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The Day the Music Died
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This article is about the plane crash. For other uses, see The Day the Music Died (disambiguation).
The Day the Music Died
The memorial marking the crash site, 2003
Accident summary
Date
February 3, 1959 (1959-02-03)
Summary
Spatial disorientation, loss of control in near-IMC conditions
Site
Near Clear Lake, Iowa, United States
43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417Coordinates: 43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417
Passengers
3
Crew
1
Fatalities
4 (all)
Survivors
0
Aircraft type
Beechcraft Bonanza
Operator
Dwyer Flying Service, Mason City, Iowa
Registration
N3794N
Flight origin
Mason City Municipal Airport, Iowa
Destination
Hector Airport, North Dakota
On February 3, 1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".
At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the United States Midwest. Rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour, as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite. After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, who had the flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss. Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, the pilot lost control of the light aircraft, a Beechcraft Bonanza, which subsequently crashed into a cornfield. Everyone on board was killed. The event has since been mentioned in various songs and films. A number of monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Flight arrangements
3 Take-off and crash
4 Aftermath
5 Official investigation
6 Subsequent investigations
7 Legacy
7.1 Notification of victims' families
7.2 Memorials
7.2.1 Films
7.2.2 Memorial concerts
7.2.3 Monuments
7.2.4 Roads
7.2.5 Songs
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Books
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958. For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. New hit artist Ritchie Valens, J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[1][2]
Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959
The tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled; instead of "circling" around the Midwest to each town, the tour zig-zagged with distances between cities over 400 miles. General Artists Corporation, the organization that booked the tour, later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:
“ They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell -- that's what they named it -- and it's not a bad name."
Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs[3] ”
The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced with astounding frequency. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- "reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids."[3] The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from the 20s to as low as -36 °F. One bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. Later, Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu-like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet, after the tour bus simply broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood, Michigan. The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus and kept traveling.[4] After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties. When Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly. As Holly's group had been the backing band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Clear Lake, Iowa.[5]
On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, Iowa, having driven 350 miles from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. The town had not been a scheduled stop, but the tour promoters, hoping to fill an open date, called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom, Carroll Anderson (1920-2006), and offered him the show. He accepted, and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile drive north and northwest (and, emphasizing the poor planning, a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week.) No let up after that was in sight, as the following day, they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City, Iowa, a 325-mile trip.
Holly decided to charter a plane to take his band and him to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.[4]
Flight arrangements[edit]
A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
Surf Ballroom manager Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer (1930-2016), owner of the Dwyer Flying Service, a company in Mason City, Iowa, to charter the plane to fly to Hector Airport in Fargo, the closest one to Moorhead.[6] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying".[7]
The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza (registration N3794N[8]), which could seat three passengers plus the pilot.[9] A popular misconception, originating from Don McLean's eponymous song about the crash, was that the plane was called American Pie. In fact, no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.[10]
The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Waylon Jennings for his seat on the plane. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes", a humorous but ill-fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life.[11]
Ritchie Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Tommy Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to toss a coin to decide.[6] Bob Hale, a DJ with KRIB-AM, was working the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight.
In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and The Bopper to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview called "The Winter Dance Party", Dion claimed that Holly called him, Valens, and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Frankie Sardo's performance and said "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion claims that he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to US$300 in today's money)[12] equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.[13]
Take-off and crash[edit]
After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to the Mason City Municipal Airport.[14] The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (910 m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility 6 miles (9,700 m), and winds from 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings pilot Peterson received failed to relay the information.[15]
Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa
The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 12:55 am Central Time on Tuesday, February 3.[16] Dwyer, the owner of the flight service company, witnessed the take-off from a platform outside the control tower. He was able to see clearly the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 ft. The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared out of view. Around 1:00 am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts to establish communication were made, at Dwyer's request, by the radio operator, but they were all unsuccessful.[7]
Later that morning, Dwyer, having heard no word from Peterson since his departure, took off in another airplane to retrace his planned route. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the airport.[7][17] The sheriff's office, alerted by Dwyer, dispatched Deputy Bill McGill, who drove to the crash site, a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl.[18]
The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around 170 mph (270 km/h), banked steeply to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160 m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property.[7]
The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the torn fuselage and lay near the wreckage. Richardson's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl's neighbor Oscar Moffett, while pilot Peterson's body was entangled in the plane's wreckage.[7] With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, ballroom manager Carroll Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.[19] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot.[20][21]
Aftermath[edit]
Holly's pregnant wife, María Elena, learned of his death from the reports on television. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a miscarriage shortly after, reportedly due to "psychological trauma". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed.[1] María Elena Holly did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite. She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."[22]
The "Winter Dance Party" tour did not stop; Waylon Jennings and Tommy Allsup continued performing for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.[23] Meanwhile, the funerals of the victims were being held individually; Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in California, and pilot Peterson in Iowa.
