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List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
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AIDS and HIV prevalence 2009
No data
< 0.1%
0.1–0.5%
0.5–1%
1–5%
5–15%
15–50%
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, varies in prevalence from nation to nation. Listed here are the prevalence rates among adults in various countries, based on data from various sources, largely the CIA World Factbook. [1][2][3] As of 2015, it is estimated that there are 36.7 million people worldwide infected with HIV.[4]
The HIV pandemic is most severe in South Africa. Over 10% of all people living with HIV/AIDS reside within the region. Adult HIV prevalence exceeds 20% in Swaziland, Botswana, and Lesotho, while an additional six countries report adult HIV prevalence of at least 10%. Outside Africa, the highest prevalence rate is found in the Bahamas (3.3%).[5]
In absolute numbers, South Africa (7.1 million), followed by Nigeria (3.2 million), and India (2.1 million) had the highest HIV/AIDS number of cases by the end of 2016.[6][7] While South Africa's large population of HIV-positive people is attributable to its high disease prevalence (18.9%, one of the highest in the world), Nigeria's is lower at 2.9%, and India's prevalence at 0.3% is comparable to Canada and the UK, and is lower than the United States.[1]
On the other end of the spectrum, Svalbard is reported as having no cases of HIV/AIDS, while Bhutan has a much larger population but still only an estimated 246 cases through 2011.[8]
Contents
1 HIV/AIDS prevalence estimates table
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
HIV/AIDS prevalence estimates table[edit]
This data was sourced from the CIA's world factbook[9] unless referenced otherwise. A horizontal dash - indicates the data was not published. Adult prevalence describes ages between 15-49.
Country
Adult prevalence
of HIV/AIDS [1]
Number of people
with HIV/AIDS [2]
Annual deaths
from HIV/AIDS [3]
Year of estimate
Swaziland 27.20% 220,000 3,900 2016
Lesotho 25.00% 330,000 9,900 2016
Botswana 21.90% 360,000 3,900 2016
South Africa 18.90% 7,100,000 110,000 2016
Namibia 13.80% 230,000 4,300 2016
Zimbabwe 13.50% 1,300,000 30,000 2016
Zambia 12.40% 1,200,000 21,000 2016
Mozambique 12.30% 1,800,000 62,000 2016
Malawi 9.20% 1,000,000 24,000 2016
Uganda 6.50% 1,400,000 28,000 2016
Equatorial Guinea 6.20% 35,000 - 2016
Kenya 5.40% 1,600,000 36,000 2016
Tanzania 4.70% 1,400,000 33,000 2016
Central African Republic 4.00% 130,000 7,300 2016
Cameroon 3.80% 560,000 29,000 2016
Gabon 3.60% 48,000 1,500 2016
Bahamas, The 3.30% 8,200 - 2016
Rwanda 3.10% 220,000 3,300 2016
Congo, Republic of the 3.10% 91,000 3,800 2016
Guinea-Bissau 3.10% 36,000 2,000 2016
Nigeria 2.90% 3,200,000 160,000 2016
Cote d'Ivoire 2.70% 460,000 25,000 2016
South Sudan 2.70% 200,000 13,000 2016
Haiti 2.10% 150,000 4,600 2016
Togo 2.10% 100,000 5,100 2016
Angola 1.90% 280,000 11,000 2016
Belize 1.80% 4,300 - 2016
Sierra Leone 1.70% 67,000 2,800 2016
Gambia, The 1.70% 20,000 1,100 2016
Jamaica 1.70% 30,000 1,300 2016
Liberia 1.60% 43,000 2,800 2016
Guyana 1.60% 8,500 - 2016
Ghana 1.60% 290,000 15,000 2016
Guinea 1.50% 120,000 5,800 2016
Suriname 1.40% 4,900 - 2016
Barbados 1.30% 2,600 - 2016
Djibouti 1.30% 8,600 - 2016
Chad 1.30% 110,000 2,800 2016
Trinidad and Tobago 1.20% 11,000 - 2016
Thailand 1.10% 450,000 16,000 2016
Ethiopia 1.10% 710,000 20,000 2016
