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Great Society
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For the 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, see The Great Society (band).
The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. President Johnson first used the term "Great Society" during a speech at Ohio University, then unveiled the program in greater detail at an appearance at University of Michigan.
New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched during this period. The program and its initiatives were subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s and years following. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Some Great Society proposals were stalled initiatives from John F. Kennedy's New Frontier.[citation needed] Johnson's success depended on his skills of persuasion, coupled with the Democratic landslide in the 1964 election that brought in many new liberals to Congress, making the House of Representatives in 1965 the most liberal House since 1938.[1]
Anti-war Democrats complained that spending on the Vietnam War choked off the Great Society. While some of the programs have been eliminated or had their funding reduced, many of them, including Medicare, Medicaid, the Older Americans Act and federal education funding, continue to the present. The Great Society's programs expanded under the administrations of Republican Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic and social conditions
1.1 Race
2 Johnson's speeches in Ohio and Michigan
3 The 1965 legislative program and the presidential task forces
4 The election of 1964
5 The two sessions of the Eighty-Ninth Congress
6 The major policy areas
6.1 Civil rights
6.2 The "War On Poverty"
6.2.1 The programs
6.3 Education
6.4 Health
6.4.1 Medicare
6.4.2 Medicaid
6.5 Welfare
6.6 The arts and cultural institutions
6.6.1 National endowments for the arts and the humanities
6.6.2 Public broadcasting
6.6.3 Cultural centers
6.7 Transportation
6.8 Consumer protection
6.9 The environment
6.10 Housing
6.11 Rural development
6.12 Labor
6.13 Conservative opposition
7 Legacy
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Bibliography
11 External links
Economic and social conditions[edit]
Unlike the old New Deal, which was a response to a severe financial and economic calamity, the Great Society initiatives came just as the postwar prosperity was starting to fade but before the coming decline was being felt by the middle and upper classes. Kennedy proposed an across-the-board tax cut lowering the top marginal income tax rate in the United States by 20%, from 91% to 71%, which was enacted in February of 1964, three months after Kennedy's assassination, under Johnson. The tax cut also significantly reduced marginal rates in the lower brackets as well as for corporations. The gross national product rose 10% in the first year of the tax cut, and economic growth averaged a rate of 4.5% from 1961 to 1968.[3]
Johnson's tax cut measure triggered what one historian described as "the greatest prosperity of the postwar years." GNP increased by 7% in 1964, 8% in 1965, and 9% in 1966. The unemployment rate fell below 5%, and by 1966 the number of families with incomes of $7,000 a year or more had reached 55%, compared with 22% in 1950. In 1968, when John Kenneth Galbraith published a new edition of The Affluent Society, the average income of the American family stood at $8,000, double what it had been a decade earlier.[4]
Disposable personal income rose 15% in 1966 alone. Federal revenues increased dramatically from $94 billion in 1961 to $150 billion in 1967. As the Baby Boom generation aged, two and a half times more Americans would enter the labor force between 1965 and 1980 than between 1950 and 1965.
Race[edit]
Social crisis confronted the nation. Racial segregation persisted in the Southern United States. The Civil Rights Movement was gathering momentum, and in 1964, urban riots began within black neighborhoods in New York City and Los Angeles. By 1968 hundreds[citation needed] of cities had major African-American riots that caused a severe conservative political backlash. Foreign affairs were generally quiet except for the Vietnam War, which escalated from limited involvement in 1963 to a large-scale military operation in 1968 that soon overshadowed the Great Society.
Johnson's speeches in Ohio and Michigan[edit]
Johnson during commencement exercises at the University of Michigan on May 22, 1964.
Johnson's first public reference to the "Great Society" took place during a speech to students on May 7, 1964, at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio:
And with your courage and with your compassion and your desire, we will build a Great Society. It is a society where no child will go unfed, and no youngster will go unschooled.[5]
He later formally presented his specific goals for the Great Society in another speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on May 22, 1964.
We are going to assemble the best thought and broadest knowledge from all over the world to find these answers. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of conferences and meetings—on the cities, on natural beauty, on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. From these studies, we will begin to set our course toward the Great Society.[6]
The 1965 legislative program and the presidential task forces[edit]
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Kennedy had employed several task forces composed of scholars and experts to craft New Frontier legislation and to deal with foreign affairs. The reliance on experts appealed to Johnson, in part because the task forces would work in secret and outside of the existing governmental bureaucracy and directly for the White House staff. Almost immediately after the Ann Arbor speech, 14 separate task forces began studying nearly all major aspects of United States society under the guidance of presidential assistants Bill Moyers and Richard N. Goodwin.
The average task force had five to seven members and generally was composed of governmental experts and academics.[7] Only one of the task forces on the 1965 legislative program addressed foreign affairs and foreign economic policy. The rest were charged with domestic policy (agriculture, anti-recession policy, civil rights, education, efficiency and economy, health, income maintenance policy, intergovernmental fiscal cooperation, natural resources, pollution of the environment, preservation of natural beauty, transportation, and urban problems).
After the task force reports were submitted to the White House, Moyers began a second round of review. The recommendations were circulated among the agencies concerned and were evaluated by new committees composed mostly of government officials. Experts on relations with Congress were also drawn into the deliberations to get the best advice on persuading the Congress to pass the legislation. In late 1964 Johnson reviewed these initial Great Society proposals at his ranch with Moyers and Budget Director Kermit Gordon. Many of them were included in Johnson’s State of the Union Address delivered on January 4, 1965.
The task-force approach, combined with Johnson's electoral victory in 1964 and his talents in obtaining congressional approval, were widely credited with the success of the legislation agenda in 1965. Critics later cited the task forces as a factor in a perceived elitist approach to Great Society programs. Also, because many of the initiatives did not originate from outside lobbying, some programs had no political constituencies that would support their continued funding.
