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Bag of holding
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This article is about the Dungeons & Dragons item. For the general concept, see Magic satchel.
A bag of holding is a fictional magical item in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game, capable of containing objects larger than its own size. Since its introduction, it has appeared in other media.
Contents
1 Description
2 Variants
3 Cursed bags
3.1 Bag of devouring
3.2 Bag of transmuting
4 Interaction with other magical items
5 In other games and media
5.1 Hackmaster
5.2 NetHack
5.3 Heretic
5.4 Discworld
5.5 Fold Box
5.6 The Thing Your Aunt Gave You Which You Don't Know What It Is
5.7 8-bit Theater
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Description[edit]
A bag of holding appears to be a common cloth sack of about 2 by 4 feet (0.61 by 1.22 m) in size. It opens into a nondimensional space (similar to a magic satchel) or a pocket dimension, making the space larger inside than it is outside. Each bag of holding always weighs the same amount, between 15 and 60 pounds (6.8 and 27.2 kg), regardless of what is put into it. It can store a combined weight of up to forty times its own weight, and a combined volume of 30 to 250 cubic feet (0.85 to 7.08 m3). A living creature put in a bag of holding will suffocate after about 10 minutes.[1]
If a bag of holding is overloaded, or if a sharp object pierces it (from outside or inside), the bag will rupture and be ruined, the contents lost forever in "nilspace".[1]
Variants[edit]
Other magical bags similar to the bags of holding include:
lesser bags of holding: these bags reduce only part of the weight within them, usually between 10% and 50%.
Bag of tricks: by reaching into this bag, the bearer can pull out some type of animal, such as rabbits, weasels, rats, penguins and bats, or even wolves, bears, horses, or rhinos.[1]
Heward's handy haversack: this backpack always weighs five pounds and is always the size of a normal backpack. It has two small side pouches that, like a bag of holding, can hold two cubic feet, much more than normal, or 20 pounds of material, while the larger central portion can hold 8 cubic feet (0.23 m3) or 80 pounds. The advantage of the handy haversack is that any item placed inside will be "handy", that is, located on top when intentionally sought. For example, if one were to place a dagger inside the haversack and cover it with a load of paper, upon searching for the dagger it would magically appear above the paper.[2]
Cursed bags[edit]
Some bags outwardly indistinguishable from a bag of holding have highly undesirable qualities. They are created by spellcasters either purposefully (especially in the case of a bag of devouring), or as a result of a failed spell in the process of creating a bag of holding.
Bag of devouring[edit]
Essentially a bottomless pit in a bag, this bag appears to be a normal sack, like a bag of holding, and seems to be a bag of holding on closer inspection. However, the bag is a lure used by an extradimensional creature; it is one of its feeding orifices. Issue 271 of Dragon[3] featured an article titled "The Ecology of a Bag of Devouring" that discussed the nature of such a creature.
Any substance of animal or vegetable matter put into the bag has a chance of being swallowed over time. Even a person reaching in to retrieve or place an item, after the initial time, has a chance of being completely dragged into the bag and swallowed. The bag of devouring will act as a bag of holding, but every hour it has an increasing chance of swallowing the contents. Any plants or animals swallowed by the bag in this way are transported to the creature's stomach, digested, and lost forever, while inedible items are swallowed and spat into another plane.[4]
Bag of transmuting[edit]
This magical sack will perform as a bag of holding for 2–10 uses. At some point, however, the magical field will waver, causing precious metals and gems stored in the bag to be turned into common metals and worthless stones. Any magical items placed in the bag will become ordinary lead, glass, or wood as appropriate once the transmuting effects have begun.
Interaction with other magical items[edit]
In the physics of Dungeons & Dragons, putting a bag of holding inside a portable hole will cause a rift to be opened to the Astral Plane, and both items will be lost forever. If a portable hole is placed within a bag of holding, it instead opens a gate to the Astral Plane, sucking in every creature in a ten-foot radius, and destroying both the bag and hole. The contents of the bags are either scattered throughout the Astral Plane or destroyed.[1] Placing bags of holding into one another (or within a Heward's handy haversack or vice versa) has no adverse effects in the 4th edition of the game and would allow one to store an unlimited quantity of items (each bag of holding being limited in total weight capacity to roughly 40 additional bags, depending on the size of each).[citation needed]
In earlier editions of Dungeons & Dragons, putting one bag of holding inside another would have the same effect as placing a portable hole into a bag of holding. Interactions with portable holes had the effects listed above.
