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Edgar Buchanan
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Edgar Buchanan, DDS
Buchanan circa 1971
Born
William Edgar Buchanan II
(1903-03-20)March 20, 1903
Humansville, Missouri, U.S.
Died
April 4, 1979(1979-04-04) (aged 76)
Palm Desert, California, U.S.
Occupation
Dentist, Actor, Singer
Years active
1939–74
Spouse(s)
Mildred Marguerite Spence (1928–1979; his death)
Children
1
A "crossover" episode: Irene Ryan as "Granny" from The Beverly Hillbillies and Edgar Buchanan as "Uncle Joe" on Petticoat Junction (1968)
Edgar Buchanan (March 20, 1903 – April 4, 1979) was an American actor with a long career in both film and television, most familiar today as Uncle Joe Carson from the Petticoat Junction,[1]:828 Green Acres, and The Beverly Hillbillies television sitcoms of the 1960s. On Petticoat Junction, he took over as proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel following the 1968 death of show star Bea Benaderet, who had played Kate Bradley. In 1969, in the episode "Kathy Jo's First Birthday Party", he appeared with his real-life son, Buck (who had a cameo as an ice cream vendor).
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Career
1.3 Death
2 Filmography
3 Television
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
The son of Dr. and Mrs. W.E. Buchanan,[2] he was born in Humansville, Missouri, and moved with his family to Oregon when he was seven.[3] In 1928, he earned a DDS degree from North Pacific College School of Dentistry, which later became Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry.[4] His wife Mildred (1907–1987) and he, classmates in dental school, were married in 1928, the year he graduated. They had one child, a son named Buck.[5] In 1939, they moved from Eugene, Oregon, to Altadena, California, where they moved their dental practice. He joined the Pasadena Playhouse as an actor.[6] He appeared in his first film in 1939, at the age of 36, after which he turned his dentistry practice over to his wife. He was a member of Theta Chi Fraternity[7] and a Freemason.[8]
Career[edit]
Buchanan appeared in more than 100 films, including Texas (1941) where he played a dentist and starred with William Holden and Glenn Ford and later in Penny Serenade (1941) with Cary Grant, Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die (1942), The Talk of the Town (1942) with Ronald Colman and Jean Arthur, The Man from Colorado (1948), Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), She Couldn't Say No (1954), Ride the High Country (1962) with Randolph Scott and Joel McCrea, McLintock! (1963) with John Wayne, Move Over, Darling (1963) with Doris Day and James Garner, and Benji (1974).
Among the many television series in which he was cast as a guest star were Cimarron City, The Californians, The Rifleman Edgar appeared in six episodes of The Rifleman, playing Grandpa Fogerty in “The Long Goodbye” (Episode 119) and Doc Burrage in the other five: “The Pet” (episode 15), “The Second Witness” (episode 23), “The Trade” (episode 24), “The Deadly Wait” (episode 26), and “The Angry Man” (episode 31).,[9] the episode "Duel at Sundown" of Maverick with James Garner and Clint Eastwood, Leave It to Beaver (as both "Uncle Billy" and "Captain Jack"), The Twilight Zone, Riverboat (as Wingate Pardee in the 1960 episode, "Duel on the River"), Gunsmoke, Route 66, Bringing Up Buddy, Bus Stop, and The Lloyd Bridges Show.
Buchanan's roles as a regular cast member in television programs included Red Connors in the syndicated Western Hopalong Cassidy,[10] and J.J. Jackson in the CBS crime drama Cade's County.[1]
In 1956, Buchanan portrayed the lead in the 39-episode syndicated Western television series, Judge Roy Bean,[10] set in Langtry, Texas, and filmed in color in California. Only loosely based on the career of the legendary storekeeper, bartender, and justice of the peace, Roy Bean, the series had supporting roles for Jack Buetel, Jackie Loughery, and Russell Hayden as a Texas Ranger. The series popularized Bean's claim to having been "The Only Law West of the Pecos", a reference to the Pecos River in Val Verde County in southwestern Texas.[11] From 1960 to 1962, he appeared four times on the NBC Western series Laramie, Buchanan made two guest appearances on Perry Mason: in 1958 as a small-town coroner in "The Case of the Perjured Parrot" and in 1962 as a small-town judge in "The Case of the Lurid Letter".
Buchanan appeared as Uncle Joe Carson in all 222 episodes of Petticoat Junction, the only actor from the show to do so, as well as in 17 episodes of Green Acres,[1]:416 and three episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies. Another star from Petticoat Junction and he appeared together in the 1974 movie Benji; the other "star" was Higgins the dog, which portrayed the title character.
