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Suits (season 7)
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Suits (season 7)
Starring
Gabriel Macht
Patrick J. Adams
Rick Hoffman
Meghan Markle
Sarah Rafferty
Gina Torres
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
USA Network
Original release
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) – April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
Next →
Season 8
List of Suits episodes
The seventh season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on August 3, 2016,[1] and started airing on USA Network in the United States July 12, 2017. The season has five series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Specter Litt law firm in Manhattan: Gabriel Macht, Patrick J. Adams, Rick Hoffman, Meghan Markle, and Sarah Rafferty. Gina Torres is credited as the sixth regular only for the episodes that she appears in, following her departure last season.[2]
The season featured the 100th episode of the series, which was directed by Patrick J. Adams and aired August 30, 2017.[3] To celebrate the series' milestone, the main cast (including Gina Torres) and creator Aaron Korsh came together at ATX Television Festival for a live read-through of the series' pilot script. They were joined by Abigail Spencer and Nick Wechsler to read for the episode's guest stars.[4]
After Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017 it was confirmed by show producers the next day that she would be leaving the show at the end of the season.[5] On January 30, 2018, it was announced that the back half of the season will air from March 28, 2018 to April 25, 2018, concluding the season with a 120-minute finale that will see the departure of both Markle and Adams. At the same time, the show was officially renewed for its eighth season.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Regular cast
1.2 Special Guest Star
1.3 Recurring cast
1.4 Guest Cast
1.5 Notes
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Suits characters
Regular cast[edit]
Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter
Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross
Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt
Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane
Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen
Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson[a]
Special Guest Star[edit]
Dule Hill as Alex Williams
Recurring cast[edit]
Christina Cole as Dr. Paula Agard
Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski
Jordan Johnson-Hinds as Oliver Grady
Peter Cambor as Nathan[7]
Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane[7]
Jake Epstein as Brian Altman
Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo
Ray Proscia as Dr. Lipschitz
Al Sapienza as Thomas Bratton
Jay Harrington as Mark Meadows
Zoe McLellan as Holly Cromwell
Rachael Harris as Sheila Sazs
Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett
John Kapelos as Elias Gould
Bruce McGill as Stanley Gordon
Guest Cast[edit]
Megan Gallagher as Laura Zane
Abigail Spencer as Dana Scott
D.B. Woodside as Jeff Malone
John Pyper-Ferguson as Jack Soloff
Leslie Hope as Anita Gibbs
Brynn Thayer as Lily Specter
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gina Torres is credited as a regular cast member for the episodes she appears in, following her departure last season.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Suits episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
93
1 "Skin in the Game" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 1.40[8]
Following his breakup with Tara, Louis starts terrorizing the associates. His behavior raises red flags with Rachel, Donna, and Gretchen. Donna has figured out that what she wants is a seat at the table as a senior partner. She uses the situation with Louis to prove to Harvey that she deserves it after all these years of being a key person in running the firm without getting credit. Harvey agrees to name her senior partner, but has to tiptoe around telling Louis. As Rachel convinces Louis that he needs closure with Tara, he allows Rachel, now a lawyer in her own right, to step up and take over the associates from him. Meanwhile, Mike and Harvey team up again to prove to one of Jessica's clients that the firm can handle his case now that Jessica is gone. Harvey has a hard time filling Jessica's shoes and pursues a romantic relationship with his former therapist, Dr. Paula Agard. Mike gives the legal clinic half a million dollars, but his returning to PSL doesn't sit well with his former colleagues, especially Oliver.
94
2 "The Statue" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 1.36[9]
Harvey and Paula agree to get to know one another better. Drawing inspiration from Jessica herself to mark the change of leadership, Harvey decides to drop her oldest client while eyeing an important client from Alex Williams, a lawyer from his past. However, Alex is only willing to transfer said client if he is made name partner at Pearson Specter Litt, which Louis and Donna oppose. Louis is terrified to lose his fragile friendship with Harvey if Alex comes to the firm, so he tries to poach the client behind Alex's back. Harvey goes to meet with Jessica to get her on his side, but the meeting results in a fight. Meanwhile, Mike's pro bono case hits a snag when the opposing lawyer uses Mike's past to prejudice the judge. Katrina tells Harvey that his promoting Donna to senior partner has changed what it means to be named a partner to those both inside and outside the firm, leading to Harvey undoing Donna's promotion. He instead names her COO while agreeing that she gets to have a vote inside the firm. Harvey also denies Alex name partner, but offers him senior partner, which Alex accepts. Jessica and Harvey make up and she confirms that he's ready to take the lead.