The election of 1964[edit]
With the exception of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[8] the Great Society agenda was not a widely discussed issue during the 1964 presidential election campaign. Johnson won the election with 61% of the vote, and he carried all but six states. Democrats gained enough seats to control more than two-thirds of each chamber in the Eighty-ninth Congress, with a 68–32 margin in the Senate and a 295–140 margin in the House of Representatives.[4]
The two sessions of the Eighty-Ninth Congress[edit]
The political realignment allowed House leaders to alter rules that had allowed Southern Democrats to kill New Frontier and civil rights legislation in committee, which aided efforts to pass Great Society legislation. In 1965, the first session of the Eighty-Ninth Congress created the core of the Great Society. It began by enacting long-stalled legislation such as Medicare and federal aid to education and then moved into other areas, including high-speed mass transit, rental supplements, truth in packaging, environmental safety legislation, new provisions for mental health facilities, the Teacher Corps, manpower training, the Head Start program, aid to urban mass transit, a demonstration cities program, a housing act that included rental subsidies, and an act for higher education.[4] The Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in US congressional history.[9]
The major policy areas[edit]
Civil rights[edit]
President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Historian Alan Brinkley has suggested that the most important domestic achievement of the Great Society may have been its success in translating some of the demands of the civil rights movement into law.[10] Four civil rights acts were passed, including three laws in the first two years of Johnson's presidency. The Civil Rights Act of 1964[8] forbade job discrimination and the segregation of public accommodations.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 assured minority registration and voting. It suspended use of literacy or other voter-qualification tests that had sometimes served to keep African-Americans off voting lists and provided for federal court lawsuits to stop discriminatory poll taxes. It also reinforced the Civil Rights Act of 1964[8] by authorizing the appointment of federal voting examiners in areas that did not meet voter-participation requirements. The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 abolished the national-origin quotas in immigration law. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned housing discrimination and extended constitutional protections to Native Americans on reservations.
The "War On Poverty"[edit]
Main article: War on Poverty
The August 1964 signing of the Poverty Bill
The most ambitious and controversial part of the Great Society was its initiative to end poverty. The Kennedy Administration had been contemplating a federal effort against poverty. Johnson, who, as a teacher, had observed extreme poverty in Texas among Mexican-Americans, launched an "unconditional war on poverty" in the first months of his presidency with the goal of eliminating hunger, illiteracy, and unemployment from American life. The centerpiece of the War on Poverty was the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which created an Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to oversee a variety of community-based antipoverty programs.
Federal funds were provided for special education schemes in slum areas, including help in paying for books and transport, while financial aid was also provided for slum clearances and rebuilding city areas. In addition, the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 created jobs in one of the most impoverished regions of the country.[citation needed] The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 provided various methods through which young people from poor homes could receive job training and higher education.[11]
The OEO reflected a fragile consensus among policymakers that the best way to deal with poverty was not simply to raise the incomes of the poor but to help them better themselves through education, job training, and community development. Central to its mission was the idea of "community action", the participation of the poor in framing and administering the programs designed to help them.
The programs[edit]
The War on Poverty began with a $1 billion appropriation in 1964 and spent another $2 billion in the following two years. It gave rise to dozens of programs, among them the Job Corps, whose purpose was to help disadvantaged youth develop marketable skills; the Neighborhood Youth Corps, established to give poor urban youths work experience and to encourage them to stay in school; Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), a domestic version of the Peace Corps, which placed concerned citizens with community-based agencies to work towards empowerment of the poor; the Model Cities Program for urban redevelopment; Upward Bound, which assisted poor high school students entering college; legal services for the poor; and the Food Stamp Act of 1964 (which expanded the federal food stamp program).[12]
Programs included the Community Action Program, which initiated local Community Action Agencies charged with helping the poor become self-sufficient; and Project Head Start, which offered preschool education for poor children. In addition, funding was provided for the establishment of community health centers to expand access to health care,[13] while major amendments were made to Social Security in 1965 and 1967 which significantly increased benefits, expanded coverage, and established new programs to combat poverty and raise living standards.[14] In addition, average AFDC payments were 35% higher in 1968 than in 1960, but remained insufficient and uneven.[15]
Education[edit]
The most important educational component of the Great Society was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, designed by Commissioner of Education Francis Keppel. It was signed into law on April 11, 1965, less than three months after it was introduced. It ended a long-standing political taboo by providing significant federal aid to public education, initially allocating more than $1 billion to help schools purchase materials and start special education programs to schools with a high concentration of low-income children. During its first year of operation, the Act authorized a $1.1 billion program of grants to states, for allocations to school districts with large numbers of children of low income families, funds to use community facilities for education within the entire community, funds to improve educational research and to strengthen state departments of education, and grants for purchase of books and library materials.[16] The Act also established Head Start, which had originally been started by the Office of Economic Opportunity as an eight-week summer program, as a permanent program.
The Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963, which was signed into law by Johnson a month after becoming president,[17] authorized several times more college aid within a five-year period than had been appropriated under the Land Grant College in a century. It provided better college libraries, ten to twenty new graduate centers, several new technical institutes, classrooms for several hundred thousand students, and twenty-five to thirty new community colleges a year.[18]
This major piece of legislation was followed by the Higher Education Act of 1965, which increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships and low-interest loans for students, and established a national Teacher Corps to provide teachers to poverty-stricken areas of the United States. The Act also began a transition from federally funded institutional assistance to individual student aid.
In 1964, basic improvements in the National Defense Education Act were achieved, and total funds available to educational institutions were increased. The yearly limit on loans to graduate and professional students was raised from $1,000 to $2,500, and the aggregate limit was raised from $5,000 to $10,000. The program was extended to include geography, history, reading, English, and civics, and guidance and counselling programs were extended to elementary and public junior high schools.[12]
The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 offered federal aid to local school districts in assisting them to address the needs of children with limited English-speaking ability until it expired in 2002.[19]
The Great Society programs also provided support for postgraduate clinical training for both nurses and physicians committed to work with disadvantaged patients in rural and urban health clinics.[20]
Health[edit]
Medicare[edit]
Main article: Medicare (United States)
President Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965.
The Social Security Act of 1965 authorized Medicare and provided federal funding for many of the medical costs of older Americans.[21] The legislation overcame the bitter resistance, particularly from the American Medical Association, to the idea of publicly funded health care or "socialized medicine" by making its benefits available to everyone over sixty-five, regardless of need, and by linking payments to the existing private insurance system.
Medicaid[edit]
Main article: Medicaid
In 1966 welfare recipients of all ages received medical care through the Medicaid program. Medicaid was created on July 30, 1965 under Title XIX of the Social Security Act of 1965. Each state administers its own Medicaid program while the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) monitors the state-run programs and establishes requirements for service delivery, quality, funding, and eligibility standards.
