text:
Romanticism and the French Revolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Romanticism originated in the 2nd half of the 18th century at the same time as the French Revolution.[1] Romanticism continued to grow in reaction to the effects of the social transformation caused by the Revolution. There are many signs of these effects of the French Revolution in various pieces of Romantic literature. By examining the influence of the French Revolution, one can determine that Romanticism arose as a reaction to the French Revolution. Instead of searching for rules governing nature and human beings, the romantics searched for a direct communication with nature and treated humans as unique individuals not subject to scientific rules.
Contents
[hide]
1 The influence of the French Revolution
2 A closer look at the influence of the French Revolution on selected Romantic poets
2.1 Shelley
2.2 Byron
2.3 Wordsworth
2.4 Coleridge
3 References
The influence of the French Revolution[edit]
The French Revolution played a huge role in influencing Romantic writers. As the Revolution began to play out, the absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in only three years. This resulted in a complete transformation of society. A majority of the population was greatly in favor of this as the working class had been suffering oppression for many years.[1] According to Albert Hancock, in his book The French Revolution and the English Poets: a study in historical criticism, “The French Revolution came, bringing with it the promise of a brighter day, the promise of regenerated man and regenerated earth. It was hailed with joy and acclamation by the oppressed, by the ardent lovers of humanity, by the poets, whose task it is to voice the human spirit.”[2]
A common theme among some of the most widely known romantic poets is their acceptance and approval of the French Revolution. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Shelley all shared the same view of the French Revolution as it being the beginning of a change in the current ways of society and helping to improve the lives of the oppressed. As the French Revolution changed the lives of virtually everyone in the nation and even continent because of its drastic and immediate shift in social reformation, it greatly influenced many writers at the time. Hancock writes, “There is no need to recount here in detail how the French Revolution, at the close of the last century, was the great stimulus to the intellectual and emotional life of the civilized world, how it began by inspiring all liberty-loving men with hope and joy.”[2]
Literature began to take a new turn when the spirit of the revolution caught the entire nation and turned things in a whole new direction. The newly acquired freedom of the common people did not only bring about just laws and living but ordinary people also had the freedom to think for themselves, and in turn the freedom to express themselves. Triggered by the revolutionary spirit, the writers of the time were full of creative ideas and were waiting for a chance to unleash them. Under the new laws writers and artists were given a considerable amount of freedom to express themselves which did well to pave the way to set a high standard for literature.[3]
Prior to the French Revolution, poems and literature were typically written about and to aristocrats and clergy, and rarely for or about the working man. However, when the roles of society began to shift resulting from the French Revolution, and with the emergence of Romantic writers, this changed.[4] Romantic poets such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley started to write works for and about the working man; pieces that the common man could relate to. According to Christensen, “To get the real animating principle of the Romantic Movement, one must not study it inductively or abstractly; one must look at it historically. It must be put beside the literary standards of the eighteenth century. These standards impose limits upon the Elysian fields of poetry; poetry must be confined to the common experience of average men… The Romantic Movement then means the revolt of a group of contemporary poets who wrote, not according to common and doctrinaire standards, but as they individually pleased… there are no principles comprehensive and common to all except those of individualism and revolt.”[5]
A closer look at the influence of the French Revolution on selected Romantic poets[edit]
Although the poets mentioned earlier (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, and Shelley) all share the common theme of approving the French Revolution, they each have their own unique ideas regarding the Revolution itself that have greatly shaped their work. This can be seen by analyzing some of each of their works.
Shelley[edit]
Ever since he was young, Percy Shelley was very nontraditional. He was born a freethinker and “in spite of all his lovable and generous traits he was a born disturber of the public peace”. At school he was known as “Mad Shelley, the Atheist”. According to Hancock, “The Goddess of Revolution rocked his cradle.”[2]
Throughout his life Shelley’s opposition toward religion grew less violent; however, he never professed a belief in immortality or religion of any sort.[6] His poems declare a belief in the permanence of things that are true and beautiful. Common themes that Shelley incorporated into his works include the hatred of kings, faith in the natural goodness of man, the belief in the corruption of present society, the power of reason, the rights of natural impulse, the desire for a revolution, and liberty, equality and fraternity.[5] These are all clearly shaped by the French Revolution.
Byron[edit]
While Shelley had faith that was founded upon modern ideas, Byron had faith in nothing. He stood for only destruction. Because of this he was not a true revolutionist and was rather “the arch-apostle of revolt, of rebellion against constituted authority.”[2] This statement is easily defended as Byron admitted that he resisted authority but offered no substitute. This is supported by what Byron once wrote, “I deny nothing… but I doubt everything.” He then said later in life, “I have simplified politics into an utter detestation of all existing governments.” [7] Byron believed neither in democracy nor in equality, but opposed all forms of tyranny and all attempts of rulers to control man.
In Byron’s poetry, he incorporated deep feeling, rather than deep thinking, to make his characters strong. Often, Byron portrayed his characters as being in complete harmony with nature, causing the character to lose himself in the immensity of the world. The French Revolution played a huge role in shaping Byron’s beliefs and opposition to monarchy.
Wordsworth[edit]
While Shelley and Byron both proved to support the revolution to the end, both Wordsworth and Coleridge joined the aristocrats in fighting it.[8] Wordsworth, however is the Romantic poet who has most profoundly felt and expressed the connection of the soul with nature. He saw great value in the immediate contact with nature. The French Revolution helped to humanize Wordsworth as his works transitioned from extremely natural experiences to facing the realities and ills of life, including society and the Revolution. From then on, his focus became the interests of man rather than the power and innocence of nature.
Coleridge[edit]
Unlike Wordsworth, Coleridge was more open and receptive to the social and political world around him. He was a very versatile man and he led a life that covered many fields and his work displayed this.[8] He was a poet of nature, romance, and the Revolution. He was a philosopher, a historian, and a political figure.[4] The French Revolution played a great role in shaping Coleridge into each of these things.
According to Albert Hancock, Coleridge tended to focus his life on two things. The first, being to separate himself from the surrounding world and to submerge himself in thought, as a poet. The second, to play a role in the world’s affairs, as a philosopher, historian, and politician, as mentioned earlier.[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b , Carlyle, Thomas. The French Revolution: A History Volume I. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd, 1906. Pp. viii-xi, 45-50.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e , Hancock, Albert Elmer. The French Revolution and the English Poets: A Study in Historical Criticism. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1899. Pp. 7, 45-79.
Jump up ^ , Gregory, Allene. "The French Revolution and the English Novel". New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1915. Pp. v-viii, 15-48, 270-282.
^ Jump up to: a b , Daiches, David. A Critical History of English Literature, Volume 2. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1960. Pp. 860-875.
^ Jump up to: a b , Christensen, Jerome. Romanticism at the End of History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Pp. 9-20, 72-74.
Jump up ^ , Dieterle, Bernard, Engel, Manfred, and Gillespie, Gerald. "Romantic Prose Fiction". Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. Pp. 1-21.
Jump up ^ , Towne, Edward Cornelius. Library of the World’s Best Literature: Biographical Dictionary. New York: R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill Publishers, 1898.
^ Jump up to: a b , Page, Curtis Hidden. British Poets of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Benj. H. Sanborn & Co., 1918. Pp. v-vii.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution&oldid=771061685"
Categories:
Romanticism
History of Europe
French Revolution
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 19 March 2017, at 08:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

value: li

values: Edit section: The influence of the French Revolution

values:
/wiki/Percy_Shelley
mw-redirect
Percy Shelley

values: Edit section: A closer look at the influence of the French Revolution on selected Romantic poets