Official investigation[edit]
The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident
The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). It emerged that pilot Roger Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flying training, although had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. However, on the night of the accident, visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon, and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.[7]
Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as source of aircraft attitude information, while N3794N was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways.
The CAB concluded that the accident was due to "the pilot's unwise decision to embark on a flight" that required instrument flying skills he had not proved to have. A contributing factor was the pilot's unfamiliarity with the old-style attitude gyroscope fitted on board the aircraft, which may have caused him to believe that he was climbing when he was in fact descending (an example of spatial disorientation). Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" weather briefing provided to the pilot, which "failed to even mention adverse flying condition which should have been highlighted".[7][24]
Subsequent investigations[edit]
On March 6, 2007, in Beaumont, Texas, Richardson's body was exhumed for reburial in a more fitting part of the local Forest Lawn cemetery. The musician's son, Jay Perry, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original findings, and asked forensic anthropologist William Bass to carry out the procedure. Among the rumors surrounding the accident that this second examination sought to verify was that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash, since two months after the event, a farmer had found at the crash site a .22 (5.6 mm) pistol known to have belonged to Buddy Holly. Another rumor had Richardson surviving the initial impact and crawling out of the aircraft in search for help, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the wreckage than the other three. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, nonsurvivable fractures to almost all of his bones; no traces of lead were found from any bullet. Coroner Smiley's original report was, therefore, confirmed.[25][26]
In March 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.[27] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right rudder, or a problem with the fuel system, as well as a possible improper weight distribution. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.[28][29] In April 2015, the NTSB declined the request, citing that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.[30]
Legacy[edit]
Notification of victims' families[edit]
Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed.[1]
Memorials[edit]
A memorial service for Roger Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church, Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake. His grave site is located at coordinates N 42 39.189 W 095 13.996. Peterson's parents later received condolence letters from the families of Holly and Valens.
Films[edit]
The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story (1978).[31]
The accident is also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba (1987).[31]
Memorial concerts[edit]
Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.[32] The 50th-anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with Delbert McClinton, Joe Ely, Wanda Jackson, Los Lobos, Los Lonely Boys, Chris Montez, Bobby Vee, Graham Nash, Peter and Gordon, Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Bobby Keys, and Kenny Aronoff. Jay P. Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[33][34]
Monuments[edit]
Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site
In June 1988, a four-foot-tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.
In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.[citation needed] The monument is on private farmland, about 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Clear Lake.
Paquette also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens played their second-to-last show on the night of February 1, 1959. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.[35]
In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for pilot Roger Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.[36]
A large plasma-cut steel set of Wayfarer-style glasses, constructed by Michael Connor of Clear Lake, similar to those Holly wore, sits at the access point to the crash site.[citation needed]
Roads[edit]
A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.[37]
Songs[edit]
"American Pie"
The song "American Pie" dubbed the accident "The Day The Music Died"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Eddie Cochran's "Three Stars" (1959) is the first song to commemorate the musicians.[citation needed]
Don McLean later addressed the accident in his song "American Pie" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",[38] which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.[1][39]
See also[edit]
Aviation portal
Iowa portal
Rock and Roll portal
Patsy Cline plane crash
Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crash
Bill Graham helicopter crash
Randy Rhoads plane crash
1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash
Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.startribune.com/buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Connection to Buddy Holly Death". WeGoNews.com. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ()
Jump up ^ "FAA Registry". Federal Aviation Administration.
Jump up ^ Schuck, Raymond 2012, p. 16.
Jump up ^ "American Pie". Snopes.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ DiMucci, Dion (1988). The Wanderer. Beech Tree Books. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 21.
Jump up ^ "Death certificates" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coroner's investigation" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Accident Report: File No. 2-0001" (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. September 15, 1959. p. 3, "The Aircraft" section.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Bill. "Big Bopper Exhumation". Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash". The Washington Post. January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly". KITV. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilen, Mike (March 4, 2015). "NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case". Des Moines Register. Gannett Company. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, Ed (March 5, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash : officials consider reopening 1959 probe". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened". The Des Moines Register. Associated Press. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald 2010, p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Winter Dance Party History". Surf Ballroom. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (February 3, 2009). "Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper". CMT News. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Joe (February 5, 2009). "Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later". Premier Guitar. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (April 11, 2007). "The Day the Music Died". Articles Tree. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (February 2, 2009). "Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site". Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crouse 2012, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Thimou, Theodore (December 28, 2006). "Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head". Bay Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
"Buddy Holly's Coroner's Report". February 4, 1959.
"Coroner's investigation—Air crash, Feb. 3, 1959—SW1/4 Section 18, Lincoln Twp.—Cerro Gordo County, Iowa".
"The Day the Music Died: February 3, 1959".
Books[edit]
Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.
Crouse, Richard (2012). Who Wrote The Book of Love?. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-385-67442-3.
Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-891799-04-4.
McDonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1356-2.
Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon :An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.
Schuck, Raymond (2012). Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0036-9.
