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Emilia Clarke
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Emilia Clarke
Clarke in 2013
Born
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke
(1986-10-23) 23 October 1986 (age 30)
London, England
Residence
Hampstead, London
Venice Beach, Los Angeles
Alma mater
Drama Centre London
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2009–present
Height
5 ft 2 in (157 cm)[1]
Awards
Full list
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke (born 23 October 1986)[2][3][4][5] is an English actress. Born in London and brought up in Berkshire, Clarke first gained an interest in acting as a child after seeing the musical Show Boat, on which her father was working as a sound engineer. Clarke studied at the Drama Centre London, and appeared in a number of stage productions. Her television debut came with a guest appearance in an episode of the British soap opera Doctors. In 2010, she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in Syfy's film Triassic Attack (2010).
Clarke rose to prominence in 2011 for her breakthrough role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–present), a performance that has gained her critical acclaim. She has been nominated for three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and two Critics Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, among other accolades.
Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany's in 2013. In 2015, she was named Esquire's Sexiest Woman Alive. She is also known for her starring roles as Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys (2015) and as Louisa Clark in the romance film Me Before You (2016).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Breakthrough (2010–present)
2.2.1 Upcoming projects
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Theatre
5 Works and accolades
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke[6] was born in London, and grew up in Berkshire.[7][8][9] Her father was a theatre sound engineer.[10] Her mother is Jennifer "Jenny" Clarke,[11] the director of The Anima Foundation.[12] She has an older brother.[13] Clarke's interest in acting began at the age of three after seeing the musical Show Boat on which her father was working.[7] She was educated at Rye St Antony School and at St Edward's School, Oxford (graduated 2005).[14] She attended Drama Centre London, and graduated in 2009.[15]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
Clarke's early work includes two plays at St. Edwards,[14] ten plays at Drama Centre London, the 2009 Company of Angels production of Sense,[15] and two 2009 commercials for Samaritans.[16] One of her first film roles was for a University of London students' short film.[17] Her first television roles were Saskia Mayer in a 2009 episode of the British soap opera Doctors and Savannah in Syfy's 2010 film Triassic Attack. Screen International magazine named her as one of the "UK Stars of Tomorrow".[18]
Breakthrough (2010–present)[edit]
In 2010 Clarke was cast as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones, based on the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin. She was cast after fellow British actress Tamzin Merchant was replaced for undisclosed reasons.[19] In an interview, Clarke stated that she did the funky chicken and robot dance during her audition.[20] The show debuted in April 2011 to positive reviews and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season.[21] Clarke won the 2011 EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role as Daenerys.[22] In 2013, Clarke was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.[23] She was nominated again in the category in 2015 and 2016.[24]
Clarke has received widespread praise for her performance. Her acting, as she closed Daenerys's arc initiated in the first episode from a frightened girl to an empowered woman, was praised. Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes "mesmerizing", adding that "Clarke doesn't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys, aside from fierce determination, and yet she is riveting."[25] Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen, but concluded that "Clarke [...] more than seal[s] the deal here.[26] In 2017, Clarke reportedly became one of the highest paid actors on television, earning £2 million per episode of Game of Thrones.[27][28]
Clarke speaking at Comic-Con International in 2013
In 2012, Clarke appeared in Spike Island, a film named after the location of The Stone Roses's seminal 1990 gig.[29] From March to April 2013, Clarke played Holly Golightly in a Broadway production of Breakfast at Tiffany's.[30] That year, she also starred in Dom Hemingway alongside Jude Law. Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive, though it was a commercial failure.[31][32]
In May 2014, it was announced that she had joined the feature film Garden of Last Days alongside James Franco,[33] but the movie was scrapped two weeks before production was due to begin. Clarke was offered the role of Anastasia Steele in Fifty Shades of Grey but turned down the part because of the nudity required.[34] She played Sarah Connor in Terminator Genisys (2015), opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jai Courtney, and Jason Clarke.[35] The film grossed over $400 million worldwide, but received generally unfavorable reviews from critics,[36] despite this she did receive nominations for awards like the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Female and Germany's Jupiter Award for Best International Actress.
In 2016, Clarke starred as the female lead, opposite Sam Claflin, in the movie adaption of the best selling book (of the same name), Me Before You, released on 3 June 2016.[37] The film was a commercial success, grossing over $200 million worldwide and is Clarke's highest-rated film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[38][39] For her role as Louisa Clarke, she shared nominations with Sam Claflin for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock and the MTV Television Tearjerker Award.
She played the lead as Nurse Verena, in the film Voice from the Stone which was released on April 2017 in limited release, video on demand and digital HD.[40][41]
Upcoming projects[edit]
Clarke is also set to be attached to the films The Guns of August opposite Helena Bonham Carter,[42] Set It Up opposite Glen Powell,[43] and Above Suspicion opposite Jack Huston.[44] In November 2016, Clarke was cast as the female lead in the Star Wars untitled Han Solo film set to be released 25 May 2018.[45] In January 2017, Clarke was cast as the lead in the upcoming English language adaptation of the 2015 Korean romantic comedy, The Beauty Inside.[46]
Personal life[edit]
In 2012, Clarke began dating comedian and filmmaker Seth MacFarlane. The two broke up after approximately six months but remain friends.[47] As of October 2015, Clarke resides in Hampstead, London.[48] In 2016, she purchased a house in Venice Beach, Los Angeles.[49] She was voted the most desirable woman in the world by AskMen readers in 2014.[50] She was named Esquire's Sexiest Woman Alive in 2015.[51] On International Women's Day 2017, she published a well-received op-ed on HuffPost UK regarding modern feminism and encouraging gender equality.[52]
Clarke was the cover feature for the edition of 13 July 2017 of Rolling Stone, and revealed in the interview that she lost her father to cancer on 10 July 2016.[53]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Director
Notes
Ref.
