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National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
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For other uses, see NIWA (disambiguation).
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
Taihoro Nukurangi
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research logo
Agency overview
Headquarters
41 Market Place, Viaduct Harbour, Auckland
Employees
610
Agency executives
John Morgan, Chief Executive
Chris Mace, Chair
Website
niwa.co.nz
The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research or NIWA (Māori: Taihoro Nukurangi), is a Crown Research Institute of New Zealand. Established in 1992, NIWA conducts commercial and non-commercial research across a broad range of disciplines in the environmental sciences. It also maintains nationally and, in some cases, internationally important environmental monitoring networks, databases, and collections.
As of 2016[update], NIWA had 634 staff spread across 16 sites in New Zealand and one in Perth, Australia.[1] Its head office is in Auckland, with regional offices in Hamilton, Wellington, Christchurch, Nelson, and Lauder (Central Otago). It also has small field teams, focused mostly on hydrology, stationed in Bream Bay, Lake Tekapo, Rotorua, Turangi, Napier, Whanganui, Greymouth, Alexandra, and Dunedin. NIWA maintains a fleet of about 30 vessels for freshwater, marine, and atmospheric research.[2]
Contents
1 Mission statement
2 History
3 Research programmes
4 NIWA’s scientists
5 Research facilities
5.1 Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory
5.1.1 Location
5.1.2 Research History
5.1.3 Measurements
5.1.4 Importance
6 NIWA vessels
7 Environmental Monitoring Networks
8 Environmental data
9 NIWA Invertebrate Collection
10 Natural Hazards Centre
11 References
12 External links
Mission statement[edit]
"NIWA's mission is to conduct leading environmental science to enable the sustainable management of natural resources for New Zealand and the planet."[3]
History[edit]
NIWA was formed as a stand-alone organisation in 1992 as part of a government initiative to restructure the New Zealand science sector. Its foundation staff came mainly from the former Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Meteorological Service. The Fisheries Research Division of the former Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries joined NIWA in 1995.
NIWA is currently structured as a limited liability company[4] under the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992[5]
Research programmes[edit]
NIWA focuses on atmospheric, marine, and freshwater research – extending from the deep ocean to the upper atmosphere – in New Zealand, the Pacific, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica.
NIWA’s research spans diverse fields:
aquaculture
aquatic biodiversity
aquatic biosecurity
atmospheric science
climate change
coastal ecology
energy
fisheries
hydrology
marine geology
natural hazards (e.g. tsunami, storm surge, floods, earthquake, volcano)
oceanography
sedimentology
Research projects are undertaken in collaboration with local and central government agencies, other Crown Research Institutes, industry, private research companies, and universities in New Zealand and the rest of the world. In 2007–08, NIWA scientists were involved in more than 970 collaborations and NIWA had formal links with some 150 overseas institutions.[6] Within New Zealand, NIWA has close working relationships with many Māori entities (85 entities in 2007-08[6]) through its Māori environmental research group, Te Kūwaha o Taihoro Nukurangi.
Most of NIWA’s revenue is from contestable research funding and commercial consultancy work. As of 2014[update], NIWA had a revenue of $123.8 million and assets of $103.6 million.[1]
NIWA’s scientists[edit]
NIWA’s greatest asset are its scientists and technicians, who come from all over the world and hold expertise in a wide range of disciplines, from atmospheric science to zoology. In 2007-08, NIWA employed 501 permanent researchers.[7] In 2014, NIWA researchers contributed to more than 353 peer-reviewed science publications and delivered more than 639 science presentations and conference papers.[1] In 2007, 12 NIWA climate scientists – Greg Bodeker, Matt Dunn, Rod Henderson, Darren King, Keith Lassey, David Lowe, Brett Mullan, Kath O'Shaughnessy, Guy Penny, Jim Renwick, Jim Salinger and David Wratt – shared the Nobel Peace Prize with other contributors to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[8]
NIWA scientists also play a role in training future scientists (supervising 41 PhD and 10 MSc students in 2007-08[7]) and in public outreach through talking about their science to community groups, school children, media, and the general public. They also contribute to professional development training courses for environmental agencies in New Zealand and the South Pacific.
Research facilities[edit]
NIWA's wide-ranging research facilities include:
a gas laboratory which uses gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to assess the composition of gases and their isotopes in samples of air and water, and isotope analysis of solid material
an ecotoxicology laboratory for assessing the effects of contaminants – such as heavy metals, pesticides, and wastes – on aquatic organisms
aquaculture research facilities at Bream Bay in Northland and at Mahanga Bay, Wellington
an upper atmosphere research laboratory located at Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
additionally, NIWA also operates (in conjunction with Antarctica New Zealand) a suite of atmospheric in situ and remote sensing instruments at Arrival Heights, Ross Island, Antarctica.
Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory[edit]
Lauder atmospheric research laboratory
The NIWA Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory takes atmospheric measurements for the purpose of observing and better understanding interactions between the stratosphere, troposphere and global climate. This is achieved through measurements of ozone, solar radiation, aerosols and greenhouse gases.[9]
There are approximately 10 staff (scientists and technicians) working at the Laboratory (December 2015).
Location[edit]
Lauder (45.04S, 169.68E, 370 m a.s.l.) is located 33 km north-east of Alexandra, in the South Island of New Zealand.[10]
This location was chosen for the laboratory due to the area’s low horizons, clear skies, dry atmosphere, and southern latitude location.[11]
Research History[edit]
A research laboratory was originally established at Lauder in 1961 with the purpose of observing the aurora.[11][12]
In the Mid-70's Lauder was a ground tracking station for the satellite ensemble "International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies" (ISIS (satellite)).
By the late 1970s researched had shifted focus to the stratosphere.[9] This shift was driven by the fear of ozone depletion due to manufactured gases, and by the time the ozone hole was discovered. Lauder had begun measuring UV radiation, ozone, and other gases associated with ozone depletion.[13]
From the 1990s Lauder has also monitored the effects of ozone depletion on solar UV irradiance.[14]
Recently, research at Lauder has focused on interactions between climate change and ozone depletion and Lauder now measures most gases that contribute to climate change.[9]
Computer models to predict future atmospheric changes have also been developed at Lauder, and the atmospheric measurements taken at Lauder are used in climate models around the world.[9]
Measurements[edit]
Measurements of the atmosphere at Lauder can be carried out in situ, and through remote sensing.
In situ measurements are mostly done at ground-level; however balloons are launched weekly and carry out in situ measurements through the atmosphere to altitudes of approximately 30 km.[15] Data from these balloons enables atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapour, and ozone to be produced.[16]
One method of remote sensing measurements at Lauder uses a LIDAR system to generate ozone profiles to 100 km in altitude.[10] Another LIDAR measures aerosols in the atmosphere to 50 km in altitude.[10] Other remote sensing at Lauder uses UV/Vis grating and FTIR spectrometers to measure trace gases in the atmosphere.
