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Harris Teeter
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Harris Teeter Supermarkets, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Supermarket, Retail (Grocery)
Founded
1936 (81 years ago) (1936) in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
Headquarters
Matthews, North Carolina
Number of locations
245 stores (10-05-17)[1]
Area served
Delaware, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. But Not in Pennsylvania
Key people
Rod Antolock, President
Products
Bakery, dairy, deli, frozen foods, grocery, meat, pharmacy, produce, seafood, snacks, and flowers
Revenue
US$4.54 billion (2012)
Owner
Kroger
Number of employees
30,000
Website
www.harristeeter.com
Harris Teeter Supermarkets, Inc. is an American supermarket chain based in Matthews, North Carolina, just outside Charlotte. As of October 2017[update], the chain operates 245 stores in seven states: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia. Supermarket News ranked Harris Teeter No. 34 in the 2012 "Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers" based on 2011 fiscal year sales of $4.3 billion.[2]
On July 9, 2013, Harris Teeter announced that it was being acquired by The Kroger Company.[3] The merger closed on January 28, 2014, though Harris Teeter retained its name, brand and headquarters in Matthews.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding and early days
1.2 New ownership and 1980s expansion
1.3 1990s and 2000s further expansion
1.4 Harris Teeter today
1.5 Kroger merger
2 Harris Teeter Express Lane
3 Photos
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Founding and early days[edit]
A 1950 ad for Harris Supermarkets. Displayed at Harris Teeter's store on Central Avenue in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Harris Teeter was founded by two entrepreneurs, William Thomas Harris and Willis L. Teeter, who started their separate businesses during the Great Depression in Charlotte, North Carolina, and later merged them.
Harris, an employee of the A&P store on Central Avenue and Pecan that was Charlotte's first supermarket, borrowed funds in 1936 to open the Harris Super Market at 1704 Central Avenue.[5] The store had eight employees. It was primarily a dry goods store because frozen foods and refrigeration did not become common until World War II. To the family and then employees, it was known as Store #1. This store, known as Harris Teeter store #201, closed on June 5, 2012, and was replaced by a two-story store #401 on the same site, which opened on May 29, 2013.
Harris' store was the first in North Carolina to allow customers to select their own groceries off shelves. Before this time, customers handed a shopping list to a clerk, who then selected the groceries for the customers. The store was also open until 9 p.m. on Fridays, at a time when most grocery stores closed their doors at 5 p.m. This was done to appeal to working families and to capture their grocery shopping after they were paid on Fridays. Later, the Harris Super Market was the first grocery store in Charlotte to add air conditioning.[5]
Harris also ran his own dairy farm and sold products from his dairy in his stores. For his wife, LaVerne, the dairy products carried the brand name of Vernedale Farms. Harris pioneered the first dairy co‑op among local dairy farmers. After running the co-op for several years, he negotiated its sale to Pet Dairy.
Harris Super Markets began primarily as a family business. Most of Harris's brothers and sisters were employees, and brothers and brothers-in-law were store managers. His sister, Sarah, ran the accounting department and his wife's sister was Harris's personal secretary. His son, Donald Thomas Harris, began working for the company at 8 years old by sweeping floors. Donald suggested that Harris Teeter should carry more than just food products, and recommended the introduction of health and beauty aids, school supplies, bakeware, kitchen tools, and seasonal items (such as coolers in the summer). His father liked the idea and told Don that he should create and run that division of the company, which he did until his retirement in 1995. He was the last member of the family who worked for the company.
Harris was instrumental in the permanent placement of kindergarten in the South Carolina public school system, and supported the effort to turn Charleston College into what is known today as the College of Charleston.
In 1939 Willis L. Teeter—who also worked for A&P, at its Mooresville, North Carolina store—and his brother Paul, who was also working for A&P borrowed $1,700 to open Teeter's Food Mart on Main Street in Mooresville, North Carolina. A&P was closing their doors and agreed to lease the location to the Teeter brothers. The first Teeter Food Mart opened on July 15, 1939. Teeter's was a family-run operation as Teeter was the manager, Paul (Bill), his brother was the produce manager and Teeter's wife, Sylvia, also worked at the store. Paul's wife, Mildred, also joined the staff as bookkeeper as the Teeter stores expanded. The Teeter brothers believed in exceptional customer service, even having home delivery service. Because of their foresight of providing great customer service and only the best products, they saw sales rise quickly. Teeter based all he would do on the Golden Rule—treat others as you would have them treat you.
In 1946 the Teeters moved from downtown to a much larger location to keep up with demand. The Teeters were leaders in installing the first automated doors and check-outs in North Carolina. In July 1953, the Teeters opened their second store in Lincolnton, North Carolina. At this point the Teeters had become a household name. Lines of eager shoppers wrapped around the new store in anticipation of being one of the first customers in the Teeters' new store. The Teeters' success continued to grow and by 1957 their third store opened in Newton, North Carolina, a fourth in Cornelius, a fifth in Hickory, and a sixth opened in Morganton, North Carolina, in November 1958.[6]
After opening his sixth store Teeter joined the NC Food Dealers Association. At one of the Food Dealers meetings, Teeter met Harris. The two men decided that working together would increase the financial strength of the two supermarkets, allow them to grow more rapidly and decrease operating costs. W. L. Teeter and W. T. Harris agreed to merge and did so in November 1959 to become Harris Teeter Supermarkets. The merger of 15 stores collectively became official in February 1960. The new company became the largest independent grocery organization in the Carolinas.[6]
New ownership and 1980s expansion[edit]
Harris Teeter was purchased in 1969 by holding company Ruddick Corporation of Charlotte. The new owners introduced alcoholic beverages for sale for the first time. Harris, a devout Southern Baptist, had refused to allow the sale of alcohol, even after the merger.[5]
In 1970 the chain introduced the Big M discount concept to compete with Colonial Stores Big Star and A&P's "WEO". Those stores were mainly in working-class neighborhoods, while upper-class areas retained Harris Teeter. By 1976, the chain merged the two back to Harris Teeter/More Value and finally Harris Teeter in 1979.