Welfare[edit]
A number of improvements were made to the Social Security program in terms of both coverage and adequacy of benefits. The Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 included a provision for special payments under the social security program to certain uninsured individuals aged 72 and over. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 included a 7% increase in cash benefits, a liberalization of the definition of disability, a liberalization of the amount a person can earn and still get full benefits (the so-called retirement test), payment of benefits to eligible children aged 18–21 who are attending school, payment of benefits to widows at age 60 on an actuarially reduced basis, coverage of self-employed physicians, coverage of tips as wages, liberalization of insured-status requirements for persons already aged 72 or over, an increase to $6,600 the amount of earnings counted for contribution and benefit purposes (the contribution and benefit base), and an increase in the contribution rate schedule.[14]
The Social Security Amendments of 1967 included a 13% increase in old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits, with a minimum monthly benefit of $55 for a person retiring at or after age-65 (or receiving disability benefits), an increase from $35 to $40 in the special age-72 payments, an increase from $1,500 to $1,680 in the amount a person may earn in a year and still get full benefits for that year, monthly cash benefits for disabled widows and disabled dependent widowers at age 50 at reduced rates, a liberalization of the eligibility requirements for benefits for dependents and Survivors of women workers, and an alternative insured-status test for workers disabled before age 31.[14]
Additionally, new guidelines for determining eligibility for disability insurance benefits, additional non-contributory wage credits for servicemen, broadened coverage of clergy and members of religious orders who have not taken a vow of poverty, and an increase in the contribution and benefit base from $6,600 to $7,800, beginning in 1968. In addition, the Social Security Amendments of 1967 provided the first major amendments of Medicare. These social security amendments extended the coverage of the program to include certain services previously excluded, simplified reimbursement procedures under both the hospital and medical insurance plans, and facilitated the administrative procedures concerning general enrollment periods.[14]
The Food Stamp Act of 1964 made the program permanent, while the Social Security Amendments of 1967 specified that at least 6% of monies for maternal and child health should be spent on family planning. By 1967, the federal government began requiring state health departments to make contraceptives available to all adults who were poor. Meal programs for low-income senior citizens began in 1965, with the federal government providing funding for "congregate meals" and "home-delivered meals."[22] The Child Nutrition Act, passed in 1966, made improvements to nutritional assistance to children such as in the introduction of the School Breakfast Program.[23]
The arts and cultural institutions[edit]
National endowments for the arts and the humanities[edit]
In September 1965, Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act into law, creating both the National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities as separate, independent agencies. Lobbying for federally funded arts and humanities support began during the Kennedy Administration. In 1963 three scholarly and educational organizations—the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), the Council of Graduate Schools in America, and the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa—joined together to establish the National Commission on the Humanities. In June 1964, the commission released a report that suggested that the emphasis placed on science endangered the study of the humanities from elementary schools through postgraduate programs. In order to correct the balance, it recommended "the establishment by the President and the Congress of the United States of a National Humanities Foundation."[24]
In August of 1964, Representative William S. Moorhead of Pennsylvania proposed legislation to implement the commission's recommendations. Support from the White House followed in September, when Johnson lent his endorsement during a speech at Brown University. In March of 1965, the White House proposed the establishment of a National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities and requested $20 million in start-up funds. The commission's report had generated other proposals, but the White House's approach eclipsed them. The administration's plan, which called for the creation of two separate agencies each advised by a governing body, was the version that the Congress approved. Richard Nixon dramatically expanded funding for NEH and NEA.[24]
Public broadcasting[edit]
Main article: Public Broadcasting Service
After the First National Conference on Long-Range Financing of Educational Television Stations in December 1964 called for a study of the role of noncommercial education television in society, the Carnegie Corporation agreed to finance the work of a 15-member national commission. Its landmark report, Public Television: A Program for Action, published on January 26, 1967, popularized the phrase "public television" and assisted the legislative campaign for federal aid. The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, enacted less than 10 months later, chartered the Corporation for Public Broadcasting as a private, non-profit corporation.
The law initiated federal aid through the CPB for the operation, as opposed to the funding of capital facilities, of public broadcasting. The CPB initially collaborated with the pre-existing National Educational Television system, but in 1969 decided to start the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). A public radio study commissioned by the CPB and the Ford Foundation and conducted from 1968 to 1969 led to the establishment of National Public Radio, a public radio system under the terms of the amended Public Broadcasting Act.
Cultural centers[edit]
Two long-planned national cultural and arts facilities received federal funding that would allow for their completion through Great Society legislation. A National Cultural Center, suggested during the Franklin Roosevelt Administration and created by a bipartisan law signed by Dwight Eisenhower, was transformed into the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, a living memorial to the assassinated president. Fundraising for the original cultural center had been poor prior to legislation creating the Kennedy Center, which passed two months after the president's death and provided $23 million for construction. The Kennedy Center opened in 1971.[25]
In the late 1930s the U.S. Congress mandated a Smithsonian Institution art museum for the National Mall, and a design by Eliel Saarinen was unveiled in 1939, but plans were shelved during World War II. A 1966 act of the U.S. Congress established the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden as part of the Smithsonian Institution with a focus on modern art, in contrast to the existing National Art Gallery. The museum was primarily federally funded, although New York financier Joseph Hirshhorn later contributed $1 million toward building construction, which began in 1969. The Hirshhorn opened in 1974.[26]
Transportation[edit]
Transportation initiatives started during President Johnson's term in office included the consolidation of transportation agencies into a cabinet-level position under the Department of Transportation.[27] The department was authorized by Congress on October 15, 1966 and began operations on April 1, 1967. Congress passed a variety of legislation to support improvements in transportation including The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 which provided $375 million for large-scale urban public or private rail projects in the form of matching funds to cities and states and created the Urban Mass Transit Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration), High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 which resulted in the creation of high-speed rail between New York and Washington, and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966—a bill largely taken credit for by Ralph Nader, whose book Unsafe at Any Speed he claims helped inspire the legislation.
Consumer protection[edit]
In 1964, Johnson named Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson to be the first presidential assistant for consumer affairs.
The Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 required packages to carry warning labels. The Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 set standards through creation of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act requires products identify manufacturer, address, clearly mark quantity and servings. The statute also authorized the HEW and the FTC to establish and define voluntary standard sizes. The original would have mandated uniform standards of size and weight for comparison shopping, but the final law only outlawed exaggerated size claims.
