text:
Alcorn State University
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Alcorn State University
Motto
Where Knowledge and Character Matter
Type
Public, HBCU
Land grant
Established
1871
President
Alfred Rankins, Jr.
Students
3,730 (Fall 2016)[1]
Location
Lorman, Mississippi, U.S.
31°52′37″N 91°08′28″W / 31.87694°N 91.14111°W / 31.87694; -91.14111Coordinates: 31°52′37″N 91°08′28″W / 31.87694°N 91.14111°W / 31.87694; -91.14111
Campus
Rural; 1,700 acres (6.9 km2)
Colors
Purple and Gold[2]
Athletics
NCAA Division I – SWAC
Nickname
Braves and Lady Braves
Affiliations
APLU
TMCF
Website
www.alcorn.edu
Oakland Chapel on the campus of Alcorn State University
The Literary Society Building on the campus of Alcorn State University
Alcorn State University (Alcorn) is a public, historically black, comprehensive, land-grant institution located northwest of Lorman, Mississippi in rural Claiborne County. It was founded in 1871 by the Reconstruction-era legislature to provide higher education for freedmen. It is the first black land grant college established in the United States. Its main campus is approximately 80 miles southwest of Jackson, Mississippi.
One of Alcorn's most notable alumni, Medgar Evers, a civil rights activist, graduated in 1952. Students at the college were part of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement, working to register residents for voting and struggling to end racial inequality. Other alumni have been activists, politicians and professionals in Mississippi and other states. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.
Alcorn State's athletic teams known as the Braves and compete in the NCAA's Division I. All teams compete as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC)
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Presidents
2 Academics
3 Master of Business Administration (MBA) program
4 Global programs
5 Pre-professional programs
6 Accreditation
7 Locations
7.1 Main campus
7.2 Other locations
8 Athletics
8.1 Sounds of Dyn-O-mite
9 Notable alumni
9.1 Sports
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Alcorn State University was founded at the former Oakland College, a school for whites established by the Presbyterian Church. Oakland College closed its doors at the beginning of the American Civil War because of the outbreak of war; most students enlisted in the military. When the college failed to reopen at the end of the war, the property was sold to the state of Mississippi. It renamed the facility as Alcorn University in 1871 in honor of James L. Alcorn, then the state's governor, and established it as a land grant institution and historically black college. [3][4]
This was the first black land grant college in the country. Congress required that states with segregated educational institutions (as was maintained throughout the former Confederacy) designate black land grant colleges in order to receive land grant monies for white colleges, as Congress had authorized the program to benefit students of all races. Alcorn University started with what are recognized as three historic buildings.[5]
United States Senator Hiram R. Revels resigned his seat when he accepted the position as Alcorn's first president. The state legislature provided $50,000 in cash for ten successive years for the establishment and overall operations of the college. The state also granted Alcorn three-fifths of the proceeds earned from the sale of 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) of land scrip for agricultural or land grant colleges under federal legislation. The land was sold for $188,928 with Alcorn receiving a share of $113,400. This money was to be used solely to support the agricultural and mechanical components of the college, which Congress wanted to develop nationally. From its beginning, Alcorn State University was a land-grant college.
In 1878, the name Alcorn University was changed to Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College. The university's original 225 acres (0.91 km2) of land have been expanded to develop a 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) campus. The goals for the college set by the Mississippi legislature following the Reconstruction era emphasized training for blacks rather than academic education. The school, like other black schools during these years, was less a college than a vocational school intended to prepare students for the agricultural economy of the state and of most of their hometowns.
At first the school was exclusively for black males, but women were admitted in 1895. Today, women outnumber men at the university 1800 to 1200. Alcorn began with eight faculty members in 1871. Today the faculty and staff number more than 500. The student body has grown from 179 mostly local male students to more than 4,000 students from all over the world.
In 1974, Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College was renamed Alcorn State University, representing the development of its programs. Governor William L. Waller signed House Bill 298 granting university status to Alcorn and the other state-supported colleges. Alcorn had already become a more diversified university, with graduate programs. It provides an undergraduate education that enables students to continue their work in graduate and professional schools, engage in teaching, and enter other professions. It also provides graduate education to equip students for further training in specialized fields.
While early graduates of Alcorn had limited job opportunities, some recent alumni have become physicians, lawyers, pharmacists, dentists, educators, administrators, managers, and entrepreneurs.
Alcorn State is accredited, with seven schools and degree programs in more than fifty areas, including a nursing and a Master of Business Administration program. The facilities number approximately 80 modern structures with an approximate value of $71 million.[6]
