text:
Purple Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Purple Heart (disambiguation).
Purple Heart
Purple Heart Medal
Awarded by the
Department of Defense[1]
Department of Homeland Security[2]
Type
Military medal (Decoration)
Eligibility
Military personnel
Awarded for
"Being wounded or killed in any action against an enemy of the United States or as a result of an act of any such enemy or opposing armed forces"
Status
Currently awarded
Description
Obverse profile of George Washington
Statistics
First awarded
February 22, 1932
Total awarded
Approximately 1,910,162 (as of June 5, 2010)[3]
Precedence
Next (higher)
Bronze Star Medal[4]
Next (lower)
Defense Meritorious Service Medal[4]

Purple Heart Service Ribbon
The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the president to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members – the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Criteria
3 Appearance
3.1 Devices
4 Presentation
5 Requests
5.1 Retroactive requests
5.2 Destroyed record requests
6 Notable recipients
6.1 Most Purple Heart awards
7 See also
7.1 Foreign equivalents
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Gen. George Washington himself. General Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. From then on, as its legend grew, so did its appearance. Although never abolished, the award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I.[5][6]
On October 10, 1927, Army Chief of Staff General Charles Pelot Summerall directed that a draft bill be sent to Congress "to revive the Badge of Military Merit". The bill was withdrawn and action on the case ceased January 3, 1928, but the office of the Adjutant General was instructed to file all materials collected for possible future use. A number of private interests sought to have the medal re-instituted in the Army; this included the board of directors of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum in Ticonderoga, New York.
On January 7, 1931, Summerall’s successor, General Douglas MacArthur, confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington Commission of Fine Arts. Elizabeth Will, an Army heraldic specialist in the Office of the Quartermaster General, was named to redesign the newly revived medal, which became known as the Purple Heart. Using general specifications provided to her, Will created the design sketch for the present medal of the Purple Heart. The new design, which exhibits a bust and profile of George Washington, was issued on the bicentennial of Washington's birth. Will's obituary, in the edition of February 8, 1975 of The Washington Post newspaper, reflects her many contributions to military heraldry.
Sign on Interstate 35 designating the Purple Heart Trail.
Purple Heart Memorial, Westland, Michigan
The Commission of Fine Arts solicited plaster models from three leading sculptors for the medal, selecting that of John R. Sinnock of the Philadelphia Mint in May 1931. By Executive Order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart was revived on the 200th Anniversary of George Washington's birth, out of respect to his memory and military achievements, by War Department General Order No. 3, dated February 22, 1932.
The criteria were announced in a War Department circular dated February 22, 1932, and authorized award to soldiers, upon their request, who had been awarded the Meritorious Service Citation Certificate, Army Wound Ribbon, or were authorized to wear Wound Chevrons subsequent to April 5, 1917, the day before the United States entered World War I. The first Purple Heart was awarded to MacArthur. During the early period of American involvement in World War II (December 7, 1941 – September 22, 1943), the Purple Heart was awarded both for wounds received in action against the enemy and for meritorious performance of duty. With the establishment of the Legion of Merit, by an Act of Congress, the practice of awarding the Purple Heart for meritorious service was discontinued. By Executive Order 9277, dated December 3, 1942, the decoration was applied to all services; the order required reasonable uniform application of the regulations for each of the Services. This executive order also authorized the award only for wounds received. For both military and civilian personnel during the World War II era, to meet eligibility for the Purple Heart, AR 600-45, dated September 22, 1943, and May 3, 1944, required identification of circumstances.
After the award was re-authorized in 1932 some U.S. Army wounded from conflicts prior to the first World War applied for, and were awarded, the Purple Heart: "...veterans of the Civil War and Indian Wars, as well as the Spanish–American War, China Relief Expedition (Boxer Rebellion), and Philippine Insurrection also were awarded the Purple Heart. This is because the original regulations governing the award of the Purple Heart, published by the Army in 1932, provided that any soldier who had been wounded in any conflict involving U.S. Army personnel might apply for the new medal. There were but two requirements: the applicant had to be alive at the time of application (no posthumous awards were permitted) and he had to prove that he had received a wound that necessitated treatment by a medical officer."[7]
Subject to approval of the Secretary of Defense, Executive Order 10409, dated February 12, 1952, revised authorizations to include the Service Secretaries. Dated April 25, 1962, Executive Order 11016, included provisions for posthumous award of the Purple Heart. Dated February 23, 1984, Executive Order 12464, authorized award of the Purple Heart as a result of terrorist attacks, or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force, subsequent to March 28, 1973.
On June 13, 1985, the Senate approved an amendment to the 1985 Defense Authorization Bill, which changed the precedence of the Purple Heart award, from immediately above the Good Conduct Medal to immediately above the Meritorious Service Medals. Public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result of friendly fire. Public Law 104-106 expanded the eligibility date, authorizing award of the Purple Heart to a former prisoner of war who was wounded after April 25, 1962. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105-85) changed the criteria to delete authorization for award of the Purple Heart to any civilian national of the United States, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with the Armed Forces. This change was effective May 18, 1998.[8]
During World War II, 1,506,000 Purple Heart medals were manufactured in anticipation of the estimated casualties resulting from the planned Allied invasion of Japan and by the end of the war even accounting for those lost, stolen or wasted, nearly 500,000 remained. To the present date, total combined American military casualties of the seventy years following the end of World War II—including the Korean and Vietnam Wars—have not exceeded that number. In 2003, there remained 120,000 Purple Heart medals in stock. The existing surplus allowed combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan to keep Purple Hearts on-hand for immediate award to soldiers wounded in the field.[9]
The "History" section of the November 2009 edition of National Geographic estimated the number of Purple Hearts given. Above the estimates, the text reads, "Any tally of Purple Hearts is an estimate. Awards are often given during conflict; records aren't always exact" (page 33).[3] The estimates are as follows:
World War I: 320,518
World War II: 1,076,245
Korean War: 118,650
Vietnam War: 351,794
Persian Gulf War: 607
Afghanistan War: 7,027 (as of June 5, 2010)