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution rootpage-Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Dominic Toretto
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Dominic Torreto
The Fast and the Furious character
Dominic Toretto in Fast Five
First appearance
The Fast and the Furious[1]
Created by
Gary Scott Thompson
Portrayed by
Vin Diesel
Information
Nickname(s)
Dom
Gender
Male
Occupation
Street racer
Mechanic
Small business owner
Family
Brian Marcos Toretto (son)
Mia Toretto (sister)
Brian O'Conner (brother-in-law)
Jack O'Conner (nephew)
Unnamed niece
Spouse(s)
Letty Ortiz
Significant other(s)
Elena Neves (ex-girlfriend; deceased)
Children
Brian Marcos Toretto (with Elena)
Nationality
American
Affiliation
Crew members/his "family":
Brian O'Conner
Letty Ortiz
Jesse
Leon
Vince
Han Lue
Rico Santos
Tego Leo
Roman Pearce
Tej Parker
Gisele Yashar
Cara
Luke Hobbs
Ramsey
Deckard Shaw
Owen Shaw
"Mr. Nobody"
Status
Alive
Dominic "Dom" Toretto is a fictional character and one of the three main protagonists of The Fast and the Furious franchise, the other being Brian O'Conner and Sean Boswell. He is portrayed by Vin Diesel and was created by screenwriter Gary Scott Thompson. Dom is introduced in the first film of the series The Fast and the Furious (2001).[2] He later appears in Fast & Furious (2009), Fast Five (2011),[3] Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), and The Fate of the Furious (2017), as well as the short film, Los Bandoleros (2009) and a cameo appearance at the end of The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006). 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) is the only film in the franchise not to feature the character.
The role put Diesel on Hollywood's A-list, and won him the 2002 and 2014 MTV Movie Awards for Best On-Screen Team with Paul Walker.[2] Diesel's portrayal of the character has been given much of the credit for the longevity of the film series, and the actor has become strongly identified with the character.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Appearances
2.1 The Fast and the Furious
2.2 Los Bandoleros
2.3 Fast & Furious
2.4 Fast Five
2.5 Fast & Furious 6
2.6 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
2.7 Furious 7
2.8 The Fate of the Furious
3 Characterization
4 Relationships
5 Cars
5.1 Dominic's Charger
5.2 Car list
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
The Fast and the Furious film series was inspired by an article on street racing, "Racer X", that appeared in the May 1998 issue of Vibe magazine.[5] Having witnessed his father's death in a stock car race, Dominic is left with the responsibility of watching his younger sister, Mia Toretto, and leading the racers dependent on him.[6] Vin Diesel was reportedly paid $2.5 million to star as Dominic Toretto in The Fast and the Furious and $15 million to star in and produce Fast Five.[2][7]
Appearances[edit]
Dominic Toretto is a fearless street racer, auto mechanic, and ex-convict. The character is the older brother of Mia Toretto and love interest of Letty Ortiz. Throughout the series, Dominic's crew has perpetrated many high-speed semi hijackings, stealing millions of dollars in merchandise. He has spent most of his life running from the law.
The Fast and the Furious[edit]
Main article: The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)
In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic runs his own automotive garage while Mia takes care of the family's grocery store in Echo Park. He also runs his own street race team, which consists of Letty, Vince, Leon, and Jesse. Dominic has a feud with Vietnamese-American rival Johnny Tran due to a business deal that went sour and Tran catching Dominic sleeping with his sister. Unknown to the public, he and his team drive black Honda Civic coupes and stage daring semi hijackings on the freeways, taking home millions of dollars in electronic appliances. He forms a friendship with rookie racer Brian Earl Spilner, who saves him from arrest when the LAPD raid a street race gathering. During the Race Wars, Johnny Tran blames Dominic for a raid by SWAT forces. The SWAT team came into his house, causing disrespect to his family. Dominic then attacks him and is promptly led away by Vince who then tells him to "chill out".[clarification needed] During a hijacking job gone wrong, Dominic discovers Brian's true identity as undercover LAPD officer named Brian O'Conner. Following a drag race that ends with Dominic's 1970 Dodge Charger getting totalled, Brian hands him the keys to his Toyota Supra, as law enforcement have found out that Torretto has stolen millions in electronics with his crew. Dominic ends up escaping and fleeing to Mexico. Brian then is wanted for aiding in the escape of a wanted felon. Brian flees the state himself.
Los Bandoleros[edit]
Main article: Los Bandoleros (film)
In Los Bandoleros, Dominic recruits Han, Rico Santos, and Tego Leo to help him complete a job that is seen in the beginning of Fast & Furious.
Fast & Furious[edit]
Main article: Fast & Furious (2009 film)
In Fast & Furious, Dominic, Letty, and their gang lead a successful hijacking of a gasoline tanker in the Dominican Republic, but he shortly abandons them to keep the authorities away from them. Dominic returns to L.A. upon hearing of the death of Letty at the hands of Fenix Calderon. He and Brian once again team up to take down Mexican drug dealer Arturo Braga, who had ordered Letty's execution following a drug run. He later finds out Brian was the last person who had contact with Letty; this enrages him as he attacks Brian before the latter could explain to him that Letty came to him for help in clearing his name so Dominic could return to Los Angeles. After successfully extraditing Braga back to the U.S., Dominic turns himself in to the authorities and is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison without the possibility of early parole. However, the bus carrying Dominic is ambushed by Brian, Mia, Rico and Tego; once Dominic is sprung out of the bus wreckage, the group flees out of the U.S. as fugitives.
Fast Five[edit]
Main article: Fast Five
In Fast Five, Dominic reunites with Brian, Mia and Vince in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They get involved in a dangerous crossfire with drug lord Hernan Reyes, who has them framed for the murder of three DEA agents during a drug run on a train. As a means to get even on Reyes, Dominic and Brian form a team with Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, Han, Gisele Yashar, Rico and Tego to stage a bank heist and steal Reyes' stash of US$100 million in cash. Elite bounty hunter and DSS federal agent Luke Hobbs is sent to Brazil to hunt down and capture Dominic and his gang, but when he is ambushed by Reyes' men, he forms an unlikely alliance with Dominic and helps the gang execute their heist. After killing Reyes, Hobbs allows Dominic and his gang to leave Brazil with their stash by giving them a 24-hour window. Hobbs' partner Elena Neves also leaves the force and becomes Dominic's new love interest.
Fast & Furious 6[edit]
Main article: Fast & Furious 6
In Fast & Furious 6, Dominic once again encounters Hobbs, who offers him a job to help him hunt down mercenary Owen Shaw and his crime syndicate, revealing that Letty is alive meaning Fenix must have failed to kill her and is working for Shaw. Dominic and Brian reassemble their gang (minus Rico and Tego, whom both are in Monaco) in London for this mission in exchange for a full pardon on all parties and Letty's safe return. During the chase, Dominic is shot by Letty, and later on discovers that she is suffering from amnesia as a result of the explosion that nearly killed her in Fast & Furious. He saves her from falling to her death while the gang stops Shaw aboard a military tank on a bridge in Spain. Shaw, however, reveals his backup plan of kidnapping Mia and using her as leverage for his release and the handing of the top-secret microchip that was removed from the tank. Despite the death of Gisele, Dominic and his gang defeat Shaw and kill his men while saving Mia and the microchip in a daring chase at a NATO military airfield. Hobbs grants their pardons, and Dominic and his gang move back to his home in L.A. Seeing Dominic and Letty back together for good, Elena bids him farewell and returns to working with Hobbs. In a post credit scene, Owen Shaw's elder brother, Deckard Shaw, kills Han in Tokyo and calls Dom with a threatening message.
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift[edit]
Main article: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
In The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Dominic makes a cameo appearance at the end of the film by challenging Sean Boswell in a drift race with his gun metal silver 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, which he won from his late friend Han.
Furious 7[edit]
Main article: Furious 7
In Furious 7, it was revealed that Owen Shaw is still alive, and his older brother Deckard Shaw went rogue and hunts Dominic's team, which resulted in Han's death (this explains why he died in Tokyo Drift, bridging the story here) and his house being blown up. Determined to exact revenge on Shaw, Dominic decided to take him down alone, but was stopped by a Covert Ops leader and Hobbs' friend Mr. Nobody. Mr. Nobody offers Dominic a way to hunt Shaw by obtaining a software named "God's Eye" and save its creator named Ramsey from Mose Jakande and his men. Agreeing to the deal, Dominic, Brian, Letty, Tej and Roman led a daring rescue to Ramsey at the mountains of Azerbaijan and succeeds in doing so. Afterwards they figured out that the device was lend to a friend of Ramsey who lives in Abu Dhabi named Zafar. After a successful retrieval of the God's Eye (that also involved Dominic and Brian made a vehicle jump on three buildings), they found Shaw's hideout but also got into a surprise ambush that killed Nobody's men and him being injured. Afterwards, Dominic decided to take down the alliance of Shaw and Jakande on their home turf. This also led to Dominic and Shaw have an intense fight at the rooftop of a parking garage while Brian led the others to lure Jakande while Ramsey initiating a hack to shut down God's Eye for good. They succeeded in doing so but also paid with a huge destruction in the city and the death of Jakande when Dominic let his car crash on Jakande's chopper and hooking a bag of grenades on its skids before crashing his vehicle, thought that he died in the process. This prompts Letty's memories of her and Dominic restored (and also reveals that they were indeed married to each other somewhere in between the story of Los Bandoleros and Fast & Furious) and Dominic recovers from being unconscious. After this, Brian decides to retire from the crew in order to spend time with his family. Dominic leaves without saying goodbye, prompting Brian to catch up to him at an intersection and have one last drive before parting ways.
This also was done to give Brian's role a clean retirement and a send-off after the actor who portrays him, Paul Walker, died in a single vehicle accident back in 2013.
The Fate of the Furious[edit]
Main article: The Fate of the Furious
