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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Synonyms
Moschcowitz syndrome[1]
Specialty
hematology
[edit on Wikidata]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of the blood-coagulation system, causing extensive microscopic clots to form in the small blood vessels throughout the body,[2][3] resulting in low platelet counts. These small blood clots, called thrombi, can damage many organs including the kidneys, heart, brain, and nervous system. In the era before effective treatment with plasma exchange, the fatality rate was about 90%. With plasma exchange, this has dropped to 10% at six months. Because the disease generally results from antibodies that activate the immune system to inhibit the ADAMTS13 enzyme, agents that suppress the immune system, such as glucocorticoids, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, or ciclosporin, may also be used if a relapse or recurrence follows plasma exchange.[4] Platelets are not transfused unless the patient has a life-threatening bleed, since the transfused platelets would also quickly be consumed by thrombi formation, leading to a minimal increase in circulating platelets.
Most cases of TTP arise from autoantibody-mediated inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13, a metalloprotease responsible for cleaving large multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF) into smaller units. The increase in circulating multimers of vWF increases platelet adhesion to areas of endothelial injury, particularly where arterioles and capillaries meet, which in turn results in the formation of small platelet clots called thrombi. As platelets are used up in the formation of thrombi, this then leads to a decrease in the number of overall circulating platelets, which may then cause life-threatening bleeds. The reason why the antibodies form is generally unknown for most patients, though it can be associated with some medications and autoimmune diseases such as HIV and Lupus, as well as pregnancy.
A rarer form of TTP, called Upshaw–Schulman syndrome, or "Inherited TTP," results from an autosomal recessive gene that leads to ADAMTS13 dysfunction from the time of birth, resulting in persisting large vWF multimers,[5] which in turn results in the formation of thrombi (small platelet clots).
Red blood cells passing the microscopic clots are subjected to shear stress, which damages their membranes, leading to rupture of red blood cells within blood vessels, which in turn leads to anaemia and schistocyte formation. The presence of these blood clots in the small blood vessels reduces blood flow to organs resulting in cellular injury and end organ damage. Current therapy is based on support and plasmapheresis to reduce circulating antibodies against ADAMTS13 and replenish blood levels of the enzyme.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
2.1 Autoimmune
2.2 Genetic
2.3 Secondary TTP
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Differential diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 Prognosis
6 Epidemiology
7 History
8 References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The signs and symptoms of TTP may at first be subtle and nonspecific. Many people experience an influenza-like or diarrheal illness before developing TTP.[6] Neurological symptoms are very common and vary greatly in severity. Frequently reported symptoms include feeling very tired, confusion, and headaches.[6] Seizures and symptoms similar to those of a stroke can also be seen.[6]
As TTP progresses, blood clots form within small blood vessels (microvasculature), and platelets (clotting cells) are consumed. As a result, bruising, and rarely bleeding can occur. The bruising often takes the form of purpura, while the most common site of bleeding, if it occurs, is from the nose or gums. Larger bruises (ecchymoses) may also develop.[citation needed]
The classic presentation of TTP includes a constellation of five medical signs which classically support the clinical diagnosis of TTP,[6] although it is unusual for patients to present with all 5 symptoms. The pentad includes:
Fever
Changes in mental status
Thrombocytopenia
Reduced kidney function
Haemolytic anaemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia).[6]
High blood pressure (hypertension) may be found on examination.[7]
Causes[edit]
TTP, as with other microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (MAHAs), is caused by spontaneous aggregation of platelets and activation of coagulation in the small blood vessels. Platelets are consumed in the aggregation process and bind vWF. These platelet-vWF complexes form small blood clots which circulate in the blood vessels and cause shearing of red blood cells, resulting in their rupture.[3]
The two best understood causes of TTP are due autoimmunity and an inherited deficiency of ADAMTS13 (known as the Upshaw-Schülman syndrome).[3]. The majority of the remaining cases are secondary to some other factor.
