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Land of Nod
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For other uses, see Land of Nod (disambiguation).
Cain fleeing before Jehovah's Curse, by Fernand-Anne Piestre Cormon, c. 1880
The Land of Nod (Hebrew: ארץ נוד, eretz-Nod) is a place mentioned in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, located "on the east of Eden" (qidmat-‘Eden), where Cain was exiled by God after Cain had murdered his brother Abel. According to Genesis 4:16:
And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.[1]
(וַיֵּ֥צֵא קַ֖יִן מִלִּפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן)
"Nod" (נוד) is the Hebrew root of the verb "to wander" (לנדוד). Therefore, to dwell in the land of Nod is usually taken to mean that one takes up a wandering life. Genesis 4:17 relates that after arriving in the Land of Nod, Cain's wife bore him a son, Enoch, in whose name he built the first city.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Interpretation
3 Places named "Land of Nod"
4 Popular culture references
4.1 In games
4.2 In music
5 References
5.1 Sources
6 External links
Name[edit]
"Nod" (נוד) is the Hebrew root of the verb "to wander" (לנדוד). Therefore, to dwell in the land of Nod can mean to live a wandering life.[2] Gesenius defines (נוּד) as follows:
TO BE MOVED, TO BE AGITATED (Arab. ناد Med. Waw id.), used of a reed shaken by the wind, 1Ki.14:15; hence to wander, to be a fugitive, Jer. 4:1; Gen. 4:12, 14; Ps.56:9; to flee, Ps. 11:1; Jer. 49:30. Figuratively, Isa. 17:11, נֵד קָצִיר "the harvest has fled" ["but see נֵד ," which some take in this place as the subst.].[3]
Much as Cain's name is connected to the verb meaning "to get" in Genesis 4:1, the name "Nod" closely resembles the word "nad" (נָ֖ד), usually translated as "vagabond", in Genesis 4:12. (In the Septuagint's rendering of the same verse God curses Cain to τρέμων, "trembling".)[4]
A Greek version of Nod written as Ναίν appearing in the Onomastica Vaticana possibly derives from the plural נחים, which relates to resting and sleeping. This derivation, coincidentally or not, connects with the English pun on "nod".[5]
Interpretation[edit]
Josephus wrote in Antiquities of the Jews (c. AD 93) that Cain continued his wickedness in Nod: resorting to violence and robbery; establishing weights and measures; transforming human culture from innocence into craftiness and deceit; establishing property lines; and building a fortified city.[6][7]
Nod is said to be outside of the presence or face of God. Origen defined Nod as the land of trembling and wrote that it symbolized the condition of all who forsake God.[8] Early commentators treated it as the opposite of Eden (worse still than the land of exile for the rest of humanity). In the English tradition Nod was sometimes described as a desert inhabited only by ferocious beasts or monsters. Others interpreted Nod as dark or even underground—away from the face of God.[9]
Augustine described unconverted Jews as dwellers in the land of Nod, which he defined as commotion and "carnal disquietude".[10]
Places named "Land of Nod"[edit]
Gateway to "Land of Nod" in Headley Down, Hampshire, UK
Land of Nod is the name of a small hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located at the far end of a two-mile-long road which joins the A614 road at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor (53°49′07″N 0°43′17″W / 53.8185°N 0.7215°W / 53.8185; -0.7215 (Land of Nod, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor)).[11]
Land of Nod Road is the name of a residential road in Windham, Maine, USA (43°45′02″N 70°22′43″W / 43.7506°N 70.3787°W / 43.7506; -70.3787 (Land of Nod, Windham, Maine)), and a private road in Headley Down, Hampshire, UK (51°07′16″N 0°47′59″W / 51.1211°N 0.7998°W / 51.1211; -0.7998 (Land of Nod, Headley Down)).[12]
Popular culture references[edit]
The Land of Nod can refer to the mythical land of sleep, a pun on Land of Nod (Gen. 4:16). To "go off to the land of Nod" plays with the phrase to "nod off", meaning to go to sleep.[13][5] The first recorded use of the phrase to mean "sleep" comes from Jonathan Swift in his Complete Collection of Polite and Ingenious Conversation (1737)[14] and Gulliver's Travels. A later instance of this usage appears in the poem "The Land of Nod" by Robert Louis Stevenson from the A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) collection.[15]
One of American writer John Steinbeck's most famous novels is East of Eden. The betrayal of a brother is one of its central themes.
