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Olympic Games ceremony
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Olympic Games ceremonies of the Ancient Olympic Games were an integral part of these Games; the modern Olympic games have opening, closing and medal ceremonies. Some of the elements of the modern ceremonies harken back to the Ancient Games from which the Modern Olympics draw their ancestry. An example of this is the prominence of Greece in both the opening and closing ceremonies. During the 2004 Games, the medal winners received a crown of olive branches, which was a direct reference to the Ancient Games, in which the victor's prize was an olive wreath. The various elements of the ceremonies are mandated by the Olympic Charter and cannot be changed by the host nation. Even the artistic portion of the opening and closing ceremonies must meet the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
The ceremonies have evolved over the centuries. Ancient Games incorporated ceremonies to mark the beginning and ending of each successive game. There are both similarities and differences between the ancient Olympic ceremonies and their modern counterparts. While the presentation of the Games has evolved with improvements in technology and the desire of the host nations to showcase their own artistic expression, the basic events of each ceremony have remained unchanged. The presentation of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies continue to increase in scope, scale and expense with each successive celebration of the Games, but they are still steeped in tradition. The 2028 Los Angeles Olympics organisers propose that the opening and closing ceremonies will each, for the first time, be staged across two different stadiums.[1]
Contents
1 Ancient forerunners
2 Opening
2.1 Artistic program
2.2 Parade of Nations
2.3 Traditional events
2.4 Olympic flame
2.5 Doves
3 Medal presentation
4 Closing
5 References
Ancient forerunners[edit]
The Ancient Games, held in Greece from ca. 776 BC to ca. 393 AD,[2] provide the first examples of Olympic ceremonies. The victory celebration, elements of which are in evidence in the modern-day medal and closing ceremonies, often involved elaborate feasts, drinking, singing, and the recitation of poetry. The wealthier the victor the more extravagant the celebration.[3] The victors were presented with an olive wreath or crown harvested from a special tree in Olympia by a boy, specially selected for this purpose, using a golden sickle.[3] The festival would conclude with the victors making solemn vows and performing ritual sacrifices to the various gods to which they were beholden.[3]
There is evidence of dramatic changes in the format of the Ancient Games over the nearly 12 centuries that they were celebrated. Eventually, by roughly the 77th Olympiad, a standard 18-event program was established.[4] In order to open a Games in ancient Greece the organizers would hold an Inauguration Festival. This was followed by a ceremony in which athletes took an oath of sportsmanship. The first competition, an artistic competition of trumpeters and heralds, concluded the opening festivities.[4]
Opening[edit]
A scene from the opening ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.
As per tradition, the team from Greece leads the Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics
The lighting of the cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics
The delegations of North and South Korea march as one
The Olympic opening ceremonies represent the official commencement of an Olympic Games. In recent Olympics, athletic competition began prior to the opening ceremonies. For example, the football competitions for both men and women at the 2008 Summer Olympics began two days prior to the opening ceremonies.[5] The 2014 Winter Olympics then became the first Winter Games to hold competitions before the opening ceremony.[6]
As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the Opening Ceremonies of a celebration of the Olympic Games.[7][8] Most of these rituals were canonized at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.[9]
Artistic program[edit]
The artistic program is what creates the idiosyncratic element of each ceremony.[10] Coubertin's initial vision of the Modern Olympics featured both athletic competitions and artistic achievements.[11] As the modern Olympics have evolved into a celebration of sport, it is in the opening ceremonies that one can see the most of Coubertin's ideal. The opening ceremonies are an important ritual of the Olympic games that represent a wide variety of features such as similar qualities and messages that link together local and global issues, as well as cultural similarities at the same scopes.[12] The artistic program of the ceremonies allows the host country to showcase its past and future in a comprehensive way.[12] The ceremonies typically start with the raising of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem.[7][8] The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture, history, and the current Olympic game motto.[9] Since the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, the artistic presentations have continued to grow in scale and complexity. The opening ceremony at the Beijing Games, for example, reportedly cost US$100 million, with much of the cost incurring in the artistic portion of the ceremony.[13]
Parade of Nations[edit]
The traditional part of the ceremonies starts with a "Parade of Nations", during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, country by country. It is not compulsory for athletes to participate in the opening ceremonies. Because some of the first events of the Games may start on the day before, on the day, or the day after the ceremonies, athletes competing in these early events may elect not to participate.
