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Emily Davison
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Emily Davison, c. 1910–1912
Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 – 8 June 1913) was a suffragette who fought for votes for women in the United Kingdom in the early twentieth century. A member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and a militant fighter for her cause, she was arrested on nine occasions, went on hunger strike seven times and was force fed on forty-nine occasions. She died after being hit by King George V's horse Anmer at the 1913 Epsom Derby when she walked onto the track during the race.
Davison grew up in a middle-class family, and studied at Royal Holloway College, London, and St Hugh's College, Oxford, before taking jobs as a teacher and governess. She joined the WSPU in November 1906 and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches. She soon became known in the organisation for her daring militant action; her tactics included breaking windows, throwing stones, setting fire to postboxes and, on three occasions, hiding overnight in the Palace of Westminster—including on the night of the 1911 census. Her funeral on 14 June 1913 was organised by the union. A procession of 5,000 suffragettes and their supporters accompanied her coffin and 50,000 people lined the route through London; her coffin was then taken by train to the family plot in Morpeth, Northumberland.
Davison was a staunch feminist and passionate Christian, and considered that socialism was a moral and political force for good. Much of her life has been interpreted through the manner of her death. She gave no prior explanation for what she planned to do at the Derby and the uncertainty of her motives and intentions has affected how she has been judged by history. Several theories have been put forward, including accident, suicide, or an attempt to pin a suffragette banner to the king's horse; none has ever been proven.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and education
1.2 Activism
1.3 Fatal injury at the Epsom Derby
1.4 Funeral
2 Approach and analysis
3 Legacy
4 See also
5 Notes and references
5.1 Notes
5.2 References
5.3 Sources
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Davison in 1908
Emily Wilding Davison was born at Roxburgh House, Greenwich in south-east London on 11 October 1872. Her parents were Charles Davison, a retired merchant, and Margaret, née Caisley, both of Morpeth, Northumberland.[1] At the time of his marriage to Margaret in 1868, Charles was 45 and she was 19.[2] Emily was the third of four children born to the couple; her younger sister died of diphtheria in 1880 at the age of six.[3][4][5] The marriage to Margaret was Charles's second; his first marriage produced nine children before the death of his wife in 1866.[1]
The family moved to Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire while Davison was still a baby; until the age of 11 she was educated at home. When her parents moved the family back to London she went to a day school, then spent a year studying in Dunkirk, France.[6] When she was 13 she attended Kensington High School and later won a bursary to Royal Holloway College in 1891 to study literature. Her father died in early 1893 and she was forced to end her studies because her mother could not afford the fees of £20 a term.[7][a]
On leaving Holloway, Davison became a live-in governess, and continued studying in the evenings.[9] She saved enough money to enrol at St Hugh's College, Oxford, for one term to sit her finals;[b] she achieved first-class honours in English, but could not graduate because degrees from Oxford were closed to women.[11] She worked briefly at a church school in Edgbaston between 1895 and 1896, but found it difficult and moved to Seabury, a private school in Worthing, where she was more settled; she left the town in 1898 and became a private tutor and governess to a family in Northamptonshire.[11][12][13] In 1902 she began reading for a degree at the University of London; she graduated with third-class honours in 1908.[14][c]
Activism[edit]
Davison joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in November 1906.[16] Formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU brought together those who thought that militant, confrontational tactics were needed to achieve their ultimate goal of women's suffrage.[17][d] Davison joined in the WSPU's campaigning, and became an officer of the organisation and a chief steward during marches.[19] In 1908 or 1909 she left her job teaching and dedicated herself full-time to the union.[1] She began taking increasingly confrontational actions, which prompted Sylvia Pankhurst—the daughter of Emmeline and a full-time member of the WSPU—to describe her as "one of the most daring and reckless of the militants".[20][21] In March 1909 she was arrested for the first time; she had been part of a deputation of 21 women who marched from Caxton Hall to see the prime minister, H. H. Asquith,[22] the march ended in a fracas with police, and she was arrested for "assaulting the police in the execution of their duty". She was sentenced to a month in prison.[23][24] After her release she wrote to Votes for Women, the WSPU's newspaper, saying that "Through my humble work in this noblest of all causes I have come into a fullness of job and an interest in living which I never before experienced."[25]
A suffragette being force-fed in Holloway prison, c. 1911
In July 1909 Davison was arrested with fellow suffragettes Mary Leigh and Alice Paul for interrupting a public meeting from which women were barred, held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George; she was sentenced to two months for obstruction. She went on hunger strike and was released after five and a half days,[22][26] during which time she lost 21 pounds (9.5 kg); she stated that she "felt very weak" as a result.[27] She was arrested again in September the same year for throwing stones to break windows at a political meeting; the assembly, which was to protest at the 1909 budget, was only open to men. She was sent to Strangeways prison for two months. She again went on hunger strike and was released after two and a half days.[28] She subsequently wrote to The Manchester Guardian to justify her action of throwing stones as one "which was meant as a warning to the general public of the personal risk they run in future if they go to Cabinet Ministers' meetings anywhere". She went on to write that this was justified because of the "unconstitutional action of Cabinet Ministers in addressing 'public meetings' from which a large section of the public is excluded".[29][30]
Davison was arrested again in early October 1909, while preparing to throw a stone at the cabinet minister Sir Walter Runciman; she acted in the mistaken belief the car in which he travelled contained Lloyd George. A suffragette colleague—Constance Lytton—threw hers first, before the police managed to intervene. Davison was charged with attempted assault, but released; Lytton was imprisoned for a month.[31] Davison used her court appearances to give speeches; excerpts and quotes from these were published in the newspapers.[32] Two weeks later she threw stones at Runciman at a political meeting in Radcliffe, Greater Manchester; she was arrested and sentenced to a week's hard labour. She again went on hunger strike, but the government had authorised the use of force-feeding on prisoners.[23][33] The historian Gay Gullickson describes the tactic as "extremely painful, psychologically harrowing, and raised the possibility of dying in jail from medical error or official misjudgment".[27] Davison said that the experience "will haunt me with its horror all my life, and is almost indescribable. ... The torture was barbaric".[34] Following the first episode of forced feeding, and to prevent a repeat of the experience, Davison barricaded herself in her cell using her bed and a stool and refused to allow the prison authorities to enter. They broke one of the window panes to the cell and turned a fire hose on her for 15 minutes, while attempting to force the door open. By the time the door was opened, the cell was six inches deep in water. She was taken to the prison hospital where she was warmed by hot water bottles. She was force-fed shortly afterwards and released after eight days.[35][36] Davison's treatment prompted the Labour Party MP Keir Hardie to ask a question in the House of Commons about the "assault committed on a woman prisoner in Strangeways";[37] Davison sued the prison authorities for the use of the hose and, in January 1910, she was awarded 40 shillings in damages.[38]