The Child Safety Act of 1966 prohibited any chemical so dangerous that no warning can make it safe. The Flammable Fabrics Act of 1967 set standards for children's sleepwear, but not baby blankets.
The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 required inspection of meat which must meet federal standards. The Truth-in-Lending Act of 1968 required lenders and credit providers to disclose the full cost of finance charges in both dollars and annual percentage rates, on installment loan and sales. The Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968 required inspection of poultry which must meet federal standards. The Land Sales Disclosure Act of 1968 provided safeguards against fraudulent practices in the sale of land. The Radiation Safety Act of 1968 provided standards and recalls for defective electronic products.
The environment[edit]
Joseph A. Califano, Jr. has suggested that the Great Society's main contribution to the environment was an extension of protections beyond those aimed at the conservation of untouched resources.[28] In a message he transmitted to Congress, President Johnson said:
The air we breathe, our water, our soil and wildlife, are being blighted by poisons and chemicals which are the by-products of technology and industry. The society that receives the rewards of technology, must, as a cooperating whole, take responsibility for [their] control. To deal with these new problems will require a new conservation. We must not only protect the countryside and save it from destruction, we must restore what has been destroyed and salvage the beauty and charm of our cities. Our conservation must be not just the classic conservation of protection [against] development, but a creative conservation of restoration and innovation.
—  Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty; February 8, 1965[29]
At the behest of Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, the Great Society included several new environmental laws to protect air and water. Environmental legislation enacted included:
Water Quality Act of 1965
Clean Air Act of 1963
Wilderness Act of 1964
Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966
National Trails System Act of 1968
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
Aircraft Noise Abatement Act of 1968
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Housing[edit]
In 1964, the quality of the housing program was improved by requiring minimum standards of code enforcement, providing assistance to dislocated families and small businesses and authorizing below market interest loans for rehabilitating housing in urban renewal areas.[12] The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 included important elements such as rent subsidies for low-income families, rehabilitation grants to enable low-income homeowners in urban renewal areas to improve their homes instead of relocating elsewhere, and improved and extended benefits for relocation payments.[16] The Demonstration Cities Act of 1966 established a new program for comprehensive neighborhood renewal, with an emphasis on strategic investments in housing renovation, urban services, neighborhood facilities, and job creation activities.[30][31]
Rural development[edit]
A number of measures were introduced to improve socio-economic conditions in rural areas. Under Title III of the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act, Special Programs to Combat Rural Poverty, the Office for Economic Opportunity was authorized to act as a lender of last resort for rural families who needed money to help them permanently increase their earning capacity. Loans could be made to purchase land, improve the operation of family farms, allow participation in cooperative ventures, and finance non-agricultural business enterprises, while local cooperatives which served low-income rural families could apply for another category of loans for similar purposes.[32]
Title III also made loans and grants available to local groups to improve housing, education, and child care services for migrant farm workers, while Titles I and II also included potentially important programs for rural development. Title I established the Job Corps which enrolled school dropouts in community service projects: 40% of the corpsmen were to work in a Youth Conservation Corps to carry out resource conservation, beautification, and development projects in the National Forests and countryside. Arguably more important for rural areas were the Community Action Programs authorized by Title II. Federal money was allocated to States according to their needs for job training, housing, health, and welfare assistance, and the States were then to distribute their shares of the Community Action grants on the basis of proposals from local public or non-profit private groups.[32]
The Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 reorganized the Areas Redevelopment Administration (ARA) into the Economic Development Administration (EDA), and authorized $3.3 billion over 5 years while specifying seven criteria for eligibility. The list included low median family income, but the 6% or higher unemployment applied to the greatest number of areas, while the Act also mentioned outmigration from rural areas as a criterion. In an attempt to go beyond what one writer described as "ARA’s failed scattershot approach" of providing aid to individual counties and inspired by the European model of regional development, the EDA encouraged counties to form Economic Development Districts (EDDs) as it was recognized that individual distressed counties (called RAs or Redevelopment Areas) lacked sufficient resources for their own development.[32]
EDDs encompassed from 5 to 15 counties and both planned and implemented development with EDA funding and technical assistance, and each EDD had a "growth center" (another concept borrowed from Europe) called a redevelopment center if it was located in an RA or development center if in another county. With the exception of the growth centers, EDD counties were ineligible for assistance unless they were RAs, but they were all expected to benefit from "coordinated districtwide development planning."[32]
Labor[edit]
The Amendments made to the 1931 Davis-Bacon Act in 1964 extended the prevailing wage provisions to cover fringe benefits,[33] while several increases were made to the federal minimum wage.[34] The Service Contract Act of 1965 provided for minimum wages and fringe benefits as well as other conditions of work for contractors under certain types of service contracts.[35] A comprehensive minimum rate hike was also signed into law that extended the coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act to about 9.1 million additional workers.[33]
Conservative opposition[edit]
Despite conservatives who attacked Johnson's Great Society making major gains in Congress in the 1966 midterm elections, and with anger and frustration mounting over the Vietnam War, Johnson was still able to secure the passage of additional programs during his last two years in office. Laws were passed to extend the Food Stamp Program, to expand consumer protection, to improve safety standards, to train health professionals, to assist handicapped Americans, and to further urban programs.[36]
In 1968, a new Fair Housing Act was passed, which banned racial discrimination in housing[37] and subsidized the construction or rehabilitation of low-income housing units.[38] That same year, a new program for federally funded job retraining for the hardcore unemployed in fifty cities was introduced, together with the strongest federal gun control bill (relating to the transportation of guns across State lines) in American history up until that point.[39]
By the end of the Johnson Administration, 226 out of 252 major legislative requests (over a four-year period) had been met, federal aid to the poor had risen from $9.9 billion in 1960 to $30 billion by 1968, one million Americans had been retrained under previously non-existent federal programs, and two million children had participated in the Head Start program.