In other games and media[edit]
Hackmaster[edit]
The Bagworld is the basis of especially capacious holding devices (e.g. the fanny pack of hefty capacity) in the Knights of the Dinner Table HackMaster roleplaying game (originally a fictionalized form of Dungeons & Dragons). Bagworld is another planet (possibly located on another plane of reality) that is accessed via bag devices, enabling characters to cache enormous amounts of materials. Bagworld possesses its own, apparently infinite breathable atmosphere, but no known native lifeforms; thus, a living creature placed inside is in no danger of suffocation, though death by starvation and/or dehydration is possible if the creature is not supplied with provisions. From the Bagworld point of view, there are a great many holes in the sky from which giants deposit and retrieve items (a creature or object that completely enters the bag device will shrink to Bagworld's scale once inside). If a bag device connected to Bagworld is placed inside another such device, the device placed inside is destroyed, and the contents of all remaining connected devices are "shuffled", with each device's contents moved to the accessible space of another (random) storage device.
NetHack[edit]
In the roguelike computer game NetHack, a bag of holding has slightly different properties:
There is no limit on the amount of weight such a bag can hold.
The bag does not have a constant weight; it varies with the items it holds.
A cursed bag will be proportionally heavier than the items it contains.
An uncursed or blessed bag will be proportionally lighter, with a blessed bag being much lighter.
A bag will explode (destroying all contents) if a charged wand of cancellation, bag of tricks, or another bag of holding is placed inside; if said items are nested within a sufficient number of ordinary bags, adverse effects are less likely.
Heretic[edit]
In the first-person shooter video game Heretic, a bag of holding is a collectible item that permanently doubles the player's ammunition capacity.
Discworld[edit]
In Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel Making Money, wizard Ponder Stibbons is placed in charge of the "Cabinet of Curiosity", which he describes as "a classic Bag of Holding but with n mouths, where n is the number of items in an eleven-dimensional universe which are not currently alive, not pink and can fit in a cubical drawer 14.14 inches (359 mm) on a side, divided by P."[5] To ask what "P" is, is "the wrong sort of question."[5] The Cabinet manifests as a "tree" of drawers within drawers within drawers, that open in an unfolding fractal pattern of iterations. Iteration one is a simple cabinet, but by the time of the novel they have managed to increase the number of drawers until the Cabinet fills a cathedral-sized room (actually a standard sized room, but the wizards increased the space by decreasing time; asking how is the wrong kind of question). Each drawer holds an apparently random object. If any objects are removed from the cabinet for longer than 14.14 hours, it ceases to work, limiting its usefulness.
Also in Discworld is the Luggage, a variant of Heward's handy haversack. However, the Luggage has the added benefit that any clothes put in will come out pressed, folded and smelling faintly of lavender.[6] Additionally, it will attack with murderous mindlessness anyone who threatens its owner by stomping on them with its hundreds of little feet.[7] It is also possible that the Luggage will swallow an assailant, and it has been described as having rows of teeth like a shark, which can appear and disappear as needed. It also has command of a possibly infinite number of dimensions, thus anyone it swallows will disappear to a separate dimension from the clothes it carries. It has also been known to lure people into leaning into it by filling itself with gold and gems.
Fold Box[edit]
In Robert Heinlein's fantasy Glory Road book, a similar magic object – although not a bag, a fold box is a little black box 'about the size and shape of a portable typewriter', that can be opened again and again 'unfolding its sides and letting them down until it is the size of a small moving van' when folded back up it does not weigh more than a few pounds, even though tons of materials may be carried around in it.
The Thing Your Aunt Gave You Which You Don't Know What It Is[edit]
Though its appearance is never described, the Thing Your Aunt Gave You Which You Don't Know What It Is in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy computer game is a Bag of Holding that can hold any number of other items and never becomes too heavy to carry. Only one item the player encounters in the game will not fit inside it. Also, if dropped, the Thing mysteriously reappears in the player's possession several turns later, even if the player is already holding as much as they can carry, so dropping it essentially increases the player's carrying capacity by one item each time it is dropped.
8-bit Theater[edit]
A bag of holding is used to allow use of a universe destroying "Ice-9" spell (the enemy is thrown into the bag and the spell fired after them, destroying only the bag's pocket universe rather than the regular universe).
A later strip bears the odd title "I turned my bag of holding inside-out, wrapped it around me, and walked out through the dungeon walls", which is apparently a reference to either a comedy skit by Dead Alewives or a website parodying bad D&D ideas.[8]
See also[edit]
Portable hole
TARDIS
The Luggage
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cook, Monte; Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan (2003). Dungeon Master's Guide v.3.5. Renton, Wash.: Wizards of the Coast. p. 248. ISBN 0786928891.
