text:
Military occupations by the Soviet Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Soviet sphere of influence in East-Central Europe with border changes resulting from military operations of World War II
During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret protocol Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. These included Eastern Poland (incorporated into two different SSRs),[1] as well as Latvia (became Latvian SSR),[2][3] Estonia (became Estonian SSR),[2][3] Lithuania (became Lithuanian SSR),[2][3] part of eastern Finland (became Karelo-Finnish SSR)[4] and eastern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR and part of Ukrainian SSR).[5][6] Apart from Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and post-war division of Germany, USSR also occupied and annexed Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia in 1945 (became part of Ukrainian SSR).
Below is a lists of various forms of military occupations by the Soviet Union resulting from both, the Soviet pact with Nazi Germany (ahead of World War II), and ensuing Cold War in the aftermath of Allied victory over Germany.[7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Poland (1939–1956)
2 Baltic states (1940–1991)
3 Finnish territories (1940)
4 Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940)
5 After the USSR entered the war on the Allied side
5.1 Northern Iran 1941–1946
5.2 Hungary (1944)
5.3 Romania (1944)
5.4 Bulgaria (1944)
5.5 Czechoslovakia (1944)
5.6 Northern Norway 1944–1946 / Bornholm 1945–1946
5.7 Germany (1945)
5.8 Austria 1945–1955
5.9 Manchuria 1945–1946
5.10 Korea 1945–1948
5.11 Kuril Islands 1945
6 Cold War
6.1 The Hungarian Revolution of 1956
6.2 Czechoslovakia (1968–1989)
6.3 Afghanistan 1979–1989
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
Poland (1939–1956)[edit]
Main articles: Soviet invasion of Poland (1939), Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union, Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), and Northern Group of Forces
Poland was the first country to be occupied by the Soviet Union during the World War II. The secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact stipulated Poland to be split between Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[10] In 1939, the total area of Polish territories occupied by the Soviet Union (including the area given to Lithuania and annexed in 1940 during the formation of Lithuanian SSR), was 201,015 square kilometres, with a population of 13.299 million, of which 5.274 million were ethnic Poles and 1.109 million were Jews.[11]
Timelines of World War II
Chronological
Prelude
(in Asia
in Europe)
1939
1940
1941
1942

