text:
Milk Duds
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Milk Duds are a caramel candy, covered with a confectionery coating made from cocoa and vegetable oil. They are manufactured by The Hershey Company, and sold in a yellow box.
Milk Duds
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
1,823 kJ (436 kcal)
Carbohydrates
71.8 g
Sugars
51.3 g
Dietary fibre
0 g
Fat
15.4 g
Saturated
9 g
Trans
0 g
Protein
2.6 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.
(0%)
0 μg
Vitamin C
(0%)
0 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(10%)
102.6 mg
Iron
(0%)
0 mg
Sodium
(17%)
256.4 mg
Amounts converted and rounded to be relative to 100 g serving. Hershey's listed serving size is 39 g or 13 pieces (above amounts are ~2.5641 servings or ~33 pieces).
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: Milk Duds candy - Hershey's
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Timeline
3 Ingredient changes to reduce production costs
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
According to the manufacturer, the word "Milk" in the name refers to the large amount of milk in the product; the use of "dud" came about because the original aim of having a perfectly spherical piece was found to be impossible. Milk Duds were first created in 1926 by Sean le Noble.[1]
Timeline[edit]
1926: Sean le Noble from Le Noble and Company, Chicago, tries to manufacture a perfectly round, chocolate-covered caramel candy, but when its machines produce confections that are less than round, an employee calls them "duds".[citation needed]
1928: Holloway takes over the original manufacturer of Milk Duds chocolate-covered caramels from Le Noble & Company of Chicago.
1960: Holloway sells Le Noble & Company to Beatrice Foods.
1986: Leaf purchases the Milk Duds business.
1992: Production of Milk Duds candy is moved to Leaf Candy Company's Robinson, Illinois, plant.
1996: Leaf's North American confectionery operation is acquired by Hershey Foods Corporation of Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Ingredient changes to reduce production costs[edit]
A vintage Holloway's Milk Duds box
The Hershey Company, in 2008, changed the ingredients of some of its products, in order to replace the relatively expensive cocoa butter with cheaper oil substitutes. This was done to retain a current product price, rather than having to raise prices in the marketplace for products containing cocoa butter.[2]
Hershey's changed the description of the product and altered the packaging slightly along with the ingredients. According to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes that do not contain cocoa butter can not be legally described as candy coated in milk chocolate and are instead described as "chocolate candy" or as having "chocolate coating."[3]
See also[edit]
List of chocolate-covered foods
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Milk Duds". The Hershey Company.
Jump up ^ Levy, Marc (11 October 2008). "Aggressive Mars breathes down Hershey's neck in US". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Laura T. (September 19, 2008). "Chocoholics sour on new Hershey's formula". Today.
External links[edit]
Hershey's Official Milk Duds Page
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text:
Garfield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 December 2017.
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article is about the comic strip. For the title character, see Garfield (character). For the film, see Garfield: The Movie. For other uses, see Garfield (disambiguation).
Garfield
From left to right:
Nermal, Odie, Garfield, Arlene, and Pooky
Author(s)
Jim Davis
Website
Garfield.com
Current status / schedule
Running/Daily
Launch date
19 June 1978; 39 years ago (1978-06-19)
Syndicate(s)
Universal Press Syndicate (1994–present)
United Feature Syndicate (1978–1993)
Publisher(s)
Random House (under Ballantine Books), occasionally Andrews McMeel Publishing
Genre(s)
Humor
Garfield is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis. Published since 1978, it chronicles the life of the title character, the cat Garfield; Jon, his owner; and Jon's dog, Odie. As of 2013, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip.[1]
Though this is rarely mentioned in print, Garfield is set in Muncie, Indiana, the home of Jim Davis, according to the television special Happy Birthday, Garfield. Common themes in the strip include Garfield's laziness, obsessive eating, coffee, and disdain of Mondays and diets. The strip's focus is mostly on the interactions among Garfield, Jon, and Odie, but other recurring minor characters appear as well. Originally created with the intentions to "come up with a good, marketable character",[2] Garfield has spawned merchandise earning $750 million to $1 billion annually. In addition to the various merchandise and commercial tie-ins, the strip has spawned several animated television specials, two animated television series, two theatrical feature-length live-action/CGI animated films, and three fully CGI animated direct-to-video movies.
Part of the strip's broad pop cultural appeal is due to its lack of social or political commentary; though this was Davis's original intention, he also admitted that his "grasp of politics isn't strong," joking that, for many years, he thought "OPEC was a denture adhesive".[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Marketing
3 Media
3.1 Internet
3.2 Television
3.3 Movies
3.4 Video games
3.5 Stage
3.6 Comic book
3.7 Art book
4 Main characters
4.1 Garfield
4.2 Jon Arbuckle
4.3 Odie
4.4 Dr. Liz Wilson
5 Recurring subjects and themes
5.1 Short storylines
5.2 Paws, Inc.
6 2010 Veterans Day controversy
7 Bibliography
7.1 Primary sources
7.2 Secondary sources
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In the 1970s, Davis created a comic strip called Gnorm Gnat, which met with little success. One editor said, "his art was good, his gags were great," but that "nobody can identify with Bugs." Davis decided to take a long, hard look at the comics and he saw that dogs were doing very well, but there were no cats at the time. Davis figured that since he had grown up on a farm with 25 cats that he could come up with a strip based on a cat. He then proceeded to create a new strip with a cat as its main character and thus created Garfield, who borrows the first letter of his name from Davis's earlier work.[5] Garfield originally consisted of four main characters. Garfield, the titular character, was based on the cats Davis was around growing up; he took his name and personality from Davis's grandfather, James A. Garfield Davis,[6] who was, in Davis's words, "a large, cantankerous man". Jon Arbuckle came from a 1950s coffee commercial, and Odie was based on a car dealership commercial written by Davis, which featured Odie the Village Idiot. Early on in the strip, Odie's owner was a man named Lyman. He was written in to give Jon someone to talk with. Davis later realized that Garfield and Jon could "communicate nonverbally". The strip, originally centered on Jon, was first rejected by the King Features, Post-Hall and the Chicago Tribune-New York News agencies, all of which asked Davis to focus on the cat, who in their opinion, got the better lines. United Feature Syndicate accepted the retooled strip in 1978 and debuted it in 41 newspapers on June 19[7] of that year (however, after a test run, the Chicago Sun-Times dropped it, only to reinstate it after readers' complaints).[1][8] Garfield's first Sunday page ran on June 25, 1978,[9] being featured as a third-pager until March 22, 1981.[10] A half-page debuted the following Sunday, March 29,[11] with the strips for March 14[12] and 21, 1982,[13] having a unique nine-panel format, but UFS curtailed further use of it (it did, however, allow Davis to use the format for his U.S. Acres strip).