Presidents[edit]
Name
Years[7][8]
Interim
Hiram Rhodes Revels 1871–1882 No
John Houston Burrus 1882–1893 No
Wilson H. Reynolds 1893–1894 No
Thomas J. Calloway 1894–1896 No
Edward H. Triplett 1896–1899 No
William H. Lanier 1899–1905 No
Levi John Rowan 1905–1911 No
John Adams Martin 1911–1915 No
Levi John Rowan 1915–1934 No
Isiah S. Sanders, Acting President 1934–1934 No
William Harrison Bell 1934–1944 No
Preston Sewell Bowles 1944–1945 No
William Harrison Pipes 1945–1949 No
Jesse R. Otis 1949–1957 No
John Dewey Boyd 1957–1969 No
Walter Washington 1969–1994 No
Rudolph E. Waters Sr. 1994–1995 Yes
Clinton Bristow Jr. 1995–2006 No
Malvin A. Williams Sr. 2006–2008 Yes
George E. Ross 2008–2010 No
Norris Allen Edney 2010–2011 Yes
M. Christopher Brown II 2011–2013 No
Norris Edney 2013–2014 Yes
Alfred Rankins, Jr. 2014–present No
Academics[edit]
Alcorn State is the second largest HBCU and fifth largest university in Mississippi with an enrollment of approximately 3,700 undergraduate students and 600 graduate students. The university has seven schools, offering more than 50 different fields of study.
School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences
School of Arts and Sciences
School of Business
School of Education and Psychology
School of Nursing
Alcorn State University consistently ranks among the top 25 HBCUs in the nation according to the annual U.S. News & World Report HBCU rankings.[9]
Alcorn State University is the only HBCU in Mississippi with a comprehensive nursing program.[10]
Alcorn's honors program is an option for highly qualified undergraduate students who wish to enhance their academic experience and leadership skills.[11]
Master of Business Administration (MBA) program[edit]
Alcorn State University offers a Master of Business Administration (MBA) program through its Natchez campus. Classes are conducted in the evening. Students may join the live lecture classes via a live internet feed. The program is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP), a global accrediting body for business degree programs. The MBA program has been popular with international and out-of-state students.
Global programs[edit]
Besides coordinating study-abroad opportunities, Global Programs brings worldwide perspectives to campus through exchange programs and special events.[12]
Pre-professional programs[edit]
Alcorn offers pre-professional programs to better prepare students for a transition to specialized studies in the fields of law, engineering, nursing, physical therapy, medicine, pharmacy and dentistry.[13]
Accreditation[edit]
Alcorn State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award the Associate, Bachelor's, Master's, and Specialist in Education degrees.
Alcorn's teacher education program is accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. The Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics is accredited by the American Dietetics Association. The Associate of Science in Nursing degree, the Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree, and the Master of Science in Nursing degree programs are accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission. Alcorn State University is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music, the National Association of Industrial Technology, and the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences.
Locations[edit]
The main campus is located near Lorman, Mississippi. The Nursing School and the Business School's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program are located in Natchez, Mississippi. The university also has a class center in Vicksburg.
Main campus[edit]
The main campus is located in rural southwestern Mississippi, 45 miles (72 km) south of Vicksburg,[14] 40 miles (64 km) north of Natchez, and 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Jackson.[15]
Male residence halls include Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village Complex and Hiram Revels Hall.[16] Female residence halls include Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village Complex buildings A and B, John Burrus Hall, and the Female Honors Residence Hall.[17]
Recent Campus Additions include:
5 mi (8.0 km) Bike/Walking Trail
Foster Baseball Field at McGowan Stadium
Medgar Wiley Evers Heritage Village (student housing)
Clinton Bristow Dining Hall
Ecology and Natural Resources Building
BioTechnology Building
Fine Arts Building Renovations/ Band Hall Addition
Lanier Hall renovated into the Student Housing Office
Old President House renovated into the Alumni House
Current and planned construction projects include:
School of Business (Dumas Hall) renovations
Rowan Hall renovations into the Student Health Center
Bowles Hall renovations into the Executive Administration Building
Student Housing Phase II/ Faculty Housing
Technology Classroom Building
Other locations[edit]
Alcorn State has campuses in Natchez and Vicksburg.
Athletics[edit]
Alcorn athletics logo
Main article: Alcorn State Braves and Lady Braves
See also: Alcorn State Braves football and Alcorn State Braves men's basketball
Jay Searcy of the Philadelphia Inquirer wrote in 1994 that Alcorn had "a gritty football team that has sent over 60 players to the National Football League".[14] His article was chiefly about NFL quarterback and former Alcorn State player Steve McNair.
Sounds of Dyn-O-mite[edit]
Alcorn State University's marching band was founded in the 1960s; the band is known as the "Sounds of Dyn-O-mite" (SOD). Led by four drum majors, SOD has more than 200 members.
The "Golden Girls" (GGs) is the established dance squad that has been featured with SOD since its inception.
Notable alumni[edit]
Name
Class year
Notability
Reference(s)
Medgar Evers 1948 First NAACP field secretary and well-known civil rights activist [1]
Albert Butler 1970 Mississippi State Senator [2]
Horace R. Cayton, Sr. c.1880s Journalist and politician, who was one of first blacks to serve on county and state delegations in Seattle, Washington [18]