For every Opening Ceremony, each host country has a theme. During the "Parade of Nations", the host country’s goal is to represent their cultural identity and to show the world their place in society. For example, in the 2008 Beijing Olympics the theme was “unity”. On May 12, 2008, a devastating earthquake erupted in Sichuan. As the host country, China wanted to remember this tragic event by having Yao Ming, a Chinese basketball legend, walk hand-in-hand with Lin Hao, a nine-year-old boy who saved some of his classmates during the earthquake.[12]
Each country's delegation is led by a sign with the name of their country and by their nation's flag.[7][8] Traditionally, Greece always enters first and leads the parade because of its historical status as the progenitor of the Olympics, and the host nation enters last.[9][14] All other participating teams enter after Greece and before the host nation, in order according to a language selected by the organizing committee for those games, which is usually the dominant language in the area of the host city. Announcers announce each country's name in English, French and the dominant language of the area of the host city, if neither English nor French is the dominant language.
In the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the Greek flag led the parade, while the Greek team entered last, as the host nation; Saint Lucia (Αγία Λουκία in Greek) then entered first. In the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, both Spanish and Catalan were official languages of the games, but due to the political sensitivity surrounding the use of Catalan, the nations entered in French alphabetical order. For unknown reasons, all three games taking place in Japan had the nations enter in English alphabetical order instead of Japanese characters. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, teams were ordered by the number of strokes in the Chinese translation of the team name.[15] In the 2010 Winter Olympics, teams entered in English alphabetical order, although the languages of the Olympics are also the languages of the host country, Canada, because English is the more dominant of the two in Vancouver and in the host province of British Columbia. In the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2014 Winter Olympics, the countries entered in the Cyrillic alphabetical order, which is the Russian language's official script.
Traditional events[edit]
Further information: List of people who have opened the Olympic Games
Play media
Queen Elizabeth II officially opens the 2012 London Olympic Games
After all nations have entered, the President of the Organizing Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president. At the end of his speech, he introduces the representative or head of state of the host country who officially declares the opening of the Games. Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the opener to be the host country's head of state.[16] However, there have been many cases where someone other than the host country's head of state opened the Games. The first example was at the Games of the II Olympiad in Paris in 1900, which had no opening ceremony before as part of the 1900 World's Fair. There are five examples from the United States alone in which the Games were not opened by the head of state.[17]
The Olympic Charter provides[16] that the person designated to open the Games should do so by reciting whichever of the following lines is appropriate:
If at the Games of the Olympiad (Summer Olympics): I declare open the Games of [name of the host city] celebrating the [ordinal number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.
If at the Winter Games: I declare open the [ordinal number] Olympic Winter Games of [name of the host city].
Before 1936, the opening official would often make a short welcoming speech before declaring the Games open. However, since 1936, when Adolf Hitler opened both the Garmisch Partenkirchen Winter Olympics and the Berlin Summer Olympics, the openers have used the standard formula. Recent editions of the Winter Games have seen a trend of using the first version instead of the second, which happened in both the 2002 and 2010[18] Winter Games. There have been four further exceptions to the rule:
In 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French followed by the English) with:
I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era.[19]
In 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:
Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles.[20]
In 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, which took place five months after the September 11 attacks, with:
On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation..., then the standard opening formula followed.
In 2012, Elizabeth II, as Queen of the United Kingdom, opened the London Summer Olympics with the same fashion in English, making it the second time that she opened the Games.[21]
In 2016, Brazilian Acting President Michel Temer opened the Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics, contrary to usual practice, he was not introduced at the beginning of the ceremony, nor was he introduced at the end of President Bach's speech, with:
After this wonderful show, I declare open the Rio Olympic Games, celebrating the XXXI Olympiad of the Modern Era.[22]
Next, the Olympic flag is carried horizontally (since the 1960 Summer Olympics) into the stadium and hoisted as the Olympic Hymn is played. The Olympic Charter states that the Olympic flag must "fly for the entire duration of the Olympic Games from a flagpole placed in a prominent position in the main stadium".[16] At most games, the flag has been carried into the stadium by prominent athletes of the host nation, but in 2012, it was carried by an international group of athletes and non-athletes famous for promoting Olympic values, including Muhammad Ali as a symbolic flag-bearer.
The flag bearers of all countries then circle a rostrum, where one athlete of the host nation (since the 1920 Summer Olympics), and one judge of the host nation (since the 1972 Summer Olympics) speak the Olympic Oath, declaring they will compete and judge according to the rules of their respective sport.[16] Since the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, continuing with the tradition started at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics a coach from the host nation speaks out the Olympic Oath. For the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, the three oaths are merged into one as the Unified Oath where one athlete, judge, and coach recite one line of the oath respectively before the athlete finishes it.
