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The Winds of Winter
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This article is about the novel. For the episode of the television series, see The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones).
The Winds of Winter
Author
George R. R. Martin
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
A Song of Ice and Fire
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Bantam Spectra/US
Voyager Books/UK
Preceded by
A Dance with Dragons
Followed by
A Dream of Spring
The Winds of Winter is the forthcoming sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin.
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter.[2]
Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] In 2014, estimates based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018.[4][5] In January 2017, Martin announced that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Viewpoint characters
3 Background and publication
3.1 Chapters
3.2 Publication date
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in the book.[2] The previous installment, A Dance with Dragons, covered less story than Martin intended, excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers.[3] Martin intends to resolve these storylines "very early" in The Winds of Winter, saying "I'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen—the battle of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there."[2] A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons, taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders' arrival in Slaver's Bay.[9] Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon.[10][11]
Viewpoint characters[edit]
George R. R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point-of-view chapters in The Winds of Winter:
Sansa Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin's website in April 2015.[13]
Arya Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin's website in March 2014.[14][15]
Arianne Martell: Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010.[12] One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in January 2013,[10] and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015.[16] Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016.[17] In May 2016, Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon.[18]
Aeron Greyjoy: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010.[19] A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon. It was written in, or before, 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons.[20]
Theon Greyjoy: One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in December 2011.[21][22] It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons (part two).
Victarion Greyjoy: Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012.[9]
Tyrion Lannister: One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012,[23] and another one at Worldcon in August 2013,[24] the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20, 2014.[25]
Barristan Selmy: One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons.[26] In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone.[27][better source needed]
George R. R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter.[28] Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah[29] and Melisandre[30] will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in, and that Bran Stark[31] will appear in the novel, but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint. In addition, he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con that Jeyne Westerling, Robb Stark's widow, will appear in the prologue chapter, but did not reveal who will be the POV character.[32]
Background and publication[edit]
Chapters[edit]
The Winds of Winter[12] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[33] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[34] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[12] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[19] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[35]
In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][36] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[37] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[38] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[23] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[39][40] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[10] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[14] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[13] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[18] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.
As of June 2016, a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter. The point of view characters with released material are Victarion, Aeron, Tyrion, Barristan, Arianne, Theon, Mercy (Arya), and Alayne (Sansa).[8] Several websites, including Goodreads, have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter, including plot twists, theories, and speculations.
At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016, George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter: ... "I’ve been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming. Winter is the time when things die, and cold and ice and darkness fill the world, so this is not going to be the happy feel-good that people may be hoping for. Some of the characters [are] in very dark places. .... Things get worse before they get better, so things are getting worse for a lot of people.”[41]
Publication date[edit]
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, "Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows".[42] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that "the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has" and estimated that it would take "three years to finish the next one at a good pace".[43][44] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as "really finished", the rest still needing revisions.[45] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[46] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book "will be done when it's done".[33] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels.[47]
In January 2014, Martin's UK publisher, Jane Johnson, declared on Twitter that the book would "certainly" not be published before 2015.[48] In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was "not a 2015 release",[49] a statement she repeated in January 2015.[50][51] In April 2015, Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year[52] but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones (which would cover material from the book) aired in 2016.[53][54] In Autumn 2015, statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016.[55][56][57][58]
In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was "a lot still left to write" and that completion of the book was "months away still... if the writing goes well". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[59] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[60] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[61]
In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight[4] and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post[5] estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.
On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[6][7][8] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being "still months away" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later.[62]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript". empireonline.com. April 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two, 'The Winds of Winter,' and Real-World Influences for 'A Song of Ice and Fire'". SmarterTravel. March 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hibberd, James (July 22, 2011). "The Fantasy King". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hickey, Walt. "Predicting When ‘Game of Thrones’ Author George R. R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book". Fivethirtyeight.com. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ingraham, Christopher (June 16, 2014). "Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ‘Game of Thrones’, using the magic of geometry". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b George R. R. Martin (January 9, 2017). "Doom, Despair, Defeat". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (January 11, 2017). "George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date: 'I think this year'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Winds of Winter: release date, news, plot, chapters and returning characters". NME. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (2012). In Conversation With... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 – TIFF Bell Lightbox. TIFF Bell Lightbox. Event occurs at 30:50 min.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (January 27, 2013). "Arianne". George R. R. Martin. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (June 27, 2010). "Dancing in Circles". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin". georgerrmartin.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘Winds Of Winter’ Chapter — George RR Martin Releases ‘Game Of Thrones’ Excerpt - Hollywood Life". Hollywood Life.