The appearance of the characters gradually changed over time.[14] The left panel is taken from the March 7, 1980 strip; the right is from the July 6, 1990 strip.
The strip underwent stylistic changes, evolving from the realistic style of the 1978–83 strips, to a more cartoonish look from 1984 onward. This change has mainly affected Garfield's design, which underwent a "Darwinian evolution" in which he began walking on his hind legs, "slimmed down", and "stopped looking [...] through squinty little eyes".[citation needed] His evolution, according to Davis, was to make it easier to "push Odie off the table" or "reach for a piece of pie". Jon also underwent physiological changes. He now looks older than in the 1990 strips - he is taller and he has larger features.
Garfield quickly became a commercial success. In 1981, less than three years after its release, the strip appeared in 850 newspapers and accumulated over $15 million in merchandise. To manage the merchandise, Davis founded Paws, Inc.[15] By 2002, Garfield became the world's most syndicated strip, appearing in 2,570 newspapers with 263 million readers worldwide;[1] by 2004, Garfield appeared in nearly 2,600 newspapers and sold from $750 million to $1 billion worth of merchandise in 111 countries.[2] In 1994, Davis's company, Paws, Inc., purchased all rights to the strips from 1978 to 1993 from United Feature. The strip is currently distributed by Universal Press Syndicate, while rights for the strip remain with Paws.
While retaining creative control and being the only signer, Davis now only writes and usually does the rough sketches. Since the late 1990s most of the work has been done by long-time assistants Brett Koth and Gary Barker. Inking and coloring work is done by other artists, while Davis spends most of the time supervising production and merchandising the characters.[2]
Marketing[edit]
See also: Garfield merchandise and Garfield statues
Garfield was originally created by Davis with the intention to come up with a "good, marketable character".[2] Now the world's most syndicated comic strip, Garfield has spawned a "profusion"[2] of merchandise including clothing, toys, games, books, Caribbean cruises, credit cards, dolls,[16] DVDs of the movies or the TV series,[17] and related media.[18]
Media[edit]
Internet[edit]
Garfield.com is the strip's official website, containing archives of past strips along with games and an online store. Jim Davis has also collaborated with Ball State University and Pearson Digital Learning to create Professor Garfield, an educational website with interactive games focusing on math and reading skills, and with Children's Technology Group to create MindWalker, a web browser that allows parents to limit the websites their children can view to a pre-set list.[19][20][21]
A variety of edited Garfield strips have been made available on the Internet, some hosted on their own unofficial, dedicated sites. Dating from 2005, a site called the "Garfield Randomizer" created a three-panel strip using panels from previous Garfield strips.[22] Another approach, known as "Silent Garfield",[23] involves removing Garfield's thought balloons from the strips.[24] Some examples date from 2006.[25] A webcomic called Arbuckle does the above but also redraws the originals in a different art style. The Arbuckle website creator writes: "'Garfield' changes from being a comic about a sassy, corpulent feline, and becomes a compelling picture of a lonely, pathetic, delusional man who talks to his pets. Consider that Jon, according to Garfield canon, cannot hear his cat's thoughts. This is the world as he sees it. This is his story".[26] Another variation along the same lines, called "Realfield" or "Realistic Garfield", is to redraw Garfield as a real cat as well as removing his thought balloons.[27][28] Still another approach to editing the strips involves removing Garfield and other main characters from the originals completely, leaving Jon talking to himself. While strips in this vein can be found online as early as 2006,[25] the 2008 site Garfield Minus Garfield by Dan Walsh received enough online attention to be covered by news media. Reception was largely positive: at its peak, the site received as many as 300,000 hits per day. Fans connected with Jon's "loneliness and desperation" and found his "crazy antics" humorous; Jim Davis himself called Walsh's strips an "inspired thing to do" and said that "some of [the strips] work better [than the originals]".[29][30] Ballantine Books, which publishes the Garfield books, released a volume of Garfield Minus Garfield strips on October 28, 2008. The volume retains Davis as author and features a foreword by Walsh.[27]
Television[edit]
Garfield's animation debut was on The Fantastic Funnies, which aired on CBS in May 15, 1980, voiced by actor Scott Beach. Garfield was one of the strips featured, introduced as a newcomer (the strip was only two years old at the time). From 1982 to 1991, twelve primetime Garfield cartoon specials and one hour-long primetime documentary celebrating the character's 10th anniversary were aired; Lorenzo Music voiced Garfield in all of them. A television cartoon show, Garfield and Friends, aired for seven seasons from 1988 to 1994; this adaption also starred Music as the voice of Garfield. The Garfield Show, a CGI series, started development in 2007 to coincide with the strip's 30th anniversary the following year.[31] It premiered in France in December 2008 and made its U.S. debut on Cartoon Network on November 2, 2009.
