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Hudson River
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Hudson River
The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain
Country
United States
States
New York, New Jersey
Tributaries
- left Boreas River, Schroon River, Batten Kill, Hoosic River, Kinderhook Creek, Roeliff Jansen Kill, Wappinger Creek, Croton River
- right Cedar River, Indian River, Sacandaga River, Mohawk River, Normans Kill, Catskill Creek, Esopus Creek, Rondout Creek/Wallkill River
City
See Populated places on the Hudson River
Source
Near or at Lake Tear of the Clouds or near or at Henderson Lake
(See Sources)
- location Adirondack Mountains, New York, United States
- elevation 4,590 ft (1,399 m)
- coordinates 44°7′4″N 73°55′4″W / 44.11778°N 73.91778°W / 44.11778; -73.91778 "Mount Marcy, NY" 1:25,000 quadrangle, USGS
Mouth
Upper New York Bay
- location Jersey City, New Jersey and Lower Manhattan, New York, United States
- elevation 0 ft (0 m)
- coordinates 40°42′11″N 74°01′34″W / 40.70306°N 74.02611°W / 40.70306; -74.02611Coordinates: 40°42′11″N 74°01′34″W / 40.70306°N 74.02611°W / 40.70306; -74.02611
Length
315 mi (507 km)
Basin
14,000 sq mi (36,260 km2)
Discharge
for Lower New York Bay, max and min at Green Island
- average 21,900 cu ft/s (620 m3/s) [1]
- max 215,000 cu ft/s (6,088 m3/s)
- min 882 cu ft/s (25 m3/s)
Discharge elsewhere (average)
- Troy 15,000 cu ft/s (425 m3/s)
The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers and their watersheds
The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean, between New York City and Jersey City. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago.[2] Tidal waters influence the Hudson's flow from as far north as Troy.
The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canada's Hudson Bay is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay, but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River – and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson, and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony.
During the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, an American pastoral style, as well as the concepts of environmentalism and wilderness. The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States.
Counties
Hamilton
Essex
Warren
Washington
Saratoga
Albany
Rensselaer
Greene
Columbia
Ulster
Dutchess
Putnam
Orange
Rockland
Westchester
Bronx
Bergen, NJ
Hudson, NJ
New York
Source:[3]
The Hudson River (red) and East River (yellow) in New York City
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
1.1 Sources
1.2 Upper Hudson River
1.3 Lower Hudson River
2 Watershed
3 Geology
4 Names
5 History
5.1 Pre-Columbian era
5.2 Exploration and colonization
5.3 Revolution
5.4 Hudson River School
5.5 19th century
5.6 20th and 21st centuries
6 Landmarks
7 Transportation and crossings
8 Pollution
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Course[edit]
Sources[edit]
The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet (1,317 m).[4] The river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. The river is named Feldspar Brook until its confluence with Calamity Brook, and then is named Calamity Brook until the river reaches Indian Pass Brook, flowing south from the outlet of Henderson Lake. From that point on, the stream is cartographically known as the Hudson River.[5][6][7]
The Hudson River flowing out of Henderson Lake in Tahawus
Although numerous sources show the river originating directly at Henderson Lake, per the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the river cartographically begins at the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook near the outlet of Henderson Lake in Newcomb, in the Adirondack Park.[3]
The longest source of the Hudson River as shown on the most detailed USGS maps is the "Opalescent River" on the west slopes of Little Marcy Mountain, originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds, and a mile longer than "Feldspar Brook", which flows out of that lake in the Adirondack Mountains. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source.
Upper Hudson River[edit]
South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson. The Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties. In the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake. Shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls. At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties.[7] At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet.[4] Just south in Fort Edward, the river reaches its confluence with the Champlain Canal,[7] which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and Montreal and the rest of Eastern Canada via the Hudson, Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.[8] Further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties. The river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts. Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford.[4][7] Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, marking an impoundment of the river.[7] At an elevation of 2 feet (0.61 m), the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River.[4]
Lower Hudson River[edit]
The river from the Walkway over the Hudson, looking north.