95
3 "Mudmare" Maurice Marable Sharyn Rothstein July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 1.41[10]
Louis has a nightmare about going mudding with Harvey in the other tub, only to have Alex join them and claim that he and Harvey go mudding all the time. After a discussion with his therapist, Louis agrees to try and be friends with Alex rather than possibly lose Harvey as a friend. Rachel deals with a fourth-year associate who repeatedly hands off menial procedural work to first-year employees. When Rachel confronts her, Donna steps in, undermining Rachel's authority in front of all the other associates. After an argument, both Rachel and Donna admit they have a lot to learn about their new positions in the company. Rachel concedes she needs to focus on becoming a great lawyer more than being a supervisor. Mike takes a pro bono case concerning the wrongful death of a prisoner, only to find out there's a conflict of interest because the parent company that built and runs the prison is one of Alex's clients. Mike hands the case off to Oliver, who reluctantly takes it after Mike tells him how the incident hits close to home. Elsewhere, Harvey's relationship with Dr. Agard hits a snag.
96
4 "Divide and Conquer" Anton Cropper Daniel Arkin August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 1.41[11]
Rachel’s father questions if she and Mike can make time for the wedding and a marriage, as they both are busy with their careers. As Louis finds it difficult to get over Tara, Donna tries to manage the situation. Harvey meets Jessica for help with the fiasco at work and Mike finds it difficult not to help Oliver after signing the agreement to stay away from the prison case. While Louis and Alex get on better terms, Bratton Gould is trying to poach PSL clients, as someone seems to be leaking inside information. As a solution, Harvey tries to convince Zane to agree to a fake merger. Alex proves himself to be loyal to PSL and puts himself at risk to stop Tommy Bratton from coming after PSL clients. Mike and Rachel finally decide to set a date for their wedding, but set it far enough in the future to avoid stress. Harvey learns it was Jessica who leaked the information and he understands that she did so to unite PSL in a time of crisis. Rachel and her father have a heart to heart conversation for the first time in a long while.
97
5 "Brooklyn Housing" Roger Kumble Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 1.29[12]
While Mike agrees to work for the clinic on the prison case under the cover of a suit against the Brooklyn Housing Projects, Harvey suggests that Paula take Louis as her lawyer for her lawsuit with Jacob, her ex. Paula admits that she violated the terms of her professional agreement with Jacob. Donna feels that Harvey is hiding something from her. Harvey tries to get Mike’s help regarding a case and Mike’s absence makes him distressed. Holly Cromwell demands a job at PSL and Donna disagrees with Harvey’s decision. The return of Frank Gallo stirs things up. When Mike tries to extract information from Gallo about the prison rewarding him for starting fights, he demands that Mike get him early parole. Louis clears things with Dr. Lipschitz and wins Dr. Agard’s case. Elsewhere, Rachel discovers Mike is still working the prison case and warns him about the agreement. At the clinic, Nathan also deduces that Mike is helping Oliver.
98
6 "Home to Roost" Valerie Weiss Sandra Silverstein August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 1.47[13]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mike and Oliver visit Frank Gallo, who tips them off to a prosecutor who was going to bring a similar case involving him, but was forced to drop it. Rachel later has to lie to Harvey to cover for where Mike is that day, making her furious. Harvey finds out anyway when Gallo calls Donna, saying Harvey and Mike had better not try to screw him again. Meanwhile, Louis is hit with a sexual harassment lawsuit from Stephanie, the fourth-year associate whom Donna fired. Katrina tries to help by visiting Stephanie as a former colleague, but it still results in Louis needing to admit guilt. Louis eventually apologizes to Stephanie, telling her about losing his chance to be a father, only to find out his rant from before hit close to home with her. Elsewhere, Harvey tells Donna about dating Paula. Donna tells him she already knew, but later admits to Rachel that she didn't know, making her question herself. A pre-trial motion for the prison case goes sour when Alex shows up in court and calls out Mike, who is sitting in the back to support Oliver, forcing Mike to admit he violated conflict of interest and causing the case to be thrown out. Harvey appears to take Alex's side in a fight with Mike, but later visits Alex and demands he tell him the truth.