Movies[edit]
Garfield: The Movie was released in theaters on June 11, 2004. Its sequel, Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties, was released on June 16, 2006. Three direct-to-video films were released, Garfield Gets Real on August 9, 2007, Garfield's Fun Fest on August 5, 2008, and Garfield's Pet Force on June 16, 2009. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that Alcon Entertainment will develop a new CG animated Garfield movie with John Cohen and Steven P. Wegner ready to produce.[32][33]
Video games[edit]
Garfield: Big Fat Hairy Deal is a 1987 video game for the Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Amiga based on the comic strip. Towa Chiki made A Week of Garfield for the Family Computer, released only in Japan in 1989. Sega also made video games based on Garfield for the Genesis (Garfield: Caught in the Act) and Windows 3.1 computers. Other companies made games, such as A Tale of Two Kitties for the DS, published by Game Factory, Garfield's Nightmare for DS, Garfield's Funfest for DS, and Garfield Labyrinth for Game Boy. On PlayStation 2 were Garfield and Garfield 2 (known in the US as Garfield, a Tale of Two Kitties). Garfield Lasagna World Tour was also made for PS2. And recent additions for mobile devices are "Garfield's Diner" and "Garfield's Zombie Defense".
Konami also released a Garfield Handheld electronic game titled Lasagnator in 1991, which met with mild success.
In 2012, a series of Garfield video games was launched by French publisher Anuman Interactive, including My Puzzles with Garfield!, Multiplication Tables with Garfield, Garfield Kart, and Garfield's Match Up.[34]
Stage[edit]
Joseph Papp, producer of A Chorus Line, discussed making a Garfield stage musical, but due to some complications, it never got off ground. A full-length stage musical, titled "Garfield Live", was planned to kick off its US tour in September 2010, but got moved to January 18, 2011, where it premiered in Muncie, Indiana. The book was written by Jim Davis, with music and lyrics by Michael Dansicker and Bill Meade, and it was booked by AWA Touring Services. The opening song, "Cattitude" can be heard on the national tour's website, along with two more, "On the Fence," and "Going Home!".[35] When the North-American tour concluded in 2012, it toured throughout Asia.
Comic book[edit]
In agreement with Paws, Boom! Studios launched in May 2012 a monthly Garfield comic book, with the first issue featuring a story written by Mark Evanier (who has supervised Garfield and Friends and The Garfield Show) and illustrated by Davis's long-time assistant Gary Barker.[36]
Art book[edit]
In 2016, Hermes Press signed an agreement with Paws, Inc to publish an art book on the art of author Jim Davis, titled The Art of Jim Davis' Garfield.[37] The book includes an essay by author R.C. Harvey and other original material, and was released in July 2016 for the San Diego Comic-Con.[37]
Main characters[edit]
Main article: List of characters in the Garfield franchise
Characters
Garfield Television Specials
Television Series
Theatrical Films
Animated Films
Garfield and Friends
The Garfield Show
Garfield:
The Movie
Garfield 2:
A Tail of Two Kitties
Garfield
Gets Real
Garfield's
Fun Fest
Garfield's
Pet Force
1982 — 1991
1988 — 1994
2008 — Present
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
Garfield
Lorenzo Music Frank Welker Bill Murray Frank Welker
Jon Arbuckle
Thom Huge
Sandy Kenyon Thom Huge Wally Wingert Breckin Meyer Wally Wingert
Odie
Gregg Berger Tyler and Chloe Gregg Berger
Dr. Liz Wilson
Julie K. Payne Jennifer Love Hewitt Vanessa Marshall
Nermal
Desirée Goyette Jason Marsden David Eigenberg Jason Marsden
Arlene
Silent Cameo Audrey Wasilewski Debra Messing Audrey Wasilewski
:^α Jon was played by Sandy Kenyon in Here Comes Garfield
Through the Garfield strips, there have been many additional characters, but the main ones are described here.
Garfield[edit]
First appearance: June 19, 1978
I'm not overweight, I'm undertall.
Garfield At Large: his First Book (1980)[38]
Garfield is an orange, fuzzy tabby cat born in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant (later revealed in the television special Garfield: His 9 Lives to be Mama Leoni's Italian Restaurant) who immediately ate all the pasta and lasagna in sight, thus developing his love and obsession for lasagna and pizza.[39][40]
Gags in the strips commonly deal with Garfield's obesity (in one strip, Jon jokes, "I wouldn't say Garfield is fat, but the last time he got on a Ferris wheel, the two guys on top starved to death"),[41] and his disdain of any form of exertion or work. He is known for saying "breathing is exercise". In addition to being portrayed as lazy and fat, Garfield is also pessimistic, narcissistic, sadistic, cynical, sarcastic, sardonic, negative and smug. He enjoys destroying things, mauling the mailman, tormenting Odie, and kicking Odie off the table; he also makes snide comments, usually about Jon's inability to get a date (in one strip, when Jon bemoans the fact that no one will go out with him on New Year's Eve, Garfield replies, "Don't feel bad Jon. They wouldn't go out with you even if it weren't New Year's").[42]
Though Garfield can be very cynical, he does have a soft side for his teddy bear, Pooky, food and sleep, and one Christmas he says, "they say I have to get up early, be nice to people, skip breakfast... I wish it would never end." However, in the feature film Garfield Gets Real and its sequels, Garfield is better behaved, friendlier towards Jon and Odie, less self-centered, and more sympathetic.
It has been wondered by many readers if Garfield can actually be understood by the human characters around him. Sometimes, it seems like Jon can hear him. However, it is mentioned in more than one strip that Jon cannot understand Garfield.[43] However, in the feature film Garfield Gets Real and its sequels, Garfield and the other animals save for Odie are able to talk to, and be understood by, Jon and the other humans. In the 1 April (April Fools' Day) 1997 strip,[44] Garfield, still with thought balloons, can be understood by Jon.
To break the fourth wall, 19 June is celebrated within the strip as Garfield's birthday. The appearance in 1979 claimed it to be his first birthday, although in the first appearance of the strip (19 June 1978), he was portrayed as a fully-grown cat, implying that the birthday is of the strip itself.[45]
Jon Arbuckle[edit]
First appearance: June 19, 1978
Jon: Here's my sixth-grade report card. My parents were so proud.
Garfield, reading the report card: "Jon has not shoved any crayons up his nose this term."