Further reading[edit]
Lehmer, Larry (2004). The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (illustrated ed.). Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7287-2.
Rabin, Staton (2009). Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly (illustrated ed.). Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B001OQBLLG.
Schinder, Scott; Huxley, Martin; Skinner, Quinton (2000). The Day the Music Died (illustrated ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03962-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Day the Music Died.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly's crash
February 3, 1959 front page of the Mason City Globe-Gazette, via Newspapers.com
fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died
Bakotopia Magazine's 50th Anniversary memorial article
1959: Buddy Holly killed in air crash
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup. First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8, 2011. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
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Deputy Prime Minister of Canada
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Deputy Prime Minister of Canada
Incumbent
Office not in use
since February 6, 2006
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Style
The Honourable
Member of
Cabinet
Privy Council
Appointer
Governor General of Canada
Term length
At Her Majesty's pleasure
Inaugural holder
Allan MacEachen
Formation
September 16, 1977
Canada
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The Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (French: Vice-premier ministre du Canada) is an honorary position in the Cabinet, conferred at the discretion of the prime minister. Since 2006, there has been no deputy prime minister.
The deputy prime minister should not be confused with the position of the Clerk of the Privy Council, who is effectively deputy minister to the prime minister. Like other deputy minister positions, the Clerk is a public servant and not a minister of the Crown.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Duties
3 Succession
3.1 Succession chances
4 List of deputy prime ministers
5 Acting prime minister
6 Senior Minister
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The position of deputy prime minister was created by Pierre Trudeau in 1977, largely to recognize the long years of service of Allan J. MacEachen.[1] Before then, Trudeau had given the title of Senior Minister to a member of his cabinet.[1] The last to occupy that position was Paul Hellyer.[1]
Joe Clark's government did not have a deputy prime minister. Similarly, Prime Minister Stephen Harper did not designate a deputy prime minister,[2] meaning Canada's most recent deputy prime minister was Anne McLellan, who in 2006, was also the first deputy prime minister to lose her seat in the House of Commons.
Harper gave special status in the line of authority to members of his cabinet: under an order-in-council issued by Governor General Michaëlle Jean on February 6, 2006—the day Harper was appointed prime minister—when "the prime minister is unable to perform the functions of his office", Lawrence Cannon, then Jim Prentice, then the balance of the Cabinet by order of precedence, were "authorized to act for the prime minister".[3] This order was followed by a number of others updating the list; in each case, the status as the top person on that list was accorded to the vice-chair of the cabinet's Priorities and Planning Committee.[4] Previous prime ministers have had similar orders-in-council, under which the deputy prime minister and then the balance of the Cabinet, in order of precedence, have been authorized to act for the prime minister. Media analysts generally credited the top person on these lists as being the de facto deputy prime minister,[4] although the title was never conferred. These "order of precedence" lists have no status as a formal line of succession, however, and would carry no special weight in determining who would take over as the new prime minister if an incumbent died in office or was forced to suddenly resign in advance of a leadership convention.
Cannon seconded the pro forma bill to start the first session of the 39th Canadian Parliament; the bill is introduced before the House takes the Speech from the Throne under consideration to maintain the right of the House to consider matters other than those directed to it by the crown. Traditionally, either the Deputy Prime Minister or Government House Leader seconds this bill.[5]
Similarly, no deputy prime minister has been named in the cabinet of incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Ralph Goodale is deputy leader of the Liberal Party and ranks first in the "order of precedence" in the current cabinet, and an order in council designated him as first in line to assume the Prime Minister's duties in the event Trudeau ever became incapacitated.[6] However, media analysts focused on Dominic Leblanc, who despite being lower in the official order of precedence serves on numerous cabinet committees and as the government's liaison with the Senate, as being the "de facto deputy prime minister".[7]
Duties[edit]
The official duties of the deputy prime minister are to answer questions pertaining to overall government policy during Question Period and to chair the Cabinet in the absence of the prime minister. The office has no standing in law and does not carry any formal duties or tasks—that is, it is without a portfolio—though, the prime minister may negotiate or assign specific tasks in conjunction with the title. With the exception of Herb Gray, all deputy prime ministers have held a portfolio alongside this title.
One deputy prime minister, Sheila Copps, attracted controversy in 1993 after asserting that she was "in charge" of government business while the then Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, was out of the country. After she left politics, she wrote that although the position of deputy prime minister is only ceremonial, "very often, the DPM's job was to protect the prime minister from the political damage that Question Period can inflict on a leader", further citing the experience of Erik Nielsen during the Sinclair Stevens scandal.[8]
Succession[edit]
Unlike the Vice President of the United States, the deputy prime minister does not automatically assume the office of prime minister if the incumbent of the latter office dies or resigns. Although he or she would become the acting prime minister on a temporary caretaker basis to ensure continuity of government function during the immediate period of transition, the deputy prime minister does not automatically become the new permanent prime minister: constitutional convention actually requires the governor general to consult the governing party regarding the permanent succession, and to call on a member of that party's caucus to assume the prime ministership. No policy or convention precludes the deputy prime minister from being chosen as the new prime minister in such a scenario, but none assures it, either—the party caucus would be free to recommend any new leader of its choice to the governor general. Barring extraordinary circumstances, the governor general is expected to follow the wishes of the party, although officially he or she retains the authority to make the final decision. That being the case, no Prime Minister has died in office or resigned suddenly (except following his or her party's electoral defeat) since the 1890s, many decades before the office of Deputy Prime Minister was created.