South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably. The river enters the Hudson Valley, flowing along the west bank of Albany and the east bank of Rensselaer. Interstate 90 crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by Hudson, the river then forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing Germantown and Kingston. The Delaware and Hudson Canal meets the river at this point. The river then flows by Hyde Park, former residence of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and alongside the city of Poughkeepsie, flowing under the Walkway over the Hudson and the Mid-Hudson Bridge. Afterwards, the Hudson passes Wappingers Falls and takes in Wappinger Creek. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between Newburgh and Beacon and under the Newburgh Beacon Bridge, taking in the Fishkill Creek. Shortly thereafter, the river enters the Hudson Highlands between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain, Breakneck Ridge, and Bear Mountain. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties.[7]
The river between Hoboken, New Jersey (left) and Manhattan (right)
Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters Haverstraw Bay, the widest point of the river at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide.[4] Shortly thereafter, the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. South of the Tappan Zee Bridge, the west bank of the Hudson becomes Bergen and Hudson Counties of New Jersey, and further south the east bank of the river becomes Yonkers and then the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. The Palisades, large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river, begin along the west bank of the river opposite the Bronx. South of the confluence of the Hudson and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the east bank of the river becomes Manhattan.[7] The river is sometimes still called the North River at this point. The George Washington Bridge crosses the river between Fort Lee and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan.[9] The Lincoln Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey. South of the Battery, the river proper ends, meeting the East River to form Upper New York Bay, also known as New York Harbor. Its outflow continues through The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, under the Verrazano Bridge, and into Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[7]
Watershed[edit]
See also: Rivers of the Hudson River Basin
The bulk carrier Nord Angel breaking ice on the Hudson
The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary, with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam in Troy. Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes may drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature: muh-he-kun-ne-tuk means "the river that flows both ways."[10] The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States, but it is an estuary throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of fresh water, about 15,000 cubic feet (425 m³) per second, is present. The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately 21,400 cubic feet (606 m³) per second. The Hudson and its tributaries, notably the Mohawk River, drain a large area. Parts of the Hudson River form coves, such as Weehawken Cove in the towns of Hoboken and Weehawken in New Jersey.
Geology[edit]
The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a drowned river. The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent ice age, have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline, Hudson Canyon, is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the continental shelf.[11]
The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Previously, Staten Island and Long Island were connected, preventing the Hudson River from terminating via The Narrows. At that time, the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present-day northern New Jersey, along the eastern side of the Watchung Mountains to Bound Brook, New Jersey and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via Raritan Bay. A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form The Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City.[12]
Names[edit]
The river was called Ca-ho-ha-ta-te-a ("the river")[13] by the Iroquois, and it was known as Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk ("river that flows two ways") by the Mohican tribe who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river. The Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the Lenape people,[14] and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory, naming the river Muhheakantuck ("river that flows two ways").[15]
The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain's employ, Estêvão Gomes, who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525.[16] Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was Rio de Montaigne.[17] Later, they generally termed it the Noortrivier, or "North River", the Delaware River being known as the Zuidrivier, or "South River". Other occasional names for the Hudson included: Manhattes rieviere "Manhattan River", Groote Rivier "Great River", and de grootte Mouritse reviere, or "the Great Mouritse River" (Mouritse is a Dutch surname).[18] The translated name North River was used in the New York metropolitan area up until the early 1900s, with limited use continuing into the present-day.[19] The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic, especially below the Tappan Zee.[20] The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river's southern portion, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant. It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a 1740, in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham.[21]
In 1939, the magazine Life described the river as "America's Rhine", comparing it to the 40-mile (64 km) stretch of the Rhine in Central and Western Europe.[22]
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Hudson River
Pre-Columbian era[edit]
The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived. The Lenape, Wappinger, and Mahican branches of the Algonquins lived along the river,[23] mostly in peace with the other groups.[23][24] The Algonquins in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major settlement was called Navish, which was located at Croton Point, overlooking the Hudson River. Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the Hudson Highlands. Many villagers lived in various types of houses, which the Algonquins called wigwams, though large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long.[24] At the associated villages, they grew corn, beans, and squash. They also gathered other types of plant foods, such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers. In addition to agriculture, the Algonquins also fished in the Hudson River, focusing on various species of freshwater fish, as well as various variations of striped bass, American eels, sturgeon, herring, and shad. Oyster beds were also common on the river floor, which provided an extra source of nutrition. Land hunting consisted of turkey, deer, bear, and other animals.[24]
