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Border
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For other uses, see Border (disambiguation).
"County line" redirects here. For other uses, see County Line (disambiguation).
Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Borders are established through agreements between political or social entities that control those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation.
Some borders—such as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are often open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled.
Borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.[1]
Contents
1 Borders
2 Classification
2.1 Political borders
2.2 Natural borders
2.3 Geometric borders
2.4 Fiat borders
2.5 Relict borders
2.6 Lines of Control
2.7 Maritime borders
2.8 Airspace borders
3 Types of International Borders
3.1 Open Borders
3.2 Regulated Borders
3.3 Demilitarized zones
4 Border economics
5 Politics
6 Cross-border regions
7 Border studies
7.1 Tijuana-San Ysidro Border
7.1.1 Health Impact
7.1.1.1 Socio-Economic Impact
8 Images gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Borders[edit]
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Types of borders :- superimposed border,relict border, physical borders,geometric border
The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop people and militaries from crossing the northern border of China. Today it is a relic border.
In the past, many borders were not clearly defined lines; instead there were often intervening areas often claimed and fought over by both sides, sometimes called marchlands. Special cases in modern times were the Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone from 1922 to 1981 and the Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone from 1922 until 1970. In modern times, marchlands have been replaced by clearly defined and demarcated borders. For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to legislate the conditions that have to be met in order to cross its borders, and to prevent people from crossing its borders in violation of those laws.
Some borders require presentation of legal paperwork like passports and visas, or other identity documents, for persons to cross borders. To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.
Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of excise tax, often collected by customs officials. Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into quarantine to prevent the spread of exotic infectious diseases. Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals, or people illegally across a border, without declaring them or seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection, constitutes smuggling. Controls on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place.
In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary.[2] On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely unmarked, typically in remote or forested regions; such borders are often described as "porous". Migration within territorial borders, and outside of them, represented an old and established pattern of movement in African countries, in seeking work and food, and to maintain ties with kin who had moved across the previously porous borders of their homelands. When the colonial frontiers were drawn, Western countries attempted to obtain a monopoly on the recruitment of labor in many African countries, which altered the practical and institutional context in which the old migration patterns had been followed, and some might argue, are still followed today. The frontiers were particularly porous for the physical movement of migrants, and people living in borderlands easily maintained transnational cultural and social networks.
A border may have been:
Agreed by the countries on both sides
Imposed by the country on one side
Imposed by third parties, e.g. an international conference
Inherited from a former state, colonial power or aristocratic territory
Inherited from a former internal border, such as within the former Soviet Union
Never formally defined.
In addition, a border may be a de facto military ceasefire line.
Classification[edit]
Political borders[edit]
Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency.[3] That means that although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing.
Political borders are often classified by whether or not they follow conspicuous physical features on the earth.
Natural borders[edit]
A photograph of the France–Italy border at night. The southwestern end of the Alps separates the two countries.
Natural borders are geographical features that present natural obstacles to communication and transport. Existing political borders are often a formalization of such historical, natural obstacles.
Some geographical features that often constitute natural borders are:
Oceans: oceans create very costly natural borders. Very few countries span more than one continent. Only very large and resource-rich states are able to sustain the costs of governance across oceans for longer periods of time.
Rivers: some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers. Some examples are: the Niagara River (Canada–USA), the Rio Grande (Mexico–USA), the Rhine (France–Germany), and the Mekong (Thailand–Laos). If a precise line is desired, it is often drawn along the thalweg, the deepest line along the river. In the Hebrew Bible, Moses defined the middle of the river Arnon as the border between Moab and the Israelite tribes settling east of the Jordan (Deuteronomy 3:16). The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1910 that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River.
Lakes: larger lakes create natural borders. One example is the natural border created by Lake Tanganyika, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia on its west shore and Tanzania and Burundi on the east.
Forests: denser jungles or forests can create strong natural borders. One example of a natural forest border is the Amazon rainforest, separating Brazil and Bolivia from Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
Mountain ranges: research on borders[citation needed] suggests that mountains have especially strong effects as natural borders. Many nations in Europe and Asia have had their political borders defined along mountain ranges, often along a drainage divide.