Iraq War: 35,321 (as of June 5, 2010)
Criteria[edit]
Admiral Mike Mullen reads the citations for seven soldiers receiving Purple Hearts for wounds sustained in Afghanistan
A soldier is awarded the Purple Heart during a ceremony on Coleman Barracks
The Purple Heart is awarded in the name of the President of the United States to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with one of the U.S. Armed Services after April 5, 1917, has been wounded or killed. Specific examples of services which warrant the Purple Heart include any action against an enemy of the United States; any action with an opposing armed force of a foreign country in which the Armed Forces of the United States are or have been engaged; while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party; as a result of an act of any such enemy of opposing armed forces; or as the result of an act of any hostile foreign force. After March 28, 1973, it may be awarded as a result of an international terrorist attack against the United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack by the Secretary of the Army, or jointly by the Secretaries of the separate armed services concerned if persons from more than one service are wounded in the attack. After March 28, 1973, it may be awarded as a result of military operations while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force.[10]
The Purple Heart differs from most other decorations in that an individual is not "recommended" for the decoration; rather he or she is entitled to it upon meeting specific criteria. A Purple Heart is awarded for the first wound suffered under conditions indicated above, but for each subsequent award an oak leaf cluster or 5/16 inch star is worn in lieu of another medal. Not more than one award will be made for more than one wound or injury received at the same instant.
A "wound" is defined as an injury to any part of the body from an outside force or agent sustained under one or more of the conditions listed above. A physical lesion is not required; however, the wound for which the award is made must have required treatment by a medical officer and records of medical treatment for wounds or injuries received in action must have been made a matter of official record. When contemplating an award of this decoration, the key issue that commanders must take into consideration is the degree to which the enemy caused the injury. The fact that the proposed recipient was participating in direct or indirect combat operations is a necessary prerequisite, but is not sole justification for award. The Purple Heart is not awarded for non-combat injuries.[10]
Enemy-related injuries which justify the award of the Purple Heart include: injury caused by enemy bullet, shrapnel, or other projectile created by enemy action; injury caused by enemy placed land mine, naval mine, or trap; injury caused by enemy released chemical, biological, or nuclear agent; injury caused by vehicle or aircraft accident resulting from enemy fire; and, concussion injuries caused as a result of enemy generated explosions.
Injuries or wounds which do not qualify for award of the Purple Heart include frostbite or trench foot injuries; heat stroke; food poisoning not caused by enemy agents; chemical, biological, or nuclear agents not released by the enemy; battle fatigue; disease not directly caused by enemy agents; accidents, to include explosive, aircraft, vehicular, and other accidental wounding not related to or caused by enemy action; self-inflicted wounds (e.g., a soldier accidentally or intentionally fires their own gun and the bullet strikes his or her leg), except when in the heat of battle, and not involving gross negligence; post-traumatic stress disorders;[11] and jump injuries not caused by enemy action.
It is not intended that such a strict interpretation of the requirement for the wound or injury to be caused by direct result of hostile action be taken that it would preclude the award being made to deserving personnel. Commanders must also take into consideration the circumstances surrounding an injury, even if it appears to meet the criteria. In the case of an individual injured while making a parachute landing from an aircraft that had been brought down by enemy fire; or, an individual injured as a result of a vehicle accident caused by enemy fire, the decision will be made in favor of the individual and the award will be made. As well, individuals wounded or killed as a result of "friendly fire" in the "heat of battle" will be awarded the Purple Heart as long as the "friendly" projectile or agent was released with the full intent of inflicting damage or destroying enemy troops or equipment. Individuals injured as a result of their own negligence, such as by driving or walking through an unauthorized area known to have been mined or placed off limits or searching for or picking up unexploded munitions as war souvenirs, will not be awarded the Purple Heart as they clearly were not injured as a result of enemy action, but rather by their own negligence.
From 1942 to 1997, civilians serving or closely affiliated with the armed forces—as government employees, Red Cross workers, war correspondents, and the like—were eligible to receive the Purple Heart. Among the earliest civilians to receive the award were nine firefighters of the Honolulu Fire Department killed or wounded while fighting fires at Hickam Field during the attack on Pearl Harbor.[12] About 100 men and women received the award, the most famous being newspaperman Ernie Pyle who was awarded a Purple Heart posthumously by the Army after being killed by Japanese machine gun fire in the Pacific Theater, near the end of World War II. Before his death, Pyle had seen and experienced combat in the European Theater, while accompanying and writing about infantrymen for the folks back home.[13]
The most recent Purple Hearts presented to civilians occurred after the terrorist attacks at Khobar Towers, Saudi Arabia, in 1996—for their injuries, about 40 U.S. civil service employees received the award.
However, in 1997, at the urging of the Military Order of the Purple Heart, Congress passed legislation prohibiting future awards of the Purple Heart to civilians. Today, the Purple Heart is reserved for men and women in uniform. Civilian employees of the U.S. Department of Defense who are killed or wounded as a result of hostile action may receive the new Defense of Freedom Medal. This award was created shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
Animals are generally not eligible for the Purple Heart; however, there have been rare instances when animals holding military rank were honored with the award. An example includes the horse Sergeant Reckless during the Korean War.
Appearance[edit]
The Purple Heart award is a heart-shaped medal within a gold border, 1 3⁄8 inches (35 mm) wide, containing a profile of General George Washington. Above the heart appears a shield of the coat of arms of George Washington (a white shield with two red bars and three red stars in chief) between sprays of green leaves. The reverse consists of a raised bronze heart with the words FOR MILITARY MERIT below the coat of arms and leaves.
The ribbon is 1 and 3⁄8 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) white 67101; 1 1⁄8 inches (29 mm) purple 67115; and 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) white 67101.[5]
Devices[edit]
Lapel Pin
Additional awards of the Purple Heart are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army and Air Force, and additional awards of the Purple Heart Medal are denoted by 5/16 inch stars in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.[4]