In 1967, Dot Records released "Phantom 309" (Dot #17047), a narration by Buchanan. The 45 rpm single was backed with "Cotton Picker".[12]
Death[edit]
Buchanan died from a stroke complicated by pneumonia in Palm Desert, California,[12] and was interred in the Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1974 Benji Bill
1970 The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again
1969 Angel in My Pocket Axel Gresham
1969 The Over-the-Hill Gang
1967 Welcome to Hard Times Brown
1966 Gunpoint Bull
1965 The Man from Button Willow Sorry Voice
The Rounders Vince Moore
1963 Move Over, Darling Judge Bryson
McLintock! Bunny Dull
A Ticklish Affair Captain Martin
Donovan's Reef Boston Attorney
1962 Ride the High Country Judge Tolliver
Devil's Partner Don Lucas
1961 The Comancheros Judge Thaddeus Jackson Breen
Tammy Tell Me True Judge Carver
1960 Cimarron Judge Neal Hefner
Chartroose Caboose Woody Watts
Four Fast Guns Dipper
1959 Hound-Dog Man Doc Cole
Edge of Eternity Sheriff Edwards
It Started with a Kiss Congressman Tappe
King of the Wild Stallions Idaho
Stump Run Buck Gaskin
1958 The Sheepman Milt Masters
Day of the Bad Man Sam Wyckoff
1957 Spoilers of the Forest Tom Duncan
1956 Come Next Spring Mr. Canary
1955 Wichita Doc Black
The Lonesome Trail Dan Wells
The Silver Star Will 'Bill' Dowdy
Rage at Dawn Judge
1954 Destry The Honorable Hiram J. Sellers, Mayor
Dawn at Socorro Sheriff Cauthen
Human Desire Alec Simmons
Make Haste to Live Sheriff Lafe
She Couldn't Say No Ed Meeker
1953 Shane Fred Lewis
It Happens Every Thursday Jake
1952 Toughest Man in Arizona Jim Hadlock
Wild Stallion John Wintergreen
Flaming Feather Sgt. O'Rourke
The Big Trees Walter 'Yukon' Burns
1951 Silver City Dutch Surrency
Cave of Outlaws Dobbs
Rawhide Sam Todd
The Great Missouri Raid Dr. Samuels
1950 Devil's Doorway Zeke Carmody
The Big Hangover Uncle Fred Mahoney
Cargo to Capetown Sam Bennett
Cheaper by the Dozen Dr. Burton
1949 Any Number Can Play Ed
Lust for Gold Wiser
Red Canyon Jonah Johnson
The Walking Hills Old Willy
1948 The Untamed Breed John Rambeau
The Man from Colorado Doc Merriam
Coroner Creek Sheriff O'Hea
The Black Arrow Lawless
Best Man Wins Jim Smiley
Adventures in Silverado Dr. Hendersonn, aka The Monk
The Wreck of the Hesperus George Lockhart
The Swordsman Angus MacArden
1947 Framed Jeff Cunningham
The Sea of Grass Jeff, Cook on Brewton Ranch
1946 If I'm Lucky Darius J. Magonnagle
Renegades Kirk Dembrow
The Walls Came Tumbling Down George Bradford
Perilous Holiday George Richards
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Friar Tuck
Abilene Town Sheriff 'Bravo' Trimble
The Fighting Guardsman Pepe, bandit-valet
1944 Strange Affair Lt. Washburn
The Impatient Years Judge
Bride by Mistake Jonathan Connors
Buffalo Bill Sergeant Chips McGraw
1943 Destroyer Kansas Jackson
Good Luck, Mr. Yates Jonesey Jones
The Desperadoes Uncle Willie McLeod
City Without Men Michael T. Mallory
1942 The Talk of the Town Sam Yates
Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die Curly Bill Brocious
1941 You Belong to Me Billings, Groundskeeper
Texas Buford "Doc" Thorpe
The Richest Man in Town Pete Martin
Her First Beau Elmer Tuttle
Penny Serenade Applejack Carney
1940 Arizona Judge Bogardus
When the Daltons Rode Narrator/Old-timer Uncredited
The Seahawk Ben Rollins
The Doctor Takes a Wife Doorman
Escape to Glory Charles Atterbee
Tear Gas Squad Cousin Andy, a Policeman
Three Cheers for the Irish Party Guest Uncredited
Too Many Husbands Det. Adolph McDermott
1939 My Son Is Guilty Dan, Bartender
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1973 Love, American Style Segment: Love and the Family Hour
1972 The Partridge Family Episode: "M is for Many Things"
1971–1972 Cade's County J.J. Jackson
1971 Yuma Mules McNeil
The Virginian Teddy Birdwell Episode: "The Legacy of Spencer Flats"
1963–1970 Petticoat Junction Joseph P. "Uncle Joe" Carson
1970 The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again Jason Fitch
The Mod Squad Hargis Episode: "Welcome to the Human Race, Levi Frazee!"