Garfield (1996)[46]
Jon (Jonathan Q. Arbuckle) is Garfield's owner, usually depicted as an awkward clumsy geek who has trouble finding a date. Jon had a crush on Liz (Garfield's veterinarian) and is now dating her. Jon disapproves of Garfield's "don't care, not interested," attitude, and often encourages his pet to take an interest in the world around him, sometimes stating an interesting fact, or asking a philosophical question in an attempt to prompt Garfield into thought, Garfield tends to brush this off with a simple, yet logical remark, and despite the trouble Garfield causes, Jon has a heart of gold and is very tolerant of Garfield's shortcomings, a fact which Garfield often takes advantage of. In the December 23, 1980 strip, Jon states that he is thirty years old (nominally meaning he should presently be in his sixties, although he has not aged physically). His birthday is July 28.[47][48]
Jon loves (or occasionally hates) Garfield and all cats. Many gags focus on this; his inability to get a date is usually attributed to his lack of social skills, his poor taste in clothes (Garfield remarked in one strip after seeing his closet that "two hundred moths committed suicide";[49] in another, the "geek police" ordered Jon to "throw out his tie"),[50] and his eccentric interests which range from stamp collecting to measuring the growth of his toenails to watching movies with "polka ninjas". Other strips portray him as lacking intelligence (he is seen reading a pop-up book in one strip).[51]
Jon was born on a farm that apparently contained few amenities; in one strip, his father, upon seeing indoor plumbing, remarks, "Woo-ha! Ain't science something?"[52] Jon occasionally visits his parents, brother and grandmother at their farm. It was implied that Jon is inspired by a drawing of Davis himself when he was first drawing the strip. Jon was initially portrayed as a cartoonist in earlier strips, as Jim Davis stated this would've been a way to express his own frustrations as a cartoonist himself, but this eventually faded in the later strips.
Odie[edit]
First appearance: August 8, 1978[53]
Jon: I think I'm having some kind of identity crisis.
Garfield, walking past Odie who is lying in a kitchen drawer: He thinks he's having an identity crisis....Odie thinks he's a potato peeler.
Garfield (1991)[54]
Odie is a yellow, long-eared beagle with a large, slobbering tongue, who walks on all four legs, though occasionally he will walk on two like Garfield. He was originally owned by Jon's friend Lyman, though Jon adopted him after Lyman was written out of the strip. The book Garfield: His 9 Lives (1984) retcons Odie's origin: there is no mention of Lyman, and Odie was a puppy when he was acquired by Jon as company for Garfield (when Garfield was a kitten). Odie is usually portrayed as naïve, happy, affectionate and blissfully unaware of Garfield's cynical, sadistic nature, despite the physical abuse Garfield exhibits toward him, including regularly kicking him off the kitchen table or tricking him into going over the edge himself. On some occasions, however, he is depicted more intelligently, as one strip, in which he holds a heavy rock to prevent Garfield from doing this, and actually hurts Garfield's foot. In one strip when Garfield and Jon are out of the house, Odie is seen reading War and Peace and watching a television program, An Evening With Mozart.[55] Odie has only talked once. In another strip, published on January 28, 2010, he is seen solving Jon's sudoku puzzle.
Dr. Liz Wilson[edit]
First appearance: June 26, 1979
Jon: Tell me, Liz, haven't we met somewhere before? A rice paddy in Hong Kong?

Liz: Look, jerk. I'll be the vet for your cat, but I won't play fall guy for your stupid lines. Understood?
Jon, shocked: Uh-huh. So long, doctor.

Liz: Have a nice day.
Garfield (1979)[56]
Dr. Liz Wilson is Garfield's veterinarian and a long-time crush of Jon Arbuckle. She has a somewhat deadpan, sardonic persona and almost always reacts negatively to Jon's outlandish and goofball behavior but can even find it endearing on occasion. Jon often attempted to ask her out on a date, but rarely succeeded; however, in an extended story arc from June 19 to July 29, 2006 (the main event on July 28), Liz and Jon kiss. Now, they are a couple.[57]
Recurring subjects and themes[edit]
Many of the gags focus on Garfield's obsessive eating and obesity; his dislike of spiders; his hatred of Mondays, diets, and any form of exertion; his constant shedding (which annoys Jon); and his abuse of Odie and Jon as well as his obsession with mailing Nermal to Abu Dhabi, or simply throwing through the front door. Though he will eat nearly anything (with the exception of raisins and spinach), Garfield is particularly fond of lasagna; he also enjoys eating Jon's houseplants and other pets (mainly birds and fish). He also has odd relationships with household pests; Garfield generally spares mice, and even cooperates with them to cause mischief (much to Jon's chagrin), but will readily swat or pound spiders flat. Other gags focus on Jon's poor social skills and inability to get a date; before he started dating Liz, he often tried to get dates, usually without success (in one strip, after failing to get a date with "Nancy", he tries getting a date with her mother and grandmother; he ended up getting "shot down by three generations").[58] When he does get a date, it usually goes awry; Jon's dates have slashed his tires, been tranquilized, and called the police when he stuck carrots in his ears. The storylines featuring Jon's dates rarely appear now. Before, he had dates with many odd characters, whereas now, he exclusively dates Liz.
Garfield's world has specific locations that appear normally on the comic strips, like the Vet's office, a place he loathes. Irma's Diner is another occasional setting. Irma is a chirpy but slow-witted and unattractive waitress/manager, and one of Jon's few friends. The terrible food is the center of most of the jokes, along with the poor management. Jon periodically visits his parents and brother on the farm. This results in week-long comical displays of stupidity by Jon and his family, and their interactions. There is a comic strip where Jon's brother Doc Boy is watching two socks in the dryer spinning and Doc Boy calls it entertainment. On the farm, Jon's mother will cook huge dinners; Garfield hugs her for this. Jon has a grandmother who, in a strip, kicked Odie; Garfield subsequently hugged her. Jon's parents have twice visited Jon, Garfield, and Odie in the city. Jon's father drove into town on his tractor (which he double-parked) and brought a rooster to wake him up. As Garfield has a love for food, they will often eat out at restaurants. Most trips end up embarrassing because Garfield will pig out, or Jon will do something stupid, including wearing an ugly shirt, which happened one night when he took Liz on a date. When Jon does take Liz on a date, Garfield occasionally tags along---once, he ate the bread and other food at an Italian restaurant they went to.[59] Frequently, the characters break the fourth wall, mostly to explain something to the readers, talk about a subject that often sets up the strip's punchline (like Jon claiming that pets are good for exercise right before he finds Garfield in the kitchen and chases him out),[60] or give a mere glare when a character is belittled or not impressed. Sometimes, this theme revolves around the conventions of the strip; for example, in one strip, Garfield catches a cold and complains about it, noting, "I can hardy eben understad by own thoughts."[61]
Short storylines[edit]
One particular semi-recurring storyline features Jon and Liz on a date in a restaurant. They sometimes are waited on by the Italian Armando, who is refined and sophisticated and shows a great loathing towards Jon, presumably for his immature and uncouth behavior at the prestigious eatery. On other occasions, the couple receives a different waiter, such as a large ogre-like man who intimidates Jon when he is about to report a complaint about the food.