Throughout history, technological advances have reduced the costs of transport and communication across the natural borders. That has reduced the significance of natural borders over time. As a result, political borders that have been formalized more recently, such as those in Africa or Americas, typically conform less to natural borders[citation needed] than very old borders, such as those in Europe or Asia, do.
Geometric borders[edit]
Geometric boundaries[citation needed] are formed by straight lines (such as lines of latitude or longitude), or occasionally arcs (Pennsylvania/Delaware), regardless of the physical and cultural features of the area. Such political boundaries are often found around the states that developed out of colonial holdings, such as in North America, Africa and the Middle East.
Fiat borders[edit]
A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of fiat boundaries by which is meant any sort of boundary that does not track an underlying bona fide physical discontinuity (fiat, latin for “let it be done”, a decision). Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation, such as in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.[4]
Relict borders[edit]
A relict border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary, but it can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape, and it is still a cultural and economic division in Germany.
Lines of Control[edit]
A line of control (LoC) refers to a militarized buffer border between two or more nations that is yet to be resolved or implemented for permanent border status. LoC borders are under military control and are not recognized as an official international border. Formally known as a cease-fire line an LoC was first created as a way to buffer war borders during the Simla Agreement[5]. Similar to a cease-fire line an LoC is the result of war, stalemates and land ownership conflict[6].
Maritime borders[edit]
Main article: Maritime boundary
The Strait of Dover viewed from France, looking towards the United Kingdom.
A maritime border is a division enclosing an area in the ocean where a nation has exclusive rights over the mineral and biological resources,[7] encompassing maritime features, limits and zones.[8] Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a maritime nation[9] and are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.
Some maritime borders have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which illustrate regional problems.[10]
Airspace borders[edit]
Airspace is the atmosphere located within a countries controlled international and maritime borders. All sovereign countries hold the right to regulate and protect air space under the international law of Air sovereignty[11]. The horizontal boundaries of airspace are similar to the policies of "high seas" in maritime law. Airspace extends 12 nautical miles from the coast of a country and it holds responsibility for protecting its own airspace unless under NATO peacetime protection[12][13]. With international agreement a country can assume the responsibility of protecting or controlling the atmosphere over International Airspaces such as the Pacific Ocean. The vertical boundaries of airspace are not officially set or regulated internationally. However there is a general agreement of vertical airspace ending at the point of the Kármán line[14]. The Kármán line is a peak point at the altitude of 62 mi (100 km) above the earths surface, setting a boundary between the earths atmosphere and outer space[15]. Airspace regulations are set by nations and local governments within an airspace, regulations of airspace differ by country and location.
Types of International Borders[edit]
Open Borders[edit]
An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions, this does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas[16]. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, examples of this include the United States and Canada. However only a handful of nations have deregulated open borders with other nations, an example of this being all European Union members under the Schengen Agreement[17]. Open borders used to be very common amongst all nations. However post WW1 lead to the regulation of open borders, making them less common and no longer feasible for most industrialized nations[18].
Regulated Borders[edit]
Regulated Borders have varying degrees of control on the movement of persons and trade between nations and jurisdictions. Most Industrialized nations have regulations on entry and require one or more of the following procedures: visa check, passport check or customs checks[19]. Most regulated borders have regulations on immigration, types of wildlife and plants, and illegal objects such as drugs or weapons. Overall border regulations are placed by national and local governments and can very depending on nation and current political, or economic conditions. Some of the most regulated borders in the world include: Australia, the United States, Israel, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates[20]. These nations have government controlled border agencies and organizations that enforce border regulation policies on and within their borders.
Demilitarized zones[edit]
A Demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border separating two or more nations, groups or militaries that have agreed to prohibit the use of military activity or force within the borders bounds. A DMZ can act as a war boundary, cease fire line, wildlife preserve, or in some cases as a de facto international border. An example of a demilitarized international border is the 38th parallel between North and South Korea[21]. Other notable DMZ zones include Antarctica and outer space (consisting of all space 100 miles away from the earth's surface), both are preserved for world research and exploration[22][23]. Due to the prohibition of control by nations a DMZ can become unexposed to human influence and in turn developed into a natural border or wildlife preserve, this is present on the Korean Demilitarized Zone, the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone, and the Green Line in Cyprus[24][25].
Border economics[edit]
The United States–Mexico border: San Diego–Tijuana.