Chandra Minor 2008 First African-American female orthodontist in Mississippi [19]
Katie G. Dorsett Member of the North Carolina Senate from the 28th district
Alex Haley Author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family
Kimberly Morgan Miss Mississippi 2007
Michael Clarke Duncan attended Actor
Alexander O'Neal attended Musician
Ed Smith Former alderman of the 28th ward in Chicago, Illinois from 1983 to 2010.
Joseph Edison Walker 1903 President of Universal Life Insurance Company in Memphis, Tennessee
Adena Williams Loston 1973 President of St. Philip’s College in San Antonio, Texas
Sports[edit]
Name
Class year
Notability
Reference(s)
Jack Spinks 1952 Former professional football player for the New York Giants
Willie Alexander 1971 Former professional football player for the Houston Oilers
Jimmie Giles 1977 Former professional football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Leslie Frazier 1980 Defensive coordinator of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, former head coach of the Minnesota Vikings, former defensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings, former special assistant coach with the Indianapolis Colts
Roynell Young 1980 Former professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles
Issiac Holt 1985 Former professional football player for the Minnesota Vikings and Dallas Cowboys
Milton Mack Former professional football player for the Detroit Lions
Fred Mcnair Former Professional Canadian and Arena football player and Brother of Steve Mcnair
Cedric Tillman 1992 Former professional football player for the Denver Broncos
Dwayne White Former professional football player for the St. Louis Rams
Garry Lewis Former professional football player for the Oakland Raiders
Torrance Small 1992 Former NFL player for the New Orleans Saints
John Thierry 1994 Former NFL player for the Chicago Bears
Steve McNair 1996 Former professional quarterback for the Tennessee Titans and Baltimore Ravens
Bryant Mix 1997 Former NFL player for the Houston Oilers
Donald Driver 1999 Former professional football player for the Green Bay Packers
Chad Slaughter 2000 Former Professional football player for the Oakland Raiders
Louis Green 2002 Former NFL player for the Denver Broncos
Charlie Spiller 2007 Former NFL player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Nate Hughes 2008 Former NFL player for the Detroit Lions
Larry Smith 1980 Former NBA player and assistant coach in the NBA and WNBA.
Lee Robinson 2009 Professional football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Denver Broncos
Emmanuel Arceneaux 2009 Current CFL and former NFL player
Frank Purnell Former professional football player for the Green Bay Packers
Damien Wilson Linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys, transferred out of Alcorn after his freshman season
Iris Kyle 10-time overall Ms. Olympia professional bodybuilder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alcorn State University: Alcorn's preliminary fall 2016 enrollment". Alcorn.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Alcorn - Graphics Standards Manual". Redstardigital.net. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
Jump up ^ Brown, Ray C. (December 2, 2014). "Mississippi Colleges that have Closed, Merged, Changed Names". Ray C. Brown. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Oakland College". claibornecountyms.org.
Jump up ^ Posey, Josephine (1994), Against Great Odds: The History of Alcorn State University, University Press of Mississippi
Jump up ^ "About" Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., Alcorn University
Jump up ^ "Alcorn State University: Past Presidents". Alcorn State University. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.alcorn.edu/academics/schools/son/index.aspx
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Searcy, Jay. "A Phenom Puts The Middle Of Nowhere On The Map Alcorn State's Steve Mcnair Is An Out-of-this-world Qb In An Out-of-the-way Place. He's Getting It A Lot Of Attention." Philadelphia Inquirer. November 1, 1994. Retrieved on May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Driving Directions Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.." Alcorn State University. Retrieved on April 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Male residence halls Archived July 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.." Alcorn State University. Retrieved on May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Female Residence Halls" Archived July 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Alcorn State University. Retrieved on April 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Online History – Washington State". state.ak.us. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Alana (January 22, 2016). "Orthodontist parlays small town opportunities into big-time practice". University of Mississippi Medical Center. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Mississippi portal
African American portal
University portal
Official website
show
v
t
e
Alcorn State University
Located in: Lorman, Mississippi
Academics
School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences
School of Arts and Sciences
School of Business
School of Education and Psychology
School of Nursing
Athletics
Alcorn State Braves and Lady Braves
Football
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Jack Spinks Stadium
Davey Whitney Complex
Foster Baseball Field at McGowan Stadium
Southwestern Athletic Conference
Campus
Alcorn State University Historic District
Oakland College
Oakland Memorial Chapel
Life
University Press of Mississippi
WPRL
Founded: 1871
show
Links to related articles
show
v
t
e
Public colleges and universities in Mississippi
Four-year
institutions
Alcorn State University
Delta State University
Jackson State University