1943
1944
1945 onwards
By topic
Diplomacy
Declarations of war
Engagements
Operations
Battle of Europe air operations
Eastern Front
Manhattan Project
United Kingdom home front
Surrender of the Axis armies
v
t
e
After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union kept most of the territories it occupied in 1939, while territories with an area of 21,275 square kilometers with 1.5 million inhabitants were returned to communist-controlled Poland, notably the areas near Białystok and Przemyśl.[12] In 1944–1947, over a million Poles were resettled from the annexed territories into Poland (mostly into the Regained Territories).[13]
Soviet troops (the Northern Group of Forces) were stationed in Poland from 1945 till 1993. It was only in 1956 that official agreements between communist regime in Poland established by Soviets themselves and Soviet Union recognized the presence of those troops; hence many Polish scholars accept the usage of term 'occupation' for period 1945–1956.[14] Other scholars date the Soviet occupation till 1989.[15][16] The Polish Government in Exile existed until 1990.
Baltic states (1940–1991)[edit]
Main article: Occupation of the Baltic states
After existing as independent countries for twenty years, the Baltic states were occupied and illegally annexed in June 1940.[17] Given a free hand by Nazi Germany via the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and its secret additional protocol of August 1939,[18] the Soviet Union pressured the three countries to accept its military bases in September 1939. In the case of refusal, the USSR effected an air and naval blockade and threatened to attack immediately with hundreds of thousands of troops massed upon the border. The military forces overtook the political systems of these countries and installed puppet regimes after rigged elections in June 1940.[19]
World War II
Alphabetical indices
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0–9
Navigation
Campaigns
Countries
Equipment
Timeline
Outline
Lists
Portal
Category
Bibliography
v
t
e
The sovietisation was interrupted by the German occupation in 1941–1944. The Baltic Offensive re-established the Soviet control in 1944–1945, and resumed sovietisation, mostly completed by 1950. The forced collectivisation of agriculture began in 1947, and was completed after the mass deportation in March 1949. Private farms were confiscated, and farmers were made to join the collective farms. An armed resistance movement of 'forest brothers' was active until the mid-1950s. Hundreds of thousands participated or supported the movement; tens of thousands were killed. The Soviet authorities fighting the forest brothers also suffered hundreds of deaths. Some innocent civilians were killed on both sides. In addition, a number of underground nationalist schoolchildren groups were active. Most of their members were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. The punitive actions decreased rapidly after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953; from 1956–58, a large part of the deportees and political prisoners were allowed to return.[19]
During the occupation, the Soviet authorities killed, politically arrested, unlawfully drafted, and deported hundreds of thousands of people. Numerous other kind of crimes against humanity were committed all through the occupation period.[19] Furthermore, trying to enforce the ideals of Communism, the authorities deliberately dismantled the existing social and economic structures, and imposed new "ideologically pure" hierarchies. This severely retarded the Baltic economies. For example, Estonian scientists have estimated economic damages directly attributable to the post-World War II occupation to hundreds of billions of US dollars (several dozens worth of Estonia's 2006 GDP of $21.28 billion[20]). The Soviet environmental damage to Estonia is estimated to about $4 billion. In addition to direct damages, the retarded economy led to severe inequality within the Northern Europe[citation needed].
After all, the attempt to integrate the Estonian society into the Soviet system failed. Although the armed resistance was defeated, the population remained anti-Soviet. This helped the Estonians to organise a new resistance movement in the late 1980s, regain their independence in 1991, and then rapidly develop a modern society.[19]
Notwithstanding the annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940, it is therefore correct to speak of the occupation of the Baltic states, referring in particular to the absence of Soviet legal title. The prolonged occupation was an unorthodox one. Until 1991, the status of the three countries resembled the classical occupation in important ways: external control by an internationally unsanctioned force and a conflict of interest between the foreign power and the inhabitants. However, in other aspects the situation was very different from a classical occupation. Both the fact of the incorporation of the Baltic states to the USSR as Soviet republics without qualification, and the long duration of the Soviet rule challenge the applicability of all rules on occupation from the practical point of view. Despite the fact of annexation, the presence of the USSR in the Baltic states remained an occupation sui generis.[21]
Although the Soviet Union condemned the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact[22][23] — the immediate forerunner to the occupation — it is currently the policy of the USSR's legal successor Russian Federation to deny that the events constituted occupation or were illegal under applicable (international) laws.[24]
Finnish territories (1940)[edit]
Molotov signing a deal between the Soviet Union and the short-lived puppet state Finnish Democratic Republic, which existed on occupied territories during the Winter War.
Main articles: Finnish Democratic Republic and Winter War
See also: Karelian question in Finnish politics
The Soviet Union demanded to move the Finnish border further away from Leningrad. The USSR also insisted that Finland lease the Hanko Peninsula (or similar territory at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland) for the creation of a Red Baltic Fleet naval base.[25] However, Finland refused and the Soviet Union invaded the country, initiating the Winter War. The USSR set up the Finnish Democratic Republic (Finnish: Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta), a short-lived Soviet puppet regime in the occupied Karelian territories. The Soviets also occupied the Petsamo municipality in the Barents Sea coast during the war.
The Moscow Peace Treaty ended the state of occupation on 12 March 1940, as Finland was forced to cede parts of Karelia. The land accounted for 9% of the country's territory, included Finland's second largest city Viipuri and much of Finland's industry. About 422,000 Karelians — 12% of Finland's population — choose rather to evacuate beyond the new border and lose their homes than to become Soviet subjects. The military troops and the remaining civilians were hastily evacuated. Finland also had to cede a part of the Salla area, the Kalastajansaarento peninsula in the Barents Sea and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. The ceded areas were integrated within the Karelian ASSR to form the Karelo-Finnish SSR.[citation needed]