Jump up ^ "The Winds of Winter: Mercy". georgerrmartin.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2015). George R. R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015
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^ Jump up to: a b "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Archived from the original on May 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (July 31, 2010). "Dancing". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter".
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Jump up ^ Sacks, Ethan (December 30, 2011). "George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "EasterCon – Eat, Drink and talk SFF!". harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terry (February 26, 2014). "Winds of Winter: Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin's next Game of Thrones novel". Zap2it.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today". Tor.com. March 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (October 29, 2013). "The Dragons Are Here". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27:22
Jump up ^ "Conventions and Cancellations". GRRM Not A Blog. April 1, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Rachael (July 11, 2011). "George R.R. Martin on Sex, Fantasy, and A Dance With Dragons". theatlantic.com. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gevers, Nick (December 2000). "Sunsets of High Renown – An Interview with George R. R. Martin". infinityplus.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012. (Interview approved by GRRM.)
Jump up ^ Harte, Bryant (July 12, 2011). "An Interview with George R. R. Martin, Part I". indigo.ca. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin". Random House. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five". amazon.de. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R (April 8, 2012). George R.R. Martin Interview. Eastercon. Event occurs at 58:00. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Lands of Ice and Fire (A Game of Thrones)". randomhouse.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (December 6, 2016). "George RR Martin on Winds of Winter: Things are getting worse". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Watch Martin’s full Q&A above.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 12, 2011). "EW interview: George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (April 13, 2011). "George RR Martin: Barbarians at the gate". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Laura (April 11, 2011). "Just Write It! A fantasy author and his impatient fans.". newyorker.com. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Guxens, Adrià (October 7, 2012). "George R.R. Martin: "Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake"". adriasnews.com. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R. R. Martin Interview. YouTube. April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Bryant (June 13, 2012). "Martin Talks 'Game Of Thrones,' 'The Winds Of Winter'". Airlock Alpha. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jane (January 24, 2014). "Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr: @bonefish914 Certainly not this year.". Twitter. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
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Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (September 10, 2015). "The Winds of Winter release date 2016: George RR Martin’s next book might finally be coming". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
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External links[edit]
Official website of author George R. R. Martin
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El Pollo Loco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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El Pollo Loco are two independent restaurant chains that are controlled by different companies, El Pollo Loco, Inc. and El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V. Both companies specialize in Mexican-style grilled chicken and were founded by Juan Francisco Ochoa, but both occupy non-overlapping global territories.
Contents
[hide]
1 United States
1.1 Fare
1.2 History
1.3 Temporary expansion eastward
1.4 Locations within the United States
1.5 Locations outside North America
1.6 Charity partners
2 Mexico
2.1 History of the Mexican chain
2.2 Menu
2.3 Controversies
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
United States[edit]
El Pollo Loco, Inc.
Crazy you can taste
Entrance to Costa Mesa headquarters
Trading name
El Pollo Loco
Type
Public
Traded as
NASDAQ: LOCO
S&P 600 Component
Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants
Founded
Guasave, Sinaloa, México (1975)
Los Angeles, California, United States (December 8, 1980; 36 years ago (1980-12-08))
Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa
Headquarters
Costa Mesa, California
Number of locations
430[1]
Area served
United States
(California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas)
Key people
Steve Sather (President, CEO)
Kay Bogeajis (Chief Operating Officer)
Larry Roberts (Chief Financial Officer)
Ed Valle (Chief Marketing Officer)
Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food
Website
elpolloloco.com
El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican-style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine-in, take-out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company-owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. "El Pollo Loco" is Spanish for "The Crazy Chicken".
Fare[edit]
A typical El Pollo Loco restaurant
El Pollo Loco primarily prepares Mexican chicken entrees. The company describes its chicken as "citrus-marinated and fire-grilled." The American company also offer Mexican-style food such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas.[2]
In a bid to compete with companies such as KFC and Chick-fil-A, El Pollo Loco experimented with offering deep fried chicken in the form of breaded chicken tenders at selected locations in the United States for a limited time during the Fall 2016.[3][4] This experiment is a big departure from its previous marketing campaigns that tout their fired-grilled chicken as a healthy alternative to fried chicken.