Harris Teeter's 1980 acquisition of the Hunter Farms dairy in High Point, North Carolina, enabled the company to substantially reduce dairy costs; today, all Harris Teeter-brand and Hunter Farms-brand dairy products come from the Hunter dairy. Hunter also provides dairy products to companies and organizations not associated with Harris Teeter, including convenience stores, schools, Lowe's Foods private label ice creams and the Wendy's Frosty.
In 1984 Harris Teeter purchased several Food World stores in and around Greensboro. As part of the purchase, the company acquired a warehouse in the western part of Greensboro. This marked the first significant foray of the company outside its Charlotte base and also began a demographic shift still in process today. Before this point, the company was a grocer in the vein of Piggly Wiggly, with a mix of stores in urban and rural areas. Since 1984, Harris Teeter has focused more on higher-income urban sites. This trend continued with HT's 1988 purchase of Big Star Supermarkets, giving it a foothold in the Raleigh-Durham market.
Ashcraft retired in 1986, and Edward Dunn took over as president of Harris Teeter in that year. On Dunn's watch, Harris Teeter began expansion outside North Carolina. The first expanded stores were in northern South Carolina, near Charlotte; later expansions led the company to Myrtle Beach, Charleston, and the Hampton Roads region of Virginia. The "Very Important Customer" (VIC) program, popularly known as VIC, was introduced late in Dunn's tenure. This program was one of the first widespread loyalty card programs now popular throughout American grocery stores. The VIC program advertised "giveaways" such as turkeys for Thanksgiving, beach apparel for the summer, and gift cards to Harris Teeter stores.
In 1981 Harris Teeter was one of the first grocery chains to test plastic grocery bags. In 1985 they added child-restraint belts to shopping carts.[5] The chain's flagship store during the 1980s was in Charlotte's Cotswold neighborhood. It featured a waterfall and a fresh orange juice machine in the produce department, and for a brief period stocked fresh truffles that were flown in from France and priced at $300 a pound.[5]
This Harris Teeter in Charlotte, North Carolina sits on the site of the original Harris Teeter, which was built in 1939 as Harris Supermarket and torn down in 2012 to make room for this larger store.
1990s and 2000s further expansion[edit]
States with Harris Teeter stores
Fred Morganthall became president of Harris Teeter upon Dunn's retirement in 1997. Morganthall has overseen further expansion of the supermarket since taking over as company president. His first initial expansions moved Harris Teeter into Nashville, Tennessee; Atlanta, Georgia; and Jacksonville, Florida, which happened right after his takeover as president, through the end of the 1990s.
Harris Teeter's expansion into Atlanta included 15 stores around the city and its suburbs. There were plans to further expand in Atlanta. However, these plans were only partially fulfilled and poorly executed, leading the chain to pull out of the Atlanta market altogether in 2001. Atlanta already had an established supermarket base with Publix and Kroger. Kroger quickly bought and reopened some of the former Atlanta Harris Teeter store spaces as Kroger stores, although remodeling these stores to Kroger's store floor plan and design took a few years.
Harris Teeter originally operated three stores in the greater Jacksonville area when they expanded into that market in the late 1990s. However, only one store remains open serving Amelia Island/Fernandina Beach, and thus making it Harris Teeter's only Florida location, albeit just south of the Georgia border. The Mandarin area store closed in 2004. October 3, 2006, brought the closing of its Ponte Vedra Beach location.[7]
Starting in the 2000s, Harris Teeter attempted to differentiate itself from its competitors by providing exceptional customer service and newly "branded" departments. The first department to be "branded" was the meat department, which in June 2002 began offering "Harris Teeter Rancher" beef. This was followed by the introductions of the Farmers' Market (produce department, October 2003), the Fisherman's Market (seafood department, April 2004), and the Fresh Foods Market (deli/bakery, January 2005). Gourmet imported items are sold under the "H.T. Traders" brand.
Harris Teeter stores are now separated into 3 regions and 18 districts. The Northern Region, based in Fairfax, Virginia, encompasses all stores in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the northern coastal area of North Carolina. The Central Region, based in Raleigh, encompasses stores from Greensboro/High Point to Wilmington and Albemarle. The Southern Region, based in Charlotte, contains stores in southwestern North Carolina (from Winston-Salem to Asheville), as well as South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
The first Harris Teeter in Washington, D.C., opened in 2008.
As of August 2007[update], Harris Teeter had over 18,000 employees, and is the largest supermarket chain in North Carolina (Food Lion being number two).
By the mid to late 2000s, expansion to the Outer Banks of North Carolina had begun with stores in Corolla (May 2006), Kill Devil Hills (July 2006), and Morehead City (February 2009). The first store in Maryland opened in Darnestown on October 31, 2006; the second opened in May 2008 in Columbia's Village of Kings Contrivance, replacing the closed Safeway. The first store in Washington, D.C., opened in 2008.