A border wall on a beach separating United States - Mexico
The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol, fireworks, and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.
Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect tariffs and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues.[26] Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by pastoralists in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia sells an estimated $250 to $300 million of livestock to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.[26]
Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping) may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements. The removal of internal barriers to commerce, as in France after the French Revolution or in Europe since the 1940s, de-emphasises border-based economic activity and fosters free trade. Euroregions are similar official structures built around commuting across boundary.
Politics[edit]
Borders between Israel, Syria and Lebanon in Mount Hermon region. The Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon – marked by black asterisk. Disengagement Israeli front line with Syria (1974) - marked by blue asterisk. Disengagement Syrian front line with Israel (1974) - marked by red asterisk.
Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have checkpoints where border control agents inspect persons and/or goods crossing the boundary.
In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).
The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism (See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the 3,600 km (2,200 mi) US-Mexico border is probably "the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country".[27]
The Swiss–Italian border
Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors.[28] On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in World War I.
Cross-border regions[edit]
Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental degradation.[29] Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging intercultural communication and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies.
In Europe, the European Union provides financial support to cross-border regions via its Interreg programme. The Council of Europe has issued the Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation, providing a legal framework for cross-border co-operation even though it is in practice rarely used by Euroregions.
Border studies[edit]
There has been a renaissance in the study of borders during the past two decades, partially from the creation of a counter-narrative to notions of a borderless world that have been advanced as part of globalization theory.[30] Examples of recent initiatives are the Border Regions in Transition network of scholars,[31] the International Boundaries Research Unit at the University of Durham,[32] the Association of Borderlands Studies based in North America,[33] the African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE) and the founding of smaller border research centres at Nijmegen[34] and Queen's University Belfast.[35]
Tijuana-San Ysidro Border[edit]
It has been suggested that this section be merged into Mexico–United States border. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2018.
San Ysidro Port of Entry through vehicle.
Mexico and the United States share the world's most transited border.[36] The San Ysidro Port of Entry is located in between San Ysidro, California and Tijuana, Baja California. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians utilize this entry to the United States daily.[37] Due to business of this entry port, it has influenced the every day life-style of people that live in these border towns. [38]
Health Impact[edit]
Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border[39]
There is a raising problem with the impact that the world's busiest border is causing in both sides of the border. The vehicle average wait time to cross into the United States is approximately an hour just to travel a few miles.[40] Having thousands of vehicles transit through the border every day is causing an air-pollution concern in San Ysidro and Tijuana.[41] The emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death and mortality, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases.[42]Due to the high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times, mental health is also impacted by the border's business, affecting the person's stress levels and aggressive behavior.[43]
Socio-Economic Impact[edit]
Capture of both sides of the border, Tijuana and San Diego.
The San Ysidro border is heavily militarized, separated by three walls, border patrol agents and the ICE police.[44] However, this does not stop these two cultures from exchanging art, music, traditions, and language. In San Ysidro, 87.9% of the households speak Spanish, you can pay visits to the local mall and notice that many employees will be bilingual.[45] While for Tijuana, it is not to the same extent, however, a lot of the slang is rooted from English words creating Spanglish, which a mix of both languages. On both sides of the border, the social dynamic among these two major cities is influenced by one another.[46]
Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers due to the fast-growing city, their lower cost of living, cheap prices and it's proximity to San Diego.[47] While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of living in Tijuana.[48] Tijuana is the home to many deportees from the United States, many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive.[49] San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the gentrification of Tijuana.[50]
Images gallery[edit]
The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.
Borders of the World
The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line.
Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.
A sign showing the limits of the Frontier Closed Area, a 28-km² area along the Hong Kong-side of the 30-km-long border between Hong Kong and mainland China.
The bridge over the Anarjohka in Karigasniemi, on the border of Finland with Norway
The border between Argentina (Puerto Iguazú) and Brazil (Foz do Iguazú) on the Iguazú River.
The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world.
A sign at the Polish-Czech border near Králický Sněžník, indicating that only citizens of the European Union and of five more states may cross. When the Schengen rules became applicable in 2007, the sign became obsolete.
A typical Schengen internal border (near Kufstein between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000.
Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach in Germany and Ach in Austria.
A border within a closely built-up area – near Aachen between Germany and the Netherlands: Germany starts at the red line drawn in the photo.