Burundi 1.10% 84,000 2,900 2016
Benin 1.00% 67,000 2,400 2016
Mali 1.00% 110,000 6,100 2016
Dominican Republic 1.00% 67,000 2,200 2016
Ukraine 0.90% 240,000 8,500 2016
Papua New Guinea 0.90% 46,000 1,100 2016
Cabo Verde 0.80% 2,800 - 2016
Panama 0.80% 21,000 - 2016
Burma 0.80% 230,000 7,800 2016
Burkina Faso 0.80% 95,000 3,100 2016
Latvia 0.70% 6,600 - 2016
Congo, Democratic Republic of 0.70% 370,000 19,000 2016
Cambodia 0.60% 71,000 1,800 2016
Venezuela 0.60% 120,000 2,500 2016
Moldova 0.60% 15,000 - 2016
Eritrea 0.60% 15,000 - 2016
El Salvador 0.60% 24,000 - 2016
Uruguay 0.60% 12,000 - 2016
Brazil 0.60% 830,000 14,000 2016
Georgia 0.50% 12,000 - 2016
Mauritania 0.50% 11,000 - 2016
Chile 0.50% 61,000 - 2016
Guatemala 0.50% 46,000 1,600 2016
Paraguay 0.50% 19,000 - 2016
Niger 0.40% 48,000 3,400 2016
Malaysia 0.40% 97,000 7,000 2016
Indonesia 0.40% 620,000 38,000 2016
Honduras 0.40% 21,000 - 2016
Canada 0.40% 180,000 - 2016
Cuba 0.40% 25,000 - 2016
Costa Rica 0.40% 13,000 - 2016
Colombia 0.40% 120,000 2,800 2016
Vietnam 0.40% 250,000 8,000 2016
Argentina 0.40% 120,000 2,400 2016
Belarus 0.40% 19,000 - 2016
United States 0.30% 1,100,000 - 2015[10]
Somalia 0.40% 2016
Senegal 0.40% 41,000 1,900 2016
India 0.30% 2,100,000 62,000 2016
Ecuador 0.30% 33,000 - 2016
Bolivia 0.30% 19,000 - 2016
Tajikistan 0.30% 14,000 - 2016
Peru 0.30% 70,000 2,200 2016
Italy 0.30% 130,000 - 2016
Laos 0.30% 11,000 - 2016
Mexico 0.30% 220,000 4,200 2016
Armenia 0.20% 3,300 - 2016
Ireland 0.20% 6,200 - 2016
Kazakhstan 0.20% 26,000 - 2016
Kyrgyzstan 0.20% 8,500 - 2016
Lithuania 0.20% 2,900 - 2016
Madagascar 0.20% 31,000 1,600 2016
Nepal 0.20% 32,000 1,700 2016
Netherlands 0.20% 23,000 - 2016
Nicaragua 0.20% 8,900 - 2016
Sudan 0.20% 56,000 3,000 2016
Sweden 0.20% 11,000 - 2016
Albania 0.10% 1,700 - 2016
Australia 0.10% 25,000 - 2016
Fiji 0.10% - - 2016
Taiwan [11] 0.10% 31,620 - 2016
Azerbaijan 0.10% 9,200 - 2016
Iran 0.10% 66,000 4,000 2016
Romania 0.10% 16,000 - 2016
Montenegro 0.10% - - 2016
Morocco 0.10% 22,000 - 2016
Pakistan 0.10% 130,000 5,500 2016
Malta 0.10% - - 2016
Philippines <0.10% 24,936 - April 2015 (Department of Health)
Algeria - 13,000 - 2016
Bangladesh - 12,000 1,000 2016
Egypt - 11,000 - 2016
Yemen - 9,900 - 2016
Saudi Arabia - 8,200 - 2016
Afghanistan - 7,500 - 2016
Sri Lanka - 4,000 - 2016
Bulgaria - 3,500 - 2016
Czech Republic - 3,400 - 2016
Tunisia - 2,900 - 2016
Serbia - 2,700 - 2016
Lebanon - 2,200 - 2016
Croatia - 1,500 - 2016
Bosnia 0.009% 350 - 2017
See also[edit]
AIDS pandemic
HIV and men who have sex with men
By region:
HIV/AIDS in Africa
HIV/AIDS in Asia
HIV/AIDS in Europe
HIV/AIDS in North America
HIV/AIDS in South America
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
^ Jump up to: a b c "CIA world factbook - HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate".
^ Jump up to: a b "CIA world factbook - HIV/AIDS people living with".
^ Jump up to: a b "CIA world factbook - HIV/AIDS deaths".
Jump up ^ "GLOBAL HIV AND AIDS STATISTICS". AVERT. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://factbook.lincon.com/geos/print/country/countrypdf_bf.pdf
Jump up ^ "UNAIDS.org - HIV and AIDS estimates (2013)".
Jump up ^ "The Hindu - India has 3rd-highest number of HIV-infected people: UN".
Jump up ^ "The Ministry of Health has Detected…". Bhutan Observer online. 2011-08-01. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ "CIA world factbook - country comparison".
Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/index.html
Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov.tw/downloadfile.aspx?fid=40CE068DC7A0F111
External links[edit]
HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database
World Health Organisation; Prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49 (%) by country
World Health Organisation; Number of deaths due to AIDS by country
World Health Organisation; Number of people (all ages) living with HIV by country
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List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
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text:
AD–AS model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Aggregate supply/demand graph
The AD–AS or aggregate demand–aggregate supply model is a macroeconomic model that explains price level and output through the relationship of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. It is based on the theory of John Maynard Keynes presented in his work The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. It is one of the primary simplified representations in the modern field of macroeconomics, and is used by a broad array of economists, from libertarian, Monetarist supporters of laissez-faire, such as Milton Friedman, to Post-Keynesian supporters of economic interventionism, such as Joan Robinson.
The conventional "aggregate supply and demand" model is, in actuality, a Keynesian visualization that has come to be a widely accepted image of the theory. The Classical supply and demand model, which is largely based on Say's law—that supply creates its own demand—depicts the aggregate supply curve as being vertical at all times (not just in the long-run)
Contents
[hide]
1 Modeling
2 Aggregate demand curve
3 Slope of AD curve
4 Effect of monetary expansion on the AD curve
5 Aggregate supply curve
5.1 Shifts in aggregate supply curves
6 Fiscal and monetary policy under Classical and Keynesian cases
7 Shifts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply
7.1 Shifts of aggregate demand
7.2 Shifts of aggregate supply
7.3 Transition dynamics
8 Monetarism
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Modeling[edit]
The AD/AS model is used to illustrate the Keynesian model of the business cycle. Movements of the two curves can be used to predict the effects that various exogenous events will have on two variables: real GDP and the price level. Furthermore, the model can be incorporated as a component in any of a variety of dynamic models (models of how variables like the price level and others evolve over time). The AD–AS model can be related to the Phillips curve model of wage or price inflation and unemployment. A special case is a horizontal AS curve which means the price level is constant. The AD curve represents the locus of equilibria in the IS–LM model. The two models produce the same results with a constant price level.
Aggregate demand curve[edit]
Main article: Aggregate demand
The AD (aggregate demand) curve is defined by the IS–LM equilibrium income at different potential price levels. The downward sloping AD curve is derived from the IS–LM model.
IS–LM diagram, with real income plotted horizontally and the interest rate plotted vertically
AD–AS diagram, with real income plotted horizontally and the price level plotted vertically
It shows the combinations of the price level and level of the output at which the goods and assets markets are simultaneously in equilibrium. The above figure showing IS and LM curves, where LM curve shifts downward to the right to LM’ and thus shifting the new equilibrium to E’ where both goods and money market gets cleared. Now, the new output level Y’ correspond to the lower price level P’. Thus a reduction in price, which is shown in the figure, leads to an increase in the equilibrium and spending.
The equation for the AD curve in general terms is:
Y = Y d ( M P , G , T , Z 1 ) {\displaystyle Y=Y^{d}({\tfrac {M}{P}},G,T,Z_{1})}
where Y is real GDP, M is the nominal money supply, P is the price level, G is real government spending, T is an exogenous component of real taxes levied, and Z1 is a vector of other exogenous variables that affect the location of the IS curve (exogenous influences on any component of spending) or the LM curve (exogenous influences on money demand). The real money supply has a positive effect on aggregate demand, as does real government spending (meaning that when the independent variable changes in one direction, aggregate demand changes in the same direction); the exogenous component of taxes has a negative effect on it.
Slope of AD curve[edit]
The slope of AD curve reflects the extent to which the real balances change the equilibrium level of spending, taking both assets and goods markets into consideration. An increase in real balances will lead to a larger increase in equilibrium income and spending, the smaller the interest responsiveness of money demand and the higher the interest responsiveness of investment demand. An increase in real balances leads to a larger level of income and spending, the larger the value of multiplier and the smaller the income response of money demand.
This implies that: The AD curve is flatter the smaller is the interest responsiveness of the demand for money and larger is the interest responsiveness of investment demand. Also, the AD curve is flatter, the larger is the multiplier and the larger the income responsiveness of the demand for money.
Effect of monetary expansion on the AD curve[edit]
Aggregate demand curve shifts rightward in case of a monetary expansion
An increase in the nominal money stock leads to a higher real money stock at each level of prices. In the asset market, the decrease in interest rates induces the public to hold higher real balances. It stimulates the aggregate demand and thereby increases the equilibrium level of income and spending.Thus, as we can see from the diagram, the aggregate demand curve shifts rightward in case of a monetary expansion.
Aggregate supply curve[edit]
Main article: Aggregate supply
The aggregate supply curve may reflect either labor market disequilibrium or labor market equilibrium. In either case, it shows how much output is supplied by firms at various potential price levels. The aggregate supply curve (AS curve) describes for each given price level, the quantity of output the firms plan to supply.