99
7 "Full Disclosure" Cherie Nowlan Ethan Drogin August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 1.35[14]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In flashbacks to the Pearson Hardman days, it's revealed how Alex arranged for himself and Harvey to get junior partner positions at Bratton Gould, following Harvey's displeasure over Hardman promoting Louis to junior partner ahead of him. Alex assures Tommy Bratton that Harvey's arrival is a "done deal," but Jessica ultimately convinces Harvey to stay, causing problems for Alex. Harvey apologizes to Alex and promises a favor if he ever needs it. Alex is given mostly grunt work and unwinnable cases for several years and his only way back is to become part of an unholy alliance between Bratton, Masterson Construction, and Reform Corp. – an alliance that Mike has just discovered in the present day. Mike tries to get Anita Gibbs to take over the Masterson case as a criminal matter, now that the civil case has been dropped, but Gibbs sees too many conflicts. Also in the past, it is revealed that Jessica was the one who insisted that Louis start seeing Dr. Lipschitz for therapy, while Donna is dumped by Mark (guest star Jay Harrington), her boyfriend of six months, when it becomes clear she will follow Harvey wherever he goes. In the present, Alex reveals all to Mike, including how his life could be in danger if Masterson is prosecuted, while Harvey reveals the same to Donna.
100
8 "100" Patrick J. Adams Rick Muirragui August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 1.51[15]
Harvey asks Robert Zane to take over the prison case, but Zane will only agree if Harvey lets him try the case his own way. Later, Frank Gallo dies in prison, but not before Zane could record a damning video confession from him. Harvey accuses a rep from Reform Corp. of putting a hit on Gallo. While denying involvement, the rep agrees to sign a document revealing the alliance with Tommy Bratton. Harvey uses this to get Bratton to sign a document taking full responsibility and absolving Alex of any wrongdoing. Donna reconnects with her old boyfriend Mark and is taken aback when Mark invites her to his hotel room, even though he is currently married. Elsewhere, Louis wonders why Columbia Law didn't submit any candidates for the firm. He later learns that it's because Sheila Sasz is now working in their placement department. Sheila reveals she is engaged to another man, but invites Louis to a hotel room for one last fling. While Donna backs away at Mark's door, Louis enters Sheila's room.
101
9 "Shame" Silver Tree Sharyn Rothstein September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 1.64[16]
Feeling shame and guilt following a night of passion with Sheila, Louis throws himself into a case with his associate Brian while simultaneously avoiding an appointment with Dr. Lipschitz. When Louis finally meets with Lipschitz, he explains his actions by saying that Sheila, not Tara, is his one true love. Mike, meanwhile, suggests that Harvey reestablish his strength by taking on a prosecutor who is making waves by going after corrupt Wall Street brokers and winning every case. After finding a client to defend, Harvey learns that the prosecutor, Andy Malick (Usman Ally), once worked with him in the Manhattan DA's office. Harvey does not remember Andy, but Andy definitely remembers Harvey as being Cameron Dennis' pet employee. Donna is drawn into the case as well, being the only other person aware of the shady things that went on under Cameron's leadership. Elsewhere, Rachel goes after predatory lenders in a pro bono case with her father, later learning that the case is deeply personal for Robert.
102
10 "Donna" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) 1.68[17]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Louis finds a way to get Donna off the hook with Malick by citing that everything she and Harvey worked on under Cameron Dennis is work product and therefore privileged information. At the pre-trial hearing, Mike and Harvey successfully prevent Malick from using that information, but Malick surprises them by questioning Donna about the documents she shredded in the Coastal Motors case. Unprepared and under oath, Donna admits to doing so, but says she acted alone and not under Harvey's direction. Donna later finds that Malick got the Coastal Motors information from Holly, but Holly will not take the stand. Mike and Harvey are able to prove that Malick manufactured evidence, offering to ignore it in exchange for Malick dropping the case against their client. Elsewhere, Rachel and Robert Zane continue their case against the bank executive who abused Robert's sister. Robert almost ruins the case by letting his emotions take over, but Rachel finds another path they can take to win the case and get the executive fired. Louis helps Alex when the other half of Bratton Gould tries to poach a huge client. Malick returns with a new angle to get back at Harvey: he intends to get Jessica disbarred for knowing about Mike's fraud and covering it up. Jessica arrives at Harvey's home and says that she is okay with the consequences. Harvey insists that he will fight for her, but she urges him to let it go and remove her name from the wall. Louis helps Donna realize that she should fight for the one she loves when he relays his own regrets over Sheila. When Harvey comes to talk to Donna, she stuns him with a kiss, apologizing and telling him she just had to know.