Measurements at Lauder are also used to calibrate satellites such as OCO-2 and GOSAT.[10]
Importance[edit]
The Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory is well known throughout the international world of atmospheric research through its participation in the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC),[17] BSRN,[18] TCCON,[19] and GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN).[15][20]
Lauder has many ongoing long-term measurements, including the longest time-series of nitrogen dioxide in the world.[10]
The Laboratory is located in a data-sparse region of the globe. The oceans of the southern hemisphere and the Antarctic region play an important role in the global climate system and so measurements taken at Lauder are valuable to the global scientific community.[16]
Solar radiation measurements at Lauder are used in studies on the effects of UV radiation on human health and in the solar energy and building industries [21]
NIWA vessels[edit]
Kaharoa moored in Wellington
Foremost among NIWA’s 30 vessels[2] is the 70 metre deepwater research vessel RV Tangaroa,[22] New Zealand’s only ice-strengthened research ship. The 28 metre RV Kaharoa is used mainly for coastal research, but has gone further afield to deploy ocean-profiling Argo floats, from Chile to Mauritius.[6]
Environmental Monitoring Networks[edit]
NIWA maintains a range of monitoring networks that collect long-term environmental data, including climate information, sea level, river flows, water quality, and freshwater fish distributions and habitats.
As at 1 August 2008, NIWA had 1339 operational stations in its climate and water monitoring networks, spread throughout New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands.[6] NIWA also holds data from more than 3000 closed stations, many of which have long usable records.[6] The National Water Quality Network, for instance, has been operating at 77 sites since the 1970s.[6] It can now show long-term trends in water quality.
Environmental data[edit]
NIWA maintains several databases containing long-term records of environmental data, and species records. The National Climate Database, for instance, contains more than 250 million individual measurements (as of August 2008[update]), with records dating back to the 1850s.[6] The New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database records the occurrence of fish in fresh waters of New Zealand, including major offshore islands, and details of their habitats. As of June 2009[update], the database included more than 28 000 records. Among other things, these databases are used to detect geographical and temporal trends in the state of the environment.
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record from Baring Head, Wellington from 1977 to 2007. Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
NIWA holds the longest continuous record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere, measured at Baring Head, near Wellington, since the 1970s. Along with equivalent measurements from the Northern Hemisphere, taken at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, these records are used to model the effects of atmospheric CO2 on global climate.
The information in NIWA’s databases is in high demand. In the 2007-08 financial year, for instance, NIWA responded to more than 350 000 requests for data from its databases.[6] In July 2007, NIWA allowed free online access to archived data on climate, lake levels, river flow, sea levels, water quality, and freshwater fish.
NIWA Invertebrate Collection[edit]
The NIWA Invertebrate Collection[23] is the largest repository of marine invertebrate (animals without a backbone) specimens from the New Zealand region, southwestern Pacific, and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). It holds representatives of almost all phyla in the New Zealand region. Collected over the last 50 years and still growing, the collection holds several million specimens, ranging from single-celled organisms to giant corals. As of 2015[update], it included over 2100 type specimens of species new to science (800 holotypes and 1300 paratypes). The collection is used by scientists, teachers, and journalists throughout New Zealand and the world.
Natural Hazards Centre[edit]
In 2002 NIWA teamed up with the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science to create the Natural Hazards Centre as a New Zealand resource for all hazards information and advice. The centre develops systems to monitor and predict the following hazards: earthquakes, tsunami, floods, storms, landslides, coastal flooding and waves, coastal erosion, and volcanoes.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "NIWA Annual Report 2015–2016" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vessels". 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "NIWA homepage". Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ "NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LIMITED". business.govt.nz. 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 No 47 (as at 01 February 2011), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "2008 Year in Review of the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008 Annual Report of the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd". Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Announcement by the Royal Society of New Zealand: New Zealand Scientists Part of Nobel Award". 16 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lauder celebrating 50 years of atmospheric research". 14 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Atmospheric Research at NIWA Lauder Information Pamphlet, accessed 2 December 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Installing solar panels chance to test benefits, accessed 3 December 2015
Jump up ^ "Global Atmosphere Watch Lauder Station Information, accessed 3.12.2015". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ [McKenzie, R., Connor, B., Bodeker, G. (1999). Increased Summertime UV Radiation in New Zealand in Response to Ozone Loss. Science. [Online] 285 (5434), 1709–1711. 10.1126/science.285.5434.1709.]
Jump up ^ [McKenzie, R., Kotkamp, M., Ireland, W. (1996). Upwelling UV spectral irradiances and surface albedo measurements at Lauder, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters. [Online] 23 (14), 1757–1760. 10.1029/96GL01668]
^ Jump up to: a b "Otago research centre awarded global status". 11 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Key Central Otago site to provide climate data". Stuff.
Jump up ^ Team, CPC NDACC Web. "NDACC Station: Lauder, New Zealand". www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ wcohrs. "Baseline Surface Radiation Network: Baseline Surface Radiation Network". www.bsrn.awi.de.
Jump up ^ "TCCON – Tccon-wiki". tccon-wiki.caltech.edu.
Jump up ^ "Global Climate Observing System". 16 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "New study on UV". Stuff.
Jump up ^ "RV Tangaroa". 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "NIWA Invertebrate Collection".
External links[edit]
Official website
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research: UV-ozone research
Natural Hazards Centre
Science New Zealand (the body representing New Zealand’s eight Crown Research Institutes)
International ARGO project homepage
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text:
Third attack on Anzac Cove
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 40°14′46″N 26°16′40″E / 40.24611°N 26.27778°E / 40.24611; 26.27778
Third attack on Anzac Cove
Part of the Gallipoli Campaign

Ottoman Turkish troops Going over the top in assault on British trench-line in Anzac Cove.
Date
19 May 1915
Location
Anzac Cove, Adrianople Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Result
Allied victory
Belligerents
British Empire
Australia
New Zealand
Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
William Birdwood Essad Pasha
Units involved
ANZAC 2nd Division
5th Division
16th Division
19th Division
Strength
17,300 42,000
Casualties and losses
168 dead
468 wounded ~3,000 dead
~7,000 wounded
[show]
v
t
e
Gallipoli Campaign
Naval operations
Landing at Cape Helles
1st Krithia
2nd Krithia
3rd Krithia
Gully Ravine
Krithia Vineyard
Landing at Anzac Cove
Kumkale
* 1st Anzac Cove
2nd Anzac Cove
3rd Anzac Cove
No.3 Post
Baby 700
Landing at Suvla Bay
Sari Bair
The Nek
Lone Pine
Chunuk Bair
Scimitar Hill
Hill 60
The third attack on Anzac Cove (19 May 1915) was an engagement during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. The attack was conducted by the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, against the forces of the British Empire defending the cove.[nb 1]
On 25 April 1915, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) landed on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula, at what thereafter became known as Anzac Cove. The first Turkish attempts to recapture the ANZAC beachhead were two unsuccessful attacks in April. Just over two weeks later, the Turks had gathered a force of 42,000 men (four divisions) to conduct their second assault against the ANZAC's 17,300 men (two divisions). The ANZAC commanders had no indication of the impending attack until the day before, when British aircraft reported a build-up of troops opposite the ANZAC positions.