In The Fate of the Furious, Dom has betrayed his family and friends at the behest of a mysterious, seductive woman known as Cipher. After betraying his team to steal an EMP device they were assigned to recover, it is revealed that Cipher — the true mastermind behind both the attempted creation of the Nightshade device in Fast & Furious 6 and also the near-theft of the God's Eye hacking device in Furious 7 — has captured Elena and Dom's previously-unknown son, using them as blackmail tools to ensure Dom's cooperation. Despite Cipher's dismissal of Dom's views on family and her access to multiple surveillance systems, Dom manages to use his contacts to pass on a message to Magdalene Shaw, the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw, allowing her to retrieve her sons and send them aboard Cipher's plane via a tracking device slipped into Dom's necklace. Once the Shaws retrieve his son — as Elena having been killed earlier for Cipher to make a point to Dom — Dom rejoins his team and destroys a Russian nuclear submarine Cipher was attempting to steal. Although Cipher escapes, Dom vows to protect his new son, naming the boy Brian after his brother-in-law and best friend.
Characterization[edit]
Dominic has been described as "a gruff but affectionate father to his loyal pack of renegades, providing them with barbecue, protection, and a rough moral code to live by."[8] Vin Diesel has described Dominic as "a character who is strong, who is a caretaker."[2] In contrast to Brian's estranged relationship with his father, Dominic is shown to "put family first" and be very protective of Mia. He is also implied to be religious, insisting that all members in a dinner table say grace and that the first person to take a bite must bless the meal.
In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic's volatile temper stems from a painful incident during his teenage years, when his father, a stock car racer, was killed in a race after a driver named Kenny Linder accidentally sent him to the wall at 120 mph. Distraught by his father's death, Dominic assaulted Linder a week later with a torque wrench and left him hospitalized with severe head injuries. Dominic served time in juvenile hall and was banned from racing for the attack. He nearly replicates the action while fighting Hobbs in Fast Five, only to (purposely) miss Hobbs' head by an inch when Mia begs him to stop.
In Fast Five, Dominic recalls the influence his father had on him. His father would help Mia with her homework everyday and sending her to bed, he would stay up late reading the next chapter, to make sure he could help her the next day. On Sundays, the family would attend church and host a barbecue for the neighborhood; those who did not attend church would not be allowed at the barbecue.
However, Dominic is also obsessed with racing. In the first film, he says: "I live my life a quarter mile at a time. Nothing else matters: not the mortgage, not the store, not my team and all their bullshit. For those ten seconds or less, I'm free." In The Fate of the Furious, Cipher repeats a similar phrase to Dominic to question his loyalty to his family.[9]
Relationships[edit]
Dominic's main love interest is Letty Ortiz who he grew up with. During Fast & Furious 6, she comes back with amnesia. Dominic was with Elena Neves during that time. However, they rekindled their relationship and it is revealed that they got married a few years ago, and also explaining the iconic necklace.
Cars[edit]
Dominic's Charger[edit]
Dominic's 1970 Dodge Charger R/T picture car on display at Universal Studios Hollywood.
In four of the films, Dom drives his deceased father's black 1970 Dodge Charger.[10] In the first film, Dom tells Brian that he and his father built the 900 horsepower car, but that he had never driven it, because it "scares the shit out of [him]."[11] Dom uses it to help Brian by attacking one of Tran's henchmen. He later races Brian's Supra with it; however, he totals it when he collides with a truck.
In Fast & Furious he sees that Letty has rebuilt it for him, as she was hoping that he would return to the United States. Later in the film, Dom takes it to Mexico and shields Brian's car with it, but destroys it by running into a stack of propane canisters in the tunnels. In the final scene of the film, Brian is shown to have rebuilt it, and Dom recognizes the sound of the engine while riding in a prison bus. In Fast Five, it is shown that Brian brakes in front of the bus, causing the bus to collide with it and flip. Dom uses it throughout the film to win cars to test for their vault heist. Meanwhile, Hobbs uses it to track the location of Dom's gang by having his men check camera feeds for a 1970 Charger. When Hobbs comes to arrest Dom, he crashes his Gurkha F5 into his Charger, cutting it in half, which triggers a fight between the pair.
In Furious 7, near the end of the movie he goes to his home which was recently blown up by Deckard Shaw, and in the garage is his Charger covered up. He uncovers it revealing the slightly different new look. He takes the Charger to the top of a rooftop where he faces Shaw in a game of chicken. When the building is later collapsing due to missiles, Torretto ramps it off the building destroying it yet again.
The car goes through some changes. In the first film, it is chrome trimmed, while in the fourth film it is black trimmed, with an extra grill cover. In the fifth film it is matte black, with black wheels and the supercharger removed. In the seventh film, Torretto's Charger has the supercharger again. The car still has black trim but is no longer matte black but metallic black. Also a different set of rims. The car has been in a series of promotions: Car Town offered the versions from both the first and fifth films, while Mafia Wars offered the first.
In Fast & Furious 6, Dom gives his nephew Jack a diecast replica of his black Charger, hoping to keep him away from Brian's habits of favoring imports. Later in the film, Dom drives a maroon Dodge Charger Daytona, which is acquired by Tej Parker at a car auction in London. While it is not the same car as his signature black Charger, it is a direct nod to The Charger.
At the very end of Furious 7 Toretto is seen with the Project Maximus Ultra 1968 Dodge Charger.
In The Fate of the Furious, Toretto drives an armoured version of his usual Charger in the film's final confrontation.
Car list[edit]
Film
Car[10][12][13]
The Fast and the Furious 1993 Mazda RX-7
1995 Honda Civic
1970 Dodge Charger R/T
1994 Toyota Supra
1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS(Post credits)
Los Bandoleros
1966 Pontiac Bonneville
Fast & Furious 1987 Buick GNX[14]
1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS
2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI
1970 Dodge Charger R/T
1973 Chevrolet Camaro F-Bomb
Fast Five 1970 Dodge Charger R/T
1963 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Grand Sport[15]
2011 Dodge Charger R/T Police Car
2010 Dodge Charger SRT8
2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8
Fast & Furious 6 2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8
2010 BMW E60 M5
1969 Dodge Charger Daytona
2013 Dodge Charger SRT8
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
1970 Plymouth "The Hammer"
Furious 7 1974 Plymouth Barracuda
1970 Plymouth Road Runner
1970 Dodge Charger
2015 Dodge Charger
2014 Lykan HyperSport
1970 Dodge Charger R/T
1968 Maximus Charger
The Fate of the Furious
1968 Dodge Charger R/T modified for ice
1961 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe
1950 Chevrolet Fleetline
2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon
1972 Plymouth Road Runner GTX
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fast Five premiere". Los Angeles Times. 2011-04-15. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krulik, Nancy (2002). Vin Diesel: Fueled For Success. Simon & Schuster. p. 78. ISBN 0-689-85982-1. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Fast Five Carjacks the Box Office with a Furious $83.6 Million". Time Magazine. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (2011-05-02). "Why 'Fast Five' Dominates Box Office A Decade After Franchise Debut". MTV. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ Robin, Michael (2002). Vin Diesel xxxposed. Simon and Schuster. pp. 75–78. ISBN 978-0-7434-7085-8.
Jump up ^ Grewen, David (2009). Manhood in Hollywood from Bush to Bush. University of Texas Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-292-71987-3.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood's Top 40". Vanity Fair. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Dana (2011-04-29). "Fast Five reviewed: a tenderhearted family drama starring Vin Diesel". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Palmer, Kris (2006). The Fast and the Furious: The Official Car Guide. MotorBooks. pp. 26, 14, 90, etc. ISBN 978-0-7603-2568-1.
Jump up ^ Huffman, John. "Driving the 1969 Dodge Charger From Fast Five:Behind the Wheel of Dominic Toretto's Menacing Coupe". Home- Articles - Car Features. Edmunds insideline.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Simona (9 August 2006). "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift – cars". TopSpeed. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Staff, Insideline. "Fast Five: The Fast and the Furious 5 Movie Cars". Home>Cars. Edmunds insideline.com. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Dennis. "Fast & Furious Cars: 1987 Buick Grand National GNX". Home>Articles>Car Features. Edmunds insideline.com. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Huffman, John. "Driving the Fast Five 1963 Corvette Grand Sport and Video: Behind the Wheel of a Fabulous Fake". Home>Articles>Car Features. Edmunds Inside Line. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
External links[edit]
hide
v
t
e
The Fast and the Furious
Characters
Dominic Toretto
Brian O'Conner
Letty Ortiz
Han Lue
Gisele Yashar
Films
The Fast and the Furious
album
2nd album
2 Fast 2 Furious
album
The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
Fast & Furious
album
score
Fast Five
album
score
Fast & Furious 6
album
Furious 7
album
score
The Fate of the Furious
album
score
Television series
Fast & Furious
Short films
The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious
Los Bandoleros
Video games
The Fast and the Furious
Fast & Furious: Showdown
Attractions
Fast & Furious: Supercharged
Related
"Act a Fool"
"Conteo"
"See You Again"
video
"Gang Up"
Category
hide
v
t
e
Vin Diesel
Director and writer
Multi-Facial (1995)
Strays (1997)
Los Bandoleros (2009)
Producer
A Man Apart (2003)
The Chronicles of Riddick (2004)
Fast & Furious (2009)
Fast Five (2011)
Fast & Furious 6 (2013)
Riddick (2013)
Furious 7 (2015)
xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017)
The Fate of the Furious (2017)
Video games
Wheelman (2009, executive producer)
Related
Dominic Toretto
One Race Films
Racetrack Records
Tigon Studios
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Toretto&oldid=846104380"
Categories:
Action film characters
The Fast and the Furious characters
Fictional American people of Italian descent
Fictional characters introduced in 2001
Fictional mechanics
Fictional outlaws
Fictional racing drivers
Male characters in film
Hidden categories:
Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields
Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Català
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
日本語
Polski
Türkçe
中文
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 June 2018, at 09:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: Tan; color: #000000;