When the hostilities resumed in 1941, Finnish forces retook the lost areas and then advanced further up to the Svir River and Lake Onega before the end of the year. In the Soviet offensive of 1944 against the Finns the Red Army advance was halted by the Finns before reaching the 1940 border or, in the sole case where it did happen, the Red Army was promptly thrown back in Finnish counterattack. In the negotiations that followed the stopping of the Soviet offensive Finns further ceded the Petsamo municipality to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Armistice. The Soviet forces took the municipality from the Germans during the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive.[citation needed]
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940)[edit]
Main article: Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
The Soviet Union, which did not recognize the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia since the union of 1918, issued an ultimatum on 28 June 1940 demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from the territory it contested as well as from the northern part of the Romanian province of Bukovina.[26] Under pressure from Moscow and Berlin, the Romanian administration and armed forces retreated to avoid war. Adolf Hitler used Soviet occupation of Bessarabia as justification for German occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece and German attack on USSR.
After the USSR entered the war on the Allied side[edit]
Map of the Eastern Bloc
Further information: History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953) and Eastern Bloc
On 22 June 1941, the Operation Barbarossa commenced, which gave a start of the Eastern front. German lead European Axis countries and Finland invaded the USSR, thereby terminating the German-Soviet non-aggression treaty. During the hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Axis, which led to the total military defeat of the latter, the USSR fully or partially occupied the territory of Germany and its satellites, as well as the territories of some Germany occupied states and Austria. Some of them became Soviet Satellite states, namely, the People's Republic of Poland, the People's Republic of Hungary,[27] the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic,[28] the Romanian People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the People's Republic of Albania;[29] later, East Germany was formed based on the Soviet zone of German occupation.[30]
Northern Iran 1941–1946[edit]
Main article: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
On 25 August 1941 British and Commonwealth forces and the Soviet Union jointly invaded Iran. The purpose of the invasion (codenamed Operation Countenance) was to secure Iranian oil fields and ensure supply lines (see Persian Corridor) for the Soviets fighting against European Axis countries on the Eastern Front.
Hungary (1944)[edit]
Main article: Soviet occupation of Hungary
In July 1941, the Kingdom of Hungary, a member of the Tripartite Pact, took part in Operation Barbarossa, in alliance with Nazi Germany. Hungarian forces fought shoulder to shoulder with the Wehrmacht and advanced through the Ukrainian SSR deep into Russia, all the way to Stalingrad. However, by the end of 1942 the Soviet Red Army began pushing back the Wehrmacht through a series of offensives that preceded the Red Army's encroachment upon Hungarian territory in 1943–44. In September 1944 Soviet forces crossed into Hungary, launching the Budapest Offensive. As the Hungarian army ignored the armistice with the USSR signed by the government of Miklós Horthy on 15 October 1944, the Soviets fought their way further westward against the Hungarian troops and their German allies capturing the capital on 13 February 1945. Operations continued until 4 April 1945, when the last German forces and their remaining loyal Hungarian troops were routed out of the country.
The Soviets made sure that a loyal post-war government dominated by Communists was installed in the country before transferring authority from the occupational force to the Hungarian authorities. The presence of Soviet troops in the country was regulated by the 1949 mutual assistance treaty concluded between the Soviet and Hungarian governments. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies. After announcing a willingness to negotiate the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Soviet Politburo changed its mind. On 4 November 1956, a large joint military force of the Warsaw Pact led by Moscow, entered Budapest to crush the armed resistance, killing thousands of civilians in the process.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the last Soviet soldier left the country in 1991, thus ending Soviet military presence in Hungary.
Romania (1944)[edit]
Map of Romania after World War II indicating lost territories.
Main article: Soviet occupation of Romania
The Soviet's second Jassy-Kishinev Offensive led to defeat of Romania, subsequent coup d'état, and the switch of Romania from the Axis to the Allies. The Soviet troops were stationed in this country from 1944 and 1958.[31] On 12 September 1944, with the Red Army already controlling much of Romania's territory, an Armistice Agreement between Romania and the USSR was signed, under which Romania retroceded the territory it administered earlier in the war, and subjected itself to an allied commission consisting of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom. On the ground, it was the Soviet military command, and not the Western allies, that de facto exercised dominant authority. The presence and free movement of Soviet troops was explicitly stipulated in the agreement.[32]
The terms of the Armistice Agreement ceased on 15 September 1947 as the conditions of the Paris Peace Treaty entered into force. The new treaty stipulated the withdrawal of all Allied forces from Romania with an important exemption that such withdrawal was "subject to the right of the Soviet Union to keep on Romanian territory such armed forces as it may need for the maintenance of the lines of communication of the Soviet Army with the Soviet zone of occupation in Austria."
In the aftermath of the agreement the Soviet presence fell from 130,000 troops (the peak in 1947) to approximately 30,000. The troops were fully withdrawn by August 1958.
Comparing the Soviet occupation of Romania to that of Bulgaria, David Stone notes: "Unlike Bulgaria, Romania had few cultural and historical ties with Russia, and had actually waged war on the Soviet Union. As a result, Soviet occupation weighted heavier on the Romanian people, and the troops themselves were less disciplined."[33]
Bulgaria (1944)[edit]