Presentation[edit]
Purple Heart Medal with 5⁄16 Inch Gold Star in presentation case. USN-USMC, World War II.
Current active duty personnel are awarded the Purple Heart upon recommendation from their chain of command, stating the injury that was received and the action in which the service member was wounded. The award authority for the Purple Heart is normally at the level of an Army Brigade, Marine Corps Division, Air Force Wing, or Navy Task Force. While the award of the Purple Heart is considered automatic for all wounds received in combat, each award presentation must still be reviewed to ensure that the wounds received were as a result of enemy action. Modern day Purple Heart presentations are recorded in both hardcopy and electronic service records. The annotation of the Purple Heart is denoted both with the service member's parent command and at the headquarters of the military service department. An original citation and award certificate are presented to the service member and filed in the field service record.
U.S. Army Purple Heart Certificate for a soldier wounded during the Korean War.
A man wearing a Purple Heart during an anti-Vietnam War peace March 1967
During the Vietnam War, Korean War, and World War II, the Purple Heart was often awarded on the spot, with occasional entries made into service records. In addition, during mass demobilizations following each of America's major wars of the 20th century, it was common occurrence to omit mention from service records of a Purple Heart award. This occurred due to clerical errors, and became problematic once a service record was closed upon discharge. In terms of keeping accurate records, it was commonplace for some field commanders to engage in bedside presentations of the Purple Heart. This typically entailed a general entering a hospital with a box of Purple Hearts, pinning them on the pillows of wounded service members, then departing with no official records kept of the visit, or the award of the Purple Heart. Service members, themselves, complicated matters by unofficially leaving hospitals, hastily returning to their units to rejoin battle so as to not appear a malingerer. In such cases, even if a service member had received actual wounds in combat, both the award of the Purple Heart, as well as the entire visit to the hospital, was unrecorded in official records.
Service members requesting retroactive awards of the Purple Heart must normally apply through the National Personnel Records Center. Following a review of service records, qualified Army members are awarded the Purple Heart by the U.S. Army Human Resources Command in Alexandria, Virginia. Air Force veterans are awarded the Purple Heart by the Awards Office of Randolph Air Force Base, while Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, present Purple Hearts to veterans through the Navy Liaison Officer at the National Personnel Records Center. Simple clerical errors, where a Purple Heart is denoted in military records, but was simply omitted from a (WD AGO Form 53-55 (predecessor to the) DD Form 214 (Report of Separation), are corrected on site at the National Personnel Records Center through issuance of a DD-215 document.
Requests[edit]
Retroactive requests[edit]
Because the Purple Heart did not exist prior to 1932, decoration records are not annotated in the service histories of veterans wounded, or killed, by enemy action, prior to establishment of the medal. The Purple Heart is, however, retroactive to 1917 meaning it may be presented to veterans as far back as First World War. Prior to 2006, service departments would review all available records, including older service records, and service histories, to determine if a veteran warranted a retroactive Purple Heart. As of 2008, such records are listed as "Archival", by the National Archives and Records Administration, meaning they have been transferred from the custody of the military, and can no longer be loaned and transferred for retroactive medals determination. In such cases, requestors asking for a Purple Heart (especially from records of the First World War) are provided with a complete copy of all available records (or reconstructed records in the case of the 1973 fire) and advised the Purple Heart may be privately purchased if the requestor feels it is warranted.[citation needed]
A clause to the archival procedures was revised in mid-2008, where if a veteran, or, if deceased, an immediate member of the family, requested the Purple Heart, on an Army or Air Force record, the medal could still be granted by the National Archives. In such cases, where a determination was required made by the military service department, photocopies of the archival record, (but not the record itself), would be forwarded to the headquarters of the military branch in question. This stipulation was granted only for the Air Force and Army; Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard archival medals requests are still typically only offered a copy of the file and told to purchase the medal privately. For requests directly received from veterans, these are routed through a Navy Liaison Office, on site at 9700 Page Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 (the location of the Military Personnel Records Center).[citation needed]
Destroyed record requests[edit]
Due to the 1973 National Archives Fire, a large number of retroactive Purple Heart requests are difficult to verify because all records to substantiate the award may have been destroyed. As a solution to deal with Purple Heart requests, where service records were destroyed in the 1973 fire, the National Personnel Records Center maintains a separate office. In such cases, NPRC searches through unit records, military pay records, and records of the Department of Veterans Affairs. If a Purple Heart is warranted, all available alternate records sources are forwarded to the military service department for final determination of issuance.[citation needed]
The loaning of fire related records to the military has declined since 2006 because a large number of such records now fall into the "archival records" category of military service records. This means the records were transferred from the military to the National Archives, and in such cases, the Purple Heart may be privately purchased by the requestor (see above section of retroactive requests for further details) but is no longer provided by the military service department.[citation needed]
Notable recipients[edit]
Bryan Anderson, Iraq War veteran and triple amputee
James Arness, Actor
Manny Babbitt, U.S. Marine executed for murder
Peter Badcoe, Victoria Cross, Australian Army
Bryan B. Battaglia, Marine Corps, 2nd Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
Kristin Beck, a former United States Navy SEAL who gained public attention in 2013 when she came out as a trans woman
Rocky Bleier, NFL
Dan Blocker, Actor
Pappy Boyington, Marine Corps Pilot
Charles Bronson, Actor
J. Herbert Burke, U.S. Representative from Florida
Mel Casas, Artist
Llewellyn Chilson, Army, 3 awards
David Christian, Army, 7 awards
Wesley Clark, former SACEUR
Cordelia E Cook, first woman recipient of the BSM and the Purple Heart
Steponas Darius, aviator
Ray Davis, Marine Corps General
Sammy L. Davis, Medal of Honor, Army, 2 awards
Bob Dole, Army, 2 awards, former U.S. Senator and Republican Presidential Candidate
Desmond Doss, WWII, Medal of Honor
Tammy Duckworth, U.S. Senator from Illinois
Charles Durning, Actor
Dale Dye, Actor
Samuel Fuller, Director
James Garner, Actor, 2 awards
James M. Gavin, Army Lt. General