In April 1910 Davison decided to gain entry to the floor of the House of Commons to ask Asquith about the vote for women. She entered the Palace of Westminster with other members of the public and made her way into the heating system, where she hid overnight. On a trip from her hiding place to find water, she was arrested by a policeman, but not prosecuted.[39][40] The same month she became an employee of the WSPU and began to write for Votes for Women.[41][42][e]
A bipartisan group of MPs formed a Conciliation Committee in early 1910 and proposed a Conciliation Bill that would have brought the vote to a million women, so long as they owned property. While the bill was being discussed, the WSPU put in a temporary truce on activity. The bill failed that November when Asquith's Liberal government reneged on a promise to allow parliamentary time to debate the bill.[44] A WSPU delegation of around 300 women tried to present him with a petition, but were prevented from doing so by an aggressive police response; the suffragettes, who called the day Black Friday, complained of assault, much of which was sexual in nature.[45][46] Davison was not one of the 122 people arrested, but was incensed by the treatment of the delegation; the following day she broke several windows in the Crown Office in parliament. She was arrested and sentenced to a month in prison. She went on hunger strike again and was force-fed for eight days before being released.[47][f]
On the night of the 1911 census, 2 April, Davison hid in a cupboard in St Mary Undercroft, the chapel of the Palace of Westminster. She remained hidden overnight to avoid being entered onto the census; the attempt was part of a wider suffragette action to avoid being listed by the state. She was found by a cleaner, who reported her presence; Davison was arrested but not charged. The Clerk of Works at the House of Commons completed a census form to include Davison in the returns. She was included in the census twice, as her landlady also included her as being present at her lodgings.[49][50][g] Davison had continually written letters to the press to put forward the WSPU position in a non-violent manner—she had 12 published in The Manchester Guardian between 1909 and 1911—and she undertook a campaign between 1911 and 1913 during which she wrote nearly 200 letters to over 50 newspapers.[51][52] Several of her letters were published, including about 26 in The Sunday Times between September 1910 and 1912.[53]
Davison in 1912 or 1913
Davison developed the new tactic of setting fire to postboxes in December 1911. She was arrested for arson on the postbox outside parliament and admitted to setting fire to two others. Sentenced to six months in Holloway Prison, she did not go on hunger strike, but the authorities required that she be force-fed between 29 February and 7 March 1912 because they considered her health and appetite to be in decline. In June she and other suffragette inmates barricaded themselves in their cells and went on hunger strike; the authorities broke down the cell doors and force-fed the strikers.[54] Following the force-feeding, Davison decided on what she described as a "desperate protest ... made to put a stop to the hideous torture, which was now our lot" and jumped from one of the interior balconies of the prison.[55] She later wrote:
... as soon as I got out I climbed on to the railing and threw myself out to the wire-netting, a distance of between 20 and 30 feet. The idea in my mind was "one big tragedy may save many others". I realised that my best means of carrying out my purpose was the iron staircase. When a good moment came, quite deliberately I walked upstairs and threw myself from the top, as I meant, on to the iron staircase. If I had been successful I should undoubtedly have been killed, as it was a clear drop of 30 to 40 feet. But I caught on the edge of the netting. I then threw myself forward on my head with all my might.[55]
She cracked two vertebrae and badly injured her head. Shortly afterwards, and despite her injuries, she was again force-fed before being released ten days early.[23][56] She wrote to The Pall Mall Gazette to explain why she "attempted to commit suicide":
I did it deliberately and with all my power, because I felt that by nothing but the sacrifice of human life would the nation be brought to realise the horrible torture our women face! If I had succeeded I am sure that forcible feeding could not in all conscience have been resorted to again.[57]
As a result of her action Davison suffered discomfort for the rest of her life.[21] Her arson of postboxes was not authorised by the WSPU leadership and this, together with her other actions, led to her falling out of favour with the organisation; Sylvia Pankhurst later wrote that the WSPU leadership wanted "to discourage ... [Davison] in such tendencies ... She was condemned and ostracized as a self-willed person who persisted in acting upon her own initiative without waiting for official instructions."[58] A statement Davison wrote on her release from prison for The Suffragette—the second official newspaper of the WSPU—was published by the union after her death.[1][59]
In November 1912 Davison was arrested for a final time, for attacking a Baptist minister with a horsewhip; she had mistaken the man for Lloyd George. She was sentenced to ten days' imprisonment and released early following a four-day hunger strike.[23][60] It was the seventh time she had been on hunger strike, and the forty-ninth time she had been force-fed.[61]
Fatal injury at the Epsom Derby[edit]
Play media
Newsreel footage from Pathé News. The events involving Davison occur between 5:51 and 6:15.
On 4 June 1913 Davison obtained two flags bearing the suffragette colours of violet, white and green from the WSPU offices; she then travelled by train to Epsom, Surrey, to attend the Derby.[62] She positioned herself at Tattenham Corner, the final bend before the home straight. At this point in the race, with some of the horses having passed her, she ducked under the guard rail and ran onto the course; she may have held in her hands one of the suffragette flags. She reached up to the reins of Anmer—King George V's horse, ridden by Herbert Jones—and was hit by the animal, which would have been travelling at around 35 miles (56 km) per hour,[63][64] four seconds after stepping onto the course.[65] Anmer fell in the collision and partly rolled over his jockey, who had his foot momentarily caught in the stirrup.[63][64] Davison was knocked to the ground; some reports say she was kicked in the head by Anmer, but the surgeon who operated on Davison stated that "I could find no trace of her having been kicked by a horse".[66] The event was captured on three news cameras.[67][h]
The return stub of the ticket Davison used on her journey to Epsom
Bystanders rushed onto the track and attempted to aid Davison and Jones until both were taken to the nearby Epsom Cottage Hospital. She was operated on two days later, but she never regained consciousness; while in hospital she received hate mail.[69][70][i] She died on 8 June, from a fracture at the base of her skull.[73] Found in Davison's effects were the two suffragette flags, the return stub of her railway ticket to London, her race card, a ticket to a suffragette dance later that day and a diary with appointments for the following week.[74][75][j] The King and Queen Mary were present at the race and made enquiries about the health of both Jones and Davison. The King later recorded in his diary that it was "a most regrettable and scandalous proceeding"; in her journal the Queen described Davison as a "horrid woman".[77] Jones suffered a concussion and other injuries; he spent the evening of the fourth in London, before returning home the following day.[78] He could recall little of the event: "She seemed to clutch at my horse, and I felt it strike her."[79] He recovered sufficiently to race Anmer at Ascot Racecourse two weeks later.[75]
The inquest into Davison's death took place at Epsom on 10 June; Jones was not well enough to attend.[80] Davison's half-brother, Captain Henry Davison, gave evidence about his sister, saying that she was "a woman of very strong reasoning faculties, and passionately devoted to the women's movement".[81] The coroner decided that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, Davison had not committed suicide.[82] The coroner also decided that, although she had waited until she could see the horses, "from the evidence it was clear that the woman did not make for His Majesty's horse in particular".[82] The verdict of the court was:
that Miss Emily Wilding Davison died of fracture of the base of the skull, caused by being accidentally knocked down by a horse through wilfully rushing on to the racecourse on Epsom Downs during the progress of the race for the Derby; death was due to misadventure.[81]
Front pages from publications sympathetic to the suffragette cause
The Daily Sketch, 9 June 1913
