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Lawmaking procedure in India
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India is a democracy having a Federal structure of government. Laws are made separately at different levels, by the Union Government/Federal Government for the whole country and by the State Governments for their respective states as well as by local municipal councils at district level. The Legislative procedure in India for the Union Government requires that proposed bills pass through the two legislative houses of the Parliament of India, i.e. the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The legislative procedure for states with bicameral legislatures requires that proposed bills be passed, at least in the state's Lower House or the Vidhan Sabha and not mandatory to be passed in the Upper House or the Vidhan Parishad. For states with unicameral legislatures, laws and bills need to be passed only in the state's Vidhan Sabha, for they don't have a Vidhan Parishad.
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Contents
1 Constituent power of parliament
2 Legislative Powers
2.1 Union List
2.2 State list
2.3 Concurrent List
3 Nature of peoples' mandate
4 Difference between a Bill and an Act
5 How a Bill becomes an Act in Parliament
5.1 First Reading
5.1.1 Publication in the official Gazette
5.1.2 Reference of Bill to a Standing Committee
5.2 Second Reading
5.3 Third Reading
5.4 Passing a bill
5.5 Bill in the other House
5.6 Joint session of both Houses
5.7 President's approval
5.8 Coming into force
6 Money Bills
7 Ordinances
8 Jammu & Kashmir state
9 See also
10 References
Constituent power of parliament[edit]
The process of addition, variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the Parliament under its constituent powers, is called amendment of the constitution.[1] The procedure is laid out in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two-thirds members are present and voted. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal and judicial aspects of the constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. There is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill. Basic structure of the Indian constitution cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court. After the 24th amendment, parliament in its constituent capacity can not delegate its function of amending the constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity.[2]
Proclamation of emergency per Article 352 (6) shall be ratified by the Parliament similar to its constituent power. When President's rule is invoked in a state using Article 356 (c) and its proclamation contains such incidental and consequential provisions suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the constitution relating to any body or authority in the State for giving effect to the objects of the proclamation, the proclamation needs to be approved by the Parliament under its constituent power (i.e. not by simple majority) after the 24th amendment[1][2]
Legislative Powers[edit]
The legislative power of the states and the Centre are defined in the constitution and these powers are divided into three lists. The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. Subject to the provisions in the constitution elsewhere, the power to legislate on residuary subjects, rests with parliament or state legislative assembly as the case may be per Article 245. Deemed amendments to the constitution which could be passed under legislative powers of Parliament, are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 (1) by 24th amendment.[1]
Union List[edit]
Union list consists of 100 items (previously 97 items) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate.
State list[edit]
State list consists of 61 items (previously 66 items) where state legislative assembly can make laws applicable in that state. But in certain circumstances, the parliament can also legislate temporarily on subjects mentioned in the state list, when the Rajya Sabha has passed a resolution with 2/3rd majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest per Articles 249 to 252 of the constitution.
Concurrent List[edit]
Concurrent list consists of 52 (earlier 47) where both parliament and a state legislative assembly can make laws in their domains subject to Articles 254 of the constitution
Nature of peoples' mandate[edit]
The powers of a ruling party/co-alliance of the union is depending on the extent of the mandate it receives from the elections at central and state levels. These are
commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha only capable to run the government by passing money bills only. President can not issue ordinances on advise of the union cabinet alone as there is possibility of Rajya Sabha not according its approval.[3]
commanding simple majority in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (together or separately) capable to run the government by its legislative powers only. With simple majority in Rajya Sabha, ruling party/co-alliance can remove the vice president and elect a new vice president per Article 67(b)
commanding two - thirds majority in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha separately capable to run the government by its constituent and legislative powers. Ruling government has full powers to impeach the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts when charges of violating the constitution are established by judicial enquiry.
commanding two - thirds majority in either house of parliament capable to run the government by its legislative powers only. Per Article 61(3) or 124(4 & 5) or 217(1.b), the President and Judges of Supreme Court / High Courts can be forced by either of the house to establish violation of the constitution by a judicial inquiry so that when found guilty, president or a judge relinquishes their posts on moral grounds or other house may concur the opponent's impeachment proceedings on moral grounds.[4]
At state level, simple majority in the legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is enough to exercise all its constitutional powers except for deciding to have or abolish Legislative Council per Articles 169.