The Turkish assault began in the early hours of 19 May, mostly directed at the centre of the ANZAC position. It had failed by midday; the Turks were caught by enfilade fire from the defenders' rifles and machine-guns, which caused around ten thousand casualties, including three thousand deaths. The ANZACs had less than seven hundred casualties.
Expecting an imminent continuation of the battle, three Allied brigades arrived within twenty-four hours to reinforce the beachhead, but no subsequent attack materialised. Instead, on 20 and 24 May two truces were declared to collect the wounded and bury the dead in no man's land. The Turks never succeeded in capturing the bridgehead; instead the ANZACs evacuated the position at the end of the year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Beachhead
1.2 Turkish forces
1.3 ANZAC forces
2 Attack
2.1 No.2 Section
2.2 No.1 Section
2.3 No.3 Section
2.4 No.4 Section
2.5 Daylight
3 Aftermath
4 References
Background[edit]
Beachhead[edit]
On 25 April, at the start of the Gallipoli Campaign, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), commanded by Lieutenant-General William Birdwood,[2] landed at Beach Z, later to become known as Anzac Cove.[3][4][nb 2] The beachhead was not a large position. Including two isolated outposts in the north, No.1 Post and No.2 Post, it stretched south only 2 miles (3.2 km) to Chatham's Post, and at the most had a depth of 750 yards (690 m).[7][8] Other sources put the dimensions as 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long, and 1,000 yards (910 m) deep.[9] Two of the central positions, Quinn's and Courtnay's Posts, had a steep cliff to the rear of the ANZAC trenches. In places the Turkish trenches were dug as close as ten yards (9.1 m) from the Allied lines.[10]
ANZAC beachhead, No.2 Post in the north, Chatham's Post in the south. Turkish trenches are shown by the dotted line.
The First Turkish counter-attack on Anzac Cove in April, by the 19th Infantry Division (57th, 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments) commanded by Colonel Mustafa Kemal, had initially pierced the ANZAC line but was eventually repulsed. On 5 May the Turkish Army commander, the German officer Otto Liman von Sanders, ordered his troops to adopt a defensive posture. However, the Turkish General Staff considered the ANZAC beachhead to be such a precarious position that even a small Turkish success would "drive them back into the sea". Another consideration was that eliminating the ANZAC position would release four or five divisions to move against the British and French beachhead at Cape Helles.[11]
Turkish forces[edit]
The Ottoman Turkish Army of the First World War was badly underestimated by the Allies, and during the war it would defeat forces from the British, French and Russian armies.[12] Before the landings, the Gallipoli peninsula was defended by several divisions, based on infantry battalion strong-points overlooking the potential landing beaches.[13] By April 1915, they had 82 fixed and 230 mobile artillery pieces sited to defend the peninsula.[14] Virtually all the Turkish Army commanders, down to company commander level, were very experienced, being veterans of the Balkan Wars. But their command structure was weaker at the non commissioned officer (NCO) level, with only one NCO in each company.[15][nb 3] One advantage that the Turkish Army had over the British supplied forces was their hand grenades, which were not used by the British forces.[17][nb 4] The British also acknowledged that the Turkish snipers' "marksmanship was generally superior" to that of the Allies.[19]
The assault was under the direct command of Major-General Essad Pasha.[9] The plan was to gather the assault force secretly behind the Turkish lines on 18 May. Then at 03:30 19 May, while it was still dark, the Turkish forces would simultaneously attack all along the ANZAC perimeter. The aim was to force the defenders out of their trenches and back into the sea.[20] To maintain surprise the attack would not be preceded by an artillery bombardment; but the previous day all the available Turkish artillery bombarded the ANZAC lines between 17:00 and midnight. This was something they had done twice before that month.[21] The signal to start the attack was supposed to have been the detonation of a large mine at Quinn's Post, in the centre of the ANZAC lines, but by 19 May the tunnel for the mine had not been completed.[22][nb 5] The attacking force, from north to south, comprised the 19th Division (now made up of the 27th, 57th and 72nd Infantry Regiments), 5th Division (13th and 14th Infantry Regiments), 2nd Division (1st, 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments), 16th Division (33rd, 47th, 48th and 125th Infantry Regiments) and the now independent 77th Infantry Regiment. In total this was around 42,000 men. The 2nd and 16th Divisions were fresh, having just arrived on the peninsula, while the other two had taken part in some of the previous counter-attacks at Anzac Cove.[23][nb 6]
ANZAC forces[edit]
A typical ANZAC position; this is Steele's Post in May 1915.