The Suffragette, 13 June 1913
Davison's purpose in attending the Derby and walking onto the course is unclear. She did not discuss her plans with anyone or leave a note.[83][84] Several theories have been suggested, including that she intended to cross the track, believing that all horses had passed; that she wanted to pull down the King's horse; that she was trying to attach one of the WSPU flags to a horse; or that she intended to throw herself in front of one of the horses.[85] The historian Elizabeth Crawford considers that "subsequent explanations of ... [Davison's] action have created a tangle of fictions, false deductions, hearsay, conjecture, misrepresentation and theory".[86]
In 2013 a Channel 4 documentary used forensic examiners who digitised the original nitrate film from the three cameras present. The film was digitally cleaned and examined. Their examination suggests that Davison intended to throw a suffragette flag around the neck of a horse or attach it to the horse's bridle.[k] A flag was gathered from the course; this was put up for auction and, as at 2017, it hangs in the Houses of Parliament.[85] Michael Tanner, the horse-racing historian and author of a history of the 1913 Derby, doubts the authenticity of the item. Sotheby's, the auction house who sold it, describe it as a sash that was "reputed" to have been worn by Davison. The seller stated that her father, Richard Pittway Burton, was the Clerk of the Course at Epsom; Tanner's search of records shows Burton was listed as a dock labourer two weeks prior to the Derby. The official Clerk of the Course on the day of the Derby was Henry Dorling.[88] When the police listed Davison's possessions, they itemised the two flags provided by the WSPU, both folded up and pinned to the inside of her jacket. They measured 44.5 by 27 inches (113 x 69 cm); the sash displayed at the Houses of Parliament measures 82 by 12 inches (210 x 30 cm).[89]
Tanner considers that Davison's choice of the King's horse was "pure happenstance", as her position on the corner would have left her with a limited view.[90] Examination of the newsreels by the forensic team employed by the Channel 4 documentary determined that Davison was closer to the start of the bend than had been previously assumed, and would have had a better view of the oncoming horses.[65][85]
The contemporary news media were largely unsympathetic to Davison,[91] and many publications "questioned her sanity and characterised her actions as suicidal".[92] The Pall Mall Gazette said it had "pity for the dementia which led an unfortunate woman to seek a grotesque and meaningless kind of 'martyrdom' ",[93] while The Daily Express described Davison as "A well-known malignant suffragette, ... [who] has a long record of convictions for complicity in suffragette outrages."[94] The journalist for The Daily Telegraph observed that "Deep in the hearts of every onlooker was a feeling of fierce resentment with the miserable woman";[91] the unnamed writer in The Daily Mirror opined that "It was quite evident that her condition was serious; otherwise many of the crowd would have fulfilled their evident desire to lynch her."[95]
The WSPU were quick to describe her as a martyr, part of a campaign to identify her as such.[96][97] The Suffragette newspaper marked Davison's death by issuing a copy showing a female angel with raised arms standing in front of the guard rail of a racecourse.[98] The paper's editorial stated that "Davison has proved that there are in the twentieth century people who are willing to lay down their lives for an ideal".[99] Religious phraseology was used in the issue to describe her act, including "Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his life for his friends", which Gullickson reports as being repeated several times in subsequent discussions of the events.[100] A year after the Derby, The Suffragette included "The Price of Liberty", an essay by Davison. In it, she had written "To lay down life for friends, that is glorious, selfless, inspiring! But to re-enact the tragedy of Calvary for generations yet unborn, that is the last consummate sacrifice of the Militant".[101]
Funeral[edit]
Part of Davison's funeral procession in Morpeth, Northumberland
On 14 June 1913 Davison's body was transported from Epsom to London; her coffin was inscribed "Fight on. God will give the victory."[102] Five thousand women formed a procession, followed by hundreds of male supporters, that took the body between Victoria and Kings Cross stations; the procession stopped at St George's, Bloomsbury for a brief service.[103] The women marched in ranks wearing the suffragette colours of white and purple, which The Manchester Guardian described as having "something of the deliberate brilliance of a military funeral";[103] 50,000 people lined the route, and June Purvis, Davison's biographer, describes the event as "the last of the great suffragette spectacles".[96][104] Emmeline Pankhurst planned to be part of the procession, but she was arrested on the morning, ostensibly to be returned to prison under the "Cat and Mouse" Act (1913).[81][103][l]
The coffin was taken by train to Newcastle upon Tyne with a suffragette guard of honour for the journey; crowds met the train at its scheduled stops. The coffin remained overnight at the city's central station before being taken to Morpeth. A procession of about a hundred suffragettes accompanied the coffin from the station to the St. Mary the Virgin church; it was watched by thousands. Only a few of the suffragettes entered the churchyard, as the service and internment were private.[103][106] Her gravestone bears the WSPU slogan "Deeds not words".[107]
Approach and analysis[edit]
Davison towards the end of her life, showing the effects of hunger strikes and force feeding[108]
Davison's death marked a culmination and a turning point of the militant suffragette campaign. The First World War broke out the following year and, on 10 August 1914, the government released all women hunger strikers and declared an amnesty. Emmeline Pankhurst suspended WSPU operations on 13 August.[109][110] Pankhurst subsequently assisted the government in the recruitment of women for war work.[111][112] In 1918 Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act 1918. Among the changes was the granting of the vote to women over the age of 30 who could pass property qualifications.[m] The legislation added 8.5 million women to the electoral roll; they constituted 43% of the electorate.[113][114] In 1928 the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act lowered the voting age for women to 21 to put them on equal terms with male voters.[115][116]
Crawford sees the events at the 1913 Derby as a lens "through which ... [Davison's] whole life has been interpreted",[11] and the uncertainty of her motives and intentions that day has affected how she has been judged by history.[97][117] Carolyn Collette, a literary critic who has studied Davison's writing, identifies the different motives ascribed to Davison, including "uncontrolled impulses" or a search for martyrdom for women's suffrage. Collette also sees a more current trend among historians "to accept what some of her close contemporaries believed: that Davison's actions that day were deliberate" and that she attempted to attach the suffragette colours to the King's horse.[117] Cicely Hale, a suffragette who worked at the WSPU and who knew Davison, described her as "a fanatic" who was prepared to die but did not mean to.[118] Other observers, such as Purvis, and Ann Morley and Liz Stanley—Davison's biographers—agree that Davison did not mean to die.[119][120]
Davison was a staunch feminist and a passionate Christian[121][122] whose outlook "invoked both medieval history and faith in God as part of the armor of her militancy".[123] Her love of English literature, which she had studied at Oxford, was shown in her identification with Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale, including being nicknamed "Faire Emelye".[124][125] Much of Davison's writing reflected the doctrine of the Christian faith and referred to martyrs, martyrdom and triumphant suffering; according to Collette, the use of Christian and medieval language and imagery "directly reflects the politics and rhetoric of the militant suffrage movement". Purvis writes that Davison's committed Anglicanism would have stopped her from committing suicide because it would have meant that she could not be buried in consecrated ground.[123][126] Davison wrote in "The Price of Liberty" about the high cost of devotion to the cause:
In the New Testament, the Master reminded His followers that when the merchant had found the Pearl of Great Price, he sold all that he had in order to buy it. That is the parable of Militancy! It is that which the women warriors are doing to-day.