Olympic flame[edit]
Further information: Olympic flame and List of people who have lit the Olympic Cauldron
Vanderlei de Lima lights the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics
Finally, the Torch is brought into the stadium, passed from athlete to athlete during the torch relay, until it reaches the last carrier; often a well-known athlete from the host nation, who lights the fire in the stadium's cauldron.[7][8] Under IOC rules, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron must be witnessed by those attending the opening ceremony, implying that it must be lit at the location where the ceremony is taking place. Another IOC rule states that the cauldron should be witnessed outside by the entire residents of the entire host city. This was made evident during the opening ceremony for the 2010 Games in Vancouver. The venue chosen as the Olympic Stadium was BC Place, which at the time was an air-supported domed stadium. Since there was no way the cauldron could be displayed outside and also be seen at the stadium, two cauldrons were used. For the first torch lighting inside the stadium the organizers chose three-time speed skating medalist Catriona Le May Doan, Canadian Senator Nancy Greene, who won two medals for Canada at the 1968 Games, NBA star Steve Nash, a native of nearby Victoria, and hockey legend Wayne Gretzky, to each light one of four arms of the torch. Notably, Le May Doan's arm failed to rise; this was later rectified during the closing ceremony when she got a second chance to light her part of the torch and succeeded.
After the official conclusion of the Opening Ceremony, Gretzky was whisked away to a waiting car which took him to the secondary cauldron. Once there, he lit it to correspond with the tradition of Olympics past.
During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the cauldron located inside Olympic Stadium (London) was not visible from outside of the stadium. The image of the lit cauldron was projected on the stadiums rooftop screens during the first week of competition,[23] and live footage was available to all broadcast right holders.[24] See List of 2012 Summer Olympics broadcasters.
Doves[edit]
Dove performance from the Sochi 2014 ceremony
Beginning at the post–World War I 1920 Summer Olympics, the lighting of the Olympic flame was followed by the release of doves, symbolizing peace.[25] (Experienced athletes brought newspapers to cover themselves because of the birds' droppings.)[26] The release was discontinued after several doves perched themselves at the cauldron's rim and were burned alive in the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics.[25] It was later replaced with a symbolic release of doves after the flame has been lit.[7][8]
In the 2000 ceremony, a dove image was projected on an enormous white cloth held by the athletes on the stadium floor. In 2004, an LED screen was used. In 2006, acrobats formed the shape of a dove. The 2008 ceremony had fireworks representing doves. In 2010, dove figures were projected on the stage floor. The 2012 ceremony had bicyclists with dove-wings, lit by LEDs. In the 2014 ceremony several dancers, holding strands of blue LED lights, danced on the shape of a dove projected on the stadium floor. In the 2016 ceremony, children with dove shaped kites were seen running with the first Olympic Laurel winner, Kipchoge Keino.
Medal presentation[edit]
The medal ceremony for the women's uneven bars at the London 2012 Summer Olympics
After each Olympic event is completed, a medal ceremony is held. The Summer Games would usually conduct the ceremonies immediately after the event at the respective venues, whereas the Winter editions would present the medals at a nightly victory ceremony held at a medal plaza, excluding the most of indoor events. A three–tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC.[27] The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from sports federation governing the sport (such as IAAF in athletics or FINA in swimming), who presents each athlete with a small bouquet of flowers. When the Games were held in Athens in 2004, the medal winners also received olive wreaths in honor of the tradition at the Ancient Olympics. For the Rio Games in 2016, the flowers were replaced by a small 3D model of the Games' logo. After medals are distributed, the flags of the nations of the three medalists are raised. The flag of the gold medalist's country is in the centre and raised the highest while the flag of the silver medalist's country is on the left facing the flags and the flag of the bronze medalist's country is on the right, both at lower elevations than the gold medalist's country's flag.
The flags are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays.[28] Citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies. They aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag bearers.[29]
Strict rules govern the conduct of athletes during the medal ceremony. For example, they are required to wear only pre-approved outfits that are standard for the athlete's national Olympic team. They are not allowed to display any political affiliation or make a political statement while on the medal stand.[16] The most famous violation of this rule was the Black Power salute of Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.
For their actions, IOC president Avery Brundage demanded their expulsion from the Olympics;[30] after the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) refused to do so, Brundage threatened to remove the entire United States track and field team from the Olympics. Following this, the USOC complied, and Smith and Carlos were expelled.[31]
As is customary, the men's marathon medals (at the Summer Olympics) or the men's 50 km (31.07 mi) and women's 30 km (18.64 mi) cross-country skiing medals (at the Winter Olympics) are presented as part of the Closing Ceremony, which take place on the penultimate and the last days, in the Olympic Stadium, and are thus the last medal presentation of the Games.