The Keynesian aggregate supply curve shows that the AS curve is significantly horizontal implying that the firm will supply whatever amount of goods is demanded at a particular price level during an economic depression. The idea behind that is because there is unemployment, firms can readily obtain as much labour as they want at that current wage and production can increase without any additional costs (e.g. machines are idle which can simply be turned on). Firms' average costs of production therefore are assumed not to change as their output level changes. This provides a rationale for Keynesians' support for government intervention. The total output of an economy can decline without the price level declining; this fact, in conjunction with the Keynesian belief of wages being inflexible downwards, clarifies the need for government stimulus. Since wages cannot readily adjust low enough for aggregate supply to shift outward and improve total output, the government must intervene to accomplish this result. However, the Keynesian aggregate supply curve also contains a normally upward-sloping region where aggregate supply responds accordingly to changes in price level. The upward slope is due to the law of diminishing returns as firms increase output, which states that it will become marginally more expensive to accomplish the same level of improvement in productive capacity as firms grow. It is also due to the scarcity of natural resources, the rarity of which causes increased production to also become more expensive. The vertical section of the Keynesian curve corresponds to the physical limit of the economy, where it is impossible to increase output.
The classical aggregate supply curve comprises a short-run aggregate supply curve and a vertical long-run aggregate supply curve. The short-run curve visualizes the total planned output of goods and services in the economy at a particular price level. The "short-run" is defined as the period during which only final good prices adjust and factor, or input, costs do not. The "long-run" is the period after which factor prices are able to adjust accordingly. The short-run aggregate supply curve has an upward slope for the same reasons the Keynesian AS curve has one: the law of diminishing returns and the scarcity of resources. The long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical because factor prices will have adjusted. Factor prices increase if producing at a point beyond full employment output, shifting the short-run aggregate supply inwards so equilibrium occurs somewhere along full employment output. Monetarists have argued that demand-side expansionary policies favoured by Keynesian economists are solely inflationary. As the aggregate demand curve is shifted outward, the general price level increases. This increased price level causes households, or the owners of the factors of production to demand higher prices for their goods and services. The consequence of this is increased production costs for firms, causing short-run aggregate demand to shift back inwards. The theoretical ultimate result is inflation.[1]
The mainstream AS-AD model contains both a long-run aggregate supply curve (LRAS) and a short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve essentially combining the classical and Keynesian models. In the short run wages and other resource prices are sticky and slow to adjust to new price levels. This gives way to the upward sloping SRAS. In the long-run, resource prices adjust to the price level bringing the economy back to a full employment output; along vertical LRAS.[2]
Shifts in aggregate supply curves[edit]
The Keynesian model, in which there is no long-run aggregate supply curve and the classical model, in the case of the short-run aggregate supply curve, are affected by the same determinants. Any event that results in a change of production costs shifts the curves outwards or inwards if production costs are decreased or increased, respectively. Some factors which affect short-run production costs include: taxes and subsidies, price of labour (wages), and price of raw materials. These factors shift short-run curves exclusively. Changes in the quantity and quality of labour and capital affect both long-run and short-run supply curves. A greater quantity of labour or capital corresponds to a lower price for both. A greater quality in labour or capital corresponds to a greater output per worker or machine.
The long-run aggregate supply curve of the classical model is affected by events that affect the potential output of the economy. Factors revolve around changes in the quality and quantity of factors of production.
Fiscal and monetary policy under Classical and Keynesian cases[edit]
Keynesian Case: If there is a fiscal expansion i.e. there is an increase in the government spending or a cut in the taxes, it will shift the AD curve rightwards. The shift would then imply an increase in the equilibrium output and employment.
In the Classical case, the AS curve is vertical at the full employment level of output. Firms will supply the equilibrium level of output whatever the price level may be.
Now, the fiscal expansion shifts the AD curve rightwards, thus leading to an increase in the demand for goods, but the firms cannot increase the output as there is no labour force which can be obtained. As firms try to hire more labour, they bid up wages and their costs of production and thus they charge higher prices for the output. The increase in prices reduces the real money stock and leads to an increase in the interest rates and reduction in spending.
The equation for the aggregate supply curve in general terms for the case of excess supply in the labor market, called the short-run aggregate supply curve, is
Y = Y s ( W / P , P / P e , Z 2 ) {\displaystyle Y=Y^{s}(W/P,\ \ P/P^{e},\ \ Z_{2})}
where W is the nominal wage rate (exogenous due to stickiness in the short run), Pe is the anticipated (expected) price level, and Z2 is a vector of exogenous variables that can affect the position of the labor demand curve (the capital stock or the current state of technological knowledge). The real wage has a negative effect on firms' employment of labor and hence on aggregate supply. The price level relative to its expected level has a positive effect on aggregate supply because of firms' mistakes in production plans due to mis-predictions of prices.