Difference between a Bill and an Act[edit]
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. As soon as the bill has been framed, it has to be published in the news papers and the general public is asked to comment in a democratic manner. The bill may then be amended to incorporate the public opinion in a constructive manner and then may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members. The former are called government bills and the latter, private members' bills. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills. A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general, whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution. The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Waqfs Bills are examples of private bills.
How a Bill becomes an Act in Parliament[edit]
A Bill is the draft of a legislative proposal. It has to pass through various stages before it becomes an Act of Parliament.[5][6] There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one House of Parliament. The procedure is similar for the Legislative Assemblies of States.
First Reading[edit]
The legislative process begins with the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament, i.e. the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Member's Bill. It is necessary for a member-in-charge of the Bill to ask for the leave of the House to introduce the Bill. If leave is granted by the House, the Bill is introduced. This stage is known as the First Reading of the Bill. If the motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed, the Speaker may, in his discretion, allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member-in-charge who moved the motion. Where a motion for leave to introduce a Bill is opposed on the ground that the Bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the House, the Speaker may permit a full discussion thereon. Thereafter, the question is put to the vote of the House. However, the motion for leave to introduce a Finance Bill or an Appropriation Bill is forthwith put to the vote of the House.[7] Money/Appropriation Bills and financial bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha per Articles 109, 110 and 117. Speaker of Lok Sabha decides whether a bill is Money Bill or not. Chairman of Rajya Sabha decides whether a bill is finance bill or not when the bill is introduced in the Rajya Sabha.[8]
Publication in the official Gazette[edit]
After a Bill has been introduced, it is published in The Gazette of India. Even before introduction, a Bill might, with the permission of the Speaker, be published in the Gazette. In such cases, leave to introduce the Bill in the House is not asked for and the Bill is straight away introduced.[7]
Reference of Bill to a Standing Committee[edit]
After a Bill has been introduced, the Presiding Officer of the concerned House (Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or anyone acting on their behalf) can refer the Bill to the concerned Standing Committee for examination and to prepare a report thereon. If a Bill is referred to a Standing Committee, the Committee shall consider the general principles and clauses of the Bill referred to them and make a report thereon. The Committee can also seek expert opinion or the public opinion of those interested in the measure. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House. The report of the Committee, being of persuasive value, shall be treated as considered advice.[7]
Second Reading[edit]
The Second Reading consists of consideration of the Bill which occurs in two stages.
First stage
The first stage consists of general discussion on the Bill as a whole when the principle underlying the Bill is discussed. At this stage it is open to the House to refer the Bill to a Select Committee of the House or a Joint Committee of the two Houses or to circulate it for the purpose of eliciting opinion thereon or to straight away take it into consideration.[7]
If a Bill is referred to a Select/Joint Committee, the Committee considers the Bill clause-by-clause just as the House does. Amendments can be moved to the various clauses by members of the Committee. The Committee can also take evidence of associations, public bodies or experts who are interested in the measure. After the Bill has thus been considered, the Committee submits its report to the House which considers the Bill again as reported by the Committee. If a Bill is circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion thereon, such opinions are obtained through the Governments of the States and Union Territories. Opinions so received are laid on the Table of the House and the next motion in regard to the Bill must be for its reference to a Select/Joint Committee. It is not ordinarily permissible at this stage to move the motion for consideration of the Bill.[7]
Second Stage
The second stage of the Second Reading consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill as introduced or as reported by Select/Joint Committee. Discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to clauses can be moved at this stage. Amendments to a clause have been moved but not withdrawn are put to the vote of the House before the relevant clause is disposed of by the House. The amendments become part of the Bill if they are accepted by a majority of members present and voting. After the clauses, the Schedules if any, clause 1, the Enacting Formula and the Long Title of the Bill have been adopted by the House, the Second Reading is deemed to be over.[7]
Third Reading[edit]
Thereafter, the member-in-charge can move that the Bill be passed. This stage is known as the Third Reading of the Bill. At this stage the debate is confined to arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details thereof further than that are absolutely necessary. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of members present and voting is necessary. But in the case of a Bill to amend the Constitution, a majority of the total membership of the House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting is required in each House of Parliament.[7] If the number of votes in favour and against the bill are tied, then the Presiding officer of the concerned House can cast his/her vote, referred to as a Casting Vote Right.[7]
Passing a bill[edit]
If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum which is minimum one-tenth of the total members of a House, it shall be the duty of the Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.[9] The bills taken up under legislative power of parliament are treated as passed provided majority of members present at that time approved the bill either by voting or voice vote. It is also right of a member to demand voting instead of voice vote.[10] In case of passing a constitutional amendment bill, two-third of the total members present and voted in favour of the bill with more than 50% of the total members of a house, is required per Article 368.
