, the presidency had a term of 1 year only. Traditionally, the post rotated between prominent members of the party, successive terms for the same person being frowned upon. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Legislative Party.
Indira Gandhi however, institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969. Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice.
Narasimha Rao, too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister's posts. Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out. But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership, he didn't hold the two posts together.
During 2000-09, INC did not host a conference for the first time in history. In 2004, when the INC was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister, not to be the president of the party. Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party, having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017.[1] Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President.
Presidents[edit]
No.
Name of President
Picture
Life span
Year of Presidency
Place of Conference
1 Woomesh Chandra Banerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1885 Bombay
2 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1886 Calcutta
3 Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 – 1906 1887 Madras
4 George Yule 1829–1892 1888 Allahabad
5 William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1889 Bombay
6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 – 1915 1890 Calcutta
7 Anandacharlu August 1843 – 1908 1891 Nagpur
8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 – 1906 1892 Allahabad
9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1893 Lahore
10 Alfred Webb 1834–1908 1894 Madras
11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 – 1925 1895 Poona
12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 – 1902 1896 Calcutta
13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 – 1934 1897 Amravati
14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 – 1906 1898 Madras
15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 – 1909 1899 Lucknow
16 N. G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 – 1923 1900 Lahore
17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 – 1936 1901 Calcutta
18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 – 1917 1902 Ahmedabad
19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848–1909 1903 Madras
20 Henry Cotton 1845–1915 1904 Bombay
21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 – 1915 1905 Benares
22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 – 1917 1906 Calcutta
23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1907 Surat
24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 – 1921 1908 Madras
25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1909 Lahore
26 William Wedderburn 1838–1918 1910 Allahabad
27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864–1916 1911 Calcutta
28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857–1921 1912 Bankipore
29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ?–1919 1913 Karachi
30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859–1924 1914 Madras
31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 – 1928 1915 Bombay
32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850–1922 1916 Lucknow
33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 – 1933 1917 Calcutta
34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1918 Delhi
35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 – 1933 1918 Bombay (Special Session)
36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar
37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta (Special Session)
38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 – 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur
39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (President)
Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President)
1863 – 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad
40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya
41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada
42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi (Special Session)
43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum
44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur
45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11, 1874 – 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati
46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 – 10 May 1936 1927 Madras
47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta
48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore
49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi
50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 – 1946 1932 Delhi
51 Nellie Sengupta 1886–1973 1933 Calcutta
52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay
53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow
54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1937 Faizpur
55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura
56 Subhas Chandra Bose (resigned)
Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after
the session. 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 1939 Jabalpur
57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 – 22 February 1958 1940–46 Ramgarh
58 J. B. Kripalani 1888 – 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut
59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 – 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur
60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 – 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik
61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi
62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad
63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta
64 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1955 Avadi
65 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1956 Amritsar
66 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1957 Indore
67 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1958 Gauhati
68 U. N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 – 1977 1959 Nagpur
69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi (Special Session)
70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore
71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar
72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna
73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar
74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur
75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur
76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad
77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 – 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad
78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay
79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999 1972–74 Calcutta
80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 – 1996 1975–77 Chandigarh
81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1978–83 Delhi
82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta
83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 1985–91 Bombay
84 P. V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004 1992–96 Tirupati
85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 – 24 October 2000 1996–98 Calcutta
86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998–2017 Calcutta
87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 -Present Delhi
See also[edit]
List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sonia Gandhi (Indian politician)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
External links[edit]
[1]Official Indian National Congress website
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Jawaharlal Nehru (1936–1937)
S. C. Bose (1938–1939)
A. K. Azad (1940–1946)
J. B. Kripalani
Sitaramayya (1948–1949)
Tandon
Jawaharlal Nehru (1951–1954)
Dhebar (1955–1959)
Indira Gandhi
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1960–1963)
K. Kamaraj (1964–1967)
S. Nijalingappa (1968–1969)
Jagjivan Ram (1970–1971)
S. D. Sharma (1972–1974)
Baruah (1975–1977)
Indira Gandhi (1978–1984)
Rajiv Gandhi (1985–1991)
Narasimha Rao (1992–1996)
Kesri (1996–1998)
Sonia Gandhi (1998–2017)
Rahul Gandhi (2017-present)
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The Art Institutes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the system of non-profit art schools. For other uses, see Art Institute.