The long-run aggregate supply curve refers not to a time frame in which the capital stock is free to be set optimally (as would be the terminology in the micro-economic theory of the firm), but rather to a time frame in which wages are free to adjust in order to equilibrate the labor market and in which price anticipations are accurate. In this case the nominal wage rate is endogenous and so does not appear as an independent variable in the aggregate supply equation. The long-run aggregate supply equation is simply
Y = Y s ( Z 2 ) {\displaystyle Y=Y^{s}(Z_{2})}
and is vertical at the full-employment level of output. In this long-run case, Z2 also includes factors affecting the position of the labor supply curve (such as population), since in labor market equilibrium the location of labor supply affects the labor market outcome.
Shifts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply[edit]
The following summarizes the exogenous events that could shift the aggregate supply or aggregate demand curve to the right. Exogenous events happening in the opposite direction would shift the relevant curve in the opposite direction.
Shifts of aggregate demand[edit]
The following exogenous events would shift the aggregate demand curve to the right. As a result, the price level would go up. In addition if the time frame of analysis is the short run, so the aggregate supply curve is upward sloping rather than vertical, real output would go up; but in the long run with aggregate supply vertical at full employment, real output would remain unchanged.
Rightward aggregate demand shifts emanating from the IS curve:
An exogenous increase in consumer spending
An exogenous increase in investment spending on physical capital
An exogenous increase in intended inventory investment
An exogenous increase in government spending on goods and services
An exogenous increase in transfer payments from the government to the people
An exogenous decrease in taxes levied
An exogenous increase in purchases of the country's exports by people in other countries
An exogenous decrease in imports from other countries
Rightward aggregate demand shifts emanating from the LM curve:
An exogenous increase in the nominal money supply
An exogenous decrease in the demand for money supply i.e. liquidity preference
Shifts of aggregate supply[edit]
The following exogenous events would shift the short-run aggregate supply curve to the right. As a result, the price level would drop and real GDP would increase.
An exogenous decrease in the wage rate
An increase in the physical capital stock
Technological progress — improvements in our knowledge of how to transform capital and labor into output
The following events would shift the long-run aggregate supply curve to the right:
An increase in population
An increase in the physical capital stock
Technological progress
Transition dynamics[edit]
Movement back to the steady state is fastest when the economy is furthest from its steady state.
This means that as the aggregate supply is shocked by factors of production, it will move away from its steady state. In response, the supply will slowly shift back to the steady state equilibrium, first with a large reaction, then consequently smaller reactions until it reaches steady state. The reactions back to equilibrium are largest when furthest from steady state, and become smaller as they near equilibrium.
For example, a shock increase in the price of oil is felt by producers as an increase in the factors of production. This shifts the supply curve upward by raising expected inflation. This slows the adjustment of the AS curve back to its steady state. As the inflation slowly falls, so will the AS curve back to its steady state.
Monetarism[edit]
The modern quantity theory states that the price level is directly affected by the quantity of money. Friedman is the recognized intellectual leader of an influential group of economists, called Monetarists, who emphasize the role of money and monetary policy in affecting the behaviour of output and prices. Modern quantity theory also disagrees with the strict quantity theory in not believing that the supply curve is vertical in the short run. Thus, Friedman and other monetarists made an important distinction between the short run and long run effects of changes in money. They said that in the long run money is more or less neutral. Changes in the nominal money stock have no real effects and only change prices. But in the short run, they argue that the monetary policy and changes in the money stock can have important real effects.
See also[edit]
AD–IA model
Classical dichotomy
DAD–SAS model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glanville, Alan (2011). Economics From a Global Perspective (Third ed.). Glanville Books. p. 224. ISBN 9780952474685.
Jump up ^ Reed, Jacob (2016). "AP Macroeconomics Review: AS-AD Model". APEconReview.com.
Further reading[edit]
Blanchard, Olivier (2006). Macroeconomics (Fourth ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-186026-7.
Dutt, Amitava K.; Skott, Peter (1996). "Keynesian Theory and the Aggregate-Supply/Aggregate-Demand Framework: A Defense". Eastern Economic Journal. 22 (3): 313–331.
Dutt, Amitava K.; Skott, Peter (2006). "Keynesian Theory and the AD-AS Framework: A Reconsideration". In Chiarella, Carl; Franke, Reiner; Flaschel, Peter; Semmler, Willi. Quantitative and Empirical Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Macromodels. Contributions to Economic Analysis. 277. Emerald Group. pp. 149–172. doi:10.1016/S0573-8555(05)77006-1.