Bill in the other House[edit]
After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for concurrence with a message to that effect, and there also it goes through the stages described above, except the introduction stage.[7] If a Bill passed by one House is amended by the other House, it is sent back to the originating House for approval. If the originating House does not agree with the amendments, it shall be that the two houses have disagreed. The other House may keep a money bill for 14 days and an ordinary Bill for three months without passing (or rejecting) it. If it fails to return the Bill within the fixed time, the Bill is deemed to be passed by both the houses and is sent for the approval of the President.
At state level, it is not mandatory that a bill shall be passed by the legislative council (if existing) per Articles 196 to 199. There is no provision of conducting joint session of both Houses to pass a bill.
Joint session of both Houses[edit]
Main article: Joint session
In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon, though is not bound to, a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until now, only three bills: the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act (2002) have been passed at joint sessions.[11]
President's approval[edit]
When a bill has been passed, it is sent to the President for his approval per Article 111. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a money bill which is recommended by president himself to the houses. However Article 255 says that prior recommendation of president or governor of a state wherever stipulated is not compulsory for an Act of parliament or of the legislature of a State but the final consent of president or governor of a state is mandatory. President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution, he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure. President shall not withhold constitutional amendment bill duly passed by parliament per Article 368. If the President gives his assent, the bill is published in The Gazette of India[12] and becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped, which is known as absolute veto. The President can exercise absolute veto on aid and advice of council of ministers per Article 111 and Article 74.[13] The president may also effectively withhold his assent as per his own discretion, which is known as pocket veto. The pocket veto has only been exercised once by President Zail Singh in 1986, over the postal act where the government wanted to open postal letters without warrant by amending the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. If the president returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must give his assent to it. If parliament is not happy with the president for not assenting a bill passed by it under its legislative powers, the bill can be modified as a constitutional amendment bill and passed under its constituent powers for compelling the president to give assent. In case a constitutional amendment act is violating the basic structure of the constitution, constitutional bench of Supreme Court would quash the act. When parliament is of the view that the actions of the president are violating the constitution, impeachment proceedings against president could be taken up to remove him under Article 61 where at least two - thirds of total membership of each house of parliament should vote in favour of the impeachment when charges against the president are found valid in an investigation.
In case of a bill passed by the legislative assembly of a state, the consent of that state's Governor has to be obtained.[14] Some times the governor may refer the bill to the president anticipating clash between other central laws or constitution and decision of the president is final per Articles 200 and 201.
All decisions of the union cabinet are to be assented by the president for issuing gazette order (GO). In case the cabinet decisions are not in the purview of the established law, president shall not give assent to the cabinet decisions. He may indicate union cabinet to pass the necessary legislation by the parliament to clear the cabinet decision. A minister is not supposed to take any decision without being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78(c).
The purpose of framing the Indian constitution is to serve with honesty, efficiency and impartiality for the betterment of its citizens by the people who are heading or representing the independent institutions created by the constitution such as judiciary, legislature, executive, etc. When one or more institutions are failing in their duty, the remaining shall normally take the lead in correcting the situation by using checks and balances as per the provisions available in the constitution.
Coming into force[edit]
Generally most Acts will come into force, or become legally enforceable in a manner as prescribed in the Act itself. Either it would come into effect from the date of assent by the President (mostly in case of Ordinances which is later approved by the Parliament), or a specific date is mentioned in the Act itself (mostly in case of Finance Bills) or on a date as per the wish of the Central or the State Government as the case may be. In case the commencement of the Act is as made as per the wish of the government, a separate Gazette notification is made, which is mostly accompanied by the Rules or subordinate legislation in another gazette notification.