103
11 "Hard Truths" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28) 1.18[18]
Harvey and Louis fight to protect the future of the firm from its past; Alex worries Mike's instincts could risk a client relationship; Donna and Harvey delve into the aftermath of their kiss.
104
12 "Bad Man" Roger Kumble Rick Muirragui April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 1.06[19]
Harvey has to call in an old debt for the firm; Mike goes toe to toe with an unlikely opponent; Louis comes to terms with his new role.
105
13 "Inevitable" Christopher Misiano Genevieve Sparling April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11) 0.95[20]
Harvey is forced into a difficult decision when the impossible is asked of him; Mike and Rachel try to make time to discuss their future; Louis struggles with the rules of his relationship with Sheila.
106
14 "Pulling the Goalie" Emile Levisetti Aaron Korsh & Sharyn Rothstein April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) 0.99[21]
Mike's attempt to distract Harvey with a case backfires.and Harvey fires him. Louis tries not to let emotion affect his judgment in a legal duel with Sheila's fiancée. Donna tries to prove her worth to the firm when the building's landlord hits SL with a huge lease increase. While working a class action case with the clinic, Mike is offered a job heading up a Seattle firm that specializes in class action suits against large companies.
107
15 "Tiny Violin" Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.09[22]
Harvey is forced to help Jessica in Chicago, leaving Louis and Mike to deal with a lawsuit brought by former PSL partners and headed up by Stanley Gordon. Mike tries to balance his loyalty to SL with his ongoing class action suit that could make or break the clinic. Rachel learns that the offer to head up a victim-oriented legal firm in Seattle is real, causing she and Mike to move up their wedding date.
108
16 "Good-Bye" Anton L. Cropper Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.07[22]
Donna discovers that Robert Zane's firm is expanding their offices to three floors, causing Mike and Louis to realize Gordon's lawsuit is part of a takeover of Specter Litt that would render Harvey and Louis effectively neutered, as they would always be outvoted. Louis confronts Robert, who claims he knows nothing about a takeover but suspects his other managing partners, Rand and Calder, are behind it. In a bold move, Zane agrees to join Specter Litt as a name partner and bring enough of his senior partners to have a majority in any vote. Gordon then chooses to drop his suit, but claims they haven't seen the last of him. Jessica resolves her issues in Chicago by agreeing to work for the mayor. Harvey returns to New York in time for Mike and Rachel's wedding. Mike gives Harvey the news that he and Rachel are moving to Seattle.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Skin in the Game" July 12, 2017 0.4 1.40[8] 0.4 1.31 0.8 2.71[23]
2 "The Statue" July 19, 2017 0.4 1.36[9] N/A 1.27 N/A 2.63[24]
3 "Mudmare" July 26, 2017 0.3 1.41[10] N/A N/A N/A N/A
4 "Divide and Conquer" August 2, 2017 0.4 1.41[11] 0.4 1.38 0.8 2.79[25]
5 "Brooklyn Housing" August 9, 2017 0.3 1.29[12] 0.5 1.54 0.8 2.83[26]
6 "Home to Roost" August 16, 2017 0.4 1.47[13] 0.4 1.27 0.8 2.73[27]
7 "Full Disclosure" August 23, 2017 0.4 1.35[14] 0.4 1.52 0.8 2.87[28]
8 "100" August 30, 2017 0.4 1.51[15] 0.3 1.34 0.7 2.85[29]
9 "Shame" September 6, 2017 0.4 1.64[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "Donna" September 13, 2017 0.5 1.68[17] 0.3 1.30 0.8 2.98[30]
11 "Hard Truths" March 28, 2018 0.3 1.18[18] 0.3 1.14 0.6 2.32[31]
12 "Bad Man" April 4, 2018 0.3 1.06[19] N/A 1.05 N/A 2.11[32]
13 "Inevitable" April 11, 2018 0.2 0.95[20] 0.3 1.05 0.5 2.00[33]
14 "Pulling the Goalie" April 18, 2018 0.3 0.99[21] N/A N/A N/A N/A
15 "Tiny Violin" April 25, 2018 0.3 1.09[22] 0.3 1.14 0.6 2.23[34]
16 "Good-Bye" April 25, 2018 0.3 1.07[22] 0.3 1.37 0.6 2.44[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 3, 2016). "'Suits' Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network – TCA". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ SHATTUCK, KATHRYN (September 15, 2016). "Gina Torres on Why She Decided to Leave 'Suits'". nytimes.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Arop, Nirat (April 11, 2017). "USA Network Reveals Summer Programming Premiere Dates". Spoilertv.com. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ HELDMAN, BREANNE L. (June 11, 2017). "Suits celebrates 100 episodes with a royal good time". ew.com. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Agard, Chancellor (November 28, 2017). "Meghan Markle is officially leaving Suits after season 7". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 30, 2018). "'Suits' Renewed for Season 8 as Patrick J. Adams Officially Exits". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gelman, Vlada (July 12, 2017). "Suits Boss on Harvey's Surprising New Romance and Donna's Career Twist". TVLine.com. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.19.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.26.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.2.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.9.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.16.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.23.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.30.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 9.6.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (March 29, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.28.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 5, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 26, 2017). "'Game of Thrones,' 'Nashville' and 'Orphan Black' lead the cable Live +7 ratings for July 10-16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 3, 2017). "'Game of Thrones,' 'Descendants 2' make big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 17-23". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 17, 2017). "'The Sinner' premiere triples in cable Live +7 ratings for July 31-Aug. 6". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 24, 2017). "'Nashville,' 'Orphan Black' finales score in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 7-13". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 30, 2017). "'The Sinner' makes more strong gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 14-20". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 7, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' finale reaches all-time highs: Cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 21-27". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 17, 2017). "'The Sinner' scores big in cable Live +7 ratings for Aug. 28-Sept. 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). "'South Park' premiere makes big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Sept. 11-17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). "'Siren' premiere doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for March 26-April 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Fixer Upper' finale goes out strong: Cable Live +7 ratings for April 2-8". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'The Last O.G.' scores for TBS in cable Live +7 ratings for April 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (May 10, 2018). "'Suits' finale gets solid bump in cable Live +7 ratings for April 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Suits episodes on IMDb
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History of the Indian National Congress
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The flag adopted in 1931 and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War.
Nationalists on the Salt March
[[From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O Hume, a retired British officer, until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement.[citation needed]
After independence of India in 1947, Mahatma Gandhi asked the leaders to dissolve Indian National Congress and form new organisation to govern the nation.[1][2][3]]]
Contents
[hide]
1 1885–1952
1.1 Policies of Indian National Congress during 1885-1947
2 Economic Policy
3 Foreign Policy
3.1 Muslim Response
3.2 Rise of Indian nationalism
4 World War I: the battle for the soul
4.1 Champaran and Kheda
4.2 The Battle for the soul
5 The Gandhi era
6 Expansion and re-organization
6.1 Social development
7 Ascendance to power (1937–1942)
7.1 Traditionalists
8 The final battles
8.1 Quit India
8.2 Indian National Army Trials
8.3 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
8.4 Partition of India
9 1947 – 1952: Transformation
9.1 Constitution
9.2 Leadership change
10 See also
11 References
12 Congress Leaders
13 Further reading
1885–1952[edit]
Allan Octavian Hume
Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume, founded the Indian National Congress (A political party of India (British India to Free India)) to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the transfer of India from the East India Company to the British Empire (the Raj), it was the goal of the Raj to support and justify its governance of India, with the aid of English-educated Indians, who would be familiar and friendly to British culture and political thinking. Ironically, a few of the reasons the Congress grew and survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony, was through the patronage of British authorities, Anglo-Indians, and a rising Indian, English language educated, class.[citation needed]
Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started by reaching-out to selected alumni of the University of Calcutta, writing in his 1883 letter that, "Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits. If you the picked men, the most highly educated of the nation, cannot, scorning personal ease and selfish objects, make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country, a more impartial administration, a larger share in the management of your own affairs, then we, your friends, are wrong and our adversaries right, then are Lord Ripon's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary, then, at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys."[4][page needed]
In May 1885, Hume secured the Viceroy's approval to create an "Indian National Union", which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion. On 12 October 1885, Hume and a group of educated Indians also published "An Appeal from the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland". The Appeal asked British voters in the 1885 British general election to support candidates sympathetic to the positions of Indians. These included opposition to taxing India to finance the British campaigns in Afghanistan, and support for legislative reform in India.[5][page needed] The appeal was a failure, and was interpreted by many Indians as "a rude shock, but a true realization that they had to fight their battles alone."[6][page needed] On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected President.[5][page needed] Besides Hume, two additional British members (both Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding group, William Wedderburn and Justice (later, Sir) John Jardine. The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.[5][page needed]
Policies of Indian National Congress during 1885-1947[edit]
Economic Policy[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
Foreign Policy[edit]
Even before independence of India, the Indian National Congress had well articulated foreign policy positions. In the words of Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy and an ideologue of Indian National Congress, "Right after the establishment of the Indian National Congress, it started articulating its views on foreign affairs. In its first session in 1885, the Indian National Congress deplored the annexation of upper Burma by British Indian Government." [7]
Muslim Response[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many Muslim community leaders, like the prominent educationalist Syed Ahmed Khan, viewed the Congress negatively, owing to its membership being dominated by Hindus. Orthodox Hindu community and religious leaders were also averse, seeing the Congress as supportive of Western cultural invasion.