On 5 September 1944, the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria and on 8 September invaded the country, without encountering resistance. By the next day Soviets occupied the northeastern part of Bulgaria along with the key port city of Varna. On 8 September 1944 Bulgaria declared war against Nazi Germany. Garrison detachments with Zveno officers at the head overthrew the government on the eve of 9 September, after taking strategic keypoints in Sofia and arresting the ministers. A new government of the Fatherland Front was appointed on 9 September with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. Soviet troops were withdrawn in 1947.[34]
Czechoslovakia (1944)[edit]
In the fall of 1944 when the north and eastern parts of Carpathian Ruthenia were captured by the Red Army, the Czechoslovak government delegation led by minister František Němec (cs) arrived in Khust to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration, according to the treaties between the Soviet and Czechoslovak governments from the same year. However, after a few weeks, the Red Army and NKVD started to obstruct the delegation's work and the "National committee of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in Mukachevo under the protection of the Red Army. On November 26 this committee, led by Ivan Turyanitsa (a Rusyn who deserted from the Czechoslovak army) proclaimed the will of Ukrainian people to separate from Czechoslovakia and join the Soviet Ukraine. After two months of conflicts and negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed from Khust on February 1, 1945, leaving the Carpathian Ukraine under Soviet control. After World War II, on June 29, 1945, a treaty was signed between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, ceding Carpatho-Ukraine officially to the Soviet Union.
Following the capture of Prague by the Red Army in May 1945 the Soviets withdrew in December 1945 as part of an agreement that all Soviet and US troops leave the country.
Northern Norway 1944–1946 / Bornholm 1945–1946[edit]
1944–1946, Soviet troops occupied northern Norway and the Danish island of Bornholm, strategically situated at the Baltic sea entrance. Stalin's intent was to attempt to gain bases at these locations late in the war.[35] The Soviet deputy ambassador suggested seizing Bornholm in March 1945 and on 4 May the Baltic Fleet was ordered to seize the island.[35]
Bornholm was heavily bombarded by Soviet forces in May 1945. Gerhard von Kamptz, the German superior officer in charge failed to provide a written capitulation as demanded by the Soviet commanders, several Soviet aircraft relentlessly bombed and destroyed more than 800 civilian houses in Rønne and Nexø and seriously damaged roughly 3000 more during 7 – 8 May 1945. On 9 May, Soviet troops landed on the island and after a short fight the German garrison did surrender.[36] Soviet forces left the island on 5 April 1946.
Further information: Bornholm § Liberation by the Soviet Army and occupation 1945–1946
Germany (1945)[edit]
Main articles: Soviet occupation zone and History of East Germany
Soviet occupation zone of Germany was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on. In 1949 it became The German Democratic Republic known in English as East Germany.
In 1955 the Republic was declared by the Soviet Union to be fully sovereign; however, Soviet troops remained, based on the four-power Potsdam agreement. As NATO troops remained in West Berlin and West Germany, the GDR and Berlin in particular became focal points of Cold War tensions.
A separation barrier between West and East Germany, the Berlin Wall known in the Soviet Union and in East Germany as the "Anti-Fascist Protective Rampart,"[37] was built in 1961.
The Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany signed in Moscow, mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994. Conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for unification of East and West Germany. Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990.
One result of the occupation was children fathered by Russian soldiers either through romantic relationships, relationships of convenience or rape. These children experience societal discrimination for decades but after the troops withdrawal and the development of perestroika, some of these "Lost Red Army Children" made public attempts to discover more about their Russian fathers.[38]
Austria 1945–1955[edit]
Main article: Allied-occupied Austria
Occupation zones in Austria
The Soviet occupation of Austria, 1945–1955.[39] At the end of the war, Austria and Vienna were divided into 4 zones of occupation, following the terms of the Potsdam Conference. The Soviet Union expropriated over 450 businesses, formerly German-owned, and established Administration for Soviet Property in Austria, or USIA. This accounted for less than 10% of the Austrian workforce at the peak in 1951, and less than 5% of the Austrian GDP at that time.
On 15 May 1955, the Austrian State Treaty was signed, officially establishing Austrian independence and sovereignty. The treaty was enacted on 27 July, and the last Allied troops left the country on 25 October.
Manchuria 1945–1946[edit]
The Soviet invasion of Manchuria or, as the Soviets named it, the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation (Манчжурская стратегическая наступательная операция, lit. Manchzhurskaya Strategicheskaya Nastupatelnaya Operaciya), began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War which resumed hostilities between Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan after more than 4 years of peace. Soviets gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korean Peninsula. The rapid defeat of Japan's Kwantung Army was a very significant factor in the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II, as Japan realized the Russians were willing and able to take the cost of invasion of its Home Islands, after their rapid conquest of Manchuria and southern Sakhalin.[40][41][42][43][44]
Korea 1945–1948[edit]
See also: Soviet Civil Administration
In August 1945 the Soviet Army established the Soviet Civil Administration to administer the country until a domestic regime could be established. Provisional committees were set up across the country putting Communists into key positions. In February 1946 a provisional government called the North Korean Provisional People's Committee was formed under Kim Il-sung. Soviet forces departed in 1948, and a few years later, in an attempt to unite Korea under Communist rule, the Korean War broke out.
Kuril Islands 1945[edit]
After Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration on 14 August 1945, and announced the termination of the war on 15 August 1945, the Soviet Union started the Invasion of the Kuril Islands, which took place between 18 August and 3 September, expelling the Japanese inhabitants two years later[45]
Cold War[edit]
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956[edit]
Main article: Hungarian Revolution of 1956
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies. After announcing their willingness to negotiate the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Soviet Politburo changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November 1956, a large joint military force of the Warsaw Pact, led by Moscow, entered Budapest to crush the armed resistance.
