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Do You Know the Way to San Jose
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"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" became an international best-seller in 1968.
Single by Dionne Warwick
from the album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls
B-side
"Let Me Be Lonely"
Released
April 1968
Format
7" single
Recorded
1967 at Bell Sound Studios; engineer, Ed Smith
Genre
Soul, pop
Length
2:58
Label
Scepter SCE-12216
Songwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Producer(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Dionne Warwick singles chronology
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
(1968) "Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
(1968) "Who Is Gonna Love Me"
(1968)
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
(1968) #2 "Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
(1968) #10 "Who Is Gonna Love Me"
(1968) #33
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" is a 1968 popular song written and composed for singer Dionne Warwick by Burt Bacharach. Hal David wrote the lyrics. The song was Warwick's biggest international hit to that point, selling several million copies worldwide and winning Warwick her first Grammy Award. David's lyrics tell the story of a native of San Jose, California who, having failed to break into the entertainment field in Los Angeles, is set to return to her hometown.
The song was released on the 1968 RIAA Certified Gold album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls. "Do You Know the Way to San Jose" was issued as the follow-up single to the double-sided hit "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"/ "I Say a Little Prayer" in April 1968. It became Warwick's third consecutive Top Ten song in the closing months of 1967 and into 1968, punctuating the most successful period of Warwick's recording career.
The song peaked at #8 in the UK, Ireland, and Canada. It also charted highly in France, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, Israel, Lebanon, Japan,and many other countries throughout the world. The single was one of the most successful of Warwick's international hits, selling over 3,500,000 copies worldwide. The flip-side of the single, "Let Me Be Lonely," also penned by Bacharach/David, charted in the Billboard Hot 100 as well and became one of many double-sided hits for Warwick.
Contents
1 Production
2 Awards
3 Chart performance
4 Covers
5 In other media
6 References
7 External links
Production[edit]
Bacharach had composed the music for the song before David wrote its lyrics. David had a special interest in San Jose, having been stationed there while in the Navy.[1]
The track was the last Dionne Warwick single to be recorded at New York City's Bell Studios. It features a prominent use of bass drum, played by session musician Gary Chester. The engineer was Ed Smith, who devised the famous introduction to the tune by directly attaching a mike to the head of Chester's bass drum.
Warwick did not like "Do You Know the Way to San Jose," and she had to be convinced to record it. In a May 1983 interview with Ebony, she said: "It's a dumb song and I didn't want to sing it. But it was a hit, just like [her recent Top Ten hit] 'Heartbreaker' is. I'm happy these songs were successful, but that still doesn't change my opinion about them."[2] Though she still does not like it, the song remains one of Warwick's most popular chart selections, and she still includes it in almost every concert she performs.
Awards[edit]
Warwick won her first Grammy, the 1969 Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, for "Do You Know the Way to San Jose." She told Jet in May 2002 that winning this award was the overall highlight of her career.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts
Billboard Hot
100 *** Cash Box
Top 100
Billboard
R&B
Billboard
Easy
Listening
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
IRELAND
UK
NZ
[3]
#10 *** #10 #23 #4 #15 #8 #8 #8 #20
Year-end chart (1968)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [4] 88
Covers[edit]
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" has also been recorded by Connie Francis, Rita Reys, The George Shearing Quintet, The Avalanches, The Baja Marimba Band, The Temptations and The Supremes together, Neil Diamond, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Nancy Sinatra, The Starlite Orchestra, De-Phazz, Jim O'Rourke, Bossa Rio (1970), Trijntje Oosterhuis, Paper Dolls, and the Carpenters, among others.
Non-English renderings of the song include "Le chemin pour San José" by Ginette Reno – #8 Québécois hit for the year 1968 – , "Heiß ist der Kaffee in San José" by Corry Brokken, "Snart Så Stiger Solen Upp Igen" by Siw Malmkvist and "La route du bonheur" by Liliane Saint-Pierre.
Warwick re-recorded the song as a salsa-flavored collaboration with Celia Cruz and the Pete Escovedo Orchestra for her 1998 album Dionne Sings Dionne.
The song has been recorded on various Burt Bacharach tribute albums, including by Medeski Martin & Wood on Great Jewish Music: Burt Bacharach (1997), by both Yazz and Dionne Warwick (separately) on Tribute to Burt Bacharach & Hal David (2002), by Trijntje Oosterhuis on The Look of Love (2006), and by Kahimi Karie on All Kinds of People ~Love Burt Bacharach~ (2010).
In 1977, Maureen McCormick, Geri Reischl & Susan Olsen performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.
In other media[edit]
During the early and mid-1990s, San Jose-based KNTV used the first notes of the song in its news theme.
In 1968 through 1969, the Chrysler-Dodge Corporation used the tune to promote the Dodge Challenger and Charger in television commercials airing in the USA and Canada.
In the film The Scout, the character played by Brendan Fraser listens to the song on headphones while flying and disturbs other flyers by singing it off-key.
The song was one of many California related songs played throughout "Sunshine Plaza" in the original Disney California Adventure.[5]
The song opens and closes the pilot episode of Helix, in each case playing over tense scenes featuring Peter Farragut. The song appears again in the opener of Helix Season 2 when Julia arrives to the island.
The song was parodied on an episode of MadTV entitled "Ebay".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dominic, Serene (2003). Burt Bacharach, song by song: the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans. New York City: Schirmer Trade Books. p. 190. ISBN 0-8256-7280-5.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (May 1983). "Dionne Wardwick Speaks Out for Strong Black Women". Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company: 100. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. 1968-08-23. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1968/Top 100 Songs of 1968". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sunshine Plaza". Theme Park Music. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Dionne Warwick
Discography
Studio albums
Presenting Dionne Warwick (1963)
Anyone Who Had a Heart (1964)
Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964)
The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick (1965)
Here I Am (1965)
Here Where There Is Love (1966)
On Stage and in the Movies (1967)
The Windows of the World (1967)
Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls (1968)
Promises, Promises (1968)
Soulful (1969)
I'll Never Fall in Love Again (1970)
Very Dionne (1970)
Dionne (1979)
No Night So Long (1980)
Friends in Love (1982)
Heartbreaker (1982)
How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye (1983)
Finder of Lost Loves (1985)
Friends (1985)
Reservations for Two (1987)
Friends Can Be Lovers (1993)
My Friends & Me (2006)
Live albums
Dionne Warwick in Paris (1966)
Hot! Live and Otherwise (1981)
Christmas in Vienna II (1993)
Compilation albums
The Love Collection (2008)
Singles
"Don't Make Me Over"
"Wishin' and Hopin'"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"Walk On By"
"You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)"
"A House Is Not a Home"
"Reach Out for Me"
"Who Can I Turn To?"
"Are You There (With Another Girl)"
"Message to Michael"
"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself"
"Alfie"
"The Windows of the World"
"I Say a Little Prayer"
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me"
"This Girl's in Love with You"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Make It Easy on Yourself"
"The Good Life"
"Then Came You"
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
"I'll Never Love This Way Again"
"Déjà Vu"
"After You"
"No Night So Long"
"Easy Love"
"Heartbreaker"
"All the Love in the World"
"Run to Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Love Power"
"It's All Over"
"What the World Needs Now Is Love"
Book
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Categories:
1968 singles
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Celia Cruz songs
Frankie Goes to Hollywood songs
Songs with lyrics by Hal David
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text:
Binary-coded decimal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"BCD code" redirects here. For BCD character sets, see BCD (character encoding).
A binary clock might use LEDs to express binary values. In this clock, each column of LEDs shows a binary-coded decimal numeral of the traditional sexagesimal time.
In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight. Special bit patterns are sometimes used for a sign or for other indications (e.g., error or overflow).
In byte-oriented systems (i.e. most modern computers), the term unpacked BCD[1] usually implies a full byte for each digit (often including a sign), whereas packed BCD typically encodes two decimal digits within a single byte by taking advantage of the fact that four bits are enough to represent the range 0 to 9. The precise 4-bit encoding may vary however, for technical reasons, see Excess-3 for instance. The ten states representing a BCD decimal digit are sometimes called tetrades (for the nibble typically needed to hold them also known as tetrade) with those don't care-states unused named pseudo-tetrad(e)s (de)[2][3][4][5][6] or pseudo-decimal digit[7][8]).[nb 1]
BCD's main virtue is its more accurate representation and rounding of decimal quantities as well as an ease of conversion into human-readable representations, in comparison to binary positional systems. BCD's principal drawbacks are a small increase in the complexity of the circuits needed to implement basic arithmetics and a slightly less dense storage.
BCD was used in many early decimal computers, and is implemented in the instruction set of machines such as the IBM System/360 series and its descendants, Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX and the Motorola 68000-series processors. Although BCD per se is not as widely used as in the past and is no longer implemented in newer computers' instruction sets (such as ARM; x86 does not support its BCD instructions in long mode any more), decimal fixed-point and floating-point formats are still important and continue to be used in financial, commercial, and industrial computing, where subtle conversion and fractional rounding errors that are inherent in floating point binary representations cannot be tolerated.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Basics
2 BCD in electronics
3 Packed BCD
3.1 Fixed-point packed decimal
3.2 Higher-density encodings
4 Zoned decimal
4.1 EBCDIC zoned decimal conversion table
4.2 Fixed-point zoned decimal
5 IBM and BCD
6 Other computers and BCD
7 Addition with BCD
8 Subtraction with BCD
9 Background
10 Legal history
11 Comparison with pure binary
11.1 Advantages
11.2 Disadvantages
12 Application
13 Representational variations
13.1 Signed variations
13.2 Telephony Binary Coded Decimal (TBCD)
14 Alternative encodings
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
Basics[edit]
BCD takes advantage of the fact that any one decimal numeral can be represented by a four bit pattern. The most obvious way of encoding digits is "natural BCD" (NBCD), where each decimal digit is represented by its corresponding four-bit binary value, as shown in the following table. This is also called "8421" encoding.
Decimal digit
BCD
8
4
2
1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
Other encodings are also used, including so-called "4221" and "7421"—named after the weighting used for the bits—and "Excess-3".[10] For example, the BCD digit 6, '0110'b in 8421 notation, is '1100'b in 4221 (two encodings are possible), '0110'b in 7421, and '1001'b (6+3=9) in excess-3.
As most computers deal with data in 8-bit bytes, it is possible to use one of the following methods to encode a BCD number:
Unpacked: Each numeral is encoded into one byte, with four bits representing the numeral and the remaining bits having no significance.
Packed: Two numerals are encoded into a single byte, with one numeral in the least significant nibble (bits 0 through 3) and the other numeral in the most significant nibble (bits 4 through 7).
As an example, encoding the decimal number 91 using unpacked BCD results in the following binary pattern of two bytes:
 Decimal:          9          1
 Binary :  0000 1001  0000 0001