By now the ANZAC Corps comprised two divisions, with around 17,300 men and 43 artillery pieces. The New Zealand and Australian Division defended the northern half of the beachhead, while the 1st Australian Division defended the southern half.[24] The perimeter was divided into four sections, from north to south, the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in No.4 Section, the 1st Light Horse Brigade and the 4th Australian Brigade in No.3 Section, the 1st Australian Brigade in No.2 Section, and finally the 3rd Australian Brigade in No.1 Section.[25] The understrength 2nd Australian Brigade, the only corps reserve, was held where Shrapnel Valley met Monash Valley, and was ordered to deploy two battalions to form a reserve defence line.[24] The New Zealand Infantry Brigade had been sent to Cape Helles to support the British.[26][nb 7]
The ANZAC command had no inkling of the impending attack, and as late as 16 May they recorded that they were opposed by only between 15,000 and 20,000 troops.[21] On 18 May an aircraft from the Royal Naval Air Service was sent to direct naval gunfire, and flew across the peninsula on its return. The aircraft's crew observed that the valleys opposite the ANZAC position were "densely packed with Turkish troops". A second aircraft, sent to confirm the sighting, also reported that even more troops were being landed at Eceabat on the peninsula's eastern coast, only around five miles (8.0 km) from the ANZAC beachhead. At 17:15 the news was relayed to the two ANZAC divisions, who were told to expect an attack that night.[28] Just after dark the British battleship HMS Triumph reported seeing a "considerable" number of mounted troops and artillery moving north from Krithia.[29]
At about 23:45 18 May, a Turkish bomb detonated at Quinn's Post, and the Turks opened fire with their small arms until around 00:10 19 May.[30] With all the evidence pointing to an impending Turkish assault, the ANZAC troops were ordered to stand-to at 03:00, half an hour earlier than normal, and they improvised defences by throwing out rolls of barbed wire on rests to the front of their lines.[31]
Attack[edit]
Australian troops in their trench, observing the Turkish lines through periscopes, one fixed to a rifle
No.2 Section[edit]
The first sign of the coming battle was shortly after stand-to at No.2 Section, where the Australian 4th Battalion reported seeing movement, and light reflecting off bayonets, in the valley between Johnston's Jolly and German Officers' Ridge.[30] The 5th Division started attacking without, as was normal, blowing their bugles and shouting war cries.[32] Their trenches were only two hundred yards (180 m) from the Australians' trench, and the Australian 1st and 4th Battalions opened fire on the advancing Turks. The 5th Division was closely followed by the 2nd and 16th Divisions.[33] The 2nd Division, coming from Johnson's Jolly, advanced diagonally across the 4th Battalion's front, and the 4th Battalion engaged them in their flank with rifle and machine-gun fire. The Turks that survived the enfilade fire moved either into Wire Gully or back to their own lines. Waves of Turkish reinforcements attempted to follow the first line, but they were also mown down and by daylight the only movement seen was the wounded trying to reach help.[34][35]
To the immediate south, opposite Lone Pine, the Australian 2nd and 3rd Battalions had been digging a new trench into no man's land. It was intended to provide a better firing position and, starting from both battalions' lines, headed into no man's land at an angle of forty-five degrees to the old line. Eventually it was expected that the two extensions would meet in the middle, but by the time of the attack there was still a gap of around fifty yards (46 m) between them. It was here the Turkish 16th Division attacked. At first the Turks were in a gully which sheltered them from Australian fire. The 48th Infantry Regiment, moving through the heavy Australian fire, advanced into the gap between the two battalions. Despite one of the 3rd Battalion's machine-guns jamming, this assault and the following waves were beaten back, although some Turks did reach the Australian trenches. The Turks came so close to the supporting Australian artillery that the artillerymen disabled their guns, so they could not be used against them, and joined the infantry in the trenches.[36] The 16th Division attempted four successive assaults, but each wave was mown down by the Australian fire.[37] At Wire Gully a group of Turks got close enough to a 2nd Battalion machine-gun to destroy it with a hand grenade, allowing them to move forward and reach the Australian trench. Some individual Turkish soldiers also reached the trench before they were all shot down. This continued until around 05:00, when the surviving Turks started withdrawing to German Officers' Ridge.[35][38]
No.1 Section[edit]
Turkish troops going over the top
Part of the 16th Division also attacked the 3rd Brigade in No.1 Section from Lone Pine southwards. They advanced in two waves through a field of wheat, but only three men survived the Australian fire to reach the 10th Battalion's trench, and were then shot on the parapet. Turkish wounded and survivors could be seen moving back to a gully, but in the growing light they were in full view of an 11th Battalion machine-gun, which caused devastation amongst their ranks. The Australians continued firing at targets until around noon, but it was obvious the assault by the 16th Division had failed here.[39] In the extreme south of the ANZAC beachhead the 9th Battalion trench was attacked by the independent 77th Infantry Regiment. However, here as elsewhere, the attacking Turks were whittled down by the Australian fire, the last of them as they reached the belt of barbed wire in front of the Australian trenches.[40]
No.3 Section[edit]
Another part of the 5th Division had gathered unseen below Courtnay's Post, which was held by the 14th Battalion, and at 04:00 they rushed the trench, throwing hand grenades. The post was only defended by an Australian section, two of whom were killed and another two wounded; as the Turks occupied that part of the post the surviving Australians retreated. The Turks were now in a position to observe and bring fire down on Monash Valley. However, from another section of the post Private Albert Jacka led a small group of men in a counter-attack on the Turks. Jacka shot five of the Turks, bayoneted another two, and chased the rest out of the post. For this feat he was awarded the Victoria Cross.[35][41][42]
Next in the line, to the north, was Quinn's Post, defended by the 15th Battalion and the 2nd Light Horse Regiment.[43] For some time after the start of the Turkish attack, the Turks opposite Quinn's just threw hand grenades at the post. Around 03:30 the Turks' machine-guns and rifles opened fire at the Australians. This lasted for about an hour when the Turks went over the top and assaulted the post. As elsewhere, they were stopped by the weight of the Australian fire, not only from the trench they were attacking, but also by the defenders at Pope's and from the 2nd New Zealand Artillery Battery. Three more Turkish attacks were also repulsed in a similar fashion.[35][44]
On the other side of Monash Valley, the right flank of the 5th Division and the 19th Division attacked Pope's. Sentries from the 1st Light Horse Regiment opened fire on a group of Turks moving down the valley; this group, several hundred strong, started an attack on Pope's. The defenders from the 1st and 3rd Light Horse Regiments opened fire, and only three Turkish soldiers reached the Australian positions before being shot.[45]
No.4 Section[edit]
On Russell's Top the Auckland Mounted Rifles were in a precarious position; their trenches were still far from being fully constructed, and three saps heading towards The Nek had yet to be joined up. The 19th Division, using hand grenades, attacked the New Zealanders' position in three waves. The Wellington Mounted Rifles to the north were able to bring their machine-guns to bear on the attackers. The flanking fire caused devastation amongst the Turkish ranks. At the same time the Aucklands charged them in a counter-attack, forcing the survivors to withdraw.[45][46]
ANZAC soldier giving a wounded Turk a drink
Daylight[edit]