History[edit]
Juan Francisco Ochoa started the restaurant in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 1975.[5]
By 1979 the chain had expanded throughout northern Mexico. On December 8, 1980, Ochoa opened first U.S. restaurant opened in Los Angeles, California at 503 Alvarado Street, near Sixth Street.[6][7] The first American location was only 1,500-square-feet and it grossed more than $125,000 per month during its first year of operation.[8] The initial menu was very simple: a choice of a half or whole chicken with a packet of warm tortillas and a cup of salsa.[8] A second location was opened in Santa Ana in the fall of 1981.[8]
In 1983, the 19 American restaurants in the chain were acquired by Denny's with an agreement that the Ochoa family would continue to operate the restaurants in Mexico.[9] After 18 months of new ownership, the American owned El Loco Pollo, Inc. had increased the number of locations in Southern California from 19 to 29 while adding 6 locations in distant Houston, Texas, with almost all of the new locations were franchise operations.[10]
Four years later the 70-unit El Pollo Loco was acquired by TW Services when TW Services purchased El Pollo Loco's then parent Denny's Inc. in 1987 for $218 million in cash.[11][12]
In May 1990, El Pollo Loco opened its 200th restaurant. That new restaurant was located in Yorba Linda, California.[13] During the early 1990s the company experimented with many different concepts to increase marketshare in the competitive Southern Californian fast food industry. In 1994 the company test marketed at a select few locations: a side-dish bar, salsa bar, and barbecue at some locations, while other locations tried selling french fries or ice cream.[14] Only salsa bars survived the test and were introduced chainwide the following year.[15] The company also tested home delivery and catering in 1995.[15]
In August 1995 El Pollo Loco earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for building the world's largest burrito in Anaheim, California. The burrito was 3,112 feet (949 m) long and weighed two tons.[16]
American Securities Capital Partners acquired the 274-location El Pollo Loco in 1999 for $114 Million[17] and sold it to Trimaran Capital Partners in 2005 for $400 Million with 328 locations.[18][19]
In January 2007, El Pollo Loco was featured on NBC TV's hit show The Apprentice: Los Angeles where contestants competed by creating and selling versions of El Pollo Loco's Pollo Bowl.[20] El Pollo Loco was recognized by the World Franchising Network as a Top Franchise for Hispanics in 2010.[21]
New locations were first open by franchisees in the states of Utah[22] and Oregon[23] in 2008. The 400th location was opened in Chelsea, Massachusetts in May 2008.[24]
In July 2014, El Loco Pollo (NASDAQ: LOCO) became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ.[25][26]
Temporary expansion eastward[edit]
Throughout its history, El Pollo Loco, Inc., tried at various times to expand beyond its core territories of California and the American Southwest, but all of these attempts were so far not very successful.
In 1987, then owner TW Services began to open restaurants in the Orlando area, starting in Winter Park, Florida.[27] Five restaurants were eventually built but all five were forced to close in 1991.[28]
A second expansion attempt, mainly though franchises, was started in 2006 under then owner Trimaran Capital Partners.[29][30][31] All of these locations were closed within six years.
During this time, El Pollo Loco or its franchisees briefly operated several restaurants in metro Atlanta,[32] and Boston,[24][33] New Jersey[34] and in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia;[35] these closed by 2011. The chain's franchised restaurants in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area[23][36] also closed in 2011. An El Pollo Loco in the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut[37] closed in spring 2012. The last of four Chicago area[38][39][40] stores closed at the end of 2012.
Locations within the United States[edit]
In the U.S., the El Pollo Loco chain operates over 400 company-owned and franchised restaurants in Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas, and California. In 2012, El Pollo Loco restaurants went through a major makeover.[41]
Locations outside North America[edit]
Under Denny's and its successors, El Pollo Loco, Inc., had sold franchise licenses to operators based in East Asia. By 1997, EPL, Inc., had franchises located in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.[42] The franchise licenses for both Malaysia and Singapore has since lapsed. In July 2016, the Delgado family, owners of the El Pollo Loco franchise in the Philippines, filed a lawsuit against EPL, Inc. in the Regional Trial Court so it could retain the El Pollo Loco trademark in that country after the franchise contract had terminated.[43]
Charity partners[edit]
The brand created Fire-Grilled Fundraisers, an initiative for nonprofit organizations to raise funds for their cause while dining at the restaurant. They also created El Pollo Loco Charities, a nonprofit 501(c) charity to provide meals to underprivileged families, in 2005.[44]
Mexico[edit]
El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V.
¿Que lo hace diferente... único...?
Trading name
El Pollo Loco
Type
Private
Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants
Founded
Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico January 6, 1975; 42 years ago (1975-01-06)
Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa
Headquarters
San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico
Number of locations
52 (October 2017)[45]
Area served
Mexico
(Coahuila, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, and Mexico D.F.)
Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food
Website
elpolloloco.com.mx
The El Pollo Loco locations in Mexico are not affiliated with or operated by the Costa Mesa, California-based El Pollo Loco, Inc. but are operated by Mexico-based El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., which is still owned by founder Juan Francisco Ochoa and his family.[46] The company specializes in selling Sinaloa-style marinaded grilled chicken.
In Mexico, El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., operates as El Pollo Loco in over 50 locations within Mexico City and the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Michoacán, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas, of which 28 of those being located in Nuevo León.[45]
History of the Mexican chain[edit]
Ochoa opened his first location in Guasave in the state of Sinaloa on January 6, 1974 at a small roadside location containing ten tables and with a starting working capital of 15 thousand pesos. His wife Flérida created a fruit-based marinade which was used to coat the chicken for several hours prior to grilling. After a few hours of operations on their first day, they sold out all 43 chickens.[46][47][48]
Three years later, Ochoa's brother Jaime quit his job and opened the company's second location in San Luis Potosi. This was quickly followed by other locations that were opened and operated by Ochoa's other brothers and sisters in Guadalajara, Morelia, Monterrey, and Saltillo.[46]
By the end of 1979, Ochoa had 85 restaurants in 20 cities throughout Northern Mexico with many of the locations operated by family members or close friends.[47] At that time, Ochoa thought about expanding north of the borders into areas of the United States that he had previously visited. In 1980, Ochoa opened his first U.S. location on Alvarado Street in Los Angeles, an area which had a high concentration of immigrants from Sinaloa.[7][46]
The company rapidly expanded on both sides of the international border during the early 1980s. However a number of bad decisions caused by a non-related manager caused the company to accumulate $3 million in debts and created a cash flow problem that forced Ochoa to sell his properties outside Mexico to help cover those debts.[46]
In September 1983, Ochoa sold the 19 U.S. locations, all of which were located in Southern California, to Denny's[9][49] for either $12.6 million[50] or $11.3 million.[10] At the time of the sale, Ochoa had retained 92 locations within Mexico.[9] As part of the agreement, Denny's promised to assist Ochoa in opening new locations in the parts of Mexico that Ochoa's company did not then occupy. In 2004, the Mexican company filed suit in U.S. Federal Court against the American company for failure to fulfill the joint expansion agreement. After three years of litigation, the Court ruled against the American company and ordered the American company to pay $22 million in damages and to return the ownership of the "El Pollo Loco" trademark and intellectual property within Mexico back to the Mexican company.[51][52]
As a result of the debt debacle created during the early 1980s by a non-family manager, the number of locations has since shrunk to approximately 40 locations, all of which are managed and operated by family members.[46]
After the sale of the American locations in 1983, Ochoa restricted his business activities to Mexico. However, the lure of new business activities north of the Rio Grande was too hard to resist and Ochoa opened his new business, called Taco Palenque, in Laredo, Texas in 1987.[53]
Menu[edit]
Unlike its American counterpart, the Mexican chain has kept its menu simple and focused on the grilled chicken. Deboned chicken or other animal protein like shrimp or carne asada are not available. Standard Mexican-American fare such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas are also not available. The chain does offer french fries (Papas a la Francesa), cole slaw (Ensalada de Col), macaroni salad (Ensalada de Coditos), and charro beans to go with the pieces of grilled chicken.[54]
Controversies[edit]
In January 2016, the Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León, the Health Ministry for the Mexican state of Nuevo León, closed several franchised locations of El Pollo Loco for several health code violations.[55] At least one of the locations was owned by Mexican politician Marco González who claimed that the closures were politically motivated.[56]
See also[edit]
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
Los Angeles portal
Companies portal
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Full List of Locations". El Pollo Loco. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Our Food". El Pollo Loco Inc.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (September 2, 2016). "El Pollo Loco adds fried chicken tenders as Raising Cane's leads surge in chicken sales". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Introduces New Chicken Tenders". Brand Eating. September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Francisco (8 July 2011), "Entrepreneur of the Year is Named", Laredo Sun, archived from the original on 17 July 2013, retrieved 16 July 2013
Jump up ^ "The Legacy of El Pollo Loco". El Pollo Loco. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saboreando el éxito" [Savouring success]. Revista Clase (in Spanish). June 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moreland, Pamela (February 12, 1982). "Mexico's Crazy Chicken Is Set to Take on Colonel". Los Angeles Times. p. F1. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Denny's Inc. restaurant chain has reached an agreement.." United Press International. September 19, 1983.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivera, Nancy (March 10, 1985). "El Pollo Loco Adopts Yuppie Look but Still Maintains Its Latin Flavor". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "TW Services To Get Denny's". New York Times. July 17, 1987.