In packed BCD, the same number would fit into a single byte:
 Decimal:     9    1
 Binary :  1001 0001

Hence the numerical range for one unpacked BCD byte is zero through nine inclusive, whereas the range for one packed BCD is zero through ninety-nine inclusive.
To represent numbers larger than the range of a single byte any number of contiguous bytes may be used. For example, to represent the decimal number 12345 in packed BCD, using big-endian format, a program would encode as follows:
 Decimal:          1     2    3     4    5
 Binary :  0000 0001  0010 0011  0100 0101

Note that the most significant nibble of the most significant byte is zero, implying that the number is in actuality 012345. Also note how packed BCD is more efficient in storage usage as compared to unpacked BCD; encoding the same number (with the leading zero) in unpacked format would consume twice the storage.
Shifting and masking operations are used to pack or unpack a packed BCD digit. Other logical operations are used to convert a numeral to its equivalent bit pattern or reverse the process.
BCD in electronics[edit]
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BCD is very common in electronic systems where a numeric value is to be displayed, especially in systems consisting solely of digital logic, and not containing a microprocessor. By employing BCD, the manipulation of numerical data for display can be greatly simplified by treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. This matches much more closely the physical reality of display hardware—a designer might choose to use a series of separate identical seven-segment displays to build a metering circuit, for example. If the numeric quantity were stored and manipulated as pure binary, interfacing to such a display would require complex circuitry. Therefore, in cases where the calculations are relatively simple, working throughout with BCD can lead to a simpler overall system than converting to and from binary. Most pocket calculators do all their calculations in BCD.
The same argument applies when hardware of this type uses an embedded microcontroller or other small processor. Often, smaller code results when representing numbers internally in BCD format, since a conversion from or to binary representation can be expensive on such limited processors. For these applications, some small processors feature BCD arithmetic modes, which assist when writing routines that manipulate BCD quantities.[11][12]
Packed BCD[edit]
In packed BCD (or simply packed decimal), each of the two nibbles of each byte represent a decimal digit. Packed BCD has been in use since at least the 1960s and is implemented in all IBM mainframe hardware since then. Most implementations are big endian, i.e. with the more significant digit in the upper half of each byte, and with the leftmost byte (residing at the lowest memory address) containing the most significant digits of the packed decimal value. The lower nibble of the rightmost byte is usually used as the sign flag, although some unsigned representations lack a sign flag. As an example, a 4-byte value consists of 8 nibbles, wherein the upper 7 nibbles store the digits of a 7-digit decimal value and the lowest nibble indicates the sign of the decimal integer value.
Standard sign values are 1100 (hex C) for positive (+) and 1101 (D) for negative (−). This convention comes from the zone field for EBCDIC characters and the signed overpunch representation. Other allowed signs are 1010 (A) and 1110 (E) for positive and 1011 (B) for negative. IBM System/360 processors will use the 1010 (A) and 1011 (B) signs if the A bit is set in the PSW, for the ASCII-8 standard that never passed. Most implementations also provide unsigned BCD values with a sign nibble of 1111 (F).[13][14][15] ILE RPG uses 1111 (F) for positive and 1101 (D) for negative.[16] These match the EBCDIC zone for digits without a sign overpunch. In packed BCD, the number 127 is represented by 0001 0010 0111 1100 (127C) and −127 is represented by 0001 0010 0111 1101 (127D). Burroughs systems used 1101 (D) for negative, and any other value is considered a positive sign value (the processors will normalize a positive sign to 1100 (C)).
Sign
Digit
BCD
8 4 2 1
Sign
Notes
A
1 0 1 0 +
B
1 0 1 1 −
C
1 1 0 0 + Preferred
D
1 1 0 1 − Preferred
E
1 1 1 0 +
F
1 1 1 1 + Unsigned
No matter how many bytes wide a word is, there are always an even number of nibbles because each byte has two of them. Therefore, a word of n bytes can contain up to (2n)−1 decimal digits, which is always an odd number of digits. A decimal number with d digits requires 1/2(d+1) bytes of storage space.
For example, a 4-byte (32-bit) word can hold seven decimal digits plus a sign, and can represent values ranging from ±9,999,999. Thus the number −1,234,567 is 7 digits wide and is encoded as:
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1101
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −

(Note that, like character strings, the first byte of the packed decimal – with the most significant two digits – is usually stored in the lowest address in memory, independent of the endianness of the machine.)
In contrast, a 4-byte binary two's complement integer can represent values from −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
While packed BCD does not make optimal use of storage (about one-sixth of the memory used is wasted), conversion to ASCII, EBCDIC, or the various encodings of Unicode is still trivial, as no arithmetic operations are required. The extra storage requirements are usually offset by the need for the accuracy and compatibility with calculator or hand calculation that fixed-point decimal arithmetic provides. Denser packings of BCD exist which avoid the storage penalty and also need no arithmetic operations for common conversions.
Packed BCD is supported in the COBOL programming language as the "COMPUTATIONAL-3" (an IBM extension adopted by many other compiler vendors) or "PACKED-DECIMAL" (part of the 1985 COBOL standard) data type. It is supported in PL/I as "FIXED DECIMAL". Besides the IBM System/360 and later compatible mainframes, packed BCD is implemented in the native instruction set of the original VAX processors from Digital Equipment Corporation and some models of the SDS Sigma series mainframes, and is the native format for the Burroughs Corporation Medium Systems line of mainframes (descended from the 1950s Electrodata 200 series).
Ten's complement representations for negative numbers offer an alternative approach to encoding the sign of packed (and other) BCD numbers. In this case, positive numbers always have a most significant digit between 0 and 4 (inclusive), while negative numbers are represented by the 10's complement of the corresponding positive number. As a result, this system allows for, a 32-bit packed BCD numbers to range from -50,000,000 to 49,999,999, and -1 is represented as 99999999. (As with two's complement binary numbers, the range is not symmetric about zero.)
Fixed-point packed decimal[edit]
Fixed-point decimal numbers are supported by some programming languages (such as COBOL, PL/I and Ada). These languages allow the programmer to specify an implicit decimal point in front of one of the digits. For example, a packed decimal value encoded with the bytes 12 34 56 7C represents the fixed-point value +1,234.567 when the implied decimal point is located between the 4th and 5th digits:
12 34 56 7C
12 34.56 7+

The decimal point is not actually stored in memory, as the packed BCD storage format does not provide for it. Its location is simply known to the compiler and the generated code acts accordingly for the various arithmetic operations.
Higher-density encodings[edit]
If a decimal digit requires four bits, then three decimal digits require 12 bits. However, since 210 (1,024) is greater than 103 (1,000), if three decimal digits are encoded together, only 10 bits are needed. Two such encodings are Chen–Ho encoding and densely packed decimal (DPD). The latter has the advantage that subsets of the encoding encode two digits in the optimal seven bits and one digit in four bits, as in regular BCD.
Zoned decimal[edit]
Some implementations, for example IBM mainframe systems, support zoned decimal numeric representations. Each decimal digit is stored in one byte, with the lower four bits encoding the digit in BCD form. The upper four bits, called the "zone" bits, are usually set to a fixed value so that the byte holds a character value corresponding to the digit. EBCDIC systems use a zone value of 1111 (hex F); this yields bytes in the range F0 to F9 (hex), which are the EBCDIC codes for the characters "0" through "9". Similarly, ASCII systems use a zone value of 0011 (hex 3), giving character codes 30 to 39 (hex).
For signed zoned decimal values, the rightmost (least significant) zone nibble holds the sign digit, which is the same set of values that are used for signed packed decimal numbers (see above). Thus a zoned decimal value encoded as the hex bytes F1 F2 D3 represents the signed decimal value −123:
F1 F2 D3
1 2 −3

EBCDIC zoned decimal conversion table[edit]
BCD Digit
Hexadecimal
EBCDIC Character
0+ C0 A0 E0 F0 { (*) \ (*) 0
1+ C1 A1 E1 F1 A ~ (*) 1
2+ C2 A2 E2 F2 B s S 2
3+ C3 A3 E3 F3 C t T 3
4+ C4 A4 E4 F4 D u U 4
5+ C5 A5 E5 F5 E v V 5
6+ C6 A6 E6 F6 F w W 6
7+ C7 A7 E7 F7 G x X 7
8+ C8 A8 E8 F8 H y Y 8
9+ C9 A9 E9 F9 I z Z 9
0− D0 B0 } (*) ^ (*)
1− D1 B1 J
2− D2 B2 K
3− D3 B3 L
4− D4 B4 M
5− D5 B5 N
6− D6 B6 O
7− D7 B7 P
8− D8 B8 Q
9− D9 B9 R
(*) Note: These characters vary depending on the local character code page setting.
Fixed-point zoned decimal[edit]
Some languages (such as COBOL and PL/I) directly support fixed-point zoned decimal values, assigning an implicit decimal point at some location between the decimal digits of a number. For example, given a six-byte signed zoned decimal value with an implied decimal point to the right of the fourth digit, the hex bytes F1 F2 F7 F9 F5 C0 represent the value +1,279.50:
F1 F2 F7 F9 F5 C0
1 2 7 9. 5 +0