Another commonly recurring character, although hardly ever seen, is Jon's neighbor, Mrs. Feeny. Garfield seems to take both enormous pride and excess zeal in doing whatever it takes to harass her, to the point the she even erects an electric fence (which of course, does not stop him.)
Other unique themes are things like "Garfield's Believe it or Don't",[62] "Garfield's Law",[63] "Garfield's History of Dogs",[64] and "Garfield's History of Cats",[65] which show science, history, and the world from Garfield's point of view. Another particular theme is "National Fat Week", where Garfield spends the week making fun of skinny people. Also, there was a storyline involving Garfield catching Odie eating his food and "kicking Odie into next week".[66] Soon, Garfield realizes that "Lunch isn't the same without Odie. He always slips up behind me, barks loudly and makes me fall into my food," (Garfield subsequently falls into his food by himself).[67] A few days after the storyline began, Garfield is lying in his bed with a "nagging feeling I'm forgetting something," with Odie landing on Garfield in the next panel.[68] Jon and Liz began to go out more frequently, Jon has started hiring pet sitters to look after Garfield and Odie, though they do not always work out. Two particular examples are Lillian, an eccentric (and very nearsighted) old lady with odd quirks, and Greta, a muscle bound woman who was hired to look after the pets during New Year's Eve. Most of December is spent preparing for Christmas, with a predictable focus on presents. Other Christmas themed strips include Jon's attempts at decorating the tree and house, or the attempt to buy the tree. Some years, the Christmas strips started as early as the end of November. Another example is "Splut Week", when Garfield tries to avoid pies that are thrown at him. For most of Garfield's history, being hit with a pie has inevitably resulted in the onomatopoeia 'splut', hence the name.
Every week before June 19, the strip focuses on Garfield's birthday, which he dreads because of his fear of getting older. This started happening after his sixth birthday. However, before his 29th birthday, Liz put Garfield on a diet. On June 19, 2007, Garfield was given the greatest birthday present: "I'M OFF MY DIET!" Occasionally the strip celebrates Halloween as well with scary-themed jokes, such as mask gags. There are also seasonal jokes, with snow-related gags common in January or February and beach or heat themed jokes in the summer.
Right panel of October 27, 1989 strip.
One storyline, which ran the week before Halloween in 1989 (Oct 23 to Oct 28), is unique among Garfield strips in that it is not meant to be humorous. It depicts Garfield awakening in a future in which the house is abandoned and he no longer exists. In Garfield's Twentieth Anniversary Collection, in which the strips are reprinted, Jim Davis discusses the genesis for this series:
During a writing session for Halloween, I got the idea for this decidedly different series of strips. I wanted to scare people. And what do people fear most? Why, being alone. We carried out the concept to its logical conclusion and got a lot of responses from readers. Reaction ranged from 'Right on!' to 'This isn't a trend, is it?'
One of the recurring storylines involves Garfield getting lost or running away. The longest one of these lasted for over a month (in 1986 August 25 to September 28); it began with Jon telling Garfield to go get the newspaper. Garfield walks outside to get it, but speculates about what will happen if he wanders off – and decides to find out. Jon notices Garfield has been gone too long, so he sends Odie out to find him. He quickly realizes his mistake (Odie, being not too bright, also gets lost). Jon starts to get lonely, so he offers a reward for the return of Garfield and Odie. He is not descriptive, so animals including an elephant, monkeys, a seal, a snake, a kangaroo and joey, and turtles are brought to Jon's house for the reward. After a series of events, including Odie being adopted by a small girl, both pets meeting up at a circus that they briefly joined, and both going to a pet shop, Garfield and Odie make it back home.
Another story involved Jon going away on a business trip around Christmas time, leaving Garfield a week's worth of food, which he devoured instantly. Garfield then leaves the house and gets locked out. He then reunites with his mother, and eventually makes it back home in the snow on Christmas Eve (1984 December 3 to 23). Part of this storyline was taken from the 1983 Emmy-winning special Garfield on the Town.
Paws, Inc.[edit]
Paws, Inc.[69] was founded in 1981 by Jim Davis to support the Garfield comic strip and its licensing. It is located in Muncie, Indiana and has a staff of nearly 50 artists and licensing administrators. In 1994, the company purchased all rights to the Garfield comic strips from 1978 to 1993 from United Feature Syndicate. However, the original black and white daily strips and original color Sunday strips remain copyrighted to United Feature Syndicate. The full color daily strips and recolored Sunday strips are copyrighted to Paws as they are considered a different product. Though rights to the strip remain with Paws, Inc., it is currently distributed by Universal Press Syndicate.
2010 Veterans Day controversy[edit]
The controversial comic strip
Davis attracted criticism from the mainstream media for a Garfield strip in which the last panel appeared to be a negative reference to Veterans Day that appeared in newspapers on November 11, 2010. In the strip, a spider who is about to be squashed by Garfield boasts that if he is squished, he will get a holiday in his remembrance. The next panel shows a classroom of spiders in which a teacher asks the students why spiders celebrate "National Stupid Day," implying that the spider was squished.[70] Davis quickly apologized for the poorly timed comic strip, saying that it had been written a year in advance and that both his brother and son were veterans.[71]
Bibliography[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
Davis, Jim (1998). 20 Years & Still Kicking!: Garfield's Twentieth Anniversary Collection. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-42126-5.