In The Sandman: Preludes & Nocturnes book, The Land of Nod is a pun on the mythical land of sleep, or The Dreaming, Cain's destination after murdering his brother.
In Bad Monkeys, a psychological thriller by Matt Ruff, the main character frequently refers to apparent contradictions in her back story as "Nod problems."
In the Sabina Kane series by Jaye Wells, Cain lived in The Land of Nod with Lillith. There is a secret society called the Caste of Nod.
Nod is the name of a 2012 novel by Adrian Barnes in which humanity stops being able to sleep. The title refers both to the Land of Sleep and the place described in the Bible.
showReferences in games and music
In games[edit]
In the World of Darkness role-playing setting by White Wolf Game Studio, the land of Nod is the home in exile of Caine, the first vampire. God's curse upon Caine is interpreted as transforming him and his line into vampires.
The biblical quote is mentioned in the Command & Conquer video game, and is thought to be the origin of the name for the Brotherhood of Nod, as the group's charismatic leader is also known only as Kane. Kane's command center, known as the Temple of Nod, also houses a coffin bearing the name Abel upon its surface, and the preserved body of his most trusted officer, Seth (in reference to the biblical Seth), whom Kane shot in the head after Seth's attempted coup d'état. Their relationship is never explained; however, upon introducing himself to the player, Seth states that he is "Seth. Just Seth. From God, to Kane, to Seth."
In music[edit]
Bruce Springsteen's 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town includes the song "Adam Raised a Cain" which references Cain, Abel, and East of Eden. The lyrics connect the imagery to an associated social issue where others may pay for a relative's crime. "In the Bible Cain slew Abel, And East of Eden he was cast, You're born into this life paying, for the sins of somebody else's past..."
On Tom Waits 1985 album Rain Dogs, the song Singapore has the lyrics; "I've fallen for a tawny moor, took off to the Land of Nod".
Twelfth Night, a symphonic progressive rockband with Geoff Mann, made an album in 1981 called Smiling at Grief, including the song called "East of Eden". A second version was recorded in 1982 on the album Fact and Fiction.
Billy Thorpe closed his album Children of the Sun ... Revisited with the song "East of Eden's Gate."
The Sunliners, a 1960s garage band, released a song called "Land of Nod".
Contemporary Christian Music and country music artist Susan Ashton, in her debut album Wakened by the Wind, released a song called "The Land of Nod." It warned against being too comfortable slumbering in exile.
Canadian indie band Stars mentions the Land of Nod in the title track to their album The Comeback EP: "Just got back from the land of Nod..."
Classic rock band Journey mentions the east of Eden in their song "Frontiers" from their 1983 Frontiers: "And all the heroes have gone east of Eden, we all need new frontiers."
Trey Anastasio has a track named Land of Nod on the album Traveler.
Dead Can Dance named the sixth song of their 1984 self entitled debut Dead Can Dance "East of Eden".
Tom Waits mentions the land of Nod in his song "Singapore" from the 1985 album Rain Dogs: "We sail tonight for Singapore, we're all as mad as hatters here I've fallen for a tawny Moor, took off to the land of Nod..."
Bob Dylan's song "Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum" from the 2001 album Love and Theft refers to those "Livin' in the Land of Nod, Trustin' their fate to the hands of God".
The gothic rock band To/Die/For sings about the Land of Nod in the song "Vale of Tears", in the verse "Sleep well my darling, and leave this vale of tears behind. Land of Nod is a better place".
English rocker Pete Doherty uses "East of Eden" as the title for a song he wrote for his band Babyshambles. The opening lyric to the song states "I've been wandering East of Eden"
Musician/cartoonist Sean Hartter refers to "Nod" as a place with his "The Man From Nod" [16] electronic/live music project. Here "Nod" is meant to be a wilderness of jumbled ideas and disjointed notions, the opposite of Eden...much more like the state of a dreaming mind.
The heavy stoner metal band High on Fire included a song called "Return To Nod" on their album Death Is This Communion.
The darkwave band The Crüxshadows refer to Nod in their song called "East" from the 2003 album Ethernaut with the repetitive phrase "East of Eden".