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Jesus (July 17, 1987). "N.Y. Firm Buys Denny's Chain for $218 Million : Most of Top Management Will Remain With Chain". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Retail". Los Angeles Times (Orange County ed.). May 3, 1990. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)). El Pollo Loco is about to open its 200th store. The "store of significance," as the company calls it, is situated on Yorba Linda Boulevard in Yorba Linda and opens Wednesday. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, J. L. (June 6, 1994). "Becoming a tough bird: El Pollo Loco regroups, steps up marketing effort". Orange County Business Journal. 17 (23). p. 1. A side-dish bar and salsa bar are in test periods at several locations. El Pollo Loco executives are currently testing a barbecue concept, as well as a joint operation with a Fosters Freeze store in Upland, Calif., a project that might lead to the introduction of ice creams chainwide. Also rolling into the chain's locations are french fries, which executives hope will round out their selection and remove a possible objection by customers considering a meal out. Link via ProQuest.
^ Jump up to: a b Monson, Rani Cher (February 16, 1995). "El Pollo Loco will open more outlets, boost menu, remodel". Orange County Register. p. c.02. The Irvine-based fast-food chain has other plans, too. For starters, $6.6 million will be spent to remodel all 206 El Pollo Loco locations. Changes include an exterior overhaul, installing new lamps and adding salsa bars at every location. The goal is to finish the job systemwide by 1996. Also, the company might expand a recent experiment in catering and home delivery. The company says the services were so popular during the holidays that the idea might go chainwide. All 31 Orange County locations cater, and one Huntington Beach store has home delivery. The menu, once topheavy with chicken, will get several new items, including fish tacos, mashed potatoes and cucumber salad. Six entrees and five side dishes were added last year, helping to boost the company's sales. Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Eyerly, Alan (August 1, 1995). "That's a Wrap--Charity Event Is Full of Beans". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Greg (November 10, 1999). "El Pollo Loco Sold for $114 Million". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Roger (September 29, 2005). "El Pollo Loco to Be Sold for $400 Million". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (September 29, 2005). "El Pollo Loco to be sold". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco is Newest 'Recruit' on NBC's The Apprentice: Los Angeles". Business Wire (Press release). 28 January 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bond, Rob (July 6, 2010). "Top 26 Franchises for Hispanics: Poder's annual survey of Hispanic diversity in the franchise business sector in 2010". World Franchising Network.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco plans to open 1st Utah restaurant in May". Deseret News. January 24, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, Shannon (15 July 2008). "Restaurant spices up Wood Village Town Center". Portland Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "El Pollo Loco Opens 400th Restaurant in Chelsea, its First Boston Area Location Experienced Multi-Unit Restaurateurs Open Third of at Least 25 New Eng". Multi-Unit Franchisee Magazine. May 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Li, Shan (July 25, 2014). "El Pollo Loco stock sizzles to close at 60% above IPO price". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (July 25, 2014). "Wall Street clamors for a taste of chicken: El Pollo Loco stock surges 60 percent on first day of trading". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Jack (July 13, 1987). "Real Estate". Orlando Sentinel. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Strother, Susan G. (October 19, 1991). "El Pollo Loco Closes Orlando Restaurants". Orlando Sentinel.
Jump up ^ Hirsch, Jerry (November 28, 2006). "Will East Coast go loco for an expanding El Pollo?: The Mexican chicken chain has ambitious plans to compete nationally but faces a challenge in taco-deprived New England". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Heats up National Expansion with Multiple Franchise Development Agreements: Flame-Grilled Chicken Leader Signs Agreements for 61 New Locations in Five Key States". Business Wire (Press release). November 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco plans eastward expansion". L.A. Biz. January 28, 2004.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Leaves Atlanta as Other Chains Make a Comeback". Tomorrow's News Today - Atlanta. October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco in Chelsea Has Closed". Boston Restaurant Talk. January 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Verdon, Joan (May 3, 2012). "Latin-flavor chicken chains haven't migrated to North Jersey in expected numbers". NorthJersey.com.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Carolyn (February 17, 2011). "3 El Pollo Loco restaurants closing". Virginia Pilot.
Jump up ^ Gunderson, Laura (April 4, 2009). "Fast-food chains look toward growth in Portland market". The Oregonian.
Jump up ^ Giuca, Linda (November 23, 2006). "Take On A Chicken In A Game Of Tic-tac-toe". Hartford Courant.