Autoimmune[edit]
TTP of unknown cause was long known as idiopathic TTP but in 1998 the majority of cases were shown to be caused by the inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13 by antibodies. The relationship of reduced ADAMTS13 to the pathogenesis of TTP is known as the Furlan-Tsai hypothesis, after the two independent groups of researchers who published their research in the same issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.[8][9][10]These cases are now classed as an autoimmune disease and are known as autoimmune TTP (not to be confused with immune/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura).
ADAMTS13 is a metalloproteinase responsible for the breakdown of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein that links platelets, blood clots, and the blood vessel wall in the process of blood coagulation. Very large vWF multimers are more prone to lead to coagulation. Hence, without proper cleavage of vWF by ADAMTS13, coagulation occurs at a higher rate, especially in the microvasculature, part of the blood vessel system where vWF is most active due to high shear stress.[5] In idiopathic TTP, severely decreased (<5% of normal) ADAMTS13 activity can be detected in most (80%) patients, and inhibitors are often found in this subgroup (44–56%).
Genetic[edit]
This condition may also be congenital. Such cases may be caused by mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene.[11] This hereditary form of TTP is called the Upshaw–Schulman syndrome.[12][13][14] Patients with this inherited ADAMTS13 deficiency have a surprisingly mild phenotype, but develop TTP in clinical situations with increased von Willebrand factor levels, e.g. infection. Reportedly, less than 1% of all TTP cases are due to Upshaw–Schulman syndrome.[15] Patients with this syndrome generally have 5–10% of normal ADAMTS-13 activity.[14][16]
Secondary TTP[edit]
Secondary TTP is diagnosed when the patient's history mentions one of the known features associated with TTP. It comprises about 40% of all cases of TTP. Predisposing factors are:[3]
Cancer
Bone marrow transplantation
Pregnancy
Medication use:
Antiviral drugs (acyclovir)
Certain chemotherapy medications such as gemcitabine and mitomycin C
Quinine
Oxymorphone
Quetiapine
Bevacizumab
Sunitinib
Platelet aggregation inhibitors (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel)
Immunosuppressants (ciclosporin, mitomycin, tacrolimus/FK506, interferon-α)
Hormone altering drugs (estrogens, contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy)[17]
HIV-1 infection
The mechanism of secondary TTP is poorly understood, as ADAMTS13 activity is generally not as depressed as in idiopathic TTP, and inhibitors cannot be detected. Probable etiology may involve, at least in some cases, endothelial damage,[18] although the formation of thrombi resulting in vessel occlusion may not be essential in the pathogenesis of secondary TTP.[19] These factors may also be considered a form of secondary aHUS; patients presenting with these features are, therefore, potential candidates for anticomplement therapy.
Diagnosis[edit]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
TTP is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body, which can lead to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. This characteristic is shared by two related syndromes, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).[20] Consequently, differential diagnosis of these TMA-causing diseases is essential. In addition to TMA, one or more of the following symptoms may be present in each of these diseases: neurological symptoms (e.g. confusion,[21][22] cerebral convulsions[22] seizures,[23]); kidney impairment[24] (e.g. elevated creatinine,[25] decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR],[25] abnormal urinalysis[26]); and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (e.g. diarrhea[21][27] nausea/vomiting,[23] abdominal pain,[23] gastroenteritis.[21][24] Unlike HUS and aHUS, TTP is known to be caused by an acquired defect in the ADAMTS13 protein, so a lab test showing ≤5% of normal ADAMTS13 levels is indicative of TTP.[28] ADAMTS13 levels above 5%, coupled with a positive test for shiga-toxin/enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), are more likely indicative of HUS,[29] whereas absence of shiga-toxin/EHEC can confirm a diagnosis of aHUS.[28]
Treatment[edit]