Salvatore Giunta, Medal of Honor, Army in Afghanistan War
Calvin L. Graham, USN, WWII, youngest Purple Heart recipient, 12 years old
Eric Greitens, Navy SEAL, Author and Governor of Missouri
Harold J. Greene, Army General
Oren W. Haglund, production manager of eleven ABC/Warner Brothers television series between 1955 and 1961
Joe Haldeman, Writer
Carlos Hathcock, Marine Corps
Charles Franklin Hildebrand, Journalist and Publisher
Daniel Inouye, U.S. Senator from Hawaii, Medal of Honor, WWII
Raymond Jacobs, Marine Corps, flag raiser
Russell Johnson, Actor
James Jones, Writer
John F. Kennedy, Navy, WWII, former U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and 35th President of the United States
John Kerry, Navy, former U.S. Secretary of State, former U.S. Senator and Lt. Governor from Massachusetts, and Democratic Presidential Candidate, 3 awards
Ron Kovic, Writer
Melvin Laird, Navy, WWII, former U.S. Secretary of Defense
Megan Leavey
Robert Leckie, Marine Corps
Aleda E. Lutz, WWII Army Flight Nurse, second most decorated woman in U.S. history.
Victor Maghakian, also known as Captain Victor "Transport" Maghakian
Lee Marvin, Actor
John McCain, Navy, POW during Vietnam, U.S. Senator from Arizona, and former U.S. Representative from Arizona
Audie Murphy, Medal of Honor, Actor, 3 awards
Joseph Charles Plumb Jr. Motivational speaker, P.O.W., Author.
Robert M. Polich, Sr., Army Air Forces pilot, featured in Minnesota's Greatest Generation (2008) short Film Festival[14]
Colin Powell, Army General, former United States Secretary of State.
Harry Pregerson, Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit[15]
Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr., Son of Chesty Puller and author of the Pulizer Prize winning book Fortunate Son.
Ernie Pyle, WWI US Naval Reserve, WWII War Correspondent
Charles P. Roland, American historian[16]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., Navy, President FDR's son
Telly Savalas Actor
Al Schmid, Marine Corps
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., Commanding General of allied forces during Desert Storm
Ben Schwartzwalder, Hall of Fame Football Coach at Syracuse University
Sergeant Reckless, Marine war horse of official rank, 2 awards
Don W. Sears, Dean and Professor Emeritus of Law at the University of Colorado Law School
Rod Serling, American screenwriter
Robert B. Sherman, American songwriter
Eric Shinseki, former Army Chief of Staff and Secretary of the Veterans Administration
W. E. "Pete" Snelson, American politician[17]
Warren Spahn, MLB player
Oliver Stone, director
Spencer Stone, Air Force Staff Sergeant, Author and Actor, who stopped terrorist attack on train to Paris, France
Sergeant Stubby, Army K9 WWI, 2 awards
Bruce Sundlun, former Governor of Rhode Island.
Pat Tillman, Army Rangers, NFL player
Gilbert R. Tredway, American historian
Lauri Törni, Finnish soldier of three armies
Matt Urban, Army, 7 awards
Jay R. Vargas, Marine Corps, 5 awards
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Author
Lewis William Walt, Marine Corps General, 2 awards
Jim Webb, Marine Corps, former Secretary of the Navy, U.S. Senator from Virginia, author and Emmy Award-winning Journalist, 2 awards
Richard Winters, Army Major
Joshua Wheeler
Gordon Yntema, Medal of Honor recipient
Chuck Yeager, Army Air Forces and Air Force Brigadier General
Tyler Ziegel
Most Purple Heart awards[edit]
Ten Purple Hearts:
Curry T. Haynes, U.S. Army: Vietnam War[18]
Nine Purple Hearts:
Albert L. Ireland, U.S. Marine Corps: World War II (5), Korean War (4).[19][20]
Eight Purple Hearts:
Robert T. Frederick, U.S. Army: World War II (8)[21]
David H. Hackworth, U.S. Army: Korean War (3), Vietnam War (5)[21]
Joe Hooper, U.S. Army, Medal of Honor: Vietnam War (8)
Robert L. Howard, U.S. Army, Medal of Honor: Vietnam War (8)[21]
William Waugh, U.S. Army: Vietnam War (8)
See also[edit]
Gold Star Lapel Button
Law Enforcement Purple Heart
Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom
Texas Purple Heart Medal
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service (State Department)
Wound stripe
Foreign equivalents[edit]
Elizabeth Cross (United Kingdom)
Sacrifice Medal (Canada)
Insigne des blessés civils (France)
Insignia for the Military Wounded (France)
Wound Medal (Austria-Hungary)
Wound Badge (Imperial and Nazi Germany)
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ http://govdocs.rutgers.edu/mil/army/r600_8_22.pdf
Jump up ^ https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/29/2001723556/-1/-1/0/CIM_1650_25E.PDF
^ Jump up to: a b "History: Purple Hearts". National Geographic (November 2008): 33.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: DoD-Wide Performance and Valor Awards; Foreign Awards; Military Awards to Foreign Personnel and U.S. Public Health Service Officers; and Miscellaneous Information" (PDF). DoD Manual 1348.33, Vol. 3. Department of Defense. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Purple Heart". The Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Purple Heart History". PurpleHearts.net. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Purple Heart - The Story of America's Oldest Military Decoration and Some Soldier Recipients - The Campaign for the National Museum of the United States Army". April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sec. 571. The Purple Heart is to be awarded only to members of the armed forces" (PDF). Public Law 105–85. Department of Defense. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ D.M Giangreco and Kathryn Moore (December 15, 2003). "Are New Purple Hearts Being Manufactured to Meet the Demand?". History News Network. Retrieved June 6, 2011. drawn from material originally posted in Giangreco, D.M.; Moore, Kathryn (2000). "Half a Million Purple Hearts". American Heritage. 51 (8): 81.
^ Jump up to: a b "Military Awards" (PDF). Army Regulation 600–8–22. Army Publishing Directorate. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Alvarez, L. and E. Eckholm (January 7, 2009 ). "Purple Heart Is Ruled Out for Traumatic Stress." New York Times. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Antone, Rod (December 24, 2005). "Rescuing history". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe". Nytimes.com. April 19, 1945. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Moving Pictures : 2008 Film Entries - Minnesota's Greatest Generation".
Jump up ^ Dolan, Maura (November 26, 2017). "Harry Pregerson, one of the most liberal federal appeals court judges in the nation, dies at 94". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Roland, My Odyssey Through History". lsu.edu. Archived from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "W. E. "Pete" Snelson (1923-2014)". The Odessa American. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Record". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
Jump up ^ "National Affairs: Fighting Man". Time. July 27, 1953. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Leiter, Maria Theodore (November 17, 2007). "War Hero Comes Home". www.pcnr.com. Putnam County News and Recorder. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Purple is color for those who have bled red". Headquarters, Marine Corps. January 29, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Bibliography
Case Reference Guide regarding verification and issuance of the Purple Heart Medal, Military Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Purple Heart.
Army Regulation 670-1: Wear and Appearance of Army Uniform and Insignia
Purple Heart History
The Purple Heart: Background and Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service