Some are truer warriors than others, but the perfect Amazon is she who will sacrifice all even unto the last, to win the Pearl of Freedom for her sex.[101][127]
Davison held a firm moral conviction that socialism was a moral and political force for good.[128] She attended the annual May Day rallies in Hyde Park and, according to the historian Krista Cowman, "directly linked her militant suffrage activities with socialism".[129] Her London and Morpeth funeral processions contained a heavy socialist presence in appreciation of her support for the cause.[129]
Legacy[edit]
Plaque to Davison at Epsom Downs Racecourse
In 1968 a one-act play written by Joice Worters, Emily, was staged in Northumberland, focusing on the use of violence against the women's campaign.[130] Davison is the subject of an opera, Emily (2013), by the British composer Tim Benjamin, and of "Emily Davison", a song by the American rock singer Greg Kihn.[131] Davison also appears as a supporting character in the 2015 film Suffragette, in which she is portrayed by Natalie Press. Her death and funeral form the climax of the film.[132] In January 2018 the cantata Pearl of Freedom, telling the story of Davison's suffragette struggles, was premiered. The music was by the composer Joanna Marsh; the librettist was David Pountney.[133]
In 1990 the Labour MPs Tony Benn and Jeremy Corbyn placed a commemorative plaque inside the cupboard in which Davison had hidden eighty years earlier.[134][135] In April 2013 a plaque was unveiled at Epsom racecourse to mark the centenary of her death.[136] In January 2017 Royal Holloway announced that its new library would be named after her.[137] The Women's Library, at the London School of Economics, holds several collections related to Davison. They include her personal papers and objects connected to her death.[74]
See also[edit]
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Timeline of women's suffrage
Women's suffrage organisations'
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ £20 in 1892 equates to approximately £2,000 in 2018 pounds, according to calculations based on Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[8]
Jump up ^ At the time of Davison's studies, Holloway was not a constituent school of the University of London and could not award degrees, so her studies were for the qualification of the Oxford Honour School.[10]
Jump up ^ Sources differ over the subject of her degree. Some state that she studied modern languages,[1][14] others that she graduated in classics and mathematics.[15][16]
Jump up ^ Such tactics included vandalism, arson and planting bombs.[18]
Jump up ^ Although some sources, including Colmore and Purvis, state that Davison was employed in the Information Department of the union, the journalist Fran Abrams writes that Davison was never a salaried member of WSPU staff, but she was paid for the articles she provided for Votes for Women.[43]
Jump up ^ Despite the loss of the Conciliation Bill, the WPSU maintained the truce until May 1911 when a second Conciliation Bill, having passed its Second Reading, was dropped by the government for internal political reasons. The WPSU saw this as a betrayal and resumed their militant activities.[48]
Jump up ^ Davison also spent a night in the Palace of Westminster in June 1911.[23]
Jump up ^ Craganour, the bookmakers' favourite, crossed the finishing line first, but a stewards' enquiry led to the horse being placed last and the race being awarded to Aboyeur, a 100/1 outsider.[68]
Jump up ^ One letter, signed "An Englishman", read "I am glad that you are in hospital. I hope you suffer torture until you die, you idiot. ... I should like the opportunity of starving and beating you to a pulp."[71][72]
Jump up ^ The presence of a return ticket was seen as evidence that Davison did not mean to commit suicide; research by Crawford showed that on Derby day, only return tickets were available.[76]
Jump up ^ Carolyn Collette, a literary critic who has studied Davison's writing, observes that there have long been stories of Davison practising at grabbing bridles of horses, but these are all unconfirmed.[87]
Jump up ^ The Cat and Mouse Act—officially the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913—was introduced by the Liberal government to counter the suffragette tactic of hunger strikes. The act allowed the prisoners to be released on licence as soon as the hunger strike affected their health, then to be re-arrested when they had recovered to finish their prison sentences.[105]
Jump up ^ To be able to vote women had to be householders or the wives of householders, or pay more than £5 a year in rent, or be a graduate of a British university. Practically all the property qualifications for men were abolished by the act.[109]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e San Vito 2008.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Howes 2013, 410–422.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, pp. 22–24.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 5, 9.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Abrams 2003, p. 161.
^ Jump up to: a b c Crawford 2003, p. 159.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, pp. 28–30.
^ Jump up to: a b Tanner 2013, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008, p. 464.
^ Jump up to: a b Purvis 2013a, p. 354.
Jump up ^ Naylor 2011, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Webb 2014, pp. xiii–xiv, 60.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Pankhurst 2013, Kindle location 6363.
^ Jump up to: a b Naylor 2011, p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Crawford 2003, p. 160.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e A. J. R. 1913, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Davison, Votes for Women, 1909.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 21–22.
^ Jump up to: a b Gullickson 2008, p. 465.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Davison, The Manchester Guardian, 1909.
Jump up ^ Bearman 2007, p. 878.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 24–25.
Jump up ^ Stanley 1995, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a, p. 355.
Jump up ^ Collette 2013, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008, pp. 468–469.
Jump up ^ Collette 2013, pp. 133–135.
Jump up ^ Hardie, 1909.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, pp. 42–43.
Jump up ^ "Emily Wilding Davison found hiding in a ventilation shaft".
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 36–37.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a, p. 356.
Jump up ^ Abrams 2003, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Foot 2005, pp. 210–211.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008, p. 470.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2002, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Crawford 2003, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Foot 2005, pp. 211–212.
Jump up ^ Liddington, Crawford & Maund 2011, pp. 108, 124.
Jump up ^ "A Night in Guy Fawkes Cupboard", Votes For Women, 1911.
Jump up ^ Collette 2013, p. 173.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 183.
Jump up ^ Crawford 2014, pp. 1006–1007.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 43–44.
^ Jump up to: a b Davison 1913, p. 577.
Jump up ^ Cawthorne 2017.
Jump up ^ Davison 1912, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Pankhurst 2013, 9029.
Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a, p. 357.
Jump up ^ West 1982, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, pp. 56–57.
^ Jump up to: a b Purvis 2013b.
^ Jump up to: a b Tanner 2013, pp. 214–215.
^ Jump up to: a b Secrets of a Suffragette, 26 May 2013, Event occurs at 35:10–36:06.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 278.
Jump up ^ Secrets of a Suffragette, 26 May 2013, Event occurs at 2:10–2:15.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 224, 243–244.
Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 284–285.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 285.
Jump up ^ Secrets of a Suffragette, 26 May 2013, Event occurs at 42:10–42:40.
Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988, pp. 103–104.
^ Jump up to: a b "Exhibitions: Emily Wilding Davison Centenary".
^ Jump up to: a b Greer 2013.
Jump up ^ Crawford 2014, pp. 1001–1002.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 281–282.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 276–277.
Jump up ^ "Suffragette and the King's Horse", The Manchester Guardian.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, p. 287.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Suffragist Outrage at the Derby", The Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miss Davison's Death", The Manchester Guardian.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008, p. 473.
Jump up ^ Brown 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thorpe 2013.
Jump up ^ Crawford 2014, p. 1000.
Jump up ^ Collette 2013, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 344–345.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 278–279.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, pp. 289–290.
^ Jump up to: a b Tanner 2013, p. 282.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2016, p. 10.
Jump up ^ "The Distracting Derby", The Pall Mall Gazette.
Jump up ^ "The Derby of Disasters", Daily Express.
Jump up ^ "Woman's Mad Attack on the King's Derby Horse", The Daily Mirror.
^ Jump up to: a b Purvis 2013a, p. 358.
^ Jump up to: a b Gullickson 2008, p. 462.
Jump up ^ "In Honour and Loving Memory of Emily Wilding Davison", The Suffragette.
Jump up ^ "The Supreme Sacrifice", The Suffragette.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2008, p. 474.
^ Jump up to: a b Davison 1914, p. 129.
Jump up ^ "The Funeral of Miss Davison", The Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Miss Davison's Funeral", The Manchester Guardian.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, p. 84.
Jump up ^ "1913 Cat and Mouse Act".
Jump up ^ "Miss Davison's Funeral", Votes for Women.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Tanner 2013, facing p. 172.
^ Jump up to: a b Purvis 1995, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Collette 2013, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Pugh 1974, p. 360.
Jump up ^ "Archives – The Suffragettes".
Jump up ^ Purvis 1995, pp. 98–99.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People Act 1918".
Jump up ^ "Equal Franchise Act 1928".
Jump up ^ Purvis 1995, p. 99.
^ Jump up to: a b Collette 2008, pp. 223–224.
Jump up ^ Crawford 2003, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a, p. 359.
Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Gullickson 2016, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013a, p. 360.
^ Jump up to: a b Collette 2012, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Colmore 1988, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Collette 2008, p. 226.
Jump up ^ Purvis 2013c, p. 49.
Jump up ^ Collette 2012, p. 172.
Jump up ^ Morley & Stanley 1988, pp. 169–170.
^ Jump up to: a b Cowman 2002, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Sleight 1988, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Hall 2015, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Blair 2016.
Jump up ^ Marsh 2018.
Jump up ^ Benn 2014, pp. xiii–xiv.