Harris Teeter continues its shift into high-income urban areas to this day; most new stores opened in Morganthall's tenure conform to this pattern. Stores such as the original Harris Super Market, located near uptown Charlotte, remain grandfathered into the current system. With Harris Teeter's further expansion into the upscale markets, many of their older stores in lower income neighborhoods or small towns are being shut down as a result. One of Harris Teeter's oldest stores at Eastland Mall in Charlotte closed on June 22, 2006.
The chain's largest store and new flagship location opened in Greensboro's The Shops at Friendly Center on November 8, 2006, and it encompasses 72,000 square feet (6,700 m2).[8]
Harris Teeter today[edit]
The chain's expansion into Baltimore's Locust Point neighborhood was originally set for 2010. It was delayed due to "construction and financial problems".[9] As of April 2014, Harris Teeter has eleven stores in Maryland, including the Locust Point location.[10]
After selling its only other holding, American and Efird Thread, Ruddick changed its name to Harris Teeter Supermarkets, Inc. in 2012. It had consolidated revenues of $4.3 billion for the fiscal year ended October 2, 2011 ("Fiscal 2011").[11]
In June 2012, Harris Teeter announced its closure of six locations outside the Charlotte core, and its purchase of ten Lowes Foods stores in the Charlotte region. In turn, Lowes Foods would take the six Harris Teeter locations that are closing and be compensated $26.5 million. Harris Teeter cited this decision was based on focusing their stores on larger, urbanized and more upscale areas rather than rural, middle-market areas. In turn, Lowes Foods stated that their core is shifting to the western part of North Carolina, and away from Charlotte.[12] However, industry analysts speculate that these changes are happening due to the impending expansion of Publix into the Charlotte market.[13]
In 2012, Harris Teeter closed its stores in Asheville, Hickory, Shelby, Morganton and two stores in Gastonia. Harris Teeter has been established in these markets for at least the last half-century. They returned to the Asheville in 2013 with store #348 and Gastonia in 2016 with store #281. The newer Harris Teeter in Hendersonville, as well as the Boone location, will not be closing; which will retain as the only Harris Teeter stores in the western part of the Charlotte market.[14] The Lowes Foods stores that will become Harris Teeter are three stores in Charlotte (The Promenade store became a Fresh Market), and one in Cornelius, Davidson, Huntersville, Matthews (Stallings), Wesley Chapel and Fort Mill, South Carolina. Lowes Foods stores in Harrisburg and Mooresville will remain as such.[15]
A new upscale grocery store, called 201central owned by Harris Teeter will open two locations in two former Lowes Foods locations in Huntersville, North Carolina and Wesley Chapel, North Carolina. This announcement came shortly after upscale brand Whole Foods Market opened its first Charlotte store in late summer 2012 and before Publix announced its expansion into the Charlotte region.[16]
The official mascot of Harris Teeter has been "Harry the Happy Dragon" since 1992.[5] Its slogan is "Your Neighborhood Food Market", although the older slogan "The Best Is What We're All About" still appears frequently in stores. An advertising campaign that debuted in 2004 features the slogan "My Harris Teeter", which is used as a jingle.
Kroger merger[edit]
It was announced on July 9, 2013, that Kroger would buy Harris Teeter for $2.4 billion in cash. The company became a subsidiary of Kroger and continued to operate under the Harris Teeter brand.[17] The merger closed on January 29, 2014, upon which chairman Thomas Dickson announced his retirement.[4] The deal represents a return of sorts to the Charlotte market for Kroger; it had previously operated stores under its own moniker in Charlotte from 1977 to 1988. It also allowed Kroger to enter Asheville. Charlotte and Asheville had been the only large markets in the Carolinas where Kroger had no presence.
In June 2015, Harris Teeter exited the crowded Nashville, Tennessee market, where its growth was stunted by aggressive competition from Publix (which expanded into the area around the same time as Harris Teeter), as well as other specialty grocers such as Trader Joe's, The Fresh Market, and Whole Foods, who have all since opened stores in the proximity of Harris Teeter locations.[18] Kroger has traditionally had a market-leading presence in Nashville, and initially promised to keep the Harris Teeter stores open after the acquisition,[19] but later said the market "did not support Harris Teeter's future business plans."[20] Harris Teeter closed one Nashville-area store soon after opening in the early-2000s, but five survived into 2015. The first of those closed in February,[21] another was permanently closed in June, and the remaining three were converted to Kroger stores by 2016 (one of which replaced a nearby existing Kroger store).[22]
Harris Teeter Express Lane[edit]
Also known as Harris Teeter Home Shopping, Express Lane allows customers to shop for groceries online and pick them up at their neighborhood Harris Teeter. As of October 2017, 178 stores offered online pickup service. Some markets also offer a home delivery option.
Photos[edit]
Store 58 in Apex, NC
A store in Chapel Hill, NC
Store 66 in Charlotte, NC
Flagship store 160 in Charlotte, NC
An entrance of store 58 in Apex, NC
Deli area of store 58 in Apex, NC
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Corporation Reports Fiscal Second Quarter 2011 Results
Jump up ^ Top 75 Retailers & Wholesalers 2012, Supermarket News
Jump up ^ New York Times, July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Portilo, Ely. Kroger closes acquisition of Harris Teeter Archived 2014-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.. The Charlotte Observer, 2014-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Purvis, Kathleen. (2010, February 2). "Harris Teeter Marks 50th Anniversary". The Charlotte Observer http://www.charlotteobserver.com/topstories/story/1218942.html[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Harris Teeter Legacy
Jump up ^ Harris Teeter closes Ponte Vedra market, The Florida Times-Union, October 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ New stores at Shops open soon, News & Record, September 23, 2006.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Sernovitz, Daniel J. (2 November 2009). "Baltimore's Harris Teeter delayed until 2011".