The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned about its existence on the whole, for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social oppression, and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns by British authorities. The perception of bodies like the Congress was that of an elitist, then educated and wealthy people's institution.
Rise of Indian nationalism[edit]
First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28–31, December, 1885.
The first spurts of nationalistic sentiment that rose amongst Congress members were when the desire to be represented in the bodies of government, to have a say, a vote in the lawmaking and issues of administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of the Empire.
This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji, considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman. Naoroji went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the British House of Commons, becoming its first Indian member. That he was aided in his campaign by young, aspiring Indian student activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay.[citation needed]
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace swaraj as the destiny of the nation. Tilak deeply opposed the British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values, defying and disgracing the India culture. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered swaraj as the natural and only solution: the abandonment of all the British things and to protect the Indian economy from the exploitation of the British, and their biased and discriminatory policies. He was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai who held the same point of view. Under them, India's four great states – Madras, Maharashtra, Bengal, and Punjab region shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism.
The moderates, led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Dadabhai Naoroji, held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue. Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder. The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.
With Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Congress lost credit with the people. Muslims formed the All India Muslim League in 1906, considering the Congress as completely unsuitable for Indian Muslims.[citation needed]
World War I: the battle for the soul[edit]
Annie Besant was by far the most prominently involved European in the Indian struggle
When the British entered the British Indian Army into World War I, it provoked the first definitive, nationwide political debate of its kind in India. Voices calling for political independence grew in number.[citation needed]
The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal Lucknow session in 1916, with efforts of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Tilak had considerably moderated his views, and now favoured political dialogue with the British. He, along with the young Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mrs. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement to put forth Indian demands for Home Rule – Indian participation in the affairs of their own country – a precursor to Swaraj. The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire.[citation needed]
But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle. Mohandas Gandhi was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against British discriminatory laws. Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history, the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution, with the concept of non-violence, civil disobedience, he coined a term, Satyagraha.[citation needed]
Champaran and Kheda[edit]
Main articles: Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha
Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi, who later on became more popular as Mahatma Gandhi, had success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda, giving India its first victory in the struggle for freedom. Then Indian National Congress had supported that movement; Indians gained confidence in the working of that organization that the British could be thwarted through that organization, and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership.[citation needed]
The Battle for the soul[edit]
A whole class of political leaders disagreed with Gandhi. Bipin Chandra Pal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, Bal Gangadhar Tilak all criticized the idea of civil disobedience. But Gandhi had the backing of the people and a whole new generation of Indian nationalists as well as British Raj.[citation needed]
In a series of sessions in 1918, 1919 and 1920, where the old and the new generations clashed in famous and important debates, Gandhi and his young supporters imbued the Congress rank-and-file with passion and energy to combat British rule directly. With the tragedy of the 1919 Amritsar Massacre and the riots in Punjab, Indian anger and passions were palpable and radical. With the election of Mohandas K. Gandhi to the presidency of the Indian National Congress, the battle of the party's soul was won, and a new path to India's destiny forged.[citation needed]
Lokmanya Tilak, whom Gandhi had called The Father of Modern India died in 1920, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier. Motilal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale. Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi's Congress to show the way for the nation.[citation needed]
The Gandhi era[edit]
Mohandas Gandhi gave rise to a whole new generation of nationalists, and a whole new form of revolution.