The Name of the Game Felson Episode: "Little Bear Died Running"
1965–1969 Green Acres Uncle Joe Carson There were many crossovers from Petticoat Junction castmembers in the series
1969 The Over-the-Hill Gang Jason Fitch
1968 The Beverly Hillbillies Uncle Joe Carson 3 episodes
Something for a Lonely Man Old Man Wolenski
1965 Luke and the Tenderfoot Luke Herkimer
1957–1963 Leave It to Beaver Captain Jack / William 'Uncle Billy' Cleaver 3 episodes
1962, 1963 Dr. Kildare Steve Devitt / Judge Manning 2 episodes
Gunsmoke Dan Witter / Dan York 2 episodes
The Lloyd Bridges Show Doc / Tyree 2 episodes
1960–1962 Laramie Tully Casper
Cletus McBain 4 episodes
1958, 1962 Perry Mason Andy Templet / Judge Edward Daley 2 episodes
1962 Dennis the Menace Mr. Meekin Episode: "Dennis and the Hermit"
The Wide Country Uncle Walt Guthrie Episode: "Good Old Uncle Walt"
Have Gun – Will Travel Cardiff Episode: "Man in an Hourglass"
Stoney Burke Dawes Episode: "Fight Night"
Alcoa Premiere Crab Holman Episode: "Flashing Spikes"
Thriller Doc O'Connor Episode: 'Til Death Do Us Part
The Twilight Zone Doc Bolton Episode: "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank"
1958–1961 The Rifleman Doc Burrage / Grandpa Fogarty
Maverick Daddy Forge / Jed / Colonel Hamilton / Red Daniels 5 episodes
1957–1961 Tales of Wells Fargo Bob Dawson / Doc Dawson 6 episodes
1960, 1961 Bonanza Hallelujah Hicks / John Henry Hill 2 episodes
1961 The Andy Griffith Show Henry Wheeler Episode: "Aunt Bee's Brief Encounter"
Bus Stop Judge Neal Episode: "The Man from Bootstrap"
The New Bob Cummings Show Episode: "The Oxtail Incident"
The Tall Man Archie Keogh Episode: "The Judas Palm"
The Barbara Stanwyck Show Judge Franklin Episode: "A Man's Game"
National Velvet Grandpa Harwell 2 episodes
Klondike Sam Perkins Episode: "The Golden Burro"
1957, 1960 Wagon Train The Tramp / Ben Mattox 2 episodes
1960 Riverboat Wingate Pardee Episode: "Duel on the River"
Route 66 Jack McConkle Episode: "The Beryllium Eater"
Outlaws Nulty 2 episodes
Stagecoach West Lum Jensen Episode: "Red Sand"
Assignment: Underwater Charlie Noble Episode: "Charlie Noble's Pearl"
Bat Masterson Cactus Charlie Episode: "Debt of Honor"
Bronco Pop Owens Episode: "Winter Kill"
1958, 1959 The Californians Dutch / Major 2 episodes
1955–1959 General Electric Theater
1959 The Deputy Isbel Episode: "Man of Peace"
Alfred Hitchcock Presents Pops Episode: "Coyote Moon"
Wanted Dead or Alive Pop Michaels / Chester Blake 2 episodes
Trackdown Tully Saxon Episode: "The Trick"
Lawman Jess Miller Episode: "The Captives"
1958 Cimarron City Shanty Episode: "Kid on a Calico Horse"
26 Men Episode: "Cross and Doublecross"
The Gale Storm Show Jasper Stokes Episode: "Hayride Ahoy"
Studio One Dan Ferris Episode: "Birthday Present"
The Restless Gun Ethan Greenfield / Sheriff Gabe Starns 2 episodes
The Adventures of Jim Bowie Ringtail Episode: "Deaf Smith"
1957 Climax! Spencer 2 episodes
The Christophers John Augustus Episode: "Sentence Deferred"
Whirlybirds Burton Episode: "The Perfect Crime"
1956 Crossroads Bart Alden Episode: "The Lamp of Father Cataldo"
Strange Stories Episode: "Con Game"
Judge Roy Bean Judge Roy Bean
1953, 1955 Cavalcade of America Horace Greeley / Doc Mathew 4 episodes
1955 Screen Directors Playhouse Sub Royal Episode: "The Bush Roper"
Ford Theatre Papa Mumby Episode: "The Mumbysa"
1952–1954 Hopalong Cassidy Red Connors
1954 Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson Uncle Harry Episode: "Uncle Harry"
1953 Make Room for Daddy Captain Chris Episode: "The Sea Captain"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.
Jump up ^ "Buck Comes Home". The Eugene Guard. Oregon, Eugene. May 18, 1959. p. 11. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Edgar Buchanan, Actor, Matineeclassics.com; retrieved March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Edgar Buchanan: the frontier dentist who played one on TV". July 12, 2010. Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actor Edgar Buchanan, TV's 'Uncle Joe', is dead" April 5, 1979 Pittsburgh Post Gazette retrieved October 28, 2015
Jump up ^ Monush, Barry (2003). Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the silent era to 1965. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 96. ISBN 9781557835512. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ The Rattle of Theta Chi. Theta Chi Fraternity Inc. 1942. p. 13. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Edgar Buchanan's gravestone, with Freemasonic Square and Compasses, findagrave.com; retrieved November 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Secrets Of TV's The Rifleman: More Than Just Guns And Good Times - Page 66 of 81". Trend-chaser.com. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Erickson, Hal (1989). Syndicated Television: The First Forty Years, 1947-1987. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1198-8. P. 97.
Jump up ^ Billy Hathorn, "Roy Bean, Temple Houston, Bill Longley, Ranald Mackenzie, Buffalo Bill, Jr., and the Texas Rangers: Depictions of West Texans in Series Television, 1955 to 1967", West Texas Historical Review, Vol. 89 (2013), pp. 102-118
^ Jump up to: a b Leszczak, Bob (2015). From Small Screen to Vinyl: A Guide to Television Stars Who Made Records, 1950-2000. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 35–36. ISBN 9781442242746. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edgar Buchanan.