Drop the Dog
2009 Julie !Julie Unknown !Unknown Short film
Spike Island
2012 Harris !Sally Harris Whitecross !Mat Whitecross [54]
Shackled
Malu Wazzi !Nour Wazzi Short film [55]
Dom Hemingway
2013 Hemingway !Evelyn Hemingway Shepard !Richard Shepard [56]
Terminator Genisys
2015 Connor !Sarah Connor Taylor !Alan Taylor [57]
Me Before You
2016 Clark !Louisa Clark Sharrock !Thea Sharrock [58]
Voice from the Stone
2017 Verena D. Howell !Eric D. Howell [59]
Above Suspicion
Smith !Susan Smith Noyce !Phillip Noyce Filming [60]
Untitled Han Solo film
2018 Kira Howard !Ron Howard [61]
Key
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Television[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Network
Notes
Ref.
Doctors
2009 Mayer !Saskia Mayer BBC One Episode: "Empty Nest" [62]
Triassic Attack
2010 Roundtree !Savannah Roundtree Syfy Film [63]
Game of Thrones
2011–present Targaryen !Daenerys Targaryen HBO Main role [64]
Futurama
2013 Marianne (voice) Comedy Central Episode: "Stench and Stenchibility" [65]
Robot Chicken
2016 Bridget (voice) Adult Swim Episode: "Joel Hurwitz Returns" [66]
Animals.
2017 Lumpy (voice) HBO Episode: "Rats." [67]
Thunderbirds Are Go
2017 Doyle (voice) ITV Episode: TBA [68]
Video games[edit]
Title
Year
Voice role
Ref.
Game of Thrones
2015 Daenerys Targaryen [69]
Theatre[edit]
Title
Year
Role
Venue
Ref.
Breakfast at Tiffany's
2013 Holly Golightly Cort Theatre [70]
Works and accolades[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Emilia Clarke
According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Clarke's most critically acclaimed films are Dom Hemingway (2014) and Me Before You (2016).[39]
Clarke has been nominated three times for a Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Game of Thrones.[71]
Biography portal
Film portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mayer, Erin (25 March 2014). "10 Short, Badass Actors Who Prove That Height is Only a Number". Bustle. BDG Media Inc. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017. At only 5'2", the Game of Thrones actress (and our one true Khaleesi) proves that you don't need to be tall to be fierce. Daenerys Targaryen is one shortie we'd definitely want on our side in any fight, with or without the dragons.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Emilia [@mebeforeyou] (20 May 2016). "@LANNISTERSPRIDE [my lucky number is] 23!! Ironically enough because it's my birthday." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016 – via Twitter. (For archive, scroll down to Clarke reply)
Jump up ^ "England & Wales births 1837-2006". FindMyPast.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Clarke, Emelia Isabelle E R [born] 1986
Jump up ^ "Certification of Incorporation of a Private Limited Company: Scenic Root Limited". The Registrar of Companies for England and Wales via Companies House. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke: Date of Birth 23/10/1986, Nationality British, Occupation Actor
Jump up ^ Some sources give 1 May 1987, including
"Emilia Clarke Biography: Actress (1987–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
"Emilia Clarke". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose CLARKE - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke: I feel just like Khaleesi in real life". Now. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Celebrates 28th Birthday on 'Game of Thrones' Set – See Epic Cake!". tooFab. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Actor Bio: Emilia Clarke". Game of Thrones: Cast and Crew. HBO. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "In Vogue: Emilia Clarke". Vogue. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Don (10 April 2015). "Dragon lady Emilia Clarke heats up a career with 'Thrones'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jennifer CLARKE - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Interview". 27 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "OSE to star in new HBO drama". St Edward's School. 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spotlight: Emilia Clarke". Spotlight. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Lisa's Story (YouTube). Samaritans. 16 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Video of Emilia Clarke in Student Movie". sitmovie.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "UK Stars of Tomorrow 2010". Screen Daily. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Was Not the First Choice to Play Daenerys Targaryen on 'Game of Thrones'". Yahoo!. 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Kevin, Patrick (20 March 2014). "Did the Funky Chicken land Emilia Clarke her 'Game of Thrones' role?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "HBO Re-commissions 'Game of Thrones'". IFTN. 19 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "EWwy Awards 2011: Meet Your Winners!". Entertainment Weekly. 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Nominees Full List: Breaking Bad, Homeland, Downton Abbey Dominate 2013 Awards". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (16 July 2015). "Emmy Nominations 2015 – Full List". Deadline.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (28 March 2013). "Fantasy gets real on ‘Game of Thrones’". The Boston Globe. John W. Henry. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd. "A Golden Crown" (for experts)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Parker, Mike (25 April 2017). "Game Of Thrones season 7: Stars set to earn £2 Million per episode". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (25 April 2017). "Game of Thrones season 7: Actors 'set to earn £2million per episode', making them highest-paid ever". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lesley Manville and Emilia Clarke Travel to 'Spike Island' With The Stone Roses". Thefilmstage.com. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast at Tiffany's Coming to Broadway with Emilia Clarke". Broadway Tour. BroadwayTour.net. 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dom Hemingway Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dom Hemingway (2013) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Loading... (2 May 2013). "Games of Thrones Star Emilia Clarke Cast in New Film Garden of Last Days Alongside James Franco". Entertainmentwise. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". The Huffington Post. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' Emilia Clarke Set For 'Terminator' In Sarah Connor Role". Deadline.com. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terminator Genisys". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (3 February 2016). "Trailer reveal: Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin in 'Me Before You'". USA Today. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You (2016) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Emilia Clarke". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (16 June 2014). "‘Game of Thrones’ Star Emilia Clarke Set for Thriller ‘Voice From the Stone’". Variety. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Boone, John (13 January 2017). "Exclusive: Emilia Clarke Is a Long Way From Westeros in First Look at 'Voice From the Stone'". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda (19 May 2014). "Emilia Clarke Joins WWI Drama 'The Guns of August' Opposite Helena Bonham Carter". Up and Comers. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (27 April 2016). "Glen Powell to Star With Emilia Clarke in 'The Set Up'". Variety. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke & Jack Huston in Talks For Beyond Suspicion Adaptation". Contactmusic.com. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Carbone, Gina (18 November 2016). "Emilia Clarke Joins Han Solo Movie as Female Lead". Moviefone. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (27 January 2017). "Emilia Clarke to Star in 'The Beauty Inside' for Fox 2000, Temple Hill". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Finally Opens Up About Dating Seth MacFarlane". E! Online. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Markovitz, Benjamin (13 October 2015). "The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke, Sexiest Woman Alive 2015". Esquire. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Purchases Venice Beach Mansion". Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Voted Most Desirable Woman". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke, Sexiest Woman Alive 2015". Esquire. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Emilia (7 March 2017). "The New Sexy". HuffPost UK. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, Alex (28 June 2017). "'Game of Thrones': Emilia Clarke, the Queen of Dragons, Tells All". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spike Island (2012) – Cast e personaggi". Movieplayer.it. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shackled". Filmshortage.com. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ McNally, Kelby (25 March 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Emilia Clarke gushes over Jude Law as she speaks about Dom Hemingway role". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (13 December 2013). "'Game of Thrones' star Emilia Clarke cast as Sarah Connor in 'Terminator' reboot". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (2 September 2014). "‘GOT’s Emilia Clarke, ‘Hunger Games’ Sam Claflin To Star In MGM’s ‘Me Before You’". Deadline. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (16 June 2014). "Emilia Clarke to Star in Indie Psychological Thriller 'Voice From the Stone'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (3 May 2016). "Cannes: Emilia Clarke, Jack Huston to Star in Thriller 'Above Suspicion'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "EMILIA CLARKE JOINS THE HAN SOLO STAND-ALONE FILM". StarWars.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Emilia Clarke’s First Appearance on TV". BBC America. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emilia Clarke Was In Syfy’s ‘Triassic’ Before ‘Game Of Thrones’ (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. 31 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones: Cast". HBO. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Futurama: "Stench and Stenchibility"". The A.V. Club. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "‘Game Of Thrones’ Star Emilia Clarke Shares Secret On Overcoming The Downsides Of Fame". Movienewsguide.com. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Hanh (1 March 2017). "‘Animals’ Trailer: Season 2 Throws Down With Emilia Clarke, Judy Greer, Rupaul and Dan Harmon". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Westbrook, Caroline (18 July 2017). "David Tennant and Emilia Clarke have signed up for Thunderbirds Are Go". Metro. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (20 November 2014). "[Exclusive] Meet The Exiled Son Of Game Of Thrones' House Forrester". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (20 March 2013). "More Waifish Than Wild, the Ingénue Returns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones". Emmys.com. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilia Clarke.
Emilia Clarke at the Internet Broadway Database
Emilia Clarke on IMDb
Emilia Clarke – Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere in Hollywood
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilia_Clarke&oldid=804616167"
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Release dove
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White release dove.
A release dove, also called white pigeon, is a rock dove bred for size and overall resemblance to a white dove. Pure white doves exist in nature as albinos.[citation needed] Not all release doves are rock doves and most breeders of doves for various uses do not domesticate their birds.
Although many dove release businesses advertise that their birds will be able to safely return home, a few released “doves” can be killed in accidents or by predators before they can make their way back. Most released birds are able to survive a return flight and are viewed similarly to racing pigeons that have been raced for centuries.
The pigeons bred for dove release services are bred for their color, small size, and for their amazing homing abilities and flight speeds.
Contents
1 Dove ceremonies
1.1 Common wedding release ceremonies
1.2 Common memorial release ceremonies
2 Types of white doves and pigeons used for release
2.1 Homing pigeons
2.2 White homing pigeons
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Dove ceremonies[edit]
Release dove handlers each offer their own unique list of release ceremonies to choose from. Some companies will offer either untrained homers, ringnecks, or other types of pigeon or dove. Those types of birds are likely to end up in the claws of a hawk, owl or cat, since they are unable to survive on their own in the wild.[1]
Common wedding release ceremonies[edit]
the "hand release" in which the bride and groom hold two doves which are then released together
the "flurry" or "flock release" in which the bride and groom release two birds by hand or from a box and then a larger group of doves are released shortly afterward to join them in the sky.
Common memorial release ceremonies[edit]
the "spirit" in which a single dove is released,
the "trinity" in which three doves are released, followed by a single dove representing the soul of the deceased.
the "12 dove" in which a single dove is first released, followed by twelve doves.
Types of white doves and pigeons used for release[edit]
Many of these birds are used for the release industry as well as for racing.
One strain of white homing pigeon, and most common, is the Stielbacht.
Many birds have been used for ceremonial releases. But only the Rock Dove has been used traditionally as a messenger of the event that they are released at.