Davis, Jim (2004). In Dog Years I'd be Dead: Garfield at 25. Random House, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-345-45204-7.
Secondary sources[edit]
Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers from Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman. Emmis Books. ISBN 978-1-57860-006-9.
Choron, Sandra; Choron, Harry; Moore, Arden (2007). Planet Cat: A Cat-alog. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-81259-2.
Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1994). Fashion & Merchandising Fads. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-031-1.
Hurd, Jud (2004). Cartoon Success Secrets: A Tribute to 30 Years of Cartoonist Profiles. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-3809-8.
Rogers, Katharine M. (2001). The Cat and the Human Imagination: Feline Images from Bast to Garfield. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08750-1.
Thomas, Phyllis (2007). Indiana: Off the Beaten Path : a Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4414-5.
Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5118-9.
Lang, J. Stephen (2004). 1,001 Things You Always Wanted to Know about Cats. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-7645-6926-5.
Inde, Vilis R. (1998). Art in the Courtroom: piracy or fair use?. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95971-5.
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Garfield
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garfield.
Official website
Garfield at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016.
The Garfield Show
Official website of the stage musical
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text:
Albert Woolson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Albert Henry Woolson
Portrait c. 1953
Born
(1850-02-11)February 11, 1850
Antwerp, New York, U.S.
Died
August 2, 1956(1956-08-02) (aged 106)
Duluth, Minnesota, U.S.
Buried
Park Hill Cemetery, Duluth, Minnesota
Allegiance
United States
Service/branch
Union Army
Years of service
1864–65
Rank
Drummer boy
Unit
1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment
Battles/wars
American Civil War
Memorials
Monument at Gettysburg
Other work
carpenter and member of the Grand Army of the Republic
Albert Henry Woolson (February 11, 1850 – August 2, 1956) was the last surviving member of the Union Army who served in the American Civil War. He was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is undisputed. At least three men who followed him in death claimed to be Confederate veterans, but one has been debunked and the other two are unverified. The last surviving Union soldier to see combat was James Hard (1843–1953).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Legacy
3 Images
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Woolson was born in Antwerp, New York, to Willard P. Woolson (1811–1862) and Caroline Baldwin (ca. 1822–unknown).[2] He claimed to be born on February 11, 1847, but his entry in the 1850 United States Census lists him as born in 1850.[3][4] Entries in the later census records and in the 1905 Minnesota State Census support the conclusion that he was born in 1850.[5]
His father, Willard Woolson, enlisted in the Union Army. Willard was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh and was transported to an Army hospital in Windom, Minnesota, where he would die of his wounds. Albert and his mother moved to Windom to accompany Willard. Albert enlisted as a drummer boy in Company C, 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment on October 10, 1864, becoming the company's drummer. However, the company never saw action, and Albert Woolson was discharged on September 7, 1865.
Woolson returned to Minnesota, where he lived the rest of his life. He was a carpenter and later a member of the Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.), a powerful political organization made up of Civil War veterans where he became senior vice commander in chief in 1953.
In his final days, he lived at 215 East Fifth Street in Duluth, Minnesota. Woolson died at St. Luke's Hospital in Duluth on August 2, 1956, at what was then thought to be the age of 109, of a "recurring lung congestion condition". He was twice widowed and was survived by six daughters and two sons. Woolson was buried with full military honors by the National Guard at Park Hill Cemetery.[6]
Following his death, President Dwight D. Eisenhower said:
"The American people have lost the last personal link with the Union Army ... His passing brings sorrow to the hearts of all of us who cherished the memory of the brave men on both sides of the War Between the States."[7]
Legacy[edit]
Woolson and fellow drummer-boy Frank Mayer marched together, both aged 99, in the Memorial Day Parade in May, 1949, to lay a wreath at the tomb of General Grant in New York City.
Life magazine ran a seven-page article upon the death of Albert Woolson, in the August 20, 1956 issue.[8] The article included much information about the G.A.R., with pictures or drawings of several encampments (conventions). Also included are photos of the last three living Confederate soldiers (status and age disputed): William Lundy, 108; Walter Williams, 113; and John Salling, 110.
In mid-2006, new census research indicated that Albert Woolson was actually only 106 years old, being listed as less than one year old in the 1850 census. Previous research in 1991 had suggested he was only a year younger than claimed (108 instead of 109), although this does not affect his veteran status.
After his death, the Grand Army of the Republic was dissolved because Woolson was its last surviving member.
The 2011–12 Minnesota Legislative Manual was dedicated to him.[9]
In 1956 a monument of Woolson was erected in Gettysburg as a memorial to the Grand Army of the Republic.[10]
Images[edit]
Woolson as "Henry Albert Woolson" in the 1850 census as a newborn
See also[edit]
1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment
Last surviving United States war veterans
Albert Woolson at Find a Grave
Biography portal
United States Army portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.nycivilwar.us/jahard.html
Jump up ^ https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/XRFH-N3P
Jump up ^ File:1850UnitedStatesFederalCensus 312130447.jpg
Jump up ^ Some references still use the self-reported 1847 birth year.
Jump up ^ For example, 1860 Census for town of Antwerp, Jefferson County, NY lists him as age 11. The 1910 census for Duluth, St. Louis County, Minnesota, Enumeration District 180, list him as age 60, and the 1905 Minnesota State Census for the town of Winnebago, in Faribault County, lists him as age 56.
Jump up ^ "Woolson, Last Union Veteran, Is Buried After Military Rites". United Press in the New York Times. August 7, 1956. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Albert Woolson, the 109-year old [sic] Civil War Union Army veteran who outlived all of his comrades, went to his grave today as a soldier.
Jump up ^ "Last 24 Hours". St. Petersburg Times. 3 August 1956. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Death of the Last Union Soldier and of an Era". Life Magazine. 1956-08-20.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Mark (2011). "Dedication of Blue Book". In Minnesota Office of Secretary of State. 2011–12 Minnesota Legislative Manual. Minnesota Office of Secretary of State. pp. ii–iii. ISSN 1524-8038.