See also: Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha, and Gandhism
Expansion and re-organization[edit]
In the years after the World War, the Congress expanded considerably, owing to public excitement after Gandhi's success in Champaran and Kheda. A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India, who were committed Gandhians Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Narhari Parikh, Mahadev Desai — as well as hot-blooded nationalists aroused by Gandhi's active leadership — Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, Srinivasa Iyengar.[citation needed]
Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the cities, to an organization of the people:[citation needed]
Membership fees were considerably reduced.
Congress established a large number of state units across India – known as Pradesh Congress Committees – based on its own configuration of India's states on basis of linguistic groups. PCCs emerged for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat — states that did not yet exist and were spread over hundreds of princely states outside British India.
All former practices distinguishing Congressmen on basis of caste, ethnicity, religion and sex were eliminated — all-India unity was stressed.
Native tongues were given official use and respect in Congress meetings – especially Urdu renamed by Gandhi as Hindustani, which was adopted for use by the All India Congress Committee.
Leadership posts and offices at all levels would be filled by elections, and not by appointments. This introduction of democracy was vital in rejuvenating the party, giving voice to ordinary members as well as valuable practice for Indians in democracy.
Eligibility for leadership would be determined by how much social work and service a member had done, not by his wealth or social standing.[citation needed]
Social development[edit]
During the 1920s, M.K. Gandhi encouraged tens of thousands of Congress volunteers to embrace a wide variety of organized tasks to address major social problems across India. Under the guidance of Congress committees and Gandhi's network of ashrams in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Tamil Nadu, the Congress attacked:[citation needed]
Untouchability and caste discrimination
Alcoholism
Unhygienic conditions and lack of sanitation
Lack of health care and medical aid
Purdah and the oppression of women
Illiteracy, with the organization of national schools and colleges
Poverty, with proliferating khadi cloth, cottage industries
This profound work by M. K. Gandhi impressed the people of India particularly, formations of ashrams, that in later period he was mentioned as Mahatma, Great soul, by way of honor, by people of India.
Ascendance to power (1937–1942)[edit]
An old building in Katni commemorating India's freedom, with statues of Nehru, Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose
Under the Government of India Act 1935, the Congress first tasted political power in the provincial elections of 1937. It performed very well, coming to power in eight of the eleven provinces where elections were held. Its internal organization bloomed in the diversity of political attitudes and ideologies. The focus would change slightly from the single-minded devotion to complete independence, to also entertaining excitement and theorizing about the future governance of the nation. However, when the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared India a belligerent in World War II without any consultation with the elected representatives of the people, the Congress ministries resigned.[citation needed]
The radical followers of Subhas Chandra Bose, believers in socialism and active revolution would ascend in the hierarchy with Bose's 1938 election to the Congress presidency.[citation needed]
Traditionalists[edit]
According to one approach, the traditionalist point of view, though not in a political sense, was represented in Congressmen like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C.Rajagopalachari, Purushottam Das Tandon, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad, who were also associates and followers of Gandhi. Their organizational strength, achieved through leading the clashes with the government, was undisputed and proven when despite winning the 1939 election, Bose resigned the Congress presidency because of the lack of confidence he enjoyed amongst national leaders. A year earlier, in the 1938 election, however, Bose had been elected with the support of Gandhi. Differences arose in 1939 on whether Bose should have a second term. Jawaharlal Nehru, who Gandhi had always preferred to Bose, had had a second term earlier. Bose's own differences centred on the place to be accorded to non-violent as against revolutionary methods. When he set up his Indian National Army in South-east Asia during the Second World War, he invoked Gandhi's name and hailed him as the Father of The Nation.[citation needed] It would be wrong to suggest that the so-called traditionalist leaders looked merely to the ancient heritage of Indian, Asian or, in the case of Maulana Azad and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Islamic civilization for inspiration. They believed, along with educationists like Zakir Husain and E W Aryanayakam, that education should be imparted in a manner that enables the learners also to be able to make things with their own hands and learn skills that would make them self-supporting. This method of education was also adopted in some areas in Egypt. (See Reginald Reynolds, Beware of Africans). Zakir Husain was inspired by some European educationists and was able, with Gandhi's support, to dovetail this approach to the one favoured by the Basic Education method introduced by the Indian freedom movement. They believed that the education system, economy and social justice model for a future nation should be designed to suit the specific local requirements. While most were open to the benefits of Western influences and the socio-economic egalitarianism of socialism, they were opposed to being defined by either model.[citation needed]