Homing pigeons[edit]
There are many breeds of homing pigeons, often called "Thoroughbreds of the Sky". Colored homing pigeons are often used for ceremonial release when pure white homing pigeons are not needed or not available. The most common breed of homing pigeon is bred for racing, and typically flies 480 km (300 miles) to 970 km (600 miles) in a race. The earliest homing pigeons were not used for racing, but to carry messages over long distances in a short amount of time. Today, long-distance homing pigeons fly 1,600 km (1,000 miles) or more. All racers are judged and selected for how quickly they return home.
White homing pigeons[edit]
White racing pigeons are most often used for ceremonial release. The pure white pigeon or Rock Dove is associated with all good traits: peace, hope, love, goodwill and family to name a few.[citation needed] They are typically bigger and can be heavier than other Racing Homers as their primary breeding focus has been their ability to fly from many different locations and their looks rather than flight from a few select locations at a high rate of speed.[citation needed] A breed of white Racing Homer called the Belgian Pletinckx can be used for white dove release ceremonies and they make good racers.[2]
Although many people refer to the white homing pigeon as "racing pigeons", not all white ceremonial release pigeons are used for racing. A racing pigeon is different only in that it is bred for the sport of pigeon racing and breeders select for speed, as well as homing ability; they are in fact the same type of bird.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Balloon release
Sky lantern
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gorman, Kate. "Bird lady of Haslet helps to elevate occasions". Star Telegram (Jun 15, 2008). Retrieved 2008-06-25. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Perkins, Rix D (March–April 2008). "The Belgian Pletinckx - Not just another white homer". Purebred Pigeon.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columba livia.
Professional White Dove Release Association - US, Canada, Great Britain
White Dove Directory - find a release
National Pigeon Association (USA)
American Racing Pigeon Union
International Federation of American Homing Pigeon Fanciers
National Pigeon Association (Great Britain)
Canadian Racing Pigeon Union
The Canadian Pigeon Fanciers Association
National White Dove Release Society
http://www.destinydoves.co.uk white dove release UK
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Machine gun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Machine gun (disambiguation).
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A .50 caliber M2 machine gun: John Browning's design has been one of the longest serving and most successful machine gun designs
Top: IMI Negev (light machine gun). Bottom: FN MAG (general purpose machine gun).
Czechoslovak 7.62 mm Universal Machine gun Model 1959.
A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in rapid succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of 300 rounds per minute or higher. Not all fully automatic firearms are machine guns. Submachine guns, rifles, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols or cannons may be capable of fully automatic fire, but are not designed for sustained fire. As a class of military rapid-fire guns, machine guns are fully automatic weapons designed to be used as support weapons and generally used when attached to a mount- or fired from the ground on a bipod or tripod. Many (but not all) machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation, features not normally found on rifles.
By U.S. federal law, a "machine gun" is a legal term for any weapon able to fire more than one shot per trigger pull regardless of caliber, the receiver of any such weapon, any weapon convertible to such a state using normal tools, or any component or part that will modify an existing firearm such that it functions as a "machine gun" such as a drop-in auto sear.[1] Civilian possession of such weapons is not prohibited by any Federal law and not illegal in many states, but they must be registered as Title II weapons under the National Firearms Act and have a tax stamp paid. The Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 banned new production of firearms classified as machine guns for most civilian applications, however, so only "grandfathered" weapons produced before this date are legally transferable.[undue weight? – discuss]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview of modern machine guns
2 Operation
3 Design
4 History
4.1 Early rapid-firing weapons
4.2 Maxim and World War I
4.3 Interwar era and World War II
4.4 Cold War
4.5 Future
5 Human interface
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Overview of modern machine guns[edit]
A vehicle with a Sumitomo M2 heavy machine gun mounted at the rear
Unlike semi-automatic firearms, which require one trigger pull per round fired, a machine gun is designed to fire for as long as the trigger is held down. Nowadays the term is restricted to relatively heavy weapons, able to provide continuous or frequent bursts of automatic fire for as long as ammunition lasts. Machine guns are normally used against personnel, aircraft and light vehicles, or to provide suppressive fire, either directly or indirectly. They are commonly mounted on fast attack vehicles such as technicals to provide heavy mobile firepower, armored vehicles such as tanks for engaging targets too small to justify use of the primary weaponry or too fast to effectively engage with it, and on aircraft as defensive armament or for strafing ground targets, though on fighter aircraft true machine guns have mostly been supplanted by large-caliber rotary guns.
Some machine guns have in practice sustained fire almost continuously for hours; other automatic weapons overheat after less than a minute of use. Because they become very hot, practically all machine guns fire from an open bolt, to permit air cooling from the breech between bursts. They also usually have either a barrel cooling system, slow-heating heavyweight barrel, or removable barrels which allow a hot barrel to be replaced.
Although subdivided into "light", "medium", "heavy" or "general-purpose", even the lightest machine guns tend to be substantially larger and heavier than standard infantry arms. Medium and heavy machine guns are either mounted on a tripod or on a vehicle; when carried on foot, the machine gun and associated equipment (tripod, ammunition, spare barrels) require additional crew members.
Light machine guns are designed to provide mobile fire support to a squad and are typically air-cooled weapons fitted with a box magazine or drum and a bipod; they may use full-size rifle rounds, but modern examples often use intermediate rounds. Medium machine guns use full-sized rifle rounds and are designed to be used from fixed positions mounted on a tripod. Heavy machine gun is a term originating in World War I to describe heavyweight medium machine guns and persisted into World War II with Japanese Hotchkiss M1914 clones; today, however, it is used to refer to automatic weapons with a caliber of at least .50 in (12.7 mm)[2] but less than 20 mm. A general-purpose machine gun is usually a lightweight medium machine gun which can either be used with a bipod and drum in the light machine gun role or a tripod and belt feed in the medium machine gun role.