Jump up ^ Melser, Lowell (8 April 2014). "Harris Teeter opens at Canton Crossing Shopping Center".
Jump up ^ Ruddick Corporation - Investor Relations - Investor Overview Archived 2013-04-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Becky (8 June 2012). "What the supermarket swap means to you". Gaston Gazette. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Portillo, Ely (1 June 2012). "Harris Teeter expands; Lowes Foods leaves Charlotte". Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Schulman, Mark (5 June 2012). "The Hendersonville Harris Teeter will not become a Lowes Foods, officials said". Hendersonville Times-News. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, John (5 June 2012). "Harris Teeter in Hickory converting to Lowes Foods". Hickory Daily Record. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Kroger to Buy Harris Teeter for $2.5 Billion in Cash". Cnbc.com. 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
Jump up ^ Alfs, Lizzy (June 9, 2015). "Harris Teeter's equipment, fixtures up for auction". The Tennessean.
Jump up ^ Williams, William (July 9, 2013). "Local Harris Teeter stores to stay open once Kroger deal complete". NashvillePost.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Alfs, Lizzy (April 7, 2015). "Harris Teeter closing Nashville stores, converting 3 to Kroger stores". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Boyer, E.J. (January 9, 2015). "Harris Teeter closing Harding Pike location". Nashville Business Journal. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Apel, Kara (April 7, 2015). "Harris Teeter closing 4 stores in Nashville; 3 being sold to Kroger". WSMV.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harris Teeter.
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Bulletin board
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Bulletin board (disambiguation) and Pinboard (website). For noticeboards on Wikipedia, see WP:Noticeboards.
Look up bulletin board or notice board in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Well-used bulletin board on the Infinite Corridor at MIT, November 2004.
Cork, a common bulletin board material
A bulletin board (pinboard, pin board, noticeboard, or notice board in British English) is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made of a material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages, as well as a writing surface such as blackboard or whiteboard. A bulletin board which combines a pinboard (corkboard) and writing surface is known as a combination bulletin board. Bulletin boards can also be entirely in the digital domain and placed on computer networks so people can leave and erase messages for other people to read and see, as in a bulletin board system.
Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. They are used by many sports groups and extracurricular groups and anything from local shops to official notices. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu posting sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number.
Internet forums are a replacement for traditional bulletin boards. Online bulletin boards are sometimes referred to as message boards. The terms bulletin board, message board and even Internet forum are interchangeable, although often one bulletin board or message board can contain a number of Internet forums or discussion groups. An online board can serve the same purpose as a physical bulletin board.
Magnet boards, or magnetic bulletin boards, are a popular substitute for cork boards because they lack the problem of board deterioration from the insertion and removal of pins over time.
History[edit]
1801: James Pillans, headmaster and geography teacher at the Old High School in Edinburgh, Scotland, is credited with inventing the first modern blackboard.[1]
1924: George Brooks of Topeka, Kansas is issued a patent for the use of corkboard as a bulletin board which you could stick tacks into.[2] The patent for George Brooks' invention, which would become a mainstay in homes and offices around the world, expired in 1941, which then allowed anyone to create and market their own versions of the product.
1940: George E. Fox, received a patent for a foam rubber pinboard with cardboard backing[3]
1959: W.F. Lewis is issued a patent for a combined chalkboard and bulletin board.[4]
1976: The concept of the bulletin board entered the information age when software developers Ward Christensen and Randy Suess launched the first public dialup Bulletin board system.[5]
2010: Digital signage displays started to replace bulletin boards as a means to reduce clutter and provide real-time information.[6]
2010: Pinterest, a content and photo-sharing website meant to serve as online personal bulletin boards, is founded by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra and Evan Sharp.
2017: General Enchantment is issued a utility patent for a physical electronic bulletin board system, that includes a physical writing or pinning surface and an electronic display, like a mobile computing device (Tablet Computer), capable of running (digital signage) software that augments the sharing of analogue information with digital content. [7]
2017: Bulletin Board System introduced with WordPress platform swenbew.com allowed user to submit posting using micro-blogging patterns
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulletin board.
Community bulletin board
Digital signage
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of the Classroom Blackboard". Concordia University. 8 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bulletin board and the like". Google Patents.
Jump up ^ "Bulletin board". Google Patents.
Jump up ^ "Combined chalk board and bulletin board". Google Patents.
Jump up ^ "Feb. 16, 1978: Bulletin Board Goes Electronic".
Jump up ^ Grant, August E.; Meadows, Jennifer H. (June 25, 2010). Communication Technology Update and Fundamentals. Focal Press; 12 edition. p. 165. ISBN 978-0240814759.
Jump up ^ "Physical Electronic Bulletin Board System". Google Patents.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_board&oldid=846691563"
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Limerick (poetry)
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This article is about the form of verse. For the city, see Limerick. For other uses, see Limerick (disambiguation).
A limerick is a form of verse, often humorous and sometimes obscene, in five-line, predominantly anapestic[1] meter with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA, in which the first, second and fifth line rhyme, while the third and fourth lines are shorter and share a different rhyme.[2] The following example is a limerick of unknown origin:
The limerick packs laughs anatomical
Into space that is quite economical.