Mankiw, N. Gregory (2007). Macroeconomics (Sixth ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-6213-7.
Palley, Thomas I. (1997). "Keynesian Theory and AS/AD Analysis". Eastern Economic Journal. 23 (4): 459–468. JSTOR 40325806.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aggregate supply and demand curves.
Sparknotes: Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand brief explanation of the AD–AS model
"Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply" in CyberEconomics by Robert Schenk explains the AD–AS model and explains its relation to the IS/LM model
"ThinkEconomics: Macroeconomic Phenomena in the AD/AS Model" includes an interactive graph demonstrating inflationary changes in a graph based on the AD–AS model
"ThinkEconomics: The Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model" includes an interactive AD-AS graph that tests one's knowledge of how the AD and AS curves shift under different conditions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AD–AS_model&oldid=801242948"
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Cups (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Cups"
Song by Lulu and the Lampshades
A-side
"Cold Water"
Released
February 2011
Genre
Folk-pop
a cappella
Label
Moshi Moshi
Songwriter(s)
A. P. Carter
Luisa Gerstein
Lulu and the Lampshades singles chronology
"Feet To The Sky" / "Rose Tint"
(2009) Feet To The SkyRose Tint2009 "Cold Water" / "Cups"
(2011) Cold WaterCups2011 "Insomniacs Club"
(2013) Insomniacs Club2013
"Cups" is a version of the 1931 Carter Family song "When I'm Gone", usually performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion, as in the cup game. It was first performed this way in a YouTube video by Lulu and The Lampshades in 2009 (under the title "You're Gonna Miss Me"). Composition of the song is credited to A. P. Carter and Luisa Gerstein of Lulu and the Lampshades.[1]
The song became popular after it was covered by Anna Kendrick in the 2012 film Pitch Perfect. That version also became the official theme song of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and release
2 Anna Kendrick version
2.1 Chart performance
2.2 Music video
2.3 Charts and certifications
2.3.1 Weekly charts
2.3.2 Certifications
2.3.3 Year-end charts
3 Cover parody
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin and release[edit]
The original song "When I'm Gone" was written by A. P. Carter, then recorded in 1931 by the Carter Family (not to be confused with their 1928 song "Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone?").[3] The song was reworked in 1937 by J. E. Mainer.[4] Over the years it has been recorded by many people including Mainer's Mountaineers and Charlie Monroe.[5] It can also be heard in the film Dan in Real Life.
Lulu and the Lampshades were the first to perform the song using the cup game for percussion. Their video went viral after a Reddit posting, prompting dozens of other budding musicians to record cover versions of the song using the Cup Clap technique. It was soon dubbed The Cup Song.[3]
Anna Kendrick version[edit]
"Cups (Pitch Perfect's "When I'm Gone")"
Single by Anna Kendrick
from the album Pitch Perfect (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Released
March 26, 2013
Recorded
2012
Genre
Folk-pop
a cappella
Length
2:07
Label
Republic
UMe
Songwriter(s)
A. P. Carter
Luisa Gerstein
Producer(s)
Ali Dee Theodore
Harvey Mason, Jr.
Jordan Yaeger
Music video
"Cups" on YouTube
Though the song had been popular online for years, mainstream success came when it was incorporated into the film Pitch Perfect in 2012. In the film it is performed by the main character, Beca Mitchell (Anna Kendrick) during an audition for a college a cappella group. Unlike the soundtrack version, the single version of the song was re-produced with additional instrumentation (notably the banjo) by American Music Award-winning music producer Ali Dee Theodore, Jordan Yaeger and Harvey Mason, Jr.. The single version was extended by an additional minute.[6] Prior to the single's release, covers of the song as well as tutorials on how to do the song (using cups) went viral. Kendrick has stated that she learned the song and its cup percussion from watching and doing many times on Reddit prior to being cast in Pitch Perfect, and it was therefore written into the film.[7]
Chart performance[edit]
Prior to the song's release as a single in March 2013, the song debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 12, 2013. Afterward, the single was released and the song began a slow but steady ascent up the chart. In its 32nd week on the chart, the song reached number 6, its peak position to date. By October 2013, all versions of the song had sold 2.5 million downloads in the US.[8]
On May 4, 2013, "Cups" returned to the top 50 of the ARIA Charts at a new peak of number 44, achieved in part due to the DVD of Pitch Perfect being released in Australia on April 13, 2013. It originally made it to number 48 in January 2013.