The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape,[24] while further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to Poughkeepsie. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north.[23] The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day Kingston to Lake Champlain,[24] with their capital located near present-day Albany.[23]
Exploration and colonization[edit]
John Cabot is credited for the Old World's discovery of continental North America, with his journey in 1497 along the continent's coast. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor,[16] however he left the harbor shortly thereafter, without navigating into the Hudson River.[25] In 1598, Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in New York Bay.[16] Eleven years later, the Dutch East India Company financed English navigator Henry Hudson in his search for the Northwest Passage. During the search, Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him. His travel up the ever-widening river led him to Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage. He landed on the western shore the bay and claimed the territory for the Netherlands. He then proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.[26]
The Dutch subsequently began to colonize the region, establishing the colony of New Netherland, including three major fur-trading outposts: New Amsterdam, Wiltwyck, and Fort Orange.[27][28] New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River, and would later become known as New York City. Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River, and would later become Kingston. Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck, and later became known as Albany.[27] The Dutch West India Company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony.[27] In 1647, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam.[27][29] New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the Duke of York.[29]
Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub. Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms.[30] In 1754, the Albany Plan of Union was created at Albany City Hall on the Hudson.[31][32] The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the Continental Congress.[33][34]
Revolution[edit]
During the American Revolutionary War, the British realized that the river's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City.[35] British general John Burgoyne planned the Saratoga campaign, to control the river and therefore cut off the patriot hub of New England (to the river's east) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river's west. The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states.[36] As a result, numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways. These include the Battle of Long Island, in August 1776[37] and the Battle of Harlem Heights the following month.[38] Later that year, the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County, culminating in the Battle of White Plains.[39]
Also in late 1776, New England militias fortified the river's choke point known as the Hudson Highlands, which included building Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on either side of the Hudson and a metal chain between the two. In 1777, Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River, however they instead conquered Philadelphia, and left a smaller force in New York City, with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time. The British attacked on October 5, 1777 in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery by sailing up the Hudson River, looting the village of Peeksill and capturing the two forts.[40] In 1778, the Continentals constructed the Great West Point Chain in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson.[41]
Hudson River School[edit]
Main article: Hudson River School
Robert Havell, Jr., View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown
Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery, exploration, and settlement in America in the 19th century.[42] The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a pastoral setting. The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness, which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity.[43] The school characterizes the artistic body, its New York location, its landscape subject matter, and often its subject, the Hudson River.[44] In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God,[45] though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.[46] Their reverence for America's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[47] The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School,[48] while painters Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school.[44]
19th century[edit]
The Erie Canal in Amsterdam, New York
At the beginning of the 19th century, transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult. Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time, as trains and automobiles were still being developed. In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country's interior, numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s.[49][50] One of the most significant canals of this era was the Erie Canal, built to link the Midwest to the Port of New York, a significant seaport during that time.[50] The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West, allowing settlers to travel west, send goods to markets in frontier cities, and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City. The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation, surpassing the Port of Philadelphia and ports in Massachusetts.[50][51][52] After the completion of the Erie Canal, smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system. The Champlain Canal was built to connect the Hudson River near Troy to the southern end of Lake Champlain. This canal allowed boaters to travel from the St. Lawrence Seaway, and then British cities such as Montreal to the Hudson River and New York City.[52] Another major canal was the Oswego Canal, which connected the Erie Canal to Oswego and Lake Ontario, and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls.[52] The Cayuga-Seneca Canal connected the Erie Canal to Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake.[52] Farther south, the Delaware and Hudson Canal was built between the Delaware River at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, and the Hudson River at Kingston, New York. This canal enabled the transportation of coal, and later other goods as well, between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds.[53] The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation.[52]
During the Industrial Revolution, the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The North Tarrytown Assembly (later owned by General Motors), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport.[54](pp71–2) With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the North River Steamboat (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat. It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River.[55]