In the provinces of Canada, the deputy premier also does not automatically succeed to the office of premier in the event of a sudden resignation or death. Unlike at the federal level, however, there have been instances where the governing party recommended that the deputy premier serve as premier on an interim basis until a permanent successor was chosen—most notably, Dan Miller ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of British Columbia in 1999, following the resignation of Glen Clark, and Kathy Dunderdale ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2010, following the resignation of Danny Williams.
Extended notice is usually given when a sitting prime minister does not plan to lead his/her party into another election. Leadership contests to determine the successor to a prime minister are usually held during the final days of the incumbent's term, and are traditionally a lengthy and competitive process. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister hands over power directly to their designated successor, without any interim prime minister. By contrast, during leadership contests for the official opposition party, the leader of the opposition has often (though not always) been occupied by an interim parliamentary leader. The opposition party's deputy leader (assuming that post is occupied) is often chosen for this role unless (s)he plans to run in the leadership election, in which case someone else would be chosen since it would be considered harmful to the election process if the interim leader was to be one of the candidates.
Legally speaking, any "interim" Prime Minister appointed by the Governor General would not merely be an "Acting Prime Minister", and would have the full powers and prerogatives of any other prime minister.
Succession chances[edit]
Chrétien is the only deputy prime minister who has become prime minister. However, no deputy prime minister has directly (or within one parliamentary term) ascended to the position of prime minister or party leader. By contrast, five Ministers of Finance have become Prime Minister; Sir Charles Tupper, R.B. Bennett, John Turner, Jean Chrétien, and Paul Martin. All but Chrétien (during his 1984 leadership bid) were considered the front-runners to succeed the outgoing prime minister or party leader. Chrétien was finance minister from 1977–79, deputy prime minister in the short-lived government of John Turner in 1984, was the front-runner when he mounted his successful 1990 leadership bid, and became prime minister after his party won a majority in the 1993 election.
Though Paul Martin did not hold the title of deputy prime minister during his tenure in cabinet, as finance minister, he was considered to be more influential than Copps while she was deputy prime minister. Martin's successor, John Manley, was the only finance minister to also hold the title of deputy prime minister, from 2002–2003. When Martin became prime minister, however, Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan generally had precedence over Finance Minister Ralph Goodale. McLellan turned out to be Canada's most recent deputy prime minister; the Liberals were defeated in 2006 and she lost her seat, opting to retire from politics afterwards.
In the 2003 Liberal leadership convention the then former and then current deputy prime ministers, Sheila Copps and John Manley (also the finance minister), respectively, were candidates, but neither were successful in their bids, losing to Paul Martin. Copps and Manley did not run for re-election to the House of Commons in 2004, and neither contested the Liberal leadership in 2006 that was triggered when Martin resigned.
List of deputy prime ministers[edit]
Key:
Liberal Party of Canada
Historical conservative parties: Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative
Conservative Party of Canada
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Political party
Ministry
1
Allan MacEachen September 16, 1977 June 4, 1979 Liberal 20 (P. E. Trudeau)
–
none June 4, 1979 March 3, 1980 – 21 (Clark)
(1)
Allan MacEachen March 3, 1980 June 30, 1984 Liberal 22 (P. E. Trudeau)
2
Jean Chrétien June 30, 1984 September 17, 1984 Liberal 23 (Turner)
3
Erik Nielsen September 17, 1984 June 30, 1986 Progressive Conservative 24 (Mulroney)
4
Don Mazankowski June 30, 1986 June 25, 1993 Progressive Conservative
5
Jean Charest June 25, 1993 November 4, 1993 Progressive Conservative 25 (Campbell)
6
Sheila Copps November 4, 1993 April 30, 1996 Liberal 26 (Chrétien)
–
none[NB 1] April 30, 1996 June 19, 1996 –
(6)
Sheila Copps June 19, 1996 June 11, 1997 Liberal
7
Herb Gray June 11, 1997 January 15, 2002 Liberal
8
John Manley January 15, 2002 December 12, 2003 Liberal
9
Anne McLellan December 12, 2003 February 6, 2006 Liberal 27 (Martin)
–
none[NB 2] February 6, 2006 Present – 28 (Harper)
29 (J. Trudeau)
Acting prime minister[edit]
Prior to the creation of the position of deputy prime minister, a prime minister would routinely name a member of the cabinet to temporarily act on the prime minister's behalf while the prime minister was away from the regular duties of his job for a period of time, such as being out of the country on a working visit or a vacation. The delegate was thus a caretaker, whose role was to oversee the routine day-to-day functioning of the government and cabinet during the prime minister's absence; for example, in his capacity as acting prime minister, Mitchell Sharp ordered a precautionary one-day shutdown of government offices in Ottawa on August 20, 1970, as the storm that had spawned the Sudbury, Ontario, tornado headed toward Ottawa.[9] An acting prime minister did not otherwise have the authority to act independently of the sitting prime minister in a legislative or political capacity, nor would an acting prime minister be considered to have actually served as prime minister. As well the acting prime minister was not given the title The Right Honourable, even during the acting period.