But the good ones I've seen
So seldom are clean
And the clean ones so seldom are comical.[3]
The form appeared in England in the early years of the 18th century.[4] It was popularized by Edward Lear in the 19th century,[5] although he did not use the term. Gershon Legman, who compiled the largest and most scholarly anthology, held that the true limerick as a folk form is always obscene, and cites similar opinions by Arnold Bennett and George Bernard Shaw,[6] describing the clean limerick as a "periodic fad and object of magazine contests, rarely rising above mediocrity". From a folkloric point of view, the form is essentially transgressive; violation of taboo is part of its function. Lear is unusual in his creative use of the form, satirising without overt violation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Form
2 Etymology
3 Edward Lear
4 Variations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Form[edit]
An illustration of the fable of Hercules and the Wagoner by Walter Crane in the limerick collection "Baby's Own Aesop" (1887)
The standard form of a limerick is a stanza of five lines, with the first, second and fifth rhyming with one another and having three feet of three syllables each; and the shorter third and fourth lines also rhyming with each other, but having only two feet of three syllables. The defining "foot" of a limerick's meter is usually the anapaest, (ta-ta-TUM), but catalexis (missing a weak syllable at the beginning of a line) and extra-syllable rhyme (which adds an extra unstressed syllable) can make limericks appear amphibrachic (ta-TUM-ta).
The first line traditionally introduces a person and a place, with the place appearing at the end of the first line and establishing the rhyme scheme for the second and fifth lines. In early limericks, the last line was often essentially a repeat of the first line, although this is no longer customary.
Within the genre, ordinary speech stress is often distorted in the first line, and may be regarded as a feature of the form: "There was a young man from the coast;" "There once was a girl from Detroit…" Legman takes this as a convention whereby prosody is violated simultaneously with propriety.[7] Exploitation of geographical names, especially exotic ones, is also common, and has been seen as invoking memories of geography lessons in order to subvert the decorum taught in the schoolroom; Legman finds that the exchange of limericks is almost exclusive to comparatively well-educated males, women figuring in limericks almost exclusively as "villains or victims". The most prized limericks incorporate a kind of twist, which may be revealed in the final line or lie in the way the rhymes are often intentionally tortured, or both. Many limericks show some form of internal rhyme, alliteration or assonance, or some element of word play. Verses in limerick form are sometimes combined with a refrain to form a limerick song, a traditional humorous drinking song often with obscene verses.
David Abercrombie, a phonetician, takes a different view of the limerick, and one which seems to accord better with the form.[8] It is this: Lines one, two, and five have three feet, that is to say three stressed syllables, while lines three and four have two stressed syllables. The number and placement of the unstressed syllables is rather flexible. There is at least one unstressed syllable between the stresses but there may be more – as long as there are not so many as to make it impossible to keep the equal spacing of the stresses.
Etymology[edit]
The origin of the name limerick for this type of poem is debated. The name is generally taken to be a reference to the City or County of Limerick in Ireland[9][10] sometimes particularly to the Maigue Poets, and may derive from an earlier form of nonsense verse parlour game that traditionally included a refrain that included "Will [or won't] you come (up) to Limerick?"[11]
Until recently,[when?] the first known usage in England was from 1898 (New English Dictionary) and in the United States from 1902, but in recent years several earlier examples have been documented, the earliest being an 1880 reference, in a Saint John, New Brunswick newspaper, to an apparently well-known tune,[12]
There was a young rustic named Mallory,
who drew but a very small salary.
When he went to the show,
his purse made him go
to a seat in the uppermost gallery.
Tune: Won't you come to Limerick.[13]
Edward Lear[edit]
A Book of Nonsense (ca. 1875 James Miller edition) by Edward Lear
The limerick form was popularized by Edward Lear in his first Book of Nonsense (1846) and a later work, More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc. (1872). Lear wrote 212 limericks, mostly considered nonsense literature. It was customary at the time for limericks to accompany an absurd illustration of the same subject, and for the final line of the limerick to be a variant of the first line ending in the same word, but with slight differences that create a nonsensical, circular effect. The humour is not in the "punch line" ending but rather in the tension between meaning and its lack.[14]
The following is an example of one of Edward Lear's limericks.
There was a Young Person of Smyrna
Whose grandmother threatened to burn her.
But she seized on the cat,
and said 'Granny, burn that!
You incongruous old woman of Smyrna!'
Lear's limericks were often typeset in three or four lines, according to the space available under the accompanying picture.
Variations[edit]
The limerick form is so well known that it has been parodied in many ways. The following example is of unknown origin:
There was a young man from Japan
Whose limericks never would scan.
And when they asked why,
He said "I do try!
But when I get to the last line I try to fit in as many words as I can."
Other parodies deliberately break the rhyme scheme, like the following example, attributed to W.S. Gilbert:
There was an old man of St. Bees,
Who was stung in the arm by a wasp,
When asked, "Does it hurt?"
He replied, "No, it doesn't,
I'm so glad it wasn't a hornet."[15][16]
Comedian John Clarke has also parodied Lear's style:
There was an old man with a beard,
A funny old man with a beard
He had a big beard
A great big old beard
That amusing old man with a beard.[17]
The British wordplay and recreational mathematics expert Leigh Mercer (1893–1977) devised the following mathematical limerick:
12 + 144 + 20 + 3 4 7 + ( 5 × 11 ) = 9 2 + 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {12+144+20+3{\sqrt {4}}}{7}}+(5\times 11)=9^{2}+0}
This is read as follows:
A dozen, a gross, and a score
Plus three times the square root of four
Divided by seven
Plus five times eleven
Is nine squared and not a bit more.[18]
See also[edit]
Chastushka (Russian form with similar traits)
Clerihew
Double dactyl
Lecherous Limericks, a book of limericks by Isaac Asimov
Light verse
Nonsense literature
Quintain (any poetic form containing 5 lines such as tanka, cinquain, and limerick)
The Negotiation Limerick File, a song by Beastie Boys rapped in the form of a limerick
There once was a man from Nantucket, a popular limerick subject
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Cuddon, J.A. (1999). The Penguin dictionary of literary terms and literary theory (4. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. p. 458. ISBN 978-0140513639.