The German rock group Unloved uses the phrase "heading nod" in the corresponding song from the 2006 album Killersongs as a metaphor for dealing with unpardonable guilt. Nod becomes not a certain land but a state of self-forgiveness ("It only remains for me to leave, a ridiculous 'sorry' on my lips. it only remains for me to live, telling, I didn't mean it").
Serbian rock group Riblja Čorba (Fish Stew) mentions east of Eden in the song "Ostani đubre do kraja" (Remain Scum to the End): "You're not crazy to be ashamed for having exiled me east of Eden, just remain scum to the end".
Dave Matthews made popular a song written by Daniel Lanois called "The Maker". In it is a reference to the Land of Nod otherwise called East of Eden: "Brother John, have you seen the homeless daughters standing here with broken wings. I have seen the flaming swords there over east of Eden".
East of Eden was a British rock band from the 1960s/1970s.
Classic rock group The Eagles titled their latest album Long Road Out of Eden.
Natalie Merchant sings "The Land of Nod", based on the Robert Louis Stevenson poem, on her album Leave Your Sleep.[17]
Gil Scott-Heron makes mention of an unknown subject's "World of Nod", playing on both meanings of 'nod' with the line "... eyes half closed revealed his world of Nod, a world of ... no God" in 'The Crutch' on his 2010 album I'm New Here.
American hardcore punk act Trash Talk released a single titled "East of Eden" in 2009.
Scottish rock band Big Country included a song "East of Eden" on their album titled Steeltown.
Rapper Vinnie Paz refers to the land of nod in the song "Books Of Blood: The coming of the Tan": "You have entered the Land Of Nod now, face the deafening thunders And the spiritual wonders".[18]
Australian Black Metal band Lustration included the song "3061 BC Land of Nod Somewhere East of Eden" on their 2012 album Psymbolik.
On their album The Whole World is Watching, Morning Glory includes a reference to the Land of Nod in their song Gimme Heroin, as a metaphor for the "nodding" state achieved through heroin use.
In 2015 the bands Ramallah and Sinners & Saints released a split 12" entitled "Back from the Land of Nod". [19]
The Jim's Big Ego song “In my Cult mentions the Land of Nod.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Genesis 4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Genesis 4:16, King James Version
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1981). Asimov's guide to the Bible : the Old and New Testaments (Reprint [der Ausg.] in 2 vol. 1968 - 1969. ed.). New York: Wings Books. ISBN 0-517-34582-X.
Jump up ^ Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, translated by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles; London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1846; p. DXXXVIII.
Jump up ^ Byron 2011, p. 101. "Some authors carried the groaning and shaking interpretation over to Gen 4:16 when they commented on Cain's dwelling place. In the Hebrew version we read that Cain lived in the land of Nod. The name Nod is related to the participle נָ֖ד in 4:12 which the LXX translated as τρέμων (trembling). This led some interpreters to understand the Land of Nod as the 'land of shaking.'
Now Cain dwelt in the land of trembling, in keeping with what God had appointed for him after he killed Abel his brother. (Pseudo-Philo, L.A.B. 2:1)
The land of Nod is so called because it was the land in which Cain wandered about in fear and trembling. (Ephrem, Commentary on Genesis 3:11)
Cain left God's presence and went to live in the land of Nod, opposite Eden, Nod means disturbance. (Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 2.51.4–5)
^ Jump up to: a b Howard Jacobson, "The Land of Nod", Journal of Theological Studies, New Series, 41(1), April 1990. "Since the early part of the eighteenth century (according to the OED) the phrase 'Land of Nod' has been used to mean 'sleep'. Scholars seem in agreement that this is a play on the Biblical place-name grounded in the use of the verb 'nod' in the sense 'sleep' (first in the early seventeenth century, according to the OED). But we have now seen that 'Land of Nod' as 'Land of the sleepers' goes back centuries and more, and to Graeco-Hebrew etymologies. What are we to think? is this nothing more than utterly remarkable coincidence? Or has our Onomastic etymology influenced the English usage? I leave the question to students of the history of the English language."
Jump up ^ Titus Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, Book I (on Wikisource), Chapter II; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 56.
Jump up ^ Byron (2011), pp. 125–126. "Consequently, Cain's activity as a builder serves two purposes in Josephus. First, it demonstrates that Cain has not learned the lessons of his previous crime and his greed has developed to the point that he now marks off property that he has obtained so that it might not be stolen back from him. Second, the founding of a fortified city not only adds to the protection of his property it also concentrates his power by causing his family to live in one place. In the end, Josephus's Cain is still a greedy grasper who, rather than repenting from his original crimes, has actually managed to perfect them. Thus, the building of a city becomes a lasting monument to Cain's ongoing evil activity."