Due to the high mortality of untreated TTP, a presumptive diagnosis of TTP is made even when only microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are seen, and therapy is started. Transfusion is contraindicated in thrombotic TTP, as it fuels the coagulopathy. Since the early 1990s, plasmapheresis has become the treatment of choice for TTP.[30][31] This is an exchange transfusion involving removal of the patient's blood plasma through apheresis and replacement with donor plasma (fresh frozen plasma or cryosupernatant); the procedure must be repeated daily to eliminate the inhibitor and abate the symptoms. If apheresis is not available, fresh frozen plasma can be infused, but the volume that can be given safely is limited due to the danger of fluid overload.[32] Plasma infusion alone is not as beneficial as plasma exchange.[30] Corticosteroids (prednisone or prednisolone) are usually given.[31] Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody aimed at the CD20 molecule on B lymphocytes, may be used on diagnosis; this is thought to kill the B cells and thereby reduce the production of the inhibitor.[31] A stronger recommendation for rituximab exists where TTP does not respond to corticosteroids and plasmapheresis.[31]
Caplacizumab is an alternative option in treating TTP as it has been shown that it induces a faster disease resolution compared with those patient who were on placebo.[33] However, the use of caplacizumab was associated with increase bleeding tendencies in the studied subjects.
Most patients with refractory or relapsing TTP receive additional immunosuppressive therapy, e.g. vincristine, cyclophosphamide, splenectomy or a combination of the above.[32]
Children with Upshaw-Schülman syndrome receive prophylactic plasma every two to three weeks; this maintains adequate levels of functioning ADAMTS13. Some tolerate longer intervals between plasma infusions. Additional plasma infusions may necessary for triggering events, such as surgery; alternatively, the platelet count may be monitored closely around these events with plasma being administered if the count drops.[34]
Measurements of blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase, platelets, and schistocytes are used to monitor disease progression or remission.[citation needed] ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor levels may be measured during follow-up, but in those without symptoms the use of rituximab is not recommended.[31]
Prognosis[edit]
The mortality rate is around 95% for untreated cases, but the prognosis is reasonably favorable (80–90% survival) for patients with idiopathic TTP diagnosed and treated early with plasmapheresis.[35]
Epidemiology[edit]
The incidence of TTP is about 4-5 cases per million people per year.[36] Idiopathic TTP occurs more often in women and people of African descent, and TTP secondary to autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus occurs more frequently in people of African descent, although other secondary forms do not show this distribution.[37] Pregnant women and women in the post partum period accounted for a notable portion (12–31%) of the cases in some studies; TTP affects about one in 25,000 pregnancies.[38]
History[edit]
TTP was initially described by Dr. Eli Moschcowitz at the Beth Israel Hospital in New York City in 1925. Moschcowitz ascribed the disease (incorrectly, as now known) to a toxic cause. Moschcowitz noted his patient, a 16-year-old girl, had anemia, petechiae (purpura), microscopic hematuria, and, at autopsy, disseminated microvascular thrombi.[39] In 1966, a review of 16 new cases and 255 previously reported cases led to the formulation of the classical pentad of symptoms and findings (i.e., thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms, kidney failure, fever); in this series, mortality rates were found to be very high (90%).[40]
While a response to blood transfusion had been noted before, a 1978 report and subsequent studies showed blood plasma was highly effective in improving the disease process.[41] In 1991, plasma exchange was reported to provide better response rates compared to plasma infusion.[42]
In 1982, the disease had been linked with abnormally large von Willebrand factor multimers. The identification of a deficient protease in people with TTP was made in 1998s. The location of ADAMTS13 within the human genome was identified in 2001.[41]
References[edit]
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[show]
v
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Upshaw Schulman syndrome
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
May–Hegglin anomaly
Platelet function
adhesion
Bernard–Soulier syndrome
aggregation
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
platelet storage pool deficiency
Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
Gray platelet syndrome
Clotting factor
Hemophilia
A/VIII
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C/XI
von Willebrand disease
Hypoprothrombinemia/II
Factor VII deficiency
Factor X deficiency
Factor XII deficiency
Factor XIII deficiency
Dysfibrinogenemia
Congenital afibrinogenemia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrombotic_thrombocytopenic_purpura&oldid=800968602"
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values: Púrpura trombocitopènica trombòtica – Catalan