Mississippi State University
Mississippi University for Women
Mississippi Valley State University
University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi Medical Center
University of Southern Mississippi
Two-year
institutions
Coahoma Community College
Copiah–Lincoln Community College
East Central Community College
East Mississippi Community College
Hinds Community College
Holmes Community College
Itawamba Community College
Jones County Junior College
Meridian Community College
Mississippi Delta Community College
Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
Northeast Mississippi Community College
Northwest Mississippi Community College
Pearl River Community College
Southwest Mississippi Community College
show
v
t
e
Historically black colleges and universities
Public
institutions
Alabama A&M
Alabama State
Albany State
Alcorn State
Arkansas–Pine Bluff
Bishop State CC
Bluefield State
Bowie State
Central State
Cheyney
Coahoma CC
Coppin State
Delaware State
Elizabeth City State
Fayetteville State
Florida A&M
Fort Valley State
Gadsden State CC
Grambling State
Harris–Stowe
Hinds CC
Jackson State
Kentucky State
Langston
Lincoln, Missouri
Lincoln, Pennsylvania
Maryland, Eastern Shore
Mississippi Valley State
Morgan State
Norfolk State
North Carolina A&T
North Carolina Central
Prairie View A&M
Savannah State
Shelton State CC
South Carolina State
Southern
Southern–New Orleans
Southern–Shreveport
Tennessee State
Texas Southern
UDC
UVI
Virginia State
West Virginia State
Winston-Salem State
Private
institutions
Allen
Arkansas Baptist
Barber–Scotia
Benedict
Bennett
Bethune–Cookman
Claflin
Clark Atlanta
Dillard
Edward Waters
Fisk
Florida Memorial University
Hampton
Howard
Huston–Tillotson
Interdenominational Theological Center
Jarvis Christian
Johnson C. Smith
Lane
LeMoyne–Owen
Livingstone
Meharry
Miles
Morehouse
Morehouse School of Medicine
Morris Brown
Morris
Oakwood
Paine
Paul Quinn
Philander Smith
Rust
Selma
Shaw
Simmons College (Ky.)
Southwestern Christian
Spelman
Stillman
St. Augustine's
Talladega
Texas College
Tougaloo
Tuskegee
Virginia Union
Virginia University
Voorhees
Wilberforce
Wiley
Xavier (Louisiana)
Defunct
institutions
Bishop
Booker T. Washington
Carver
Collier-Blocker
Concordia Alabama
Daniel Payne
Gibbs
Guadalupe
Hampton
Jackson
Johnson
Kittrell
Knoxville
Lewis College of Business
Lincoln Junior College
Mississippi Industrial College
Morristown
Mount Hermon Female Seminary
Roosevelt
Rosenwald
Saint Paul's
Storer
Straight
Suwannee River
Volusia County
Western
show
v
t
e
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
Alabama A&M University
Alabama State University
Albany State University
Alcorn State University
Bluefield State College
Bowie State University
Central State University
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania
Chicago State University
Coppin State University
Delaware State University
Elizabeth City State University
Fayetteville State University
Florida A&M University
Florida A&M University Law School
Fort Valley State University
Grambling State University
Harris–Stowe State University
Howard University
Howard University School of Law
Jackson State University
Kentucky State University
Langston University
Lincoln University (Missouri)
Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)
Medgar Evers College
Mississippi Valley State University
Morgan State University
Norfolk State University
North Carolina A&T State University
North Carolina Central University
North Carolina Central University School of Law
Prairie View A&M University
Savannah State University
South Carolina State University
Southern University and A&M College
Southern University at New Orleans
Southern University at Shreveport-Bossier City
Southern University Law Center
Tennessee State University
Texas Southern University
Thurgood Marshall School of Law
Tuskegee University
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
University of the District of Columbia
University of District of Columbia Law
University of Maryland Eastern Shore
University of the Virgin Islands
Virginia State University
West Virginia State University
Winston-Salem State University
York College
show
v
t
e
Southwestern Athletic Conference
East Division
Alabama A&M Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs
Alabama State Hornets and Lady Hornets
Alcorn State Braves and Lady Braves
Jackson State Tigers and Lady Tigers
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils and Devilettes
West Division
Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions
Grambling State Tigers
Prairie View A&M Panthers and Lady Panthers
Southern Jaguars and Lady Jaguars
Texas Southern Tigers
show
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Claiborne County, Mississippi, United States
County seat: Port Gibson
City
Port Gibson
CDP
Alcorn State University
Unincorporated
communities
Carlisle
Hermanville
Pattison
Peyton
Russum
Ghost towns
Bruinsburg
Grand Gulf
Rocky Springs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcorn_State_University&oldid=845631803"
Categories:
Alcorn State University
Universities and colleges in Mississippi
Historically black universities and colleges in the United States
Land-grant universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1871
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Claiborne County, Mississippi
Education in Adams County, Mississippi
Education in Warren County, Mississippi
Buildings and structures in Claiborne County, Mississippi
Census-designated places in Mississippi
1871 establishments in Mississippi
Census-designated places in Claiborne county, Mississippi
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from May 2015
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Español
فارسی
Français
Norsk
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 June 2018, at 03:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values: Historically black colleges and universities