Jump up ^ "Benn's Secret Tribute to Suffragette Martyr", BBC.
Jump up ^ Barnett 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emblem of women's emancipation", Royal Holloway, University of London.
Sources[edit]
"1913 Cat and Mouse Act". UK Parliament. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Abrams, Fran (2003). Freedom's Cause. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-8619-7425-9.
A. J. R., ed. (1913). The Suffrage Annual and Women's Who's Who. London: S. Paul & Company. OCLC 7550282.
"Archives – The Suffragettes". UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Balding, Clare (26 May 2013). Secrets of a Suffragette (Television production). Channel 4.
Barnett, Emma (18 April 2013). "Centenary of Emily Wilding Davison's Death Marked with Plaque at Epsom". The Daily Telegraph.
Bearman, C. J. (December 2007). "An Army without Discipline? Suffragette Militancy and the Budget Crisis of 1909". The Historical Journal. 50 (4): 861–889. JSTOR 20175131.
Benn, Tony (2014). The Best of Benn. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4735-1801-8.
"Benn's Secret Tribute to Suffragette Martyr". BBC News. 17 March 1999. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Blair, Olivia (1 March 2016). "International Women's Day 2016: Who was Emily Davison, the suffragette who ran in front of the King's Horse?". The Independent.
Brown, Jonathan (24 May 2013). "Suffragette Emily Davison: The woman who would not be silenced". The Independent.
Cawthorne, Ellie (17 April 2017). "Emily Davison: the Suffragette Martyr". BBC History. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Collette, Carolyn (2008). ""Faire Emelye": Medievalism and the Moral Courage of Emily Wilding Davison". The Chaucer Review. 42 (3): 223–243. JSTOR 25094399.
Collette, Carolyn (September 2012). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Religion and Medievalism in the British Women's Suffrage Movement". Religion & Literature. 44 (3): 169–175. JSTOR 24397755.
Collette, Carolyn (2013). In the Thick of the Fight: The Writing of Emily Wilding Davison, Militant Suffragette. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11903-5.
Colmore, Gertrude (1988) [1913]. "The Life of Emily Davison". In Morley, Ann; Stanley, Liz. The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison. London: The Women's Press. ISBN 978-0-7043-4133-3.
Cowman, Krista (2002). "'Incipient Toryism'? The Women's Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903–14". History Workshop Journal. 53: 128–148. JSTOR 4289777.
Crawford, Elizabeth (2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928. London: UCL Press. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.
Crawford, Elizabeth (2014). "Emily Wilding Davison: centennial celebrations". Women's History Review. 23 (6): 1000–1007. doi:10.1080/09612025.2014.906961.
Davison, Emily (11 June 1909). "Letters". Votes for Women. p. 781.
Davison, Emily (11 September 1909). "The 'Real Meaning' of the White City Disturbances". The Manchester Guardian. p. 5.
Davison, Emily (19 September 1912). "'G.B.S.' and the Suffragettes". The Pall Mall Gazette. p. 4.
Davison, Emily (13 June 1913). "A Year Ago. A Statement by Miss Emily Wilding Davison on her Release From Holloway, June 1912". The Suffragette: 577.
Davison, Emily (5 June 1914). "The Price of Liberty". The Suffragette. p. 129.
"The Derby of Disasters". Daily Express. 5 June 1913. p. 1.
"The Distracting Derby". The Pall Mall Gazette. 5 June 1913. p. 8.
"Emblem of women's emancipation, Emily Wilding Davison celebrated by landmark new Library and Student Services Centre". Royal Holloway, University of London. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
"Emily Wilding Davison Found Hiding in a Ventilation Shaft". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
"Equal Franchise Act 1928". UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
"Exhibitions: Emily Wilding Davison Centenary". London School of Economics. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Foot, Paul (2005). The Vote: How it Was Won, and How it Was Undermined. London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-6709-1536-1.
"The Funeral of Miss Davison". The Times. 13 June 1913. p. 3.
Greer, Germaine (1 June 2013). "Emily Davison: was she really a suffragette martyr?". The Daily Telegraph.
Gullickson, Gay L. (2008). "Emily Wilding Davison: Secular Martyr?". Social Research. 75 (2): 461–484. JSTOR 40972072.
Gullickson, Gay L. (October 2016). "When Death Became Thinkable: Self-Sacrifice in the Women's Social and Political Union". Journal of Social History: 1–23. doi:10.1093/jsh/shw102. Cited page numbers from the pdf version
Hardie, Keir (1 November 1909). "Use of Water Hose". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 1432–1434.
Hall, Janet (23 October 2015). "Ten things to learn about Morpeth Suffragette Emily Davison". Northumberland Gazette. p. 4.
"In Honour and Loving Memory of Emily Wilding Davison". The Suffragette. 13 June 1913. p. 1.
Howes, Maureen (2013). Emily Wilding Davison: A Suffragette's Family Album (Kindle ed.). Stroud, Glos: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9802-7.
Liddington, Jill; Crawford, Elizabeth; Maund, E. A. (Spring 2011). "'Women Do Not Count, Neither Shall They Be Counted': Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the 1911 Census". History Workshop Journal (17): 98–127. ISSN 4130-6813.
Marsh, Joanna (31 January 2018). "Warrior woman: my cantata for suffragette Emily Davison". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
"Miss Davison's Death: Inquest and Verdict". The Manchester Guardian. 11 June 1913. p. 9.
"Miss Davison's Funeral: Impressive London Procession". The Manchester Guardian. 16 June 1913. p. 9.
"Miss Davison's Funeral". Votes for Women. 20 June 1913. p. 553.
Morley, Ann; Stanley, Liz (1988). The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison. London: The Women's Press. ISBN 978-0-7043-4133-3.
Naylor, Fay (2011). "Emily Wilding Davison: Martyr or Firebrand?" (PDF). Higher Magazine. Royal Holloway, University of London. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
"A Night in Guy Fawkes Cupboard". Votes For Women. 7 April 1911. p. 441.
Pankhurst, Sylvia (2013) [1931]. The Suffragette Movement: An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals (Kindle ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wharton Press. ISBN 978-1-4465-1043-8.
Pugh, Martin D. (1974). "Politicians and the Woman's Vote 1914–1918". History. 59 (197): 358–374.
Purvis, June (March 1995). ""Deeds, Not Words": The Daily Lives of Militant Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain". Women's Studies International Forum,. 18 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(94)00064-6.
Purvis, June (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23978-3.
Purvis, June (2013a). "Remembering Emily Wilding Davison (1872–1913)". Women's History Review. 22 (3): 353–362. doi:10.1080/09612025.2013.781405.
Purvis, June (2013b). "The 1913 Death of Emily Wilding Davison was a Key Moment in the Ongoing Struggle for Gender Equality in the UK". Democratic Audit. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Purvis, June (June 2013c). "The Suffragette Martyr". History. 14 (6): 46–49.
"Representation of the People Act 1918". UK Parliament. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
San Vito, Vera Di Campli (2008). "Davison, Emily Wilding (1872–1913)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37346. Retrieved 15 June 2017. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Sleight, John (1988). One-way Ticket to Epsom: Journalist's Enquiry into the Heroic Story of Emily Wilding Davison. Morpeth, Northumberland: Bridge Studios. ISBN 978-0-9512-6302-0.
Stanley, Liz (1995). The Auto/biographical I: The Theory and Practice of Feminist Auto/biography. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4649-0.
"Suffragette and the King's Horse: Interview with the Jockey". The Manchester Guardian. 6 June 1913. p. 9.
"The Suffragist Outrage at the Derby". The Times. 11 June 1913. p. 15.
"The Supreme Sacrifice". The Suffragette. 13 June 1913. pp. 578–579.