The final battles[edit]
The last important episodes in the Congress involved the final step to independence, and the division of the country on the basis of religions.[citation needed]
Quit India[edit]
See also: Quit India Movement
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, the prominent leader from Tamil Nadu resigned from the Congress to actively advocate supporting the British war effort. it was started in 1942.[citation needed]
Indian National Army Trials[edit]
During the INA trials of 1946, the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee, which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. QUIT INDIA BILL passed on 8 Aug 1942.[citation needed]
Royal Indian Navy Mutiny[edit]
Some members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. However, they withdrew support at the critical juncture, as the mutiny failed.[citation needed]
Partition of India[edit]
Within the Congress, the Partition was opposed by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Dr. Khan Sahib and Congressmen from the provinces that would inevitably become parts of Pakistan. Maulana Azad opposed partition in principle, but did not wish to impede the national leadership; preferred to stay with Indian side.[citation needed]
1947 – 1952: Transformation[edit]
Constitution[edit]
In the Assembly and Constitution debates, the Congress attitude was marked by inclusiveness and liberalism. The Government appointed some prominent Indians who were Raj loyalists and liberals to important offices, and did not adopt any punitive control over the Indian civil servants who had aided the Raj in its governance of India and suppression of nationalist activities.[citation needed]
A Congress-dominated Assembly adopted B.R. Ambedkar, a fierce Congress critic as the chairman of the Constitution draft committee. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a Hindu Mahasabha leader became the Minister for Industry.[citation needed]
The Congress stood firm on its fundamental promises and delivered a Constitution that abolished untouchability and discrimination based on caste, religion or gender. Primary education was made a right, and Congress governments made the zamindar system illegal, created minimum wages and authorized the right to strike and form labor unions.[citation needed]
Leadership change[edit]
In 1947, the Congress presidency passed upon Jivatram Kripalani, a veteran Gandhian and ally of both Nehru and Patel. India's duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elected winner of the 1947, 1948 and 1949 presidential races.[citation needed]
However, a tug of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing, and Patel and Congress traditionalists broke out in 1950's race. Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the candidacy of Purushottam Das Tandon, whom he perceived as a Hindu revivalist with "problematic" views on Hindu-Muslim relations. Nehru openly backed Kripalani to oppose Tandon, but neglected courtesy to Patel upon the question.[citation needed]
With Patel's tacit support (especially in Patel's home state of Gujarat, where due to Patel's work, Kripalani received not one vote) Tandon won a tight contest, and Nehru threatened to resign. With Patel's convincing, Nehru did not quit.[citation needed]
However, with Patel's death in 1950, the balance shifted permanently in Nehru's favor. Kripalani, C. Rajagopalachari and Tandon were marginalized, and the Congress Party's election fortunes began depending solely on Nehru's leadership and popularity. With the 1952 election sweep, the Congress became India's main political party.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Indian nationalism
Indian independence movement
Satyagraha
Gandhism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jaya produces proof on Gandhi's intent to dissolve Congress". thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-produces-proof-on-gandhis-intent-to-dissolve-congress-1818118
Jump up ^ Dhiman, O. P. (28 March 2018). "Betrayal of Gandhi". Gyan Publishing House. Retrieved 28 March 2018 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya (1935), The History of the Indian National Congress, Working Committee of the Congress
^ Jump up to: a b c John F. Riddick (2006), The History of British India: a chronology, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32280-5
Jump up ^ Madhvi Yasin (1996), Emergence of nationalism, Congress, and separatism, Raj Publications, ISBN 81-86208-05-4
Jump up ^ Laskar, Rejaul Karim (2013). India's Foreign Policy: An Introduction. New Delhi: Paragon International Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-93-83154-06-7. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
Congress Leaders[edit]
Congress Leaders Website
Further reading[edit]
Patel: A Life Rajmohan Gandhi
My Autobiography, or The Story of My Experiments with Truth, M.K. Gandhi
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narhari Parikh
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