The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads. The Hudson River Railroad was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany. The line was built as an alternative to the New York and Harlem Railroad for travel to Albany, and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river. The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City.[56] Further north, the Livingston Avenue Bridge was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the New York Central Railroad, which goes west to Buffalo.[57][58] Smaller railroads existed north of this point.[59] On the west side of the Hudson River, the West Shore Railroad opened to run passenger service from Weehawken, New Jersey to Albany, and then Buffalo.[60] In 1889, the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river.[61]
20th and 21st centuries[edit]
The George Washington Bridge
Starting in the 20th century, the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met. This was especially important by New York City, as the river is fairly wide at that point. In 1927, the Holland Tunnel opened between New Jersey and Lower Manhattan. The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time, and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build-up of carbon monoxide.[62][63] The original upper level of the George Washington Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel followed in the 1930s.[64] In 1955, the original Tappan Zee Bridge was built over one of the widest parts of the river, from Tarrytown to Nyack.[65][66][67]
The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley. In 1993, IBM closed two of its plants in East Fishkill and Kingston due to IBM losing $16 billion over the previous three years. The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984, and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort.[68] In 1996, the North Tarrytown GM Plant closed.[69] In response to the plant closures, towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies. IBM maintained a Poughkeepsie mainframe unit, and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well. Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased.[68] Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant.[69]
The Hudson Valley Hot-Air Balloon Festival, 2009
Around the time of the last factories' closing, environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed. For example, GE participated in cleanup efforts to remove PCBs from the site of its old factory in Hudson Falls. The cleanup is part of an EPA Superfund site, and consists of dredging a 40 mile stretch of the river the Troy Dam to Fort Edward in order to remove the probable carcinogen from the ecosystem.[70] Other conservation efforts also occurred, such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up.[71]
In conjunction with conservation efforts, the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization, especially in favor of green development. In 2009, the High Line was opened in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. This linear park has views of the river throughout its length.[72] Also in 2009, the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge, since abandoned, was converted into the Walkway Over the Hudson, a pedestrian park over the river.[61] Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region, waterfront parks in cities like Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and Beacon were built, and several festivals are held annually.[73]
Landmarks[edit]
Numerous landmarks have been constructed along the Hudson. Following the river from its source to mouth, there is the Hudson River Islands State Park in Greene and Columbia counties, and in Dutchess County, there is Bard College, Staatsburgh, the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Franklin D. Roosevelt's home and presidential library, and the main campus of the Culinary Institute of America, Marist College, the Walkway over the Hudson, Bannerman's Castle, and Hudson Highlands State Park. South of that in Orange County is the United States Military Academy. In Westchester lies Indian Point Energy Center, Croton Point Park, and Sing Sing Correctional Facility. In New Jersey is Stevens Institute of Technology. In Manhattan is Fort Tryon Park with The Cloisters, the World Trade Center, and Liberty State Park. Ellis Island is located just south of the river's mouth in New York Harbor. The Statue of Liberty, located on Liberty Island, is located a bit further south of there.[74]
A 30-mile (48 km) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.[75] The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997.[76] The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System as the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve.[77]
Transportation and crossings[edit]
Main articles: List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River and List of ferries across the Hudson River to New York City
The Riparius Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge both cross the Hudson River
The Hudson River is navigable for a great distance above mile 0 (at 40°42.1'N., 74°01.5'W.) off Battery Park.[78] The original Erie Canal, opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin, just 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the Federal Dam in Troy (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean.[11] The New York State Canal System, the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy.[79] It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock.[80]
Along the east side of the river runs the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie.[81] The tracks continue north of Poughkeepsie as Amtrak trains run further north to Albany.[81] On the west side of the river, CSX Transportation operates a freight rail line between North Bergen Yard in North Bergen, New Jersey and Selkirk Yard in Selkirk, New York.[82][83][84]
The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges, tunnels, and ferries. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross, the results today visible in the George Washington Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge (soon to be replaced by the New Tappan Zee Bridge) as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes. The George Washington Bridge, which carries multiple highways, connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[9] The Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest bridge in New York, although the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has a larger main span. The Troy Union Bridge between Waterford and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909;[85] its replacement, the Troy–Waterford Bridge, was built in 1909.[86] The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835, including the Green Island Bridge, the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam.[78]
Pollution[edit]
Debris floating on the river near the World Trade Center, 1973
Main article: Pollution of the Hudson River
The most discussed pollution of the Hudson River is General Electric's contamination of the river with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947 and 1977.[87] This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river or drank the water.[88][89] In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated as one of the superfund sites.[90] Other kinds of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have caused problems as well.[91][92]
Other environmental groups targeting the river include Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Foundation, Riverkeeper, Hudson River Environmental Society, Hudson River Watertrail Association, and Groundwork Hudson Valley.