IBM and BCD[edit]
Main article: BCDIC
IBM used the terms Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (BCDIC, sometimes just called BCD), for 6-bit alphanumeric codes that represented numbers, upper-case letters and special characters. Some variation of BCDIC alphamerics is used in most early IBM computers, including the IBM 1620, IBM 1400 series, and non-Decimal Architecture members of the IBM 700/7000 series.
The IBM 1400 series are character-addressable machines, each location being six bits labeled B, A, 8, 4, 2 and 1, plus an odd parity check bit (C) and a word mark bit (M). For encoding digits 1 through 9, B and A are zero and the digit value represented by standard 4-bit BCD in bits 8 through 1. For most other characters bits B and A are derived simply from the "12", "11", and "0" "zone punches" in the punched card character code, and bits 8 through 1 from the 1 through 9 punches. A "12 zone" punch set both B and A, an "11 zone" set B, and a "0 zone" (a 0 punch combined with any others) set A. Thus the letter A, which is (12,1) in the punched card format, is encoded (B,A,1). The currency symbol $, (11,8,3) in the punched card, was encoded in memory as (B,8,2,1). This allows the circuitry to convert between the punched card format and the internal storage format to be very simple with only a few special cases. One important special case is digit 0, represented by a lone 0 punch in the card, and (8,2) in core memory.[17]
The memory of the IBM 1620 is organized into 6-bit addressable digits, the usual 8, 4, 2, 1 plus F, used as a flag bit and C, an odd parity check bit. BCD alphamerics are encoded using digit pairs, with the "zone" in the even-addressed digit and the "digit" in the odd-addressed digit, the "zone" being related to the 12, 11, and 0 "zone punches" as in the 1400 series. Input/Output translation hardware converted between the internal digit pairs and the external standard 6-bit BCD codes.
In the Decimal Architecture IBM 7070, IBM 7072, and IBM 7074 alphamerics are encoded using digit pairs (using two-out-of-five code in the digits, not BCD) of the 10-digit word, with the "zone" in the left digit and the "digit" in the right digit. Input/Output translation hardware converted between the internal digit pairs and the external standard 6-bit BCD codes.
With the introduction of System/360, IBM expanded 6-bit BCD alphamerics to 8-bit EBCDIC, allowing the addition of many more characters (e.g., lowercase letters). A variable length Packed BCD numeric data type is also implemented, providing machine instructions that perform arithmetic directly on packed decimal data.
On the IBM 1130 and 1800, packed BCD is supported in software by IBM's Commercial Subroutine Package.
Today, BCD data is still heavily used in IBM processors and databases, such as IBM DB2, mainframes, and Power6. In these products, the BCD is usually zoned BCD (as in EBCDIC or ASCII), Packed BCD (two decimal digits per byte), or "pure" BCD encoding (one decimal digit stored as BCD in the low four bits of each byte). All of these are used within hardware registers and processing units, and in software. To convert packed decimals in EBCDIC table unloads to readable numbers, you can use the OUTREC FIELDS mask of the JCL utility DFSORT.[18]
Other computers and BCD[edit]
The Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11 series includes instructions that can perform arithmetic directly on packed BCD data and convert between packed BCD data and other integer representations.[15] The VAX's packed BCD format is compatible with that on IBM System/360 and IBM's later compatible processors. The MicroVAX and later VAX implementations dropped this ability from the CPU but retained code compatibility with earlier machines by implementing the missing instructions in an operating system-supplied software library. This is invoked automatically via exception handling when the no longer implemented instructions are encountered, so that programs using them can execute without modification on the newer machines.
The Intel x86 architecture supports a unique 18-digit (ten-byte) BCD format that can be loaded into and stored from the floating point registers, and computations can be performed there.[19]
The Motorola 68000 series had BCD instructions.[20]
In more recent computers such capabilities are almost always implemented in software rather than the CPU's instruction set, but BCD numeric data is still extremely common in commercial and financial applications. There are tricks for implementing packed BCD and zoned decimal add or subtract operations using short but difficult to understand sequences of word-parallel logic and binary arithmetic operations.[21] For example, the following code (written in C) computes an unsigned 8-digit packed BCD add using 32-bit binary operations:
uint32_t BCDadd(uint32_t a,uint32_t b) { uint32_t t1, t2; // unsigned 32-bit intermediate values t1 = a + 0x06666666; t2 = t1 ^ b; // sum without carry propagation t1 = t1 + b; // provisional sum t2 = t1 ^ t2; // all the binary carry bits t2 = ~t2 & 0x11111110; // just the BCD carry bits t2 = (t2 >> 2) | (t2 >> 3); // correction return t1 - t2; // corrected BCD sum }
Addition with BCD[edit]
It is possible to perform addition in BCD by first adding in binary, and then converting to BCD afterwards. Conversion of the simple sum of two digits can be done by adding 6 (that is, 16 – 10) when the five-bit result of adding a pair of digits has a value greater than 9. For example:
1001 + 1000 = 10001
   9 +    8 =    17

Note that 10001 is the binary, not decimal, representation of the desired result. Also note that it cannot fit in a 4-bit number. In BCD as in decimal, there cannot exist a value greater than 9 (1001) per digit. To correct this, 6 (0110) is added to that sum and then the result is treated as two nibbles:
10001 + 0110 = 00010111 => 0001 0111
   17 +    6 =       23       1    7

The two nibbles of the result, 0001 and 0111, correspond to the digits "1" and "7". This yields "17" in BCD, which is the correct result.
This technique can be extended to adding multiple digits by adding in groups from right to left, propagating the second digit as a carry, always comparing the 5-bit result of each digit-pair sum to 9. Some CPUs provide a half-carry flag to facilitate BCD arithmetic adjustments following binary addition and subtraction operations.
Subtraction with BCD[edit]
Subtraction is done by adding the ten's complement of the subtrahend. To represent the sign of a number in BCD, the number 0000 is used to represent a positive number, and 1001 is used to represent a negative number. The remaining 14 combinations are invalid signs. To illustrate signed BCD subtraction, consider the following problem: 357 − 432.
In signed BCD, 357 is 0000 0011 0101 0111. The ten's complement of 432 can be obtained by taking the nine's complement of 432, and then adding one. So, 999 − 432 = 567, and 567 + 1 = 568. By preceding 568 in BCD by the negative sign code, the number −432 can be represented. So, −432 in signed BCD is 1001 0101 0110 1000.
Now that both numbers are represented in signed BCD, they can be added together:
  0000 0011 0101 0111
     0    3    5    7
+ 1001 0101 0110 1000
9 5 6 8 = 1001 1000 1011 1111 9 8 11 15

Since BCD is a form of decimal representation, several of the digit sums above are invalid. In the event that an invalid entry (any BCD digit greater than 1001) exists, 6 is added to generate a carry bit and cause the sum to become a valid entry. The reason for adding 6 is that there are 16 possible 4-bit BCD values (since 24 = 16), but only 10 values are valid (0000 through 1001). So adding 6 to the invalid entries results in the following:
  1001 1000 1011 1111
     9    8   11   15
+ 0000 0000 0110 0110
0 0 6 6 = 1001 1001 0010 0101 9 9 2 5

Thus the result of the subtraction is 1001 1001 0010 0101 (−925). To check the answer, note that the first digit is 9, which means negative. This seems to be correct, since 357 − 432 should result in a negative number. To check the rest of the digits, represent them in decimal. 1001 0010 0101 is 925. The ten's complement of 925 is 1000 − 925 = 999 − 925 + 1 = 074 + 1 = 75, so the calculated answer is −75. To check, perform standard subtraction to verify that 357 − 432 is −75.
Note that in the event that there are a different number of nibbles being added together (such as 1053 − 122), the number with the fewest number of digits must first be padded with zeros before taking the ten's complement or subtracting. So, with 1053 − 122, 122 would have to first be represented as 0122, and the ten's complement of 0122 would have to be calculated.
Background[edit]
The binary-coded decimal scheme described in this article is the most common encoding, but there are many others. The method here can be referred to as Simple Binary-Coded Decimal (SBCD) or BCD 8421. In the headers to the table, the '8 4 2 1', indicates the weight of each bit shown; note that in the fifth column, "BCD 8 4 −2 −1", two of the weights are negative. Both ASCII and EBCDIC character codes for the digits are examples of zoned BCD, and are also shown in the table.
The following table represents decimal digits from 0 to 9 in various BCD systems:

Digit
BCD
8 4 2 1
Stibitz Code or Excess-3
Aiken-Code or BCD
2 4 2 1
BCD
8 4 −2 −1
IBM 702, IBM 705, IBM 7080, IBM 1401 8 4 2 1
ASCII 0000 8421
EBCDIC 0000 8421
0
0000 0011 0000 0000 1010 0011 0000 1111 0000
1
0001 0100 0001 0111 0001 0011 0001 1111 0001
2
0010 0101 0010 0110 0010 0011 0010 1111 0010
3
0011 0110 0011 0101 0011 0011 0011 1111 0011
4
0100 0111 0100 0100 0100 0011 0100 1111 0100
5
0101 1000 1011 1011 0101 0011 0101 1111 0101
6
0110 1001 1100 1010 0110 0011 0110 1111 0110
7
0111 1010 1101 1001 0111 0011 0111 1111 0111
8
1000 1011 1110 1000 1000 0011 1000 1111 1000
9
1001 1100 1111 1111 1001 0011 1001 1111 1001
Legal history[edit]
In the 1972 case Gottschalk v. Benson, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a lower court decision which had allowed a patent for converting BCD encoded numbers to binary on a computer. This was an important case in determining the patentability of software and algorithms.
Comparison with pure binary[edit]
Advantages[edit]
Many non-integral values, such as decimal 0.2, have an infinite place-value representation in binary (.001100110011...) but have a finite place-value in binary-coded decimal (0.0010). Consequently, a system based on binary-coded decimal representations of decimal fractions avoids errors representing and calculating such values.
Scaling by a factor of 10 (or a power of 10) is simple; this is useful when a decimal scaling factor is needed to represent a non-integer quantity (e.g., in financial calculations)
Rounding at a decimal digit boundary is simpler. Addition and subtraction in decimal does not require rounding.
Alignment of two decimal numbers (for example 1.3 + 27.08) is a simple, exact, shift.
Conversion to a character form or for display (e.g., to a text-based format such as XML, or to drive signals for a seven-segment display) is a simple per-digit mapping, and can be done in linear (O(n)) time. Conversion from pure binary involves relatively complex logic that spans digits, and for large numbers no linear-time conversion algorithm is known (see Binary numeral system).
Disadvantages[edit]
Some operations are more complex to implement. Adders require extra logic to cause them to wrap and generate a carry early. 15–20 percent more circuitry is needed for BCD add compared to pure binary.[citation needed] Multiplication requires the use of algorithms that are somewhat more complex than shift-mask-add (a binary multiplication, requiring binary shifts and adds or the equivalent, per-digit or group of digits is required)
Standard BCD requires four bits per digit, roughly 20 percent more space than a binary encoding (the ratio of 4 bits to log210 bits is 1.204). When packed so that three digits are encoded in ten bits, the storage overhead is greatly reduced, at the expense of an encoding that is unaligned with the 8-bit byte boundaries common on existing hardware, resulting in slower implementations on these systems.
Practical existing implementations of BCD are typically slower than operations on binary representations, especially on embedded systems,[citation needed] due to limited processor support for native BCD operations.
Application[edit]
The BIOS in many personal computers stores the date and time in BCD because the MC6818 real-time clock chip used in the original IBM PC AT motherboard provided the time encoded in BCD. This form is easily converted into ASCII for display.[22]
The Atari 8-bit family of computers used BCD to implement floating-point algorithms. The MOS 6502 processor has a BCD mode that affects the addition and subtraction instructions. The Psion Organiser 1 handheld computer’s manufacturer-supplied software also used entirely BCD to implement floating point; later Psion models used binary exclusively.
Early models of the PlayStation 3 store the date and time in BCD. This led to a worldwide outage of the console on 1 March 2010. The last two digits of the year stored as BCD were misinterpreted as 16 causing an error in the unit's date, rendering most functions inoperable. This has been referred to as the Year 2010 Problem.
Representational variations[edit]
Various BCD implementations exist that employ other representations for numbers. Programmable calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments, Hewlett-Packard, and others typically employ a floating-point BCD format, typically with two or three digits for the (decimal) exponent. The extra bits of the sign digit may be used to indicate special numeric values, such as infinity, underflow/overflow, and error (a blinking display).
Signed variations[edit]
Signed decimal values may be represented in several ways. The COBOL programming language, for example, supports a total of five zoned decimal formats, each one encoding the numeric sign in a different way:
Type
Description
Example
Unsigned No sign nibble F1 F2 F3
Signed trailing (canonical format) Sign nibble in the last (least significant) byte F1 F2 C3
Signed leading (overpunch) Sign nibble in the first (most significant) byte C1 F2 F3
Signed trailing separate Separate sign character byte ('+' or '−') following the digit bytes F1 F2 F3 2B
Signed leading separate Separate sign character byte ('+' or '−') preceding the digit bytes 2B F1 F2 F3
Telephony Binary Coded Decimal (TBCD)[edit]
3GPP developed TBCD,[23] an expansion to BCD where the remaining (unused) bit combinations are used to add specific telephony characters,[24][25] with digits similar to those found in telephone keypads original design. It is backward compatible with BCD.
Decimal
Digit
TBCD
8 4 2 1
*
1 0 1 0
#
1 0 1 1
a
1 1 0 0
b
1 1 0 1
c
1 1 1 0
Used as filler when there is an odd number of digits
1 1 1 1
Alternative encodings[edit]
If errors in representation and computation are more important than the speed of conversion to and from display, a scaled binary representation may be used, which stores a decimal number as a binary-encoded integer and a binary-encoded signed decimal exponent. For example, 0.2 can be represented as 2×10−1.
This representation allows rapid multiplication and division, but may require shifting by a power of 10 during addition and subtraction to align the decimal points. It is appropriate for applications with a fixed number of decimal places that do not then require this adjustment—particularly financial applications where 2 or 4 digits after the decimal point are usually enough. Indeed, this is almost a form of fixed point arithmetic since the position of the radix point is implied.
Chen–Ho encoding provides a boolean transformation for converting groups of three BCD-encoded digits to and from 10-bit values that can be efficiently encoded in hardware with only 2 or 3 gate delays. Densely packed decimal is a similar scheme that is used for most of the significand, except the lead digit, for one of the two alternative decimal encodings specified in the IEEE 754-2008 standard.
See also[edit]
Bi-quinary coded decimal
Chen–Ho encoding
Densely packed decimal
Double dabble, an algorithm for converting binary numbers to BCD
Gray code
Year 2000 problem
Decimal computer
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ That is, in a standard packed 4-bit representation, there are 16 states (four bits for each digit) with 10 tetrades and 6 pseudo-tetrades, whereas in more densely packed schemes such as Chen–Ho or DPD coding there are less, f.e. only 24 pseudo-tetrades in 1024 states (10 bits for three digits).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Intel. "ia32 architecture manual" (PDF). Intel. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Hans-Jochen (1986). Lexikon der Informatik und Datenverarbeitung (in German) (2 ed.). R. Oldenbourg Verlag München Wien. ISBN 3-486-22662-2.
Jump up ^ Tafel, Hans Jörg (1971). Written at RWTH, Aachen, Germany. Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung [Introduction to digital information processing] (in German). Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-10569-7.
Jump up ^ Steinbuch, Karl W.; Weber, Wolfgang; Heinemann, Traute, eds. (1974) [1967]. Taschenbuch der Informatik - Band II - Struktur und Programmierung von EDV-Systemen. Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung (in German). 2 (3 ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-06241-6. LCCN 73-80607.
Jump up ^ Tietze, Ulrich; Schenk, Christoph (2012-12-06). Advanced Electronic Circuits. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 3642812414. 9783642812415. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
Jump up ^ Kowalski, Emil (2013-03-08) [1970]. Nuclear Electronics. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-87663-9. ISBN 3642876633. 9783642876639, 978-3-642-87664-6. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
Jump up ^ Ferretti, Vittorio (2013-03-13). Wörterbuch der Elektronik, Datentechnik und Telekommunikation / Dictionary of Electronics, Computing and Telecommunications: Teil 1: Deutsch-Englisch / Part 1: German-English. 1 (2 ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3642980880. 9783642980886. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
Jump up ^ Speiser, Ambrosius Paul (1965) [1961]. Digitale Rechenanlagen - Grundlagen / Schaltungstechnik / Arbeitsweise / Betriebssicherheit [Digital computers - Basics / Circuits / Operation / Reliability] (in German) (2 ed.). ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland: Springer-Verlag / IBM. p. 209. LCCN 65-14624. 0978.
Jump up ^ Cowlishaw, Mike F. (2015) [1981,2008]. "General Decimal Arithmetic". Retrieved 2016-01-02.
Jump up ^ Parag K., Lala (2007). Principles of Modern Digital Design. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 20–25. ISBN 978-0-470-07296-7.
Jump up ^ University of Alicante. "A Cordic-based Architecture for High Performance Decimal Calculations" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Decimal CORDIC Rotation based on Selection by Rounding: Algorithm and Architecture" (PDF). British Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 8: Decimal Instructions", IBM System/370 Principles of Operation, IBM, March 1980