Not to be confused with Art Institute of Chicago, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Kansas City Art Institute, or San Francisco Art Institute.
The Art Institutes
The Art Institutes logo
Established
1969 (1969)
Focus
Nonprofit institution[1][2]
President
Charles Restivo[3]
Owner
Dream Center Education Holdings (DCEH), LLC
Location
California, US
Coordinates
40°26′31″N 79°59′59″W / 40.441947°N 79.999828°W / 40.441947; -79.999828
Website
www.artinstitutes.edu
The Art Institutes (Ai) are a system of art colleges owned by Dream Center Education Holdings. At its height, The Art Institutes had greater than 50 campuses. However, as the for-profit education sector came under scrutiny, many campuses saw a marked decrease in enrollment. As such, at least 30 schools closed in 2017. [4] [5] The schools offer master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, and certificates in visual, creative, applied, and culinary arts.[6]
The Art Institutes' former parent company, Education Management Corporation (EDMC), was headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[7] In November 2014, EDMC was delisted from the NASDAQ amid financial difficulties, lawsuits, and investigations[8] and its stock is valued at less than one cent per share.
Educational accreditation of The Art Institutes and their programs varies among campuses and programs. One of its accreditors, Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS), has been criticized by a dozen states' Attorneys General for its lax standards.[9]
In June 2016, the US Department of Education voted to end ACICS power to accredit.[10] ACICS was stripped of its power to accredit in September.[11]
In December 2016, nine additional Art Institutes were placed on probation by their accreditor, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).[12]
Thousands of former students of the Art Institutes claim they have been deceived and misled by the schools and their recruiters and have filed claims with the US Department of Education.[13][14][15] Art Institute students are able to file defense to repayment claims with the US Department of Education.[16]
In 2017, Education Management Corporation reported that it had sold the existing Art Institutes to The Dream Center Foundation, a Los Angeles-based Pentecostal organization.[17][18] The sale was complete in October 2017.[19]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Schools and programs
3 Locations
3.1 Open
3.2 Open but losing ACICS accreditation
3.3 Closed campuses
3.4 Teach outs
3.5 Heightened cash monitoring (HCM)
4 Lawsuits, investigations, and legal settlements
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Art Institutes system was created in 1969 when Education Management Corporation (EDMC) acquired The Art Institute of Pittsburgh,[20][21][22] which was founded in 1921.[23]
Starting in 2000, The Art Institutes began offering bachelor's degrees[24] and, in 2001, launched its distance education program, Art Institute Online, which began offering bachelor's and non-degree programs online.[22][25]
Throughout the 2000s, The Art Institutes expanded through the acquisition of existing art colleges and the establishment of new Art Institutes.[26] In 2001, there were around 20 campuses of The Art Institutes;[22] this grew to approximately 30 locations in 2006[27] before reaching 50 Art Institutes in 2010.[28]
EDMC's initial public offering (IPO) was in 2009. Todd S. Nelson, who was previously the CEO of Apollo Education Group, became an EDMC board member in 2007 and the Chairman of the Board of Directors in 2012.[29]
In 2011, Frontline released a documentary titled Educating Sergeant Pantzke. In the documentary, Iraq war veteran Chris Pantzke discussed the lack of disability services at the school. According to Pantzke, "Being a soldier, you don’t want to quit, you don’t want to give up or fail." After doing his own research, Pantzke concluded that the degree he was pursuing wasn’t "worth much more than the paper is worth," and felt he was "throwing away taxpayer money" by using GI Bill funds.[30]
Since 2012, The Art Institutes schools experienced a decrease in the number of new students enrolling, seeing enrollment numbers drop by approximately 20 percent between the second quarter of the 2012 fiscal year and the start of 2013. EDMC has attributed the drop in enrollment to limited access to Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students and the economic recession.[20] In February 2013, EDMC announced plans for a three-year-old tuition freeze at The Art Institutes. Under this plan, the company pledged to maintain the current cost of tuition through 2015.[31]
In June 2013, EDMC announced that its President John Mazzoni would resign effective July 14, 2013, after 27 years at the organization. Charles Restivo, Group Vice President, would become the Interim President of The Art Institutes.[32]
In 2014, the US Department of Education reported that ten EDMC campuses, including several Art Institutes, were placed under heightened cash monitoring. The Art Institute of Pittsburgh was one of the schools listed.[33]