Biography portal
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Edgar Buchanan on IMDb
Edgar Buchanan at the TCM Movie Database
Edgar Buchanan at AllMovie
Edgar Buchanan at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 61755610
LCCN: n87911800
ISNI: 0000 0001 0907 8486
GND: 1019512644
BNF: cb14159990c (data)
IATH: w66f380m
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Buchanan&oldid=809135027"
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Giant squid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 December 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Colossal squid.
For other uses, see Giant squid (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Giant squid
Giant squid, Architeuthis sp., modified from an illustration by A.E. Verrill, 1880
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: Coleoidea
Order: Teuthida
Suborder: Oegopsina
Family: Architeuthidae
Pfeffer, 1900
Genus: Architeuthis
Steenstrup in Harting, 1860
Species
Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, 1857
probable synonyms:
A. hartingii (A. E. Verrill, 1875)
A. japonica Pfeffer, 1912
A. kirkii Robson, 1887
A. martensi (Hilgendorf, 1880)
A. physeteris (Joubin, 1900)
A. sanctipauli (Vélain, 1877)
A. stockii (Kirk, 1882)
Worldwide giant squid distribution based on recovered specimens
Synonyms
Architeuthus Steenstrup, 1857
Dinoteuthis More, 1875
Dubioteuthis Joubin, 1900
Megaloteuthis Kent, 1874
Megateuthis Hilgendorf in Carus, 1880
Megateuthus Hilgendorf, 1880
Mouchezis Vélain, 1877
Plectoteuthis Owen, 1881
Steenstrupia Kirk, 1882
The giant squid (genus Architeuthis) is a deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size due to deep-sea gigantism: recent estimates put the maximum size at 13 m (43 ft) for females and 10 m (33 ft) for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles (second only to the colossal squid at an estimated 14 m (46 ft),[2] one of the largest living organisms). The mantle is about 2 m (6.6 ft) long (more for females, less for males), and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles (but including head and arms) rarely exceeds 5 m (16 ft). Claims of specimens measuring 20 m (66 ft) or more have not been scientifically documented.
The number of different giant squid species has been debated, but recent genetic research suggests that only one species exists.[3]
In 2004, Japanese researchers took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat,[4] and in July 2012, a live adult was first filmed in its natural habitat off Chichi-jima.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Morphology and anatomy
2 Size
3 Reproductive cycle
4 Genetics
5 Ecology
5.1 Feeding
5.2 Predators and potential cannibalism
5.3 Range and habitat
6 Species
7 Timeline
7.1 Images and video of live animals
7.1.1 First images of live adult
7.1.2 First observations in the wild
7.1.3 First video of live adult
8 Cultural depictions
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Morphology and anatomy[edit]
See also: Squid and Cephalopod
Like all squid, a giant squid has a mantle (torso), eight arms, and two longer tentacles (the longest known tentacles of any cephalopod). The arms and tentacles account for much of the squid's great length, making it much lighter than its chief predator, the sperm whale. Scientifically documented specimens have masses of hundreds, rather than thousands, of kilograms.
Tentacular club of Architeuthis
The inside surfaces of the arms and tentacles are lined with hundreds of subspherical suction cups, 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) in diameter, each mounted on a stalk. The circumference of these suckers is lined with sharp, finely serrated rings of chitin.[6] The perforation of these teeth and the suction of the cups serve to attach the squid to its prey. It is common to find circular scars from the suckers on or close to the head of sperm whales that have attacked giant squid.
Each tentacular club is divided into three regions – the carpus ("wrist"), manus ("hand") and dactylus ("finger").[7][8] The carpus has a dense cluster of cups, in six or seven irregular, transverse rows. The manus is broader, closer to the end of the club, and has enlarged suckers in two medial rows. The dactylus is the tip. The bases of all the arms and tentacles are arranged in a circle surrounding the animal's single, parrot-like beak, as in other cephalopods.
A portion of sperm whale skin with giant squid sucker scars
Giant squid have small fins at the rear of their mantles used for locomotion. Like other cephalopods, they are propelled by jet – by pulling water into the mantle cavity, and pushing it through the siphon, in gentle, rhythmic pulses. They can also move quickly by expanding the cavity to fill it with water, then contracting muscles to jet water through the siphon. Giant squid breathe using two large gills inside the mantle cavity. The circulatory system is closed, which is a distinct characteristic of cephalopods. Like other squid, they contain dark ink used to deter predators.
The beak of a giant squid, surrounded by the buccal mass
The giant squid has a sophisticated nervous system and complex brain, attracting great interest from scientists. It also has the largest eyes of any living creature except perhaps the colossal squid – up to at least 27 cm (11 in) in diameter, with a 9 cm (3.5 in) pupil (only the extinct ichthyosaurs are known to have had larger eyes).[9] Large eyes can better detect light (including bioluminescent light), which is scarce in deep water. The giant squid probably cannot see colour, but it can probably discern small differences in tone, which is important in the low-light conditions of the deep ocean.[10]
Giant squid and some other large squid species maintain neutral buoyancy in seawater through an ammonium chloride solution which is found throughout their bodies and is lighter than seawater. This differs from the method of flotation used by most fish, which involves a gas-filled swim bladder. The solution tastes somewhat like salmiakki and makes giant squid unattractive for general human consumption.