Legacy[edit]
Interpretations of the War on Poverty remain controversial. The Office of Economic Opportunity was dismantled by the Nixon and Ford administrations, largely by transferring poverty programs to other government departments.[40] Funding for many of these programs were further cut in President Ronald Reagan's Gramm-Latta Budget in 1981.[citation needed]
Alan Brinkley has suggested that "the gap between the expansive intentions of the War on Poverty and its relatively modest achievements fueled later conservative arguments that government is not an appropriate vehicle for solving social problems."[10] One of Johnson's aides, Joseph A. Califano, Jr., has countered that "from 1963 when Lyndon Johnson took office until 1970 as the impact of his Great Society programs were felt, the portion of Americans living below the poverty line dropped from 22.2 percent to 12.6 percent, the most dramatic decline over such a brief period in this century."[28]
The percentage of African Americans below the poverty line dropped from 55 percent in 1960 to 27 percent in 1968.[41] From 1964 to 1967, federal expenditures on education rose from $4 billion to $12 billion, while spending on health rose from $5 billion to $16 billion. By that time, the federal government was spending $4,000 per annum on each poor family of four, four times as much as in 1961.[42]
See also[edit]
Interest group liberalism
Modern liberalism in the United States
Social programs in the United States
Social safety net
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Life, November 5, 1965
Jump up ^ Riley, Jason L. (2008). Let Them In: The Case for Open Borders. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Revenue Act of 1964
^ Jump up to: a b c Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
Jump up ^ "President Johnson's speech at Ohio University, May 7, 1964". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "President Johnson's speech at the University of Michigan from the LBJ Library". Lbjlib.utexas.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Lester, Robert E., editor. Task Force Reports of the Johnson White House, 1963–1969 . LexisNexis, http://cisupa.proquest.com/ksc_assets/catalog/101686.pdf.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Civil Rights Act of 1964". Finduslaw.com. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Unger, Irwin, 1996: The Best of Intentions: the triumphs and failures of the Great Society under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. Doubleday, p. 104.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan Brinkley, "Great Society" in The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John Arthur Garraty eds., ISBN 0-395-51372-3, Houghton Mifflin Books, p. 472
Jump up ^ Lowe, Norman. Mastering Modern World History.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Voting Record-88th Congress, 2nd Session" (PDF). ADA World. Americans for Democratic Action. October 1964. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rachman, Fred D. (August 28, 2010). "Quality Measures Workgroup Testimony" (PDF). Alliance of Chicago Community Health Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "History of SSA During the Johnson Administration 1963–1968". Social Security Administration. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Backlash against welfare mothers: past and present by Ellen Reese
^ Jump up to: a b "Voting Record-89th Congress, 1st Session" (PDF). ADA World. Americans for Democratic Action. November 1965. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lyndon B. Johnson: Remarks Upon Signing the Higher Education Facilities Act. Presidency.ucsb.edu (December 16, 1963). Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kennedy by Theodore C. Sorenson
Jump up ^ The Bilingual Education Act Archived 2006-08-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Julie. Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Modern .. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Social Security Act Amendments (1965)". Ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Poverty and the Government in America". google.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Child Nutrition Act of 1966 - Food and Nutrition Service". usda.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "How NEH got its start". National Endowment for the Humanities. September 29, 1965. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Living Legacy: Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts". WOSU. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Hirshhorn Story". Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Grinder, R. Dale. "The United States Department of Transportation: A Brief History". U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 17, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b What Was Really Great About The Great Society: The truth behind the conservative myths Archived 2014-03-26 at the Wayback Machine. by Joseph A. Califano Jr.
Jump up ^ "Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty". Lbjlib.utexas.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reality and Research: Social Science and U.S. Urban Policy Since 1960. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Conley, Richard Steven. The Presidency, Congress, and Divided Government: A Postwar Assessment. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Roth, Dennis. "The Johnson Administration and the Great Society". Federal Rural Development Policy in the Twentieth Century (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruno, Robert (January 3–5, 1998). "Presidential Labor Regimes: Democrats from Roosevelt to Clinton" (PDF). University of Illinois. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boosting paychecks: the politics of supporting America's working poor by Daniel Paul Gitterman
Jump up ^ The COR/COTR Answer Book, Thi - Bob Boyd. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Bailey, Martha J.; Duquette, Nicolas J. (2014-06-01). "How Johnson Fought the War on Poverty: The Economics and Politics of Funding at the Office of Economic Opportunity". The Journal of Economic History. 74 (2): 351–388. doi:10.1017/S0022050714000291. ISSN 0022-0507.
Jump up ^ Mintz, S (2007). "The Great Society and the Drive for Black Equality". Digital History. University of Houston. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ LBJ: Archtitect of American Ambition by Randall B. Woods
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
John A. Andrew. Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society. I.R. Dee, 1998 ISBN 1-56663-184-X
Eli Ginzberg and Robert M. Solow (eds.) The Great Society: Lessons for the Future ISBN 0-465-02705-9 (1974), 11 chapters on each program, by experts
Jeffrey W. Helsing Johnson's War/Johnson's Great Society: the guns and butter trap Praeger Greenwood 2000 ISBN 0-275-96449-3
Marshall Kaplan and Peggy L. Cuciti; The Great Society and Its Legacy: Twenty Years of U.S. Social Policy Duke University Press, 1986 ISBN 0-8223-0589-5
Barbara C. Jordan and Elspeth D. Rostow (editors) The Great Society: a twenty year critique: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 1986 ISBN 0-89940-417-0
Gordon, Kermit (ed.) Agenda for the Nation, The Brookings Institution. (1968)