Closing[edit]
Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics
The Parade of Flags during the closing ceremony of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics
The Olympic Flame slowly going out during the London 2012 Summer Olympics
In contrast to the opening ceremonies, many elements of the Olympic closing ceremonies gradually developed more by tradition than official mandate.[32]
Like the opening ceremonies, the closing ceremonies begins with the raising of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem.[32] The traditional part of the closing ceremonies starts with the "Parade of Flags",[32] where flag bearers from each participating country enter the stadium in single file, with the Greek flag in the lead (honoring the birthplace of the Olympic Games) and the host nation's flag bringing up the rear. Behind them march all of the athletes without any distinction or grouping by nationality. This "Parade of Athletes,"[32] the blending of all the athletes, is a tradition that began during the 1956 Summer Olympics at the suggestion of Melbourne schoolboy John Ian Wing, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world together as "one nation." Prior to the 1956 Games, no Olympic Team had ever marched in the closing ceremony of the Modern or the Ancient Games. It was the very first International Peace March ever to be staged.[33][34] (In 2006, the athletes marched in with their countrymen, then dispersed and mingled as the ceremonies went on.) The Winter Olympics followed suit in 1960.
After all the athletes enter the stadium, the final medals ceremony of the Games is held. The organizing committee of the respective host city, after consulting with the IOC, determines which event will have its medals presented.[32] During the Summer Olympics, this is usually the men's marathon.[32] Traditionally, the men's marathon is held in the last hours of competition on the last day of the Olympics, and the race is won just before the start of the closing ceremony. However, recent Summer Olympiads in Atlanta, Beijing, London and Rio staged the marathon in the early morning due to heat problems in the host city. Since the 2006 Winter Olympics, the medals for the men's 50 km cross-country skiing event were presented at the closing ceremony. The medallist's national flags are then hoisted and the national anthem of the gold medallist's country is played.
The newly elected members of the IOC Athletes' Commission then present a bouquet of flowers to a representative of the volunteers, as a thank you to them for their work during the Games.[32]
Next, two other national flags are hoisted on flagpoles one at a time while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flag of Greece to again honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games, and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games.[32] In Moscow during the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, the flag raised to represent the next games host was that of the City of Los Angeles instead of the flag of the boycotting-United States.[35] In Sydney and Athens, two Greek flags were raised because Greece was the next games host (in 2000) and in 2004, because Greece was hosting the games. Then, while the Olympic Hymn is played, the Olympic flag that was hoisted during the opening ceremonies is lowered from the flagpole and carried from the stadium.[32]
In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (because the tradition began at the Antwerp Games), the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games.[16] The receiving mayor then waves the flag eight times. There are four such flags:
The Antwerp flag was presented to the IOC at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium, and was passed on to the next organising city of the Summer Olympics through the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, CA, USA.
The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC at the 1952 Winter Olympics by the city of Oslo, Norway, and is passed on to the next organising city of the Winter Olympics.
The Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea as a replacement for the Antwerp flag. This flag is used until the 2012 Games in London.
The Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a replacement for the Seoul flag. It'll be passed on to the next organising city of the Summer Olympics.
This tradition posed a particular challenge at the 2006 Winter Games in Turin, Italy. The flag was passed from Sergio Chiamparino, the mayor of Turin, to Sam Sullivan, the mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Mayor Sullivan, who is a quadriplegic, waved the flag by holding it in one hand and swinging his motorized wheelchair back and forth eight times.[36]
The next host nation then introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of that country or city. This tradition began with the 1976 Games.
Afterwards, the President of the Organizing Committee makes a speech. IOC President then makes a speech before closing the Olympics by saying:
And now, in accordance with tradition, I declare the Games of the [ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games closed; and call upon the youth of the world to assemble four years from now in [name of next host city] to celebrate the Games of the [subsequent ordinal number of Summer Olympics] Olympiad/[subsequent ordinal number of Winter Olympics] Olympic Winter Games.[37][38][39][40]
Finally, the Olympic flame is extinguished, marking the end of the Games.[32]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ The first case was the St. Louis Games at which David Francis, President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, performed the ceremony; nobody had thought of inviting President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1932, the then-Governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt, opened the III Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid. Later that year the Vice President of the United States, Charles Curtis, opened the Games of the X Olympiad in Los Angeles, California, stating, however, that he was doing so on behalf of President Herbert Hoover. In 1960, Vice President Richard Nixon was sent by President Dwight Eisenhower to open the VIII Olympic Winter Games in Squaw Valley, California, and finally, in 1980, Vice President Walter Mondale stood in for President Jimmy Carter to open the XIII Olympic Winter Games, also in Lake Placid.
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Gastritis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gastritis
Micrograph showing gastritis. H&E stain.