Jump up ^ Fulmer, Melinda (February 4, 2004). "El Pollo Loco to Expand to Chicago Area". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Gregory (August 4, 2005). "El Pollo Loco's Hombre in Chicago". Crain's Chicago Business.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco pulls back on Chicago expansion". QSR Web. January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (November 8, 2012). "El Pollo Loco joins fray of fast food makeovers". Orange County Register. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Dell, John (April 23, 1997). "Marchioli to Head El Pollo Loco". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Agustin, Victor C. (July 8, 2016). "Cocktales: El Pollo Loco breaks away from US parent over trademark issue". InterAksyon.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Seeks to Boost Impact on Community through Non-Profit Charity". Bison Advertising. April 18, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "El Pollo Loco - Sucursales". elpolloloco.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cantu, Gustavo (March 9, 2015). "Don Pollo Loco". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish).
^ Jump up to: a b Manjarrez, Azucena (November 9, 2006). "Sigo soñando: Juan Francisco Ochoa: En 1974, y después de varios fracasos como vendedor, abre en Guasave el primer Pollo Loco, convertido hoy en una de las cadenas más prominentes en México y EU" [I keep dreaming: Juan Francisco Ochoa: In 1974, and after several failures as a seller, opens in Guasave the first Pollo Loco, now become one of the most prominent chains in Mexico and the US.]. Editorial Noroeste (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ Festejo, Guasave (January 6, 2015). "Pollo Loco celebra 40 años de vuelo: Francisco Ochoa le dice a quienes tienen la idea de emprender un negocio que no se rindan y se arriesguen a tener muchos tropiezos" [Pollo Loco celebrates 40 years of flight: Francisco Ochoa tells those who have the idea of starting a business that would not stop and take the risk to have many setbacks.]. El Debate (Mexico) (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ Yoshihara, Nancy (September 19, 1983). "Denny's to Acquire 19 El Pollo Loco Outlets". Los Angeles Times. p. E1. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Mendez, Cruz Alberto (November 11, 1993). "Pollo Loco expadirá su mercado mundial" [Pollo Loco expand its global market]. La Opinión (in Spanish). pp. 1E, 4E – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco loses Mexican rights". Nation's Restaurant News. December 4, 2007. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "$22 Million Verdict Against El Pollo Loco". QSR Magazine. August 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Pancho Ochoa Sr. A One of a Kind Restaurateur and Creator of Flavorful Food Concepts". Texas Border Business. April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Menu". El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V.
Jump up ^ "Secretaría de Salud revela anomalías en las sucursales de El Pollo Loco: La Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León emitió un comunicado donde aclara las razones de suspensión de estos restaurantes" [Ministry of Health reveals anomalies in El Pollo Loco branches: The Health Ministry of Nuevo León issued a statement clarifying the reasons for suspension of these restaurants]. Publimetro (in Spanish). January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gobierno suspende negocio del diputado priísta Marco González" [Government suspends business of PRI MP Marco González]. El Horizonte (in Spanish). January 20, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website for American company
Official website for Mexican company
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Defenestrations of Prague
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The Defenestrations of Prague (Czech: Pražská defenestrace, German: Prager Fenstersturz, Latin: Defenestratio Pragensis) were two incidents in the history of Bohemia in which multiple people were defenestrated (i.e., thrown out a window). The first occurred in 1419, and the second in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" more commonly refers to the second. Each helped to trigger prolonged conflict, within Bohemia and beyond.
Contents
[hide]
1 First Defenestration of Prague
2 Second Defenestration of Prague
2.1 Background
2.2 The Defenestration
2.3 Aftermath
3 Further defenestrations
4 Notes
5 References
First Defenestration of Prague[edit]
The New Town Hall, the place of the first defenestration
The First Defenestration of Prague involved the killing of seven members of the city council by a crowd of radical Czech Hussites on 30 July 1419.[citation needed]
Jan Želivský, a Hussite priest at the church of the Virgin Mary of the Snows, led his congregation on a procession through the streets of Prague to the New Town Hall (Novoměstská radnice) on Charles Square. The town council members had refused to exchange their Hussite prisoners. While they were marching, a stone was thrown at Želivský from the window of the town hall and allegedly hit Želivský .[1] This enraged the mob and they stormed the town hall. Once inside the hall, the group defenestrated the judge, the burgomaster, and several members of the town council. They were all killed by the fall.[1]
King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, upon hearing this news, was stunned and died shortly after, supposedly due to the shock.[1]
The procession was a result of the growing discontent at the contemporary direction of the Church and the inequality between the peasants, the Church's prelates, and the nobility. This discontent combined with rising feelings of nationalism and increased the influence of radical preachers such as Jan Želivský, influenced by John Wycliffe, who saw the state of the Catholic Church as corrupt. These preachers urged their congregations to action, including taking up arms, to combat these perceived transgressions.[citation needed]
The First Defenestration was thus the turning point between talk and action leading to the prolonged Hussite Wars. The wars broke out shortly afterwards and lasted until 1436.[citation needed]
Second Defenestration of Prague[edit]
The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitated the Thirty Years' War.