Tanner, Michael (2013). The Suffragette Derby. London: The Robson Press. ISBN 978-1-8495-4518-1.
Thorpe, Vanessa (26 May 2013). "Truth Behind the Death of Suffragette Emily Davison is Finally Revealed". The Observer.
Webb, Simon (2014). The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists. Barnsley, S Yorks: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78340-064-5.
West, Rebecca (1982). The Young Rebecca: Writings of Rebecca West, 1911–17. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-79458-4.
"Woman's Mad Attack on the King's Derby Horse". The Daily Mirror. 5 June 1913. p. 4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Davison.
An exhibit on Emily Davison, London School of Economics.
The original Pathé footage of Emily Davison running out of the crowds at the Derby
"Emily Wilding Davison". Find a Grave. 11 April 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
BBC profile
Archives of Emily Davison at the Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 67267004
LCCN: nr88009435
GND: 119036916
SNAC: w6n87ncx
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Davison&oldid=825072988"
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values: Plaque dedicated to Davison. In addition to her name and dates, the text reads "It was from this place, on the 4th June 1913, that suffragette Emily Wilding Davison sustained injuries that resulted in her death at Epsom Cottage Hospital. Her lifelong dedication to women's suffrage and the contribution she made to the lives of British women past and present, is remembered.

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The Outlaw Josey Wales
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Warner Bros.
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
June 30, 1976 (1976-06-30)
Running time
135 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3.7 million[1]
Box office
$31,800,000[2]
The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 American revisionist Western DeLuxe Color and Panavision film set during and after the American Civil War. It was directed by and starred Clint Eastwood (as the eponymous Josey Wales), with Chief Dan George, Sondra Locke, Sam Bottoms, and Geraldine Keams.[3] The film tells the story of Josey Wales, a Missouri farmer whose family is murdered by Union militants during the Civil War. Driven to revenge, Wales joins a Confederate guerrilla band and fights in the Civil War. After the war, all the fighters in Wales' group except for Wales surrender to Union officers, but they end up being massacred. Wales becomes an outlaw and is pursued by bounty hunters and Union soldiers.
The film was adapted by Sonia Chernus and Philip Kaufman from author Forrest Carter's 1972 novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales (republished, as shown in the movie's opening credits, as Gone to Texas).[4] The film was a commercial success, earning $31.8 million against a $3.7 million budget. In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Josey Wales was portrayed by Michael Parks in the film's 1986 sequel, The Return of Josey Wales.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Awards
5 Meaning
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Josey Wales, a Missouri farmer, is driven to revenge by the murder of his wife and young son by a band of pro-Union Jayhawker militants. The murderers were from Senator James H. Lane's Kansas Brigade, led by Captain Terrill.
After grieving and burying his wife and son, Wales joins a group of pro-Confederate Missouri Bushwhackers led by William T. Anderson and fights in the Civil War. At the conclusion of the war, Captain Fletcher persuades the guerrillas to surrender, saying they have been granted amnesty. Wales refuses to surrender. As a result, he and one young man are the only survivors when Captain Terrill's Redlegs massacre the surrendering men. Wales intervenes and guns down several Redlegs with a Gatling gun.
Senator Lane forces Fletcher to work with Terrill in tracking down Wales and puts a $5,000 bounty on Wales, who is now on the run from Union militia and bounty hunters. Along the way, despite wishing to be left alone, he accumulates a diverse group of companions. They include an old Cherokee named Lone Watie, a young Navajo woman, and an elderly woman from Kansas and her granddaughter Laura Lee, whom Wales rescues from Comancheros. At Santo Rio, two men, Travis and Chato, join their group.
Wales and his companions find the abandoned ranch owned by Laura's father and inhabit it after Wales parleys and makes peace with the neighboring Comanche tribe leader, Ten Bears. Meanwhile, a bounty hunter who identified Wales at Santo Rio, guides Captain Terrill and his men to the town. The following morning, the ranch is attacked by the Redlegs. Wales' companions take shelter in the fortified ranch house and open fire, gunning down all of Terrill's men. A wounded Wales, despite being out of ammunition, pursues the fleeing Terrill. When he corners him, Wales dry fires his four pistols through all the empty chambers before stabbing and killing Terrill with his own cavalry sword.
At the bar in Santa Rio, Wales finds Fletcher with two Texas Rangers. The locals at the bar, who refer to Wales as "Mr. Wilson," tell the Rangers that Wales was killed in a shoot-out in Monterrey, Mexico. The Rangers accept this story and move on. Fletcher refuses to believe the story, but pretends to not recognize Wales and says that he will go to Mexico to look for Wales himself, and try to convince him that the war is over, because he owes him that. Wales says that they all died a little in the war, before riding off.
Cast[edit]
Clint Eastwood as Josey Wales
Chief Dan George as Lone Watie
Sondra Locke as Laura Lee
Bill McKinney as Terrill
John Vernon as Fletcher
Paula Trueman as Grandma Sarah
Sam Bottoms as Jamie
Charles Tyner as Zukie Limmer
Geraldine Keams as Little Moonlight
Woodrow Parfrey as Carpetbagger
Joyce Jameson as Rose
Sheb Wooley as Travis Cobb
Royal Dano as Ten Spot
Matt Clark as Kelly
Will Sampson as Ten Bears
John Quade as Comanchero Leader
John Russell as "Bloody Bill" Anderson
William O'Connell as Sim Carstairs
Production[edit]
Pahreah site in Utah, filming location of the film.
The Outlaw Josey Wales was inspired by a 1972 novel by Forrest Carter, and was originally titled The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales and later retitled Gone to Texas. The script was worked on by Sonia Chernus and producer Bob Daley at Malpaso, and Eastwood himself paid some of the money to obtain the screen rights.[6] Michael Cimino and Philip Kaufman later oversaw the writing of the script, aiding Chernus. Kaufman wanted the film to stay as close to the novel as possible in style and retained many of the mannerisms in Wales's character which Eastwood would display on screen, such as his distinctive lingo with words like "reckon", "hoss" (instead of "horse"), and "ye" (instead of "you") and spitting tobacco juice on animals and victims.[6] The characters of Wales, the Cherokee chief, Navajo woman, and the old settler woman and her daughter all appeared in the novel.[7] Contrariwise, Kaufman was less happy with the novel's political stance; he felt that it had been "written by a crude fascist" and that "the man's hatred of government was insane".[4] He also felt that that element of the script needed to be severely toned down, but, he later said, "Clint didn't, and it was his film".[4] Kaufman was later fired by Eastwood, who took over the film's direction himself.
Cinematographer Bruce Surtees, James Fargo, and Fritz Manes scouted for locations and eventually found sites in Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, and Oroville, California even before they saw the final script.[7] Kaufman cast Chief Dan George, who had been nominated for an Academy Award for Supporting Actor in Little Big Man, as the old Cherokee Lone Watie. Sondra Locke, also a previous Academy Award nominee, was cast by Eastwood against Kaufman's wishes[8] as the granddaughter of the old settler woman, Laura Lee. This marked the beginning of a close relationship between Eastwood and Locke that would last six films and the beginning of a romance that would last into the late 1980s. Ferris Webster was hired as the film's editor and Jerry Fielding as composer.