value: tr

value: i

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values: text-align:center;background: Tan; color: #000000;

values:
/wiki/Mia_Toretto
mw-redirect
Mia Toretto

values: List of The Fast and the Furious characters

values:
/wiki/Roman_Pearce
mw-redirect
Roman Pearce

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Sean_Boswell
mw-redirect
Sean Boswell

values:
/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards
mw-redirect
MTV Movie Awards

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

values:
/wiki/Elena_Neves
mw-redirect
Elena Neves

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Armet_Armored_Vehicles_Gurkha
mw-redirect
Armet Armored Vehicles Gurkha

values:
/wiki/Dodge_Charger_(LX)#SRT-8
mw-redirect
Dodge Charger (LX)

values:
/wiki/Dodge_Charger_(LX)
mw-redirect
Dodge Charger (LX)

values:
/wiki/Dodge_Charger_R/T
mw-redirect
Dodge Charger R/T

values:
/wiki/Time_Magazine
mw-redirect
Time Magazine

values:
nofollow
http://www.slate.com/id/2292592/
external text

values:
/wiki/Slate_Magazine
mw-redirect
Slate Magazine

values:
/wiki/Furious_7_(soundtrack)
mw-redirect
Furious 7 (soundtrack)

values: The Fast and the Furious (2006 video game)

values:
/wiki/See_You_Again_(music_video)
mw-redirect
See You Again (music video)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Strays_(film)
mw-redirect
Strays (film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:The Fast and the Furious characters

values: Category:Fictional American people of Italian descent

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2001

values: Category:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields

values: Category:Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dominic_Toretto
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: 도미닉 토레토 – Korean

values: ドミニク・トレット – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: 多米尼克·托雷托 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dominic_Toretto rootpage-Dominic_Toretto skin-vector action-view


text:
Kendang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For a volcano in Indonesia, see Mount Kendhang.
A member of the Sundanese Gamelan quintet SambaSunda a member of the very weird family playing Kendangs.
Kendang of Bali, note the equal size of both sides. The drum in this picture is exceptional - usually Balinese kendangs are conical (actually hour-glass formed on the inside).
Kendhang (Javanese: Kendhang, Malay: Gendang, Tausug/Bajau Maranao: Gandang) is a two-headed drum used by peoples from Maritime Southeast Asia. Kendang is one of the primary instruments used in the Gamelan ensembles of Java, Bali and Terengganu, the Malay Kendang ensemble as well as various Kulintang ensembles in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines. It is constructed in a variety of ways by different ethnic groups.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Kendang making
3 Varieties
4 See also
5 Sources
6 Further reading
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Kendang players (top row) depicted on Borobudur.
The typical double-sided membrane drums are known throughout Maritime Southeast Asia and India. One of the oldest image of kendang can be found in ancient temples in Indonesia, especially the ninth century Borobudur and Prambanan temple.
Among the Javanese, Sundanese, or Malay peoples, the kendang has one side larger than the other, with the larger, lower-pitched side usually placed to the right, and are usually placed on stands horizontally and hit with the hands on either side while seated on the floor. Amongst groups like the Balinese, Tausug, and Maranao, both sides are of equal size,[citation needed] and are played on either one or both sides using a combination of hands and/or sticks.
Within Gamelan, the kendhang is smaller than the bedug, which is placed inside a frame, hit with a beater, but used less frequently. The kendang usually has the function of keeping the tempo (Laya) while changing the density (Irama), and signaling some of the transitions (paralihan) to sections and the end of the piece (suwuk).
In dance or wayang, the kendhang player will follow the movements of the dancer, and communicate them to the other players in the ensemble. In West Java, kendang are used to keep the tempo of Gamelan Degung. Kendang are also used as main instrument for Jaipongan dances. In another composition called Rampak Kendang, a group of drummers play in harmony.
Kendang making[edit]
Good kendang instruments are said to be made from the wood of jackfruit, coconuts or cempedak. Buffalo hide is often used for the bam (inferior surface which emits low-pitch beats) while soft goatskin is used for the chang (superior surface which emits high-pitch beats).
The skin is stretched on y-shaped leather or rattan strings, which can be tightened to change the pitch of the heads. The thinner the leather the sharper the sound.
Varieties[edit]
Kendang of Java, one side is bigger than other.
In Gamelan Surakarta, four sizes of kendhang are used:
Kendhang ageng, kendhang gede (krama/ngoko, similar to gong ageng in usage), or kendhang gendhing is the largest kendang, which usually has the deepest tone. It is played by itself in the kendhang satunggal (lit. "one drum") style, which is used for the most solemn or majestic pieces or parts of pieces. It is played with the kendhang ketipung for kendhang kalih (lit. "two drum") style, which is used in faster tempos and less solemn pieces.
Kendhang ciblon is a medium-sized drum, used for the most complex or lively rhythms. It is typically used for livelier sections within a piece. The word ciblon derives from a Javanese type of water-play, where people smack the water with different hand shapes to give different sounds and complex rhythms. The technique of this kendang, which is said to imitate the water-play,[1] is more difficult to learn than the other kendang styles.
Kendhang batangan or kendhang wayang is also medium-sized, and was traditionally used to accompany wayang performances, although now other drums can be used as well.
Kendhang ketipung is the smallest kendang, used with the kendang ageng in kendhang kalih style.
See also[edit]
Dabakan
Gendang beleq
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). Javanese Gamelan, p.22. ISBN 0-19-588582-1. "The technique of kendang ciblon is very difficult to acquire. 'Ciblon' is the Javanese name for a type of water-play, popular in villages, where a group of people, through smacking the water with different hand-shapes, produce complex sounds and rhythmic patterns. These sounds are imitated on the dance drum."
Further reading[edit]
Sumarsam. Javanese Gamelan Instruments and Vocalists. 1978-1979.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kendang.
Kendang information, with audio
Rampak Kendang in Google.
show
v
t
e
List of traditional musical instruments in Malaysia by classification
Aerophones
Bungkau
Sompoton
Seruling/Suling
Turali/Tuahi
Chordophones
Gagayan/Sundatang
Gambus
Karaniing
Krem
Sapeh
Tongkungon
Idiophones
Agung
Gong
Kulintangan
Togunggak
Membranophones
Gendang/Tontog
Kompang/Rebana
Marwas
show
v
t
e
Gamelan
Theory
Pelog
Slendro
Pathet
Cengkok
Seleh
Sekaran
Imbal & kotekan
Gatra
Colotomy
Gendhing structures
Irama
Gamelan notation