Jump up ^ Limerick Lyrics. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Leonard. The Secret of Humor. Rodopi, 1978. ISBN 9789062033706. p102
Jump up ^ An interesting and highly esoteric verse in limerick form is found in the diary of the Rev. John Thomlinson (1692–1761): 1717. Sept. 17th. One Dr. Bainbridge went from Cambridge to Oxon [Oxford] to be astronomy professor, and reading a lecture happened to say de Polis et Axis, instead of Axibus. Upon which one said, Dr. Bainbridge was sent from Cambridge,—to read lectures de Polis et Axis; but lett them that brought him hither, return him thither, and teach him his rules of syntaxis. From Six North Country Diaries, Publications of the Surtees Society, Vol. CXVIII for the year MCMX, p. 78. Andrews & Co., Durham, etc. 1910.
Jump up ^ Brandreth, page 108
Jump up ^ Legman 1988, pp. x-xi.
Jump up ^ Legman 1988, p. xliv.
Jump up ^ Abercrombie, David, Studies in Phonetics and Linguistics 1965 Oxford University Press: Chapter 3 A Phonetician's View of Verse Structure.
Jump up ^ Loomis 1963, pp. 153–157.
Jump up ^ "Siar sna 70idí 1973 Lios Tuathail - John B Keane, Limericks, Skinheads". YouTube. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ The phrase "come to Limerick" is known in American Slang since the Civil War, as documented in the Historical Dictionary of American Slang and subsequent posts on the American Dialect Society List. One meaning for the phrase, proposed by Stephen Goranson on ADS-list, would be a reference to the Treaty of Limerick, and mean surrender, settle, get to the point, get with the program.
Jump up ^ reported by Stephen Goranson on the ADS-list and in comments at the Oxford Etymologist blog
Jump up ^ Saint John Daily News, Saint John, New Brunswick Edward Willis, Proprietor Tuesday Nov 30, 1880 Vol. XLII, no. 281 page 4, column 5 [headline:] Wise and Otherwise
Jump up ^ Tigges, Wim. "The Limerick: The Sonnet of Nonsense?". Explorations in the Field of Nonsense. ed. Wim Tigges. 1987. page 117
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Wells 1903, pp. xix-xxxiii.
Jump up ^ "Craig Brown: The Lost Diaries". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Math Mayhem". Lhup.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
Bibliography
Baring-Gould, William Stuart and Ceil Baring-Gould (1988). The Annotated Mother Goose, New York: Random House.
Brandreth, Gyles (1986). Everyman's Word Games
Cohen, Gerald (compiler) (October–November 2010). "Stephen Goranson's research into _limerick_: a preliminary report". Comments on Etymology vol. 40, no. 1-2. pp. 2–11.
Legman, Gershon (1964). The Horn Book, University Press.
Legman, Gershon (1988). The Limerick, New York:Random House.
Loomis, C. Grant (July, 1963). Western Folklore, Vol. 22, No. 3
Wells, Carolyn (1903). A Nonsense Anthology, Charles Scribner's Sons.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limerick poetry.
Norman Douglas, Some Limericks Cypher Press reprint.
Edward Lear's A Book of Nonsense from Project Gutenberg
OEDILF – A limerick dictionary
Jenni Nuttall, "#notalimerick"
'Limericks (5-line verse)' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland
There Once Was a Serpent: A History of Theology in Limericks, Richard Kieckhefer
Limerick bibliographies:
Deex, Arthur, Arthur Deex's comprehensive annotated Limerick Bibliography
Dilcher, Karl, The Karl Dilcher bibliography of limerick books.
"Limerick Poems and Civil Wars" (on the origin of the name) [1]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limerick_(poetry)&oldid=843869739"
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Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)
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Clifford the Big Red Dog
Genre
Education
Comedy
Fantasy
Based on
Clifford the Big Red Dog
by Norman Bridwell
Directed by
John Over
Voices of
John Ritter
Grey DeLisle
Cree Summer
Kel Mitchell
Cam Clarke
Kath Soucie
Gary LeRoi Gray
Ulysses Cuadra
Earl Boen
Edie McClurg
Nick Jameson
Tony Plana
Composer(s)
Josh Mancell
Mark Mothersbaugh
Country of origin
United States[1]
United Kingdom[1]
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
65 (130 Segments) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Deborah Forte
Gary Conrad
Running time
30 minutes (15 minutes per segment) (approx. per episode)
Production company(s)
Scholastic Productions[2]
Mike Young Productions
Release
Original network
PBS Kids (2000-2003)
PBS Kids/Amazon Prime (2019)
Original release
September 4, 2000 (2000-09-04)[3] – February 25, 2003 (2003-02-25)
Chronology
Followed by
Clifford's Puppy Days
Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American-British educational animated children's television series, based upon Norman Bridwell's children's book series of the same name. Produced by Scholastic Productions, it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. The UK version (where it was dubbed with British voice actors replacing the original American soundtrack) originally aired on BBC 2 on 1 April 2002.[4]
John Ritter voiced Clifford in all episodes. This was originally done by Brent Titcomb in the 1988 direct-to-video series. Generally speaking, Ritter's schedule dictated the production of Clifford the Big Red Dog[citation needed]. By the time the last of the 68 half-hour cartoons and the subsequent film Clifford's Really Big Movie were completed, Ritter was back on ABC's prime-time schedule, starring in 8 Simple Rules. Ritter's death on September 11, 2003 came less than a week before PBS debuted Clifford's Puppy Days, a show that kept Clifford's legacy going.