Border between the Netherlands and Belgium next to a street café in Baarle Nassau and Baarle Hertog. Some European borders originate from former land ownership boundaries.
The metal strip within the building of the Eurode Business Centre marks the border between the Netherlands and Germany, in Kerkrade and Herzogenrath.
The border between the Netherlands (right) and Germany (left) is located in the center of this residential road, and, nowadays, completely unmarked.
Italy/Switzerland border stone at Passo San Giacomo. Some borders were broadly defined by treaty, and surveyors would then choose a suitable line on the ground.
Guadiana International Bridge at the Portugal-Spain border, whose limits were established by the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297. It is one of the oldest borders in the world.
The Treriksröset cairn located at the point where Sweden, Norway and Finland meet.
The gate that borders East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia and East Timor.
The marker between the United States and Canada in Waterton-Glacier National Park.
A road crossing the Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border from the British side. This border is entirely open: the only indication that one is crossing into the Republic of Ireland is a speed limit sign in kilometers per hour (signs in the United Kingdom are in miles per hour).
A train crossing the China–Russia border, travelling from Zabaykalsk in Russia to Manzhouli in China.
The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.
See also[edit]
Border control
Boundary (real estate)
Geopolitics
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
List of countries that border only one other country
List of international border rivers
List of countries and territories by land borders
List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita
List of land borders with dates of establishment
List of national border changes since World War I
Political geography
Political science
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Wildlife preserve planned for Korean demilitarized zone". Retrieved 2018-07-26.
Jump up ^ Ahearn, Ashley. "Military Zones Mean Boon For Biodiversity". Retrieved 2018-07-26.
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Further reading[edit]
Border Stories – A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border
Talking Borders online audio archive at Queen's University Belfast
The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
James, Paul (2014). "Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens". Citizenship Studies. vol. 18 (no. 2): 208–23.
Mura, Andrea (2016). "National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One". Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58–79. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23.
Said Saddiki, World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2017. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0121
External links[edit]
Media related to Border at Wikimedia Commons
Look up border in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
Border Ireland – database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
Gallery of 1100 borderpoints in the world
Baltic Borderlands Greifswald
Authority control
BNF: cb11954113g (data)
GND: 4130793-8
LCCN: sh85016091
NDL: 00566292
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text:
Gold mining in Colorado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gold Mining in Colorado
Cripple Creek
Fairplay (South Park)
Central City
Breckenridge
Summitville
Leadville
Gold Hill
Steamboat Springs
Ophir
Telluride
Gold mining centers in Colorado
Location
State
Colorado
Country
United States
Regulatory authority
Authority
Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining & Safety
Website
Official website
Commodity
Gold
Gold mining in Colorado, a state of the United States, has been an industry since 1858. It also played a key role in the establishment of the state of Colorado.
Explorer Zebulon Pike heard a report of gold in South Park, present-day Park County, Colorado in 1807.[1]
Gold discoveries in Colorado began around Denver, traced the placer gold to its source in the mountains west of Denver, then followed the Colorado Mineral Belt in a southwest direction across the state to its terminus in the San Juan Mountains. The Cripple Creek district, far from the mineral belt, was one of the last gold districts to be discovered, and is still in production.
Contents
[hide]
1 Denver-area placers
2 Central City-Idaho Springs district
3 Breckenridge district
4 South Park districts
5 Leadville district
6 Summitville district
7 Sneffels-Red Mountain-Telluride district
8 Cripple Creek district
9 Gold mining today
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Denver-area placers[edit]
Ralston Creek (center of picture) at its confluence with Clear Creek in Arvada.
On June 22, 1850, a wagon train bound for California crossed the South Platte River just north of the confluence with Clear Creek, and followed Clear Creek west for six miles. Lewis Ralston dipped his gold pan in a stream flowing into Clear Creek, and found almost $5 in gold (about a quarter of a troy ounce) in his first pan. John Lowery Brown, who kept a diary of the party's journey from Georgia to California, wrote on that day: "Lay bye. Gold found." In a notation above the entry, he wrote, "We called this Ralston's Creek because a man of that name found gold here." Ralston continued on to California, but returned to 'Ralston's Creek' with the Green Russell party eight years later. Members of this party founded Auraria (later absorbed into Denver City) in 1858 and touched off the gold rush to the Rockies. The confluence of Clear Creek and Ralston Creek, the site of Colorado's first gold discovery is now in Arvada, Colorado.[2]:6–7
A gold discovery in 1858 in the vicinity of present-day Denver sparked the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. In 1858, prospectors focused on the placers east of the mountains in the sands of Cherry Creek, Clear Creek, and the South Platte River. However, the placer deposits on the plains were small, and when the first rich discoveries were made in early 1859 in the mountains farther west, the miners abandoned the placers around Denver.