Lyndon B. Johnson My Hope for America: Random House, 1964 ISBN 1-121-42877-0
Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The Great Society And The High Tide Of Liberalism (2005)
Irwin Unger The Best of Intentions: the triumphs and failures of the Great Society under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon: Doubleday, 1996 ISBN 0-385-46833-4
External links[edit]
President Johnson's speech at the University of Michigan from the LBJ Library[permanent dead link]
80,000 people filled Michigan Stadium to hear President Lyndon Johnson
Social Studies help on the Great Society
Johnson's Great Society speech on CNN
John Gardner Architect of the Great Society on PBS
The Great Society Congress Digital Exhibition
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Sathyaraj
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sathyaraj
Born
Rangaraj Subbaiah,
(1954-10-03) 3 October 1954 (age 63)[1]
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Occupation
Actor, Director
Years active
1978–present
Spouse(s)
Maheshwari (m.1979–present)
Children
Divya Subbaiah, Sibiraj
Rangaraj Subbaiah (born 3 October 1954), known by his stage name Sathyaraj, is an Indian film actor and media personality who has predominantly appeared in Tamil films. He is popularly known for his works in Baahubali (franchise) and Chennai Express. He started his career in villainous roles and later played lead roles. He has acted in over 200 films, including Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada films. He met with success with his lead performances Vedham Pudhithu (1987), Nadigan (1990), Amaidhi Padai (1994) and the Tamil Nadu government-sponsored film Periyar (2007). He also received acclaim for supporting roles in Nanban (2012), Raja Rani (2013) and his role as Karikala Kattappa Nada in the two-part epic Baahubali.[2] He was also the director of the film Villadhi Villain (1995), starring himself in three different roles.[3][4][5]
In 2011, he had a brief career as a television host for the game show Home Sweet Home on STAR Vijay.[6] He has also served as a brand ambassador for Pothys and Kumaran Jewelry Shop.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1978–1985
2.2 1986–1988
2.3 1989–1999
2.4 2000–2009
2.5 2010–present
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Sathyaraj was born as Rangaraj on 3 October 1954 to Subbaiyan and Nathambal, with two younger sisters, namely Kalpana Mandradiar and Roopa Senapathy (wife of Dr. Periannan Senapathy). He is an ardent fan of M. G. Ramachandran.[3][8] Sathyaraj completed his primary school education in St Mary's Convent school, Coimbatore and later studied for tenth standard from Suburban High School, Ramnagar, Coimbatore. He went to Government Arts College, Coimbatore for a Bachelor of Science degree in Botany.[9][10][11]
Sathyaraj's dream was to become a film actor, but his mother was against it and forbid him to join cinema. In 1976, in spite of his mother's opposition, he left Coimbatore to enter the Tamil film industry based in Kodambakkam, Chennai.[12]
Sathyaraj entered the film industry after witnessing the shooting of the film Annakili, where he met actor Sivakumar and producer Thiruppur Manian.[10] He joined the drama troupe of Komal Swamynathan. Sathyaraj's first film in a credited role as an actor was Sattam En Kaiyil,[13] in 1978, where he played a henchman to the main villain played by Thengai Srinivasan in the film. Later, he worked as production manager for the film Kannan Oru Kaikkuzhanthai.[14][15] In addition to his managerial role, he also had a small acting part in the film. His first film as the leading hero in Tamil was Saavi in 1985, which was a box office success, but his character was negative one. He acted in about 75 films from 1978 to 1985 till films such as Kaakki Sattai and Vikram (1986) starring Kamal Hassan, most of which featured Sathyaraj in antagonist roles.[3][16]
Career[edit]
1978–1985[edit]
In his early career between 1978 and 1982, the negative roles he played were often henchman to the main villain M. N. Nambiar and other villains and his role would be minuscule, while the main lead was Sivaji Ganesan, Jai Shankar, Kamal Hassan or Rajinikanth. His college friend Manivannan directed Sathyaraj for the first time in the Tamil film January 1 in 1984, where Sathyaraj had a supporting role. Manivannan directed Sathyaraj in about 25 films from 1984 to 2013 and of them 18 had Sathyaraj as the main lead. His screen space as a villain increased after Irupatthi Naalu Mani Neram (1984), directed by Manivannan, in which Sathyaraj's role was on par with that of lead actor Mohan.[17] His acting skills in the film were noticed by many and he became famous among the Tamil film audience. Sathyaraj also felt that his villainous roles in Nooravathu Naal[18] and Anbin Mugavari, both again directed by Manivannan, had better footage than that of Vijayakanth's and Mohan's.[17] Sathyaraj started receiving offers to act as the hero in Tamil films from 1985. Directors were reluctant to cast him as the protagonist as his second film as a lead actor Iravu Pookkal (1985) was not a success. Most of the films he was part of were of the action genre in this period.
1986–1988[edit]
In the 1986 film Kadalora Kavithaigal, he played the lead romantic role[19][20] and Behindwoods said: "Sathyaraj broke his image of an action hero and came up with a rollicking performance. He is the real star of the film."[21] He received appreciation for playing his role in Mr. Bharath (1986), which revolved around the conflict between father, played by Sathyaraj and son (Rajinikanth). Sathyaraj acted as Rajinikanth's father in the film, though he was in fact 4 years younger than Rajinikanth.[17] Manivanan, being friends with Sathyaraj, kept casting him in pivotal roles in his directorial ventures, regularly showcasing different emotions from Sathyaraj in films such as Vidinja Kalyanam, Palaivana Rojakkal and Muthal Vasantham. After Kadalora Kavithaigal, Sathyaraj had box office hits as the lead hero between 1986 and 1988 such as Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu,[22] Makkal En Pakkam, Mandhira Punnagai (in which he had dual roles), Poovizhi Vasalile, En Bommukutty Ammavuku, Chinappadas and Annanagar Mudhal Theru. Manivanan from 1987 onward started casting Sathyaraj in positive roles and their combination had box office hits like Jallikkattu, Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi, Ganam Kortaar Avargale and Chinnappadas in this period. Sathyaraj received the Best Tamil Actor award in Filmfare Awards South for his performance in Vedham Pudhithu (1987).
In Needhiyin Nizhal (1985), which featured Prabhu in the lead role, Sathyaraj had a minuscule supporting role and played second fiddle to the main villain M.N. Nambiar, but by 1988, Sathyaraj had established himself as a leading actor and in Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi, in which Prabhu and Sathyaraj were cast in the starring role, Prabhu's character played second fiddle to Sathyaraj's character. He played a bespectacled leading man in the commercially successful Ganam Courtaar Avargaley and his performance was critically acclaimed and it established him as a versatile actor.