Jump up ^ Cook, Monte; Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan (2003). Dungeon Master's Guide v.3.5. Renton, Wash.: Wizards of the Coast. p. 259. ISBN 0786928891.
Jump up ^ " It all made sense, then. Why something as useful as a bag of holding would be left in the wizard's chest, empty and neglected. Why it had closed up, sealing me in. " Issue 271, Dragon magazine, 'The Ecology of the Bag of Devouring' By Kevin Haw
Jump up ^ Cook, Monte; Williams, Skip; Tweet, Jonathan (2003). Dungeon Master's Guide v.3.5. Renton, Wash.: Wizards of the Coast. p. 274. ISBN 0786928891.
^ Jump up to: a b Terry Pratchett (2007). Making Money. Doubleday. p. 194.
Jump up ^ Terry Pratchett (1989). Sourcery. Corgi. p. 194.
Jump up ^ Terry Pratchett (1983). The Colour of Magic. Colin Smythe.
Jump up ^ http://www.giantitp.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-185305.html
References[edit]
Cook, David. Dungeon Master's Guide (TSR, 1989).
Cook, Monte, Skip Williams, and Jonathan Tweet. Dungeon Master's Guide (Wizards of the Coast, 2000).
Gygax, Gary, Dave Arneson. Monsters & Treasure (TSR, 1974).
Gygax, Gary. Dungeon Master's Guide (TSR, 1979).
Haw, Kevin. "The Ecology of the Bag of Devouring." Dragon #271 (Paizo Publishing, 2000).
Williams, Skip. "Rules of the Game: Carrying Things (Part Three)" (Wizards of the Coast, 2005). Available online [1]
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Tuple relational calculus
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Tuple calculus is a calculus that was created and introduced by Edgar F. Codd as part of the relational model, in order to provide a declarative database-query language for data manipulation in this data model. It formed the inspiration for the database-query languages QUEL and SQL, of which the latter, although far less faithful to the original relational model and calculus, is now the de facto standard database-query language; a dialect of SQL is used by nearly every relational-database-management system. Lacroix and Pirotte proposed domain calculus, which is closer to first-order logic and together with Codd showed that both of these calculi (as well as relational algebra) are equivalent in expressive power. Subsequently, query languages for the relational model were called relationally complete if they could express at least all of these queries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of the calculus
1.1 Relational database
1.2 Atoms
1.3 Formulas
1.4 Queries
2 Semantic and syntactic restriction of the calculus
2.1 Domain-independent queries
2.2 Safe queries
3 Systems
4 See also
5 References
Definition of the calculus[edit]
Relational database[edit]
Since the calculus is a query language for relational databases we first have to define a relational database. The basic relational building block is the domain (somewhat similar, but not equal to, a data type). A tuple is a finite sequence of attributes, which are ordered pairs of domains and values. A relation is a set of ordered pairs of domains and names; a relation serves as the header for a relation. A relation is a set of (compatible) tuples. Although these relational concepts are mathematically defined, those definitions map loosely to traditional database concepts. A table is an accepted visual representation of a relation; a tuple is similar to the concept of a row.
We first assume the existence of a set C of column names, examples of which are "name", "author", "address", etcetera. We define headers as finite subsets of C. A relational database schema is defined as a tuple S = (D, R, h) where D is the domain of atomic values (see relational model for more on the notions of domain and atomic value), R is a finite set of relation names, and
h : R → 2C
a function that associates a header with each relation name in R. (Note that this is a simplification from the full relational model where there is more than one domain and a header is not just a set of column names but also maps these column names to a domain.) Given a domain D we define a tuple over D as a partial function that maps some column names to an atomic value in D. An example would be (name : "Harry", age : 25).
t : C ⇸ D
The set of all tuples over D is denoted as TD. The subset of C for which a tuple t is defined is called the domain of t (not to be confused with the domain in the schema) and denoted as dom(t).
Finally we define a relational database given a schema S = (D, R, h) as a function
db : R → 2TD
that maps the relation names in R to finite subsets of TD, such that for every relation name r in R and tuple t in db(r) it holds that
dom(t) = h(r).
The latter requirement simply says that all the tuples in a relation should contain the same column names, namely those defined for it in the schema.
Atoms[edit]
For the construction of the formulas we will assume an infinite set V of tuple variables. The formulas are defined given a database schema S = (D, R, h) and a partial function type : V ⇸ 2C, called at type assignment, that assigns headers to some tuple variables. We then define the set of atomic formulas A[S,type] with the following rules:
if v and w in V, a in type(v) and b in type(w) then the formula v.a = w.b is in A[S,type],
if v in V, a in type(v) and k denotes a value in D then the formula v.a = k is in A[S,type], and
if v in V, r in R and type(v) = h(r) then the formula r(v) is in A[S,type].