The Soviet intervention, codenamed "Operation Whirlwind", was launched by Marshal Ivan Konev.[46] The five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary before 23 October were augmented to a total strength of 17 divisions.[47] The 8th Mechanized Army under command of Lieutenant General Hamazasp Babadzhanian and the 38th Army under command of Lieutenant General Hadzhi-Umar Mamsurov from the nearby Carpathian Military District were deployed to Hungary for the operation.
At 3:00 a.m. on 4 November, Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the Pest side of the Danube in two thrusts—one from the south, and one from the north—thus splitting the city in half. Armored units crossed into Buda, and at 4:25 a.m. fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaõrsi road. Soon after, Soviet artillery and tank fire was heard in all districts of Budapest. Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes, artillery, and the coordinated tank-infantry action of 17 divisions. By 8:00 am organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station was seized, and many defenders fell back to fortified positions. Hungarian civilians bore the brunt of the fighting, and it was often impossible for Soviet troops to differentiate military from civilian targets.[46] For this reason, Soviet tanks often crept along main roads firing indiscriminately into buildings. Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest, which were heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes.[46] The last pocket of resistance called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops had been killed and thousands more were wounded.[48][49]
Czechoslovakia (1968–1989)[edit]
Main articles: Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
In 1948, the Czech Communist Party won a large portion of the vote in Czechoslovak politics, leading to a communist period without immediate Soviet military presence. The 1950s were characterized as a repressive period in the country's history, but by the 1960s, the local socialist leadership had taken a course toward economic, social and political reforms. However, a number of significant Czech communists, together with the Czech security agency, conspired against limited introduction of market systems, personal freedoms, and renewal of civic associations (see Socialism with a human face) by leveraging Russian support towards strengthening Communist Party's positions.[50]
Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, reacted to these reforms by announcing the Brezhnev Doctrine, and on 21 August 1968, about 750,000 Warsaw Pact troops, mostly from the Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary, with tanks and machine guns occupied Czechoslovakia, deported thousands of people and rapidly derailed all reforms. Most large cities were individually invaded and overtaken; however, the invasion's primary attention focused on Prague, particularly the state organs, Czech television and radio.
The Czechoslovak government held an emergency session, and loudly expressed its disagreement with the occupation. Many citizens joined in protests, and by September 1968 at least 72 people had died and hundreds more injured in the conflicts. In the brief time after the occupation, which had put an end to any hope that Prague Spring had created, about 100,000 people fled Czechoslovakia. Over the whole time of the occupation, more than 700,000 people, including significant part of Czechoslovak intelligentsia left. Communists responded by revoking Czechoslovakian citizenship of many of these refugees and banned them from returning to their homeland.
At a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, Yakov Malik, Soviet ambassador to the United Nations issued a proclamation, claiming that the military intervention was a response to a request by the government of Czechoslovakia. The Soviet Union being a permanent member of the Security Council — with veto right —, was able to circumvent any United Nations' resolutions to end the occupation.
Prague Spring's end became clear by December 1968, when a new presidium of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia accepted the so-called Instructions from The Critical Development in the Country and Society after the XIII Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Under a guise of "normalisation", all aspects of neo-Stalinism were returned to everyday political and economic life.
Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia ended in 1989 by Velvet Revolution, 2 years before the collapse of Soviet Union. The last occupation troops left the country on 27 June 1991[51]
In 1987, the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledged that his liberalizing policies of glasnost and perestroika owed a great deal to Dubček's socialism with a human face. When asked what the difference was between the Prague Spring and his own reforms, Gorbachev replied, "Nineteen years".
Vladimir Putin said that he feels the moral responsibility for the 1968 events and that Russia condemns them during his visit to Prague.[52]
Afghanistan 1979–1989[edit]
Main article: Soviet–Afghan War
The Soviet invasion in late December, 1979.
Scholarly and historical accounts maintained that Afghanistan had been under the Soviet Union's influence as early as 1919 when Afghanistan began receiving aid to counter the Anglosphere of the United Kingdom. Major Soviet technical assistance, military aid, and economic relations grew in the 1950s followed by the Communist Revolution in the 1970s. With the threat to the Afghan communist government, the government invited the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan which began as midnight approached on 24 December 1979. The USSR organized a massive military airlift into Kabul, involving an estimated 280 transport aircraft and 3 divisions of almost 8,500 men each. Within two days, the Soviet Union had seized control of Afghanistan, first securing Kabul by deploying a special Soviet assault unit against Darulaman Palace, where elements of the Afghan army loyal to Hafizullah Amin put up a fierce, but brief resistance. With Amin's death at the palace, Babrak Karmal, exiled leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed by the Soviets as Afghanistan's new head of government.[53]
The peak of the fighting came in 1985–86. The Soviet forces launched their largest and most effective assaults on the mujahedin supply lines adjacent to Pakistan. Major campaigns had also forced the mujahedin into the defensive near Herat and Kandahar. On 15 February 1989, the last Soviet troops departed on schedule from Afghanistan.
See also[edit]
Military history of the Soviet Union, for other Soviet interventions
Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, p. 43
^ Jump up to: a b c Wettig 2008, p. 21
^ Jump up to: a b c Senn, Alfred Erich, Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 ISBN 978-90-420-2225-6
Jump up ^ Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, Stalin's Cold War, New York : Manchester University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-7190-4201-1