Music video[edit]
The song's music video was shot the fourth week of March 2013, and it was directed by Pitch Perfect's director Jason Moore.[9] It was released on April 13, 2013 on Anna Kendrick's Vevo channel; as of August 2017 it had over 360 million views.[10]
It opens with Anna Kendrick in a restaurant's kitchen cutting dough into biscuits with a tall cup, while looking up longingly at some postcards of far-away places, such as Scotland, stuck to the refrigerator.[10] She puts the buns in the oven, sets a timer, and dusts her hands off with an oscillating fan, before pausing a moment, and then starts the song using the cup on the table. In a long continuous shot, she washes her hands, takes a plate of food from the chef, makes her way out into the dining area, where all the customers are drumming the cups in various ways. The camera then follows her singing and collecting dirty dishes, etc. before it pans around and back out wide, showing the entire diner doing the routine, during the bridge section. It then cuts back to her walking back to the kitchen, passing the chef now drumming with a cup instead of wooden utensils, and follows back to her at the table. As the song ends the timer rings, and she looks back up, out towards the dining area where everyone is now normal (realizing it was all her imagination). Taking one last look at the chef, she smiles and escapes out the back door.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[11] 44
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[12] 75
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[13] 11
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[14] 2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[15] 12
Canada AC (Billboard)[16] 2
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[17] 32
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[18] 13
France (SNEP)[19] 181
Ireland (IRMA)[20] 26
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[21] 11
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22] 14
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[23] 26
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 71
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[26] 1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[27] 2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[28] 8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[29]
Platinum 70,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[30]
Gold 7,500[31]
United States (RIAA)[32]
3× Platinum 2,500,000[8]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[33]
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[34]
39
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35]
67
Netherlands (Mega Single Top 100)[36]
48
US Billboard Hot 100[37]
21
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[38]
11
US Adult Pop Songs (Billboard)[39]
13
US Pop Songs (Billboard)[40]
42
Cover parody[edit]
The Maccabeats, a Jewish a capella group from Yeshiva University, covered Kendrick's version and parodied her music video with group members sitting around a Shabbat table singing the Shabbat morning table song "D'ror Yikra" while performing the cups routine.[41]
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2013 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect Soundtrack". IMDB. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sam Wilbur (2 April 2013). "Anna Kendrick, 'Cups' – New Song". AOL Radio Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cups, You're Gonna Miss Me: Evolution of a Song". Archived from the original on December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2013/08/comprehensive-history-of-the-cups-phenomenon.html
Jump up ^ Russell, Tony (2004). Country Music Records: A Discography, 1921-1942. Oxford University Press. pp. 189, 582, 632. ISBN 0-19-513989-5.
Jump up ^ Jeff Benjamin (March 15, 2013). "Anna Kendrick's "Cups": Is the 'Pitch Perfect' Song a Radio Hit?".
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b "Anna Kendrick Tops AC Chart With 'Cups'". Billboard. October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Chart Notes: Anna Kendrick Finally 'Pitch Perfect' For Radio". Billboard. March 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cups (Pitch Perfect's "When I'm Gone") (Director's Cut)". Vevo. April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Anna Kendrick – Cups". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Canada AC for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Canada CHR/Top 40 for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Canada Hot AC for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 32, 2012". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Anna Kendrick search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Anna Kendrick – Cups" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Anna Kendrick – Cups". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 2012-08-11" UK Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kendrick – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Anna Kendrick. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Anna Kendrick – Cups". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ Singles Archived 2012-03-27 at WebCite at NZ Top 40
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Anna Kendrick – Cups". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100: 2013 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "JAAROVERZICHTEN 2013: Singles" (in Dutch). Ultratop (NL). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutch charts portal" (in Dutch). Mega Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs: 2013 Year-End Chart". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Songs: Page 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adult Pop Songs: Page 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pop Songs: Page 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New From the Maccabeats: Dror Yikra (Cups)". Jewish Music Report. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
External links[edit]
You're Gonna Miss Me (Cups) Anna Burden's performance of the Lulu and the Lampshades version (YouTube)
Preceded by
"More"
by Usher CONCACAF Gold Cup theme song
2013 Succeeded by
"Sun Goes Down"
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Climate of Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Worldwide climate classifications
The Climate of Asia is wet across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent experience low relief as a result of the subtropical high pressure belt; they are hot in the summer, warm to cool in winter, and may snow at higher altitudes. Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere, and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America. The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan, and the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation modulates where in Asia landfall is more likely to occur,
Contents
[hide]
1 Temperature
2 Precipitation
3 Monsoon
4 Tropical cyclones
5 References
6 External links
Temperature[edit]
The Southern sections of Asia are mild to hot, while far northeastern areas such as Siberia are very cold. East Asia has a temperate climate. The highest temperature recorded in Asia was 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Tirat Zvi, Israel on June 21, 1942.[1] West-central Asia experiences some of the largest diurnal temperature ranges on Earth. The lowest temperature measured was −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) at Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic of Russia on February 7, 1892 and February 6, 1933 respectively.[2]
Precipitation[edit]
Long-term mean precipitation by month
A large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through the Taklamakan Desert in Western China, the Thar Desert in Western India and Iranian Plateau into the Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula. Rainfall around the continent is favored across its southern portion from Eastern India and Northeast India across the Philippines, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago and Southern China into Korean Peninsula Taiwan and Japan due to the Monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region.[3] The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a thermal low) over the warmest part of Asia.[4][5][6] Cherrapunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is one of the wettest places on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (904.9 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in).[7] Lower rainfall maxima are found around Turkey and central Russia.