In May 2015, EDMC announced that it would be closing the doors of 15 of the Art Institute locations. "A total of 5,432 students are enrolled among the campuses that are slated to close, according to a list provided by EDMC. The company will undergo a teach out process at each location, meaning each campus will continue to offer courses, student services and placement assistance until the last student has graduated, according to Hardman." Some of the campuses slated to close include ones in Atlanta, Ohio, New York City, Texas and Pennsylvania.[34] In January 2016, EDMC announced that additional Art Institutes would be ceasing enrollments. These campuses are The Art Institute of California - Los Angeles, The Art Institute of St. Louis, and the Art Institute of Tucson. This brought the total number of Art Institutes campuses slated for closure to 18.[35] At least 200 additional employees were laid off in May 2016.[36] In June 2016, EDMC announced that the Art Institutes International Minnesota would be ceasing enrollments. That brought a total of 19 Art Institute campuses scheduled for closure.
In June 2016, Tim Moscato, chief operating officer at the Art Institutes, resigned amid more downsizing.[37]
On September 8, 2016, Art Institutes students known as "I Am Ai" presented a notice to the Director of New England Institute of Art (NEIA) about a lawsuit that would be coming in 30 days.[38] The lawsuit is being written by the Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School.[39] On September 24, 2016, the Attorney General of Massachusetts expressed concern that the teaching duties at NEIA were being taken over by an unlicensed Indian company with no background in teaching US art students. The AG’s Office stated that if a proper education for NEIA students could not be ensured, that NEIA should shut down at the end of the 2016.l[40]
Politico added that an Indian company might be buying the Art Institute of New York City and NEIA.[41]
In July 2017, an accrediting agency, Middle States Association, rejected the sale of the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Art Institutes to the Dream Center Foundation.[42]
Schools and programs[edit]
Fort Lauderdale Institute building
As of February 2018[update], there were 31 Art Institutes continuing to enroll new students. The Art Institutes schools account for about half of all EDMC schools[43] and more than half of EDMC's total student population.[20]
The Art Institutes offer degree programs at the associate's, bachelor's and master's levels, as well as non-degree diploma programs. Areas of study include graphic design, media arts and animation, culinary arts, photography, digital filmmaking and video production, interior design, audio production, fashion design, game art and design, baking and pastry, and fashion marketing.[44]
The Art Institutes in Fort Lauderdale, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Minnesota, New York City, Phoenix, Saint Louis, Salt Lake City, Tucson, Vancouver, Wisconsin, and York were accredited by ACICS,[45] which has lost its accreditation power from the US Department of Education.[11]
Nine additional Art Institutes (The Art Institute of Atlanta, The Art Institute of Houston, Miami International University of Art and Design) and their branch campuses in Charleston, Nashville, Arlington, Virginia Beach, Austin and San Antonio were placed on probation by their accreditor, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), in December 2016.[12]
Locations[edit]
Open[edit]
The Art Institute of Atlanta (HCM) (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of Austin (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of California – Hollywood
The Art Institute of California – Inland Empire
The Art Institute of California – Sacramento
The Art Institute of California – San Diego
The Art Institute of California – San Francisco
The Art Institute of California – Orange County
The Art Institute of Charleston (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of Charlotte
The Art Institute of Colorado (HCM)
The Art Institute of Dallas
The Art Institute of Houston (HCM)
The Art Institute of Michigan
The Art Institute of Philadelphia (HCM)
The Art Institute of Pittsburgh (HCM)
The Art Institute of Portland (HCM)
The Art Institute of Raleigh–Durham
The Art Institute of San Antonio (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of Seattle (HCM)
The Art Institute of Tampa
The Art Institute of Tennessee – Nashville (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of Virginia Beach (SACS probation)
The Art Institute of Washington
Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago
Illinois Institute of Art – Schaumburg
Open but losing ACICS accreditation[edit]
The Art Institute of Las Vegas (HCM)
The Art Institute of Vancouver (sold)
Closed campuses[edit]
The Art Institute of Phoenix (HCM)
Miami International University of Art & Design (SACS probation)
The Art Institutes International Minnesota (HCM)
The Art Institute of Salt Lake City
The Art Institute of St. Louis
The Art Institute of Tucson
The Art Institutes of Wisconsin
New England Institute of Art
The Art Institute of Atlanta – Decatur
The Art Institute of California – Los Angeles
The Art Institute of California- Silicon Valley
The Art Institute of Fort Worth
The Art Institute of Houston—North
The Art Institutes International – Kansas City
The Art Institute of Jacksonville
The Art Institute of Michigan – Troy