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, p. 55
Jump up ^ Shirer 1990, p. 794
Jump up ^ Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present By Michael S. Neiberg; p 160 ISBN 0-415-32718-0
Jump up ^ AP European History; p. 461 ISBN 0-87891-863-9
Jump up ^ Soviet politics in perspective By Richard Sakwa; p.260 ISBN 0-415-07153-4
Jump up ^ Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33873-5. p. 21. Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2., p. 963.
Jump up ^ Concise statistical year-book of Poland, Polish Ministry of Information. London June 1941 P.9 & 10
Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington- 1954 P.140
Jump up ^ (in Polish) "Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947. Wybór dokumentów", Wybór, opracowanie i redakcja dokumentów: Stanisław Ciesielski; Wstęp: Włodzimierz Borodziej, Stanisław Ciesielski, Jerzy Kochanowski Dokumenty zebrali: Włodzimierz Borodziej, Ingo Eser, Stanisław Jankowiak, Jerzy Kochanowski, Claudia Kraft, Witold Stankowski, Katrin Steffen; Wydawnictwo NERITON, Warszawa 2000
Jump up ^ (in Polish) Mirosław Golon, Północna Grupa Wojsk Armii Radzieckiej w Polsce w latach 1945–1956. Okupant w roli sojusznika (Northern Group of Soviet Army Forces in Poland in 1945–1956. Occupant as an ally), 2004, Historicus - Portal Historyczny (Historical Portal). An online initiative of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. Last accessed on 30 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Muzeum Historii Polski". www.muzhp.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sarmatian Review Index: SR, September 2006". www.ruf.rice.edu. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Anu Mai Koll, "Baltic Countries Under Occupation: Soviet & Nazi Rule 1939–1991", ISBN 91-22-02049-7
Jump up ^ "Latvia - history - geography". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Phase III: The Soviet Occupation of Estonia from 1944". In: Estonia since 1944: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, pp. VII–XXVI. Tallinn, 2009
Jump up ^ "CIA-The World Factbook-Estonia". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Lauri Mälksoo (2001). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 193–195.
Jump up ^ (in Russian) Ведомости Съезда народных депутатов СССР и Верховного Совета СССР. 1989. № 29. Ст. 579. - text of the declaration.
Jump up ^ Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe. Berghahn Books, 2006. Page 521.
Jump up ^ Russia denies Baltic 'occupation', BBC News, Thursday, 5 May 2005
Jump up ^ D. W. Spring. 'The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939'. Soviet Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1986), pp. 207-226
Jump up ^ Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu; Georgiana Margareta Scurtu (2002). ", Istoria Românilor între anii 1918–1940 Soviet Ultimata and Replies of the Romanian Government in Ioan Scurtu" (in Romanian). University of Bucharest. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Granville, Johanna, The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956, Texas A&M University Press, 2004. ISBN 1-58544-298-4
Jump up ^ Grenville 2005, pp. 370–71
Jump up ^ Cook 2001, p. 17
Jump up ^ Wettig 2008, pp. 96–100
Jump up ^ Sergiu Verona, "Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944–1958", ISBN 0-8223-1171-2
Jump up ^ "The Armistice Agreement with Rumania". Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ David Stone, "The 1945 Ethridge Mission to Bulgaria and Romania and the Origins of the Cold War in the Balkans", Diplomacy & Statecraft, Volume 17, no. 1, March 2006, pp. 93-112.
Jump up ^ "Bulgaria - The Soviet Occupation". www.country-data.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Norman (2007). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781591142874.
Jump up ^ "Bornholm during WW2". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Once and Future Berlin". Hoover Institution - Policy Review.
Jump up ^ Repke, Irina; Wensierski, Peter (16 August 2007). "The Occupation and its offspring: Lost Red Army Children Search for Fathers". Der Spiegel.
Jump up ^ "The Soviet occupation of Austria, 1945–1955 - Siegfried Beer Recent research and perspectives". Eurozine.
Jump up ^ "Battlefield - Manchuria - The Forgotten Victory", Battlefield (documentary series), 2001, 98 minutes.
Jump up ^ Robert Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, Stanford University Press, 1954 ISBN 978-0-8047-0460-1.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire, Penguin, 2001 ISBN 978-0-14-100146-3.
Jump up ^ Robert James Maddox (2007), Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism, University of Missouri Press, ISBN 978-0-8262-1732-5.
Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan, Belknap Press, 2006 ISBN 0-674-01693-9.
Jump up ^ K. Takahara, Nemuro raid survivor longs for homeland. Japan Times, 22 September 2007. Accessed 3 August 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) "Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)" (PDF). (1.47 MiB)
Jump up ^ Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. ISBN 963-9116-36-X.
Jump up ^ Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.33, No.2, April 1998, p.210.
Jump up ^ Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", Népszabadság (Budapest), 3 November 1990.
Jump up ^ "The Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Rousek, Leos (28 June 2011). "20 Years After Soviet Soldiers Left the Czech Republic, Russians Move In". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Gazeta, Путин чувствует моральную ответственность России за события 1968 года в Чехословакии (Putin feels moral responsibility for the 1968 events in Czechoslovakia), 27.04.2007
Jump up ^ John Fullerton, "The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan", ISBN 0-413-55780-4
References[edit]
Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5.
Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28954-8.
Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11204-1.
Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5542-9.
Further reading[edit]
Czech government: The Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia
Mart Laar 29 April 2007: Why Russia likes Soviet occupation monuments?
Stanislav Kulchytsky 17 July 2007: Was Ukraine under Soviet occupation?
Encyclopædia Britannica: Latvia. The Soviet occupation and incorporation
Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation, a part of Romania: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989, edited by Ronald D. Bachman
show
Links to related articles
show
v
t
e
World War II
Asia and the Pacific
China
South-East Asia
North and Central Pacific
South-West Pacific
Europe
Western
Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East
North Africa
East Africa
Italy
West Africa
Atlantic
North America
South America
Casualties
Military engagements
Conferences
Commanders
Participants
Allies
(leaders)
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Ethiopia
France
Free France (from June 1940)
Greece
India
Italy (from September 1943)