values:
/wiki/University_president
mw-redirect
University president

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: background-color:#512D6D; color:white; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#CC8A00; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: Association of Public and Land-grant Universities

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.alcorn.edu

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

values:
/wiki/Land_grant_college
mw-redirect
Land grant college

values:
/wiki/Land_grant_institution
mw-redirect
Land grant institution

values:
/wiki/Historically_black_college
mw-redirect
Historically black college

values: Edit section: Master of Business Administration (MBA) program

values: Foster Baseball Field at McGowan Stadium

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer
mw-redirect
Philadelphia Inquirer

values:
/wiki/Drum_majors
mw-redirect
Drum majors

values:
/wiki/Horace_R._Cayton,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Horace R. Cayton, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Seattle,_Washington
mw-redirect
Seattle, Washington

values:
/wiki/Fred_Mcnair
mw-redirect
Fred Mcnair

values:
/wiki/St._Louis_Rams
mw-redirect
St. Louis Rams

values:
/wiki/Garry_Lewis_(defensive_back)
mw-redirect
Garry Lewis (defensive back)

values:
/wiki/Houston_Oilers
mw-redirect
Houston Oilers

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://www.alcorn.edu/
external text

values: background-color:#46166A;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: background-color:#46166A;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713;;width:1%

values: Alcorn State University Historic District

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#46166A;color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E9A713, inset -2px -2px 0 #E9A713;

values: Template:Public Colleges and Universities in Mississippi

values: Template talk:Public Colleges and Universities in Mississippi

values: University of Mississippi Medical Center

values: Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

values: St. Augustine's University (Raleigh, North Carolina)

values: Template talk:Thurgood Marshall College Fund

values: Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University

values: York College, City University of New York

values: background:#000000; color:white; -moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Southwestern Athletic Conference navbox

values: Template talk:Southwestern Athletic Conference navbox

values: background:#000000; color:white; -moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #ED192D, inset -2px -2px 0 #ED192D;;width:1%

values: Prairie View A&M Panthers and Lady Panthers

values: Template talk:Claiborne County, Mississippi

values: Map of Mississippi highlighting Claiborne County

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Grand_Gulf,_Mississippi
mw-redirect
Grand Gulf, Mississippi

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Universities and colleges in Mississippi

values: Category:Historically black universities and colleges in the United States

values: Category:Land-grant universities and colleges

values: Category:Educational institutions established in 1871

values: Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools

values: Category:Education in Claiborne County, Mississippi

values: Category:Education in Adams County, Mississippi

values: Category:Education in Warren County, Mississippi

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Claiborne County, Mississippi

values: Category:Census-designated places in Mississippi

values: Category:1871 establishments in Mississippi

values: Category:Census-designated places in Claiborne county, Mississippi

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Alcorn_State_University
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Alcorn State University (Misisipi) – Spanish

values: الکورن استیت یونیورسیتی، میسیسیپی – Persian

values: Университет штата Миссисипи имени Алкорна – Russian

values: Алкорн Стејт Јуниверсити (Мисисипи) – Serbian

values: Alcorn State University, Mississippi – Serbo-Croatian

values: الکورن اسٹیٹ یونیورسٹی – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Alcorn_State_University rootpage-Alcorn_State_University skin-vector action-view