Examples of atoms are:
(t.age = s.age) — t has an age attribute and s has an age attribute with the same value
(t.name = "Codd") — tuple t has a name attribute and its value is "Codd"
Book(t) — tuple t is present in relation Book.
The formal semantics of such atoms is defined given a database db over S and a tuple variable binding val : V → TD that maps tuple variables to tuples over the domain in S:
v.a = w.b is true if and only if val(v)(a) = val(w)(b)
v.a = k is true if and only if val(v)(a) = k
r(v) is true if and only if val(v) is in db(r)
Formulas[edit]
The atoms can be combined into formulas, as is usual in first-order logic, with the logical operators ∧ (and), ∨ (or) and ¬ (not), and we can use the existential quantifier (∃) and the universal quantifier (∀) to bind the variables. We define the set of formulas F[S,type] inductively with the following rules:
every atom in A[S,type] is also in F[S,type]
if f1 and f2 are in F[S,type] then the formula f1 ∧ f2 is also in F[S,type]
if f1 and f2 are in F[S,type] then the formula f1 ∨ f2 is also in F[S,type]
if f is in F[S,type] then the formula ¬ f is also in F[S,type]
if v in V, H a header and f a formula in F[S,type[v->H]] then the formula ∃ v : H ( f ) is also in F[S,type], where type[v->H] denotes the function that is equal to type except that it maps v to H,
if v in V, H a header and f a formula in F[S,type[v->H]] then the formula ∀ v : H ( f ) is also in F[S,type]
Examples of formulas:
t.name = "C. J. Date" ∨ t.name = "H. Darwen"
Book(t) ∨ Magazine(t)
∀ t : {author, title, subject} ( ¬ ( Book(t) ∧ t.author = "C. J. Date" ∧ ¬ ( t.subject = "relational model")))
Note that the last formula states that all books that are written by C. J. Date have as their subject the relational model. As usual we omit brackets if this causes no ambiguity about the semantics of the formula.
We will assume that the quantifiers quantify over the universe of all tuples over the domain in the schema. This leads to the following formal semantics for formulas given a database db over S and a tuple variable binding val : V -> TD:
f1 ∧ f2 is true if and only if f1 is true and f2 is true,
f1 ∨ f2 is true if and only if f1 is true or f2 is true or both are true,
¬ f is true if and only if f is not true,
∃ v : H ( f ) is true if and only if there is a tuple t over D such that dom(t) = H and the formula f is true for val[v->t], and
∀ v : H ( f ) is true if and only if for all tuples t over D such that dom(t) = H the formula f is true for val[v->t].
Queries[edit]
Finally we define what a query expression looks like given a schema S = (D, R, h):
{ v : H | f(v) }
where v is a tuple variable, H a header and f(v) a formula in F[S,type] where type = { (v, H) } and with v as its only free variable. The result of such a query for a given database db over S is the set of all tuples t over D with dom(t) = H such that f is true for db and val = { (v, t) }.
Examples of query expressions are:
{ t : {name} | ∃ s : {name, wage} ( Employee(s) ∧ s.wage = 50.000 ∧ t.name = s.name ) }
{ t : {supplier, article} | ∃ s : {s#, sname} ( Supplier(s) ∧ s.sname = t.supplier ∧ ∃ p : {p#, pname} ( Product(p) ∧ p.pname = t.article ∧ ∃ a : {s#, p#} ( Supplies(a) ∧ s.s# = a.s# ∧ a.p# = p.p# ) }
Semantic and syntactic restriction of the calculus[edit]
Domain-independent queries[edit]
Because the semantics of the quantifiers is such that they quantify over all the tuples over the domain in the schema it can be that a query may return a different result for a certain database if another schema is presumed. For example, consider the two schemas S1 = ( D1, R, h ) and S2 = ( D2, R, h ) with domains D1 = { 1 }, D2 = { 1, 2 }, relation names R = { "r1" } and headers h = { ("r1", {"a"}) }. Both schemas have a common instance:
db = { ( "r1", { ("a", 1) } ) }
If we consider the following query expression
{ t : {a} | t.a = t.a }
then its result on db is either { (a : 1) } under S1 or { (a : 1), (a : 2) } under S2. It will also be clear that if we take the domain to be an infinite set, then the result of the query will also be infinite. To solve these problems we will restrict our attention to those queries that are domain independent, i.e., the queries that return the same result for a database under all of its schemas.