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Philippines (Commonwealth)
Poland
South Africa
Southern Rhodesia
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
United States
Puerto Rico
Yugoslavia
Axis and
Axis-aligned
(leaders)
Albania
Bulgaria
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
Independent State of Croatia
Finland
Germany
Hungary
Free India
Iraq
Italy (until September 1943)
Italian Social Republic
Japan
Manchukuo
Philippines (Second Republic)
Romania
Slovakia
Thailand
Vichy France
Armed neutrality
Resistance
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech lands
Denmark
Estonia
Ethiopia
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Italy
Japan
Jewish
Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaya
Netherlands
Northeast China
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Anti-communist
Romania
Thailand
Soviet Union
Slovakia
Western Ukraine
Vietnam
Yugoslavia
Monarchists
Timeline
Prelude
Africa
Asia
Europe
1939
Poland
Phoney War
Winter War
Atlantic
Changsha
China
1940
Weserübung
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Armistice of 22 June 1940
Britain
North Africa
West Africa
British Somaliland
North China
Baltic States
Moldova
Indochina
Greece
Compass
1941
East Africa
Yugoslavia
Shanggao
Greece
Crete
Iraq
Soviet Union (Barbarossa)
Finland
Lithuania
Syria and Lebanon
Kiev
Iran
Leningrad
Gorky
Moscow
Sevastopol
Pearl Harbor
The outbreak of the Pacific War
Hong Kong
Philippines
Changsha
Malaya
Borneo (1941–42)
1942
Burma
Changsha
Java Sea
Coral Sea
Gazala
Dutch Harbor
Attu (occupation)
Kiska
Zhejiang-Jiangxi
Midway
Rzhev
Blue
Stalingrad
Singapore
Dieppe
El Alamein
Guadalcanal
Torch
1943
Tunisia
Kursk
Smolensk
Gorky
Solomon Islands
Attu
Sicily
Cottage
Lower Dnieper
Italy
Armistice of Cassibile
Gilbert and Marshall Islands
Burma
Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
Changde
1944
Monte Cassino / Shingle
Narva
Korsun–Cherkassy
Tempest
Ichi-Go
Overlord
Neptune
Normandy
Mariana and Palau
Bagration
Western Ukraine
Tannenberg Line
Warsaw
Eastern Romania
Belgrade
Paris
Dragoon
Gothic Line
Market Garden
Estonia
Crossbow
Pointblank
Lapland
Hungary
Leyte
Ardennes
Bodenplatte
Philippines (1944–1945)
Burma (1944–45)
1945–1991
Vistula–Oder
Iwo Jima
Western invasion of Germany
Okinawa
Italy (Spring 1945)
Borneo
Syrmian Front
Berlin
Czechoslovakia
Budapest
West Hunan
Guangxi
Surrender of Germany
Project Hula
Manchuria
Manila
Borneo
Taipei
Atomic bombings
Debate
Kuril Islands
Shumshu
Surrender of Japan
End of World War II in Asia
Aspects
General
Famines
Bengal famine of 1943
Chinese famine of 1942–43
Greek Famine of 1941-1944
Dutch famine of 1944–45
Vietnamese Famine of 1945
Air warfare of World War II
Blitzkrieg
Comparative military ranks
Cryptography
Diplomacy
Home front
United States
Australian
United Kingdom
Lend-Lease
Manhattan Project
Military awards
Military equipment
Military production
Nazi plunder
Opposition
Technology
Allied cooperation
Total war
Strategic bombing
Puppet states
Women
Art and World War II
Aftermath
Expulsion of Germans
Operation Paperclip
Operation Osoaviakhim
Operation Keelhaul
Occupation of Germany
Territorial changes of Germany
Soviet occupations
Romania
Poland
Hungary
Baltic States
Occupation of Japan
First Indochina War
Indonesian National Revolution
Cold War
Decolonization
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Popular culture
War crimes
Allied war crimes
Soviet war crimes
British war crimes
United States war crimes
German (Forced labour) / Wehrmacht war crimes
Holocaust
Aftermath
Response
Prosecution
Italian war crimes
Japanese war crimes
Unit 731
Prosecution
Croatian war crimes
against the Serbs
against the Jews
Romanian war crimes
Wartime
sexual violence
German military brothels
Camp brothels
Rape during the occupation of Japan
Sook Ching
Comfort women
Rape of Nanking
Rape of Manila
Rape during the occupation of Germany
Rape during the liberation of France
Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland
Prisoners
Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
German prisoners of war in the United States
Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Japanese prisoners of war in World War II
German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
Bibliography
Category
Portal
show
v
t
e
Soviet occupations
Europe
Austria
Baltic states
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Bornholm
Czechoslovakia
Finland
Germany
East Prussia
Hungary
Poland
Western Ukraine
Romania
Ukraine
Asia
Afghanistan
Northern Iran
Manchuria
North Korea
Italics indicate countries occupied while Soviet Union was a member of the Allies of World War II.
show
v
t
e
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Bilateral
Albania
Angola
The Baltics
Burkina Faso
Canada
China
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Germany
Weimar and Nazi Germany
East Germany
Grenada
Holy See
Hungary
India
Israel
Ivory Coast
Japan
Laos
Malaysia
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Tonga
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Vanuatu
Multilateral
Comecon
United Nations
Doctrines and
policies
Brezhnev Doctrine
Peaceful coexistence
Common European Home
Sinatra Doctrine
Foreign trade
Occupations
Diplomats
Spies
Treaties
Occupations by country
Dates when relations established with Soviet Union
Foreign ministry
show
v
t
e
Secret police agencies in the Eastern Bloc
Gulag
Iron Curtain
Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
Berlin Wall
Inner German border
Soviet Union
Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
State Political Directorate (GPU)
Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
Ministry of State Security (MGB)
Committee for State Security (KGB)
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Committee for State Security (DS)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
State Security (StB)
German Democratic Republic
Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
Hungarian People's Republic
State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
Polish People's Republic
Ministry of Public Security (MBP)
Security Service (SB)
Socialist Republic of Romania
Department of State Security (Securitate)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Department of National Security (OZNA)
Department of State Security (UDBA)
Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
State Intelligence Agency (KHAD)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=833863582"
Categories:
Soviet military occupations
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Hidden categories:
Articles with Polish-language external links
Articles with Russian-language external links
CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014
Articles containing Finnish-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles containing Russian-language text
Use dmy dates from August 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Eesti
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Português
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 19:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Latvian_SSR
mw-redirect
Latvian SSR