text:
Cytokinesis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cilliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible.
Animal cell telophase and cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis. During cytokinesis the spindle apparatus partitions and transports duplicated chromatids into the cytoplasm of the separating daughter cells. It thereby ensures that chromosome number and complement are maintained from one generation to the next and that, except in special cases, the daughter cells will be functional copies of the parent cell. After the completion of the telophase and cytokinesis, each daughter cell enters the interphase of the cell cycle.
Particular functions demand various deviations from the process of symmetrical cytokinesis; for example in oogenesis in animals the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles. This leaves very little for the resulting polar bodies, which in most species die without function, though they do take on various special functions in other species.[1] Another form of mitosis occurs in tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle; it omits cytokinesis, thereby yielding multinucleate cells.
Plant cytokinesis differs from animal cytokinesis, partly because of the rigidity of plant cell walls. Instead of plant cells forming a cleavage furrow such as develops between animal daughter cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms in the cytoplasm and grows into a new, doubled cell wall between plant daughter cells.It divide the cell into two daughter cell.
Cytokinesis largely resembles the prokaryotic process of binary fission, but because of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and functions, the mechanisms differ. For instance a bacterial cell has only a single chromosome in the form of a closed loop, in contrast to the linear, usually multiple, chromosomes of eukaryotes; accordingly bacteria construct no mitotic spindle in cell division. Also, duplication of prokaryotic DNA takes place during the actual separation of chromosomes; in mitosis duplication takes place during the interphase before mitosis begins, though the daughter chromatids do not separate completely before the anaphase.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and pronunciation
2 Animal cell
2.1 Anaphase spindle reorganization
2.2 Division plane specification
2.3 Actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction
2.4 Abscission
2.5 Timing cytokinesis
3 Plant cell
4 Forces
4.1 Animal cells
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Etymology and pronunciation[edit]
The word cytokinesis (/ˌsaɪtoʊkaɪˈniːsɪs, -tə-, -kə-/[2][3]) uses combining forms of cyto- + kine- + -sis, New Latin from Classical Latin and Ancient Greek, reflecting "cell" and kinesis ("motion, movement").
Originally origin of this term is from Greek κύτος - kytos = a holow, Latin derivative cyto = cellular + κίνησις – kínesis = movement.
Animal cell[edit]
Animal cell cytokinesis begins shortly after the onset of sister chromatid separation in the anaphase of mitosis. The process can be divided to the following distinct steps: anaphase spindle reorganization, division plane specification, actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction, and abscission.[4] Faithful partitioning of the genome to emerging daughter cells is ensured through the tight temporal coordination of the above individual events by molecular signaling pathways.
Anaphase spindle reorganization[edit]
Animal cell cytokinesis starts with the stabilization of microtubules and reorganization of the mitotic spindle to form the central spindle. The central spindle (or spindle midzone) forms when non-kinetochore microtubule fibres are bundled between the spindle poles. A number of different species including H. sapiens, D. melanogaster and C. elegans require the central spindle in order to efficiently undergo cytokinesis, although the specific phenotype described when it is absent varies from one species to the next (for example, certain Drosophila cell types are incapable of forming a cleavage furrow without the central spindle, whereas in both C. elegans embryos and human tissue culture cells a cleavage furrow is observed to form and ingress, but then regress before cytokinesis is complete). The process of mitotic spindle reorganization and central spindle formation is caused by the decline of CDK1 activity during anaphase.[5] The decline of CDK1 activity at the metaphase-anaphase transition leads to dephosphorylating of inhibitory sites on multiple central spindle components. First of all, the removal of a CDK1 phosphorylation from a subunit of the CPC (the chromosomal passenger complex) allows its translocalization to the central spindle from the centromeres, where it is located during metaphase. Besides being a structural component of the central spindle itself, CPC also plays a role in the phosphoregulation of other central spindle components, including PRC1 (microtubule bundling protein required for cytokinesis 1) and MKLP1 (a kinesin motor protein). Originally inhibited by CDK1-mediated phosphorylation, PRC1 is now able to form a homodimer that selectively binds to the interface between antiparallel microtubules, facilitating spatial organization of the microtubules of the central spindle. MKLP1, together with the Rho-family GTPase activating protein CYK-4 (also termed MgcRacGAP), forms the centralspindlin complex. Centralspindlin binds to the central spindle as higher-order clusters. The centralspindlin cluster formation is promoted by phosphorylation of MLKP1 by Aurora B, a component of CPC. In short, the self-assembly of central spindle is initiated through the phosphoregulation of multiple central spindle components by the decline of CDK1 activity, either directly or indirectly, at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The central spindle may have multiple functions in cytokinesis including the control of cleavage furrow positioning, the delivery of membrane vesicles to the cleavage furrow, and the formation of the midbody structure that is required for the final steps of division.[6]
Division plane specification[edit]
The second step of animal cell cytokinesis involves division plane specification and cytokinetic furrow formation. Precise positioning of the division plane between the two masses of segregated chromosomes is essential to prevent chromosome loss. Meanwhile, the mechanism by which the spindle determines the division plane in animal cells is perhaps the most enduring mystery in cytokinesis and a matter of intense debate. There exist three hypotheses of furrow induction.[7] The first is the astral stimulation hypothesis, which postulates that astral microtubules from the spindle poles carry a furrow-inducing signal to the cell cortex, where signals from two poles are somehow focused into a ring at the spindle. A second possibility, called the central spindle hypothesis, is that the cleavage furrow is induced by a positive stimulus that originates in the central spindle equator. The central spindle may contribute to the specification of the division plane by promoting concentration and activation of the small GTPase RhoA at the equatorial cortex. A third hypothesis is the astral relaxation hypothesis. It proposes that postulates that active actin–myosin bundles are distributed throughout the cell cortex, and inhibition of their contraction near the spindle poles results in a gradient of contractile activity that is highest at the midpoint between poles. In other words, astral microtubules generate a negative signal that increases cortical relaxation close to the poles. Genetic and laser-micromanipulation studies in C. elegans embryos haven shown that the spindle sends two redundant signals to the cell cortex, one originating from the central spindle, and a second signal deriving from the spindle aster, suggesting the involvement of multiple mechanisms combined in the positioning of the cleavage furrow. The predominance of one particular signal varies between cell types and organisms. And the multitude and partial redundancy of signals may be required to make the system robust and to increase spatial precision.[8]
Actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction[edit]
At the cytokinesis furrow, it is the actin-myosin contractile ring that drives the cleavage process, during which cell membrane and wall grow inward, which eventually pinches the mother cell in two. The key components of this ring are the filamentous protein actin and the motor protein myosin II. The contractile ring assembles equatorially (in the middle of the cell) at the cell cortex (adjacent to the cell membrane). Rho protein family (RhoA protein in mammalian cells) is a key regulator of contractile ring formation and contraction in animal cells.[9] The RhoA pathway promotes assembly of the actin-myosin ring by two main effectors. First, RhoA stimulates nucleation of unbranched actin filaments by activation of Diaphanous-related formins. This local generation of new actin filaments is important for the contractile ring formation.[10] This actin filament formation process also requires a protein called profilin, which binds to actin monomers and helps load them onto the filament end. Second, RhoA promotes myosin II activation by the kinase ROCK, which activates myosin II directly by phosphorylation of the myosin light chain and also inhibits myosin phosphatase by phosphorylation of the phosphatase-targeting subunit MYPT. Besides actin and myosin II, the contractile ring contains the scaffolding protein anillin. Anillin binds to actin, myosin, RhoA and CYK-4, and thereby links the equatorial cortex with the signals from the central spindle. It also contributes to the linkage of the actin-myosin ring to the plasma membrane. Another protein, septin, has also been speculated to serve as a structural scaffold on which the cytokinesis apparatus is organized. Following its assembly, contraction of the actin-myosin ring leads to ingression of the attached plasma membrane, which partitions the cytoplasm into two domains of emerging sister cells. The force for the contractile processes is generated by movements along actin by the motor protein myosin II. Myosin II uses the free energy released when ATP is hydrolysed to move along these actin filaments, constricting the cell membrane to form a cleavage furrow. Continued hydrolysis causes this cleavage furrow to ingress (move inwards), a striking process that is clearly visible through a light microscope.
Abscission[edit]
The cytokinetic furrow ingresses until a so-called midbody structure (composed of electron-dense, proteinaceous material) is formed, where the actin-myosin ring has reached a diameter of about 1–2 μm. Most animal cell types remain connected by an intercellular bridge for up to several hours until they are split by an actin-independent process termed abscission, the last step of cytokinesis.[11] The process of abscission physically cleaves the aforementioned midbody into two. Abscission proceeds by removal of cytoskeletal structures from the intercellular bridge, constriction of the cell cortex, and plasma membrane fission. The intercellular bridge is filled with dense bundles of antiparallel microtubules that derive from the central spindle. These microtubules overlap at the midbody, which is generally thought as a targeting platform for the abscission machinery. Microtubule severing protein spastin is largely responsible for the disassembly of microtubule bundles inside the intercellular bridge. Complete cortical constriction also requires removal of the underlying cytoskeletal structures. Actin filament disassembly during late cytokinesis depends on the PKCε–14-3-3 complex, which inactivates RhoA after furrow ingression. Actin disassembly is further controlled by the GTPase Rab35 and its effector, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL. Understanding the mechanism by which the plasma membrane ultimately splits requires further investigation.
Timing cytokinesis[edit]
Cytokinesis must be temporally controlled to ensure that it occurs only after sister chromatids separate during the anaphase portion of normal proliferative cell divisions. To achieve this, many components of the cytokinesis machinery are highly regulated to ensure that they are able to perform a particular function at only a particular stage of the cell cycle.[12][13] Cytokinesis happens only after APC binds with CDC20. This allows for the separation of chromosomes and myosin to work simultaneously.
After cytokinesis, non-kinetochore microtubules reorganize and disappear into a new cytoskeleton as the cell cycle returns to interphase (see also cell cycle).
Plant cell[edit]
Due to the presence of a cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells is significantly different from that in animal cells, Rather than forming a contractile ring, plant cells construct a cell plate in the middle of the cell. The stages of cell plate formation include (1) creation of the phragmoplast, an array of microtubules that guides and supports the formation of the cell plate; (2) trafficking of vesicles to the division plane and their fusion to generate a tubular-vesicular network; (3) continued fusion of membrane tubules and their transformation into membrane sheets upon the deposition of callose, followed by deposition of cellulose and other cell wall components; (4) recycling of excess membrane and other material from the cell plate; and (5) fusion with the parental cell wall [14][15]
The phragmoplast is assembled from the remnants of the mitotic spindle, and serves as a track for the trafficking of vesicles to the phragmoplast midzone. These vesicles contain lipids, proteins and carbohydrates needed for the formation of a new cell boundary. Electron tomographic studies have identified the Golgi apparatus as the source of these vesicles,[16][17] but other studies have suggested that they contain endocytosed material as well.[18][19]
These tubules then widen and fuse laterally with each other, eventually forming a planar, fenestrated sheet [8]. As the cell plate matures, large amounts of membrane material are removed via clathrin-mediated endocytosis [7] Eventually, the edges of the cell plate fuse with the parental plasma membrane, often in an asymmetrical fashion,[20] thus completing cytokinesis. The remaining fenestrae contain strands of endoplasmic reticulum passing through them, and are thought to be the precursors of plasmodesmata [8].
The construction of the new cell wall begins within the lumen of the narrow tubules of the young cell plate. The order in which different cell wall components are deposited has been determined largely by immuno-electron microscopy. The first components to arrive are pectins, hemicelluloses, and arabinogalactan proteins carried by the secretory vesicles that fuse to form the cell plate.[21] The next component to be added is callose, which is polymerized directly at the cell plate by callose synthases. As the cell plate continues to mature and fuses with the parental plasma membrane, the callose is slowly replaced with cellulose, the primary component of a mature cell wall [6]. The middle lamella (a glue-like layer containing pectin) develops from the cell plate, serving to bind the cell walls of adjoining cells together.[22][23]