Jump up ^ Origen, Jeremiah Homily; quoted in Delaney (1996), pp. 116–117. "Let us interject something of a mystery, which is said concerning the sinner Cain, who 'having gone out from the face of God, lived in the land of Nod opposite Eden.' 'Nod' in the Greek language means trembling. Whoever indeed forsakes God, who abandons understanding, whose thinking is continually 'in the land of Nod' dwells there today also, that is, that person remains in wicked unsettlement of heart and in commotion of mind."
Jump up ^ Oliver F. Emerson, "Legends of Cain, Especially in Old and Middle English", Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 21(4), 1906; po. 865, 871.
Jump up ^ Augustine, Contra Faustum XII:13; quoted in Delaney (1996), p. 169.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bruce (1991). Yesterday's Yorkshire. David & Charles. p. 118. ISBN 9780715394717. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "What's on around Petersfield and East Hampshire today, May 7, 2017". Petersfield Post. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Land of Nod | Define Land of Nod at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
Jump up ^ "The Land of Nod". Everything2.com. 2001-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis (1885). A Child's Garden of Verses. Longmans, Green. p. 21. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Songs by the MAN FROM NOD, Citizen of". Acidplanet.com. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Leave Your Sleep | Read | The Land of Nod". Nataliemerchant.com. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Books Of Blood: The Coming Of Tan Feat. El Lyrics - Jedi Mind Tricks". Sing365.com. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Morning Glory Lyrics - Gimme Heroin". Plyrics.com. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
Sources[edit]
Byron, John. Cain and Abel in text and tradition : Jewish and Christian interpretations of the first sibling rivalry. Leiden: Brill, 2011. ISBN 978-90-04-19252-2
Delaney, David Kevin. The Sevenfold Vengeance of Cain: Genesis 4 in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation. PhD disseration accepted at University of Virginia, May 1996.
External links[edit]
Genesis 4:16 at BibleGateway.com
Matthew Kempf, The wandering Cainidae, or, The ancient nomads : a lecture delivered to the Medical Society of Dubois County, and to the citizens of Huntingburgh, Indiana, April 22, 1879
[hide]
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Cain and Abel
Book of Genesis
Biblical characters
Adam
Eve
Cain and Abel
Lucifer
Enoch
Awan
Portrayals in media
Film
East of Eden (film, 1952)
Caín (1984)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
Abel Cain
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
Cain (1821)
Musicals
Children of Eden (1991)
Here's Where I Belong (1968)
Literature
Book of the Penitence of Adam
East of Eden (novel, 1952)
Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion (1917)
The Book of Lies (2008)
Songs
"Should the Bible Be Banned" (1988)
"Cain's Blood" (1995)
Other
La mort d'Abel (composition, 1810)
The First Mourning (painting, 1888)
Cain and Abel (TV series, 2009)
Cain and Abel (DC Comics)
Kane (Command & Conquer video game character)
Related theology
Adam and Eve
Gospel of Judas
Curse and mark of Cain
Serpent seed
Christian Identity
Cain and Abel in Islam
Balbira and Kalmana
Cainites
Other
Generations of Adam
Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
Land of Nod
Dracula: The Dark Prince
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San Antonio River Walk
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A couple strolls along the River Walk
The San Antonio River Walk (also known as Paseo del Río or simply as The River Walk) is a city park and network of walkways along the banks of the San Antonio River, one story beneath the streets of San Antonio, Texas, USA. Lined by bars, shops, restaurants, nature, public artwork, and the five historic missions, the River Walk is an important part of the city's urban fabric and a tourist attraction in its own right.
The River Walk is a successful special-case pedestrian street, one level down from the automobile street. The River Walk winds and loops under bridges as two parallel sidewalks lined with restaurants and shops, connecting the major tourist draws from the Shops at Rivercenter, to the Arneson River Theatre, to Marriage Island, to La Villita, to HemisFair Park, to the Tower Life Building, to the San Antonio Museum of Art, to the Pearl and the city's five Spanish colonial missions, which have been named a World Heritage Site, including the Alamo. During the annual springtime Fiesta San Antonio, the River Parade features flowery floats that float down the river.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Growth and expansion
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Casa Rio restaurant
In September 1921, a disastrous flood along the San Antonio River took 50 lives.[1] Plans were then developed for flood control of the river. Among the plans was to build an upstream dam (Olmos Dam) and bypass a prominent bend of the river in the Downtown area (between present day Houston Street and Villita Parkway), then to pave over the bend, and create a storm sewer.