Money Bills[edit]
Bills which exclusively contain provisions for imposition and abolition of taxes, for appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund, etc., are certified as Money Bills by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President per Articles 109, 110 and 117. For every fiscal year, the annual budget or annual financial statement with demand for grants on the recommendation of the President per Articles 112 to 116 shall be passed by the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha cannot make amendments to a Money Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to it. It can, however, recommend amendments in a Money Bill, but must return all Money Bills to Lok Sabha within fourteen days from the date of their receipt. The Lok Sabha can choose to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha with regard to a Money Bill. If Lok Sabha accepts any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses with amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha and accepted by Lok Sabha. If Lok Sabha does not accept any of the recommendations of Rajya Sabha, the Money Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha without any of the amendments recommended by Rajya Sabha. If a Money Bill passed by Lok Sabha and transmitted to Rajya Sabha for its recommendations is not returned to Lok Sabha within the said period of fourteen days, it is deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by Lok Sabha.[7] When a money bill introduced in the Lok Sabha by the government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the Lok Sabha or shall be dismissed by the president to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.
At state level also money bills shall be introduced in the legislative assembly only per Articles 198, 199 and 207 on the recommendation of the governor. When a money bill introduced in the legislative assembly by the state government fails to get its approval, the ruling party is treated as not commanding the majority support in the legislative assembly or shall be dismissed by the governor to pave way for new government / fresh elections or opposition would move no confidence motion.
Ordinances[edit]
Main article: Ordinance (India)
When both houses of parliament are not in session, extant provisions of law are felt inadequate, under compelling circumstances and the president is satisfied for the need of immediate action, he/she may promulgate such required ordinances under Article 123 of the constitution.[15] An ordinance has same force and effect as an 'act of parliament'. Every ordinance shall cease to operate if not passed by the parliament before the expiration of six weeks from its reassembly. President shall not issue any ordinance which needs amendment to the constitution or violating the constitution. When state assembly is not in session, governor of a state can issue ordinances per Article 213 subject to the approval of the president in case required so.
Jammu & Kashmir state[edit]
The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded higher degree of federalism under Article 370 read with Appendix I {The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954} of the Indian constitution.[16] Matters related to Defence, Foreign relations and Communication of Jammu and Kashmir are under jurisdiction of union government. The laws enacted by the parliament (including amendments to the Indian constitution) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly.[17] Government of India can declare emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose Governor's rule in certain conditions. The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution.[18] Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two thirds majority by the state assembly. Part VI (The states) and Part XIV (Services under the union and the states) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308.
See also[edit]
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
List of Ordinances of Indian Government
Prime Minister of India
Union Council of Ministers
Constitution of India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981". Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Para 506e of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)". 1973. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles". Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "The judges (inquiry) act,1968" (PDF). Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Parliamentary procedure". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rules of procedure and conduct of business in Rajya Sabha" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "How a bill becomes an Act". Retrieved 8 May 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Andhra Pradesh Bill A Financial Bill, Says Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman". Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rajya sabha handbook". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Voting and division in Lok Sabha" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Is any deadlock between the two Houses possible?". rajyasabha.nic.in. rajyasabha. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Amendments to Sebi Act gets Presidential assent". PTI. 18 Sep 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013. It has now been published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section-1, dated the 13th September 2013 as Act No. 22 of 2013
Jump up ^ "The president's power of withholding assent". Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Gupta, V. P. (26 Aug 2002). "The President's role". Times of India. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution: SC". Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Central acts applicable to J&K state" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of J&K state" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2016.