Machine guns usually have simple iron sights, though the use of optics is becoming more common. A common aiming system for direct fire is to alternate solid ("ball") rounds and tracer ammunition rounds (usually one tracer round for every four ball rounds), so shooters can see the trajectory and "walk" the fire into the target, and direct the fire of other soldiers.
DShK in heavy role
Many heavy machine guns, such as the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun, are accurate enough to engage targets at great distances. During the Vietnam War, Carlos Hathcock set the record for a long-distance shot at 7,382 ft (2,250 m) with a .50 caliber heavy machine gun he had equipped with a telescopic sight.[3] This led to the introduction of .50 caliber anti-materiel sniper rifles, such as the Barrett M82.
Other automatic weapons are subdivided into several categories based on the size of the bullet used, whether the cartridge is fired from a closed bolt or an open bolt, and whether the action used is locked or is some form of blowback.
Fully automatic firearms using pistol-calibre ammunition are called machine pistols or submachine guns largely on the basis of size; those using shotgun cartridges are almost always referred to as automatic shotguns. The term personal defense weapon (PDW) is sometimes applied to weapons firing dedicated armor-piercing rounds which would otherwise be regarded as machine pistols or SMGs, but it is not particularly strongly defined and has historically been used to describe a range of weapons from ordinary SMGs to compact assault rifles. Selective fire rifles firing a full-power rifle cartridge from a closed bolt are called automatic rifles or battle rifles, while rifles that fire an intermediate cartridge are called assault rifles.
Assault rifles are a compromise between the size and weight of a pistol-calibre submachine gun and a full size battle rifle, firing intermediate cartridges and allowing semi-automatic and burst or full-automatic fire options (selective fire), sometimes with both of the latter present.
Operation[edit]
direct impingement
gas piston
Many machine guns are of the locked breech type, and follow this cycle:
Pulling (manually or electrically) the bolt assembly/bolt carrier rearward by way of the cocking lever to the point bolt carrier engages a sear and stays at rear position until trigger is activated making bolt carrier move forward
Loading fresh round into chamber and locking bolt
Firing round by way of a firing pin or striker (except for aircraft medium calibre using electric ignition primers) hitting the primer that ignites the powder when bolt reaches locked position.
Unlocking and removing the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it out of the weapon as bolt is moving rearward
Loading the next round into the firing chamber. Usually the recoil spring (also known as main spring) tension pushes bolt back into battery and a cam strips the new round from a feeding device, belt or box.
Cycle is repeated as long as the trigger is activated by operator. Releasing the trigger resets the trigger mechanism by engaging a sear so the weapon stops firing with bolt carrier fully at the rear.
The operation is basically the same for all locked breech automatic firearms, regardless of the means of activating these mechanisms. There are also multi-chambered formats, such as revolver cannon, and some automatic weapons, including many submachine guns, the Schwarzlose machine gun etc., that do not lock at all but instead use simple blowback or some type of delayed blowback.
Design[edit]
Most modern machine guns use gas-operated reloading, which taps off some of the propellant gas from the fired cartridge, using its mechanical pressure to unlock the bolt and cycle the action. The Russian PK machine gun is an example. Another efficient and widely used format is the recoil actuated type, which uses the guns recoil energy for the same purpose. Machine guns such as the M2 Browning and MG42, are of this second kind. A cam, lever or actuator absorbs part of the energy of the recoil to operate the gun mechanism.
An externally actuated weapon uses an external power source, such as an electric motor or even a hand crank to move its mechanism through the firing sequence. Most modern weapons of this type are called Gatling guns or chain guns in reference to their driving mechanism. Gatling guns have several barrels each with an associated action on a rotating carousel and a system of cams that load, cock, and fire each mechanism progressively as it rotates through the sequence; essentially each barrel is a separate bolt-action rifle using a common feed source. The continuous nature of the rotary action allows for an incredibly high cyclic rate of fire, often several thousand rounds per minute. Rotary guns are less prone to jamming than a gun operated by gas or recoil, as the external power source will eject misfired rounds with no further trouble, but this is not possible in the rare cases of self-powered rotary guns. Rotary guns are generally used with large rounds, 20mm in diameter or more, offering benefits of reliability and firepower, though the weight and size of the power source and driving mechanism makes them impractical for use outside of a vehicle or aircraft mount.
Revolver cannons, such as the Mauser MK 213, were developed in World War II by the Germans to provide high-caliber cannons with a reasonable rate of fire and reliability. A recoil-operated carriage holds a revolving chamber with typically five chambers. As each round is fired, electrically, the carriage moves back rotating the chamber which also ejects the spent case, indexes the next live round to be fired with the barrel and loads the next round into the chamber. The action is very similar to that of the revolver pistols common in the 19th and 20th centuries, giving this type of weapon its name.
Firing a machine gun for prolonged periods produces large amounts of heat. In a worst-case scenario this may cause a cartridge to overheat and detonate even when the trigger is not pulled, potentially leading to damage or causing the gun to cycle its action and keep firing until it has exhausted its ammunition supply or jammed (this is known as cook-off, distinct from runaway fire where the sear fails to disengage when the trigger is released). To prevent this, some kind of cooling system is required. Early machine guns were often water-cooled; while very effective, the water also added considerable weight to an already bulky design. Air-cooled machine guns often feature quick-change barrels, often carried by a crew member, passive cooling fins, or in some designs systems of forced-air cooling such as that employed by the Lewis Gun. Advances in metallurgy and use of special composites in barrel liners allow for greater heat absorption and dissipation during firing. The higher the rate of fire, the more often barrels must be changed and allowed to cool. To minimize this, most air-cooled guns are fired only in short bursts or at a reduced rate of fire. Some designs – such as the many variants of the MG42 – are capable of rates of fire in excess of 1,200 rounds per minute.