An interesting property of these queries is that if we assume that the tuple variables range over tuples over the so-called active domain of the database, which is the subset of the domain that occurs in at least one tuple in the database or in the query expression, then the semantics of the query expressions does not change. In fact, in many definitions of the tuple calculus this is how the semantics of the quantifiers is defined, which makes all queries by definition domain independent.
Safe queries[edit]
In order to limit the query expressions such that they express only domain-independent queries a syntactical notion of safe query is usually introduced. To determine whether a query expression is safe we will derive two types of information from a query. The first is whether a variable-column pair t.a is bound to the column of a relation or a constant, and the second is whether two variable-column pairs are directly or indirectly equated (denoted t.v == s.w).
For deriving boundedness we introduce the following reasoning rules:
in " v.a = w.b " no variable-column pair is bound,
in " v.a = k " the variable-column pair v.a is bound,
in " r(v) " all pairs v.a are bound for a in type(v),
in " f1 ∧ f2 " all pairs are bound that are bound either in f1 or in f2,
in " f1 ∨ f2 " all pairs are bound that are bound both in f1 and in f2,
in " ¬ f " no pairs are bound,
in " ∃ v : H ( f ) " a pair w.a is bound if it is bound in f and w <> v, and
in " ∀ v : H ( f ) " a pair w.a is bound if it is bound in f and w <> v.
For deriving equatedness we introduce the following reasoning rules (next to the usual reasoning rules for equivalence relations: reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity):
in " v.a = w.b " it holds that v.a == w.b,
in " v.a = k " no pairs are equated,
in " r(v) " no pairs are equated,
in " f1 ∧ f2 " it holds that v.a == w.b if it holds either in f1 or in f2,
in " f1 ∨ f2 " it holds that v.a == w.b if it holds both in f1 and in f2,
in " ¬ f " no pairs are equated,
in " ∃ v : H ( f ) " it holds that w.a == x.b if it holds in f and w<>v and x<>v, and
in " ∀ v : H ( f ) " it holds that w.a == x.b if it holds in f and w<>v and x<>v.
We then say that a query expression { v : H | f(v) } is safe if
for every column name a in H we can derive that v.a is equated with a bound pair in f,
for every subexpression of f of the form " ∀ w : G ( g ) " we can derive that for every column name a in G we can derive that w.a is equated with a bound pair in g, and
for every subexpression of f of the form " ∃ w : G ( g ) " we can derive that for every column name a in G we can derive that w.a is equated with a bound pair in g.
The restriction to safe query expressions does not limit the expressiveness since all domain-independent queries that could be expressed can also be expressed by a safe query expression. This can be proven by showing that for a schema S = (D, R, h), a given set K of constants in the query expression, a tuple variable v and a header H we can construct a safe formula for every pair v.a with a in H that states that its value is in the active domain. For example, assume that K={1,2}, R={"r"} and h = { ("r", {"a, "b"}) } then the corresponding safe formula for v.b is:
v.b = 1 ∨ v.b = 2 ∨ ∃ w ( r(w) ∧ ( v.b = w.a ∨ v.b = w.b ) )
This formula, then, can be used to rewrite any unsafe query expression to an equivalent safe query expression by adding such a formula for every variable v and column name a in its type where it is used in the expression. Effectively this means that we let all variables range over the active domain, which, as was already explained, does not change the semantics if the expressed query is domain independent.
Systems[edit]
DES – An educational tool for working with Tuple Relational Calculus and other formal languages
WinRDBI – An educational tool for working with Tuple Relational Calculus and other formal languages
See also[edit]
Relational algebra
Relational calculus
Domain relational calculus (DRC)
References[edit]
Edgar F. Codd: A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. Communications of the ACM, 13(6):377–387, 1970.