Like all cephalopods, giant squid use organs called statocysts to sense their orientation and motion in water. The age of a giant squid can be determined by "growth rings" in the statocyst's statolith, similar to determining the age of a tree by counting its rings. Much of what is known about giant squid age is based on estimates of the growth rings and from undigested beaks found in the stomachs of sperm whales.
Size[edit]
See also: Cephalopod size
The giant squid is the second-largest mollusc and one of the largest of all extant invertebrates. It is only exceeded by the colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, which may have a mantle nearly twice as long. Several extinct cephalopods, such as the Cretaceous vampyromorphid Tusoteuthis,[11] the Cretaceous coleoid Yezoteuthis,[12] and the Ordovician nautiloid Cameroceras[13] may have grown even larger.
Giant squid size, particularly total length, has often been exaggerated. Reports of specimens reaching and even exceeding 20 m (66 ft) are widespread, but no specimens approaching this size have been scientifically documented.[14] According to giant squid expert Steve O'Shea, such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands.[14]
A giant squid specimen measuring over 4 m (13 ft) without its two long feeding tentacles
Based on the examination of 130 specimens and of beaks found inside sperm whales, giant squids' mantles are not known to exceed 2.25 m (7.4 ft).[14] Including the head and arms, but excluding the tentacles, the length very rarely exceeds 5 m (16 ft).[14] Maximum total length, when measured relaxed post mortem, is estimated at 13 m (43 ft) for females and 10 m (33 ft) for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles.[14]
Giant squid exhibit sexual dimorphism. Maximum weight is estimated at 275 kg (606 lb) for females and 150 kg (330 lb) for males.[14]
Reproductive cycle[edit]
Little is known about the reproductive cycle of giant squid. They are thought to reach sexual maturity at about three years old; males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than females. Females produce large quantities of eggs, sometimes more than 5 kg (11 lb), that average 0.5 to 1.4 mm (0.020 to 0.055 in) long and 0.3 to 0.7 mm (0.012 to 0.028 in) wide. Females have a single median ovary in the rear end of the mantle cavity and paired, convoluted oviducts, where mature eggs pass exiting through the oviducal glands, then through the nidamental glands. As in other squid, these glands produce a gelatinous material used to keep the eggs together once they are laid.
In males, as with most other cephalopods, the single, posterior testis produces sperm that move into a complex system of glands that manufacture the spermatophores. These are stored in the elongate sac, or Needham's sac, that terminates in the penis from which they are expelled during mating. The penis is prehensile, over 90 cm (35 in) long, and extends from inside the mantle.
How the sperm is transferred to the egg mass is much debated, as giant squid lack the hectocotylus used for reproduction in many other cephalopods. It may be transferred in sacs of spermatophores, called spermatangia, which the male injects into the female's arms. This is suggested by a female specimen recently found in Tasmania, having a small subsidiary tendril attached to the base of each arm.
Post-larval juveniles have been discovered in surface waters off New Zealand, with plans to capture more and maintain them in an aquarium to learn more about the creature.[15] Young giant squid specimens were found off the coast of southern Japan in 2013 and confirmed through genetic analysis.[16][17]
Genetics[edit]
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of giant squid individuals from all over the world has found that there is little variation between individuals across the globe (just 181 differing genetic base pairs out of 20,331). This suggests that there is but a single species of giant squid in the world. Squid larvae may be dispersed by ocean currents across vast distances.[3]
Ecology[edit]
Feeding[edit]
The dramatization of an underwater encounter between the sperm whale and giant squid, from a diorama in the Hall of Ocean Life at the American Museum of Natural History
Recent studies have shown giant squid feed on deep-sea fish and other squid species.[18] They catch prey using the two tentacles, gripping it with serrated sucker rings on the ends. Then they bring it toward the powerful beak, and shred it with the radula (tongue with small, file-like teeth) before it reaches the esophagus. They are believed to be solitary hunters, as only individual giant squid have been caught in fishing nets. Although the majority of giant squid caught by trawl in New Zealand waters have been associated with the local hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) fishery, hoki do not feature in the squid's diet. This suggests giant squid and hoki prey on the same animals.[18]
Predators and potential cannibalism[edit]
The only known predators of adult giant squid are sperm whales, but pilot whales may also feed on them.[19][20] Juveniles are preyed on by deep-sea sharks[21] and other fish. Because sperm whales are skilled at locating giant squid, scientists have tried to observe them to study the squid. Giant squid have also been recently discovered to be cannibalistic; in mid-to-late October 2016, a 9 m (30 ft) giant squid washed ashore in Galicia, Spain. The squid had been photographed alive shortly before its death by a tourist named Javier Ondicol, and examination of its corpse by the Coordinators for the Study and Protection of Marine Species (CEPESMA) indicates that the squid was attacked and mortally wounded by another giant squid, losing parts of its fins, and receiving damage to its mantle, one of its gills and losing an eye. The intact nature of the specimen indicates that the giant squid managed to escape its rival by slowly retreating to shallow water, where it died of its wounds. The incident is the second to be documented among Architeuthis recorded in Spain, with the other occurring in Villaviciosa. Evidence in the form of giant squid stomach contents containing beak fragments from other giant squid in Tasmania also supports the theory that the species is at least occasionally cannibalistic. Alternatively, such squid-on-squid attacks may be a result of competition for prey. These traits are seen in the Humboldt squid as well, indicating that cannibalism in large squid may be more common than originally thought.[22]
Range and habitat[edit]
Giant squid are widespread, occurring in all of the world's oceans. They are usually found near continental and island slopes from the North Atlantic Ocean, especially Newfoundland, Norway, the northern British Isles, Spain and the oceanic islands of the Azores and Madeira, to the South Atlantic around southern Africa, the North Pacific around Japan, and the southwestern Pacific around New Zealand and Australia.[23] Specimens are rare in tropical and polar latitudes.
