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Financial statement analysis
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Financial statement analysis (or financial analysis) is the process of reviewing and analyzing a company's financial statements to make better economic decisions. These statements include the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and a statement of changes in equity. Financial statement analysis is a method or process involving specific techniques for evaluating risks, performance, financial health, and future prospects of an organization.[1]
It is used by a variety of stakeholders, such as credit and equity investors, the government, the public, and decision-makers within the organization. These stakeholders have different interests and apply a variety of different techniques to meet their needs. For example, equity investors are interested in the long-term earnings power of the organization and perhaps the sustainability and growth of dividend payments. Creditors want to ensure the interest and principal is paid on the organizations debt securities (e.g., bonds) when due.
Common methods of financial statement analysis include fundamental analysis, DuPont analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis and the use of financial ratios. Historical information combined with a series of assumptions and adjustments to the financial information may be used to project future performance. The Chartered Financial Analyst designation is available for professional financial analysts.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Horizontal and vertical analysis
3 Financial ratio analysis
4 Recasting financial statements
5 Certifications
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Associations
History[edit]
Benjamin Graham and David Dodd first published their influential book "Security Analysis" in 1934.[2] [3] A central premise of their book is that the market's pricing mechanism for financial securities such as stocks and bonds is based upon faulty and irrational analytical processes performed by many market participants. This results in the market price of a security only occasionally coinciding with the intrinsic value around which the price tends to fluctuate.[4] Investor Warren Buffett is a well-known supporter of Graham and Dodd's philosophy.
The Graham and Dodd approach is referred to as Fundamental analysis and includes: 1) Economic analysis; 2) Industry analysis; and 3) Company analysis. The latter is the primary realm of financial statement analysis. On the basis of these three analyses the intrinsic value of the security is determined.[4]
Horizontal and vertical analysis[edit]
Horizontal analysis compares financial information over time, typically from past quarters or years. Horizontal analysis is performed by comparing financial data from a past statement, such as the income statement. When comparing this past information one will want to look for variations such as higher or lower earnings.[5]
Vertical analysis is a percentage analysis of financial statements. Each line item listed in the financial statement is listed as the percentage of another line item. For example, on an income statement each line item will be listed as a percentage of gross sales. This technique is also referred to as normalization[6] or common-sizing.[5]
Financial ratio analysis[edit]
Main article: Financial ratio
Financial ratios are very powerful tools to perform some quick analysis of financial statements. There are four main categories of ratios: liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, activity ratios and leverage ratios. These are typically analyzed over time and across competitors in an industry.
Liquidity ratios are used to determine how quickly a company can turn its assets into cash if it experiences financial difficulties or bankruptcy. It essentially is a measure of a company's ability to remain in business. A few common liquidity ratios are the current ratio and the liquidity index. The current ratio is current assets/current liabilities and measures how much liquidity is available to pay for liabilities. The liquidity index shows how quickly a company can turn assets into cash and is calculated by: (Trade receivables x Days to liquidate) + (Inventory x Days to liquidate)/Trade Receivables + Inventory.
Profitability ratios are ratios that demonstrate how profitable a company is. A few popular profitability ratios are the breakeven point and gross profit ratio. The breakeven point calculates how much cash a company must generate to break even with their start up costs. The gross profit ratio is equal to gross profit/revenue. This ratio shows a quick snapshot of expected revenue.
Activity ratios are meant to show how well management is managing the company's resources. Two common activity ratios are accounts payable turnover and accounts receivable turnover. These ratios demonstrate how long it takes for a company to pay off its accounts payable and how long it takes for a company to receive payments, respectively.
Leverage ratios depict how much a company relies upon its debt to fund operations. A very common leverage ratio used for financial statement analysis is the debt-to-equity ratio. This ratio shows the extent to which management is willing to use debt in order to fund operations. This ratio is calculated as: (Long-term debt + Short-term debt + Leases)/ Equity.[7]
DuPont analysis uses several financial ratios that multiplied together equal return on equity, a measure of how much income the firm earns divided by the amount of funds invested (equity).
A Dividend discount model (DDM) may also be used to value a company's stock price based on the theory that its stock is worth the sum of all of its future dividend payments, discounted back to their present value.[8] In other words, it is used to value stocks based on the net present value of the future dividends.
Financial statement analyses are typically performed in spreadsheet software and summarized in a variety of formats.
Recasting financial statements[edit]
Investors typically are attempting to understand how much cash the company will generate in the future and its rate of profit growth, relative to the amount of capital deployed. Analysts may modify ("recast") the financial statements by adjusting the underlying assumptions to aid in this computation. For example, operating leases (treated like a rental transaction) may be recast as capital leases (indicating ownership), adding assets and liabilities to the balance sheet. This affects the financial statement ratios.[1]
Recasting financial statements requires a solid understanding of accounting theory. Once the cash flow in future years is projected, a discount rate or interest rate will be applied to measure the value of the company and its stock or debt.[1]}
Certifications[edit]
Financial analysts typically have finance and accounting education at the undergraduate or graduate level. Persons may earn the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation through a series of challenging examinations.