Jump up ^ http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Individuals/Woolson.php
External links[edit]
Albert Woolson image at Corbis
Sons of Union Veterans biography
Photographs of Memorial
"Bust of Albert Woolson Given To GAR Museum" Article in the Civil War News.
"Depot salutes last Union vet" Article in the Duluth News Tribune, June 10, 2004.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 65626784
LCCN: n90634029
IATH: w68p6s6p
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Woolson&oldid=799372987"
Categories:
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Age controversies
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Last living survivors
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People from Duluth, Minnesota
People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
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This page was last edited on 7 September 2017, at 09:24.
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text:
Foreign key
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table or the same table.[1][2][3] In simpler words, the foreign key is defined in a second table, but it refers to the primary key or a unique key in the first table. For example, a table called Employees has a primary key called employee_id. Another table called Employee Details has a foreign key which references employee_id in order to uniquely identify the relationship between the two tables.
The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the table containing the candidate key is called the referenced or parent table.[4] In database relational modeling and implementation, a unique key is a set of zero or more attributes, the values of which are guaranteed to be unique for each tuple (row) in a relation. The value or combination of values of unique key attributes for any tuple cannot be duplicated for any other tuple in that relation.
When more than one column is combined to form a unique key, their combination is used to access each row and maintain uniqueness. The values of the columns are not combined, they are compared using their data types.
Since the purpose of the foreign key is to identify a particular row of referenced table, it is generally required that the foreign key is equal to the candidate key in some row of the primary table, or else have no value (the NULL value.[2]). This rule is called a referential integrity constraint between the two tables.[5] Because violations of these constraints can be the source of many database problems, most database management systems provide mechanisms to ensure that every non-null foreign key corresponds to a row of the referenced table.[6][7][8]
For example, consider a database with two tables: a CUSTOMER table that includes all customer data and an ORDER table that includes all customer orders. Suppose the business requires that each order must refer to a single customer. To reflect this in the database, a foreign key column is added to the ORDER table (e.g., CUSTOMERID), which references the primary key of CUSTOMER (e.g. ID). Because the primary key of a table must be unique, and because CUSTOMERID only contains values from that primary key field, we may assume that, when it has a value, CUSTOMERID will identify the particular customer which placed the order. However, this can no longer be assumed if the ORDER table is not kept up to date when rows of the CUSTOMER table are deleted or the ID column altered, and working with these tables may become more difficult. Many real world databases work around this problem by 'inactivating' rather than physically deleting master table foreign keys, or by complex update programs that modify all references to a foreign key when a change is needed.
Foreign keys play an essential role in database design. One important part of database design is making sure that relationships between real-world entities are reflected in the database by references, using foreign keys to refer from one table to another.[9] Another important part of database design is database normalization, in which tables are broken apart and foreign keys make it possible for them to be reconstructed.[10]
Multiple rows in the referencing (or child) table may refer to the same row in the referenced (or parent) table. In this case, the relationship between the two tables is called a one to many relationship between the referenced table and the referencing table.
In addition, the child and parent table may, in fact, be the same table, i.e. the foreign key refers back to the same table. Such a foreign key is known in SQL:2003 as a self-referencing or recursive foreign key. In database management systems, this is often accomplished by linking a first and second reference to the same table.
A table may have multiple foreign keys, and each foreign key can have a different parent table. Each foreign key is enforced independently by the database system. Therefore, cascading relationships between tables can be established using foreign keys.
Contents
[hide]
1 Defining foreign keys
2 Referential actions
2.1 CASCADE
2.2 RESTRICT
2.3 NO ACTION
2.4 SET DEFAULT , SET NULL
2.5 Triggers
3 Example
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Defining foreign keys[edit]
In the ISO SQL Standard, foreign keys are defined through a FOREIGN KEY constraint. The syntax to add such a constraint to an existing table is defined in SQL:2003 as shown below. Omitting the column list in the REFERENCES clause implies that the foreign key shall reference the primary key of the referenced table.
ALTER TABLE <table identifier> ADD [ CONSTRAINT <constraint identifier> ] FOREIGN KEY ( <column expression> {, <column expression>}... ) REFERENCES <table identifier> [ ( <column expression> {, <column expression>}... ) ] [ ON UPDATE <referential action> ] [ ON DELETE <referential action> ]
Likewise, foreign keys can be defined as part of the CREATE TABLE SQL statement.
CREATE TABLE table_name ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, col2 CHARACTER VARYING(20), col3 INTEGER, ... FOREIGN KEY(col3) REFERENCES other_table(key_col) ON DELETE CASCADE, ... )
If the foreign key is a single column only, the column can be marked as such using the following syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, col2 CHARACTER VARYING(20), col3 INTEGER REFERENCES other_table(column_name), ... )
Foreign keys can be defined with a stored procedure statement.[further explanation needed]
sp_foreignkey tabname, pktabname, col1 [, col2] ... [, col8]
tabname: the name of the table or view that contains the foreign key to be defined.
pktabname: the name of the table or view that has the primary key to which the foreign key applies. The primary key must already be defined.
col1: the name of the first column that makes up the foreign key. The foreign key must have at least one column and can have a maximum of eight columns.
Referential actions[edit]
Main article: Propagation constraint
Because the database management system enforces referential constraints, it must ensure data integrity if rows in a referenced table are to be deleted (or updated). If dependent rows in referencing tables still exist, those references have to be considered. SQL:2003 specifies 5 different referential actions that shall take place in such occurrences:
CASCADE
RESTRICT
NO ACTION
SET NULL
SET DEFAULT
CASCADE[edit]
Whenever rows in the master (referenced) table are deleted (or updated), the respective rows of the child (referencing) table with a matching foreign key column will be deleted (or updated) as well. This is called a cascade delete (or update).
RESTRICT[edit]
A value cannot be updated or deleted when a row exists in a referencing or child table that references the value in the referenced table.