The vertical distribution of giant squid is incompletely known, but data from trawled specimens and sperm whale diving behaviour suggest it spans a large range of depths, possibly 300–1000 m.[24]
Species[edit]
The taxonomy of the giant squid, as with many cephalopod genera, has long been debated. Lumpers and splitters may propose as many as eight species or as few as one. The broadest list is:
Architeuthis dux, Atlantic giant squid
Architeuthis hartingii
Architeuthis japonica
Architeuthis kirkii
Architeuthis martensi, North Pacific giant squid
Architeuthis physeteris
Architeuthis sanctipauli, southern giant squid
Architeuthis stockii
Architeuthis sanctipauli was described in 1877 based on a specimen found washed ashore in Île Saint-Paul three years earlier.
It is unclear if these are distinct species, as no genetic or physical basis for distinguishing between them has yet been proposed.
Some sources on the internet mention a species Architeuthis princeps.[25]
In the 1984 FAO Species Catalogue of the Cephalopods of the World, Roper, et al. wrote:[26]
Many species have been named in the sole genus of the family Architeuthidae, but they are so inadequately described and poorly understood that the systematics of the group is thoroughly confused.
In Cephalopods: A World Guide (2000), Norman writes:[27]
The number of species of giant squid is not known, although the general consensus amongst researchers is that there are at least three species, one in the Atlantic Ocean (Architeuthis dux), one in the Southern Ocean (A. sanctipauli) and at least one in the northern Pacific Ocean (A. martensi).
In March 2013, researchers at the University of Copenhagen suggested that, based on DNA research, there is only one species:[3][28]
...researchers at the University of Copenhagen leading an international team, have discovered that no matter where in the world they are found, the fabled animals are so closely related at the genetic level that they represent a single, global population, and thus despite previous statements to the contrary, a single species worldwide.
Timeline[edit]
Main article: List of giant squid specimens and sightings
Alecton attempts to capture a giant squid in 1861
Aristotle, who lived in the fourth century BC, described a large squid, which he called teuthus, distinguishing it from the smaller squid, the teuthis. He mentions, "of the calamaries, the so-called teuthus is much bigger than the teuthis; for teuthi [plural of teuthus] have been found as much as five ells long."[29]
Pliny the Elder, living in the first century AD, also described a gigantic squid in his Natural History, with the head "as big as a cask", arms 30 ft (9.1 m) long, and carcass weighing 700 lb (320 kg).[30][31][32]
Tales of giant squid have been common among mariners since ancient times, and may have led to the Norse legend of the kraken,[33] a tentacled sea monster as large as an island capable of engulfing and sinking any ship. Japetus Steenstrup, the describer of Architeuthis, suggested a giant squid was the species described as a sea monk to the Danish king Christian III circa 1550.[34] The Lusca of the Caribbean and Scylla in Greek mythology may also derive from giant squid sightings. Eyewitness accounts of other sea monsters like the sea serpent are also thought[by whom?] to be mistaken interpretations of giant squid.
Steenstrup wrote a number of papers on giant squid in the 1850s. He first used the term "Architeuthus" (this was the spelling he chose) in a paper in 1857. A portion of a giant squid was secured by the French corvette Alecton in 1861, leading to wider recognition of the genus in the scientific community. From 1870 to 1880, many squid were stranded on the shores of Newfoundland. For example, a specimen washed ashore in Thimble Tickle Bay, Newfoundland on 2 November 1878; its mantle was reported to be 6.1 m (20 ft) long, with one tentacle 10.7 m (35 ft) long, and it was estimated as weighing 1 ton.[35] In 1873, a squid "attacked" a minister and a young boy in a dory near Bell Island, Newfoundland. Many strandings also occurred in New Zealand during the late 19th century.
Giant squid from Logy Bay, Newfoundland in Reverend Moses Harvey's bathtub, November/December 1873
Although strandings continue to occur sporadically throughout the world, none have been as frequent as those at Newfoundland and New Zealand in the 19th century. It is not known why giant squid become stranded on shore, but it may be because the distribution of deep, cold water where squid live is temporarily altered. Many scientists who have studied squid mass strandings believe they are cyclical and predictable. The length of time between strandings is not known, but was proposed to be 90 years by Architeuthis specialist Frederick Aldrich. Aldrich used this value to correctly predict a relatively small stranding that occurred between 1964 and 1966.