values:
/wiki/Estonian_SSR
mw-redirect
Estonian SSR

values:
/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR
mw-redirect
Lithuanian SSR

values:
/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR
mw-redirect
Karelo-Finnish SSR

values:
/wiki/Moldavian_SSR
mw-redirect
Moldavian SSR

values:
/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR
mw-redirect
Ukrainian SSR

values:
/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)
mw-redirect
Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)

values: Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_pact
mw-redirect
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

values: Timeline of events preceding World War II

values: List of military engagements of World War II

values: List of World War II military operations

values: List of air operations during the Battle of Europe

values: Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II

values: Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II

values: Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Regained_Territories
mw-redirect
Regained Territories

values:
/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile
mw-redirect
Polish Government in Exile

values:
/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact
mw-redirect
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

values:
/wiki/Campaigns_of_World_War_II
mw-redirect
Campaigns of World War II

values:
/wiki/Forest_brothers
mw-redirect
Forest brothers

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Singing_revolution
mw-redirect
Singing revolution

values:
/wiki/Soviet_republics
mw-redirect
Soviet republics

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values: Edit section: Finnish territories (1940)

values: Karelia (historical province of Finland)

values:
/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty_(1940)
mw-redirect
Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)

values:
/wiki/Kalastajansaarento_peninsula
mw-redirect
Kalastajansaarento peninsula

values:
/wiki/Karelian_ASSR
mw-redirect
Karelian ASSR

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)

values: Edit section: Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940)

values: Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

values: Edit section: After the USSR entered the war on the Allied side

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland
mw-redirect
People's Republic of Poland

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
People's Republic of Hungary

values:
/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic
mw-redirect
Romanian People's Republic

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania
mw-redirect
People's Republic of Albania

values:
/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
Soviet occupation of Hungary

values:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-1944)
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1944)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Budapest
mw-redirect
Battle of Budapest

values:
/wiki/Jassy-Kishinev_Offensive
mw-redirect
Jassy-Kishinev Offensive

values:
/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaty
mw-redirect
Paris Peace Treaty

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values:
/wiki/I_Corps_(Czechoslovakia)
mw-redirect
I Corps (Czechoslovakia)

values: Edit section: Northern Norway 1944–1946 / Bornholm 1945–1946

values:
/wiki/Gerhard_von_Kamptz
mw-redirect
Gerhard von Kamptz

values:
/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic
mw-redirect
German Democratic Republic

values: Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany

values: Administration for Soviet Property in Austria

values: North Korean Provisional People's Committee

values: Edit section: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956

values:
/wiki/Pest_(city)
mw-redirect
Pest (city)

values: Edit section: Czechoslovakia (1968–1989)

values:
/wiki/Collapse_of_Soviet_Union
mw-redirect
Collapse of Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/Afghan_communist_government
mw-redirect
Afghan communist government

values:
/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/Polskie_Towarzystwo_Historyczne
mw-redirect
Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/9122020497

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0822311712

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IA

values:
/wiki/Battlefield_(documentary_series)
mw-redirect
Battlefield (documentary series)

values:
/wiki/Japan_Times
mw-redirect
Japan Times

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.martlaar.ee/eng/2007/04/
external text

values: Stanislav Kulchytsky (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://www.day.kiev.ua/184642/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm

values: South-East Asian theatre of World War II

values: South West Pacific theatre of World War II

values: Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

values:
*_Asia_and_the_Pacific
**China
**South-East_Asia
**North_and_Central_Pacific
**South-West_Pacific
*_Europe
**Western
**Eastern
*_Mediterranean_and_Middle_East
**_North_Africa
**_East_Africa
**_Italy
*_West_Africa
*_Atlantic
*_North_America
*_South_America

*_Casualties
*_Military_engagements
*_Conferences
*_Commanders

values: Military history of Australia during World War II

values: Military history of Canada during World War II

values: Military history of Greece during World War II

values: Military history of the Netherlands during World War II

values: Military history of New Zealand during World War II

values: Military history of the Philippines during World War II

values: Military history of South Africa during World War II

values: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

values: Military history of the United States during World War II

values: Military history of Bulgaria during World War II

values: Military history of Finland during World War II

values: Military history of Italy during World War II

values:
/wiki/Armed_neutrality
mw-redirect
Armed neutrality

values: Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II

values: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia

values: Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44

values: Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period

values: Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe

values: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45

values: Resistance in Lithuania during World War II

values: Polish resistance movement in World War II

values: Romanian anti-communist resistance movement

values: Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan

values:
/wiki/Raid_on_Taihoku
mw-redirect
Raid on Taihoku

values: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

values: Famines row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;

values: Comparative officer ranks of World War II

values: United States home front during World War II

values: Australian home front during World War II

values: Lists of World War II military equipment

values: Allied technological cooperation during World War II

values: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)

values: Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

values: Forced labour under German rule during World War II

values: International Military Tribunal for the Far East

values: The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia

values: German military brothels in World War II

values:
/wiki/Rape_of_Manila
mw-redirect
Rape of Manila

values: Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland

values: Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

values: German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

values: German prisoners of war in the United States

values: Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

values: Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

values: Japanese prisoners of war in World War II

values: German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war

values: Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939

values: Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Northern Bukovina

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

values: Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941

values: Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: International relations within the Comecon

values:
/wiki/Soviet_occupations
mw-redirect
Soviet occupations

values: Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the USSR

values: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
padding:0.35em 0; line-height:1.2em;

values: Template:Secret police of Communist Europe

values: Template talk:Secret police of Communist Europe

values:
*_Gulag
*_Iron_Curtain
*_Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc
*_Berlin_Wall
*_Inner_German_border

values: People's Commissariat for State Security

values: Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

values: Category:Articles with Polish-language external links

values: Category:Articles with Russian-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014

values: Category:Articles containing Finnish-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: 소련의 점령지 – Korean

values: Pendudukan militer oleh Uni Soviet – Indonesian

values: Chiếm đóng quân sự bởi Liên Xô – Vietnamese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union rootpage-Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union skin-vector action-view