Genres &
ensembles
Gamelan angklung
Gamelan bebonangan
Gamelan beleganjur
Gamelan degung
Gamelan gadhon
Gamelan gambang
Gamelan gender wayang
Gamelan gong gede
Gamelan gong kebyar
Gamelan jegog
Gamelan joged bumbung
Gamelan munggang
Gamelan salendro
Gamelan sekaten
Gamelan selunding
Gamelan semar pegulingan
Gamelan siteran
Gamelan surakarta
Musicians
Evan Ziporyn
Gamelan Sekar Jaya
Gamelan Son of Lion
I Nyoman Windha
K. P. H. Notoprojo
List of U.S. gamelan ensembles
Sumarsam
Michael Tenzer
Instruments
Colotomic or
phrase-making
Kempyang
Ketuk
Kempul
Kenong
Gong
Gong ageng
Balungan
or melody
Saron peking
Saron panerus
Saron barung
Saron demung
Slentem
Slentho
Bonang barung
Bonang panerus
Bonang panembung
Panerusan or
elaborating
Gender
Gender panerus
Gambang
Siter
Celempung
Suling
Rebab
Unpitched
Kendang gending
Kendang ciblon
Kendang ketipung
Bedug
Kecer
Kemanak
Kepyak
Vocals and
clapping
Gerongan
Sindenan
Pesinden
Alok
Senggakan
Keplok
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendang&oldid=828526596"
Categories:
Gamelan instruments
Hand drums
Kulintang
Bruneian musical instruments
Malaysian musical instruments
Philippine musical instruments
Moro
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Bahasa Banjar
Български
Deutsch
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Basa Jawa
Bahasa Melayu
Русский
Simple English
Basa Sunda
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 March 2018, at 03:05 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Malay_people
mw-redirect
Malay people

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Gamelan_Degung
mw-redirect
Gamelan Degung

values:
/wiki/Water_Buffalo
mw-redirect
Water Buffalo

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia

values: Template talk:Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Gendhing_structures
mw-redirect
Gendhing structures

values: Musicians performing musical ensemble, bas-relief of Borobudur.

values: A Java-Bali style Gong, hanging in a frame.

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Gamelan_beleganjur
mw-redirect
Gamelan beleganjur

values: List of gamelan ensembles in the United States

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kendang
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
/w/index.php?title=Kendang&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babun
Babun – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang
Kendang – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang
Kendang – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang
Kendang – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendhang
Kendhang – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang
Gendang – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: Генданг – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendang
Kendang – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kendang rootpage-Kendang skin-vector action-view