Due to the routine and relatively minor nature of the role, few to no research sources exist to provide a complete list of everyone who was ever named as acting prime minister. However, John Diefenbaker's selection of Ellen Fairclough as acting prime minister on February 19 and 20, 1958, is historically noteworthy as Fairclough was the first woman ever designated.
Senior Minister[edit]
Prior to the creation of this position, the position of "Senior Minister" was a ceremonial position used in a similar manner, heading the order of precedence.[1] Upon the absence of the Prime Minister, the Senior Minister would become the Acting Prime Minister.[10]
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Political party
Ministry
1
Paul Hellyer April 30, 1968[10] April 23, 1969[11] Liberal 20 (P. E. Trudeau)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ There was no deputy prime minister in 1996 when Copps, after being challenged on her 1993 campaign promise to resign if the government did not repeal the Goods and Services Tax, resigned from Parliament and recontested her seat in a byelection. Chrétien did not name a replacement during Copps' absence from Parliament. After winning the byelection and returning to Parliament, Copps was reappointed to the position.
Jump up ^ Harper did not name a deputy prime minister, although in practice Lawrence Cannon (Member of Parliament for the district of Pontiac, Quebec) was named second below Harper in the order of precedence. Following Cannon's defeat in the 2011 election, Leader of the Government in the Senate Marjory LeBreton was named the first minister to act for Harper in his absence. After LeBreton resigned, the Minister of Finance at the time, [Jim Flaherty] and then [Joe Oliver] were named next in line.
J. Trudeau also did not name a deputy prime minister although Ralph Goodale has been designated to act for Trudeau in the event he became incapacitated.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ottawa Citizen, "A Heartbeat From The Top", Charles Lynch, 10 November 1982, pp.3
Jump up ^ "What powers do deputy PMs hold? And where is Harper's?". CTV News, July 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ PC 2006-1422, available at http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/oic-ddc.asp?viewattach=15421[full citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b "Your new de facto deputy prime minister: Senator Marjory LeBreton". canoe.ca, May 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Journals (No. 002)". .parl.gc.ca. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
Jump up ^ List of Ministers to act for the Prime Minister in the event of his unable to perform functions of his office
Jump up ^ "Political Notebook: An old family friend becomes Trudeau’s right-hand man". The Globe and Mail, November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://torontosun.canoe.ca/News/Columnists/Copps_Sheila/2006/02/07/1429427.html. Retrieved 2006-02-11. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link][full citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Ottawa concerned". The Globe and Mail, August 21, 1970. p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b The Gazette (Montreal), "Hellyer Appointed No.2 Man To Rule In Trudeau's Absence", 1 May 1968, p.3
Jump up ^ Reading Eagle, "Hellyer Quits Cabinet Job", P, 24 April 1969, pg.47
External links[edit]
Parliament of Canada page
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Heart (symbol)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the graphical symbol. For the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word, see Heart § Symbolism. For other uses, see Heart (disambiguation).
Conventional heart symbol
A heart symbol pierced with an arrow, symbolizing romantic love (being lovestruck, or the pain of lovesickness)
A typical depiction of the Sacred Heart (often shown with other attributes, e.g. surmounted by a cross, pierced by nails or swords, etc.)
An animated beating heart
The heart shape (♥) is an ideograph used to express the idea of the "heart" in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion, including affection and love, especially (but not exclusively) romantic love.
The "wounded heart" indicating love sickness came to be depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an arrow (Cupid's), or heart symbol "broken" in two or more pieces.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Earliest use
1.2 Renaissance and early modern
1.3 Modern
2 Heraldry
3 Botanical Symbolism : Silphium
4 Encoding
5 Parametrisation
6 See also
7 References
7.1 General references
7.2 Inline citations
8 External links
History[edit]
Earliest use[edit]
The earliest known visual depiction of a heart symbol, as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady, in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire'mid-13th century.
Andrea Pisano's Charity (c. 1337), holding a heart in her right hand.
The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages, although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts. With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century, the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century, and became popular in Europe during the 16th.[1] Before the 14th century, the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor. The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources, but in such instances does not depict a heart, but typically foliage: in examples from antiquity fig leaves, and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water-lily.