Principal photography began on October 6, 1975 in Lake Powell.[9][8] A rift between Eastwood and Kaufman developed during the filming. Kaufman insisted on filming with a meticulous attention to detail, which caused disagreements with Eastwood, not to mention the attraction the two shared towards Locke and apparent jealousy on Kaufman's part in regards to their emerging relationship.[10] One evening, Kaufman insisted on finding a beer can as a prop to be used in a scene, but while he was absent, Eastwood ordered Surtees to quickly shoot the scene as light was fading and then drove away, leaving before Kaufman had returned.[11] Soon after, filming moved to Kanab, Utah. On October 24, 1975, Kaufman was fired at Eastwood's command by producer Bob Daley.[12] The sacking caused an outrage amongst the Directors Guild of America and other important Hollywood executives, since the director had already worked hard on the film, including completing all of the pre-production.[12] Pressure mounted on Warner Bros. and Eastwood to back down, but their refusal to do so resulted in a fine, reported to be around $60,000 for the violation.[12] This resulted in the Director's Guild passing new legislation, known as 'the Eastwood Rule', which prohibits an actor or producer from firing the director and then becoming the director himself.[12] From then on, the film was directed by Eastwood himself with Daley second-in-command, but with Kaufman's planning already in place, the team were able to finish making the film efficiently.
Reception[edit]
"Eastwood is such a taciturn and action-oriented performer that it's easy to overlook the fact that he directs many of his movies—and many of the best, most intelligent ones. Here, with the moody, gloomily beautiful, photography of Bruce Surtees, he creates a magnificent Western feeling"
Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times, January 1, 1976[13]
Upon release in August 1976, The Outlaw Josey Wales was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom saw Eastwood's role as an iconic one, relating it with much of America's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War.[14] The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho in a six-day conference entitled Western Movies: Myths and Images. Academics such as Bruce Jackson, critics such as Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight and directors such as King Vidor, Henry King, William Wyler and Howard Hawks were invited to the screening.[14] The film would later appear in Time magazine's Top 10 films of the year.[15] Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood's portrayal of Josey Wales with his "Man with No Name" character in the Dollars Trilogy and praised the atmosphere of the film. On The Merv Griffin Show, Orson Welles lauded the film, calling Eastwood "one of America's finest directors."
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film a 95% rating based on reviews from 38 critics.[16]
Awards[edit]
The Outlaw Josey Wales was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score. In 1996, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was also one of the few Western films to receive critical and commercial success in the 1970s at a time when the Western was thought to be dying as a major genre in Hollywood.
Clint Eastwood says on the 1999 DVD release that the movie is "certainly one of the high points of my career... in the Western genre of filmmaking."[citation needed]
Meaning[edit]
Eastwood has called The Outlaw Josey Wales an anti-war film.[17] In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, he said:
As for Josey Wales, I saw the parallels to the modern day at that time. Everybody gets tired of it, but it never ends. A war is a horrible thing, but it's also a unifier of countries... Man becomes his most creative during war. Look at the amount of weaponry that was made in four short years of World War II—the amount of ships and guns and tanks and inventions and planes and P-38s and P-51s, and just the urgency and the camaraderie, and the unifying. But that's kind of a sad statement on mankind, if that's what it takes.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Munn, p. 156
Jump up ^ "The Outlaw Josey Wales". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Variety film review; June 30, 1976.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barra, Allen."The Education of Little Fraud", Salon.com, December 20, 2001.
Jump up ^ "The Return of Josey Wales". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b McGilligan (1999), p. 257
^ Jump up to: a b McGilligan (1999), p.258
^ Jump up to: a b McGilligan (1999), p.261
Jump up ^ "Clint Eastwood gets top role in outlaw film". Greeley Daily Tribune. Greeley, Colorado. July 7, 1975. p. 24.
Jump up ^ McGilligan (1999), p. 262
Jump up ^ McGilligan (1999), p. 263
^ Jump up to: a b c d McGilligan (1999), p. 264
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1976). "The Outlaw Josey Wales". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b McGilligan (1999), p.266
Jump up ^ McGilligan (1999), p.267
Jump up ^ "The Outlaw Josey Wales". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Judge, Michael (2011-01-29). "A Hollywood Icon Lays Down the Law". Wall Street Journal.
Bibliography[edit]
McGilligan, Patrick (1999). Clint: The Life and Legend. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-638354-8.
Munn, Michael (1992). Clint Eastwood: Hollywood's Loner. London: Robson Books. ISBN 0-86051-790-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Outlaw Josey Wales.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Outlaw Josey Wales
The Outlaw Josey Wales on IMDb
The Outlaw Josey Wales at the TCM Movie Database
The Outlaw Josey Wales at AllMovie
The Outlaw Josey Wales at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Outlaw Josey Wales at Rotten Tomatoes
The Outlaw Josey Wales at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Clint Eastwood
Play Misty for Me (1971)
High Plains Drifter (1973)
Breezy (1973)
The Eiger Sanction (1975)
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)
The Gauntlet (1977)
Bronco Billy (1980)
Firefox (1982)
Honkytonk Man (1982)
Sudden Impact (1983)
Pale Rider (1985)
Heartbreak Ridge (1986)
Bird (1988)
White Hunter Black Heart (1990)
The Rookie (1990)
Unforgiven (1992)
A Perfect World (1993)
The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
Absolute Power (1997)
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997)
True Crime (1999)
Space Cowboys (2000)
Blood Work (2002)
Piano Blues (2003)
Mystic River (2003)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
Changeling (2008)
Gran Torino (2008)
Invictus (2009)
Hereafter (2010)
J. Edgar (2011)
Jersey Boys (2014)
American Sniper (2014)
Sully (2016)
The 15:17 to Paris (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales&oldid=836603158"
Categories:
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Harve Presnell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Harve Presnell
Born
(1933-09-14)September 14, 1933
Modesto, California, U.S.
Died
June 30, 2009(2009-06-30) (aged 75)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Occupation
Film and television actor; musical theatre and opera singer
Years active
1956–2009
Spouse(s)
Sheryl Mae Green
(m. 1957; div. 1966)

Veeva Suzanne Hamblen (m. 1966)
Children
6[1]
George Harvey (Harve) Presnell (September 14, 1933 – June 30, 2009) was an American actor and singer. He began his career in the mid-1950s as a classical baritone, singing with orchestras and opera companies throughout the United States.
His career reoriented away from classical music to musical theatre in 1960 after Meredith Willson cast him in the lead role of his new Broadway musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown. His portrayal of "Leadville Johnny" was a resounding success and he reprised the role in the 1964 film version of the musical, winning a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal.
Presnell went on to star in a few more films during the 1960s, but by the early 1970s that aspect of his career came to a standstill. From 1970 to 1995 he mostly worked as a musical theatre performer on Broadway, the West End, and in touring productions out of New York. In his early 60s, Presnell saw a resurgence in his movie career which lasted until his death. He played character roles in films like Fargo (1996), Saving Private Ryan (1998), and Flags of Our Fathers (2006). He also appeared on television as Mr. Parker in The Pretender and Lew Staziak in Andy Barker, P.I.. He had recurring roles on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and Dawson's Creek.[2]
Contents
1 Early life and classical singing career
2 Stage and film career
3 Recordings
4 Death
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life and classical singing career[edit]
Presnell was born in 1933, in Modesto, California.[3] He made his professional stage debut performing in an opera at the young age of sixteen. He attended the University of Southern California, earning a bachelor's degree in vocal performance.[citation needed]
He then pursued further vocal studies in Europe and at the Music Academy of the West. He appeared with a number of opera companies and orchestras during the 1950s. In 1957 he made his debut with the San Francisco Opera as the Officer in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos.[citation needed]
He went on to sing several more comprimario roles with the company that year, including the Jailer in the United States premiere of Francis Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites. During the late 1950s he made several appearances and recordings with both the Roger Wagner Chorale and the Philadelphia Orchestra, the latter under the baton of Eugene Ormandy.[4]
Stage and film career[edit]
In 1956, Presnell co-starred with Herva Nelli in the American premiere of Darius Milhaud's opera David at the Hollywood Bowl. In 1960, he was a featured soloist with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in another concert at the Bowl. In attendance at the concert was musical theater composer Meredith Willson who was at that time in the midst of creating his musical on the life of Molly Brown, Titanic survivor. Willson contacted him after the concert and asked him to audition for him. Presnell complied and Wilson ended up offering him the role of "Leadville Johnny." At this point the musical was not completed and Wilson went on to compose much of the music for Leadville Johnny with Presnell's voice in mind.[1] On November 3, 1960, The Unsinkable Molly Brown opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre to a resounding success. Presnell stayed with the show for its entire 532 performance run, which ended on February 10, 1962. He reprised the role in the 1964 film The Unsinkable Molly Brown for which he won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year.