The Art Institute of New York City
The Art Institute of Ohio – Cincinnati
The Art Institute of Washington- Dulles
The Art Institute of York – Pennsylvania
Illinois Institute of Art – Tinley Park
Teach outs[edit]
Teach outs are a period of time when new student enrollment has stopped, and remaining students are give a period of time to finish their programs.[16] In May 2015, EDMC spokesperson Chris Hardman stated that the teach outs would take two to three years.[46] According to the New York State Department of Education, The Art Institute of New York City is expected to close by September 2017.[47]
Heightened cash monitoring (HCM)[edit]
As of June 1, 2016, twelve Art Institute campuses were under heightened cash monitoring by the US Department of Education: Pittsburgh, Portland, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Fort Lauderdale, Minnesota, Colorado, Houston, Seattle, New York City, York, and Phoenix. Colleges are required to hold a certain amount of money to meet obligations in case the school closes prematurely.[48]
Lawsuits, investigations, and legal settlements[edit]
In October 2000, EDMC announced the settlement of a lawsuit brought by a group of approximately 350 former students of The Art Institute of Houston.[49][50] The plaintiffs claimed that "they were misled about the nature, quality and utility of the education they would receive at The Art Institute of Houston."
From 2011 to 2015, EDMC was involved in a United States Department of Justice investigation and lawsuit alleging both illegal recruitment practices by EDMC schools, including The Art Institutes, and fraudulent receipt of $11 billion in federal and state financial aid money.[51][52][53] A 2011 US DOJ report claimed EDMC "created a 'boiler room' style sales culture and has made recruiting and enrolling new students the sole focus of its compensation system."[54]
In May 2013, a federal judge in Pennsylvania rejected a bid to dismiss a lawsuit against EDMC by a former EDMC employee. The lawsuit alleges that the corporation and its affiliates engaged in a scheme to maximize profits from financial aid programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education. The complainant in the case, Jason Sobek, who worked as an admissions director for EDMC in Pittsburgh from June 2008 through November 2010, alleges that the firm falsified information given to the Department of Education that indicated they were in compliance with the loan programs’ eligibility requirements. In testimony that provided the basis for the lower court’s decision last October, Sobek alleged that EDMC operated a "carefully crafted and widespread for-profit education scheme [in which] defendants have defrauded the United States and its taxpayers out of millions of dollars in the form of federally backed student loans and grants."[55]
In 2014, an investigation by the San Francisco City Attorney's office led to a $4.4 million settlement. The city claimed Ai used deceptive marketing tactics resulting in underestimated program costs for students and inflated job placement figures for graduates.[56]
In November 2015, EDMC agreed to pay $95.5 million to settle claims of illegal recruiting, and consumer fraud. U.S. Attorney David Hickton said “Today’s global settlement sends an unmistakable message to all for-profit education companies: the United States will aggressively ferret out fraud and protect innocent students and taxpayer dollars from this kind of egregious abuse.”[14]
In April 2016, two former Ai teachers filed suit in Alameda Superior Court claiming EDMC did not pay them a minimum wage or provide adequate rest periods "to reduce compensation and increase its own profits."[57]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.artinstitutes.edu/about/blog/dceh-completes-transition-of-remaining-art-institutes-locations
Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/business/career-workplace/2017/10/18/EDMC-completes-sale-of-schools-to-Dream-Center-Art-Institute/stories/201710180113
Jump up ^ "Officers - Charles Restivo". edmc.com. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www2.ed.gov/offices/OSFAP/PEPS/docs/oct17sec1.pdf
Jump up ^ http://triblive.com/business/businessbriefs/11135773-74/president-atlanta-institute
Jump up ^ Alaimo, Carol Ann (2016-01-22). "The Art Institute of Tucson is closing". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Keller, Josh (2011-08-08). "Education Management Corp. Improperly Paid Recruiters, Prosecutors Say". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Fain, Paul (2014-10-28). "New Structure for EDMC". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Waldman, Annie (2016-04-11). "Attorneys General Come Down on Accreditor of For-profit Colleges". ProPublica. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-06-23/reglators-vote-to-shut-down-nations-largest-for-profit-accrediting-agency
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-09-22/education-department-strips-authority-of-acics-the-largest-for-profit-college-accreditor
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/12/07/southern-accreditor-places-10-probation-including-louisville-and-new-ut-campus