Jump up ^ "Chapter 3: Data Representation", PDP-11 Architecture Handbook, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1983
^ Jump up to: a b VAX-11 Architecture Handbook, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1985
Jump up ^ "ILE RPG Reference".
Jump up ^ IBM BM 1401/1440/1460/1410/7010 Character Code Chart in BCD Order[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r12/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.zos.r12.iceg200%2Fenf.htm[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 1: Basic Architecture. Intel Corporation. December 2016. p. 4-9.
Jump up ^ url=http://www.tigernt.com/onlineDoc/68000.pdf
Jump up ^ Jones, Douglas W. (2015-11-25) [1999]. "BCD Arithmetic, a tutorial". Arithmetic Tutorials. Iowa City, Iowa, USA: The University of Iowa, Department of Computer Science. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.se.ecu.edu.au/units/ens1242/lectures/ens_Notes_08.pdf[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ 3GPP TS 29.002: Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification (Technical report). 2013. sec. 17.7.8 Common data types.
Jump up ^ "Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS) Guidelines for using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) in telecommunication application protocols" (PDF). p. 15.
Jump up ^ "XOM Mobile Application Part (XMAP) Specification" (PDF). p. 93.
Further reading[edit]
Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. p. xii. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22. [1]
Richards, Richard Kohler (1955). Arithmetic Operations in Digital Computers. New York, USA: van Nostrand. pp. 397–.
Schmid, Hermann (1974). Decimal Computation (1 ed.). Binghamton, New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-76180-X. and Schmid, Hermann (1983) [1974]. Decimal Computation (1 (reprint) ed.). Malabar, Florida, USA: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89874-318-4. (NB. At least some batches of the Krieger reprint edition were misprints with defective pages 115–146.)
Massalin, Henry (October 1987). Katz, Randy, ed. "Superoptimizer: A Look at the Smallest Program" (PDF). Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Architectural support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 21 (4): 122–126. doi:10.1145/36206.36194. ISBN 0-8186-0805-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2012-04-25. Lay summary (1995-06-14). (Also: ACM Sigplan Notices, Vol. 22 #10, IEEE Computer Society Press #87CH2440-6, October 1987)
VLSI designs for redundant binary-coded decimal addition, Behrooz Shirazi, David Y. Y. Yun, and Chang N. Zhang, IEEE Seventh Annual International Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications, 1988, pp52–56, IEEE, March 1988
Fundamentals of Digital Logic by Brown and Vranesic, 2003
Modified Carry Look Ahead BCD Adder With CMOS and Reversible Logic Implementation, Himanshu Thapliyal and Hamid R. Arabnia, Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Computer Design (CDES'06), ISBN 1-60132-009-4, pp64–69, CSREA Press, November 2006
Reversible Implementation of Densely-Packed-Decimal Converter to and from Binary-Coded-Decimal Format Using in IEEE-754R, A. Kaivani, A. Zaker Alhosseini, S. Gorgin, and M. Fazlali, 9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT'06), pp273–276, IEEE, December 2006.
Cowlishaw, Mike F. (2009) [2002,2008]. "Bibliography of material on Decimal Arithmetic – by category". General Decimal Arithmetic. IBM. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
External links[edit]
Cowlishaw, Mike F. (2014) [2000]. "A Summary of Chen-Ho Decimal Data encoding". General Decimal Arithmetic. IBM. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
Cowlishaw, Mike F. (2007) [2000]. "A Summary of Densely Packed Decimal encoding". General Decimal Arithmetic. IBM. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
Convert BCD to decimal, binary and hexadecimal and vice versa
BCD for Java
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text:
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Federal Reserve Board of Governors
Federal Reserve System headquarters (Eccles Building)
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Chairperson
Janet Yellen
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Current members
3 Committees
4 List of governors
5 References
6 External links
Description[edit]
By law, the appointments must yield a "fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions of the country".[1][2] As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are two of seven members of the Board of Governors who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.[1][2]
The Board of Governors does not receive funding from Congress, and the terms of the seven members of the Board span multiple presidential and congressional terms. Once a member of the Board of Governors is appointed by the president, he or she functions mostly independently. The Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[3] It also supervises and regulates the operations of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the U.S. banking system in general.
Membership is by statute limited in term, and a member that has served for a full 14 year term is not eligible for reappointment.[4] There are numerous occasions where an individual was appointed to serve the remainder of another member's uncompleted term, and has been reappointed to serve a full 14-year term.[4] Since "upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified",[4] it is possible for a member to serve for significantly longer than a full term of 14 years. The law provides for the removal of a member of the Board by the President "for cause".[4]
The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. They both serve a four-year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses, until their terms on the Board of Governors expire.[1]
Current members[edit]
The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows:[5]
Governor
Entered office[6]
Term expires
Janet Yellen
(Chair) February 3, 2014 (as Chair) February 3, 2018 (as Chair)
January 31, 2024 (as Governor)
Stanley Fischer
(Vice-Chair) June 16, 2014 (as Vice-Chair)[7] June 12, 2018 (as Vice Chair)
January 31, 2020 (as Governor)
Jerome H. Powell May 25, 2012 January 31, 2028
Lael Brainard June 16, 2014 January 31, 2026
Vacant January 31, 2018*
Vacant January 31, 2022*
Vacant January 31, 2030*
*Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position.
Committees[edit]
Committee on Board Affairs
Governor Powell, Chairman
Vice Chairman Fischer
Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs
Governor Brainard, Chair
Vacant
Committee on Economic and Financial Monitoring and Research
Vice Chairman Fischer, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Committee on Financial Stability
Vice Chairman Fischer, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Vacant
Committee on Federal Reserve Bank Affairs
Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Committee on Bank Supervision
Vacant, Chairman
Governor Powell
Governor Brainard
Subcommittee on Smaller Regional and Community Banking
Governor Powell, Chairman
Governor Brainard
Committee on Payments, Clearing, and Settlement
Governor Powell, Chairman
Vacant
Source: [8]
List of governors[edit]
Board of Governors meeting January 1, 1922.
Name
Bank
Begin
End
Term (Years)
Notes
Frederic A. Delano Chicago 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001918-07-21-0000July 21, 1918 4
Paul M. Warburg New York 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001918-08-09-0000August 9, 1918 4
William P.G. Harding Atlanta 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001922-08-09-0000August 9, 1922 8 Chairman (1916-1922)
Adolph C. Miller San Francisco 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 12
Charles S. Hamlin Boston 000000001914-08-10-0000August 10, 1914 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 12 Chairman (1914-1916)
Albert Strauss New York 000000001918-10-26-0000October 26, 1918 000000001920-03-15-0000March 15, 1920 2
Henry A. Moehlenpah Chicago 000000001919-11-10-0000November 10, 1919 000000001920-08-09-0000August 9, 1920 1
Edmund Platt New York 000000001920-06-20-0000June 20, 1920 000000001930-09-14-0000September 14, 1930 10
David C. Wills Cleveland 000000001920-09-20-0000September 20, 1920 000000001921-03-04-0000March 4, 1921 1
John R. Mitchell Minneapolis 000000001921-05-12-0000May 12, 1921 000000001923-05-12-0000May 12, 1923 2
Milo D. Campbell Chicago 000000001923-03-14-0000March 14, 1923 000000001923-03-22-0000March 22, 1923 <1 Died in office
Daniel R. Crissinger Cleveland 000000001923-05-01-0000May 1, 1923 000000001927-09-15-0000September 15, 1927 4 Chairman (1923-1927)
Edward H. Cunningham Chicago 000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923 000000001930-11-28-0000November 28, 1930 7 Died in office
George R. James St. Louis 000000001923-05-14-0000May 14, 1923 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 13
Roy A. Young Minneapolis 000000001927-10-04-0000October 4, 1927 000000001930-08-31-0000August 31, 1930 3 Chairman (1927-1930)
Eugene Meyer New York 000000001930-09-16-0000September 16, 1930 000000001933-05-10-0000May 10, 1933 3 Chairman (1930-1933)
Wayland W. Magee Kansas City 000000001931-05-18-0000May 18, 1931 000000001933-01-24-0000January 24, 1933 2
Eugene R. Black Atlanta 000000001933-05-19-0000May 19, 1933 000000001934-08-15-0000August 15, 1934 1 Chairman (1933-1934)
J.J. Thomas Kansas City 000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933 000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936 3
M.S. Szymczak Chicago 000000001933-06-14-0000June 14, 1933 000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961 28