Although the economic portions of the gold placers around Denver were quickly exhausted, producers of construction aggregate in the area sometimes recover small amounts of gold from their sand and gravel washing. The plains counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Douglas, Denver, Elbert and Jefferson are each credited with having produced small amounts of gold.[3]
Central City-Idaho Springs district[edit]
Chinese-American miners in the Colorado School of Mines' Edgar Experimental Mine near Idaho Springs, circa 1920.
On January 5, 1859, during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, prospector George A. Jackson discovered placer gold at the present site of Idaho Springs, where Chicago Creek empties into Clear Creek. It was the first substantial gold discovery in Colorado. Jackson, a Missouri native with experience in the California gold fields, was drawn to the area by clouds of steam rising from some nearby hot springs. Jackson kept his find secret for several months, but after he paid for some supplies with gold dust, others rushed to Jackson's diggings. The settlement was later renamed Idaho Springs, after the hot springs.[4]
In May 1859 John H. Gregory found a gold-bearing vein (the Gregory Lode) in Gregory Gulch between Black Hawk and Central City. Within two months many other veins were discovered, including the Bates, Gunnell, Kansas, and Burroughs.[5] Other early mining towns in the district included Nevadaville and Russell Gulch.
Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their amalgamation mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.[6]
Nathaniel P. Hill built Colorado's first successful ore smelter in Blackhawk in 1868. Hill's smelter could recover gold from the sulfide ores, an achievement that saved hardrock mining in the district. Other smelters were built nearby. Through 1959, the district produced about 6,300,000 troy ounces (200 t), mostly from sulfide veins in gneiss and granodiorite.[1]
The early gold discoveries were at the northeast end of the Colorado Mineral Belt, a large alignment of mineral deposits that stretches northeast-southwest across the mountainous part of Colorado. From Idaho Springs, prospectors followed the Colorado Mineral Belt west along Clear Creek, then over the mountain passes to South Park and to the headwaters of the Blue River.
Breckenridge district[edit]
Remains of the Swan River gold dredge, 2007.
Placer gold was discovered in the Breckenridge, or Blue River district, in 1859 at Gold Run by the Weaver Brothers, at Georgia, American, French, and Humbug Gulches on the Swan River, on the Blue River itself, and at the confluence of French Gulch and the Blue River.[2]:22
Harry Farncomb found the source of the French Gulch placer gold on Farncomb Hill in 1878. His strike, Wire Patch, consisted of alluvial gold in wire, leaf and crystalline forms. By 1880, he owned the hill. Farncomb later discovered a gold vein, which became the Wire Patch Mine. Other vein discoveries included Ontario, Key West, Boss, Fountain, and Gold Flake.[2]:57
Lode deposits were developed in the 1880s, as prospectors followed the gold to its source veins in the hills. Gold in some upper gravel benches north of the Blue River was recovered by hydraulic mining. Gold production decreased in the late 1800s, but revived in 1908 by gold dredging operations along the Blue River and Swan River. The Breckenridge mining district is credited with production of about 1,000,000 troy ounces (31 t) of gold.[7]
The gold mines around Breckenridge are all shut down, although some are open to tourist visits. The characteristic gravel ridges left by the gold dredges can still be seen along the Blue River and Snake River, and the remains of a dredge are still afloat in a pond off the Swan River.