Jump up ^ Pierrotti, Andy (2016-05-02). "KVUE Defenders Investigation: For-Profit Universities". KVUE. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "For-Profit College Company to Pay $95.5 Million to Settle Claims of Illegal Recruiting, Consumer Fraud and Other Violations". United States Department of Justice. 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Halperin, David (2014-03-31). "Stealing America's Future" (PDF). Republican Report.
^ Jump up to: a b http://blog.debtcollective.org/what-art-institutes-students-need-to-know-about-teach-outs-campus-closures/
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/03/03/art-institute-campuses-to-be-sold-to-foundation/
Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/03/03/large-profit-chain-edmc-be-bought-dream-center-missionary-group
Jump up ^ "EDMC completes sale of schools to Dream Center". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c Belser, Ann (2013-02-08). "EDMC's enrollment falls by 16.3 percent". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Robert B. Knutson - Education Management Corp (edmc)". The Wall Street Transcript. 1998-05-18. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Modzelewski, Eve (2001-07-11). "Education Management Buys Rival". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Art Institute Provides Professional Training". The Pittsburgh Press. 15 August 1948. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Sabatini, Patricia (5 November 2000). "Art Institutes' Parent Firm Meets Here, Sees Growth". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McKay, Jim (26 August 2003). "Art Institutes Online adding 53 jobs to Downtown staff". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Jump up ^ May Reeves (19 May 2003). "Education Management Corp. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Educator Does Its Homework On Hot Trends". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (2006-03-06). "Education Management Said to Be Sold for $3.4 Billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Snipes, Cameron (17 December 2010). "Chris Mesecar, The Art Institute of Raleigh-Durham". Triangle Business Journal. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.edmc.edu/About/Officers/NelsonTodd.aspx
Jump up ^ "Sgt. Pantzke: "I Just Want To Be Able To Start Over"". FRONTLINE. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Conte, Andrew (28 February 2013). "Education Management CEO praises back-to-basics strategy". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Education Management Corporation. "John Mazzoni, President of The Art Institutes, Departs July 14, 2013". PR Newswire. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ http://triblive.com/business/headlines/8090206-74/edmc-schools-education
Jump up ^ "EDMC to Close 15 Art Institute Locations". Pittsburgh Business Times. 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "EDMC to Close 3 More Art Institute Locations". Trib Live. 20 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleisher, Chris (2016-05-05). "EDMC layoffs -- mostly in online division -- hit hundreds in Pittsburgh, Phoenix". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/06/03/art-institutes-coo-resigns.html?ana=twt
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdCUr1TdF-M&feature=youtu.be
Jump up ^ https://thinkprogress.org/after-the-latest-closure-of-a-for-profit-college-chain-what-happens-next-eb3fd2d9b007#.89lbubk6n
Jump up ^ http://framinghamsource.com/index.php/2016/09/24/attorney-general-raises-concerns-new-england-institute-art/
Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-education/2016/09/for-profit-college-may-sell-campuses-to-company-in-india-216560
Jump up ^ https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/07/17/accreditor-rejects-sale-2-art-institutes
Jump up ^ Olson, Thomas (20 January 2013). "Education Management's profit falls 51%; sale-leaseback of Art Institute studied". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin (6 March 2006). "Education Management Said to Be Sold for $3.4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.artinstitutes.edu/accreditation-and-licensing
Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2015/05/06/edmc-to-close-15-art-institute-locations.html
Jump up ^ http://www.highered.nysed.gov/ocue/spr/AnnouncedClosures.html
Jump up ^ https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/about/data-center/school/hcm
Jump up ^ http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=87813&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=128987&highlight=<
Jump up ^ https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/880059/000095012800001178/j8404401e10-k.txt
Jump up ^ Keller, Josh (August 8, 2011). "Education Management Corp. Improperly Paid Recruiters, Prosecutors Say". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewin, Tamar (August 8, 2011). "For-Profit College Group Sued as U.S. Lays Out Wide Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keller, Josh (November 6, 2011). "A Chain of For-Profit Art Institutes Comes Under Scrutiny". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "EDMC Professors and Students Speak: How Lobbyists and Goldman Sachs Ruined For-Profit Education". Huffington Post. 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Cousins, Christopher (2013-06-01). "Judge allows lawsuit against for-profit college firm linked to ex-Gov. McKernan to continue". The Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Asimov, Nanette (2014-06-17). "SF wins $4.4 million settlement with for-profit art school". SFGate. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Renda, Matthew (2016-04-11). "Class Says For-Profit Art School Stiffs Profs". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