Marriner S. Eccles San Francisco 000000001934-11-15-0000November 15, 1934 000000001951-07-14-0000July 14, 1951 17 Chairman (1934-1948)
Joseph A. Broderick New York 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001937-09-30-0000September 30, 1937 2
John K. McKee Cleveland 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946 10
Ronald Ransom Atlanta 000000001936-02-03-0000February 3, 1936 000000001947-12-02-0000December 2, 1947 12 Died in office
Ralph W. Morrison Dallas 000000001936-02-10-0000February 10, 1936 000000001936-07-09-0000July 9, 1936 <1
Chester C. Davis Richmond 000000001936-06-25-0000June 25, 1936 000000001941-04-15-0000April 15, 1941 5
Ernest G. Draper New York 000000001938-03-30-0000March 30, 1938 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 12
Rudolph M. Evans Richmond 000000001942-03-14-0000March 14, 1942 000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954 12
James K. Vardaman, Jr. St. Louis 000000001946-04-04-0000April 4, 1946 000000001958-11-30-0000November 30, 1958 12
Lawrence Clayton Boston 000000001947-02-14-0000February 14, 1947 000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949 3 Died in office
Thomas B. McCabe Philadelphia 000000001948-04-15-0000April 15, 1948 000000001951-03-31-0000March 31, 1951 3 Chairman (1948-1951)
Edward L. Norton Atlanta 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 000000001952-01-31-0000January 31, 1952 1
Oliver S. Powell Minneapolis 000000001950-09-01-0000September 1, 1950 000000001952-06-30-0000June 30, 1952 2
William McChesney Martin New York 000000001951-04-02-0000April 2, 1951 000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970 19 Chairman (1951-1970)
A.L. Mills, Jr. San Francisco 000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952 000000001965-02-28-0000February 28, 1965 13
J.L. Robertson Kansas City 000000001952-02-18-0000February 18, 1952 000000001973-04-30-0000April 30, 1973 21
C. Canby Balderston Philadelphia 000000001954-08-12-0000August 12, 1954 000000001966-02-28-0000February 28, 1966 12
Paul E. Miller Minneapolis 000000001954-08-13-0000August 13, 1954 000000001954-10-21-0000October 21, 1954 <1 Died in office
Charles N. Shepardson Dallas 000000001955-03-17-0000March 17, 1955 000000001967-04-30-0000April 30, 1967 12
G.H. King, Jr. Atlanta 000000001959-03-25-0000March 25, 1959 000000001963-09-18-0000September 18, 1963 4
George W. Mitchell Chicago 000000001961-08-31-0000August 31, 1961 000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976 14
J. Dewey Daane Richmond 000000001963-11-29-0000November 29, 1963 000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974 11
Sherman J. Maisel San Francisco 000000001965-04-30-0000April 30, 1965 000000001972-05-31-0000May 31, 1972 7
Andrew F. Brimmer Philadelphia 000000001966-03-09-0000March 9, 1966 000000001974-08-31-0000August 31, 1974 8
William W. Sherrill Dallas 000000001967-05-01-0000May 1, 1967 000000001971-11-15-0000November 15, 1971 5
Arthur F. Burns New York 000000001970-01-31-0000January 31, 1970 000000001978-03-31-0000March 31, 1978 8 Chairman (1970-1978)
John E. Sheehan St. Louis 000000001972-01-04-0000January 4, 1972 000000001975-06-01-0000June 1, 1975 3
Jeffrey M. Bucher San Francisco 000000001972-06-05-0000June 5, 1972 000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976 4
Robert C. Holland Kansas City 000000001973-06-11-0000June 11, 1973 000000001976-05-15-0000May 15, 1976 3
Henry C. Wallich Boston 000000001974-03-08-0000March 8, 1974 000000001986-12-15-0000December 15, 1986 12
Philip E. Coldwell Dallas 000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974 000000001980-02-29-0000February 29, 1980 6
Philip C. Jackson, Jr. Atlanta 000000001975-07-14-0000July 14, 1975 000000001978-11-17-0000November 17, 1978 3
J. Charles Partee Richmond 000000001976-01-05-0000January 5, 1976 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 10
Stephen S. Gardner Philadelphia 000000001976-02-13-0000February 13, 1976 000000001978-11-19-0000November 19, 1978 3 Died in office
David M. Lilly Minneapolis 000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976 000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978 2
G. William Miller San Francisco 000000001978-03-08-0000March 8, 1978 000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979 1 Chairman (1978-1979)
Nancy H. Teeters Chicago 000000001978-09-18-0000September 18, 1978 000000001984-06-27-0000June 27, 1984 6
Emmett J. Rice New York 000000001979-06-20-0000June 20, 1979 000000001986-12-31-0000December 31, 1986 8
Frederick H. Schultz Atlanta 000000001979-07-27-0000July 27, 1979 000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982 3
Paul A. Volcker Philadelphia 000000001979-08-06-0000August 6, 1979 000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987 8 Chairman (1979-1987)
Lyle E. Gramley Kansas City 000000001980-05-28-0000May 28, 1980 000000001985-09-01-0000September 1, 1985 5
Preston Martin[9] San Francisco 000000001982-03-31-0000March 31, 1982 000000001986-04-30-0000April 30, 1986 4
Martha R. Seger Chicago 000000001984-07-02-0000July 2, 1984 000000001991-03-11-0000March 11, 1991 7
Manuel H. Johnson Richmond 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 000000001990-08-03-0000August 3, 1990 4
Wayne D. Angell Kansas City 000000001986-02-07-0000February 7, 1986 000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994 8
H. Robert Heller San Francisco 000000001986-08-19-0000August 19, 1986 000000001989-07-31-0000July 31, 1989 3
Edward W. Kelley, Jr. Dallas 000000001987-05-26-0000May 26, 1987 000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001 14
Alan Greenspan New York 000000001987-08-11-0000August 11, 1987 000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006 19 Chairman (1987-2006)
John P. LaWare Boston 000000001988-08-15-0000August 15, 1988 000000001995-04-30-0000April 30, 1995 7
David W. Mullins, Jr. St. Louis 000000001990-05-21-0000May 21, 1990 000000001994-02-14-0000February 14, 1994 4
Lawrence B. Lindsey Richmond 000000001991-11-26-0000November 26, 1991 000000001997-02-05-0000February 5, 1997 5
Susan M. Phillips Chicago 000000001991-12-02-0000December 2, 1991 000000001998-06-30-0000June 30, 1998 7
Alan S. Blinder Philadelphia 000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994 000000001996-01-31-0000January 31, 1996 2
Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000001994-08-12-0000August 12, 1994 000000001997-02-17-0000February 17, 1997 3
Laurence H. Meyer St. Louis 000000001996-06-24-0000June 24, 1996 000000002002-01-31-0000January 31, 2002 6
Alice M. Rivlin Philadelphia 000000001996-06-25-0000June 25, 1996 000000001999-07-16-0000July 16, 1999 3
Edward M. Gramlich Richmond 000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997 000000002005-08-31-0000August 31, 2005 8
Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. Boston 000000001997-11-05-0000November 5, 1997 000000002006-04-28-0000April 28, 2006 8
Mark W. Olson Minneapolis 000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001 000000002006-06-30-0000June 30, 2006 5
Susan S. Bies Chicago 000000002001-12-07-0000December 7, 2001 000000002007-03-30-0000March 30, 2007 5
Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002 000000002005-06-21-0000June 21, 2005 3
Donald L. Kohn Kansas City 000000002002-08-05-0000August 5, 2002 000000002010-09-01-0000September 1, 2010 8
Ben S. Bernanke Atlanta 000000002006-02-01-0000February 1, 2006 000000002014-01-31-0000January 31, 2014 8 Chairman (2006-2014)
Kevin M. Warsh New York 000000002006-02-24-0000February 24, 2006 000000002011-04-02-0000April 2, 2011 5
Randall S. Kroszner Richmond 000000002006-03-01-0000March 1, 2006 000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009 3
Frederic S. Mishkin Boston 000000002006-09-05-0000September 5, 2006 000000002008-08-31-0000August 31, 2008 2
Elizabeth A. Duke Philadelphia 000000002008-08-05-0000August 5, 2008 000000002013-08-31-0000August 31, 2013 5
Daniel Tarullo Boston 000000002009-01-28-0000January 28, 2009 000000002017-04-05-0000April 5, 2017
Janet Yellen San Francisco 000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010 000000002024-01-31-0000January 31, 2024 (Incumbent) Chair (2014–present)
Sarah Bloom Raskin Richmond 000000002010-10-04-0000October 4, 2010 000000002014-03-13-0000March 13, 2014 3
Jerome H. Powell New York 000000002012-05-25-0000May 25, 2012 000000002028-01-31-0000January 31, 2028 (Incumbent)
Jeremy C. Stein Chicago 000000002012-05-30-0000May 30, 2012 000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014 2
Stanley Fischer New York 000000002014-05-28-0000May 28, 2014 000000002020-01-31-0000January 31, 2020 (Incumbent)
Lael Brainard 000000002014-06-16-0000June 16, 2014 000000002026-01-31-0000January 31, 2026 (Incumbent)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d See 12 U.S.C. § 241
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Reserve (January 16, 2009). "Board of Governors FAQ". Federal Reserve. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247.
^ Jump up to: a b c d See 12 U.S.C. § 242.
Jump up ^ "FRB: Board Members". Federalreserve.gov. 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914–Present". FederalReserve.gov. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ Schroeder, Robert, [1], FRB Website, June 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
Jump up ^ "About the Fed" on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors website
Jump up ^ http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/87
External links[edit]
Federal Reserve List of Governors
Nomination hearings for Chairmen and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Public Statements of Federal Reserve Board Members and Chairmen
Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Works by the Board of Governors
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/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Banks
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Federal Reserve Banks