Work began on the Olmos Dam and bypass channel in 1926; however, the San Antonio Conservation Society successfully protested the paved sewer option. No major plans came into play until 1929, when San Antonio native and architect Robert Hugman submitted his plans for what would become the River Walk. Although many have been involved in development of the site, the leadership of former mayor Jack White was instrumental in passage of a bond issue that raised funds to empower the 1938 “San Antonio River Beautification Project”, which began the evolution of the site into the present 2.5-mile-long (4 km) River Walk.
Hugman endorsed the bypass channel idea (which would be completed later that year) but, instead of paving over the bend, Hugman suggested 1) a flood gate at the northern (upstream) end of the bend; 2) a small dam at the southern (downstream) end of the bend; and 3) a Tainter gate in the channel to regulate flow. The bend would then be surrounded by commercial development, which he titled "The Shops of Aragon and Romula". Hugman went as far as to maintain his architect's office along the bend.
The River Walk across from the Rainforest Cafe
Hugman's plan was initially not well-received – the area was noted for being dangerous. At one point, it was declared off-limits to military personnel. People were warned of the threat of being "drowned like a rat" should the river flood. However, over the next decade support for commercial development of the river bend grew, and crucial funding came in 1939 under the WPA which resulted in the initial construction of a network of some 17,000 feet (5,200 m) of walkways, about twenty bridges, and extensive plantings including some of the bald cypress (others are several hundred years old) whose branches stretch up to ten stories and are visible from street level.
Hugman's persistence paid off; he was named project architect. His plan would be put to the test in 1946, when another major flood threatened Downtown San Antonio, but the Olmos Dam and bypass channel minimized the area damage. Casa Rio, a landmark River Walk restaurant, became the first restaurant in the area in 1946, opening next door to Hugman's office.
San Antonio River Walk at West Market Street between the Westin Hotel and the Alamodome
Through the following decades the network has been improved and extended. The first major extension of the Riverwalk was constructed by the joint venture of two general contractors Darragh & Lyda Inc. and H. A. Lott Inc. to Tower of the Americas as part of HemisFair '68. The expansion extended the Riverwalk beyond its natural banks at the horseshoe bend to the new convention center and theater by excavating much of the block bordered by Commerce, Bowie, Market and Alamo Streets. That was also the year the Hilton Palacio del Rio was built, the first of many downtown hotels that leverage their slice of urban "riverfront." A subsequent major expansion opened in 1988 that extended a branch from the 1968 extension to create a lagoon at the new Rivercenter Mall and the Marriott Rivercenter Hotel.
In 1981 the Hyatt Regency San Antonio opened with a new pedestrian connector that linked Alamo Plaza to the River Walk with concrete waterfalls, waterways and indigenous landscaping. Known as the Paseo del Alamo, this river "extension" actually flows from Alamo Plaza into the San Antonio River through the atrium of the hotel. This connector not only allows the hotel to market itself as being on Alamo Plaza and on the River Walk, but it provides the city with an urban park that connects the city's two largest tourist attractions.
Many downtown buildings like the Casino Club Building have street entrances and separate river entrances one level below. This separates the automotive service grid (for delivery and emergency vehicles) and pedestrian traffic below, and creating an intricate network of bridges, walkways, and old staircases. The San Antonio Spurs had their five NBA Championship victory parades/cruises along the river.