Specialty
Gastroenterology
Symptoms
Upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite, heartburn[1][2]
Complications
Bleeding, stomach ulcers, stomach tumors, pernicious anemia[1][3]
Duration
Short or long term[1]
Causes
Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, smoking, cocaine, severe illness, autoimmune problems[1]
Diagnostic method
Endoscopy, upper gastrointestinal series, blood tests, stool tests[1]
Differential diagnosis
Myocardial infarction, inflammation of the pancreas, gallbladder problems, peptic ulcer disease[2]
Treatment
Antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics[1]
Frequency
~50% of people[4]
Deaths
50,000 (2015)[5]
Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach.[1] It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration.[1] There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain.[1] Other possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite and heartburn.[1][2] Complications may include bleeding, stomach ulcers, and stomach tumors.[1] When due to autoimmune problems, low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin B12 may occur, a condition known as pernicious anemia.[3]
Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[1] Less common causes include alcohol, smoking, cocaine, severe illness, autoimmune problems, radiation therapy and Crohn's disease.[1][6] Endoscopy, a type of X-ray known as an upper gastrointestinal series, blood tests, and stool tests may help with diagnosis.[1] The symptoms of gastritis may be a presentation of a myocardial infarction.[2] Other conditions with similar symptoms include inflammation of the pancreas, gallbladder problems, and peptic ulcer disease.[2]
Prevention is by avoiding things that cause the disease.[4] Treatment includes medications such as antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors.[1] During an acute attack drinking viscous lidocaine may help.[7] If gastritis is due to NSAIDs these may be stopped.[1] If H. pylori is present it may be treated with a combination of antibiotics such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin.[1] For those with pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 supplements are recommended either by mouth or by injection.[3] People are usually advised to avoid foods that bother them.[8]
Gastritis is believed to affect about half of people worldwide.[4] In 2013 there were approximately 90 million new cases of the condition.[9] As people get older the disease becomes more common.[4] It, along with a similar condition in the first part of the intestines known as duodenitis, resulted in 50,000 deaths in 2015.[5] H. pylori was first discovered in 1981 by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Helicobacter pylori
2.2 Critical illness
2.3 Diet
3 Pathophysiology
3.1 Acute
3.2 Chronic
3.2.1 Metaplasia
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
A peptic ulcer may accompany gastritis. Endoscopic image.
Many people with gastritis experience no symptoms at all. However, upper central abdominal pain is the most common symptom; the pain may be dull, vague, burning, aching, gnawing, sore, or sharp.[11] Pain is usually located in the upper central portion of the abdomen,[12] but it may occur anywhere from the upper left portion of the abdomen around to the back.
Other signs and symptoms may include the following:
Nausea
Vomiting (may be clear, green or yellow, blood-streaked or completely bloody depending on the severity of the stomach inflammation)
Belching (does not usually relieve stomach pain if present)
Bloating
Early satiety[11]
Loss of appetite
Unexplained weight loss
Cause[edit]
Common causes include Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs. Less common causes include alcohol, cocaine, severe illness and Crohn disease, among others.[1]
Helicobacter pylori[edit]
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of more than half of the world's population, and the infection continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of gastroduodenal diseases. Colonization of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori results in the development of chronic gastritis in infected individuals, and in a subset of patients chronic gastritis progresses to complications (e.g., ulcer disease, stomach cancers, some distinct extragastric disorders).[13] However, over 80 percent of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic and it has been postulated that it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology.[14]
Critical illness[edit]
Gastritis may also develop after major surgery or traumatic injury ("Cushing ulcer"), burns ("Curling ulcer"), or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of the digestive tract.
Diet[edit]
Evidence does not support a role for specific foods including spicy foods and coffee in the development of peptic ulcers.[15] People are usually advised to avoid foods that bother them.[8]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Acute[edit]
Acute erosive gastritis typically involves discrete foci of surface necrosis due to damage to mucosal defenses.[16] NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1, or COX-1, an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids in the stomach, which increases the possibility of peptic ulcers forming.[17] Also, NSAIDs, such as aspirin, reduce a substance that protects the stomach called prostaglandin. These drugs used in a short period are not typically dangerous. However, regular use can lead to gastritis.[18] Additionally, severe physiologic stress ("stress ulcers") from sepsis, hypoxia, trauma, or surgery, is also a common etiology for acute erosive gastritis. This form of gastritis can occur in more than 5% of hospitalized patients.