See also[edit]
Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Hudson River Region AVA
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City
List of Hudson River islands
List of New Jersey rivers
List of New York rivers
Geography portal
Hudson Valley portal
New York City portal
New Jersey portal
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "21. The Hudson as Fjord". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Feature Detail Report for: Hudson River". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Freeman, W. O. "National Water Quality Assessment Program - The Hudson River Basin". ny.water.usgs.gov/. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Zahavi, Gerald. "Station 1A: The Source Of The Hudson ~ Lake Tear Of The Clouds". www.albany.edu/. University of Albany. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Town of Newcomb, Essex County: Historic Tahawus Tract". www.apa.ny.gov/. Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Location of the Site in New York (Map). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Winslow, Mike. "On Closing the Champlain Canal". www.lakechamplaincommittee.org. Lake Champlain Committee. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "George Washington Bridge". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rittner, Don (2002). Troy, NY: A Collar City History. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2368-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Levinton, Jeffrey S.; Waldman, John R. (2006). The Hudson River Estuary (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 0521207983. OCLC 60245415. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ John Waldman; Heartbeats in the Muck; ISBN 1-55821-720-7 The Lyons Press; (2000)
Jump up ^ "Full text of "Aboriginal place names of New York"". Archive.org. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.delawaretribe.org/services-and-programs/historic-preservation/states-and-counties-covered-by-dthpo/
Jump up ^ Gennochio, Benjamin (September 3, 2009). "The River’s Meaning to Indians, Before and After Hudson". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c History of the County of Hudson, Charles H. Winfield, 1874, p. 1-2
Jump up ^ Ingersoll, Ernest (1893). Rand McNally & Co.'s Illustrated Guide to the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains. Chicago, Illinois: Rand, McNally & Company. p. 19. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9004129065. OCLC 191935005.
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (May 15, 1994). "Smell of the Forest". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stanne, Stephen P.; Panetta, Roger G.; Forist, Brian E. (1996). The Hudson, An Illustrated Guide to the Living River. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813522715. OCLC 32859161.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sam (March 8, 2017). "Some Credit for Henry Hudson, Found in a 280-Year-Old Map". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Hudson River: Autumn Peace Broods over America's Rhine". Life. October 2, 1939. p. 57. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Alfieri, J.; Berardis, A.; Smith, E.; Mackin, J.; Muller, W.; Lake, R.; Lehmkulh, P. (June 3, 1999). "The Lenapes: A study of Hudson Valley Indians" (PDF). Poughkeepsie, New York: Marist College. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Levine, David (June 24, 2016). "Hudson Valley's Tribal History". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Giovanni Verrazano". timesmachine.nytimes.com. New York Times. September 15, 1909. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cleveland, Henry R. "Henry Hudson Explores the Hudson River". history-world.org. International World History Project. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dutch Colonies". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rink, Oliver A. (1986). Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 17–23, 264–266. ISBN 978-0801495854.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Sam (August 25, 2014). "350 Years Ago, New Amsterdam Became New York. Don't Expect a Party.". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leitner, Jonathan. "Transitions in the Colonial Hudson Valley: Capitalist, Bulk Goods, and Braudelian". Journal of World-Systems Research. 22 (1): 214–246. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bielinski, Stefan. "The Albany Congress". The Albany Congress. New York State Museum. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "City Hall". New York State Museum. New York State Museum. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Albany Plan of Union, 1754". MILESTONES: 1750–1775. Office of the Historian. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Albany Congress". American History Central. R.Squared Communications LLC. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mansinne, Jr., Major Andrew. "The West Point Chain and Hudson River Obstructions in the Revolutionary War" (PDF). desmondfishlibrary.org. Desmond Fish Library. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Carroll, John Martin; Baxter, Colin F. (August 2006). The American Military Tradition: From Colonial Times to the Present (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 14–18. ISBN 9780742544284. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hevesi, Dennis (August 27, 1993). "A Crucial Battle In the Revolution". New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Joshua (April 15, 2014). ""Cursedly Thrashed": The Battle Of Harlem Heights". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Borkow, Richard (July 2013). "Westchester County, New York and the Revolutionary War: The Battle of White Plains (1776)". Westchester Magazine. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mark, Steven Paul (November 20, 2013). "Too Little, Too Late: Battle Of The Hudson Highlands". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Hugh T. (September 25, 2014). "he Great West Point Chain". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kornhauser, Elizabeth Mankin; Ellis, Amy; Miesmer, Maureen (2003). Hudson River School: Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. p. vii. ISBN 0300101163. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Panoramic River: the Hudson and the Thames". Hudson River Museum. 2013. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-943651-43-9. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Avery, Kevin J. (October 2004). "The Hudson River School". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Hudson River School: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Celebration of the American Landscape". Virginia Tech History Department. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Louise (January 19, 2015). "East meets West: The Hudson River School at LACMA". Apollo. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oelschlaeger, Max. "The Roots of Preservation: Emerson, Thoreau, and the Hudson River School". Nature Transformed. National Humanities Center. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Judith H. (2005). Different Views in Hudson River School Painting. Columbia University Press. p. 11.