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text:
Chess piece
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Chess piece (disambiguation).
Original Staunton chess pieces, left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, and king
Chess pieces

King

Queen

Rook

Bishop

Knight

Pawn
A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the 32 movable objects deployed on a chessboard used to play the game of chess. In a standard game of chess, each of the two players begins a game with the following 16 pieces:
1 king
1 queen
2 rooks
2 bishops
2 knights
8 pawns
In playing chess, the players take turns moving one of their own chess pieces. The rules of chess prescribe the types of move a player can make with each type of chess piece.
The pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color. The lighter colored pieces are referred to as "white", and the player that plays them, "White". The darker colored pieces are referred to as "black", and their player, "Black".
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Moves of the pieces
3 Chess sets
3.1 Table sets
3.2 Pocket and travel sets
3.3 Computer images
4 Relative value
5 Historical Illustration
6 Piece names
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Terminology[edit]
In chess, the word "piece" has three meanings, depending on the context.
It may mean any of the physical pieces of the set, including the pawns. When used this way, "piece" is synonymous with "chessman" (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307) or simply "man" (Hooper & Whyld 1987:200).
In play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rook), minor pieces (bishop and knight), and the king (Brace 1977:220).
In phrases such as "winning a piece", "losing a piece" or "sacrificing a piece", it refers only to a bishop or knight. The queen, rook, and pawn are specified by name in these cases, for example, "winning a queen", "losing a rook", or "sacrificing a pawn" (Just & Burg 2003:5).
The context should make the intended meaning clear (Burgess 2009:523) (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307).
Moves of the pieces[edit]
Main article: Rules of chess
a b c d e f g h
8
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
a b c d e f g h
Chess starting position. Squares are referenced using algebraic notation.
Each piece type moves in a different way.
The rook moves any number of vacant squares forwards, backwards, left, or right in a straight line. It also takes part, along with the king, in a special move called castling.
The bishop moves any number of vacant squares diagonally in a straight line. Consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout a game. The two bishops each player starts with move on squares of opposite colors.
The queen moves any number of vacant squares in any direction: forwards, backwards, left, right, or diagonally, in a straight line.
The king moves exactly one vacant square in any direction: forwards, backwards, left, right, or diagonally. It can also castle in conjunction with a rook.
The knight moves on an extended diagonal from one corner of any 2×3 rectangle of squares to the furthest opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. The knight is the only piece that jumps over any intervening piece(s) when moving (castling being the only special instance in which pieces jump over one another).
The pawn moves forward exactly one space, or optionally, two spaces when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of the pawn, either left or right, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant. If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).
Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).
Chess sets[edit]
A St. George style set
Staunton pieces made of rosewood
Staunton pieces made of plastic
Staunton chess pieces on chess board with chess clock
Chess wooden
Table sets[edit]
The variety of designs available is broad, from small cosmetic changes to highly abstract representations, to themed designs such as those that emulate the drawings from the works of Lewis Carroll, or modern treatments such as Star Trek or The Simpsons. Themed designs are generally intended for display purposes rather than actual play (Hooper & Whyld 1992:76). Some works of art are designs of chess sets, such as the modernist chess set by chess enthusiast and dadaist Man Ray, that is on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[1]