He starred in two films in 1965: portraying Sol Rogers, a cavalry scout, in The Glory Guys[5] and Danny Churchill, the romantic lead, in the musical film When the Boys Meet the Girls.[6] He had one more sizable film role in the 1960s, the role of "Rotten Luck Willie" in Paramount's 1969 musical Western film Paint Your Wagon, singing "They Call the Wind Maria". The New York Times critic opined that Presnell's role "delivered the golden opportunity to sing the unforgettable ballad."[1] Theater reviewer Thomas Hischak wrote "in one of the film's few pleasing moments, Harve Presnell gave full voice to They Call the Wind Mariah and it was lovely to hear".[7] Referring to Eastwood and Marvin, film reviewer Brian W. Fairbanks wrote that "Harve Presnell steals both stars' thunder with a knockout version of the best song"[8]
Presnell did some other film and television work in the 1960s and early 1970s, but for the next couple of decades concentrated primarily on stage work, playing Rhett Butler in the West End production of Scarlett and touring the United States as Daddy Warbucks in Annie and its sequel, Annie Warbucks, among other productions.[citation needed] In 1966, Presnell played the role of Sir Lancelot in Camelot in the Regional Equity production at The Houston Music Theatre.[citation needed]
In 1984, Presnell appeared as Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha in Darien, Connecticut, an appearance well received by The New York Times critic Alvin Klein, who wrote that Presnell was "a winning leading man", and wrote:
As an actor, Mr. Presnell promises much, and as a singer, he delivers. Here is one of the shiniest vocal accounts of the role yet. The actor is on the verge of suggesting that in his implausible way, the Don can bring a measure of grace to the world and fulfill that old impossible dream.[9]
His film career was revived when he played William H. Macy's testy father-in-law in Fargo (1996). Subsequent films included The Whole Wide World (1996), Larger than Life (1996), The Chamber (1996), Face/Off (1997), Julian Po (1997), Saving Private Ryan (1998, as General George Marshall), Patch Adams (1998), Walking Across Egypt (1999), The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), The Family Man (2000), Escanaba in da Moonlight (2001), Mr. Deeds (2002), Super Sucker (2003), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), and Evan Almighty (2007).[2]
On television, he appeared, in among other roles, as Mr. Parker on The Pretender, Dr. Sam Lane on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and as A.I. Brooks on Dawson's Creek.[2]
Recordings[edit]
Presnell sang the baritone role in Eugene Ormandy's 1960 recording of Carmina Burana, released by Columbia/Sony on LP and CD. His earliest recordings were as a soloist with the Roger Wagner Chorale (Capitol) in the 1950s with the Chorale in the background particularly in the LP Joy to the World where he sang in "O Holy Night" and the LPs Folk Songs of the New World [Capitol P8324 (1955)] and Folk Songs of the Frontier [Capitol P8332 (1956)], where he sang, among other songs, "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" and "Streets of Laredo".[1]
Death[edit]
Presnell died on June 30, 2009, aged 75, from pancreatic cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California.[2]
Filmography[edit]
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) as 'Leadville' Johnny J. Brown
The Glory Guys (1965) as Sol Rogers
When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) as Danny Churchill
Paint Your Wagon (1969) as Rotten Luck Willie
Blood Bath (1976) as Peter Brown
The Whole Wide World (1996) as Dr. Howard
Fargo (1996) as Wade Gustafson
Larger than Life (1996) as Trowbridge Bowers
The Chamber (1996) as Atty. Gen. Roxburg
Face/Off (1997) as Victor Lazarro
Julian Po (1997) as Mayor Henry Leech
Saving Private Ryan (1998) as General George Marshall
Patch Adams (1998) as Dean Anderson
Walking Across Egypt (1999) as Finner
The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000) as John Invergordon
The Family Man (2000) as Big Ed
Escanaba in da Moonlight (2001) as Albert Soady
Super Sucker (2002) as Winslow Schnaebelt
Mr. Deeds (2002) as Preston Blake
Old School (2003) as Mr. Springbrook
Flags of Our Fathers (2006) as Dave Severance
Evan Almighty (2007) as Congressman Burrows
Love Ranch (2010) as Dr. Smathers (final film role)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Grimes, William (July 2, 2009). "Harve Presnell, Singing Actor, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Harve Presnell on IMDb
Jump up ^ According to the State of California. California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. At Ancestry.com
Jump up ^ Bergan, Ronald (July 7, 2009). "Harve Presnell". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Glory Guys tcm.com, retrieved December 22, 2017
Jump up ^ When the Boys Meet the Girls tcm.com, retrieved December 22, 2017
Jump up ^ Hischak, Thomas S. (2008). The Oxford companion to the American musical: theatre, film, and television. Oxford University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-19-533533-0.
Jump up ^ Fairbanks, Brian W. (2005). I Saw That Movie, Too: Selected Film Reviews. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4116-3535-7.
Jump up ^ "Theatre Review". The New York Times.
External links[edit]
Harve Presnell at Find a Grave
Harve Presnell on IMDb
Harve Presnell at the Internet Broadway Database
Harve Presnell at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
show
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Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor
Richard Widmark (1948)
Gene Nelson / Richard Todd (1950)
Kevin McCarthy (1952)
Richard Burton (1953)
Richard Egan / Steve Forrest / Hugh O'Brian (1954)
Joe Adams / George Nader / Jeff Richards (1955)
Ray Danton / Russ Tamblyn (1956)
John Kerr / Paul Newman / Anthony Perkins (1957)
James Garner / John Saxon / Patrick Wayne (1958)
John Gavin / Bradford Dillman / Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (1959)
George Hamilton / Barry Coe / Troy Donahue / James Shigeta (1960)
Michael Callan / Mark Damon / Brett Halsey (1961)
Warren Beatty / Richard Beymer / Bobby Darin (1962)
Keir Dullea / Peter O'Toole / Omar Sharif / Terence Stamp (1963)
Albert Finney / Stathis Giallelis / Robert Walker (1964)
Harve Presnell / George Segal / Topol (1965)
Robert Redford (1966)
James Farentino (1967)
Dustin Hoffman (1968)
Leonard Whiting (1969)
Jon Voight (1970)
James Earl Jones (1971)
Desi Arnaz Jr. (1972)
Edward Albert (1973)
Paul Le Mat (1974)
Joseph Bottoms (1975)
Brad Dourif (1976)
Arnold Schwarzenegger (1977)
Brad Davis (1979)
Rick Schroder (1980)
Timothy Hutton (1981)
Ben Kingsley (1983)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1702798
BNF: cb139404095 (data)
GND: 134626753
ISNI: 0000 0000 6302 2697
LCCN: n92039729
MusicBrainz: 2923fa76-3764-457d-9add-844966e69f76
SNAC: w67956vp
SUDOC: 075962551
VIAF: 49412486
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harve_Presnell&oldid=864533718"
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