Jump up ^ "Canal History". www.canals.ny.gov. New York State Canal Corporation. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Canal Era". www.ushistory.org/. U.S. History. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Erie Canalway". www.eriecanalway.org. Erie Canalway. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Finch, Roy G. "The Story of the New York State Canals" (PDF). www.canals.ny.gov. New York State Canals Corporation. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Levine, David (August 2010). "How the Delaware & Hudson Canal Fueled the Valley". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harmon, Daniel E. (2004). "The Hudson River". Chelsea House Publishers. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Jump up ^ Aggarwala, Rohit T. "The Hudson River Railroad and the Development of Irvington, New York, 1849,1860" (PDF). The Hudson Valley Regional Review: 51–80. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Carl. "The Livingston Avenue Bridge". All Over Albany. Uptown/Downtown Media LLC. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Albany Railroad Bridge". Catskill Archive. Harper's Weekly. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Freight Rail Service in New York State". Department of Transportation. New York State Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opening the West Shore", The New York Times, June 5, 1883, retrieved June 5, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "History: Timeline". Walkway Over the Hudson. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blakinger, Keri (April 11, 2016). "Spanning the decades: A look at the history of New York City’s tunnels and bridges". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "This Day in History: November 21". History Channel. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bridges and Tunnels History". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hughes, C. J. (August 20, 2012). "Hudson Valley Bridges: Crossings and Spans Over the Hudson River". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plotch, Philip Mark (September 7, 2015). "Lessons From the Tappan Zee Bridge". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Berger, Joseph (January 19, 2014). "A Colossal Bridge Will Rise Across the Hudson". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hammonds, Keith H. (September 11, 1995). "The Town IBM Left Behind". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lueck, Thomas J. (June 27, 1996). "Auto Plant Closes and Developers See Opportunity; North Tarrytown Focuses on its Future Instead of the Past". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ McKinley, Jesse (September 8, 2016). "G.E. Spent Years Cleaning up the Hudson. Was it Enough?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ New York State Museum - "Swim for the River"
Jump up ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 2011). "New York's High Line". National Geographic. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Applebome, Peter (August 5, 2011). "Williamsburg on the Hudson". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area (PDF) (Map). Hudson River Valley Greenway. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Hudson River National Historic Landmark District". Hudson River Heritage. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Clinton, William Jefferson (July 30, 1998). "Designation of American Heritage Rivers" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hudson River, NY". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Hudson River Guide". www.offshoreblue.com. Blue Seas. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Canal Map (Map). New York State Canal Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lock Information". Canal Corporation. New York State Canal Corporation. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metro-North Railroad (Map). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Eric (October 18, 2011). "Amtrak leasing track corridor". Times Union. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fries, Amanda. "Jersey-bound train sideswipes cars in derailment at Selkirk yard". Times Union. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "North Bergen, NJ << View locations served". Channel Partners. CSX Transportation. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Troy Union Bridge Burned". The New York Times. July 11, 1909. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Crowe II, Kenneth C. "Crack closes bridge over Hudson River". www.timesunion.com. timesunion.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hudson River PCBs — Background and Site Information". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hudson River PCBs". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December 31, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ecological Risk Assessment". EPA.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Gerry (January 31, 2014). "Movement afoot to name bridge after Pete Seeger". United Press International. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Levinton, J.S.; Ochron, S.T.P. (2008). "Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river, USA, fish". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (8): 1691–1697. PMID 18266478. doi:10.1897/07-438.1.