While no new Clifford episodes have been released since Ritter's death in 2003, voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the Ready to Learn PBS Kids PSAs. Clifford's Really Big Movie serves as the series finale due to Ritter's death, as no new episodes were made to continue from where it left off. However, Clifford's Puppy Days still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006.
On May 16, 2018, Scholastic announced a reboot of the series and is scheduled for a late 2019 premiere concurrently on PBS Kids and Amazon Prime.[5]
Contents
1 Overview
2 Episodes
3 Characters
3.1 Dogs
3.2 Humans
4 Production
4.1 Setting
4.2 Format
5 Broadcast
6 2018 reboot
7 In other media
7.1 Direct-to-video
7.2 Film
7.3 Video games
7.3.1 Original series
7.3.2 Modern series
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
Two 15-minute stories made up each half-hour cartoon. Usually one story featured Clifford and his canine friends, Cleo and T-Bone among them; the other story would focus on Clifford's owner Emily Elizabeth and her friends. During scenes focusing on the dog character's perspective, human speech would replace barking to engage viewers in the storyline from the dogs' point of view.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 40 September 4, 2000 (2000-09-04) December 5, 2001 (2001-12-05)
2 25 May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16) February 25, 2003 (2003-02-25)
Characters[edit]
Dogs[edit]
Clifford the Big Red Dog (voiced by John Ritter; Tom Eastwood in the British version): A giant red Labrador Retriever/Vizsla cross. The depiction of Clifford's size is inconsistent; he is often shown as being about 25 feet tall (7.6 m) from paws to head, but can appear far larger. The character is based on the imaginary friend of creator Norman Bridwell's wife.[6] Clifford is devoted to his owner Emily Elizabeth. He is friendly, shy, lovable, loyal, gentle and helpful but sometimes gets into trouble because of his size, or is tempted into trouble by his friends and those he meets. Despite being the protagonist, he seldom has episodes focusing on him, usually serving as the voice-of-reason for his friend's adventures.
Cleo (voiced by Cree Summer; Regine Candler in the British version): An energetic and playful, yet selfish and mischievous purple poodle with a tendency to not tell the truth. Her catchphrase is "Have I ever steered you wrong?" which she inadvertently does immediately after. She is one of Clifford's best friends. Her owner is Mrs. Diller.
T-Bone (voiced by Kel Mitchell; Benjamin Small in the British version): A male yellow and orange bulldog with a large appetite. He is often cowardly, clumsy, and cautious, but does have his moments of bravery. He is one of Clifford's best friends. T-Bone is in love with Mimi, another dog who visits from time to time. His owner is Sheriff Lewis.
T-Bone had a best friend named Hamburger (voiced by Kel Mitchell's longtime comedy partner Kenan Thompson) who moved away before Clifford arrived.
Mac (voiced by Cameron Clarke): A male blue greyhound with an inflated sense of self-importance, who shifts between aloofness and wanting to be part of Clifford, Cleo, and T-Bone's circle of friends. Mac competes in dog shows. He can be vain, bossy and selfish. However, he appears to be devoted to his owner Jetta. It is revealed in a few episodes that his name is short for Machiavelli.
Humans[edit]
Emily Elizabeth Howard (voiced by Grey DeLisle; Joanna Ruiz in the British version): Clifford's eight-year-old[7] owner. A friendly, curious, and helpful girl. The best skater on the island, and also very good at soccer. Emily Elizabeth adopted Clifford when he was a very small puppy, when her parents gave him to her on her 6th birthday.[8] Emily's love apparently caused Clifford to grow enormous, thus starting their new lives on Birdwell Island. Just like Clifford, she rarely has episodes about her and ends up being the voice of reason. Emily was named for creator Norman Bridwell's daughter and based on the imaginary adventures of Bridwell's wife.[6]
Caroline Howard (also voiced by Grey DeLisle): Emily Elizabeth's mom
Mark Howard (voiced by Cameron Clarke): Emily Elizabeth's dad
Charley (voiced by Gary LeRoi Gray): Emily Elizabeth's best friend and the best soccer player on the Birdwell Birds (the school soccer team). He lives on a houseboat with his father, who owns a restaurant.
Samuel (voiced by Terrence C. Carson): Charley's father and the Jamaican owner of Samuel's Fish and Chips. He is a great storyteller and runs most of the pier.
Jetta Handover (voiced by Kath Soucie): Mac's owner. She is a wealthy, self-centered friend of Emily Elizabeth who is often oblivious to others' feelings. She is often shown leading parades and competing in talent shows as a majorette. Jetta often claims her accomplishments are bigger or better than others' and finds herself humbled when she aims too high to the point where she needs help. Her mother owns one of the island stores and seems somewhat oblivious to Jetta's behavior. She often appears to dislike Clifford, criticizing him for minor accidents caused by his size, but occasionally she will show that she really does like him.
Cosmo Handover (voiced by Debi Derryberry) is the infant brother of Jetta. He is first seen in the episode "And Baby Makes 4".