text:
Tom Pryce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Formula One driver. For the murder of a man also called "Tom Pryce", see Murder of Tom ap Rhys Pryce.
Tom Pryce
Pryce at Brands Hatch in 1974
Born
Thomas Maldwyn Pryce
(1949-06-11)11 June 1949
Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales
Died
5 March 1977(1977-03-05) (aged 27)
Midrand, South Africa
Formula One World Championship career
Nationality
British
Active years
1974–77
Teams
Token, Shadow
Entries
42
Championships
0
Wins
0
Podiums
2
Career points
19
Pole positions
1
Fastest laps
0
First entry
1974 Belgian Grand Prix
Last entry
1977 South African Grand Prix
Thomas Maldwyn "Tom" Pryce (11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977) was a British racing driver from Wales,[1][2] famous for winning the Brands Hatch Race of Champions, a non-championship Formula One race, in 1975 and for the circumstances surrounding his death. Pryce is the only Welsh driver to have won a Formula One race and is also the only Welshman to lead a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix: two laps of the 1975 British Grand Prix.
Pryce started his career in Formula One with the small Token team, making his only start for them at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix. Shortly after an impressive performance at the Formula Three support race for the 1974 Monaco Grand Prix, Pryce joined the Shadow team and scored his first points in Germany in only his fourth race. Pryce later claimed two podium finishes, his first in Austria in 1975 and the second in Brazil a year later. Pryce was considered by his team as a great wet-weather driver. During the practice session for the 1977 South African Grand Prix, run in wet conditions, Pryce was faster than everyone, including world champion drivers Niki Lauda and James Hunt. During the race, he collided at high speed with a safety marshal, Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, and both men were killed. A memorial to Pryce was unveiled in 2009 in his home town of Ruthin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal and early life
2 Helmet design
3 Career
3.1 Pre-Formula One
3.1.1 1969–1971: Early years
3.1.2 1972–73: Lower formulae
3.2 Formula One
3.2.1 1974: Token
3.2.2 1974–77: Shadow
4 Death
4.1 Aftermath
5 Complete Formula One World Championship results
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Personal and early life[edit]
Tom Pryce was born on 11 June 1949 in Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales, to Jack and Gwyneth Pryce.[2] Jack had served in the Royal Air Force as a tail-gunner on a Lancaster bomber before joining the local police force. Gwyneth was a district nurse.[3] Pryce's older brother, David, died at the age of three leaving Tom an only child for much of the time he was growing up, although his parents did foster a young girl called Sandra for a while.[4] Pryce, known to his friends as Mald, attended Nantglyn Catholic Primary School, Denbighshire.[5] The family later moved to Towyn, Denbighire, due to Jack's job.[5]
Pryce took an interest in cars while driving a baker's van at the age of 10, before informing his parents that he wanted to be a racing driver. During an interview with Alan Henry in 1975, he stated that he had wanted to become a pilot, but thought he was not intelligent enough.[4] Like many future Formula One drivers, Pryce had a childhood racing hero. In his case it was Lotus's Scottish driver Jim Clark.[3] Pryce's mother recalled that he was very upset when Clark died at the Hockenheimring in April 1968. His father noted that "he was very upset when Jochen Rindt was killed, too".[3] After he left school at 16, Pryce's mother insisted that he take an apprenticeship as a tractor mechanic at Llandrillo Technical College, giving him "something to fall back on", as she put it, if his career as a racing driver was unsuccessful.[4]
In 1975 Pryce married Fenella, more commonly known as Nella, whom he met at a disco in Otford, Kent in 1973.[6] Following the death of her husband, Nella went on to run an antiques store in Fulham, London with Janet Brise, the widow of Tony Brise, who died in a plane crash in 1975 with fellow racing driver, Graham Hill and later moved to France.[7][5]
Helmet design[edit]
Tom Pryce's helmet design was, in comparison to later drivers', simple and restrained. His helmet was plain white all over until 1970. At that year's race at Castle Combe, his father asked Pryce to make his helmet stand out more so that he could easily identify him in a pack of cars. Pryce added five black vertical lines to his helmet, placed just above his visor.[8] From that time the only change to this design was the addition of a Welsh flag to the side of his helmet in 1974.[9]
Career[edit]
Pre-Formula One[edit]
1969–1971: Early years[edit]
Pryce's first steps into motor racing came at the Mallory Park circuit in Leicestershire when he was 20. Pryce was put through his paces by Trevor Taylor, an ex-Team Lotus driver and old team mate of Pryce's childhood hero Clark. He later became a star in the Formula 5000 series. From there, Pryce went on to compete in the Daily Express Crusader Championship, a series run by Motor Racing Stables for racing school pupils using Lotus 51 Formula Ford cars. Races alternated between the Brands Hatch and Silverstone circuits; Pryce made his début at the former. "The races were £35 a time. But I sold my Mini and my parents offered all the help and encouragement I could wish for" Pryce recalled to Alan Henry.[10]
The prize for the overall winner of the series was a Formula Ford Lola T200 worth £1,500. The series was decided at the last round, held at Silverstone, the day before the 1970 Formula One International Trophy.[10] Pryce qualified on the third row for the race, which was held in rain. Jack Pryce remembered that his son was rubbing his hands in delight: "he always loved racing in the rain". The early part of the race was led by a driver called Chris Smith but then heavy rain started and Pryce was able to catch up with Smith and overtake him before winning by a comfortable margin. He was given his Lola by Sir Max Aitken.[11]
Pryce took his new car to Brands Hatch, where he was allowed to house it in one of the old stables at the bottom of the paddock.[11] Pryce soon abandoned his farming career and moved to a guest house in West Kingsdown, near the Brands Hatch circuit.[12] Pryce continued to make a name for himself during 1971, entering a new twin-seater Sportscar category called Formula F100, which he won with what was described by motorsports author David Tremayne as "embarrassing ease". He then moved up to Formula Super Vee, driving the then-choice Royale RP9, for Team Rumsey Investments,[13] and soon made his Formula Three début for the same manufacturer at Brands Hatch.
1972–73: Lower formulae[edit]
"I was fiddling about with the car when I suddenly saw Peter Lamplough coming straight towards me. I just couldn't believe it – I froze on the spot. The next thing I remember is being picked out of a shop window, where my car had been hurled by the impact"
Tom Pryce[14]
In that race at Brands Hatch, Pryce took an unfancied Royale RP11 to first place in the Formula Three support race for the 1972 Formula One Race of Champions against many established Formula Three drivers such as Roger Williamson, Jochen Mass and James Hunt.[15] So large was Pryce's advantage at the end of the race, many of the other teams voiced an opinion that Pryce's car had run the race underweight; it turned out that the circuit's weighbridge certificate had expired and everyone's cars had been underweight.[16] Pryce retired from the leading group in the following two rounds at Oulton Park and Zandvoort, and then during practice for the support race of the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix his car came to a stop at Casino Square after a wire had come loose. He had exited his car to correct the problem when Peter Lamplough lost control of his car and struck the Royale RP11. Pryce was knocked into a shop window and broke a leg.[14]
The Welshman was back in action two weeks after his incident in Monaco. Pryce also ran in the Formula SuperVee series, winning the series by a comfortable margin, "I won just about every race I went in for" Pryce recalled. A run with Royale's Formula Atlantic works team was also in store for Pryce during 1972, where he took pole position for the final three rounds of the championship and won the final round at Brands Hatch.[17]
He continued racing in Formula Atlantic in 1973, winning three races.[18] Royale soon had plans to enter Formula Two, such was the Welshman's talent.[18] The ambition to run in the Formula Two championship was planned to be financially fuelled by a Liechtenstein driver, Manfred Schurti. These plans only resulted in one of Royale's F2 cars being built before the project was scrapped and Bob King, the head of Royale, left the company.
Following an invitation to test one of his cars, Pryce found himself racing in the Formula Two series with Ron Dennis's Rondel Racing outfit. His best result for the team came at the Norisring where he was leading the race until a brake failure meant he had to give up first place to team mate Tim Schenken.[19] At the end of 1973, Pryce won the Grovewood award for his efforts during the year. Jack Pryce recalled that his son did not want to win the award, as he thought it was "a jinx on a driver's career".[20]
Formula One[edit]
1974: Token[edit]
See also: Token Racing
At the age of 25, Pryce graduated to Formula One, the highest category of circuit racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, joining the newly formed Token Racing team. The team was created by Tony Vlassopulos and Ken Grob after the original Token team closed down in 1973 due to a lack of financial backing which had led to the end of the previous Rondel Racing outfit. Pryce was given the seat thanks to his backing from Titan Properties, and what David Tremayne described as "evident promise".[21] Pryce made his début for the team at the BRDC International Trophy, a non-championship Formula One event held at Silverstone, but lack of an airbox and an engine cover, along with his shortage of experience in the car, made him the slowest driver of the 16 competitors during qualifying: 26 seconds slower than James Hunt's Hesketh in pole position.[22] The Welshman retired 15 laps into the race with a gear linkage problem. Pryce's World Championship début came at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix, where he qualified in 20th place,[23] 3 seconds slower than the fastest time set by Clay Regazzoni. Once again, he failed to finish, completing 66 laps before retiring after a collision with Jody Scheckter's Tyrrell.[24]
Pryce was refused entry to the 1974 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix, as he was deemed "inexperienced".[22] Tony Vlassopulos decided to prove a point and replaced normal Formula 3 driver Buzz Buzaglo, with Pryce for the supporting Formula Three race, driving for Ippokampos Racing, in a March 743, which he won by 20.8 seconds.[25][26]
1974–77: Shadow[edit]
See also: Shadow Racing Cars
1974
"I think that people who are involved in motor racing and have achieved something, have an ability to spot talent. It was abundantly clear that Tom's ability was above and beyond most of his contemporaries."
John Watson[27]
Following his impressive drive in Monaco, and a short spell in Formula Two,[28] Pryce was signed by Shadow as replacement for Brian Redman, who had in turn replaced Peter Revson.[29] Pryce made his début for the team in the 1974 Dutch Grand Prix. He qualified in 11th position, less than 0.4 seconds slower than his team mate, Jean-Pierre Jarier,[30] who was in his second full season of Formula One competition. Pryce retired on the first lap of the race after a collision with James Hunt at the first corner broke his Shadow DN3's rear suspension.[30] Pryce qualified third in his second Grand Prix for the team, in France, 0.32 seconds slower than Niki Lauda's pole position time but nearly half a second quicker than Jarier.[31] Once again, Pryce's race ended at the first corner, when minor contact with Carlos Reutemann's Brabham deflected Pryce's Shadow into the path of James Hunt.[31] The second collision between the two British drivers in as many races eliminated them both. Later in the season, Pryce received 100 bottles of champagne for finishing fastest in the practice session for the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch.[32][33] He went on to qualify on the fourth row of the starting grid.
Pryce scored the first point of his career in the 1974 German Grand Prix at the challenging Nürburgring circuit. After finishing 6th from 11th on the grid, he then qualified in 16th for the next Grand Prix in Austria, but spun off on lap 22, ending his race. He qualified in 22nd place for the Italian Grand Prix, and finished 12 places higher. His season ended miserably, with an engine failure in Canada, and the Shadow severely off the pace in Watkins Glen. At the end of the season Pryce was equal 18th in the Drivers' Championship with Graham Hill and Vittorio Brambilla.
1975
Pryce drives his Shadow at the 1975 United States Grand Prix
At the start of the 1975 season, Pryce's future was subject to much speculation. Rumour linked him with a drive at Lotus, the team run by Colin Chapman, who had been keeping an eye on Pryce's progress throughout 1973 and 1974. At the time, Lotus was experiencing financial difficulties and reports suggested that Shadow and Lotus would swap Pryce and Swede Ronnie Peterson. The trade was viewed as a good acquisition for both teams, as Pryce was considered a driver of the same ability as Peterson, but would cost Lotus less, while Peterson could attract sponsorship to the relatively new Shadow team.[34] The deal never materialised, although Shadow team manager Alan Rees claims that it came very close to being completed.[35]
Pryce's Shadow team mate, Jean-Pierre Jarier, out-qualified him in the early part of the 1975 season, as the French driver had the new Shadow DN5 car, while Pryce was in the older DN3.[36] It was not until the third round, the South African Grand Prix, that Pryce was able to use a DN5.[37] The team's fourth race of the season was the non-championship Race of Champions held at Brands Hatch. Pryce qualified on pole position and, following a poor start, passed Peterson and Jacky Ickx before closing an eight-second gap to race leader Jody Scheckter, whose engine failed while Pryce harried him,[38] letting Pryce through to become the first Welshman to win a Formula One race.[39] Pryce showed other signs of promise during the season, most notably in Monaco and Silverstone where he qualified on the front row of the grid, the latter being in pole position.[40] Pryce also achieved his first World Championship podium finish, in extremely wet conditions at the Austrian Grand Prix and finished in the points four more times. The highest of those came in Germany where he finished fourth, despite the fact that while he was running second behind Carlos Reutemann fuel had been leaking into the cockpit of his DN5 during the final laps around the very long Nürburgring, reportedly "searing his skin and almost blinding him with fumes".[41] The Welshman later received the Prix Rouge et Blanc Jo Siffert award, named after the Swiss Formula One driver, for this achievement.[42]