Jump up ^ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). Albany, NY. (2007). "Hudson River Estuary Program: Cleaning the river: Improving water quality" (PDF). p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
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VIAF: 235959579
GND: 4122589-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_River&oldid=801504700"
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text:
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots
Details
Identifiers
Latin
nervi spinalis radix posterior
MeSH
A08.800.800.720.725
Dorlands
/Elsevier
r_12/12709389
TA
A14.2.00.030
FMA
5980
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The dorsal root of spinal nerve (or posterior root of spinal nerve) is one of two "roots" which emerge from the spinal cord. It emerges directly from the spinal cord, and travels to the dorsal root ganglion. Nerve fibres with the ventral root then combine to form a spinal nerve. The dorsal root transmits sensory information, forming the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 External links
Structure[edit]
The root emerges from the posterior part of the spinal cord and travels to the dorsal root ganglion. This contains the cell bodies of the nerve fibres contained in the root.
The lateral division of the dorsal root contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated fibres of small diameter. These carry pain and temperature sensation. These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the anterolateral system in the lateral funiculus.
The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated fibres of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior median sulcus to form the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus of the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body.
Additional images[edit]
Cervical vertebra
Medulla spinalis
A spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots.
The sensory tract.
Diagrammatic transverse section of the medulla spinalis and its membranes.
A portion of the spinal cord, showing its right lateral surface. The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots.
Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve.
See also[edit]
Ventral root
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 02:04-06 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Superior view of a section through the spinal cord within the vertebral foramen."
Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 06.114 - "Spinal Root Nerve Fibers"
Dorsal Root - Cell Centered Database
[hide]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Nerve fascicle
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurolemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
Telodendron
Axon terminals
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Neurofibril/neurofilament
Dendrite
Nissl body
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
Types
Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
Termination
Synapse
Electrical synapse/Gap junction
Chemical synapse
Synaptic vesicle
Active zone
Postsynaptic density
Autapse
Ribbon synapse
Neuromuscular junction
Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve&oldid=807025378"
Categories:
Back anatomy
Peripheral nervous system
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text:
Stuck in the Middle with You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Stuck in the Middle (song)" redirects here. For the song by Clea, see Stuck in the Middle (Clea song). For other uses, see Stuck in the Middle (disambiguation).
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
Single by Stealers Wheel
from the album Stealers Wheel
B-side
"Jose"
Released
27 April 1973
Recorded
Apple Studio, London
Genre
Folk rock, country rock, soft rock[1]
Length
3:23
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Gerry Rafferty
Joe Egan
"Stuck in the Middle with You"[2][3][4] (sometimes known as "Stuck in the Middle")[5] is a song written by Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan and originally performed by their band Stealers Wheel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Music video
3 Personnel
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
"Stuck in the Middle" was released on Stealers Wheel's 1972 eponymous debut album.[6] Gerry Rafferty provided the lead vocals, with Joe Egan singing harmony. It was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.[7] Rafferty's lyrics are a dismissive tale of a music industry cocktail party written and performed as a pastiche of Bob Dylan.[8]
The band was surprised by the single's chart success.[8] The single sold over one million copies, eventually peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 8 in the UK, and number 2 in Canada.[9]
The band appeared playing the song on BBC's Top of the Pops on 18 May 1973.[10]
Music video[edit]
The video portrays the band performing in a corner of a large, empty building. Their performance is intercut with shots of Egan (who is miming to the by-then-departed Rafferty's vocal track, although Gerry Rafferty did not die until January, 2011) at a small banquet table with a number of garishly-dressed and made-up supper guests. These include an actual clown, a bespectacled bowler-hatted gent devouring spaghetti and a lavishly dressed woman eating cream cakes and grapes. The clown, who has difficulty eating a plastic chicken, continually squeezes Egan out whenever he tries to take food from the table. The guitar solo is played on a guitar played flat with an empty beer bottle used as a slide. Eventually, the other band members appear, driving off the strange characters so that Egan can sit down at last.