All along the ANZAC perimeter, Turkish troops continued trying to advance using fire and manoeuvre. This gradually petered out as the morning progressed, and the Turks tried to regain their own lines instead. The Australians and New Zealanders continued to fire on them, sometimes showing themselves above their trenches. The Turks were now able to return fire, which caused the majority of the ANZAC casualties.[47] It was now clear to the Australians and New Zealanders that the Turkish attack was a failure. However, a report arrived at Turkish headquarters suggesting that some objectives had been captured. So the Turkish commanders issued orders, at 05:00, for a second assault, this time to be supported by an artillery bombardment. Over the next few hours several new attacks began. At 05:25 the 2nd and 5th Divisions attacked again, but instead of moving directly at the Australian lines, they advanced at an angle, and were again mown down.[48][49] At No.1 Post in the No.4 Section the Canterbury Mounted Rifles observed the Turks forming in Malone's Gully, in preparation for another assault on Russell's Top. The location of the post was such that they could turn their machine-gun and engage the Turks from the rear, which broke up the attack. The Turks attacked Quinn's four more times, and on one occasion an officer and around thirty men managed to reach the junction of Courtney's and Quinn's before being killed. This pattern of attack was kept up until around 10:00, when Allied observers reported a reluctance among the Turkish troops to leave their trenches.[35][50]
The seriousness of the Turkish defeat gradually dawned on the ANZAC commanders. At 05:25 Birdwood suggested to his junior commanders that they counter-attack against the Turkish flanks. But he was convinced that any attack into the Turkish artillery was doomed to failure. However, at 15:35 British General Headquarters (GHQ) ordered him to exploit the situation and use any opportunity to attack. Birdwood replied that anything less than a general assault would be futile.[51] In the northern sector Major-General Alexander Godley, commanding the New Zealand and Australian Division, decided to attack. The Wellington Mounted Rifles was ordered to attack the Turkish trenches at The Nek. The trench that was their first objective was one hundred yards (91 m) across no man's land with no cover at all. The regiment prepared to obey the order, but arranged the attack so that no single squadron would be wiped out. The men were selected in equal proportion from all three squadrons, and Captain William Hardham VC was chosen to command them. Brigadier-General Andrew Russell, commanding the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, contacted Godley to advise him of the circumstances of such an attack, and Russell was told to "use his own judgement" so promptly called it off.[52][53] The Turks kept up their artillery bombardment on the beachhead for the remainder of the day. That, along with a prisoner disclosing that another attack was imminent, persuaded GHQ to recall the New Zealand Infantry Brigade from Cape Helles to Anzac Cove that night.[51]
Aftermath[edit]
By the end of the day the ANZAC artillery had expended 1,361 18-pounder rounds, 143 howitzer rounds, 1,410 smaller mountain artillery rounds, and 948,000 rifle and machine-gun rounds.[54] Turkish figures are not known, but the attacking Turkish forces had around ten thousand casualties,[55] including three thousand dead.[35][nb 8] The heaviest casualties were amongst the 5th Division, and the least for the relatively inactive 19th Division, which still had over one thousand casualties.[54] Talking about the failed attack, one Turkish soldier described the scene "[c]ountless dead, countless! It was impossible to count."[57] The ANZACs had only 160 killed and 468 wounded.[35][57] Among the Australian dead was Private John Simpson Kirkpatrick, whose exploits in the campaign earned him a place in Australian folklore as "the Man with the Donkey".[58][59]
No man's land during the truce
The next day, 20 May, the smell of rotting corpses in no man's land and the numerous wounded still located between the lines convinced the New Zealand and Australian Division staff to suggest an armistice. Soon an informal truce began under the flags of the Red Cross and Red Crescent.[60] Turkish stretcher-bearers headed into no man's land to collect the dead and wounded. Just after 19:00 it appeared that the Turks were massing troops for an attack while gathering their wounded, so the 9th Battalion opened fire on them. The Turks responded with their artillery bombarding the Australian trenches.[61][62]
By now the beachhead had been reinforced; the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and the 3rd Light Horse Brigade had all arrived during the day. Communication between the two sides resulted in a more formal truce on 24 May. At 07:30 all firing ceased and parties moved out to bury the dead. This lasted until 16:30 when the truce ended and both sides returned to their own lines. Firing recommenced at 16:45.[63][64] The Turkish commanders now realised just what would be required to capture the beachhead. Instead of trying again they left two of their depleted divisions, the 16th and 19th, to man their lines while the others were withdrawn. The still independent 77th Infantry Regiment also remained behind, in the same position covering the south.[65]
The Turks never succeeded in capturing the beachhead, and at the end of the year the ANZAC forces were evacuated to Egypt. During the 260 days of the Gallipoli Campaign, the British Empire forces took 213,980 casualties.[66] 35,000 of those were from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps,[67] which included 8,709 Australian and 2,721 New Zealand dead.[68][69] The exact number of Turkish casualties is not known, but has been estimated at 87,000 dead[70] from a total of around 250,000 casualties.[71]
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ At the time of the First World War, the modern Turkish state did not exist, and instead it was part of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. While the terms have distinct historical meanings, within many English-language sources the terms "Turkey" and "Ottoman Empire" are used synonymously, although sources differ in their approaches.[1] The sources used in this article predominantly use the term "Turkey".
Jump up ^ While Australians and New Zealanders formed the vast majority, many other units also landed there. These included the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps, the Indian Mule Cart Transport, the Zion Mule Corps, the 7th Indian Mountain Artillery and the Royal Naval Brigade.[5] The beach was called Ari Burnu until 1985, when it was officially renamed Anzac Cove by the then Turkish government.[6]
Jump up ^ By comparison a British infantry company had ten sergeants, and several more junior NCOs.[16]
Jump up ^ The patent for the British Mills bomb hand grenade was not filed until 15 June 1915.[18]
Jump up ^ The mine was eventually detonated in the early hours of 29 May.[22]
Jump up ^ Some Turkish sources differ on the numbers of troops involved. Amin Bey says there were 47,000 men, while Kiazim Pasha says there were only 30,000 men.[23]
Jump up ^ While the mounted and light horse brigades had an establishment of around 1,900 men, when dismounted their rifle strength was only the equivalent of an infantry battalion.[27]
Jump up ^ Moorhead in 1997 claimed there were 5,000 dead.[56]
Citations
Jump up ^ Fewster, Basarin, Basarin 2003, pp.xi–xii
Jump up ^ "No. 29115". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 March 1915. p. 3099.
Jump up ^ "Dardenelles (sic) Commission report: conclusions". National Archives. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The landing at Anzac Cove". The Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "ANZAC Cove". Australian Government. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Fewster, Basarin, Basarin 2003, p.12
Jump up ^ Waite 1919, p.136
Jump up ^ Powles 1928, p.27
^ Jump up to: a b Moorhead 1997, p.146
Jump up ^ Moorehead 1997, pp.146–147
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.132
Jump up ^ Erickson 2007, p.1
Jump up ^ Erickson 2007, p.16
Jump up ^ Erickson 2007, p.18
Jump up ^ Erickson 2007, p.26
Jump up ^ Gudmundsson 2005, p.28
Jump up ^ Waite 1919, p.149
Jump up ^ "Mills Grenade and other like apparatus". US Patents. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Nicolle 2010, p.20
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.133
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.136
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron 2013, p.39
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.135
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.139
Jump up ^ Bryne 1922, p.36
Jump up ^ Sumner 2011, p.8
Jump up ^ Kinloch 2005, pp.30–32
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.137–138
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.138
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.140
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.138–139
Jump up ^ Moorehead 1997, p.149
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.140–141
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.141–142
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "No. 29303". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 September 1915. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.142–143
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.144
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.147–148
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.145–146
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.146
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.149–150
Jump up ^ "No. 29240". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 1915. p. 7279.