Chess pieces used for play are usually figurines that are taller than they are wide. For example, a set of pieces designed for a chessboard with 2.25 inches (57 mm) squares typically have a king around 3.75 inches (95 mm) tall. Chess sets are available in a variety of designs, with the most well-known Staunton design, named after Howard Staunton, a 19th-century English chess player, and designed by Nathaniel Cook. The first Staunton style sets were made in 1849 by Jaques of London (also known as John Jaques of London and Jaques and Son of London) (Just & Burg 2003:225).
Wooden White chess pieces are normally made of a light wood, boxwood, or sometimes maple. Black wooden pieces are made of a dark wood such as rosewood, ebony, red sandalwood, or walnut. Sometimes they are made of boxwood and stained or painted black, brown, or red. Plastic white pieces are made of white or off-white plastic, and plastic black pieces are made of black or red plastic. Sometimes other materials are used, such as bone, ivory, or a composite material (Just & Burg 2003:224,226).
For actual play, pieces of the Staunton chess set design are standard. The height of the king should be between 3.35 to 4.13 inches (85 to 105 mm). United States Chess Federation rules call for a king height between 3.375 to 4.5 inches (85.7 to 114.3 mm). A height of about 3.75 to 4 inches (95 to 102 mm) is preferred by most players. The diameter of the king should be 40–50% of its height. The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced. The length of the sides of the squares of the chessboard should be about 1.25–1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 2 to 2.5 inches (51 to 64 mm). Squares of about 2.25 inches (57 mm) are normally well suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range. These criteria are from the United States Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess, which is based on the Fédération Internationale des Échecs rules (Just & Burg 2003:224–27).
The Grandmaster Larry Evans offered this advice on buying a set (Evans 1973:18):
Make sure the one you buy is easy on the eye, felt-based, and heavy (weighted). The men should be constructed so they don't come apart. ... The regulation board used by the U. S. Chess Federation is green and buff—never red and black. However, there are several good inlaid wood boards on the market. ... Avoid cheap equipment. Chess offers a lifetime of enjoyment for just a few dollars well spent at the outset.
Pocket and travel sets[edit]
Some small magnetic sets, designed to be compact and/or for travel, have pieces more like those used in shogi and xiangqi – each piece being a similar flat token, with a symbol printed on it to identify the piece type.
Computer images[edit]
On computers, chess pieces are often 2D symbols on a 2D board, although some programs have 3D graphics engines with more traditional designs of chess pieces.
Unicode contains symbols for chess pieces in both white and black.
Relative value[edit]
Main article: Chess piece relative value
The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. A bishop positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces is usually more valuable than a knight stuck in a corner. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen (Hooper & Whyld 1992:438–39). These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change dramatically depending on the position, the phase of the game (opening, middle game, endings). A bishop pair for example, is worth half a pawn. In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: A knight can be more valuable than a queen in a particular decisive attack.
Historical Illustration[edit]
Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess, used all six chess pieces plus a courier, man (or rath or sage), and jester.
Illustration of chess pieces used in Courier chess by Gustav Selenus from the book "Das Schach-Oder Königs-Spiel" (1616). Depicted are the king, queen, rook, archer (or bishop), knight, pawn (or soldier), courier, man (or rath or sage), and jester.
Piece names[edit]
Language
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn
Chess
Check
Checkmate/Mate
figurine
♔ ♚ ♕ ♛ ♖ ♜ ♗ ♝ ♘ ♞ ♙ ♟ ... + #
Afrikaans
K Koning
(king) D Dame
(lady) T Toring
(tower) L Loper
(runner) R Ruiter
(rider) (P) Pion Skaak Skaak Skaakmat
Albanian
M Mbreti
(king) Msh Mbretëresha
(queen) Ku Kulla
(tower) O Oficeri
(officer) Ka Kali
(horse) (U) Ushtari
(soldier) Shahu Shah Shah mat
Arabic
م مَلِك
(malik, king) و وزير
(wazïr, vizier) ر رخ/طابية
(rukhkh, fortress) / (ṭābiya, castle) ف فيل
(fīl, elephant) ح حصان
(ħiṣān, horse) ب بيدق/عسكري
(baidaq, pawn) / (`askarī, soldier) شطرنج
(shaṭranj) كِش مَلِك
(kish malik) كِش مات
(kish māt)
Armenian
Ա Արքա
(A Ark῾a, king) Թ Թագուհի
(T T῾agowhi, queen) Ն Նավակ
(N Navak, ship) Փ Փիղ
(P P῾ił, elephant) Ձ Ձի
(Dz Ji, horse) Զ Զինվոր
(Z Zinvor, soldier) Շախմատ (Ճատրակ)
Šaxmat (Čatrak) Շախ
(Šax) Մատ
(Mat)
Basque
E Erregea (king) D Dama (lady) G Gaztelua (castle) A Alfila Z Zalduna (knight) (P) Peoia (pawn) Xake Xake Xake mate
Belarusian (Taraškievica)
К кароль
(king) Вз візыр
(vizier) Лд ладзьдзя
(rook) А афіцэр
(officer) В вершнік
(rider) (Л) латнік
(pawn) Шахматы Шах Мат
Bengali
R রাজা
(Raja) M মন্ত্রী
(Montri) N নৌকা
(Nouka) H গজ/হাতি
(Goj)/(Hati) G ঘোড়া
(Ghora) B বোড়া/সৈন্য/পেয়াদা
(Bora)/(Sainya)/(Peyada) দাবা (daba) কিস্তি
(kisti) কিস্তিমাৎ
(kistimat)
Bulgarian
Ц цар
(king) Д дама
(lady) Т топ
(cannon) О офицер
(officer) К кон
(horse) (П) пешка Шахмат/Шах Шах (Шах и) мат
Catalan
R rei D dama/reina
(lady)/(queen) T torre
(tower) A alfil C cavall
(horse) (P) peó Escacs Escac/Xec Escac i mat
Chinese
K 王
(wáng, king) Q 后
(hòu, queen) R 車
(jū, chariot) B 象
(xiàng, elephant) N 馬
(mǎ, horse) (P) 兵
(bīng, soldier) 國際象棋
(guójì xiàngqí) 將軍
(jiāngjūn) 將死
(jiāngsǐ)
Czech
K král
(king) D dáma
(lady) V věž
(tower) S střelec
(shooter) J jezdec
(rider) (P) pěšec
(foot soldier) Šachy Šach Mat
Danish
K konge
(king) D dronning
(queen) T tårn
(tower) L løber
(runner) S springer
(jumper) (B) bonde
(peasant) Skak Skak Skakmat
Dutch
K koning
(king) D dame/koningin
(lady)/(queen) T toren/kasteel
(tower)/(castle) L loper/raadsheer
(runner)/(counsellor) P paard
(horse) (pi) pion Schaken Schaak Mat/Schaakmat
English[2]
K king Q queen R rook, castle B bishop N/Kt knight (P) pawn Chess Check Checkmate/Mate
Esperanto
R reĝo
(king) D damo
(lady) T turo
(tower) K kuriero
(courier) Ĉ ĉevalo
(horse) (P) peono Ŝako Ŝak Ŝakmato
Estonian
K kuningas
(king) L lipp
(flag) V vanker
(chariot/carriage) O oda
(spear) R ratsu
(riding horse) (E) ettur Male Tuli Matt
Finnish
K kuningas
(king) D daami/kuningatar
(lady)/(queen) T torni
(tower) L lähetti
(messenger) R ratsu
(horse) (S) sotilas
(soldier) Shakki Shakki Matti/Shakkimatti
French
R roi
(king) D dame
(lady) T tour
(tower) F fou
(jester) C cavalier
(rider) (P) pion Échecs Échec Échec et mat
Georgian
მ მეფე
(mep'e, king) ლ ლაზიერი
(lazieri, queen) ე ეტლი
(etli, chariot) კ კუ
(ku, tortoise) მ მხედარი
(mkhedari, rider) პ პაიკი
(paiki, pawn) ჭადრაკი (Čadraki) ქიში
(K'ishi) შამათი
(Shamat'i)
German[3][4][5]
K König
(king) D Dame, Königin
(lady, queen) T Turm
(tower) L Läufer
(runner) S Springer, Pferd, Rössel
(jumper, horse) (B) Bauer
(peasant) Schach Schach Matt/Schachmatt
Greek
Ρ βασιλιάς
(vasiliás, king) Β βασίλισσα
(vasílissa, queen) Π πύργος
(pýrgos, tower) Α αξιωματικός
(axiomatikós, officer) Ι ίππος
(íppos, horse) (Σ) πιόνι
(pióni, pawn) Σκάκι
(Skáki) Σαχ
(Sach) Mατ
(Mat)
Hindi
R राजा
(rājā, king) V वज़ीर
(vazīr, vizier) H हाथी
(hāthī, elephant) O ऊँट
(ūṁṭ, camel) G घोड़ा
(ghoṛā, horse) (P) प्यादा
(pyādā, infantryman) शतरंज
(Shatranj) शाह
(Shāh) शाहमात
(Shāhmāt)
Hebrew
מ מלך
(Melech, king) מה מלכה
(Malka, queen) צ צריח
(Tzariach, tower) ר רץ
(Ratz, runner) פ פרש
(Parash, rider) רגלי
(Regli, foot-soldier) שחמט
(Shakhmat) שח
(Shakh) מט
(Mat)
Hausa
S sarki
(king) Q sarauniya
(queen) R sansanin
(fortress) G giwa
(elephant) J jarumi
(mounted warrior) (P) soja
(soldier) ces ceki ceki mat
Hungarian
K király
(king) V vezér/királynő
(vizier)/(queen) B bástya
(bastion) F futó
(runner) H huszár/ló
(hussar)/(horse) (Gy) gyalog/paraszt
(footman)/(peasant) Sakk Sakk Matt
Ido
R rejo
(king) D damo
(lady) T turmo
(tower) E episkopo
(bishop) K kavalo
(horse) (P) piono Shakoludo Shako Shakmato
Icelandic
K kóngur
(king) D drottning
(queen) H hrókur
(rook) B biskup
(bishop) R riddari
(knight) (P) peð
(pawn) Skák Skák Skák og mát