[show]
v
t
e
George Washington
1st President of the United States, 1789–1797
Senior Officer of the Army, 1798–1799
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783
Second Continental Congress, 1775
First Continental Congress, 1774
Military career
Revolutionary War
Military career
French and Indian War
Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Forbes Expedition
Washington and the American Revolution
Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
Aides-de-camp
Washington's headquarters
Boston campaign
Siege of Boston
New York and New Jersey campaign
Delaware River crossing
Battle of Trenton
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of White Marsh
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battles of Saratoga
Sullivan Expedition
Yorktown campaign
Siege of Yorktown
Culper spy ring
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
Resignation as commander-in-chief
Badge of Military Merit
Purple Heart
Washington Before Boston Medal
Horses: Nelson and Blueskin
Other U.S.
founding events
1769 Virginia Association
Continental Association
1774 Fairfax Resolves
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Presidency
United States presidential election, 1788–89
1792
First inauguration
inaugural bible
Second inauguration
Title of "Mr. President"
Cabinet of the United States
Secretary of State
Attorney General
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
Nonintercourse Act
Whiskey Rebellion
Militia Acts of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Proclamation of Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1794
Jay Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
Slave Trade Act of 1794
Residence Act
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Farewell Address
State of the Union Address 1790
1791
1792
1793
1796
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Views and
public image
Presidential library
The Washington Papers
Religious views
Washington and slavery
Town Destroyer
Legacy
Life and homes
Early life
Birthplace
Ferry Farm boyhood home
Mount Vernon
Gristmill
Woodlawn Plantation
Samuel Osgood House, First Presidential Mansion
Alexander Macomb House, Second Presidential Mansion
President's House, Philadelphia
Germantown White House
Custis estate
Potomac Company
James River and Kanawha Canal
Mountain Road Lottery
Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Washington College
Washington and Lee University
Electoral history of George Washington
Memorials and
depictions
Washington, D.C.
Washington state
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Washington's Birthday
Purple Heart
The Apotheosis of Washington
George Washington (Houdon)
George Washington (Ceracchi)
George Washington (Trumbull)
Washington Crossing the Delaware
General George Washington at Trenton
Washington at Verplanck's Point
General George Washington Resigning His Commission
Unfinished portrait
Lansdowne portrait
The Washington Family portrait
Washington at Princeton painting
Point of View sculpture
George Washington University
Washington University
Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington Memorial Parkway
George Washington Bridge
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Washington Monument, Baltimore
Washington, D.C. statue
List of memorials
U.S. Postage stamps
Washington-Franklin Issues
1932 bicentennial
Currency
Washington quarter
Washington dollar
Silver bullion coins
Cultural depictions
George Washington (1984 miniseries
1986 sequel)
Related
Bibliography
Founding Fathers of the United States
Republicanism
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Virginia dynasty
Coat of arms
Cherry-tree anecdote
River Farm
Washington's Crossing
1751 Barbados trip
Category
Syng inkstand
General of the Armies
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Ancestry
and family
Martha Washington (wife)
John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball Washington (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category
[hide]
Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military
Federal military decorations
Medal of Honor
Silver Star Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal
Purple Heart
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal
Department level military decorations
Defense Distinguished Service
Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service
Defense Meritorious Service
Joint Service Commendation
Joint Service Achievement
Joint Meritorious Unit
Federal service medals
Prisoner of War
National Defense Service Medal
Antarctica Service
Korean Service
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
Vietnam Service
Southwest Asia Service
Kosovo Campaign
Afghanistan Campaign Medal
Iraq Campaign Medal
Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Korea Defense Service
Armed Forces Service Medal
Humanitarian Service Medal
Outstanding Volunteer Service
Armed Forces Reserve
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purple_Heart&oldid=843269563"
Categories:
Awards established in 1932
Military awards and decorations of the United States
Wound decorations
Cultural depictions of George Washington
Purple Heart
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from October 2016
Pages using deprecated image syntax
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Ænglisc
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
23 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 01:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Purple_Heart_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Purple Heart (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