At the end of December 1975, Pryce and Dave Richards, future head of the Prodrive motorsports engineering company, entered a Lancia Stratos in the Tour of Epynt, a rally event contested by many established rallying names.[43] Pryce needed little persuasion to team up for the one-off event on home soil with Richards, both of whom were from Ruthin.[43] Pryce crashed into a bridge 10 miles (16 km) into the first stage, but still competed in the afternoon stages after his car was rebuilt.[44]
1976
Pryce driving a 1976-specification Shadow DN5
Once the 1976 Formula One World Championship season got under way Pryce instantly added a second podium finish to his tally, at the first round in Brazil. This came at the expense of continuing team mate Jarier, who was caught out by oil on the track from James Hunt's McLaren. Both Shadows enjoyed reasonable competitiveness during the next two races at Kyalami and Long Beach. Changes in car regulations, meaning that teams had to lower their airboxes and mount the cars' rear wings further forward, along with revised Goodyear tyres, meant the Shadow DN5B lost much of its competitiveness; Pryce still achieved a second points scoring finish of the season in Britain.[45] The new Shadow DN8 was not introduced until the twelfth round at Zandvoort, where Pryce qualified the new car in third, and finished the race only one place lower in fourth: it was the last points scoring finish of his career. The Welshman finished his last full season 12th in the Drivers' Championship with 10 points, 59 points behind World Champion James Hunt.
1977
Jarier left Shadow before the start of the 1977 Formula One season, for ATS, and was replaced by Italian Renzo Zorzi. Zorzi was later rated by Jackie Oliver, part of the managerial team at Shadow, as "the worst driver we [the Shadow team] ever had".[46] The new signing brought in sponsorship from Italy, easing Shadow's financial position. Pryce started the first race of the year in Argentina in ninth place and stayed with the leading group until a gear linkage failure on the 45th lap of the 52 lap race. Following a long pit stop to fix the fault, he was not classified. Pryce qualified 12th for the second round in Brazil, but on lap 34 retired from the race, while running in second place, as the result of an engine failure.
Death[edit]
Tom Pryce began his final race weekend, the 1977 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami, by setting the fastest time in the Wednesday practice session, held in wet weather. Pryce posted a time of 1 minute 31.57 seconds with the next best, the eventual 1977 World Champion Niki Lauda, a full second slower. The weather dried up prior to the Thursday session, and he slipped back down the grid to fifteenth place, almost two seconds slower than James Hunt's pole position time.[47]
Pryce made a poor start to the Grand Prix in his DN8 and by the end of the first lap was in last place. Pryce started to climb back up the field during the next couple of laps, overtaking Brett Lunger and team mate Renzo Zorzi on lap two, and Alex Ribeiro and Boy Hayje the following lap. By lap 18 Pryce had moved from 22nd to 13th place.[48]
The area just after The Kink is where Pryce collided with Jansen van Vuuren, and Crowthorne Corner is where Pryce's and Jacques Laffite's cars collided, with Pryce already dead.
On lap 22, Zorzi pulled off to the left side of the main straight, just after the brow of a hill and a bridge over the track. He was having problems with his fuel metering unit, and fuel was pumping directly onto the engine, which then caught fire. Zorzi did not immediately get out of his car as he could not disconnect the oxygen pipe from his helmet.[nb 1]
The situation caused two marshals from the pit wall on the opposite side of the track to intervene. The first marshal to cross the track was a 25-year-old panel beater named William (Bill). The second was 19-year-old Frederik "Frikkie" Jansen van Vuuren, who was carrying a 40-pound (18 kg) fire extinguisher.[48] George Witt, the chief pit marshal for the race, said that the policy of the circuit was that in cases of fire, two marshals must attend and a further two act as back-up in case the first pair's extinguishers were not effective enough. Witt also recalled that both marshals crossed the track without prior permission.[49] The former narrowly made it across the track, but the latter did not. As the two men started to run across the track, the cars driven by Hans-Joachim Stuck and Pryce came over the brow of a rise in the track.[50]
"As we got to the top I suddenly sensed this marshal running across the track from my right, carrying an extinguisher. I took a big chance and I don't know how I got away with it. There was no time, I just reacted on pure instinct."
Hans-Joachim Stuck[51]
Pryce was directly behind Stuck's car along the main straight. Stuck saw Jansen van Vuuren and moved to the right to avoid both marshals, missing Bill by what Tremayne calls "millimetres". From his position Pryce could not see Jansen van Vuuren and was unable to react as quickly as Stuck had done. He struck the teenage marshal at approximately 270 km/h (170 mph).[52] Jansen van Vuuren was thrown into the air and landed in front of Zorzi and Bill. He died on impact, and his body was badly mutilated by Pryce's car.[53] The fire extinguisher he had been carrying smashed into Pryce's head, before striking the Shadow's roll hoop. The force of the impact was such that the extinguisher was thrown up and over the adjacent grandstand. It landed in the car park to the rear of the stand, where it hit a parked car and jammed its door shut.[51]
The impact with the fire extinguisher wrenched Pryce's helmet upward sharply. Death was almost certainly instantaneous. Pryce's Shadow DN8, now with its driver dead at the wheel, continued at speed down the main straight towards the first corner, called Crowthorne. The car left the track to the right, scraping the metal barriers, hitting an entrance for emergency vehicles, and veering back onto the track. It then hit Jacques Laffite's Ligier, sending both Pryce and Laffite head-on into the barriers. Jansen van Vuuren's injuries were so extensive that, initially, his body was identified only after the race director had summoned all of the race marshals and he was not among them.[54]
The eventual race winner was Austrian Niki Lauda, his first win since his near fatal accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix. At first he announced it was the greatest victory of his career, but when told on the victory podium of Pryce's death, he said that "there was no joy after that".[49]
Aftermath[edit]
Memorial
Pryce's death, and its horrific nature, were met with great grief from all those who knew him during his career, especially his wife Nella, his parents Jack and Gwyneth and the Shadow team. His body was buried at St Bartholomew's Church in Otford, near Sevenoaks, Kent, the same church where he and Nella were married two years earlier.[55]
Pryce's performances in a Formula One car earned him much respect amongst the F1 paddock. David Tremayne named his son after the Welshman.[56] The Tom Pryce Award, also known as the Tom Pryce Trophy, was instigated, and is given annually to Welsh personalities who have made an outstanding contribution to motoring or transport.[57]
During its re-design the Anglesey Circuit in North Wales named the Tom Pryce Straight after a request from Ruthin Town Council. Eddie Knipe, a South African living in Sevenoaks, sought permission from Nella Pryce to approach the Ruthin Town Council to commemorate her late husband. Having gained her consent and that of Tom's parents, a trust was established in 2006 under the chairmanship of David Richards (Prodrive, ex BAR) to create a memorial to Tom Pryce in Ruthin. Neil Dalrymple, a local artist was commissioned by Ruthin Town Council in 2008 to design an 8-by-4-foot (2.4 by 1.2 m) plaque and in February 2009, an auction of Formula One pit passes to fund its manufacture was announced.[58][59] The memorial was unveiled on 11 June 2009, on what would have been Pryce's 60th birthday.[60]
Complete Formula One World Championship results[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
WDC
Pts.
1974
Token Racing
Token RJ02
Cosworth V8
ARG BRA RSA ESP BEL
Ret MON SWE
18th
1
UOP Shadow Racing Team
Shadow DN3
NED
Ret FRA
Ret GBR
8 GER
6 AUT
Ret ITA
10 CAN
Ret USA
NC
1975
UOP Shadow Racing Team
Shadow DN3
Cosworth V8
ARG
12 BRA
Ret
10th
8
Shadow DN5
RSA
9 ESP
Ret MON
Ret BEL
6 SWE
Ret NED
6 FRA
Ret GBR
Ret GER
4 AUT
3 ITA
6 USA
NC
1976
Shadow Racing Team
Shadow DN5B
Cosworth V8
BRA
3 RSA
7 USW
Ret ESP
8 BEL
10 MON
7 SWE
9 FRA
8 GBR
4 GER
8 AUT
Ret
12th
10
Shadow DN8
NED
4 ITA
8 CAN
11 USA
Ret JPN
Ret
1977
Shadow Racing Team
Shadow DN8
Cosworth V8
ARG
NC RSA
Ret USW ESP MON BEL SWE FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA USA CAN JPN
NC
0
Shadow DN5B
BRA
Ret
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Pryce.
Notes
Jump up ^ Oxygen pipes were used to prevent drivers being suffocated if they were trapped in the car in a fire.[48]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ "Online auction for Pryce memorial". BBC News Online. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Pryce Memorial". Tom Pryce Memorial Trust website. Tom Pryce Memorial Trust. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tremayne (2006), p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tremayne (2006), p. 28.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Kelly (10 August 2013). "Most shocking moments: The death of Tom Pryce". North Wales Daily Post. Llandudno Junction. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 120.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 257.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 34.
Jump up ^ Roberts, James (19 July 2010). "Tom Pryce: Wales' fastest man". BBC Online. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 30.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 31.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 61.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 56.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 70.
Jump up ^ "GP Encyclopedia > Drivers > Tom Pryce". GrandPrix.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 72.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), pp. 127–129.
^ Jump up to: a b "Token Profile". F1Rejects.com. 15 September 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Formula 1 – The Official F1 Website". Formula One. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 35th Anniversary of the Death of Tom Pryce, the Formula 1 Welsh Dragon". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "1974 Monaco F3 Support Race results". Formula2.net. 4 August 2003. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, Allen. "Tony Vlassopulos". oldracingcars.com. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC North East Wales Sport – quotes". bbc.co.uk/Wales. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), pp. 135–136.
Jump up ^ "Tom Pryce Profile at GPRacing.net". GPRacing.net. Archived from the original on 27 March 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Jenkinson, D.S. (June 23, 1974). "The Dutch Grand Prix – Ferrari all the way". Motor Sport (August 1974): 840–842.
^ Jump up to: a b Jenkinson, D.S. (July 7, 1974). "The 7th Grand Prix of France – Miniscule". Motor Sport (August 1974): 815–817.
Jump up ^ "Pryce, in the Ford-engined Shadow, won 100 bottles of champagne for his efforts ...". Country Life. 156: 204.
Jump up ^ "British Grand Prix, 1974". MotorSport: 47. September 1974. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 150.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 152.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 151.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 153.
Jump up ^ Gill (1976), pp. 96–97.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 158.
Jump up ^ Blachford (2011), p. 29.
Jump up ^ Gill (1976), pp. 73–75.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 189.
^ Jump up to: a b Heseltine (2013), p. 122.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), pp. 214–218.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 218.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 252.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), pp. 231–232.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tremayne (2006), pp. 232–233.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 239.
Jump up ^ "South African Grand Prix: Pryce tragedy overshadows Lauda victory". ESPN. 5 March 1977. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tremayne (2006), p. 235.
Jump up ^ Dalglish (2012), p. 39.
Jump up ^ Tremayne (2006), p. 234.
Jump up ^ "Historic Racing > Tom Pryce". HistoricRacing.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Tragic Tale of Tom Pryce". Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Finlay, David (23 October 2006). "The Lost Generation" book review > Tom Pryce". CarKeys.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Tom Pryce Trophy". Welsh Group of Motoring Writers. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tom Pryce memorial". Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bid for F1 passes!". Inside F1, Inc. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Plaque to commemorate F1 winner". BBC Online. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Bibliography
Blachford, Christine (2011). That'll be the Day: 365 F1 Stories (Part 2). ISBN 978-0-9569393-1-9.
Dalglish, Geoff (2012). Lost and Found: From Racecar Driver to Pilgrim, from Soweto to Findhorn. Findhorn Press. ISBN 978-1-84409-591-9.
Gill, Barrie, ed. (1976). The World Championship 1975 – John Player Motorsport yearbook 1976. Queen Anne Press. ISBN 0-362-00254-1.
Heseltine, Richard (2013). A Chequered Life: Graham Warner and The Chequered Flag. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84584-413-4.
Tremayne, David (2006). The Lost Generation. Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-205-1.
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
Official Formula One Website. Archive: Results for 1974–1977 seasons Formula1.com. Retrieved 11 January 2007
Further reading[edit]
Tremayne, David (1991). Racers Apart: Memories of motorsport heroes. Motor Racing Publications. p. 293. ISBN 0-947981-58-6.
External links[edit]
Tom Pryce memorial commission and pictures of the construction
[1] – for correct details about his birthplace
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Jacques Laffite Monaco Formula Three
race winner
1974 Succeeded by
Renzo Zorzi
Preceded by
Jacky Ickx Race of Champions winner
1975 Succeeded by
James Hunt
Preceded by
Mark Donohue Fatal Formula One accidents
5 March 1977 Succeeded by
Brian McGuire
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 19642313
LCCN: nr2006029202
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Pryce&oldid=802129264"
Categories:
1949 births
1977 deaths
People from Ruthin
Welsh racing drivers
Welsh Formula One drivers
Token Formula One drivers
Shadow Formula One drivers
European Formula Two Championship drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Filmed deaths in sports
Sport deaths in South Africa
Burials in Kent
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2014
Use British English from May 2012
Featured articles
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 04:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