Indonesian
R raja
(king) M menteri
(minister/vizier) B benteng
(castle/fortress) G gajah
(elephant) K kuda
(horse) (P) pion Catur Sekak Sekakmat
Irish
R rí
(king) B banríon
(queen) C caiseal
(bulwark) E easpag
(bishop) D ridire
(knight) (F) fichillín/ceithearnach
(little chess piece/kern) Ficheall Sáinn Marbhsháinn
Italian
R re
(king) D donna
(lady) T torre
(tower) A alfiere
(standard-bearer) C cavallo
(horse) (P) pedone
(footsoldier) Scacchi Scacco Scacco matto
Japanese
K キング
(kingu) Q クイーン
(kuīn) R ルーク
(rūku) B ビショップ
(bishoppu) N ナイト
(naito) (P) ポーン
(pōn) チェス
(chesu) 王手/
チェック
(chekku) 詰み/
チェックメイト
(chekkumeito)
Javanese
R raja
(king) Q ratu/perdhana mentri
(queen/prime minister) B bèntèng
(fortress) M mentri
(minister) K jaran
(horse) (P) pion sekak
Korean
K 킹
(king) Q 퀸
(kwin) R 룩
(rug) B 비숍
(bi syob) N 나이트
(na i teu) (P) 폰
(pon) 체스
(che seu) 체크
(che keu) 체크메이트
(che keu me i teu)
Latin
rex
(king) regina
(queen) turris
(tower) signifer, cursor
(standard-bearer, messenger) eques
(knight) pedes
(footsoldier) Scacci Scaccus Mattus
Latvian
K karalis
(king) D dāma
(lady) T tornis
(tower) L laidnis
(bishop) Z zirgs
(cavallo) (B) bandinieks
(peasant) Šahs Šahs Šahs un mats
Lithuanian
K karalius (king) V valdovė (queen) B bokštas (tower) R rikis (Lithuanian military commander) Ž žirgas (horse) (P) pėstininkas (pawn) Šachmatai Šach Matas
Luxembourgish
K Kinnek
(king) D Damm
(lady) T Tuerm
(tower) L Leefer
(runner) P Päerd
(horse) (B) Bauer
(farmer) Schach Schach Schachmatt
Malayalam
K രാജാവ്
(rajavu, king) Q മന്ത്രി
(manthri, minister) R തേര്
(theru, chariot) B ആന
(anaa, elephant) N/Kt കുതിര
(kuthira, horse) (P) കാലാള് / പടയാളി
(kalal)/(padayali, foot soldier) ചതുരംഗം
(chathurangam) ചെക്ക്
check ചെക്ക് മേറ്റ്
check mate
Marathi
R राजा
(rājā, king) V वज़ीर
(vajīr, vizier) H हत्ती
(hātti, elephant) O उंट
(Uant, camel) G घोड़ा
(ghoda, horse) (P) प्यादे
(pyāde, foot soldier) बुद्धिबळ
(buddhibal) शह
(shāh) शहमात
(shāhmāt)
Mongolian
Н ноён
(noyan) Б бэрс
(fers, vizier) т тэрэг
(tereg, chariot) Т тэмээ
(temee, camel) М морь
(mor, rider) (Х) хүү
(hüü, infantryman) Шатар шаг, дуг, цод мад
Norwegian Bokmål
K konge
(king) D dronning
(queen) T tårn
(tower) L løper
(runner) S springer
(jumper) (B) bonde
(peasant) Sjakk Sjakk Sjakkmatt
Norwegian Nynorsk
K konge
(king) D dronning
(queen) T tårn
(tower) L løpar
(runner) S springar
(jumper) (B) bonde
(peasant) Sjakk Sjakk Sjakkmatt
Persian
ش شاه
(king) و وزیر
(vizier, minister) ق/ر قلعه/رخ
(castle) ف فیل
(elephant) ا اسب
(horse) س سرباز
(soldier) شطرنج کیش
(kish) مات
(mat)
Polish
K król
(king) H hetman W wieża
(tower) G goniec
(courier) S skoczek
(jumper) (P) pion
(pawn) szachy szach mat (szach-mat / szach i mat)
Portuguese
R rei
(king) D dama/rainha
(lady)/(queen) T torre
(tower) B bispo
(bishop) C cavalo
(horse) (P) peão Xadrez Xeque Xeque-mate
Romanian
R rege
(king) D damă/regină
(lady)/(queen) T turn
(tower) N nebun
(fool, jester) C cal
(horse) (P) pion Şah Şah Mat
Russian
Кр король (king)
Kr korol' Ф ферзь (vizier)
F ferz' Л ладья (boat)
L ladya С слон (elephant)
S slon К конь (horse)
K kon' (П) пешка
P peshka шахматы
shakhmaty шах
shakh мат
mat
Scottish Gaelic
R righ (king) B bànrigh (queen) T tùr (tower) E easbaig (bishop) D ridir (knight) (P) pàn (pawn) feòirne casg tul-chasg
Serbo-Croatian
К/K краљ / kralj Д/D краљицa / kraljica Т/T топ / top Л/L ловац / lovac С/S (скaкaч/коњ) / (skakac/konj) (П) (пjешак/пион) / (pješak/pion) Шах / Šah Шах / Šah Мат / Mat
Northern Sotho
К Kgoši Kg Kgošigadi N Ntlosebô/Moshate Mp Mopišopo M Mogale S Seitšhireletšo Tšhêšê Check Checkmate
Sicilian
R re
(king) D riggina
(queen) T turru
(tower) A alferu S scecc[h]u
(donkey) (P) pidinu
(footsoldier) Scacchi
Slovak
K kráľ (king) D dáma (lady) V veža (tower) S strelec (shooter) J jazdec (horseman) (P) pešiak (infantryman, pawn) Šach Šach Mat/Šachmat
Slovene
K kralj (king) D dama (lady) T trdnjava (castle) L lovec (hunter) S skakač (jumper) (P) kmet (farmer) Šah Šah Mat/Šahmat
Spanish
R rey
(king) D dama/reina
(lady/queen) T torre
(tower) A alfil C caballo
(horse) (P) peón
(foot-soldier) Ajedrez Jaque Jaque mate
Swedish
K kung D dam/drottning
(lady)/(queen) T torn
(tower) L löpare
(runner) S springare/häst
(horse) (B) bonde
(peasant) Schack Schack Schack matt
Tamil
K அரசன்
(arasaṉ, king) Q அரசி
(araci, queen) R கோட்டை