values: United States Department of Homeland Security

values: Awards and decorations of the United States military

values:
/wiki/Military_award
mw-redirect
Military award

values: Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site

values: Chief of Staff of the United States Army

values:
/wiki/Adjutant_General
mw-redirect
Adjutant General

values:
/wiki/Quartermaster_General
mw-redirect
Quartermaster General

values: Meritorious Service Citation Certificate (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Executive order (United States)

values: Meritorious Service Medal (United States)

values:
/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)
mw-redirect
National Geographic (magazine)

values:
/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War
mw-redirect
Persian Gulf War

values: Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear

values:
/wiki/Food_poisoning
mw-redirect
Food poisoning

values:
/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorders
mw-redirect
Post-traumatic stress disorders

values:
/wiki/Hickam_Field
mw-redirect
Hickam Field

values:
/wiki/Khobar_Towers
mw-redirect
Khobar Towers

values:
/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_George_Washington
mw-redirect
Coat of Arms of George Washington

values: Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War

values:
/wiki/1973_National_Archives_Fire
mw-redirect
1973 National Archives Fire

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: United States Department of Veterans Affairs

values:
/wiki/Cordelia_E_Cook
mw-redirect
Cordelia E Cook

values:
/wiki/Ray_Davis_(general)
mw-redirect
Ray Davis (general)

values:
/wiki/Warner_Brothers
mw-redirect
Warner Brothers

values:
/wiki/Television_series
mw-redirect
Television series

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._Polich,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Robert M. Polich, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Lewis_Burwell_Puller,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Desert_Storm
mw-redirect
Desert Storm

values:
/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Gordon_Yntema
mw-redirect
Gordon Yntema

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/David_H._Hackworth
mw-redirect
David H. Hackworth

values: Awards of the United States Department of State

values:
/wiki/Insignia_for_the_Military_Wounded
mw-redirect
Insignia for the Military Wounded

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.purplehearts.net/id6.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hnn.us/articles/1801.html

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/The_Odessa_American
mw-redirect
The Odessa American

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values: commons:Category:Purple Heart (United States)

values: Commanding General of the United States Army

values: George Washington in the French and Indian War

values: George Washington in the American Revolution

values: List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War

values: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River

values: George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: United States presidential election, 1788–89

values: United States presidential election, 1792

values: Second inauguration of George Washington

values: List of federal judges appointed by George Washington

values: Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington

values: George Washington Birthplace National Monument

values: Cultural depictions of George Washington

values: George Washington Masonic National Memorial

values: George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

values: Lieutenant General George Washington (statue)

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins

values: George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)

values: Defense Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Homeland Security Distinguished Service Ribbon.svg

values: Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal

values: Defense Superior Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Joint Service Commendation Medal ribbon.svg

values: Joint Service Achievement Medal ribbon.svg

values: National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg

values: Southwest Asia Service Medal ribbon (1991–2016).svg

values: Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal ribbon.svg

values: Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg

values: Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal

values: Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal ribbon.svg

values: Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Military awards and decorations of the United States

values: Category:Cultural depictions of George Washington

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2016

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Purple_Heart
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: وسام القلب الأرجواني – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Пурпурнае сэрца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Пурпурно сърце – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: پرپل هارت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 퍼플 하트 훈장 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: לב הארגמן – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: パープルハート章 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Пурпурное сердце (медаль) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kalp
Mor Kalp – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Пурпурне Серце (США) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Purple_Heart rootpage-Purple_Heart skin-vector action-view