In weapons where the round seats and fires at the same time, mechanical timing is essential for operator safety, to prevent the round from firing before it is seated properly. Machine guns are controlled by one or more mechanical sears. When a sear is in place, it effectively stops the bolt at some point in its range of motion. Some sears stop the bolt when it is locked to the rear. Other sears stop the firing pin from going forward after the round is locked into the chamber. Almost all machine guns have a "safety" sear,[citation needed] which simply keeps the trigger from engaging.
History[edit]
Collection of old machine guns in the Međimurje County Museum (Čakovec, Croatia). From rear to front: Austro-Hungarian Schwarzlose M7/12, British Lewis, German MG 08.
The first successful machine-gun designs were developed in the mid-19th century. The key characteristic of modern machine guns, their relatively high rate of fire and more importantly mechanical loading,[4] first appeared in the Model 1862 Gatling gun, which was adopted by the United States Navy. These weapons were still powered by hand; however, this changed with Hiram Maxim's idea of harnessing recoil energy to power reloading in his Maxim machine gun. Dr. Gatling also experimented with electric-motor-powered models; this externally powered machine reloading has seen use in modern weapons as well.
While technical use of the term "machine gun" has varied, the modern definition used by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute of America is "a fully automatic firearm that loads, fires and ejects continuously when the trigger is held to the rear until the ammunition is exhausted or pressure on the trigger is released."[4] This definition excludes most early manually operated repeating arms such as volley guns and the Gatling gun.
Early rapid-firing weapons[edit]
Detail of an 8-chambered matchlock revolver (Germany c. 1580)
The first known ancestors of multi-shot weapons were medieval organ guns, while the first to have the ability to fire multiple shots from a single barrel without a full manual reload were revolvers made in Europe in the late 1500s. One is a shoulder-gun-length weapon made in Nuremberg, Germany, circa 1580. Another is a revolving arquebus, produced by Hans Stopler of Nuremberg in 1597.[5]
True repeating long arms were difficult to manufacture prior to the development of the unitary firearm cartridge; nevertheless, lever-action repeating rifles such as the Kalthoff repeater and Cookson repeater were made in small quantities in the 17th century.
Replica Puckle Gun from Bucklers Hard Maritime Museum.
Another early revolving gun was created by James Puckle, a London lawyer, who patented what he called "The Puckle Gun" on May 15, 1718. It was a design for a manually operated 1.25 in. (32 mm) caliber, flintlock cannon with a revolver cylinder able to fire 6-11 rounds before reloading by swapping out the cylinder, intended for use on ships.[6] It was one of the earliest weapons to be referred to as a machine gun, being called such in 1722,[7] though its operation does not match the modern usage of the term. According to Puckle, it was able to fire round bullets at Christians and square bullets at Turks.[6] However, it was a commercial failure and was not adopted or produced in any meaningful quantity.
In 1777, Philadelphia gunsmith Joseph Belton offered the Continental Congress a "new improved gun", which was capable of firing up to twenty shots in five seconds; unlike older repeaters using complex lever-action mechanisms, it used a simpler system of superposed loads, and was loaded with a single large paper cartridge. Congress requested that Belton modify 100 flintlock muskets to fire eight shots in this manner, but rescinded the order when Belton's price proved too high.[8][9]
In the early and mid-19th century, a number of rapid-firing weapons appeared which offered multi-shot fire, mostly volley guns. Volley guns (such as the Mitrailleuse) and double barreled pistols relied on duplicating all parts of the gun, though the Nock gun used the otherwise-undesirable "chain fire" phenomenon (where multiple chambers are ignited at once) to propagate a spark from a single flintlock mechanism to multiple barrels. Pepperbox pistols also did away with needing multiple hammers but used multiple manually operated barrels. Revolvers further reduced this to only needing a pre-prepared cylinder and linked advancing the cylinder to cocking the hammer. However, these were still manually operated.
A detachment of French infantry with 2 Saint-Etienne Model 1907 machine guns (c.1914)
In 1854 a British patent for a mechanically operated machine gun was filed by Henry Clarke. This weapon used multiple barrels arranged side by side, fed by a revolving cylinder that was in turn fed by hoppers. The gun could be fired by percussion or electricity, according to the author. Unlike other mechanically operated machine guns of the era, this weapon didn't use any form of self-contained cartridge, with firing being carried out by separate percussion caps.[10] In the same year, water cooling was proposed for machine guns by Henry Bessemer, though he would later abandon this design.[11]
In America, a patent for a machine gun type weapon was filed by John Andrus Reynolds in 1855.[12] Another early American patent for a manually operated machine gun was filed by C. E. Barnes in 1856.[13]
The Agar Gun, otherwise known as a "coffee-mill gun" because of its resemblance to a coffee mill, was invented by Wilson Agar at the beginning of the US Civil War. The weapon featured mechanized loading using a hand crank linked to a hopper above the weapon. The weapon featured a single barrel and fired through the turning of the same crank; it operated using paper cartridges fitted with percussion caps and inserted into metal tubes which acted as chambers; it was therefore functionally similar to a revolver. The weapon was demonstrated to President Lincoln in 1861. He was so impressed with the weapon that he purchased 10 on the spot for $1,500 apiece. The Union Army eventually purchased a total of 54 of the weapons. However, due to antiquated views of the Ordnance Department the weapons, like its more famous counterpart the Gatling Gun, saw only limited use.