1989–1999[edit]
His 99th film was Dravidan and his 100th film was Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai, but the latter fared better at the box office. After 1988, he had very few unsuccessful film such as Jeeva, Madurai Veeran Enga Saami, Pangali, Magudam and Kattalai in this period as he became selective of choosing his roles as main lead hero. In the 90s, he attempted more films of comedy and action genres and occasionally did romantic films. Many of them were commercially successful, such as Velai Kidaichuduchu, Airport, Veera Padakam, Nadigan, Pudhu Manithan, Rickshaw Mama, Walter Vetrivel, Thai Maaman and Azhagarsamy. Sathyaraj played a dual role as father and son in the box office hit Amaidhi Padai, which is considered among his best performances. With regard to the film, he has stated: "I have no words for that film, as it took me to the next level as an actor".[23] He also said that he almost did not sign up for the film as it was a negative character and he had moved away from negative roles and "gained some respectability" with films such as Poovizhi Vaasalile, Vedham Pudhidhu and Walter Vetrivel.[9] After Thai Maaman became successful in 1994, the same team of Sathyaraj and director Guru Dhanapal decided to do their next venture Maaman Magal in 1995, which was also a moderate hit. He directed his first film in 1995 Villadhi Villain, which had him in three distinct roles and it was a successful project.[3][24]
His pairing opposite actress Kushboo and Meena became popular in this decade. The box office hits of the pair Kushboo-Sathyaraj include Nadigan, Rickshaw Mama, Bramma, Kalyana Galatta, Malabar Police, Suyamvaram and Unnai Kann Theduthey, whereas Thozhar Pandian and Veeranadai were not successful at the box office. The on-screen pair of Sathyaraj-Meena together had average grossers such as Thai Maman, Maman Magal, Valal and later in 2003 with Aalukkoru Aasai. His chemistry with actors Goundamani and Senthil has been well received and appreciated by the public and hence they have appeared in many movies together from Vaazhkai Sakkaram in 1990 to Thangam in 2008.
2000–2009[edit]
The year 2000 proved to be unsuccessful for Sathyaraj. 4 films between 2000–01 Puratchikaaran, Veeranadai, Aandan Adimai and the comedy film Looty were failures while his commercially successful films were P. Vasu's comedy film Asathal, Sundar C's Unnai Kann Theduthey and G. Sai Suresh's Kunguma Pottu Gounder. As many new young actors such as Ajith Kumar, Vijay and Madhavan, who debuted in the 1990s had established themselves successfully by 2000, and others such as Jeeva and Srikanth made their mark in the mid-2000s and also since Sathyaraj had been using wigs since 1985 in films as he had begun losing hair since then, critics felt Sathyaraj's career as solo lead actor may end by 2000. Sathyaraj re-invented himself as a hero with the 2002 film Maaran and as a romantic hero in Vivaramana Aalu and with his performance in the comedy film Aalukkoru Aasai in 2003. Sathyaraj and director Shakthi Chidambaram's combination gave 3 consecutive films, Ennama Kannu, Maha Nadigan and Englishkaran. Ennama Kannu was a super hit. Few films like Sena, Ramachandra,[25] Alagesan,[26] and Gowravargal received negative reviews in this decade. He co-starred with his son Sibiraj for the first time in Jore which was average. Bizhat described "It's interesting to watch the father – son combination together in Jore.[27] Sathyaraj then acted with his son in 3 more films Mannin Maindhan, Vetrivel Sakthivel and Kovai Brothers, in which the two were seen as brothers. In 2007, he produced a Tamil film Lee, starring his son, which was critically acclaimed.[28][29]
Films in the 2000s with Sathyaraj in the lead role that fared well at the box office were 6'2, Vanakkam Thalaiva, his 170th film Kurukshetram (2006), Periyar and Thangam. He received the Vijay Award for Best Actor for Onbadhu Roobai Nottu in 2007 and was also nominated for his performance in Periyar in the same year, in which he portrayed the life of social reformer and rationalist Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. About the role he said, "I myself being a rationalist, I found it easy to portray his character on screen. His principles and ideologies, like fighting for women's liberation and untouchability, have influenced me to a great extent".[23]
2010–present[edit]
A production still of his pan-India critically acclaimed role as Kattappa (disguised here), from Baahubali: The Conclusion
He accepted pivotal supporting roles in Tamil films such as Aayiram Vilakku, Uchithanai Muharnthaal, Nanban, Thalaivaa and Raja Rani. In Nanban, he played a college professor and won the Best Supporting Actor awards at the Filmfare, Vijay and SIIMA ceremonies, while in Thalaivaa, Raja Rani, Mirchi and Chennai Express he played father characters.[30] Sathyaraj and Manivannan worked together for the last time in Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA, which was Manivannan's 50th and last directorial venture before his death. A sequel to Amaidhipadai, it was also the 200th film of Sathyaraj and became a box office bomb.[31][32]
He ventured into Telugu cinema after long time as a supporting actor in Sankham in 2009 and later did Mirchi in 2012, both of which were successful. He also entered Malayalam cinema with Aagathan in 2009. He played the critically acclaimed role of Kattappa in Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) and has reprised the role in the sequel Baahubali: The Conclusion (2017).
In 2015, at the age of 60, the media and public at large rechristened him as Kattappa, as he received nationwide popularity for his role in India's biggest motion picture Baahubali: The Beginning. Since the time he made his debut as junior artiste at 24 years of age, he had been wanting to do a historical or a folklore film and it was his long cherished dream. He quoted in an interview in 2015: "I am a great fan of MGR who is popular in folklore films, like NTR in Telugu movies. My dream of doing a folklore at 24 has been realised at 60 through Rajamouli. I played Rajinikanth's father when I was 31 and Rajini was 35, so I never cared for age..it never mattered to me."[33]
Personal life[edit]
Sathyaraj was married to Maheswari in 1979, niece of producer Madhampatti Sivakumar and the couple has a daughter Divya and a son Sibiraj.[34][35] His son Sibiraj is also an actor. He is an atheist.[36]
Sathyaraj and Manivannan shared a close friendship since college and became frequent collaborators in notable films in Tamil cinema. The Hindu wrote: "His (Manivannan's) friendship with actor Sathiyaraj translated to several memorable moments on screen. Manivannan...along with Sathyaraj epitomised on screen what is colloquially known in Tamil as "nakkal" (snideness)".[37] According to Behindwoods.com, Manivannan (as the director) and Sathyaraj had 12 consecutive hit films together beginning from 1987 to 1994; Jallikattu, Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi, Ganam Kortaar Avargale, Manidhan Marivittan, Ullathil Nalla Ullam, Vazhkkaichakkaram, Pudhu Manithan, Therku Theru Machan, Government Mappillai and Amaidhi Padai.[38] About working with Manivannan, he has said that it "is a pleasure. There's no script, no dialogue sheet. It's all in his head. But, he extracts great performances".[9] Sathyaraj and Manivannan also acted together in several films directed by other directors.