The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s. It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital 'S' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire (National Library FR MS. 2086, plate 12). In the miniature a kneeling lover (or more precisely, an allegory of the lover's "sweet gaze" or douz regart) offers his heart to a damsel. The heart here resembles a pine cone (held "upside down", the point facing upward), in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions. However, in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover's finger superimposed on an object; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden, and therefore unknown. Moreover, the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into "Novel Of The Pear" in English. Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious. Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love.[2] Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel (Padua) shows an allegory of charity handing her heart to Christ, this heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day (still held "upside down"). Giotto's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters, and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce, by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence (c. 1337), by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena (c. 1340) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence (c. 1365). The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century.[2]
The "scalloped" shape of the now-familiar heart symbol, with a dent in its base, arises in the early 14th century, at first only lightly dented, as in the miniatures in Francesco Barberino's Documenti d'amore (before 1320). A slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels (MS 4459–70, fol 192v. Royal Library of Belgium). The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward.[3] The modern indented red heart has been used on playing cards since the late 15th century.[4]
Various hypotheses attempted to connect the "heart shape" as it evolved in the late medieval period with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity.[5] Such theories are modern, proposed from the 1960s onward, and they remain speculative, as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown. Specific suggestions include: the shape of the seed of the silphium plant, used in ancient times as an herbal contraceptive,[5][6] and stylized depictions of features of the human female body, such as the female's buttocks, pubic mound, or spread vulva.[7]
Renaissance and early modern[edit]
Hearts can be seen on the bible Jesus holds in the Empress Zoe mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. It probably dates from 1239.
Mosaic of the Empress Zoe in the Hagia Sophia, 1239
Hearts can also be seen on various stucco reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of Ctesiphon, the Persian capital (circa 90 BC – 637 AD).[8][9][10]
The Luther rose was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of Prince John Frederick, in 1530, while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg. Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to Lazarus Spengler: "a black cross in a heart, which retains its natural color, so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us. 'For one who believes from the heart will be justified' (Romans 10:10)."[11]
The aorta remains visible, as a protrusion at the top centered between the two "chambers" indicated in the symbol, in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century, and is partly still shown today (although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown, flames, rays, or a cross) but the "hearts" suit did not have this element since the 15th century.
The heart symbol reached Japan with the Nanban trade of 1543 to 1614, as evidenced by an Edo period Samurai helmet (dated c. 1630), which includes both the rounded and indented forms of the heart symbol, representing the heart of Marishiten, goddess of archers.[12]
The chanson Belle, Bonne, Sage by Baude Cordier, written in the shape of a heart, in the Chantilly Codex. This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older (late 14th century) corpus, probably to replace the original first fascicle, which is missing.
Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds (the wounded heart here depicting Christ's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus) in a 15th-century manuscript (Cologne Mn Kn 28-1181 fol. 116)
1486 depiction of the Five Wounds
Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour (c. 1500), showing the author Pierre Sala (fr) depositing his heart in a marguerite flower (symbolizing his mistress, who was called Marguerite). Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol. 13r, showing two women catching winged hearts in a net.
The Luther rose, 1706 print after the 1530 design.
Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards
The Danish "Heart Book", a heart-shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s.
Saint Augustine holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth (Veritas), painting by Philippe de Champaigne, ca. 1650.
Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti. By Robert la Longe, ca. 1705.
Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel (funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen, d. 1733)
18th-century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque (d. 1690). The heart is both "heart shaped" and drawn anatomically correct, with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible, with the crucifix placed inside the aorta.
Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart, painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez.
Modern[edit]
Since the 19th century, the symbol has often been used on St. Valentine's Day cards, candy boxes, and similar popular culture artifacts as a symbol of romantic love.
The use of the heart symbol as a logograph for the English verb "to love" derives from the use in "I ♥ NY," introduced in 1977.[13]
Heart symbols were used to symbolize "health" or "lives" in video games; influentially so in The Legend of Zelda (1986). Super Mario Bros. 2 (1987, 1988) had a "life bar" composed of hexagons, but in 1990s remakes of these games, the hexagons were replaced by heart shapes. Since the 1990s, the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating health outside of the video gaming context, e.g. its use by restaurants to indicate heart-healthy nutrient content claim (e.g. "low in cholesterol"). A copyrighted "heart-check" symbol to indicate heart-healthy food was introduced by the American Heart Association in 1995.[14]
A heart-shaped "Map of Woman's Heart" (1830s)
Two burning hearts, coloured pink, illustration on a Victorian-era Valentine's Day card.
A "Vinegar Valentine" card from the 1870s, with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows.
The traditional "heart shape" appears on a 1910 Valentine's Day card.
Sheet music cover of "Look in His Eyes", from the musical Have a Heart (1913).
Heraldry[edit]
"Heart field" or "heart shield" are terms for an inescutcheon placed en surtout.