The Gatling gun, patented in 1861 by Richard Jordan Gatling, was the first to offer controlled, sequential fire with mechanical loading. The design's key features were machine loading of prepared cartridges and a hand-operated crank for sequential high-speed firing. It first saw very limited action in the American Civil War; it was subsequently improved and used in the Franco-Prussian war and North-West Rebellion. Many were sold to other armies in the late 19th century and continued to be used into the early 20th century, until they were gradually supplanted by Maxim guns. Early multi-barrel guns were approximately the size and weight of contemporary artillery pieces, and were often perceived as a replacement for cannon firing grapeshot or canister shot.[14] The large wheels required to move these guns around required a high firing position, which increased the vulnerability of their crews.[14] Sustained firing of gunpowder cartridges generated a cloud of smoke, making concealment impossible until smokeless powder became available in the late 19th century.[15] Gatling guns were targeted by artillery they could not reach, and their crews were targeted by snipers they could not see.[14] The Gatling gun was used most successfully to expand European colonial empires, since against poorly equipped indigenous armies it did not face such threats.[14]
A model of a typical entrenched German machine gunner in World War I. He is operating an MG 08, wearing a Stahlhelm and cuirass to protect him from shell fragments, and protected by rows of barbed wire and sandbags.
In 1870 a Lt. D. H. Friberg of the Swedish army patented a fully automatic recoil-operated firearm action and may have produced firing prototypes of a derived design around 1882: this was the forerunner to the 1907 Kjellman machine gun, though, due to rapid residue buildup from the use of black powder, Friberg's design was not a practical weapon.[16]
Maxim and World War I[edit]
The first practical self-powered machine gun was invented in 1884 by Sir Hiram Maxim. The Maxim machine gun used the recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than being hand-powered, enabling a much higher rate of fire than was possible using earlier designs such as the Nordenfelt and Gatling weapons. Maxim also introduced the use of water cooling, via a water jacket around the barrel, to reduce overheating. Maxim's gun was widely adopted, and derivative designs were used on all sides during the First World War. The design required fewer crew and was lighter and more usable than the Nordenfelt and Gatling guns. First World War combat experience demonstrated the military importance of the machine gun. The United States Army issued four machine guns per regiment in 1912, but that allowance increased to 336 machine guns per regiment by 1919.[17]
British Vickers machine gun in action near Ovillers during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. The crew are wearing gas masks.
Heavy guns based on the Maxim such as the Vickers machine gun were joined by many other machine weapons, which mostly had their start in the early 20th century such as the Hotchkiss machine gun. Submachine guns (e.g., the German MP 18) as well as lighter machine guns (the first light machine gun deployed in any significant number being the Madsen machine gun, with the Chauchat and Lewis gun soon following) saw their first major use in World War I, along with heavy use of large-caliber machine guns. The biggest single cause of casualties in World War I was actually artillery, but combined with wire entanglements, machine guns earned a fearsome reputation.
Another fundamental development occurring before and during the war was the incorporation by gun designers of machine gun auto-loading mechanisms into handguns, giving rise to semi-automatic pistols such as the Borchardt (1890s), automatic machine pistols and later submachine guns (such as the Beretta 1918).
Machine guns were mounted in aircraft for the first time in World War I. Immediately this raised a problem. The most effective position for guns in a single-seater fighter was clearly, for the purpose of aiming, directly in front of the pilot; but this placement would obviously result in bullets striking the moving propeller. Early solutions, aside from simply hoping that luck was on the pilot's side with an unsychronized forward-firing gun, involved either aircraft with pusher props like the Vickers F.B.5, Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 and Airco DH.2, wing mounts like that of the Nieuport 10 and Nieuport 11 which avoided the propeller entirely, or armored propeller blades such as those mounted on the Morane-Saulnier L which would allow the propeller to deflect unsynchronized gunfire. By mid 1915, the introduction of a reliable gun synchronizer by the Imperial German Flying Corps made it possible to fire a closed-bolt machine gun forward through a spinning propeller by timing the firing of the gun to miss the blades. The Allies had no equivalent system until 1916 and their aircraft suffered badly as a result, a period known as the Fokker Scourge, after the Fokker Eindecker, the first German plane to incorporate the new technology.
Interwar era and World War II[edit]
As better materials became available following the First World War, light machine guns became more readily portable; designs such as the Bren light machine gun replaced bulky predecessors like the Lewis gun in the squad support weapon role, while the modern division between medium machine guns like the M1919 Browning machine gun and heavy machine guns like the Browning M2 became clearer. New designs largely abandoned water jacket cooling systems as both undesirable, due to a greater emphasis on mobile tactics and unnecessary, thanks to the alternative and superior technique of preventing overheating by swapping barrels.
MG 42 with retracted bipod
The interwar years also produced the first widely used and successful general-purpose machine gun, the German MG34. While this machine gun was equally able in the light and medium roles, it proved difficult to manufacture in quantity, and experts on industrial metalworking were called in to redesign the weapon for modern tooling, creating the MG42. This weapon was simpler, cheaper to produce, fired faster, and replaced the MG34 in every application except vehicle mounts, since the MG42's barrel changing system could not be operated when it was mounted.
Submachine guns evolved during the war, going from complex and finely made weapons like the Thompson submachine gun to weapons designed for mass-production and easy replacement like the Sten gun. On the Eastern Front, entire Soviet divisions were equipped with nothing but the PPSh-41 submachine gun. Experience in close-range city combat led to the German military desiring a weapon representing a compromise between the high fire volume of the SMG and the accuracy of a full-size rifle; after a false start with the FG 42, this led to the development of the MP44 select-fire assault rifle, the first weapon to be called such.