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Indian legislation
Constitution of India (amendments)
Indian Penal Code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Acts of the Parliament
Ordinance
In Force
Consumer
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Essential Commodities Act
Essential Services Maintenance Act
Corruption
Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988
Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011
Criminal
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007
Arms Act, 1959
Army Act, 1950
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act
Indian Evidence Act
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
National Security Act (India)
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Education
Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017
Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
University Grants Commission Act, 1956
Environment
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
CAMPA bill
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Indian Forest Act, 1927
National Green Tribunal Act
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Financial
Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act
Depositories Act
The Electricity Act, 2003
Expenditure Tax Act, 1987
Finance Act (India)
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010
Foreign Exchange Management Act
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Government Securities Act, 2006
Indian Contract Act, 1872
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
Insurance Act, 1938
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
The Competition Act, 2002
The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978
The Income-tax Act, 1961
Transfer of Property Act 1882
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976
Healthcare
Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973
Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010
Dentist Act
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954
Indian Medical Council Act
Mental Health Act, 1987
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
Mental Health Care Act, 2017
Labour
Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976
Factories Act,1948, India
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947
Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017
Minimum Wages Act 1948
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008
Personal
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)
Majority Act (India)
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Special Marriage Act, 1954
The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986
Social
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
National Food Security Act, 2013
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Street Vendors Act, 2014
State Laws
Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act
The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949
Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009
Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009
Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act
State Reorganisation
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
Terrorism
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
Transport
Aircraft Act
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
National Waterways Act, 2016
Inland Vessels Act
Metro Railways Act, 1978
Metro Railway Act, 2002
Organisation / Body
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949
Companies Act 2013
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
Indian Trusts Act, 1882
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Societies Registration Act, 1860
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
Repeal
Repealing and Amending Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending Act, 2016
Repealing and Amending Act, 2017
Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017
Other
All India Services Act, 1951
Delimitation Act
Enemy Property Act, 1968
Information Technology Act, 2000
Nuclear Liability Act
Official Secrets Act (India)
Representation of the People Act, 1951
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Right to Information Act, 2005
State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005
The Foreigners Act, 1946
Repealed
Pre-Independence
Age of Consent Act, 1891
Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850
Criminal Tribes Act
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
English Education Act 1835
Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907
Post-Independence
Anti-Copying Act, 1992
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
Gift Tax Act, 1958
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983
Interest Tax Act, 1974
Maintenance of Internal Security Act
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
The Gold (Control) Act, 1968
Wealth Tax Act, 1957
Bills
Proposed
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10 Things I Hate About You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the television series, see 10 Things I Hate About You (TV series).
10 Things I Hate About You
Promotional poster
Directed by
Gil Junger
Produced by
Andrew Lazar
Written by
Karen McCullah Lutz
Kirsten Smith
Starring
Julia Stiles
Heath Ledger
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Larisa Oleynik
Larry Miller
Andrew Keegan
David Krumholtz
Susan May Pratt
Music by
Richard Gibbs
Cinematography
Mark Irwin
Edited by
O. Nicholas Brown
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
March 31, 1999 (1999-03-31)
Running time
99 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
French
Budget
US$30 million
Box office
$53.5 million[1]
10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American romantic comedy film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Larisa Oleynik. The screenplay, written by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith, is a modernization of William Shakespeare's late-16th century comedy The Taming of the Shrew, retold in a late-1990s American high school setting. In the story, new student Cameron (Gordon-Levitt) is smitten with Bianca (Oleynik) and, in order to get around her father's strict rules on dating, attempts to get bad boy Patrick (Ledger) to date Bianca's ill-tempered sister, Kat (Stiles). The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick. Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area, with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma.
Released March 31, 1999, 10 Things I Hate About You was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend, behind only The Matrix, and was a moderate financial and critical success. It was a breakthrough role for Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt, all of whom were nominated for various teen-oriented awards. Ten years later, the film was adapted into a television series of the same title, which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release and reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critics
4.3 Awards and nominations
5 Soundtrack album
6 Adaptations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Cameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca's insistence and Kat's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely.
When Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects "bad boy" Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter's dismay.
At the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self-absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him.
Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against. Bianca is irritated that Cameron hasn't asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey's invitation, but Walter won't allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey.
All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss.
The next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled "10 Things I Hate About You", revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss.
Cast[edit]
Julia Stiles as Katarina "Kat" Stratford, the antisocial, shrewish elder Stratford sister.
Heath Ledger as Patrick Verona, the "bad boy" who is hired to date Kat and falls for her in the process.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Cameron James, the new student at Padua High School who is smitten with Bianca and goes to great lengths to win her favor.
Larisa Oleynik as Bianca Stratford, the younger of the two Stratford sisters, superficial and popular.
Larry Miller as Walter Stratford, an obstetrician and single parent who is overprotective of his daughters, Kat and Bianca.