In 2004, another giant squid, later named "Archie", was caught off the coast of the Falkland Islands by a fishing trawler. It was 8.62 m (28.3 ft) long and was sent to the Natural History Museum in London to be studied and preserved. It was put on display on 1 March 2006 at the Darwin Centre.[36][37][38] The find of such a large, complete specimen is very rare, as most specimens are in a poor condition, having washed up dead on beaches or been retrieved from the stomachs of dead sperm whales.
Researchers undertook a painstaking process to preserve the body. It was transported to England on ice aboard the trawler; then it was defrosted, which took about four days. The major difficulty was that thawing the thick mantle took much longer than the tentacles. To prevent the tentacles from rotting, scientists covered them in ice packs, and bathed the mantle in water. Then they injected the squid with a formol-saline solution to prevent rotting. The creature is now on show in a 9-m (30-ft) glass tank at the Darwin Centre of the Natural History Museum.
The giant squid specimen preserved in a block of ice at the Melbourne Aquarium
In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia paid A$100,000 for the intact body of a 7 metre long giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice, which had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.[37]
The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 700 in 2011,[39] and new ones are reported each year. Around 30 of these specimens are exhibited at museums and aquaria worldwide.[39] The Centro del Calamar Gigante in Luarca, Spain, had by far the largest collection on public display, but many of the museum's specimens were destroyed during a storm in February 2014.[40]
The search for a live Architeuthis specimen includes attempts to find live young, including larvae. The larvae closely resemble those of Nototodarus and Onykia, but are distinguished by the shape of the mantle attachment to the head, the tentacle suckers, and the beaks.
Images and video of live animals[edit]
By the turn of the 21st century, the giant squid remained one of the few extant megafauna to have never been photographed alive, either in the wild or in captivity. Marine biologist and author Richard Ellis described it as "the most elusive image in natural history".[30] In 1993, an image purporting to show a diver with a live giant squid (identified as Architeuthis dux) was published in the book European Seashells.[41] However, the animal in this photograph was a sick or dying Onykia robusta, not a giant squid.[27][30] The first footage of live (larval) giant squid ever captured on film was in 2001. The footage was shown on Chasing Giants: On the Trail of the Giant Squid on the Discovery Channel.[42]
First images of live adult[edit]
The specimen from Goshiki beach is seen here tied with a rope, its delicate skin only partially intact. Muscular constriction around the squid's eye obscures much of its surface in this image.[43]
The first image of a live mature giant squid was taken on 15 January 2002, on Goshiki beach, Amino Cho, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.[44][45][46][47][48] The animal, which measured about 2 m (6.6 ft) in mantle length and 4 m (13 ft) in total length,[45] was found near the water's surface. It was captured and tied to a quay, where it died overnight.[45] The specimen was identified by Koutarou Tsuchiya of the Tokyo University of Fisheries. It is on display at the National Science Museum of Japan.
First observations in the wild[edit]
The first photographs of a live giant squid in its natural habitat were taken on 30 September 2004, by Tsunemi Kubodera (National Science Museum of Japan) and Kyoichi Mori (Ogasawara Whale Watching Association).[4] Their teams had worked together for nearly two years to accomplish this. They used a five-ton fishing boat and only two crew members. The images were created on their third trip to a known sperm whale hunting ground 970 km (600 mi) south of Tokyo, where they had dropped a 900-m (3000-ft) line baited with squid and shrimp. The line also held a camera and a flash. After over 20 tries that day, an 8 m (26 ft) giant squid attacked the lure and snagged its tentacle. The camera took over 500 photos before the squid managed to break free after four hours. The squid's 5.5 m (18 ft) tentacle remained attached to the lure. Later DNA tests confirmed the animal as a giant squid.[4]
One of the series of images of a live giant squid taken by Kubodera and Mori in 2004
On 27 September 2005, Kubodera and Mori released the photographs to the world. The photo sequence, taken at a depth of 900 metres (3,000 ft) off Japan's Ogasawara Islands, shows the squid homing in on the baited line and enveloping it in "a ball of tentacles". The researchers were able to locate the likely general location of giant squid by closely tailing the movements of sperm whales. According to Kubodera, "we knew that they fed on the squid, and we knew when and how deep they dived, so we used them to lead us to the squid." Kubodera and Mori reported their observations in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society.[4]
Among other things, the observations demonstrate actual hunting behaviors of adult Architeuthis, a subject on which there had been much speculation. The photographs showed an aggressive hunting pattern by the baited squid, leading to it impaling a tentacle on the bait ball's hooks. This may disprove the theory that the giant squid is a drifter which eats whatever floats by, rarely moving so as to conserve energy. It seems the species has a much more aggressive feeding technique.