Vaz (voiced by Ulysses Cuadra): Somewhat clumsy and shy boy who is friends with Emily Elizabeth and Charley.
Sheriff Lewis (voiced by Nick Jameson): T-Bone's owner. The island's sheriff and the soccer coach. He feeds T-Bone often, (explaining why T-Bone is overweight).
He had a best friend named Deputy Wilson who moved away with T-Bone's best buddy, Hamburger.
Ms. Diller (voiced by Cree Summer): Cleo's owner.
Horace Bleakman (voiced by Earl Boen) lives with his wife Violet. He is often grumpy and impatient about the noise and mess Clifford inadvertently causes, but he is still a good neighbor and helps Clifford and the others from time to time.
Violet Bleakman (voiced by Edie McClurg) is the first neighbor of the Howards to introduce herself. She is a little more nice, calm, and patient than her cranky husband Horace.
Pedro and Victor (both voiced by Tony Plana) are dock workers who help unload the boat in "Welcome to Birdwell Island".
Production[edit]
This series was produced by Mike Young Productions and Scholastic Studios.
Setting[edit]
Birdwell Island
Series
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Type
Island
First appearance
"My Best Friend"
Last appearance
Clifford's Really Big Movie
The TV series takes place in the fictional island of Birdwell Island, where Clifford lives. The name is inspired by Norman Bridwell, the author of the books, but the letters I and R are switched. It is based on Martha's Vineyard, where Bridwell lived.[9]
Emily Elizabeth used to live in an apartment in New York City, but she moved away with her parents and Clifford to Birdwell Island because her mother told her that a small apartment is no place for a big dog like Clifford.
Format[edit]
The series has at least 5 segments in the show, which are:
Theme Song
1st Story - The opening theme is followed by the first central story, which is about the dogs, and a problem they face.
Storytime with Speckle - Between the first and second story, Emily Elizabeth reads Clifford the Speckle Story, a small 60 seconds (approximately) time filler about a fictional dog (Speckle), and his animal friends.
2nd Story - This is followed by another central story, about Emily Elizabeth and her friends.
Clifford's Big Ideas - Before the credits, another 30-second short takes place called Clifford's Big Ideas. The short is basically an animation of an etiquette, a proverb, or basic truth such as "Play Fair", "Help Others", etc., with narration by Emily Elizabeth.
Broadcast[edit]
Clifford The Big Red Dog is shown on BBC One and Tiny Pop in United Kingdom Replacing the American cast with British actors.
2018 reboot[edit]
A reboot was announced on May 16, 2018 by Scholastic, and will premiere in late 2019.[5] Scholastic, Brown Bag Films and 100 Chickens will produce the series.[citation needed]
In other media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Direct-to-video[edit]
In 1988, before the television series, six direct-to-video episodes based on the Clifford the Big Red Dog children's book series by Norman Bridwell, were released on videocassette by Family Home Entertainment, The Scholastic Learning Library, Nelvana, Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd., and Mendelson-Melendez Productions. The animation for direct-to-video series, came from the Peanuts cartoon team of Lee Mendelson and Bill Melendez, giving them a look similar to the Peanuts cartoons, in contrast to the later television series which was animated by Film Roman Studios. Brent Titcomb voiced Clifford in the videos, and Alyson Court voiced Emily Elizabeth.
Film[edit]
In 2004, Warner Bros. Pictures distributed a feature-length animated film based on the show titled Clifford's Really Big Movie. It was about Clifford, Cleo and T-Bone joining an animal show to win a lifetime supply of dog food to provide for Clifford. This was John Ritter's last film as he died on September 11, 2003, after completing voice work for the film. The film was dedicated to his memory. The movie also stars Wayne Brady as Shackleford the Ferret, Judge Reinhold as Amazing Larry, John Goodman as George Wolfsbottom, and Jenna Elfman as Dorothy the Cow. The film also serves as the series finale.
Video games[edit]
Original series[edit]
Clifford's Reading
Clifford's Thinking Games
Modern series[edit]
Clifford's Learning Activities
Clifford's Musical Memory Games
Clifford's Phonics
Clifford's Big Puzzle Game (A Wendy's Kids' Meal DVD game, available for a limited time only)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series) (2000)". British Film Institute. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "He's Big! He's Red! He's Coming to PBS Kids! Scholastic Productions' "Clifford the Big Red Dog" Animated Series Debuts on PBS Fall 2000" (Press release). PBS. January 7, 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zurawik, David (July 13, 2000). "PBS gives kids new Saturday morning shows". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Search Results - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
^ Jump up to: a b Sopan, Deb (May 16, 2018). "'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Returning to TV in 2019". New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Markstein, Donald D. "Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Clifford the Big Red Dog". www.toonopedia.com.
Jump up ^ "The Cast of Clifford the Big Red Dog®". PBS Kids. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Little Clifford" 19 September 2000, 6 candles on cake
Jump up ^ Alvarez, Victor Paul (December 16, 2014). "'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Author Dies at 86". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos, Media and Culture, 5th ed. (1963).
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)
Children's literature portal
Clifford the Big Red Dog on IMDb
Official site of book series
Official site
Clifford the Big Red Dog at TV.com
Good article about Clifford's creation
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Norman Bridwell's Clifford the Big Red Dog
Clifford (character)
Clifford the Big Red Dog (1988 series)
Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)
List of episodes
Clifford's Puppy Days
Clifford's Really Big Movie
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values: Clifford, a nagy piros kutya – Hungarian

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