In March 2008, El Niño caused a drop in sea surface temperatures around Southeast Asia by an amount of 2 °C. It also caused heavy rains over Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia.[8]
Monsoon[edit]
Main article: Monsoon
Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer monsoons in India.
The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the South Asian Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Korea and parts of Japan. The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during the hot summers, which causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian subcontinent, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.
The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats. The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards northeast India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas in Shillong, India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the west, travelling over the Indo-Gangetic Plain at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state[citation needed], pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala.
The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed]. Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s. The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June.[9] However, the condition of the roads take a battering each year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and the slums are flooded in spite of having a drainage system. This lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economical loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the Bombay floods of 2005. Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. And in the recent past, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.
The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's Xinjiang. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "local convection").[10]
Monsoon clouds in Calcutta
Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.
While traveling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Madras, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receives rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon.[11] In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.[12] The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough.
The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indochina, Philippines, China, Korea and Japan. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as Meiyu in China, Changma in Korea, and Bai-u in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain. The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea (May), to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan (June) and finally to North China and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to South China.
Tropical cyclones[edit]
See also: Tropical cyclone and Typhoons in the Philippines
World tropical cyclone activity between 1945 and 2006
Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean, and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist. Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June, and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago. Activity falls off significantly in November.[13] The most active season, since 1945, for tropical cyclone strikes on the island archipelago was 1993 when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country.[14] There was only one tropical cyclone which moved through the Philippines in 1958.[15] The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern Luzon and eastern Visayas.[16] A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones.[17]
Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies.[18] When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Nino, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E which would favor the Japanese archipelago.[19] During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Asia: Highest Temperature". ASU World Meteorological Organization. 1942-06-21. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
Jump up ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on 2007-06-21. The climate of asia also depends on the western ghats.
Jump up ^ W. Timothy Liu; Xiaosu Xie; Wenqing Tang (2006). "Monsoon, Orography, and Human Influence on Asian Rainfall" (PDF). Proceedings of the First International Symposium in Cloud-prone & Rainy Areas Remote Sensing (CARRS), Chinese University of Hong Kong. National Aeronautic and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
Jump up ^ National Centre for Medium Range Forecasting. Chapter-II Monsoon-2004: Onset, Advancement and Circulation Features. Archived 2009-08-04 at WebCite Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ Dr. Alex DeCaria. Lesson 4 – Seasonal-mean Wind Fields. Archived 2009-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ A. J. Philip (2004-10-12). "Mawsynram in India" (PDF). Tribune News Service. Retrieved 2010-01-05. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Hong, Lynda (2008-03-13). "Recent heavy rain not caused by global warming". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
Jump up ^ Official Web Site of District Sirsa, India. District Sirsa. Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ Blumer, Felix P. (1998). "Investigations of the precipitation conditions in the central part of the Tianshan mountains". In Kovar, Karel. Hydrology, water resources and ecology in headwaters. Volume 248 of IAHS publication (PDF). International Association of Hydrological Sciences. pp. 343–350. ISBN 1-901502-45-7.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm
Jump up ^ Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (2007). Climatology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-7637-3828-0. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
Jump up ^ Ricardo García-Herrera; Pedro Ribera; Emiliano Hernández; Luis Gimeno (2003-09-26). "Typhoons in the Philippine Islands, 1566-1900" (PDF). David V. Padua. p. 40. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2009). "Member Report Republic of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1959). "1958". United States Navy. Retrieved 2008-11-09. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Colleen A. Sexton (2006). Philippines in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-2677-3. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
Jump up ^ Edward B. Rodgers; Robert F. Adler; Harold F. Pierce. "Satellite-measured rainfall across the Pacific Ocean and tropical cyclone contribution to the total". Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). "3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies" (PDF). United States Navy. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b M. C. Wu; W. L. Chang; W. M. Leung (2003). "Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific". Journal of Climate. 17 (6): 1419–1428. Bibcode:2004JCli...17.1419W. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
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Precipitation characteristics of northern Eurasia
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