text:
Earth's rotation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the duration of daylight and night, see Daytime and Night.
An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis
This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates.
Earth's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the north pole star Polaris, Earth turns counter clockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago,[1] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Empirical tests
2 Periods
2.1 True solar day
2.2 Mean solar day
2.3 Stellar and sidereal day
2.4 Angular speed
3 Changes
3.1 In rotational axis
3.2 In rotational velocity
3.2.1 Tidal interactions
3.2.2 Resonant stabilization
3.2.3 Global events
3.3 Measurement
3.4 Ancient observations
4 Origin
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.[3]
A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas, Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun. In the third century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun's central place.
However, Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth.[4] This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.[5]
In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction, in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward."[6][7]
In the 10th century, some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.[8] According to al-Biruni, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (d. circa 1020) invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky."[9][10] The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisīn), the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars."[9] Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it.[11] At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.[12]
In medieval Europe, Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle's view[13] and so, reluctantly, did John Buridan[14] and Nicole Oresme[15] in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun.[16]
Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth. In 1600, William Gilbert strongly supported the earth's rotation in his treatise on the earth's magnetism[17] and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries.[18] Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called "semi-Copernicans".[19] A century after Copernicus, Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies;[20] such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect. However, the contributions of Kepler, Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth.
Empirical tests[edit]
The earth's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened. In his Principia, Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1:230, and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity,[21] but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite. However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening, thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position.[22]
In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Hooke, following a 1679 suggestion from Newton, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters, but definitive results were only obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th century, by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna, Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg, using taller towers and carefully released weights.[n 1] A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m (520 ft) departed by 27.4 mm (1.08 in) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm (1.11 in).
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.
Periods [edit]
Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory.[23]
True solar day[edit]
Main article: Solar time
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two.[n 2] The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about 10 seconds longer to do so. Conversely, it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion. It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds. Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds, respectively.[24][25][26]
Mean solar day[edit]
Main article: Mean solar day
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds.[27][28][29] Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms.[30][31] The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun. These tables were used to calculate the world's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the ephemeris second. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.[32]
The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time.
Stellar and sidereal day[edit]
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day).
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.098 903 691s, 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days).[33][n 3] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.090 530 832 88s, 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days).[33] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[35]
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds. The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[36] and 1962–2005.[37]
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms, which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day).
Angular speed[edit]
Plot of latitude vs tangential speed. The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed.
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is (7.2921150 ± 0.0000001) ×10−5 radians per SI second (mean solar second).[33] Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun.[n 4] Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m/s (1,526 ft/s), or 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph).[38] Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or 1,669.8 km/h.[39] This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24 hours. However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, 1.002 737 909 350 795,[33] which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude.[40] For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph; 465.1 m/s) = 1,470.23 km/h (913.56 mph; 408.40 m/s)
Changes[edit]
Main articles: Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT
Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.
In rotational axis[edit]
The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.
Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.
In rotational velocity[edit]
Tidal interactions[edit]
Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 {\displaystyle r^{-6}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth.
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites; a compilation of these measurements[41] found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago[42] to the current 24 hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.[43]
Resonant stabilization[edit]
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying the Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data[41] tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago. Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian.[42] This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally-driven atmospheric tide; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago, citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data.[44]
Deviation of day length from SI based day
Global events[edit]
Additionally, some large-scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia.[45] Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation period.[46]
Measurement[edit]
The primary monitoring of the Earth's rotation is performed with very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession, and nutation.[47]
Ancient observations[edit]
There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day, meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past.[48][49]
Origin[edit]
An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk.
The Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust, rocks, and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System. This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas. As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.[50]
However, if the giant-impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact.[51] Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
See also[edit]
Allais effect
Axial precession
Diurnal cycle
Earth's orbit
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geodesic (in mathematics)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesy
Giant-impact hypothesis
History of Earth
History of geodesy, Space techniques
List of important publications in geology
Newcomb's Tables of the Sun
Nychthemeron
Spherical Earth
World Geodetic System
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation (German Wikipedia article).
Jump up ^ When Earth's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice, only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks.[24]
Jump up ^ Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".[34]
Jump up ^ In astronomy, unlike geometry, 360° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale, either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth's axis, or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann (18 September 2009). Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-3-527-62795-0.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, F. Richard (2003). "Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation". Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 (2). pp. 2.22–2.27. Bibcode:2003A&G....44b..22S. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x.
Jump up ^ Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11: 267–294. doi:10.1086/368583. JSTOR 301675.
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Of the Heavens. Book II, Ch 13. 1.
Jump up ^ Ptolemy. Almagest Book I, Chapter 8.
Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf
Jump up ^ Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-691-12067-6.
Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam". Scientia/Rivista di Scienza. 108 (67): 762.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, M. J. L., ed. (2 November 2006). Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780521028875.
Jump up ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1 January 1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. SUNY Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781438414195.
Jump up ^ Ragep, Sally P. (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
Jump up ^ Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context, Cambridge University Press, 14 (1–2): 145–163, doi:10.1017/s0269889701000060
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo. Lib II, cap XIV. trans in Grant, Edward, ed. (1974). A Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pages 496–500
Jump up ^ Buridan, John (1942). Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo. pp. 226–232. in Grant 1974, pp. 500–503
Jump up ^ Oresme, Nicole. Le livre du ciel et du monde. pp. 519–539. in Grant 1974, pp. 503–510
Jump up ^ Copernicus, Nicolas. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Book I, Chap 5–8.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, William. De Magnete, On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth. pp. 313–347.
Jump up ^ Russell, John L. "Copernican System in Great Britain". In J. Dobrzycki. The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory. p. 208.
Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972, p. 221
Jump up ^ Almagestum novum, chapter nine, cited in Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth. GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. volume 43, pages 215–226.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac (1846). Newton's Principia. Translated by A. Motte. p. 412.
Jump up ^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. U of Chicago Press. pp. 324, 355.
Jump up ^ "Starry Spin-up". Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Meeus; J. M. A. Danby (January 1997). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-0-943396-51-4.
Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue
Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day
Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now
Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds
Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations
Jump up ^ R. Hide et al., "Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth's rotation" 1993.
Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d IERS EOP Useful constants
Jump up ^ Aoki, et al., "The new definition of Universal Time", Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 (1982) 359–361.
Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, ed. P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Mill Valley, Cal., University Science Books, 1992, p.48, ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400s … since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Graph at end.
Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005
Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox, ed., Allen's Astrophysical Quantities p.244.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich, The Cambridge planetary handbook, p.50.
Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer. "Speed of the turning of the Earth". Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, George E. (1 February 2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–59. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38...37W. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. ISSN 1944-9208.
^ Jump up to: a b Zahnle, K.; Walker, J. C. (1 January 1987). "A constant daylength during the Precambrian era?". Precambrian Research. 37: 95–105. Bibcode:1987PreR...37...95Z. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90073-8. ISSN 0301-9268. PMID 11542096.
Jump up ^ Scrutton, C. T. (1 January 1978). Brosche, Professor Dr Peter; Sündermann, Professor Dr Jürgen, eds. Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 154–196. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67097-8_12. ISBN 9783540090465.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Benjamin C.; Stevenson, David J. (1 January 2016). "Analysis of a Precambrian resonance-stabilized day length". Geophysical Research Letters: 2016GL068912. arXiv:1502.01421  . Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.5716B. doi:10.1002/2016GL068912. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth's rotation, Nature, 30 December 2004.
Jump up ^ Wu, P.; W.R.Peltier (1984). "Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth's rotation: a new analysis". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 76 (3): 753–792. Bibcode:1984GeoJ...76..753W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x.
Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring
Jump up ^ Sid Perkins (6 December 2016). "Ancient eclipses show Earth's rotation is slowing". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aa10469.
Jump up ^ FR Stephenson; LV Morrison; CY Hohonkerk (7 December 2016). "Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2196). Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47260404S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0404. PMC 5247521  .
Jump up ^ "Why do planets rotate?". Ask an Astronomer.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 15 (1): 271–315. Bibcode:1987AREPS..15..271S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415.
External links[edit]
USNO Earth Orientation new site, being populated
USNO IERS old site, to be abandoned
IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
hide
v
t
e
Earth-related topics
History
Age of the Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Faint young Sun paradox
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Future of Earth
Geologic time scale
Geological history of Earth
History of Earth
Timeline of evolution
Geography
Geology
Clairaut's theorem
Continents
Earthquake
Equatorial bulge
Extremes on Earth
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geophysics
Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Time zones
Ecology
Earth Day
Global warming
Human impact on the environment
Imaging
Apple Maps
Baidu Maps
Bhuvan
Bing Maps
Global Map
Google Earth
Google Maps
MapmyIndia
NASA World Wind
Here
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Remote sensing
Yahoo! Maps
Yandex Maps
Arts
Culture
Society
Earth in culture
Earth in science fiction
Etymology of the word "Earth"
History of the world
International law
Landscape painting
List of countries
World economy
Other topics
Biosphere
Earth's orbit
Earth trojan
The ecliptic
Flag of Earth
Gravity
Magnetic field
The Moon
Claimed moons of Earth
2006 RH120
Kordylewski cloud
Solar System
Earth's location in the Universe
Theia
Earth sciences portal
Solar System portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_rotation&oldid=850506687"
Categories:
Dynamics of the Solar System
Earth
Rotation
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
עברית
Кыргызча
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
සිංහල
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
39 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 09:14 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy
mw-redirect
Claudius Ptolemy