External links[edit]
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The Art Institute Online website
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Veterans Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Veterans Day (disambiguation).
Veterans Day
World War I veteran Joseph Ambrose attends the dedication parade for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, holding the flag that covered the casket of his son, killed in the Korean War.
Observed by
United States
Type
National
Date
November 11
(fourth Monday in October, 1971–1977)
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Armistice Day, Memorial Day, Remembrance Day
Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans; that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. It coincides with other holidays, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day, celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. The United States previously observed Armistice Day. The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954.
Veterans Day is not to be confused with Memorial Day, a U.S. public holiday in May; Veterans Day celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans, while Memorial Day honors those who died while in military service.[1] It is also not to be confused with Armed Forces Day, a minor U.S. remembrance that also occurs in May, which specifically honors those currently serving in the U.S. military.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Observance
2.1 Spelling of Veterans Day
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History
On November 11, 1919, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a message to his countrymen on the first Armistice Day, in which he expressed what he felt the day meant to Americans:
ADDRESS TO FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN
The White House, November 11, 1919.

A year ago today our enemies laid down their arms in accordance with an armistice which rendered them impotent to renew hostilities, and gave to the world an assured opportunity to reconstruct its shattered order and to work out in peace a new and juster set of international relations. The soldiers and people of the European Allies had fought and endured for more than four years to uphold the barrier of civilization against the aggressions of armed force. We ourselves had been in the conflict something more than a year and a half.

With splendid forgetfulness of mere personal concerns, we remodeled our industries, concentrated our financial resources, increased our agricultural output, and assembled a great army, so that at the last our power was a decisive factor in the victory. We were able to bring the vast resources, material and moral, of a great and free people to the assistance of our associates in Europe who had suffered and sacrificed without limit in the cause for which we fought.

Out of this victory there arose new possibilities of political freedom and economic concert. The war showed us the strength of great nations acting together for high purposes, and the victory of arms foretells the enduring conquests which can be made in peace when nations act justly and in furtherance of the common interests of men.

To us in America the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country’s service, and with gratitude for the victory, both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of nations.

WOODROW WILSON[2]
The United States Congress adopted a resolution on June 4, 1926, requesting that President Calvin Coolidge issue annual proclamations calling for the observance of November 11 with appropriate ceremonies.[2] A Congressional Act (52 Stat. 351; 5 U.S. Code, Sec. 87a) approved May 13, 1938, made the 11th of November in each year a legal holiday: "a day to be dedicated to the cause of world peace and to be thereafter celebrated and known as 'Armistice Day'."[3]
Veterans Day parade in Baltimore, Maryland, 2016
In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama, had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans, not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole, who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the "Father of Veterans Day."[4]
U.S. Representative Ed Rees from Emporia, Kansas, presented a bill establishing the holiday through Congress. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, also from Kansas, signed the bill into law on May 26, 1954. It had been eight and a half years since Weeks held his first Armistice Day celebration for all veterans.[5]
Congress amended the bill on June 1, 1954, replacing "Armistice" with "Veterans," and it has been known as Veterans Day since.[6][7]
The National Veterans Award was also created in 1954. Congressman Rees of Kansas received the first National Veterans Award in Birmingham, Alabama, for his support offering legislation to make Veterans Day a federal holiday.