Also, note that alcohol consumption does not cause chronic gastritis. It does, however, erode the mucosal lining of the stomach; low doses of alcohol stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion. High doses of alcohol do not stimulate secretion of acid.[19]
Chronic[edit]
Chronic gastritis refers to a wide range of problems of the gastric tissues.[16] The immune system makes proteins and antibodies that fight infections in the body to maintain a homeostatic condition. In some disorders the body targets the stomach as if it were a foreign protein or pathogen; it makes antibodies against, severely damages, and may even destroy the stomach or its lining.[18] In some cases bile, normally used to aid digestion in the small intestine, will enter through the pyloric valve of the stomach if it has been removed during surgery or does not work properly, also leading to gastritis. Gastritis may also be caused by other medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS, Crohn's disease, certain connective tissue disorders, and liver or kidney failure. Since 1992, chronic gastritis lesions are classified according to the Sydney system.[20]
Metaplasia[edit]
Mucous gland metaplasia, the reversible replacement of differentiated cells, occurs in the setting of severe damage of the gastric glands, which then waste away (atrophic gastritis) and are progressively replaced by mucous glands. Gastric ulcers may develop; it is unclear if they are the causes or the consequences. Intestinal metaplasia typically begins in response to chronic mucosal injury in the antrum, and may extend to the body. Gastric mucosa cells change to resemble intestinal mucosa and may even assume absorptive characteristics. Intestinal metaplasia is classified histologically as complete or incomplete. With complete metaplasia, gastric mucosa is completely transformed into small-bowel mucosa, both histologically and functionally, with the ability to absorb nutrients and secrete peptides. In incomplete metaplasia, the epithelium assumes a histologic appearance closer to that of the large intestine and frequently exhibits dysplasia.[16]
Diagnosis[edit]
Often, a diagnosis can be made based on the patient's description of their symptoms, but other methods which may be used to verify gastritis include:
Blood tests:
Blood cell count
Presence of H. pylori
Liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreas functions
Urinalysis
Stool sample, to look for blood in the stool
X-rays
ECGs
Endoscopy, to check for stomach lining inflammation and mucous erosion
Stomach biopsy, to test for gastritis and other conditions[21]
Treatment[edit]
Antacids are a common treatment for mild to medium gastritis.[22] When antacids do not provide enough relief, medications such as H2 blockers and proton-pump inhibitors that help reduce the amount of acid are often prescribed.[22][23]
Cytoprotective agents are designed to help protect the tissues that line the stomach and small intestine.[24] They include the medications sucralfate and misoprostol. If NSAIDs are being taken regularly, one of these medications to protect the stomach may also be taken. Another cytoprotective agent is bismuth subsalicylate.
Several regimens are used to treat H. pylori infection. Most use a combination of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor. Sometimes bismuth is added to the regimen.
See also[edit]
Gastroenteritis
Esophagitis
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Gastritis". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). November 27, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rosen & Barkin's 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 447. ISBN 9781451160970. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c Varbanova, M.; Frauenschläger, K.; Malfertheiner, P. (Dec 2014). "Chronic gastritis - an update". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28 (6): 1031–42. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2014.10.005. PMID 25439069.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fred F. Ferri (2012). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013,5 Books in 1, Expert Consult - Online and Print,1: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 417. ISBN 9780323083737. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
^ Jump up to: a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903  . PMID 27733281.
Jump up ^ Hauser, Stephen (2014). Mayo Clinic Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780199373338. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ Adams, (2012). "32". Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455733941. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Webster-Gandy, Joan; Madden, Angela; Holdsworth, Michelle, eds. (2012). Oxford handbook of nutrition and dietetics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 571. ISBN 9780199585823. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (22 August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509  . PMID 26063472.
Jump up ^ Wang, AY; Peura, DA (October 2011). "The prevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease and upper gastrointestinal bleeding throughout the world". Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America. 21 (4): 613–35. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.011. PMID 21944414.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gastritis Symptoms". eMedicineHealth. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Gastritis". National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. December 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
Jump up ^ Kandulski A, Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P (August 2008). "Helicobacter pylori infection: a clinical overview". Digestive and Liver Disease. 40 (8): 619–26. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.026. PMID 18396114.
Jump up ^ Blaser, M. J. (2006). "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases" (PDF). EMBO Reports. 7 (10): 956–60. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400812. PMC 1618379  . PMID 17016449. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-05.
Jump up ^ Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin, eds. (2012). Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 623. ISBN 9781605479682. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gastritis". Merck. January 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Dajani EZ, Islam K (August 2008). "Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicity of selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in man" (PDF). J Physiol Pharmacol. 59 Suppl 2: 117–33. PMID 18812633. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Siegelbaum, Jackson (2006). "Gastritis". Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Jump up ^ Wolff G (1989). "[Effect of alcohol on the stomach]" [Effect of alcohol on the stomach]. Gastroenterol J (in German). 49 (2): 45–9. PMID 2679657.
Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic Staff (April 13, 2007). "Gastritis". MayoClinic. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Exams and Tests". eMedicinHealth. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Zajac, P; Holbrook, A; Super, ME; Vogt, M (March–April 2013). "An overview: Current clinical guidelines for the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and management of dyspepsia". Osteopathic Family Physician. 5 (2): 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.10.005.
Jump up ^ Boparai V, Rajagopalan J, Triadafilopoulos G (2008). "Guide to the use of proton pump inhibitors in adult patients". Drugs. 68 (7): 925–47. doi:10.2165/00003495-200868070-00004. PMID 18457460.
Jump up ^ Fashner, J; Gitu, AC (15 February 2015). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease and H. pylori Infection". American Family Physician. 91 (4): 236–42. PMID 25955624.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: K29.0-K29.7
ICD-9-CM: 535.0-535.5
MeSH: D005756
DiseasesDB: 34500
External resources
MedlinePlus: 001150
eMedicine: emerg/820 med/852

[show]
v
t
e
Diseases of the digestive system (primarily K20–K93, 530–579)
Upper GI tract
Esophagus
Esophagitis
Candidal
Eosinophilic
Herpetiform
Rupture
Boerhaave syndrome
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
UES
Zenker's diverticulum
LES
Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal motility disorder
Nutcracker esophagus
Achalasia
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Esophageal stricture
Megaesophagus
Stomach
Gastritis
Atrophic
Ménétrier's disease
Gastroenteritis
Peptic (gastric) ulcer
Cushing ulcer
Dieulafoy's lesion
Dyspepsia
Pyloric stenosis
Achlorhydria
Gastroparesis
Gastroptosis
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastric volvulus
Lower GI tract:
Intestinal/
Enteropathy
Small intestine
(Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum)
Enteritis
Duodenitis
Jejunitis
Ileitis
Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
Curling's ulcer
Malabsorption: Coeliac
Tropical sprue
Blind loop syndrome
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Whipple's
Short bowel syndrome
Steatorrhea
Milroy disease
Bile acid malabsorption
Large intestine
(Appendix/Colon)
Appendicitis
Colitis
Pseudomembranous
Ulcerative
Ischemic
Microscopic
Collagenous
Lymphocytic
Functional colonic disease
IBS
Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome
Megacolon / Toxic megacolon
Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis
Large and/or small
Enterocolitis
Necrotizing
Gastroenterocolitis
IBD
Crohn's disease
Vascular: Abdominal angina
Mesenteric ischemia
Angiodysplasia
Bowel obstruction: Ileus
Intussusception
Volvulus
Fecal impaction
Constipation
Diarrhea
Infectious
Intestinal adhesions
Rectum
Proctitis
Radiation proctitis
Proctalgia fugax
Rectal prolapse
Anismus
Anal canal
Anal fissure/Anal fistula
Anal abscess
Hemorrhoid
Anal dysplasia
Pruritus ani
GI bleeding/BIS
Upper
Hematemesis
Melena
Lower
Hematochezia
Accessory
Liver
Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
PBC
Fatty liver
NASH
Vascular
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Portal hypertension
Nutmeg liver
Alcoholic liver disease
Liver failure
Hepatic encephalopathy
Acute liver failure
Liver abscess
Pyogenic
Amoebic
Hepatorenal syndrome
Peliosis hepatis
Metabolic disorders
Wilson's disease
Hemochromatosis
Gallbladder
Cholecystitis
Gallstones/Cholecystolithiasis
Cholesterolosis
Adenomyomatosis
Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Porcelain gallbladder
Bile duct/
Other biliary tree
Cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Ascending
Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome
Biliary fistula
Haemobilia
Gallstones/Cholelithiasis
Common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis
Biliary dyskinesia
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Pancreatic
Pancreatitis
Acute
Chronic
Hereditary
Pancreatic abscess
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Pancreatic fistula
Abdominopelvic
Hernia
Diaphragmatic
Congenital
Hiatus
Inguinal
Indirect
Direct
Umbilical
Femoral
Obturator
Spigelian
Lumbar
Petit's
Grynfeltt-Lesshaft
Undefined location
Incisional
Internal hernia
Richter's
Peritoneal
Peritonitis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Hemoperitoneum
Pneumoperitoneum
[show]
v
t
e
Inflammation
Acute
Plasma-derived mediators
Bradykinin
complement
C3
C5a
MAC
coagulation
Factor XII
Plasmin
Thrombin
Cell-derived mediators
preformed:
Lysosome granules
biogenic amines
Histamine
Serotonin
synthesized on demand:
cytokines
IFN-γ
IL-8
TNF-α
IL-1
eicosanoids
Leukotriene B4
Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Kinins
Chronic
Macrophage
Epithelioid cell
Giant cell
Granuloma
Processes
Traditional
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Functio laesa
Modern
Acute-phase reaction/Fever
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Exudate
Leukocyte extravasation
Chemotaxis
Specific
locations
Nervous
CNS
Encephalitis
Myelitis
Meningitis
Arachnoiditis
PNS
Neuritis
eye
Dacryoadenitis
Scleritis
Episcleritis
Keratitis
chorioretinitis
Retinitis
Chorioretinitis
Blepharitis
Conjunctivitis
Uveitis
ear
Otitis externa
Otitis media
Labyrinthitis
Mastoiditis
Cardiovascular
Carditis
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Vasculitis
Arteritis
Phlebitis
Capillaritis
Respiratory
upper
Sinusitis
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
lower