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1966 Nigerian coup d'état
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1966 Nigerian coup d'etat
Date
January 15–16, 1966
Location
Nigeria
Result
Overthrow of Abubakar Balewa
Assassination of 11 senior Politicians
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi seized power
Instigation of Northern-led counter-coup
Nigerian Civil War starts in 1967
Belligerents
Government of Nigeria Rebel Army Officers
Commanders and leaders
Abubakar Balewa †
Ahmadu Bello †
Samuel Akintola †
Festus Okotie-Eboh † Kaduna Nzeogwu
Timothy Onwuatuegwu
Emmanuel Ifeajuna
Adewale Ademoyega
Chris Anuforo
Humphrey Chukwuka
Don Okafor
Strength
unknown unknown
Casualties and losses
22 dead 0
The 1966 Nigerian coup d'état began on January 15, 1966, when mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people[1] including the Prime Minister of Nigeria, many senior politicians, many senior Army officers (including their wives), and sentinels on protective duty.[2][3] The coup plotters attacked the cities of Kaduna, Ibadan, and Lagos while also blockading the Niger and Benue River within a two-day span of time before the coup plotters were subdued. The General Officer Commanding, of the Nigerian Army, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi then used the coup as a pretext to annex power, ending Nigeria's nascent democracy. It was one of the events that led to the Nigerian Civil War.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Coup
3 Aftermath
4 Officers involved
4.1 Conspirators
4.2 Participants
4.3 Government officials
5 Casualties
5.1 Civilians
5.2 Military and police
6 References
Background[edit]
In August 1965 a group of Army majors (Kaduna Nzeogwu, Emmanuel Ifeajuna, Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Humphrey Chukwuka, and Adewale Ademoyega) began plotting a coup d'état against incumbent Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa. The coup was planned because according to the majors, the men at the helm of affairs were running Nigeria aground with their corrupt ways. Ministers under them were living flamboyant lifestyles and looting public funds at the expense of ordinary citizens.
The president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe left the country in late 1965, first for Europe, then on a cruise to the Caribbean. Under the law, the Senate president, Nwafor Orizu, became acting president during his absence and had all the powers of the president.
Coup[edit]
Late in the morning of January 15, 1966, at a meeting with some local journalists in Kaduna seeking to find out what was going on, it was brought to Major Nzeogwu's attention that the only information about the events then was what was being broadcast by the BBC. Nzeogwu was surprised because he had expected a radio broadcast of the rebels from Lagos. He is said to have "gone wild" when he learnt that Emmanuel Ifeajuna in Lagos had not made any plans whatsoever to neutralize Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi who was the Commander of the Army. Therefore, Nzeogwu hurriedly drafted a speech which was broadcast on Radio Kaduna sometime around 12 a.m. and in which he declared martial law over the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.[4][5]
Aftermath[edit]
Acting President Nwafor Orizu made a nationwide broadcast, after he had briefed President Nnamdi Azikiwe on the phone about the decision of the cabinet, announcing the cabinet's "voluntary" decision to transfer power to the armed forces. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi then made his own broadcast, accepting the "invitation". On January 17, Major General Ironsi established the Supreme Military Council in Lagos and effectively suspended the constitution.[6]
Officers involved[edit]
The list below shows the officers involved on both sides of the coup as well as their ethnic backgrounds.
Conspirators[edit]
Maj. Kaduna Nzeogwu (Igbo)
Maj. Adewale Ademoyega (Yoruba), author of "Why we struck"
Maj. Emmanuel Ifeajuna (Igbo)
Maj. Timothy Onwuatuegwu (Igbo)
Maj. Chris Anuforo (Igbo)
Maj. Humphrey Chukwuka (Igbo)
Maj. Don Okafor (Igbo)
Capt. Ogbo Oji (Igbo)
Participants[edit]
Capt. Emmanuel Nwobosi (Igbo)
Capt. G. Adeleke (Yoruba)
Lt. Fola Oyewole (Yoruba), author of "The reluctant rebel"
Lt. R. Egbiko (Esan)
Lt. PM Okocha (Igbo)
Lt. Tijani Katsina(Hausa/Fulani)
Lt. O. Olafemiyan (Yoruba)
Capt. Gibson Jalo (Bali)
Capt. Swanton (Middle Belt)
Lt. Dag Warribor (Ijaw)
2nd Lt. Saleh Dambo (Hausa)
2nd Lt. John Atom Kpera (Tiv)
Capt. Ben Gbulie (Igbo)
Lt. Dimka
Government officials[edit]
Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa † (Baggara)
Premier Ahmadu Bello † (Fulani)
Premier Samuel Akintola † (Yoruba)
Finance Minister Festus Okotie-Eboh † (Itsekiri)
Gen. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (Igbo)
Brig. Samuel Ademulegun † (Yoruba)
Brig. Zakariya Maimalari † (Kanuri)
Col. Kur Mohammed † (Kanuri)
Col. Ralph Shodeinde † (Yoruba)
Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon (Ngas)
Lt. Col. Abogo Largema † (Kanuri)
Lt. Col. James Pam † (Berom)
Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe † (Igbo)
Lt. Col. Conrad Nwawo (Igbo)
Maj. Hassan Katsina (Fulani)
Casualties[edit]
Comprehensive list of casualties from the coup are below[1]
Civilians[edit]
Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Premier Ahmadu Bello
Premier Samuel Ladoke Akintola
Finance Minister Festus Okotie-Eboh
Ahmed Ben Musa (Senior Assistant Secretary for Security)
Hafsatu Bello
Mrs Latifat Ademulegun
Zarumi Sardauna
Ahmed Pategi (Government driver)
Military and police[edit]
Brig. Samuel Ademulegun
Brig. Zakariya Maimalari
Col. Ralph Shodeinde
Col. Kur Mohammed
Lt. Col. Abogo Largema
Lt. Col. James Pam
Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe
Sergeant Daramola Oyegoke (assisted Nzeogwu in the attack on the Sardauna's lodge and according to the Police report was murdered by Nzeogwu)[2][3]
PC Yohana Garkawa
Lance Corporal Musa Nimzo
PC Akpan Anduka
PC Hagai Lai
philip lewande
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976). Algora Publishing, 2009. p. 237. ISBN 9780875867106.