Cold War[edit]
A U.S. Navy 7.62 mm GAU-17/A Minigun, an externally powered weapon.
Experience with the MG42 led to the US issuing a requirement to replace the aging Browning Automatic Rifle with a similar weapon, which would also replace the M1919; simply using the MG42 itself was not possible, as the design brief required a weapon which could be fired from the hip or shoulder like the BAR. The resulting design, the M60 machine gun, was issued to troops during the Vietnam War.
As it became clear that a high-volume-of-fire weapon would be needed for fast-moving jet aircraft to reliably hit their opponents, Gatling's work with electrically powered weapons was recalled and the 20 mm M61 Vulcan designed; a miniaturized 7.62 mm version initially known as the "mini-Vulcan" and quickly shortened to "minigun" was soon in production for use on helicopters, where the volume of fire could compensate for the instability of the helicopter as a firing platform.
Future[edit]
Conventional machine gun development has been slowed by the fact that existing machine gun designs are adequate for most purposes, although significant developments are taking place with regard to caseless ammunition, anti-armor and anti-missile weapons.[citation needed]
Human interface[edit]
Further information: Ground mount
Closeup of M2 – This machine gun is part of a complex armament subsystem; it is aimed and fired from the aircraft rather than directly
The most common interface on machine guns is a pistol grip and trigger. On earlier manual machine guns, the most common type was a hand crank. On externally powered machine guns, such as miniguns, an electronic button or trigger on a joystick is commonly used. Light machine guns often have a butt stock attached, while vehicle and tripod mounted machine guns usually have spade grips. In the late 20th century, scopes and other complex optics became more common as opposed to the more basic iron sights.
Loading systems in early manual machine guns were often from a hopper of loose (un-linked) cartridges. Manual-operated volley guns usually had to be reloaded manually all at once (each barrel reloaded by hand, or with a set of cartridges affixed to a plate that was inserted into the weapon). With hoppers, the rounds could often be added while the weapon was firing. This gradually changed to belt-fed types. Belts were either held in the open by the person, or in a bag or box. Some modern vehicle machine guns used linkless feed systems however.
Modern machine guns are commonly mounted in one of four ways. The first is a bipod – often these are integrated with the weapon. This is common on light machine guns and some medium machine guns. Another is a tripod, where the person holding it does not form a 'leg' of support. Medium and heavy machine guns usually use tripods. On ships, vehicles and aircraft machine guns are usually mounted on a pintle mount – basically a steel post that is connected to the frame or body. Tripod and pintle mounts are usually used with spade grips. The last major mounting type is one that is disconnected from humans, as part of an armament system, such as a tank coaxial or part of aircraft's armament. These are usually electrically fired and have complex sighting systems, for example the US Helicopter Armament Subsystems.
See also[edit]
Assault rifle
Autocannon
Breda (machine gun)
Chain gun
Firearm action
Gatling gun
General-purpose machine gun
Heavy machine gun
Light machine gun
List of firearms
List of machine guns
List of multiple barrel machine guns
Medium machine gun
Minigun
Mitrailleuse
Personal defense weapon
Revolver cannon
Squad automatic weapon
Submachine gun
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In United States law, a Machine Gun is defined (in part) by The National Firearms Act of 1934, 26 U.S.C. § 5845(b) as "... any weapon which shoots ... automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger."
Jump up ^ ""Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery," US Marine Corps" (PDF). Marines.mil. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Charles. Marine Sniper Berkley Caliber. (2005) ISBN 0-425-10355-2.
^ Jump up to: a b "SAAMI.org terminology glossary". Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute.
Jump up ^ Roger Pauly (2004). Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32796-3.
^ Jump up to: a b original patent claim reproduced in: Francis Bannerman Sons Bannerman Military Goods Catalogue #28 (1954) p.103
Jump up ^ "The Armoury of His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry" (PDF). University of Huddersfield.
Jump up ^ Harold L. Peterson (2000). Arms and Armor in Colonial America, 1526–1783. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 217–18. ISBN 0-486-41244-X.
Jump up ^ United States Continental Congress (1907). Journals of the Continental Congress. USGPO. , pp. 324, 361
Jump up ^ office, Great Britain Patent; Woodcroft, Bennet (23 December 2017). "Abridgments of the Specifications Relating to Fire-arms and Other Weapons, Ammunition, and Accoutrements: A.D. 1588-1858]-Pt. II. A.D. 1858-1866". Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, pub. at the Great seal patent office. Retrieved 23 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Mechanic's Magazine". R. A. Brooman. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Improvement in fire-arms". Google.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "HyperWar: The Machine Gun (Vol. /Part )". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Emmott, N.W. "The Devil's Watering Pot" United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 70
Jump up ^ Emmott, N.W. "The Devil's Watering Pot" United States Naval Institute Proceedings September 1972 p. 72
Jump up ^ "HyperWar: The Machine Gun (Vol. I/Part III)". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ayres, Leonard P. (1919). The War with Germany (Second ed.). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. p. 65.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Machine guns.
Discover Military Machine Guns
From Gatling to Browning September 1945 article Popular Science
How Stuff Works – Article on the operation of Machine Guns, animated diagrams are included.
The REME Museum of Technology – machine guns
U.S. Patent 15,315 – A patent for an early automatic cannon
Vickers machine gun site
Authority control
GND: 4169007-2
NDL: 01176754
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values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Machine_gun rootpage-Machine_gun skin-vector action-view