values: List of Formula One drivers who set a fastest lap

values:
/wiki/Racing_driver
mw-redirect
Racing driver

values:
/wiki/Pilot_(aeronautics)
mw-redirect
Pilot (aeronautics)

values:
/wiki/International_Trophy
mw-redirect
International Trophy

values: Team Rumsey Investments (page does not exist)

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:21%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/Royale_RP11
mw-redirect
Royale RP11

values: Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race

values: Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

values:
/wiki/1974_European_Formula_Two_season
mw-redirect
1974 European Formula Two season

values:
/wiki/David_Richards_(racing)
mw-redirect
David Richards (racing)

values:
/wiki/Shadow_DN5B
mw-redirect
Shadow DN5B

values:
/wiki/Kyalami_Grand_Prix_Circuit
mw-redirect
Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit

values: Edit section: Complete Formula One World Championship results

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tomprycememorial.com/about

values:
/wiki/North_Wales_Daily_Post
mw-redirect
North Wales Daily Post

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.formula2.net/F374_18.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race winners

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/19642313

values: Category:European Formula Two Championship drivers

values: Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers

values: Category:Racing drivers killed while racing

values: Category:Use British English from May 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tom_Pryce
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Том Прайс – Bulgarian

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: 톰 프라이스 (자동차 경주 선수) – Korean

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: トム・プライス – Japanese

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Прайс, Том – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce
Tom Pryce – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tom_Pryce rootpage-Tom_Pryce vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view