Background[edit]
A later woodcut of the defenestration in 1618
The window (top floor) where the second defenestration occurred. Note the monument to the right of the castle tower.
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg had settled religious disputes in the Holy Roman Empire by enshrining the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio, allowing a prince to determine the religion of his subjects. The Kingdom of Bohemia since 1526 had been governed by Habsburg Kings, who did not force their Catholic religion on their largely Protestant subjects. In 1609, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights. He was increasingly viewed as unfit to govern, and other members of the Habsburg dynasty declared his younger brother, Matthias, to be family head in 1606. Matthias began to gradually wrest territory from Rudolf, beginning with Hungary. In 1609, to strengthen his hold on Bohemia, Rudolf issued the Letter of Majesty, which granted Bohemia's largely Protestant estates the right to freely exercise their religion, essentially setting up a Protestant Bohemian state church controlled by the estates, "...dominated by the towns and rural nobility."[2] Upon Rudolf's death, Matthias succeeded in the rule of Bohemia (1612–1619) and extended his offer of more legal and religious concessions to Bohemia, relying mostly on the advice of his chancellor, Bishop Melchior Klesl.[citation needed]
Conflict was precipitated by two factors: Matthias, already aging and without children, made his cousin Ferdinand of Styria his heir and had him elected king in 1617. Ferdinand was a proponent of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and not likely to be well-disposed to Protestantism or Bohemian freedoms. Bohemian Protestants opposed the royal government as they interpreted the Letter of Majesty to extend not only to the land controlled by the nobility or self-governing towns but also to the King's own lands. Whereas Matthias and Klesl were prepared to appease these demands, Ferdinand was not; in 1618 he forced the Emperor to order the cessation of construction of some Protestant chapels on royal land. When the Bohemian estates protested against this order, Ferdinand had their assembly dissolved.[citation needed]
The Defenestration[edit]
On May 23, 1618, four Catholic Lords Regent, Count Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Count Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Adam II von Sternberg (who was the supreme burgrave), and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobcowitz (who was the grand prior), arrived at the Bohemian Chancellory at 8:30 am. After preparing the meeting hall, members of the dissolved assembly of the three main Protestant estates gathered at 9:00 am, led by Count Thurn, who had been deprived of his post as Castellan of Karlstadt by the Emperor. The Protestant Lords' agenda was to clarify whether the four regents present were responsible for persuading King Matthias to order the cessation of churches on royal land. According to Martinice himself:
Lord Paul Rziczan read aloud... a letter with the following approximate content: His Imperial Majesty had sent to their graces the lord regents a sharp letter that was, by our request, issued to us as a copy after the original had been read aloud, and in which His Majesty declared all of our lives and honour already forfeit, thereby greatly frightening all three Protestant estates. As they also absolutely intended to proceed with the execution against us, we came to a unanimous agreement among ourselves that, regardless of any loss of life and limb, honour and property, we would stand firm, with all for one and one for all... nor would we be subservient, but rather we would loyally help and protect each other to the utmost, against all difficulties. Because, however, it is clear that such a letter came about through the advice of some of our religious enemies, we wish to know, and hereby ask the lord regents present, if all or some of them knew of the letter, recommended it, and approved of it.[3]
Vilem Slavata of Chlum, 1618 enamel on copper, by follower of Dominicus Custos
Before the regents gave any answer, they requested that the Protestants give them the opportunity to confer with their superior, Adam von Waldstein, who was not present. If they were given the opportunity, the Protestants would get an official answer to their grievance by the next Friday (this was taking place on the eve of Ascension Day and they all must observe the holy day). The Protestants demanded an immediate answer. Two regents, Adam II von Sternberg and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobcowitz, were declared innocent by the Protestant Estate holders and too pious to have any responsibility in the letter's creation. They in turn were removed from the room; however, before leaving, Adam II von Sternberg made it clear that they "did not advise anything that was contrary to the Letter of Majesty". This left only Count Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Count Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice (who had replaced Thurn as Castellan), known Catholic hard-liners, and Philip Fabricius the secretary to the Regents. They eventually claimed responsibility for the letter and, assuming they were only going to be arrested, welcomed any punishment the Protestants had planned.