^ Jump up to: a b Omoigui, Nowamagbe. "SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT: "Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966". Gamji.com. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk-Greene & Millard. Crisis and conflict in Nigeria: a documentary sourcebook, Volume 1; Volume 9. Oxford University Press, 1971. p. 124. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Nzeogwu's Declaration of Martial Law - January 15, 1966
Jump up ^ "Radio broadcast by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu – announcing Nigeria's first military coup on Radio Nigeria, Kaduna on January 15, 1966". Vanguard. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Abubakar Ibrahim (29 July 2008). "The Forgotten Interim President". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
"SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT: "Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966"".
Siollun, Max (2005-10-30). "The inside story of Nigeria's first military coup". kwenu.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Coutsoukis, Photius (June 1991). "Nigeria The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government". photius.com. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
Isiguzo, Christopher (2010-07-20). "Nigeria: Jan 1966 Coup Planned By Revolutionaries, Says Study". allAfrica. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Francis, James (2009-03-29). "The history of coup d'etat in Nigeria". It is all about the history of Nigeria. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
[hide]
v
t
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Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups in Africa since 1960
1960s
Republic of the Congo (1960)
Ethiopia (1960)
French Algeria (1961)
Senegal (1962)
Benin (1963)
Togo (1963)c
Gabon (1964)c
Zanzibar (1964)
Algeria (1965)c
Benin (1965)
Burundi (1965)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
Central African Republic (1965–1966)c
Burundi (July 1966)c
Burundi (November 1966)c
Ghana (1966)c
Upper Volta (1966)c
Nigeria (January 1966)c
Nigeria (July 1966)c
Republic of the Congo (1966)
Benin (1967)
Ghana (1967)
Togo (1967)c
Mali (1968)c
Republic of the Congo (1968)c
Benin (1969)
Sudan (1969)c
Libya (1969)c
Somalia (1969)c
1970s
Lesotho (1970)‡
Uganda (1971)c
Morocco (1971)
Sudan (1971)c
Benin (1972)
Ghana (1972)c
Morocco (1972)
Republic of the Congo (1972)
Rwanda (1973)c
Niger (1974)c
Comoros (1975)c
Nigeria (1975)c
Chad (1975)c
Burundi (1976)c
Nigeria (1976)
Benin (1977)
Republic of the Congo (1977)c
Seychelles (1977)c
Sudan (1977)
Ghana (1978)‡
Central African Republic (1979)c
Ghana (1979)c
Equatorial Guinea (1979)c
1980s
Liberia (1980)c
Guinea-Bissau (1980)c
Upper Volta (1980)c
Central African Republic (1981)
Gambia (1981)
Ghana (1981)c
Seychelles (1981)
Central African Republic (1982)
Kenya (1982)
Upper Volta (1982)c
Upper Volta (1983)
Upper Volta (1983)c
Nigeria (1983)c
Mauritania (1984)c
Cameroon (1984)
Guinea (1984)c
Uganda (1985)c
Nigeria (1985)c
Sudan (1985)c
Lesotho (1986)c
Burkina Faso (1987)c
Burundi (1987)c
Republic of the Congo (1987)
Tunisia (1987)c
Sudan (1989)c
Burkina Faso (1989)
Ethiopia (1989)
1990s
Nigeria (1990)
Zambia (1990)
Mali (1991)c
Lesotho (1991)c
Sierra Leone (1992)c
Algeria (1992)
Burundi (1993)
Nigeria (1993)c
Gambia (1994)c
Lesotho (1994)‡
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Rick Allen (drummer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rick Allen
Allen live with Def Leppard on 13 August 2008 in Winnipeg
Background information
Birth name
Richard John Cyril Allen
Also known as
The Thunder God
Born
(1963-11-01) 1 November 1963 (age 54)
Dronfield, Derbyshire, England
Genres
Hard rock, heavy metal, glam metal
Occupation(s)
Musician
Instruments
Drums, percussion, vocals
Years active
1978–present
Labels
Island, Mercury, Polygram
Associated acts
Def Leppard
Website
rickallen.com
Richard John Cyril Allen (born 1 November 1963) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978. He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band, which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase. He is known as "The Thunder God" by fans.[1][2]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Accident and recovery
3 Gear
4 Raven Drum Foundation
5 One Hand Drum Company
6 Side projects
7 Personal life
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Allen started playing drums at the age of nine. He performed in bands called Grad, Smokey Blue, Rampant, and the Johnny Kalendar Band.[3] When Allen was 14, his mother replied on his behalf to an advertisement placed by a band called "Def Leppard" looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ("Leppard loses skins" was the advertisement's headline). Later, on 1 November 1978, his 15th birthday, Allen joined the band. In 1979, he dropped out of school (other band members left their jobs around the same time) to concentrate on a career in music. In September 1979, they opened for Sammy Hagar at London's Hammersmith Odeon. Subsequently, Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC/DC during October and November 1979. Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon. On 14 March 1980, the band released their first album, On Through the Night. Since their first album, Allen continues to record and tour with the band.