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Board of Governors

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/wiki/Frederic_A._Delano
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Frederic A. Delano

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Paul M. Warburg

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/wiki/William_P.G._Harding
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William P.G. Harding

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/wiki/Charles_S._Hamlin
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Charles S. Hamlin

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/wiki/John_R._Mitchell
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John R. Mitchell

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Daniel R. Crissinger

values: Edward H. Cunningham (page does not exist)

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Eugene R. Black

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Marriner S. Eccles

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/wiki/James_K._Vardaman,_Jr.
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James K. Vardaman, Jr.

values: Oliver S. Powell (banker) (page does not exist)

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/wiki/Henry_C._Wallich
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Henry C. Wallich

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Nancy H. Teeters

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Paul A. Volcker

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Lyle E. Gramley

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Wayne D. Angell

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David W. Mullins, Jr.

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Alan S. Blinder

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Laurence H. Meyer

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Alice M. Rivlin

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Edward M. Gramlich

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Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.

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Susan S. Bies

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Ben S. Bernanke

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Donald L. Kohn

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Kevin M. Warsh

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Randall S. Kroszner

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Frederic S. Mishkin

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Elizabeth A. Duke

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values: History of Federal Open Market Committee actions

values: Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

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values: Template:Bank regulation in the United States

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values: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

values: Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act

values: Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989

values: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991

values: Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994

values: Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

values: Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008

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values: Conseil des gouverneurs de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis – French

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