Count von Thurn turned to both Martinice and Slavata and said "you are enemies of us and of our religion, have desired to deprive us of our Letter of Majesty, have horribly plagued your Protestant subjects... and have tried to force them to adopt your religion against their wills or have had them expelled for this reason". Then to the crowd of Protestants, he continued "were we to keep these men alive, then we would lose the Letter of Majesty and our religion... for there can be no justice to be gained from or by them". Soon after, the two Regents and their secretary were defenestrated, but they survived the 70-foot (21-metre) fall from the third floor.[4][5] Catholics maintained the men were saved by angels or by the intercession of the Virgin Mary, who caught them; later Protestant pamphleteers asserted that they survived due to falling onto a dung heap, a story unknown to contemporaries and probably coined in response to divine intervention claims. Philip Fabricius was later ennobled by the emperor and granted the title Baron von Hohenfall (literally "Baron of Highfall").[6]
Aftermath[edit]
Immediately after the defenestration, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war.[7] After the death of Matthias in 1619, Ferdinand II was elected Holy Roman Emperor. At the same time, the Bohemian estates deposed him as King of Bohemia and replaced him with Frederick V, Elector Palatine, a leading Calvinist and son-in-law of the Protestant James VI and I, King of Scotland, England and Ireland.
Because they deposed a properly chosen king, the Protestants could not gather the international support they needed for war.[7] Just two years after the defenestration, Ferdinand and the Catholics regained power in the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620. This became known as the first battle in the Thirty Years' War.[8]
There was plundering and pillaging in Prague for weeks following the battle. Several months later, twenty-seven nobles and citizens were tortured and executed in the Old Town Square. Twelve of their heads were impaled on iron hooks and hung from the Bridge Tower as a warning. This also contributed to catalyzing the Thirty Years' War.[8]
Further defenestrations[edit]
More events of defenestration have occurred in Prague during its history, but they are not usually called defenestrations of Prague.
A defenestration (chronologically the second defenestration of Prague, sometimes called one-and-halfth defenestration) happened on 24 September 1483, when a violent overthrow of the municipal governments of the Old and New Towns ended with throwing the Old-Town portreeve and the bodies of seven killed aldermen out of the windows of the respective town halls.
Sometimes, the name the third defenestration of Prague is used, although it has no standard meaning. For example, it has been used[9] to describe the death of Jan Masaryk, who was found below the bathroom window of the building of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 March 1948. The official report listed the death as a suicide.[10] However, it was widely believed he was murdered, either by the nascent Communist government in which he served as a non-partisan Foreign Minister, or by the Soviet secret services.[11] A Prague police report in 2004 concluded after forensic research that Masaryk had indeed been defenestrated to his death.[12] This report was seemingly corroborated in 2006 when a Russian journalist said that his mother knew the Russian intelligence officer who defenestrated Masaryk.[13]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolfsgrüber, C. (1907). "The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Peter (2004). The Long European Reformation. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 155.
Jump up ^ Helfferich, Tryntje (2009). The Thirty Years War: A Documentary History. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Beaulac, S. (2000). "The Westphalian Legal Orthodoxy – Myth or Reality?". Journal of the History of International Law. 2 (2): 148–77. doi:10.1163/15718050020956812.
Jump up ^ MacKay, John P; Hill, Bennett D; Buckler, John (1995). A history of Western society: from the Renaissance to 1815, Volume 2. Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-70845-3
Jump up ^ Vehse, Eduard, translated by Franz KF Demmier (1896). Memoirs of the court and aristocracy of Austria, Volume 1, p. 243. HS Nichols
^ Jump up to: a b Gutmann, Myron P. (1988). "The Origins of the Thirty Years War". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18 (4): 764–765. doi:10.2307/204823. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). "This View of Life: The Diet of Worms and the Defenestrations of Prague" (PDF). Natural History (9). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Ian. "Some Introductory Historical Observations" (lecture transcript)
Jump up ^ Horáková, Pavla (11 March 2002). "Jan Masaryk died 54 years ago". Radio Prague. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Richter, Jan (10 March 2008). "Sixty years on, the mystery of Jan Masaryk's tragic death remains unresolved". Radio Prague. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Rob, "Police close case on 1948 death of Jan Masaryk – murder, not suicide", Radio Prague, 06-01-2004.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Rob, "Masaryk murder mystery back in headlines as Russian journalist speaks out", Radio Prague, 18-12-2006.
References[edit]
An English translation of part of Slavata's report of the incident is printed in Henry Frederick Schwarz, The Imperial Privy Council in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1943, issued as volume LIII of Harvard Historical Studies), pp. 344–347.
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