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.152
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.154–155
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.151
Jump up ^ Waite 1919, p.140
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.155–156
Jump up ^ Morehead 1997, p.150
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.157–158
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.159
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.164
Jump up ^ Wilkie 1924, pp.21–23
Jump up ^ Nicol 1921, pp.42–43
^ Jump up to: a b Bean 1941, p.162
Jump up ^ "Early Battles". New Zealand History. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Moorhead 1997, p.151
^ Jump up to: a b "Turkish counter-attack". Australian Government. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Simpson and his donkey". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "John Kirkpatriick". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Moorhead 1997, pp.152–153
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.166
Jump up ^ Waite 1919, p.142
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, pp.166–168
Jump up ^ Waite 1919, pp.142–145
Jump up ^ Bean 1941, p.168
Jump up ^ "Dardanelles Campaign". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Tucker 2013, p.56
Jump up ^ "Australian fatalities at Gallipoli". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gallipoli Campaign". New Zealand History. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gallipoli". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affair and Trade. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Fewster, Basarin, Basarin 2003, p.6
Bibliography
Bean, Charles (1941). Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. II (11th ed.). Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-1586-4. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
Byrne, J. (1922). New Zealand Artillery in the Field 1914–18. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs.
Cameron, David Wayne (2013). Shadows of Anzac: An Intimate History of Gallipoli. Newport: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 1-922132-19-5.
Erickson, Edward. J (2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-203-96456-X.
Fewster, Kevin; Basarin, Vecihi; Basarin, Hatice Hurmuz (2003). Gallipoli: The Turkish Story. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-045-5.
Gudmundsson, Bruce (2005). The British Expeditionary Force 1914–15. Battle Orders. 16. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-902-9.
Kinloch, Terry (2005). Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen. Wollombe: Exisle. ISBN 0-908988-60-5.
Moorhead, Alan (1997). Gallipoli. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 1-85326-675-2.
Nicol, C.G. (1921). The Story of Two Campaigns: Official War History of the Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Wilson and Horton. ISBN 1-84734-341-4.
Nicolle, David (2010). Ottoman Infantryman 1914–18. Warrior. 145. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84603-506-6.
Powles, Charles Guy (1928). The History of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84734-393-2.
Sumner, Ian (2011). ANZAC Infantryman 1914–15: From New Guinea to Gallipoli. Warrior. 155. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84908-328-2.
Tucker, Spencer (2013). The European Powers in the First World War. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 1-135-50694-9.
Waite, Fred (1919). The New Zealanders at Gallipoli. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 1-4077-9591-0.
Wilkie, A. H. (1924). Official War History of the Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, 1914–1919. Auckland: Whitcombe and Tombs. ISBN 978-1-84342-796-4.
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Jacob Black
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Jacob Black
Twilight character
Jacob Black as portrayed by Taylor Lautner in New Moon.
First appearance
Twilight
Last appearance
Breaking Dawn
Created by
Stephenie Meyer
Portrayed by
Taylor Lautner
Information
Nickname(s)
Jake
Species
Shape Shifter
Gender
Male
Occupation
Protector of La Push
Title
Beta/Alpha's Second (New Moon and Eclipse), Alpha/Leader (Breaking Dawn)
Family
Billy Black (father),
Sarah Black (mother, deceased),
Rachael and Rebecca (older twin sisters),
Ephraim Black (great-grandfather, deceased),
Quil Ateara V (second cousin)
Significant other(s)
Renesmee Cullen (imprinted)
Nationality
American
Jacob "Jake" Black is a character in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer. He is described as an attractive Native American of the Quileute tribe in La Push, near Forks, Washington. In the second book of the series (New Moon), he discovers that he can shapeshift into a wolf. For the majority of the series, Jacob competes with Edward Cullen for Bella Swan's love. In the films Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn: Part 1, and Breaking Dawn: Part 2, Jacob is played by Taylor Lautner.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Role in the books
2.1 Twilight Saga
2.2 New Moon
2.3 Eclipse
2.4 Breaking Dawn
3 Characterization
3.1 Physical appearance
3.2 Personality and abilities
4 Film portrayal
5 Team Jacob
6 References
7 External links
Concept and creation[edit]
According to Stephenie Meyer, Jacob was originally meant to be a device through which Bella could learn Edward's secret in Twilight. Meyer, her agent, and her editor all liked the character so much that they decided to give him a larger role in the following book, New Moon, with Meyer referring to the character as, "my favorite gift that New Moon gave to me."[1]
"Jacob was my first experience with a character taking over—a minor character developing such roundness and life that I couldn't keep him locked inside a tiny role....From the very beginning, even when Jacob only appeared in chapter six of Twilight, he was so alive. I liked him. More than I should for such a small part."
Meyer has said that after Jacob started emerging as a prominent character in New Moon.
Role in the books[edit]
Twilight Saga[edit]
Jacob is given a small role in the first book of the series. He is introduced as the son of Billy Black, an old Swan family friend. When Bella uses him to get information on Edward Cullen and his family, Jacob tells her Quileute legends and introduces her to the idea that Edward is a vampire. Bella comes to like Jacob, and he develops a crush on her.[2]
New Moon[edit]
In New Moon, Jacob's character is used as a device to help Bella emerge from her months-long depression, brought on by her distress over Edward's departure. The friendship between the two characters grows strong, but Jacob also develops romantic feelings for Bella that she does not reciprocate. It is revealed that, as a member of the Quileute tribe, Jacob is descended from an ancient line of "shapeshifters" that assume wolf form. In their backstory, the Quileutes and vampires are mortal enemies. When Jacob undergoes his first transformation into a wolf in front of Bella, it is in response to Paul, one of the pack members who becomes enraged when he was slapped by Bella, causing him to phase and attempt to attack her. Jacob rushes outside to defend Bella, and he jumps high over her and phases in midair. Jacob rushes at Paul first and bites and pushes him. Jacob is shown in this scene to be very talented even when this was his first transformation at attacking and countering Paul as he is able to hit him before he has a chance to attack. A scene shows him tackling Paul causing him to crash into a boat rack. He and Paul later arrive at Emily Young's house and Paul apologizes to Bella. Soon, he becomes busy patrolling the forest with his pack, searching for vampires in the area. When Bella is caught by the vampire Laurent alone in a clearing, she is saved by Jacob and the wolf pack, who chase and kill Laurent. Sam first emerges from the woods, Laurent noticing more emerge runs away. Sam closes in on him but is struck back by Laurent just before he was about to tackle him. He later claims that Laurent was nothing but a simple kill. During the chase, Laurent is cornered by part of the pack while Jacob goes for the kill. Jacob and his friends are able to cover a range of 1.67 miles in just 1 minute meaning they are able to run at nearly or close to 100 mph at full run.