The earliest heart-shaped charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century; the hearts in the coat of arms of Denmark go back to the royal banner of the kings of Denmark, in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s. However, while the charges are clearly heart-shaped, they did not in origin depict hearts, or symbolize any idea related to love. Instead they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the water-lily. Early heraldic heart-shaped charges depicting the leaves of water-lilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline (e.g. Flags of Frisia).
Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized testicles (coglioni in Italian) as in the canting arms of the Colleoni family of Milan.[15]
A seal attributed to William, Lord of Douglas (of 1333) shows a heart shape, identified as the heart of Robert the Bruce. The authenticity of this seal is "very questionable",[16] i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or even the 15th century.[17]
Heraldic charges actually representing hearts became more common in the early modern period, with the Sacred Heart depicted in ecclesiastical heraldry, and hearts representing love appearing in bourgeois coats of arms. Hearts also later became popular elements in municipal coats of arms.
Royal Banner of the Kings of Denmark (12th or 13th century).
Coat of arms of the Principality of Lüneburg, originating with William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg (d. 1213) who married Helena, daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark, and therefore adopted the "Danish tincture" to the arms of his father, Henry the Lion.[18]
14th-century fresco showing Valdemar IV of Denmark. Here the Danish coat of arms is shown without the water-lily leaves ("hearts"), but they are shown on the king's surcoat and on the crest drawn above his shield.
Arms of the Earl of Douglas (created 1358, forfeited 1455), and in use in the armorials of all branches of the House of Douglas to the present day.
A tomb dated 1693 from southern Germany (Lake Constance region) showing a heart with two arrows as part of the deceased woman's coat of arms
Coat of arms of the city of Glinsk, Poltava Governorate (now Sumy Oblast, Ukraine) in the Russian Empire (1782)
A heart in a Polish coat of arms, dated to ca. 1750.
A heart pierced with an arrow in a Polish coat of arms (recorded 1897)
The Sacred Heart in the episcopal coat of arms of Ivan Ljavinec, Apostolic Exarch of the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2003.
Botanical Symbolism : Silphium[edit]
Main article: Silphium
There has been some conjecture regarding the link between the traditional heart symbol and images of the fruit of Silphium, a (probably) extinct plant known to classical antiquity and belonging to the genus Ferula, used as a condiment and medicine, (the medicinal properties including contraceptive and abortifacient activity, linking the plant to sexuality and love).[19] Silver coins from the ancient Libya of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE bear images strongly reminiscent of the heart symbol, sometimes accompanied by images of the Silphium plant.[20][21] The related Ferula species Asafoetida - which was actually used as an inferior substitute for Silphium - is regarded as an aphrodisiac in Tibet and India, suggesting yet a third amatory association relating to Silphium.[22]
Ancient silver coin from Cyrene, Libya depicting the heart-shaped 'seed' (actually fruit) of Silphium.
Example of a heart-shaped mericarp fruit in a plant (Heracleum sphondylium) belonging, like the unidentified Silphium, to the Parsley family, Apiaceae.
Ferula assa-foetida a species of Giant Fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient Silphium and regarded as having similar properties, while being an inferior substitute for the plant.
Ferula tingitana : a possible identity for Silphium.
Encoding[edit]
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
A common emoticon for the heart is <3. In Unicode several heart symbols are available:
Glyph
Description
HTML code
Alt codes
♡ U+2661 WHITE HEART SUIT ♡ or ♡
♥ U+2665 BLACK HEART SUIT ♥ or ♥ or ♥ Alt + 3
❤ U+2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART ❤
❥ U+2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET ❥
❣ U+2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT ❣
And from the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs range associated with emoji:
Glyph
Description
HTML code
🎔 U+1F394 HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT 🎔
💑 U+1F491 COUPLE WITH HEART 💑
💓 U+1F493 BEATING HEART 💓
💔 U+1F494 BROKEN HEART 💔
💕 U+1F495 TWO HEARTS 💕
💖 U+1F496 SPARKLING HEART 💖
💗 U+1F497 GROWING HEART 💗
💘 U+1F498 HEART WITH ARROW 💘
💙 U+1F499 BLUE HEART 💙
💚 U+1F49A GREEN HEART 💚
💛 U+1F49B YELLOW HEART 💛
💜 U+1F49C PURPLE HEART 💜
💝 U+1F49D HEART WITH RIBBON 💝
💞 U+1F49E REVOLVING HEARTS 💞
💟 U+1F49F HEART DECORATION 💟
In Code page 437, the original character set of the IBM PC, the value of 3 (hexadecimal 03) represents the heart symbol. This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character, which overrides the glyph in many contexts.