See also[edit]
Business valuation
Fundamental analysis
Financial statement
DuPont analysis
Data analysis
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c White, Gerald I.; Sondhi, Ashwinpaul; Fried, Dov (1998). The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-11186-4.
Jump up ^ New York Times,August 16, 1998 Gretchen Morgenson – Market Watch MARKET WATCH; A Time To Value Words of Wisdom“ … Security Analysis by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, the 1934 bible for value investors.”
Jump up ^ New York Times, January 2, 2000 Business Section Humbling Lessons From Parties Past By BURTON G. MALKIEL “BENJAMIN GRAHAM, co-author of "Security Analysis," the 1934 bible of value investing, long ago put his finger on the most dangerous words in an investor's vocabulary: "This time is different." Burton G. Malkiel is an economics professor at Princeton University and the author of "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" (W.W. Norton).
^ Jump up to: a b Dodd, David; Graham, Benjamin (1998). Security Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-07-013235-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Accountingtools.com - Financial Statement Analysis
Jump up ^ Perceptual Edge-Jonathan Koomey-Best practices for understanding quantitative data-February 14, 2006
Jump up ^ Investopedia-Financial Statement Analysis
Jump up ^ Investopedia – Digging Into The Dividend Discount Model
External links[edit]
Investopedia
Beginner's Guide to Financial Statements by SEC.gov

Associations[edit]
[1] SFAF - the French Society of Financial Analysts
[2] ACIIA - Association of Certified International Investment Analysts
[3] EFFAS - European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies
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List of best-selling albums of the 2000s (century)
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This is a list of the best-selling albums of the 2000s, based on IFPI certification and Nielsen SoundScan sales tracking. The criteria are that the album must have been published (including self-publishing by the artist), and the album must have shipped at least 10 million units starting from January 1, 2000.
Units sold include physical copies and digital downloads.
Contents
1 Legend
2 30 million copies or more
3 20–29 million copies
4 13–19 million copies
5 10–12 million copies
6 Best-selling album by year
7 See also
8 References
Legend[edit]
Colors
Studio albums
Greatest hits and compilations
Soundtracks
30 million copies or more[edit]
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)
2000 The Marshall Mathers LP Eminem United States 32.0 [1]
2011 21 Adele United Kingdom 31.0 [2]
2000 1 The Beatles United Kingdom 31.0 [3]
20–29 million copies[edit]
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)
2002 Come Away with Me Norah Jones United States 27.0 [4]
2002 The Eminem Show Eminem United States 27.0 [5]
2000 Hybrid Theory Linkin Park United States 27.0 [6]
2000 Black & Blue Backstreet Boys United States 24.0 [7]
2000 Oops!... I Did It Again Britney Spears United States 20.0 [8]
2002 Let Go Avril Lavigne Canada 20.0 [9]
2004 Confessions Usher United States 20.0 [10]
2006 Back to Black Amy Winehouse United Kingdom 20.0
[11]
2015 25 Adele United Kingdom 20.0 [12]
13–19 million copies[edit]
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)
2003 Fallen Evanescence United States 17.0 [13]
2008 Fearless Taylor Swift United States 16.4 [14]
2000 A Day Without Rain Enya Ireland 16.0 [15]
2000 Whitney: The Greatest Hits Whitney Houston United States 16.0
2008 The Fame Lady Gaga United States 16.0 [16]
2004 American Idiot Green Day United States 15.0 [17]
2004 Breakaway Kelly Clarkson United States 15.0 [18]
2002 A Rush of Blood to the Head Coldplay United Kingdom 15.0 [19][20]
2005 In Between Dreams Jack Johnson United States 15.0 [21]
2000 No Strings Attached NSYNC United States 15.0 [22]
2014 X Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 14.0 [23]
2001 Take Off Your Pants and Jacket Blink-182 United States 14.0 [24]
2012 Red Taylor Swift United States 13.8 [25]
2001 Laundry Service Shakira Colombia 13.0 [26]
2001 Missundaztood Pink United States 13.0 [27]
2005 X&Y Coldplay United Kingdom 13.0 [20]
10–12 million copies[edit]
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Worldwide sales
(in millions)
Ref(s)
2002 Stripped Christina Aguilera United States 13.0 [28][29]
2000 All That You Can't Leave Behind U2 Ireland 12.0 [30]
2001 Escape Enrique Iglesias Spain 12.0 [31]
2001 Songs in A Minor Alicia Keys United States 12.0 [32]
2002 A New Day Has Come Celine Dion Canada 12.0 [33]
2003 Life for Rent Dido United Kingdom 12.0 [34]
2004 Under My Skin Avril Lavigne Canada 12.0 [35]
2003 Get Rich or Die Tryin' 50 Cent United States 12.0 [36]
2008 Sleep Through the Static Jack Johnson United States 12.0 [21]
2000 Music Madonna United States 11.0 [37]
2003 Dangerously in Love Beyoncé United States 11.0 [38]
2004 Back to Bedlam James Blunt United Kingdom 11.0 [39]
2005 All the Right Reasons Nickelback Canada 11.0 [40]
2010 Speak Now Taylor Swift United States 10.4 [41]
2012 Born to Die Lana Del Rey 10.2 [42]
2014 1989 Taylor Swift United States 10.1 [43]
2005 Confessions on a Dance Floor Madonna United States 10.0 [44]