Similarly, a row cannot be deleted as long as there is a reference to it from a referencing or child table.
To understand RESTRICT (and CASCADE) better, it may be helpful to notice the following difference, which might not be immediately clear. The referential action CASCADE modifies the "behavior" of the (child) table itself where the word CASCADE is used. For example, ON DELETE CASCADE effectively says "When the referenced row is deleted from the other table (master table), then delete also from me". However, the referential action RESTRICT modifies the "behavior" of the master table, not the child table, although the word RESTRICT appears in the child table and not in the master table! So, ON DELETE RESTRICT effectively says: "When someone tries to delete the row from the other table (master table), prevent deletion from that other table (and of course, also don't delete from me, but that's not the main point here)."
RESTRICT is not supported by Microsoft SQL 2012 and earlier.
NO ACTION[edit]
NO ACTION and RESTRICT are very much alike. The main difference between NO ACTION and RESTRICT is that with NO ACTION the referential integrity check is done after trying to alter the table. RESTRICT does the check before trying to execute the UPDATE or DELETE statement. Both referential actions act the same if the referential integrity check fails: the UPDATE or DELETE statement will result in an error.
In other words, when an UPDATE or DELETE statement is executed on the referenced table using the referential action NO ACTION, the DBMS verifies at the end of the statement execution that none of the referential relationships are violated. This is different from RESTRICT, which assumes at the outset that the operation will violate the constraint. Using NO ACTION, the triggers or the semantics of the statement itself may yield an end state in which no foreign key relationships are violated by the time the constraint is finally checked, thus allowing the statement to complete successfully.
SET DEFAULT , SET NULL[edit]
In general, the action taken by the DBMS for SET NULL or SET DEFAULT is the same for both ON DELETE or ON UPDATE: The value of the affected referencing attributes is changed to NULL for SET NULL, and to the specified default value for SET DEFAULT.
Triggers[edit]
Referential actions are generally implemented as implied triggers (i.e. triggers with system-generated names, often hidden.) As such, they are subject to the same limitations as user-defined triggers, and their order of execution relative to other triggers may need to be considered; in some cases it may become necessary to replace the referential action with its equivalent user-defined trigger to ensure proper execution order, or to work around mutating-table limitations.
Another important limitation appears with transaction isolation: your changes to a row may not be able to fully cascade because the row is referenced by data your transaction cannot "see", and therefore cannot cascade onto. An example: while your transaction is attempting to renumber a customer account, a simultaneous transaction is attempting to create a new invoice for that same customer; while a CASCADE rule may fix all the invoice rows your transaction can see to keep them consistent with the renumbered customer row, it won't reach into another transaction to fix the data there; because the database cannot guarantee consistent data when the two transactions commit, one of them will be forced to roll back (often on a first-come-first-served basis.)
CREATE TABLE account (acct_num INT, amount DECIMAL(10,2)); CREATE TRIGGER ins_sum BEFORE INSERT ON account FOR EACH ROW SET @sum = @sum + NEW.amount;
Example[edit]
As a first example to illustrate foreign keys, suppose an accounts database has a table with invoices and each invoice is associated with a particular supplier. Supplier details (such as name and address) are kept in a separate table; each supplier is given a 'supplier number' to identify it. Each invoice record has an attribute containing the supplier number for that invoice. Then, the 'supplier number' is the primary key in the Supplier table. The foreign key in the Invoices table points to that primary key. The relational schema is the following. Primary keys are marked in bold, and foreign keys are marked in italics.
  Supplier ( SupplierNumber, Name, Address, Type ) Invoices ( InvoiceNumber, SupplierNumber, Text )

The corresponding Data Definition Language statement is as follows.
  CREATE TABLE Supplier ( SupplierNumber INTEGER NOT NULL, Name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, Address VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, Type VARCHAR(10), CONSTRAINT supplier_pk PRIMARY KEY(SupplierNumber), CONSTRAINT number_value CHECK (SupplierNumber > 0) ) CREATE TABLE Invoices ( InvoiceNumber INTEGER NOT NULL, SupplierNumber INTEGER NOT NULL, Text VARCHAR(4096), CONSTRAINT invoice_pk PRIMARY KEY(InvoiceNumber), CONSTRAINT inumber_value CHECK (InvoiceNumber > 0), CONSTRAINT supplier_fk FOREIGN KEY(SupplierNumber) REFERENCES Supplier(SupplierNumber) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE RESTRICT )
See also[edit]
Candidate key
Compound key
Superkey
Junction table
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coronel, Carlos (2010). Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management. Independence KY: South-Western/Cengage Learning. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-538-74884-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Elmasri, Ramez (2011). Fundamentals of Database Systems. Addison-Wesley. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-13-608620-8.
Jump up ^ Date, C. J. (1996). A guide to the SQL standard. Addison-Wesley. p. 206. ISBN 978-0201964264.
Jump up ^ Sheldon, Robert (2005). Beginning MySQL. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 119–122. ISBN 0-7645-7950-9.
Jump up ^ "Database Basics — Foreign Keys". Retrieved 2010-03-13.
Jump up ^ MySQL AB (2006). MySQL Administrator's Guide and Language Reference. Sams Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 0-672-32870-4.
Jump up ^ Powell, Gavin (2004). Oracle SQL: Jumpstart with Examples. Elsevier. p. 11. ASIN B008IU3AHY.
Jump up ^ Mullins, Craig (2012). DB2 developer's guide. IBM Press. ASIN B007Y6K9TK.
Jump up ^ Sheldon, Robert (2005). Beginning MySQL. John Wiley & Sons. p. 156. ISBN 0-7645-7950-9.
Jump up ^ Garcia-Molina, Hector (2009). Database Systems: The Complete Book. Prentice Hall. pp. 93–95. ISBN 978-0-13-187325-4.
External links[edit]
SQL-99 Foreign Keys
PostgreSQL Foreign Keys
MySQL Foreign Keys
FirebirdSQL Foreign Keys
SQLite support for Foreign Keys
Microsoft SQL 2012 table_constraint (Transact-SQL)
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