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonitis
Pleuritis
Mediastinitis
Digestive
mouth
Stomatitis
Gingivitis
Gingivostomatitis
Glossitis
Tonsillitis
Sialadenitis/Parotitis
Cheilitis
Pulpitis
Gnathitis
tract
Esophagitis
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Enteritis
Colitis
Enterocolitis
Duodenitis
Ileitis
Caecitis
Appendicitis
Proctitis
accessory
Hepatitis
Ascending cholangitis
Cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Integumentary
Dermatitis
Folliculitis
Cellulitis
Hidradenitis
Musculoskeletal
Arthritis
Dermatomyositis
soft tissue
Myositis
Synovitis/Tenosynovitis
Bursitis
Enthesitis
Fasciitis
Capsulitis
Epicondylitis
Tendinitis
Panniculitis
Osteochondritis: Osteitis/Osteomyelitis
Spondylitis
Periostitis
Chondritis
Urinary
Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Ureteritis
Cystitis
Urethritis
Reproductive
female
Oophoritis
Salpingitis
Endometritis
Parametritis
Cervicitis
Vaginitis
Vulvitis
Mastitis
male
Orchitis
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Seminal vesiculitis
Balanitis
Posthitis
Balanoposthitis
pregnancy/newborn
Chorioamnionitis
Funisitis
Omphalitis
Endocrine
Insulitis
Hypophysitis
Thyroiditis
Parathyroiditis
Adrenalitis
Lymphatic
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
[show]
v
t
e
Alcohol and health
Specific
interactions
Note: see Template:Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses
Aging
Alcohol-induced mood disorders
Brain
Cancer
breast cancer
Sleep
Tolerance
Weight
Substance
abuse
prevention
Sobriety
Alcohol-free zone
Alcohol detoxification
Alcohol rehabilitation
Alcoholics Anonymous
Sober companion
Alcohol
limitation
0-0-1-3
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages
Alcohol education
Alcohol server training
Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages
Addiction medicine
Alcoholism
Anti-addictive psychedelics: Ibogaine, Salvia divinorum
Disulfiram-like drugs: disulfiram, calcium carbimide, cyanamide
Religion and alcohol
Christian views on alcohol
alcohol in the Bible
Islam and alcohol
Dionysian Mysteries
Social issues
Alcohol advertising
on college campuses
Alcohol-free beverage definition controversy
Alcohol self-medication
Native Americans
Binge drinking
0.08 BAC
Blackout (alcohol-related amnesia)
College student alcoholism
Domestic violence
Drinking games / pregaming
Driving under the influence
Drunkorexia
Dry January
Adult Children of Alcoholics
Family systems
French paradox
High-functioning alcoholic (HFA)
moonshine contamination
Rum-running
black market
Sex
Sin tax / Pigovian tax
General
Alcohol (drug)
Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
Long-term effects of alcohol consumption

Authority control
NDL: 00563898
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastritis&oldid=831808178"
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Qastrit – Azerbaijani
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Gastriit – Estonian
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Gastritis – Spanish
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Gastritis – Western Frisian
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Gastritis – Croatian
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display: none;

values:
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values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritas
Gastritas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Гастритис – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
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values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis
Gastritis – Dutch
nl
nl
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values:
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values:
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values: अम्लपित्त – Nepali

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values:
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values:
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values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritt
Gastritt – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ ପ୍ରଦାହ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrit
Gastrit – Uzbek
uz
uz
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
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values: Zapalenie błony śluzowej żołądka – Polish

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrite
Gastrite – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Гастрит – Russian

values: Гастрит – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastriti
Gastriti – Albanian
sq
sq
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
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values:
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values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis
Gastritis – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Гастритис – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis
Gastritis – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magkatarr
Magkatarr – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: இரைப்பை அழற்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: โรคกระเพาะอาหาร – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrit
Gastrit – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Гастрит – Tuvinian

values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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values:
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