Andrew Keegan as Joey Donner, an affluent, self-absorbed high school senior and aspiring model who intends to have sex with Bianca, and to that end pays Patrick to date Kat.
David Krumholtz as Michael Eckman, a geek who assists Cameron in his quest to woo Bianca, and in the process tries to woo Kat's friend Mandella.
Susan May Pratt as Mandella, Kat's only close friend and an aficionado of William Shakespeare, who ends up going to the prom with Michael.
Gabrielle Union as Chastity Church, Bianca's best friend, who betrays Bianca by going out with Joey when Bianca spurns him.
Daryl Mitchell as Mr. Morgan, teacher of Kat, Patrick, and Joey's English class.
Allison Janney as Ms. Perky, Padua High School's guidance counselor and a writer of erotic literature.
David Leisure as Mr. Chapin, coach of the girls' soccer team.
Greg Jackson as "Scurvy", a friend of Patrick.
Kyle Cease as Bogey Lowenstein, a golf enthusiast and member of a clique of aspiring MBAs.
The band Letters to Cleo (singer Kay Hanley, guitarists Greg McKenna and Michael Eisenstein, bassist Scott Riebling, and drummer Jason Sutter) appears as the band performing at Club Skunk, playing their songs "Come On" and "Co-Pilot", and playing a cover version of Cheap Trick's "I Want You to Want Me" on the school's rooftop during the closing credits. Hanley and Eisenstein also appear in the prom scene, performing a cover of Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind" with Save Ferris.
The band Save Ferris (singer Monique Powell, guitarist Brian Mashburn, bassist Bill Uechi, trumpeter José Castellaños, trombonist Brian Williams, saxophonist Eric Zamora, and drummer Evan Kilbourne) appears as the band performing at the prom, playing their songs "I Know" and "Can't Stop" as well as covers of The Isley Brothers' "Shout" and Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind".
Production[edit]
Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle.[2]
Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon-Levitt's vintage tuxes came from Isadora's in Seattle.[2]
The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection. ("How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways.") Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet ("Romeo, Oh Romeo, Get Out Of My Face.") and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ("I burn, I pine, I perish!"). The original script was finalized on November 12, 1997.[3]
Release and reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed US$8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $3,668 per venue, and ranking number two at the box office (behind The Matrix). It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories, about $53,500,000 worldwide. The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success. On October 12, 1999, the Region 1 DVD was released. In the box office, the film is number ten in teen romance, 18th in high school comedies, and ranked 96th in comedies.[4]
Critics[edit]
The film received generally positive feedback from critics. Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film's leads, stating "Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming".[5] Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, claiming "I liked the movie's spirit, the actors and some of the scenes. The music, much of it by the band Letters to Cleo, is subtle and inventive while still cheerful".[6] Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was "Pure of heart and perfectly executed".[7] Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat expressed "Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best".[8]
Entertainment Weekly listed the film at #49 on its list of Best High School Movies.[9]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got a 61% from critics, based on 62 reviews with a rating of 6.1/10. The critical consensus on the site was "Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating 10 Things (slightly) above typical teen fare."[10]
Awards and nominations[edit]
10 Things I Hate About You was a breakout success for stars Stiles, Ledger and Gordon-Levitt.[11][12][13] Gordon-Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor/Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon-Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Gordon-Levitt) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack. The film's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won "Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy" at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for "Most Promising Actress" for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You".