South Park districts[edit]
South Platte Dredging Co., Dredge No. 1 or the Fairplay Dredge. This bucketline gold dredge operated from 1941 until 1951. Capable of excavating 15,000 cubic yards of gravel per day, it produced 9,000 ounces of gold in its first year of operation, and a total of 120,000 ounces before dismantlement.[2]:110,112
Prospectors discovered rich placer deposits on the west side of South Park in 1859. The deposits were in valleys on the east side of the Mosquito Range. The principal districts were the Alma-Fairplay district on the headwaters of the South Platte River, and the Tarryall district along Tarryall Creek northwest of Como, Colorado. Important lode gold deposits were later discovered above Alma. A floating dredge worked the floor of the South Park valley east of Fairplay from 1941 to 1952, leaving the distinctive gravel ridges that can still be seen. Production from the Tarryall district was 67,000 troy ounces (2.1 t), almost all from placers. The Alma-Fairplay district produced 1,550,000 troy ounces (48 t), more than two-thirds of which came from lode deposits.[8]
Leadville district[edit]
Main article: Leadville mining district
The history of the Leadville district began in April 1860, with one of the richest discoveries of Colorado placer gold at California Gulch, the site of Oro City.[2]:23[9] Another rich discovery was made at McNulty Gulch along the headwaters of Tenmile Creek.[2]:24 The placers were exhausted within four years, but lode gold was discovered in 1868. The gold discoveries led to the discovery of the silver deposits in 1877, and the founding of the city of Leadville. The Little Johnny silver and lead mine, dating from 1879, was further developed in 1893, by John F. Campion and James Joseph Brown, which resulted in the production of large deposits of high-grade gold-copper ore.[2]:60–61 The Leadville district produced 3,200,000 troy ounces (100 t) of gold, mostly as a byproduct of silver mining.[10]
Summitville district[edit]
Prospectors found placer gold in 1870 in the Wrightman Fork of the Alamosa River. Gold veins were discovered in 1871, and large-scale production started in 1875 after the construction of a mill. By 1880, the Little Annie vein helped make Summitville Colorado's largest gold producer. Over 100,000 ounces of gold were produced by 1890.[2]:60 Operations were continuous until 1906, then sporadic after that.[11] Gold production up to 1990 was 520,000 troy ounces (16 t).[12]
In 1985, Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, a subsidiary of Galactic Resources of Vancouver, British Columbia started open pit heap-leach mining at the Summitville mine. Mining ceased in 1992, and remediation started. However, Galactic Resources declared bankruptcy in December 1992, and the US Environmental Protection Agency stepped in to prevent releases of pollution from the property.[13] The EPA declared it a federal Superfund site in May 1993.[14] The total cost of environmental cleanup at the site has been estimated to be between $100 and $120 million.[15]
In 1998, the general manager and the environmental manager of the mine pleaded guilty to federal pollution charges, and were each sentenced to six months probation and $20,000 fines.[16]
Sneffels-Red Mountain-Telluride district[edit]
The Sneffels-Red Mountain-Telluride district, in San Miguel and Ouray counties at the southwest end of the Colorado Mineral Belt, was discovered in 1875. Thomas Walsh developed the Camp Bird Mine in 1896.[2]:84–91 The district is within and adjacent to a Tertiary volcanic caldera. Deposits are chimneys and veins in Tertiary volcanics and intrusives, and in older sedimentary rocks. Production through 1959 was 6,800,000 troy ounces (210 t) of gold, as well as considerable silver, lead, and copper.[12]
Cripple Creek district[edit]
Cripple Creek (Battle Mountain) Mines, 1906, red-phonolite dikes, red-basic dikes, yellow-veins[17]
"Part-time cowboy and full-time drinker" Womack found gold float in 1879, which led him to digging countless prospecting holes in an attempt to find its lode, earning him the name "Crazy Bob". His efforts finally paid off in 1890, when he found the El Paso lode. Winfield Scott Stratton discovered what became his Portland Mine at the site of Victor. By 1893, 10,000 miners working the district, produced one third of Colorado's gold output. Gold cyanidation was introduced in 1895, and used alongside chlorination in the mills for gold extraction. By 1895, half of Colorado's gold production of 660,000 ounces came from the district. In 1897, half a million Troy ounces of gold was produced, and in 1900, 900,000 troy ounces, two thirds of the US output. By 1920, 41 mines were active, and cumulative gold production was over 500 tons.[2]:66,69,72,81
Located a few miles southwest of Pike's Peak, the Cripple Creek district wasn't discovered until later in the "rush", which was known as the "Pike's Peak Gold Rush" because Pike's Peak was a landmark visible 100 miles (160 km) out on the plains. The towns of Cripple Creek and Victor were established to serve the mines and miners of the district. Among the principal mines were the Mollie Kathleen Gold Mine at Cripple Creek and Stratton's Independence mine, at Victor, Colorado. Gold production up to 1990 was 21,000,000 troy ounces (650 t) worth about US$17 billion at 2008 prices), making it the most productive gold-producing district in Colorado,[12] and the third-most productive in the United States (after Carlin, Nevada and Lead, South Dakota). Many of the mines in the district were quite deep and difficult to drain. The almost 5-mile Roosevelt Tunnel was a mine drainage tunnel dug between 1907 and 1919 below the Cripple Creek area to drain the mines and simplify ore haulage.[18][19]
The Cripple Creek mining district covers a Miocene volcanic caldera filled with quartz latite porphyry. The ore bodies are veins and replacement zones within the quartz latite. The ore minerals are gold and silver tellurides, with accessory fluorite.
The Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company formed in 1976 as a joint venture to restart mining in the district. From 1976 to 1989, the company produced 150,000 troy ounces (4.7 t) of gold by reprocessing tailings and mining two small surface deposits. The Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company began the first large-scale open pit mining in the district in 1994.[20] The Cresson mine open pits are located a few miles north of Victor. Mining continues today under the ownership of Newmont Mining Corporation, which boosted gold production from 211,000 troy ounces (6.6 t) in 2014 to 451,000 troy ounces (14.0 t) in 2017.[21]
Gold mining today[edit]
Cripple Creek & Victor mine, north of Victor, photo taken in 2006
Colorado gold production was 270,000 ounces in 1892, 660,000 ounces in 1895, peaked in 1900 at 1,400,000 ounces, and reached over one million ounces in 1916 for the last time. Gold production in 1922 was 300,000 ounces, and 200,000 ounces in 1928. The Gold Reserve Act helped increase production to 370,000 ounces in 1936. Production was 380,000 ounces, before the War Production Board limitation order L-208 stopped gold mining in 1942. Production restarted after World War II with 168,000 ounces in 1947. Gold production was 66,000 ounces in 1960 and 22,000 ounces in 1967. Production reached 37,000 ounces in 1972 and 72,000 ounces in 1978.[2]:60,69,98,101,108,111,114,118,121,123
Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold, the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs, an open-pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation, which produced 451,000 troy ounces of gold in 2017 and reported 3.5 million troy ounces of gold reserves as at December 31, 2017.[21]
See also[edit]
*Abandoned mine drainages in Colorado
Argo Gold Mine and Mill
Argo Tunnel
Camp Bird Mine
Coal mining in Colorado
Idarado Mine
Mary Murphy Mine
Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1903
Silver mining in Colorado
State of Colorado
Uranium mining in Colorado
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.143.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Voynick, S.M., 1992, Colorado Gold, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, ISBN 0878424555
Jump up ^ Ben H. Parker Jr., Gold placers of Colorado, book 1, Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v.69, n.3, July 1974, p.26.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Brown (1985) The Great Pikes Peak Gold Rush, Caldwell, Ida.: Caxton, p.26-32.
Jump up ^ Paul K. Sims and others (1963) Economic Geology of the Central City District, Gilpin County, Colorado, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 359, p.7-8.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.116-117.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.109-110.
Jump up ^ Ben H. Parker Jr., Gold Placers of Colorado, Book 2, Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, Oct. 1974, v.69 n.4 p.17.
Jump up ^ Mark W. Davis and Randall K. Streufert (1990) Gold Occurrences of Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey, Resource Series 28, p.54-55.
Jump up ^ Bruce Geller, Summitville, Colorado, Mining Record, 25 Feb. 1987, p.17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mark W. Davis and Randall K. Streufert, 1990, Gold Occurrences of Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey, Resource Series 28, p.28.
Jump up ^ Al Knight, ‘Disaster’ at Summitville was after the EPA arrived, Denver Post, 28 Apr. 1996, p.1E.
Jump up ^ US EPA: Summitville mine
Jump up ^ Environmental Considerations of Abandoned Mine Lands (1995) US Geological Survey, Bulletin 2220.
Jump up ^ Mike McPheee and Mark Eddy, Ex-mine managers sentenced, Denver Post, 19 Dec. 1998, p.4B.