Forces[edit]
Animal cells[edit]
Cytokinetic furrow ingression is powered by Type II Myosin ATPase. Since Myosins are recruited to the medial region, the contractile forces acting on the cortex resemble a 'purse string' constriction pulling inwards. This leads to the inward constriction. The plasma membrane by virtue of its close association with the cortex via crosslinker proteins [24]
See also[edit]
Diploid
Klerokinesis
Cell plate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schmerler Samuel, Wessel Gary (January 2011). "Polar Bodies - more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect". Mol Reprod Dev. 78 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1002/mrd.21266.
Jump up ^ "cytokinesis". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "cytokinesis". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Mishima J.; et al. (2004). ": "Cell cycle regulation of central spindle correctly". Nature. 430: 908–913. doi:10.1038/nature02767.
Jump up ^ Petronczki; et al. (2007). "Polo-like kinase 1 triggers the initiation of cytokinesis in human cells by promoting recruitment of the RhoGEF Ect2 to the central spindle". Developmental Cell. 12: 713–725. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.013.
Jump up ^ Otegui M., Staehelin L.A. (2000). "Cytokinesis in flowering plants: more than one way to divide a cell". Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 493–502. doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00119-9. PMID 11074381.
Jump up ^ Samuels A.L.; Giddings T.H.Jr.; Staehelin L.A. (1995). "Cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 and root tip cells: a new model of cell plate formation in higher plants". J. Cell Biol. 130: 1345–1357. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.6.1345.
Jump up ^ Otegui M.S.; Mastronarde D.N.; Kang B.H.; Bednarek S.Y.; Staehelin L.A. (2001). "Three-dimensional analysis of syncytial-type cell plates during endosperm cellularization visualized by high resolution electron tomography". Plant Cell. 13: 2033–2051. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.9.2033.
Jump up ^ Segui-Simarro, J.M., Austin, J.R.,2nd, White, E.A., and Staehelin, L.A. "Electron tomographic analysis of somatic cell plate formation in meristematic cells of Arabidopsis preserved by high-pressure freezing." Plant Cell 2004; 16, 836-856
Jump up ^ Baluška F.; Liners F.; Hlavačka A.; Schlicht M.; Van Cutsem P.; McCurdy D.W.; Menzel D. (2005). "Cell wall pectins and xyloglucans are internalized into dividing root cells and accumulate within cell plates during cytokinesis". Protoplasma. 225: 141–55. doi:10.1007/s00709-005-0095-5.
Jump up ^ Dhonukshe P.; Baluška F.; Schlicht M.; Hlavacka A.; Šamaj J.; Friml J., Jr (2006). "Endocytosis of cell surface material mediates cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis". Dev. Cell. 10: 137–50. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.11.015.
Jump up ^ Cutler S.R., Ehrhardt D.W. (2002). "Polarized cytokinesis in vacuolate cells of Arabidopsis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99: 2812–2817. doi:10.1073/pnas.052712299.
Jump up ^ Staehelin, L.A., and Moore, I. "The Plant Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Functional Organization and Trafficking Mechanisms." Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 261-288 (1995)
Jump up ^ Charles E. Allen (July 1901). "On the Origin and Nature of the Middle Lamella". Botanical Gazette. 32 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1086/328131. JSTOR 2464904.
Jump up ^ Eichorn, Susan, et al. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development, 3rd Edition. 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-73843-5
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002)."Cross-linking Proteins with Distinct Properties Organize Different Assemblies of Actin Filaments". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1
Further reading[edit]
The Molecular Requirements for Cytokinesis by M. Glotzer (2005), Science 307, 1735
"Animal Cytokinesis: from parts list to mechanism" by Eggert, U.S., Mitchison, T.J., Field, C.M. (2006), Annual Review of Cell Biology 75, 543-66
Campbell Biology (2010), 580-582
More description and nice images of cell division in plants, with a focus on fluorescence microscopy
Nanninga N (June 2001). "Cytokinesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Common Principles and Different Solutions". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 319–33. doi:10.1128/MMBR.65.2.319-333.2001. PMC 99029  . PMID 11381104.
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytokinesis&oldid=830656168"
Categories:
Cell cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
20 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 March 2018, at 04:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Polar_bodies
mw-redirect
Polar bodies

values:
/wiki/Binary_fission
mw-redirect
Binary fission

values: Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation

values: Edit section: Anaphase spindle reorganization

values: Edit section: Division plane specification

values: Edit section: Actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction

values:
/wiki/Light_microscope
mw-redirect
Light microscope

values:
/wiki/Mitotic_spindle
mw-redirect
Mitotic spindle

values:
/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)
mw-redirect
Vesicle (biology)

values:
/wiki/Plasma_membrane
mw-redirect
Plasma membrane

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.21266

values:
/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries
mw-redirect
Oxford Dictionaries

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fncb2482

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552143

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02767

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11074381

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.130.6.1345

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.13.9.2033

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.052712299

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F328131

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2464904

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11381104

values: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein

values: Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cytokinesis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: انقسام السيتوبلازم – Arabic

values: Цитокинеза – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: تقسیم درون‌یاخته – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ציטוקינזה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Цитокинез – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitokin
Sitokin – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Цитокинез – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokines
Cytokines – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitokinez
Sitokinez – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Цитокінез – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: حرکیت خلوی – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cytokinesis rootpage-Cytokinesis skin-vector action-view