values:
/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam
mw-redirect
Astronomy in medieval Islam

values:
/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Sijzi
mw-redirect
Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi

values:
/wiki/John_Buridan
mw-redirect
John Buridan

values:
/wiki/Coriolis_effect
mw-redirect
Coriolis effect

values: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

values:
/wiki/History_of_Geodesy#Europe
mw-redirect
History of Geodesy

values:
/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Benzenberg
mw-redirect
Johann Friedrich Benzenberg

values:
/wiki/Freiberg,_Saxony
mw-redirect
Freiberg, Saxony

values:
/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_(Paris)
mw-redirect
Panthéon (Paris)

values:
/wiki/Mean_solar_day
mw-redirect
Mean solar day

values:
/wiki/Tidal_friction
mw-redirect
Tidal friction

values:
/wiki/Ephemeris_second
mw-redirect
Ephemeris second

values:
/wiki/Direct_motion
mw-redirect
Direct motion

values:
/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Precession (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Fluctuations_in_the_length_of_day
mw-redirect
Fluctuations in the length of day

values:
/wiki/Cruise_speed
mw-redirect
Cruise speed

values:
/wiki/Inertial_space
mw-redirect
Inertial space

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.381ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Tidal_rhythmites
mw-redirect
Tidal rhythmites

values:
/wiki/Resonance_frequency
mw-redirect
Resonance frequency

values:
/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake
mw-redirect
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

values:
/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum
mw-redirect
Conservation of angular momentum

values:
/wiki/Universal_time
mw-redirect
Universal time

values:
/wiki/Interstellar_dust
mw-redirect
Interstellar dust

values: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

values: List of important publications in geology

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: de:Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086/368583

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/301675

values: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers

values:
/wiki/Almagestum_novum
mw-redirect
Almagestum novum

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900016

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9208

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-9268

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542096

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1502.01421

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068912

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126/science.aa10469

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0404

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.iers.org/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values: Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

values:
/wiki/Etymology_of_the_word_%22Earth%22
mw-redirect
Etymology of the word "Earth"

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: دوران الأرض – Arabic

values: পৃথিবীর আহ্নিক গতি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Сутачнае вярчэнне Зямлі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी के घूर्णन – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Движения на Земята – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: حرکت وضعی زمین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 지구의 자전 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: כדור הארץ – Hebrew

values: Жердин айлануусу – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Земјино вртење – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: पृथ्वीचे परिवलन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Суточное вращение Земли – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: පෘථිවියෙහි භ්‍රමණය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: ڌرتي جي چرپر – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: புவியின் சுழற்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Җирнең тәүлеклек әйләнүе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: భూభ్రమణం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: Обертання Землі – Ukrainian

values: Hiện tượng tự quay của Trái Đất – Vietnamese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Earth_s_rotation rootpage-Earth_s_rotation skin-vector action-view