Soundtrack album[edit]
10 Things I Hate About You
Soundtrack album
Released
April 6, 1999
Genre
Alternative rock, ska, pop, funk
Label
Hollywood
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [14]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length
1. "I Want You to Want Me" (originally performed by Cheap Trick) Rick Nielsen Letters to Cleo 3:25
2. "F.N.T." (from Great Divide, 1996) Dan Wilson, Jacob Slichter Semisonic 3:29
3. "I Know" (contains an interpretation of "Shout", written by O'Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, and Rudolph Isley and originally performed by The Isley Brothers) Michael Holton, Miré Molner, Brian Mashburn Save Ferris 2:52
4. "Your Winter" (from Fortress, 2000) Ken Block, Jett Beres, Andrew Copeland, Ryan Newell, Mark Trojanowski, Bill Smith Sister Hazel 4:39
5. "Even Angels Fall" (from Key of a Minor, 2000) Tom Whitlock, Jessica Riddle, Kim Bullard, Penny Framstad Jessica Riddle 3:27
6. "New World" (from Leroy, 2001) Leroy Miller Leroy 3:02
7. "Saturday Night" Rodney Jerkins, Marti Sharron, Dan Sembello Ta-Gana 4:26
8. "Atomic Dog" (from Computer Games, 1982) George Clinton, Garry Shider, David Spradley George Clinton 4:44
9. "Dazz" (from Good High, 1976) Ray Ransom, Edward Irons, Reginald Hargis Brick 3:24
10. "The Weakness in Me" (from Walk Under Ladders, 1981) Joan Armatrading Joan Armatrading 3:32
11. "War" (from "My Favourite Game", 1998) Peter Svensson, Nina Persson The Cardigans 3:57
12. "Wings of a Dove" (1983) Carl Smyth, Graham McPherson Madness 3:00
13. "Cruel to Be Kind" (originally performed by Nick Lowe) Nick Lowe, Ian Gomm Letters to Cleo 3:01
14. "One More Thing" Richard Gibbs Richard Gibbs 3:01
Total length: 49:59
Adaptations[edit]
In June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan.[15] The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael.
In October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You, a half-hour, single-camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington.[16] The show premiered on July 7, 2009,[17] and lasted 20 episodes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You at Box Office Mojo
^ Jump up to: a b Write-up on CinemaReview.com. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Internet Movie Script Database". Imsdb.com. November 12, 1997. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You Review. Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out New York". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "10 Things I Hate About You". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You". Film Threat. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Current Movie Reviews, Independent Movies". Film Threat. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ EW Staff (September 22, 2012). "50 Best High School Movies | Photo 1 of 50". EW.com. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "10 Things I Hate About You (1999)". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Aames, Ethan. "Julia Stiles on "The Omen"". Cinema Confidential News. June 5, 2006. Retrieved on October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Eisenbach, Helen. "10 Thing We Love About Julia Stiles". Manhattan File Magazine. January 2000. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Maher, Kevin. "Heath Ledger- The Accidental Hero". Times Sunday Magazine. October 14, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Peeples, S. 10 Things I Hate About You review allmusic.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ 10 Things I Hate About You. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 0439087309.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh. "ABC Family Greenlights '10 Things I Hate,' 'Ruby' Pilots." Zap2it.com. October 8, 2008. Retrieved on October 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family: 10 Things I Hate About You". Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
External links[edit]
Film portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: 10 Things I Hate About You
10 Things I Hate About You on IMDb
10 Things I Hate About You at the TCM Movie Database
10 Things I Hate About You at AllMovie
[show]
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10 Things I Hate About You
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Cast
Film
Julia Stiles
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Music
"I Want You to Want Me"
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Related topics
The Taming of the Shrew
[show]
v
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Films directed by Gil Junger
10 Things I Hate About You (1999)
Black Knight (2001)
If Only (2004)
Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control (2008)
My Fake Fiancé (2009)
Beauty & the Briefcase (2010)
Christmas Cupid (2010)
Teen Spirit (2011)
Christmas Bounty (2013)
Santa's Little Helper (2015)
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[show]
v
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William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew
Characters
Katherina Minola
Petruchio
Bianca Minola
Baptista Minola
Christopher Sly
Stage adaptations
The Woman's Prize (c1611)
Catharine and Petruchio (1754)
Las bravías (1896)
Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872)
Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927)
Kiss Me, Kate (1948)
The Taming of the Shrew (1953)
Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957)
Christopher Sly (1963)
Direct adaptations
1908
1929
1962 (TV)
1967
1980 (TV)
1994 (TV)
Other adaptations
Daring Youth (1924)
You Made Me Love You (1933)
Second Best Bed (1938)
Kiss Me Kate (1953)
Gundamma Katha (1962)
Manithan Maravillai (1962)
McLintock! (1963)
Arivaali (1963)
Pattikada Pattanama (1972)
Il Bisbetico Domato (1980)
Nanjundi Kalyana (1989)
10 Things I Hate About You (1999)
O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV)
Deliver Us from Eva (2003)
The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV)
Frivolous Wife (2008)
10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV)
Isi Life Mein (2010)
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The Taming of the Shrew on screen
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Induction
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