Jump up ^ Lindgren, W., and Ransome, F.L., 1906, Geology and Gold Deposits of the Cripple Creek District, Colorado, USGS Professional Paper No. 54, Washington: Government Printing Office
Jump up ^ R. L. Herrick, Roosevelt Tunnel, Mines and Minerals, Vol. XXIX, No. 9 (April, 1909), page 387.]
Jump up ^ J. E. Murphy, Tunnel Unwaters Famous Gold District, Popular Mechanics, Vol. 32, No. 5 (Nov. 1919); pages 742-743.
Jump up ^ Keith Dyas and Jerry Marcus (1998) The Cresson project, Engineering & Mining Jour., 6/1998, p.32KK-32OO.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Annual Report and Form 10-K" (pdf). Greenwood Village, Colorado: Newmont Mining Corporation. 22 February 2018. p. 31. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
External links[edit]
AngloGold Ashanti: 06 Country Report USA CC&V

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The Great Food Truck Race
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Great Food Truck Race
Presented by
Tyler Florence
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
51[1] (list of episodes)
Production company(s)
Critical Content
Release
Original network
Food Network
The Great Food Truck Race is a reality television and cooking series that originally aired on August 15, 2010, on Food Network, with Tyler Florence as the host.[2] Billed as a cross between Cannonball Run and Top Chef,[3] this late summer show features several competing teams of three who drive across the United States in their food trucks and make stops every week to sell food in different cities.
Contents
1 Format
2 Series overview
3 Production Notes
4 References
5 External links
Format[edit]
Every season, between six and eight food truck teams compete in a race where they must cook, sell, and adapt to different challenges in the hopes of winning $50,000 (and in some cases, their very own food truck). Starting off on the west coast and driving east, every week the food truck that makes the least profit is eliminated and sent home, while the rest of the food trucks continue on to the next city. They're usually given "seed money" at the beginning of each episode that goes towards grocery shopping. The teams are assigned different challenges every week for a chance to earn more money (usually in the form of selling the most of a special dish or making a version of a local delicacy for Tyler and a guest judge). They're also thrown obstacles that hinder their ability to make normal sales (for example, switching their menu to vegan food or being unable to restock supplies for the day).
In the first two seasons of the Great Food Truck Race, the competitors were seasoned, professional food truck operators who were competing for a cash prize (first season was $50,000 and second season was $100,000). In the following seasons (save for season six), food trucks were provided to novices (from home cooks to former restaurateurs) who have dreamt of owning and operating their very own food truck. In seasons three, four, and five, the winning team got the money and got to keep the food truck they were provided with by the show. In season six and onward, the show reverted to awarding the winning teams only the $50,000.
Series overview[edit]
List of The Great Food Truck Race episodes
Season
Episodes
Season premiere
Season finale
1 6 August 15, 2010 (2010-08-15) September 19, 2010 (2010-09-19)
2 7 August 14, 2011 (2011-08-14) September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)
3 7 August 19, 2012 (2012-08-19) September 30, 2012 (2012-09-30)
4 7 August 18, 2013 (2013-08-18) September 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)
5 7 August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17) September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
6 6 August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23) September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
7 5 August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28) September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
8 6 August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20) September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
9 TBA July 26, 2018 (2018-07-26) TBA
Production Notes[edit]
Bob Tuschman, general manager of the Food Network, had gotten several pitches for a food truck themed competition show before settling on the show that would become The Great Food Truck Race. He believed it to be ideal because it combined the Survivor-style reality show competition with the rising trend of food trucks.[4] Tyler Florence was immediately on board and as the show grew and got renewed, so did the food truck scene. Florence believed the food truck trend grew in large part because of the economic slump around the early 2000s, and his show "helped invent an entirely new genre of restaurants".[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Great Food Truck Race Episodes". Television Food Network G.P. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tyler Florence Interview". Tvsquad.com. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tyler Florence talks about Food Network's new reality competition". ew.com. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Food (Truck) Fight: Putting Griddle to the Metal". nytimes.com.
Jump up ^ "How 'The Great Food Truck Race' Influenced America's Food Truck Scene". thedailymeal.com.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Great Food Truck Race on IMDb
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Food_Truck_Race&oldid=852308454"
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Will Work for Food (TV show)

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