Although originally scheduled for celebration on November 11 of every year, starting in 1971 in accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October (Oct 25, 1971; Oct 23, 1972; Oct 22, 1973; Oct 28, 1974; Oct 27, 1975; Oct 25, 1976, and Oct 24, 1977). In 1978, it was moved back to its original celebration on November 11. While the legal holiday remains on November 11, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then organizations that formally observe the holiday will normally be closed on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively.
Observance
Veterans Day 2007 Poster
Because it is a federal holiday, some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school. When Veterans Day falls on a Saturday then either Saturday or the preceding Friday may be designated as the holiday, whereas if it falls on a Sunday it is typically observed on the following Monday. When it falls on weekend many private companies offer it as a floating holiday where employee can choose some other day. A Society for Human Resource Management poll in 2010 found that 21 percent of employers planned to observe the holiday in 2011.[8]
Non-essential federal government offices are closed. No mail is delivered. All federal workers are paid for the holiday; those who are required to work on the holiday sometimes receive holiday pay for that day in addition to their wages.
In his Armistice Day address to Congress, Wilson was sensitive to the psychological toll of the lean War years: "Hunger does not breed reform; it breeds madness," he remarked.[9] As Veterans Day and the birthday of the United States Marine Corps (November 10, 1775) are only one day apart, that branch of the Armed Forces customarily observes both occasions as a 96-hour liberty period.
Election Day is a regular working day, while Veterans Day, which typically falls the following week, is a federal holiday. The National Commission on Federal Election Reform called for the holidays to be merged, so citizens can have a day off to vote. They state this as a way to honor voting by exercising democratic rights.[10]
Spelling of Veterans Day
While the holiday is commonly printed as Veteran's Day or Veterans' Day in calendars and advertisements (spellings that are grammatically acceptable), the United States Department of Veterans Affairs website states that the attributive (no apostrophe) rather than the possessive case is the official spelling "because it is not a day that 'belongs' to veterans, it is a day for honoring all veterans."[11]
See also
Holidays portal
Anzac Day
Martinmas
National Independence Day (Polish holiday)
National Civil War Museum
National World War I Museum and Memorial
National World War II Museum
Remembrance poppy
Disabled Iranian Veterans
Volkstrauertag
References
Jump up ^ Kelber, Sarah Kickler (28 May 2012). "Today is not Veterans Day". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Supplement to the Messages and Papers of the Presidents: Covering the Second Term of Woodrow Wilson, March 4, 1917, to March 4, 1921". Bureau of National Literature. 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Veterans Day History". Veteran's Affairs. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zurski, Ken (November 11, 2016). "Raymond Weeks: The Father of Veterans Day". Unremembered History. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carter, Julie (November 2003). "Where Veterans Day began". VFW Magazine. Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14.
Jump up ^ "History of Veterans Day". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
Jump up ^ "The History of Veterans Day". United States Army Center of Military History (CMH). 2003-10-03. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
Jump up ^ Society for Human Resource Management (November 4, 2010). "2011 Holiday Schedules SHRM Poll". Archived from the original on December 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2007). The Oxford companion to American food and drink. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 290. ISBN 0-19-530796-8. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sutter, John D. (12 November 2012). "Election Day should be a federal holiday". CNN. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Veterans Day Frequently Asked Questions, Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Updated 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veterans Day.
Official Website United States Department of Veterans Affairs
5 U.S.C. § 6103 (Federal holidays)
[show]
v
t
e
Federal holidays in the United States
Current
New Year's Day
Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr.
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Labor Day
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Former
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February–March
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Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
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April
Confederate History Month
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October–November
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Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
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Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
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Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
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Festivus
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Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterans_Day&oldid=812288110"
Categories:
Public holidays in the United States
Military veterans' affairs in the United States
November observances
Recurring events established in 1954
Veterans days
World War I
World War II
Federal holidays in the United States
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