Growth and expansion[edit]
Landing for the San Antonio Museum of Art on the Museum Reach extension
Expansion plans are planned for areas of the river north and south of Downtown. As chain restaurants and establishments have begun to flourish, now taking up about a third of commercial space, talk has begun at City Hall about limiting their existence on the River Walk and keeping a distinctively local flair. On May 30, 2009 the city opened the $72 million Museum Reach.[2] The Museum Reach features local attractions such as the San Antonio Museum of Art and The Pearl Brewery, which has become one of the most popular areas for locals.[3][4]
Mission Reach extension, looking north towards Downtown
Two years later, in May 2011, the River Walk was extended by several miles to extend from Downtown to Mission Espada which is on the city's south side. This addition (named the "Mission Reach") is notable for its emphasis on ecological controls and improvements, as well as trail improvements to support both hiking and biking.[5] The Mission Reach has paddling trails[6] and biking trails which allow tourists to experience the UNESCO World Heritage Missions.[7][8]
The River Walk has inspired similar projects in other cities, such as the Little Sugar Creek Greenway in Charlotte, North Carolina,[9] the Cherry Creek Greenway in Denver, Colorado,[10] and the Santa Lucía Riverwalk in Monterrey, Mexico.[11]
After years of murmuring from locals and tourists about the water's quality, talk has also begun about cleaning up the water, although the muddy bottom and silt deposits make this difficult.[12] The muddy bottom does receive an annual cleaning during the Mud Festival.[13]
In early 2016, for the first time in its history, the River Walk was connected with another linear urban walkway, the San Pedro Creek Greenway. The greenway joins with the River Walk at the confluence of the San Pedro Creek and the San Antonio River near Mission Concepción.
On May 25, 2017, Esperanza Andrade, a former Texas secretary of state, and Lisa Wong, her business partner in the company Go Rio San Antonio, prevailed in a 10-1 vote from the San Antonio City Council for the $100 million contract to operate the barges on the River Walk. The only dissenter on the council was the mayoral candidate Ron Nirenberg, who opposes Mayor Ivy Taylor in a runoff election on June 10. In selecting Andrade and Wong, the council rejected City Manager Sheryl Sculley's recommendation to award the contract instead to the Chicago-based Entertainment Cruises, the choice also of former Mayor Phil Hardberger. On receiving the contract, Andrade told Taylor and the council: "We not only know but we understand why the River Walk is indeed our crown jewel of our beautiful city. And we understand that the barge operation is the thread that weaves it all together."[14]
See also[edit]
Fiesta Noche del Rio
List of restaurant districts and streets in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Inside the Gates, Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library: San Antonio Flood of 1921. Drtlibrary.wordpress.com (September 24, 2010). Retrieved on 2013-05-04.
Jump up ^ San Antonio River Authority: Museum Reach. Sanantonioriver.org (May 30, 2009). Retrieved on 2013-05-04.
Jump up ^ "San Antonio's Pearl district: A gem of a 'hood".
Jump up ^ "La Vernia News". La Vernia News.
Jump up ^ San Antonio River Authority: Mission Reach Ecosystem Restoration and Recreation Project. Sanantonioriver.org. Retrieved on May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kayaking - Mission Adventure Tours - Kayaking in San Antonio". www.missionkayak.com.
Jump up ^ "Bike Tours - Mission Adventure Tours San Antonio Texas". www.missionbiketour.com.
Jump up ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "San Antonio Missions". whc.unesco.org.
Jump up ^ Washburn, Mark. (April 27, 2012) Take a walk on the artsy, wild side of the greenway Archived January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Charlotte Observer. Retrieved on 2013-05-04.
Jump up ^ Searns, Robert (March 16, 2007) River walk to creekfront: Community perseverance pays off. American Trails Magazine. Retrieved on 2013-05-04.
Jump up ^ Luis Xavier Rangel-Ortiz (2008). Sociocultural Identity and Self Conceptualizations of Mexican Transnational Entrepreneurs (MTNE) in San Antonio, Texas. ProQuest. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-549-67593-8.
Jump up ^ River Walk Drained; Mud Party To Follow KSAT News, San Antonio, Texas (January 6, 2009).
Jump up ^ Texas Travel: San Antonio's Riverwalk Mud Festival. Gotexas.about.com (April 9, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-05-04.
Jump up ^ Josh Baugh, "Go Rio wins barge contract: Council scorns Chicago-based firm backed by Sculley," San Antonio Express-News, May 26, 2017, pp. 1, A6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Antonio River Walk.
San Antonio River Improvements Projects — Website run by the San Antonio River Authority covering current and future projects along the River Walk
The World Famous San Antonio River Walk — business/tourist online guide
River Walk — San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau
Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) No. TX-1, "San Antonio River Walk, 418 Villita Street, San Antonio, Bexar County, TX", 6 measured drawings
Coordinates: 29°25′31″N 98°29′30″W / 29.425205°N 98.491575°W / 29.425205; -98.491575

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