Accident and recovery[edit]
"What I've experienced through losing my arm, I wouldn't change. The human spirit is so strong."
Rick Allen[4]
On the afternoon of 31 December 1984, Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield.[5] While trying to pass another car at a high speed, he lost control of his Corvette C4, which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field. He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened, causing his left arm to be severed, while his girlfriend suffered head injuries, resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling; she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash. Doctors initially reattached Allen's arm, but because of an infection, it had to be re-amputated. His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident.[6][7]
Gear[edit]
Allen has used custom-manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind. He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm, which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi-hat, bass drum, snare drum, and a tom drum.[8] He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list.[9]
On 16 October 2009, Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster.[10] Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick.[11]
Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums, Allen also uses Remo drumheads (usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum), Zildjian cymbals (mostly K customs and A customs), and a LP rock cowbell.
Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994. In 1995, he began to use Easton Ahead drumsticks.[citation needed]
Raven Drum Foundation[edit]
Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation, a charity located in Malibu, California, with a mission to serve, educate, and empower veterans and people in crisis.[12] The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs, drum circle events, and collaborative partnerships. Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009:
Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating, so we were able to go in there and design a program around them. It developed into drum council, which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp. We had tremendous success.[13]
One Hand Drum Company[edit]
The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation. Currently, the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick, a drawing by Rick of a one-armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph. The StikRick site sells T-shirts, hats, and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a "Life Is Great!! Be A Rockstar!!" slogan. Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity.[14]
Side projects[edit]
In May and June 2000, Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project, featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama. Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums.[15] In November 2004, Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One.
Personal life[edit]
Allen was married to his wife Stacy from 1991 to 2000; they had a daughter in 1997. In 1995, Allen was arrested for spousal abuse. He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, sought counselling, and served 30 days community service on a graffiti-removal work crew.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gold, Adam (7 August 2009). "Def Leppard's Rick Allen: The Cream Interview [Updated]". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rick Allen – Bio – About Rick Allen". MTV Artists. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Artist Biography". Zildjian. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey, Laura (2010). Def Leppard: Arena Rock Band. Enslow. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-766-03234-7.
Jump up ^ page of a Def Leppard web site with details about Rick Allen's car accident
Jump up ^ Fricke, D., and M. Selinger. "To Hell & Back. (Cover Story)." Rolling Stone 629 (1992): 38. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Christine. "Reclaiming the Rhythm: An Interview with Rick Allen." Percussive Notes 08 2002: 54, 56. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Whirlwind / Def Leppard Archived 19 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Drummers Of All Time!". gigwise.com. Gigwise. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Yamaha Welcomes Legendary Rick Allen to its Drum Roster | Yamaha Artists. Yamaha.com (16 October 2009). Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Solid as Oak: Def Leppard Drummer Plays Yamaha – Drums – News & Events – Yamaha United States. Usa.yamaha.com (9 October 2009). Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Mission and Vision Archived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Raven Drum Foundation. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ability Magazine: Def Leppard's Rick Allen" (2009)". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
Jump up ^ One Hand Drum Company – About Us. Noflash.stikrick.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Lauren Monroe Music Store – Freedom Sessions Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Laurenmonroe.com. Retrieved on 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Helligar, Jeremy (19 August 1996). "Passages". People. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
External links[edit]
RickAllen.com
The Raven Drum Foundation
Rick Allen @ DefLeppard.com
Preceded by
Tony Kenning Def Leppard Drummer
1978–present Incumbent
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