Personnel[edit]
Source:[11]
Gerry Rafferty - guitar, lead vocals
Joe Egan - keyboards, lead vocals
Paul Pilnick - lead guitar
Tony Williams - bass
Rod Coombes - drums
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia 16
Canada[9] 2
Netherlands 8
New Zealand Listener[12] 16
UK 8
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 6
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[14] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Canada [15] 32
US Billboard Hot 100[16] 30
In popular culture[edit]
Leif Garrett released a version of the song on his 1980 album, Can't Explain.[17]
The song is used in Quentin Tarantino's 1992 debut film Reservoir Dogs, during the scene in which the character Mr. Blonde (played by Michael Madsen) taunts and tortures bound policeman Marvin Nash (Kirk Baltz) while singing and dancing to the song.[18] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Tarantino recalled
"That was one of those things where I thought [the song] would work really well, and [during] auditions, I told the actors that I wanted them to do the torture scene, and I'm gonna use 'Stuck in the Middle With You,' but they could pick anything they wanted, they didn't have to use that song. And a couple people picked another one, but almost everyone came in with 'Stuck in the Middle With You,' and they were saying that they tried to come up with something else, but that's the one. The first time somebody actually did the torture scene to that song, the guy didn't even have a great audition, but it was like watching the movie. I was thinking, 'Oh my God, this is gonna be awesome!' "[19]
American baroque pop band San Fermin performed a version of the song in July 2015 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[20]
In one episode of the show Malcolm in the Middle, Hal is shown listening to the song on a record as various events occur around him.
A cover by Grace Potter is the opening theme of Netflix series Grace & Frankie.
In an episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia titled "Charlie Catches a Leprechaun," Charlie re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs in the basement while the song plays.
An episode of Supernatural is titled "Stuck in the Middle (With You)," in which the characters re-enact a scene from Reservoir Dogs.
A disco cover version by Louise was a chart hit in 2001.
Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures.[21] Their version was used in the 2014 film Let's Be Cops and released on the soundtrack album.[22]
In "I Am the Future," the season finale of Happy!, Happy re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs by tickling another imaginary friend while the song is playing to find out why where Very Bad Santa is.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mojo Collection: The Ultimate Music Companion; Brought to You by the Makers of Mojo Magazine. Canongate. 2007. pp. 399–. ISBN 978-1-84195-973-3.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 675. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 527. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Stealers Wheel sleeve image" (JPG). Strawbsweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Stealers Wheel". Amazon.com. 1 March 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2016 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "You searched for album_details.php". Gracenote.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Always Magic in the Air: The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era (ISBN 9780670034567): Ken Emerson
^ Jump up to: a b Chilton, Martin, "Gerry Rafferty and his songs of alienation", Daily Telegraph, 5 January 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002]
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart - Billboard". Billboard.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (December 26, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Leif Garrett, Can't Explain". Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (7 January 2013). "Quentin Tarantino's music moments: 'Stuck in the Middle', David Bowie". Digital Spy. National Magazine Company Ltd. Retrieved 7 April 2014. Alongside the bloody violence and salty dialog, Quentin Tarantino movies are often marked by ingenious juxtaposition of image and sound. Ever since Michael Madsen's razor-wielding Mr Blonde danced to 'Stuck in the Middle With You' in Reservoir Dogs, the filmmaker has become synonymous with memorable musical montages.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (21 August 2009). "Quentin Tarantino on Five Key Soundtrack Picks, From "Reservoir Dogs" to "Inglourious Basterds"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 April 2014. From Pulp Fiction to Kill Bill to his latest, Inglourious Basterds (opening this weekend), Quentin Tarantino matches scene with song like a sommelier pairs just the right bottle of wine with a nice steak: perfectly. ~. So how does a cut make it from his turntable to the big screen? The revered director filled us in on his method through five key movie music cues.
Jump up ^ Modell, Josh (28 July 2015). "San Fermin covers Stealers Wheel". The A.V. Club. Onion, Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lazlo Bane's Guilty Pleasures". cdbaby.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Let's Be Cops on soundtrack.net". soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2015-01-26.
External links[edit]
Stuck in the Middle with You at AllMusic
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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