Jacob serves as a rescue for Bella and a foil to Edward on multiple occasions in the narrative. When Bella, who has taken increasingly dangerous risks to feel closer to Edward, impulsively jumps off a cliff and almost drowns, Jacob rescues her. After Edward mistakenly believes she has died and plans to kill himself, Bella and Alice Cullen, rush to Italy to prevent his suicide, leaving Jacob heartbroken. Jacob is disgusted by Edward's return and by Bella's willingness to take Edward back after he left her. Jacob reminds Edward of his tribe's treaty with the Cullen family, which states that the Cullens are not allowed to bite humans. Bella interrupts and points out to Jacob that she wants to become a vampire, and it's her own decision. This angers Jacob, and he attempts to start a fight with Edward. Edward decides to leave with Bella, but Jacob grabs him and says: "You don't speak for her." causing Edward to uppercut punch him into the air, causing him to transform. Edward and Jacob are stopped immediately by Bella as she says: "You can't harm each other without harming me." Jacob, now feeling full of guilt and knowing that he would not harm her due to him still having a tremendous crush on her and her being his best and closest friend, decides to accept her wish, but he is feeling hurt by her decision which causes him to run away.[3]
Eclipse[edit]
In Eclipse, Jacob, enraged that Bella plans to become a vampire, attempts to distance himself by not returning her phone calls and refusing to see her. Later, during the scene when Jacob visits Bella and Edward to discuss the vampire Victoria's return, he tells Bella that he misses her and wishes that they could remain friends. With Edward's approval, Bella begins to visit Jacob on a regular basis. On one of these visits, Jacob tells Bella that he is in love with her and that he wants her to choose him over Edward. Bella is caught off guard by his confession and tells him she only thinks of him as a friend. He forcibly kisses her, and she reacts by punching him in the face. This breaks her hand, though it does not affect Jacob because he is a werewolf and doesn't get hurt easily. This act later enrages Edward, and the two get into a heated argument in front of Bella's house. They come extremely close to a physical fight, until Bella pushes Edward always and pleads for them to stop. Edward, still fuming with rage, tells Jacob that if Bella gives him the word, he will harm him. Bella's father comes outside at that moment, and demands to know what's going on. Jacob admits that he kissed Bella, and she broke her hand punching him. Jacob apologizes and leaves.
Later on, Jacob's shapeshifter wolf pack and the Cullen family join forces to defeat Victoria and the army of newborn vampires she has created. The wolf pack have agreed to meet at their house. They are in their wolf form as they don't trust the Cullen's enough to be in their human form as they possibly believe this to be a plot to destroy the pack. Carlisle greets them and tells how they should accurately and successfully attack a newborn. Sam telepathically asks what a newborn is and what the difference is between them and the newborn. He tells them that the newborns are a fresh breed of vampires that were humans forcibly turned with a combination of both human and vampire strength with most of their human element relying on intelligence. Carlisle tells them that they should never let a single one get their arms around them as they are strong enough to crush their bodies. He also says that they should never go for the "obvious" kill as they can get outnumbered easily and lose most of the pack. As the Cullen's demonstrate their tactics to the wolves on how they deal with newborns, Jacob also in his wolf form comes up to Bella. He nudges close to her as he still has a crush on her. She tells Jacob that if they join this attack many of them could get hurt or even killed. In response Jacob places his head in front of her and she pets him. Suddenly Edwards sees this and Jacob looks at him with a disgusted and annoyed look and walks off. The night before the battle, Edward and Jacob are alone with Bella on the top of a mountain. They are there, in a secluded spot, to protect her from Victoria and her blood-hungry army. It is night, and a blizzard beats at their tent. Bella is freezing to death, huddled in a blanket hold and shivering violently. Edward watches on with despair, as he can do nothing to help because his vampire skin is ice-cold. Jacob, being a werewolf, is never cold and has very a warm body. Because of his enhanced senses he can hear Bella's teeth chattering as he claims that he "can't sleep with all that teeth chattering going on." He moves forward to lay down with Bella, knowing his body heat would keep her warm. Edward shoves him away, outraged, and says he will not go near her. Jacob demands that Edward lets him go. Bella, hardly conscious, pleads for them not to fight. Jacob insists that Bella needs his warmth, and reluctantly Edward lets him crawl into the blankets with her. She cuddles into his warmth, still hardly conscious. Bella stops shaking and chattering. She falls asleep in his arms. While she is sleeping, Edward and Jacob begin to talk quietly. As the night wears on, their private conversation softens and the two become closer.
Right before the battle the next morning, Jacob overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement. He did not know about this, because Bella was trying to keep it a secret until the battle was over, for she knew he'd be reckless with his anger. Jacob is outraged, and refuses to believe that Bella truly loves Edward more than him. He threatens suicide by hoping he'd be killed in the battle. He is about to run off to join the soon-to-be-battle. Bella, in an attempt to stop him from getting killed, demands to be kissed by him. Jacob doesn't hesitate, and he kisses her passionately. Then, he leaves for the battle and Bella feels relieved to know that he no longer wants to be killed while fighting. After he is gone, she comes to the realization that she does love Jacob.
In the battle, Jacob fights ferociously and savagely. He is in his wolf form as is the rest of the pack. He kills many vampires and together, with the Cullens, they defeat Victoria's newborn army. The battle is over, but one newborn vampire who had remained hidden the whole time, emerges from hiding. Leah, one of the wolves, immediately attacks. The enemy vampire wraps his arms around her neck and tries to strangle her, but Jacob lunges forward and knocks him off. They engage in a brief but vicious fight. Jacob falls and the vampire crushes his body with violent force. At once the vampire is pulled off by the other wolves and killed. Jacob is now back in human form. He is writhing on the ground naked and in extreme agony. Carlisle, the doctor vampire, announces that the bones in the right half of his body are crushed. The other wolves, now back in their human form too, stare in horror as Carlisle continues to inspect him. He tells the others that Jacob is healing from but at an extremely low rate and says that he needs to re-align Jacobs bones in order to speed up his healing. Leah is full of guilt and shame, and insists that she "had him" [the vampire]. Sam tells her to shut up. Sam suggested that they bring Jacob back to Billy's house so he start helping Jacob. Then, they haul Jacob off the ground and carry him off.
At Jacob's house, Bella overhears Jacob screaming in pain as Carlisle re-aligns him. One of the pack tells Bella that Carlisle is doing this to speed up Jacobs healing. He is in bed with a high fever. Bella is worried and apologizes to him, wishing he'll get better soon. She also admits that it was a mistake to kiss him, and tries to tell him that even if she does love him, he has to accept that it is Edward who truly lies in her heart. Then she leaves, and Jacob his angered and deeply hurt.