(kōṭṭai, castle) B அமைச்சர் / மந்திரி
(amaicchar, minister) / (manthiri, minister) N/Kt குதிரை
(kutirai, horse) (P) காலாள் / சிப்பாய்
(kālāḷ, fotsoldier) / (cippāy, sepoy) சதுரங்கம்
(sathurankam) முற்றுகை
(muṟṟukai) இறுதி முற்றுகை
(iṟuti muṟṟukai)
Telugu
రాజు
(rāju, king) మంత్రి
(maṃtri, minister) ఏనుగు
(ēnugu, elephant) శకటు
(śakaţu) గుర్రం
(gurraṃ, horse) బంటు
(baṃţu, soldier) చదరంగం
(cadaraṃgaṃ) దాడి
(dāḍi) కట్టు
(kaţţu)
Thai
ข ขุน
(khun, king) ต เม็ด (ตรี/มนตรี)
(met (trī/montrī), counselor) ร เรือ
(reūa, ship) ค โคน
(khōn, elephant) ม ม้า
(mā, horse) (บ) เบี้ย
(bīa, menial) หมากรุก
(mākruk) รุก
(ruk, invade) จน
(jon, checkmate)
Turkish
Ş/K şah/kral (shah/king) V vezir (vizier) K kale (castle) F fil (elephant) A at (horse) (P) er/piyon (soldier/pawn) Satranç Şah Mat
Ukrainian
Kр король
(korol, king) Ф ферзь
(ferz, vizier) T тура
(tura, tower) C слон
(slon, elephant) K кінь
(kin, horse) (П) пішак, пішка
(pishak/pishka, footsoldier) Шахи
(shakhi) Шах
(shakh) Мат
(mat)
Urdu
بادشاہ
(bādshāh) وزیر
(vazīr) رخ
(rukh) فيلہ
(fiyalah) گھوڑا
(ghōṛā) پیادہ
(pyādah) شطرنج
(šaṭranj) شہ
(sheh) شہمات
(shehmāt)
Vietnamese
V vua (king) H hậu (queen) X xe (chariot) T tượng (statue) M mã (horse) _ tốt (soldier) Cờ vua Chiếu Chiếu bí/Chiếu hết/Hết cờ
Welsh
T teyrn/brenin (lord/king) B brenhines ( queen) C castell (castle) E esgob (bishop) M marchog (rider) (G) gwerinwr (peasant) Gwyddbwyll Siach Siachmat
(Luiro 2009)
See also[edit]
Lewis chessmen
Staunton chess set
Lewis chessmen
Chess piece relative value
Chessboard
Rules of chess
Outline of chess
Fairy chess piece
Chess box, container for chess pieces.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Man Ray set
Jump up ^ Dictionary.com: king, queen, rook, castle, bishop, knight, pawn
Jump up ^ Pierer's Universal-Lexikon, Band 15. Altenburg, 1862, p.44-47 s.v. Schachspiel
Jump up ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Band 17. Leipzig, 1909, p.662-663 s.v. Schachspiel.
Jump up ^ duden.de: König, Dame, Königin, Turm, Läufer, Springer, Pferd, Rössel, Bauer
References[edit]
Brace, Edward (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Craftwell, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
Burgess, Graham (2009), The Mammoth Book of Chess (3rd ed.), Running Press, ISBN 978-0-7624-3726-9
Evans, Larry (1973), Evans on Chess, Conerstone Library, ISBN 0-87749-699-4
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "Value of pieces", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel S. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
Luiro, Ari (2009), Chess pieces in different languages, archived from the original on October 25, 2009, retrieved 2011-11-04
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess pieces.
FIDE on chess equipment
History of Staunton Chess Pieces
Chess pieces in different languages
Online "Chess Museum" with many historic examples.
How chess pieces are made.
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h8 black rook

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a7 black pawn

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b7 black pawn

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c7 black pawn

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d7 black pawn

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e7 black pawn

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g7 black pawn

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h7 black pawn

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a2 white pawn

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b2 white pawn

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/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg
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c2 white pawn

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d2 white pawn

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e2 white pawn

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f2 white pawn

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g2 white pawn

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h2 white pawn

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a1 white rook

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h1 white rook

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