Sathyaraj was also personally close to Manivannan. He said: "I still reminisce about the beautiful moments that I had with...Manivannan, a genius of a person. In fact, he is the one who taught me many things in life, and changed me, I became a good human from being just an actor. Every day, we used to have conversations over the phone on a wide range of topics. It was a 30-year relationship. No one could understand me the way he did".[23] Manivannan died in 2013 and Sathyaraj has said that just 24 hours before his death they had discussed their next project and that he had him narrated him a story.[23]
Filmography[edit]
Main article: Sathyaraj filmography
Awards and nominations[edit]
Won
1987 – Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil) for Vedham Pudhithu
1990 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for Nadigan
1991 – Kalaimamani Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu
1995 – Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award (M.G.R Award)
2007 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for Periyar
2007 – Periyar Award for his role in the film Periyar[39]
2007 – Honorary Doctorate from Sathyabama University[40]
2007 – Vijay Award for Best Actor for Onbadhu Roobai Nottu
2012 – Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor for Nanban
2013 – Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil) for Raja Rani
2015 – Vikatan Award Best Supporting Actor for Baahubali
2015 – IIFA Utsavam Award Best Supporting Actor for Baahubali
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HAPPY BIRTHDAY SATHYARAJ". Behindwoods.com. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ TNN Aug 11, 2013, 04.00PM IST (2013-08-11). "Sathyaraj is hot property - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Serene ride to success". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 August 2000. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Grill Mill -- SATHYARAJ". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 April 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750401600.htm
Jump up ^ "Sathyaraj to host a game show - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
Jump up ^ Sathyaraj does a commercial
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Subha J Rao (2013-05-04). "Many shades of grey". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b 75 படங்களில் வில்லனாக நடித்தபின் கதாநாயகனாக உயர்ந்த சத்யராஜ்: மாறுபட்ட வேடங்களில் நடித்து சாதனை | satyaraj villian 75 movies cinema history
Jump up ^ "dinakaran". Archived from the original on 7 December 2000. Retrieved 14 February 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Sathyaraj: I'm like the kid in TZP - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ கமல் நடித்த சட்டம் என் கையில்: வில்லனாக சத்யராஜ் அறிமுகம் | kamal movie satyaraj villan role
Jump up ^ சத்யராஜ் சினிமா தயாரிப்பு நிர்வாகி ஆனார் | Sathyaraj cinema became production manager
Jump up ^ "dinakaran". Archived from the original on 4 August 2003. Retrieved 14 February 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் கமலஹாசனுடன் இணைந்து நடித்த 'காக்கிச்சட்டை' | actor Sathyaraj and kamal hassan kakki chattai film
^ Jump up to: a b c "Actor Sathyaraj - Interview - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Actor Interviews - Pettai Mudhal Kottai Varai Sanghamithra Onbadhu Roobai Notu Periyaar". Behindwoods.com. 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ மொட்டைத் தலையுடன் சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'நூறாவது நாள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | sathyaraj acted nooravathu nal cinema history
Jump up ^ பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார் | bharathiraja film satyaraj acted cinema history
Jump up ^ கதாநாயகனாக சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | hero role satyaraj acted kadalora kavithai
Jump up ^ Classical Movie : Bharathiraja's 'Kadalorakkavithaigal' Kadalorakkavithaigal. Behindwoods.com.
Jump up ^ Cinesouth entry. Cinesouth.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sathyaraj: I consider all vibrant, young directors my seniors". Deccan Chronicle. 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ Kamath, Sudhish (31 December 2000). "Hit parade from a favourite". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ramachandra". The Hindu (31 January 2003).
Jump up ^ BizHat.com – Alagesan Review. Satyaraj, Prema, Ramraj, Manorama. Movies.bizhat.com.
Jump up ^ BizHat.com – Jore Review. Satyaraj, Sibi Raj, Gajala, Koti. Movies.bizhat.com.
Jump up ^ Lee Review – Tamil Movie Review by PVS. Nowrunning.com (20 February 2007).
Jump up ^ Sathyaraj to produce 'Lee' with son Sibi as hero
Jump up ^ "Meet Tamil cinema's "family"". Times of India. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ 'Nagaraja Cholan MA.,MLA's Triple treat Archived 6 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. 4tamilmedia.tv.
Jump up ^ Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: The party’s over. The Hindu (11 May 2013).
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/playing-a-dream-role/article7430280.ece
Jump up ^ நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் திருமணம் நடந்தது | actor sathyaraj marriage cinema history
Jump up ^ "dinakaran". Archived from the original on 2 December 2000. Retrieved 28 May 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Actor Sathiyaraj Biography | Sathiyaraj Personal Profile | Sathiyaraj Biodata | Sathiyaraj Childhood | Sathiyaraj Awards". Spicyonion.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ Karthik Subramanian (2013-06-15). "Master of character roles Manivannan passes away". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ Manivannan | Successive hits – Who gave the most in Tamil cinema?. Behindwoods.com.
Jump up ^ "TN announces Periyar award for Sathyaraj (News)". mail-archive.com. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "New feather in their caps". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 13 July 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sathyaraj.
Sathyaraj on IMDb
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Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor
1972–1989
Sivaji Ganesan (1972)
Sivaji Ganesan (1973)
Gemini Ganesan (1974)
Kamal Haasan (1975)
Kamal Haasan (1976)
Kamal Haasan (1977)
Kamal Haasan (1978)
Sivakumar (1979)
Sivakumar (1980)
Kamal Haasan (1981)
Mohan (1982)
Bhagyaraj (1983)
Rajinikanth (1984)
Sivaji Ganesan (1985)
Vijayakanth (1986)
Sathyaraj (1987)
Karthik (1988)
Karthik (1989)
1990–2009
Karthik (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1991)
Kamal Haasan (1992)
Karthik (1993)
R. Sarathkumar (1994)
Kamal Haasan (1995)
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R. Sarathkumar (1997)
R. Sarathkumar (1998)
Ajith Kumar (1999)
Kamal Haasan (2000)
Vikram (2001)
Ajith Kumar (2002)
Vikram (2003)
Suriya (2004)
Vikram (2005)
Ajith Kumar (2006)
Karthi (2007)
Suriya (2008)
Prakash Raj (2009)
2010–2019
Vikram (2010)
Dhanush (2011)
Dhanush (2012)
Atharvaa (2013)
Dhanush (2014)
Vikram (2015)
R. Madhavan (2016)
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