The Unicode character of the letter ghan of the Georgian alphabet (ღ) has seen some use as a surrogate heart symbol in online communication.[according to whom?][year needed]
Parametrisation[edit]
A number of parametrisations of approximately heart-shaped curves have been described. The best-known of these is the cardioid, which is an epicycloid with one cusp;[23] though as the cardioid lacks the point, it may be seen as a stylized water-lily leaf, a so-called seeblatt, rather than a heart. Other curves, such as the implicit curve (x2+y2−1)3−x2y3=0, may produce better approximations of the heart shape.[24]
A cardioid generated by a rolling circle
(animated)
Implicit heart curve
(x2 + y2 − 1)3 − x2y3 = 0
Parametric plot of the curve

( 16 sin 3  t 13 cos  t − 5 cos  2 t − 2 cos  3 t − cos  4 t ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {\binom {16\sin ^{\scriptscriptstyle 3}t}{13\cos {}t-5\cos 2t-2\cos 3t-\cos 4t}}}
Heart by Hamid Naderi Yeganeh[25]
Implicit heart surface
Simple form made from two perpendicular lines and two circular arcs.
heart curve on ti-89 graphics calculator
parametric equation of heart curve on ti-89 graphics calculator
See also[edit]
Cordata, Cordatum and Cordatus, Latin adjectives meaning heart-shaped
Seeblatt
References[edit]
General references[edit]
Martin Kemp, "The Heart" in Christ to Coke: How Image Becomes Icon, Oxford University Press, 2011, 81–113.
P. J. Vinken (2000), The Shape of the Heart: A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart (illustrated ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, ISBN 978-0-444-82987-0
Vinken, P (2001), "How the heart was held in medieval art", The Lancet, 358 (9299): 2155–2157, PMID 11784647, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07224-5
Inline citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Kemp (2011), 96–99.
^ Jump up to: a b Vinken (2001).
Jump up ^ Vinken (2001): "The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held, and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since."
Jump up ^ A Breef History of Playing Cardes, by Charles Knutson, Renaissance Magazine 2001 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b The Shape of My Heart: Where did the ubiquitous Valentine's symbol come from? by Keelin McDonell, Slate.com, Tuesday, Feb. 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sowing the seeds of love, The Age, by Luke Benedictus, February 12, 2006; use as contraceptive: Pliny the Elder, XXII, Ch. 49
Jump up ^ proposed by Gloria Steinem in the 1998 introduction to the Vagina Monologues online copy; "For example, the shape we call a heart—whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name—is probably a residual female genital symbol. It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance.", based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer (1969) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii). Tanzer (1969). The Common People of Pompeii. A study of the graffiti. With illustrations and a map
Jump up ^ Roundel with radiating palmettes. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2015, from http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId={60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633}&oid=322631
Jump up ^ Fragments of stucco roundels in situ, Taq-i Kisra, south building, Ctesiphon, Iraq, 1931–32. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2015, from http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg
Jump up ^ "Wall panel with a guinea fowl [Sasanian] (32.150.13)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.150.13 (March 2012)
Jump up ^ gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca, i-p-c-s.org [2] antiquemapsandprints.com, obviously more research is needed here.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Samurai helmet representing the flaming jewel, by Unkai Mitsuhisa ca 1630, Ann and Gabriel Barbier-Mueller Collection, exhibited at Boston Fine Arts Museum, April–August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything form software to Yorkshire terriers. It was a stamp that validated lifestyles. People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha." Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart (2011), p. 193.
Jump up ^ "the heart-check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995. The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold, efficient check mark. It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association (AHA) which licences it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content." Stephen Amidon, Thomas Amidon, The Sublime Engine: A Biography of the Human Heart (2011), p. 193.
Jump up ^ Woodward, John and George Burnett (1969). Woodward's a treatise on heraldry, British and foreign, page 203. Originally published 1892, Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. ISBN 0-7153-4464-1. LCCN 02-20303
Jump up ^ McAndrew, Scotland's Historic Heraldry, 2006, p. 141
Jump up ^ McAndrew 2006, p. 213.
Jump up ^ C. Weyers in: Stengel (ed.), Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel, und Wappenkunde, Volume 54, 2008, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Favorito, E. N.; Baty, K. (February 1995). "The Silphium Connection". Celator. 9 (2): 6–8.
Jump up ^ T. V. Buttrey, "The Coins and the Cult", Expedition magazine vol. 34, Nos. 1–2 "Special Issue: Gifts to the Goddesses—Cyrene's Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone", Spring–Summer 1992.
Jump up ^ Koerper, H.; Kolls, A. L. (1999). "The Silphium Motif Adorning Ancient Libyan Coinage: Marketing a Medicinal Plant". Economic Botany. 53 (2): 133–143. JSTOR 4256173. doi:10.1007/BF02866492.
Jump up ^ http://thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com/post/42771270639/aphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Cardioid" from MathWorld.
Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein, "Heart Curve." From MathWorld
Jump up ^ "Hamid Naderi Yeganeh, "Heart" (November 2014)". American Mathematical Society. November 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutHeart (symbol)at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
The Heart Symbol – Origin, History And Significance (essay by cardiologist Armin Dietz)
List of Unicode Heart Symbols
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_(symbol)&oldid=799451718"
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