First video of live adult[edit]
In November 2006, American explorer and diver Scott Cassell led an expedition to the Gulf of California with the aim of filming a giant squid in its natural habitat. The team employed a novel filming method: using a Humboldt squid carrying a specially designed camera clipped to its fin. The camera-bearing squid caught on film what was claimed to be a giant squid, with an estimated length of 40 feet (12 m), engaging in predatory behavior.[49][50] The footage aired a year later on a History Channel program, MonsterQuest: Giant Squid Found.[50] Cassell subsequently distanced himself from this documentary, claiming that it contained multiple factual and scientific errors.[51]
On 4 December 2006, an adult giant squid was caught on video near the Ogasawara Islands, 1,000 km (620 mi) south of Tokyo, by researchers from the National Science Museum of Japan led by Tsunemi Kubodera. It was a small female about 3.5 m (11 ft) long and weighing 50 kg (110 lb). The bait used by the scientists initially attracted a medium-sized squid measuring around 55 cm (22 in), which in turn attracted the giant squid. It was pulled aboard the research vessel, but died in the process.[52]
In July 2012, a crew from television networks NHK and Discovery Channel captured what they describe as "the first-ever footage of a live giant squid in its natural habitat".[5][53] The footage was revealed on a NHK Special on 13 January 2013,[54][55] and was shown on Discovery Channel's show Monster Squid: The Giant Is Real on 27 January 2013,[55][56] and on Giant Squid: Filming the Impossible – Natural World Special on BBC Two.[57] The squid was about 3 m (9.8 ft) long and was missing its feeding tentacles, likely from a failed attack by a sperm whale. It was drawn into viewing range by both artificial bioluminescence created to mimic panicking Atolla jellyfish and by using a Thysanoteuthis rhombus (diamond squid) as bait. The giant squid was filmed feeding for about 23 minutes by Tsunemi Kubodera until it departed.[58] The technique of using unobtrusive viewing and bioluminescence luring of the squid with quiet unobtrusive platforms was described by Edith Widder, a member of the expedition.[59]
On 24 December 2015, a 3.7 m (12 ft) giant squid (possibly a sub-adult) appeared in Toyama Bay, Japan in a local harbor. According to a local diving shop owner, the squid was swimming normally when he dove alongside it, and after a few hours of being filmed in the harbor, the animal was guided back into the open ocean.[60][61][62]
Cultural depictions[edit]
An illustration from the original edition of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea depicting a giant squid
Main articles: Giant squid in popular culture and Kraken in popular culture
The elusive nature of the giant squid and its foreign appearance, often perceived as terrifying, have firmly established its place in the human imagination. Representations of the giant squid have been known from early legends of the kraken through books such as Moby-Dick and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea on to novels such as Ian Fleming's Dr. No and Peter Benchley's Beast (adapted as a film called The Beast) and modern animated television programs.
In particular, the image of a giant squid locked in battle with a sperm whale is a common one, although the squid is, in fact, the whale's prey, and not an equal combatant.[63]
See also[edit]
Colossal squid, the largest squid species by mass
Cthulhu, an alien creature with a cephalopod-like appearance from the H. P. Lovecraft story "The Call of Cthulhu"
Enteroctopus, or giant octopuses
Gigantic octopus, a hypothesised species of octopusses
Humboldt squid, a large type of squid and the only member of Dosidicus
Taningia danae, a large squid species of the Taningia genus
Watcher in the Water, a colossal, squid-like being in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring
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Jump up ^ "Giant Squid Visits Harbor in Japan". DNews.
Jump up ^ Euan McKirdy; Junko Ogura (28 December 2015). "Giant squid surfaces in Japanese harbor -CNN.com". CNN.
Jump up ^ Yahoo Travel Editors (December 29, 2015). "ANIMALS Amazing! Rare Giant Squid Caught on Film in Japan". YAHOO! Travel. Retrieved December 30, 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Hoare, Philip (3 June 2013) Giant squid eaten by Sperm Whales. independent.co.uk
Further reading[edit]
National Geographic Video: "Sea Monsters"
Aldrich, F.A. & E.L. Brown 1967. The Giant Squid in Newfoundland. The Newfoundland Quarterly. Vol. LXV No. 3. p. 4–8.
"New giant squid predator found". BBC News. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2005.
Holroyd, J. New squid on the (ice) block, The Age, 21 December 2005.
Grann, D. The Squid Hunter. New Yorker, 24 May 2004.
Foxnews.com: "New giant squid predator found". Fox News. 22 December 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
BBC.co.uk: "New giant squid predator found". BBC News. 15 January 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architeuthis.
Wikispecies has information related to Architeuthis
CephBase: Architeuthis
Tree of Life Web Project: Architeuthis
TONMO.com's fact sheet for giant and colossal squids
TONMO.com's giant squid reproduction article
Giant Squid – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
New Zealand – 1999 Expedition Journals In Search of Giant Squid
Fishermen haul in world's biggest squid in the Ross Sea, February 2007.
Video Giant Squid
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q204646
ADW: Architeuthis
EoL: 51388
GBIF: 2290178
iNaturalist: 246411
ITIS: 82392
NCBI: 34555
WoRMS: 156850
Authority control
NDL: 001146919
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_squid&oldid=815981787"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Giant squid
Megafauna
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