The epilogue is written from Jacob's point of view; angry and heartbroken at Bella's decision to become a vampire. He runs away in his wolf form to escape his pain.[4]
Breaking Dawn[edit]
Jacob returns after an absence of several weeks to attend Bella and Edward's wedding in Breaking Dawn. Though described as being still visibly pained by her decision, he tells Bella that he wants her to be happy. Bella tells him that she and Edward plan to have a normal honeymoon before she becomes a vampire. Jacob becomes enraged, because he knows that Edward's vampire strength could kill her. Sam and the rest of the pack stop him before he phases into wolf form and gets into a fight with Edward.
When Bella and Edward return from their honeymoon, Jacob becomes the narrator of the story for several chapters, during which he learns that she is pregnant with Edward's half-human, half-vampire baby and is extremely ill. When Jacob informs the pack of Bella's pregnancy, their leader Sam Uley plans an attack on the Cullens in order to kill Bella and her unborn child because of the threat he believes the child presents. Jacob, who feels that the Cullens are innocent, fights back against Sam and leaves the pack. Fulfilling his birthright as Alpha wolf, he is joined in a new pack by Seth and Leah Clearwater, who aid Jacob in protecting the Cullens. After the birth of Renesmee Carlie Cullen, Edward and Bella's daughter, Jacob "imprints" - an involuntary response in which a wolf finds his soulmate - on her. Afterward, Jacob is completely over Bella, and they remain close friends. The relationship between Jacob and the Cullens is also dispelled, and he and Edward come to view each other as friends after Jacob emotionally bonds with Renesmee.[5]
Characterization[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Physical appearance[edit]
Wolf form: Jacob's wolf form is that of a large russet brown wolf. He has equivalent abilities to his brothers. He is shown to be very intelligent in both reasoning and coordinating others. He is the largest and strongest wolf in the pack.
Human form: In the first film, Jacob has a very skinny physique that undergoes major physical changes by the second film. Being a werewolf, Jacob develops a massive physique. He is able to lift heavy objects that no human is capable of picking up. For example, a dirt bike he easily picked up from his father's truck. After becoming a wolf, he cuts off his long hair and gets the Quileute tattoo on his upper right arm.
Personality and abilities[edit]
Bella describes Jacob as a "happy person" who extends his happiness to the people around him. As Jacob's character emerges in New Moon, he is shown to be cheery, passionate, and adventurous, but hot-headed. Jacob is also able to shape-shift at will into a giant wolf, and sometimes when angered he will involuntarily phase. His body temperature is warmer than a human's body should be, reaching about 108.9 °F (42.7 °C), which allows him to withstand very cold weather. In human form, his body heals within seconds, he possesses superhuman strength and speed, has a high durability rate, sharp senses and free running abilities. In wolf form he can communicate with his wolf pack telepathically, has enhanced superhuman strength and speed and a substantial size increase. While in wolf form, his teeth can cut through the granite-hard bodies of a vampire with ease. Members of Quileute wolf-pack do age if they do not phase for a long time, which was pointed out when they were talking about the tribe's history, as long as they phase from every now and again they don't age with Jacob's body physically grown to the equivalent of a 25-year-old in Breaking Dawn but stopping after that. Jacob is the largest and strongest of the pack. Once they begin phasing, a Quileute shape-shifter may "imprint" - a method of finding one's soulmate - on someone, and will act as whatever the imprintee wants or needs, whether it be an older brother, friend, protector, or lover. Jacob imprints on Edward and Bella's newborn daughter, Renesmee in Breaking Dawn.
While treating Jacob in Eclipse, Carlisle takes a blood sample and runs some tests on it. He discovers that he has 24 pairs of chromosomes, one more than a human. A distinction is made in Breaking Dawn between the old world Children of the Moon ("true werewolves") and this shape-shifting Quileute tribe. The former are held to be a more ferocious and territorial type, with a transformative venomous bite and who involuntarily phase as do traditional werewolves on the full moon. The latter are implied as being blessed with the supernatural ability to shapeshift into other giant animals or "spirits of nature".
Film portrayal[edit]
Taylor Lautner
Taylor Lautner played the part of Jacob Black in the film adaptation of Twilight.[6] Due to major physical changes in the character of Jacob between Twilight and New Moon, director Chris Weitz considered replacing Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray "the new, larger Jacob Black."[7] In an attempt to keep the role, Lautner stated, "I have been working out. I've been working out since the day we finished filming Twilight. I just weighed myself today; I've put on 19 pounds... [and] I'm guaranteeing Weitz 11 more [pounds] by filming."[8] Lautner would continue to play the role of Jacob in New Moon,[9] and all the subsequent films. He also did his own stunts.
Team Jacob[edit]
Many fans of the Twilight franchise, particularly teenagers, have debated whether Edward or Jacob is the better match for Bella. Both sides of the debate have coalesced around informal "teams" of followers, whether "Team Jacob" or "Team Edward". In a poll done by Novel Novice Twilight and appearing on NNT News in 2008, Team Jacob got 2,641 votes and Team Edward got 5,130 votes. A poll done by Top 7 with over 43,000 votes had Jacob trailing Edward by around 3,000 votes.[10]
Lautner portrayed a diehard Edward supporter in a December 12, 2009 sketch lampooning Twilight fans on Saturday Night Live.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "New Moon Story". www.StephenieMeyer.com. Stepheniemeyer.com. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2005). Twilight. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York City: Little, Brown. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-316-01584-4.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2006). New Moon. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-316-16019-3.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2007). Eclipse. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-316-16020-9.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Stephenie (2008). Breaking Dawn. Twilight series. Park Avenue, New York: Little, Brown. p. 756. ISBN 978-0-316-06792-8.
Jump up ^ "'Twilight' to film one or two days in LaPush". www.peninsuladailynews.com. 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
Jump up ^ Larry Carroll (2008-12-15). "'New Moon' Casting News: Michael Copon, Ben Barnes Push For Roles In 'Twilight' Sequel". MTV. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
Jump up ^ Larry Carroll (2008-12-18). "'Twilight' Exclusive: Taylor Lautner Talks About His Campaign To Stay On 'New Moon'". MTV. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Lautner to Reprise His Role as Jacob in New Moon" (Press release). Summit Entertainment. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Top Twilight Characters" Archived 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine.. Top7. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (December 14, 2009). "Taylor Lautner On 'SNL' Recap: Defending Taylor Swift, Joining Team Edward And More". Hollywood Crush, MTV.
External links[edit]
Twilight portal
Fictional characters portal
Stephenie Meyer Official Website
Facebook.com: Jacob Black
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values: Джейкоб Блек – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values:
suggestions
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