2005 The Emancipation of Mimi Mariah Carey United States 10.0 [45]
2001 Silver Side Up Nickelback Canada 10.0 [40]
2002 Justified Justin Timberlake United States 10.0 [46]
2002 Songs About Jane Maroon 5 United States 10.0 [47]
2006 FutureSex/LoveSounds Justin Timberlake United States 10.0 [46]
2008 Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Coldplay United Kingdom 10.0 [20]
2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle United Kingdom 10.0 [48]
2010 Recovery Eminem United States 10.0 [49]
Best-selling album by year[edit]
The charts of the best-selling albums by year in the world are compiled by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry annually since 2001. These charts are published in their two annual reports, the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers. Both the Digital Music Report and the Recording Industry in Numbers were replaced in 2016 by the Global Music Report.[50]
Year
Album
Artist/s
Nationality
Sales
(in millions)
Source
2001 Hybrid Theory Linkin Park United States 7.5 [51]
2002 The Eminem Show Eminem United States 12.9 [52]
2003 Come Away with Me Norah Jones United States 16.0 [53]
2004 Confessions Usher United States 10.0 [54]
2005 X&Y Coldplay United Kingdom 7.3 [55]
2006 High School Musical Various Artists — 7.0 [56]
2007 High School Musical 2 Various Artists — 6.0 [57]
2008 Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends Coldplay United Kingdom 5.8 [58]
2009 I Dreamed a Dream Susan Boyle United Kingdom 6.4 [59]
2010 Recovery Eminem United States 6.2 [60]
2011 21 Adele United Kingdom 18.1 [52]
2012 8.3 [61]
2013 Midnight Memories One Direction UK / Ireland 4.0 [62]
2014 Frozen Various Artists — 9.0 [63]
2015 25 Adele United Kingdom 17.4 [64]
2016 Lemonade Beyoncé United States 2.5 [65]
2017 ÷ Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 6.1 [66]
See also[edit]
List of best-selling albums
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of best-selling albums by country
List of best-selling music artists
List of best-selling singles
Best-selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began
List of best-selling albums by year in the United States
List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States
IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Music-versary: Eminem released The Marshall Mathers LP on May 23, 2000". Sirius XM. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Serjeant, Jill (31 October 2016). Osterman, Cynthia, ed. "Adele says she battled depression, before and after son's birth". Vanity Fair. Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (8 April 2009). "Beatles' catalog will be reissued Sept. 9 in remastered versions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Talbott, Chris (March 17, 2012). "Norah Jones to play entire new album at SXSW". Deseret News. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem music to hit stock exchange in deal offered by his producers". The Music Network. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Linkin Park Announced As Saturday Headliner + Fall Out Boy As Main Support". Download Festival. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Backstreet Boys "This Is Us" 2010 China Tour". Global Times. December 2, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2010. In November 2000, the group released a new album, Black & Blue, with the idea of the title of the album coming from Brian as the boys were in Los Angeles for a photoshoot. (...) The album has been estimated as selling 24 million albums worldwide.
Jump up ^ Strecker, Erin (May 15, 2015). "Britney Spears' 'Oops!...I Did It Again': 15 Best Moments for 15th Anniversary". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Strecker, Erin. "Avril Lavigne' 'Let Go':".
Jump up ^ "Usher Confessions". BET. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. The divorced father of two boys has released seven studio albums—including his 2004 classic Confessions, which sold 20 million copies worldwide—garnering six BET Awards, seven Grammys and 17 Billboard Music Awards along the way.
Jump up ^ "Today in Music History: Amy Winehouse releases Back To Black in the U.K." The Current. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh (24 June 2016). "Adele's '25' Is Now Available In Full On Streaming Platforms For The First Time". Forbes. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Baltin, Steve (October 12, 2016). "Evanescence Thank Fans With New Box Set". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Upon its release in 2003, Evanescence’s debut album, Fallen, became a rock phenomenon, selling 17 million copies worldwide, spending 43 weeks in the top 10 and becoming one of only eight albums to spend an entire year in the Billboard top 50.
Jump up ^ {{cite news | http://chartmasters.org/2017/10/cspc-taylor-swift-popularity-analysis-2/6/}
Jump up ^ Duerden, Nick (November 18, 2015). "Enya interview: Ireland's most successful solo artist on being stalked, living in a castle, and why she's single". The Independent. Retrieved February 25, 2017. A Day Without Rain, for example, which didn't feature in any critic's best-of-year polls, sold 16 million copies around the world.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga adds second show in Singapore".
Jump up ^ Kordares, Molly (20 April 2010). "Green Day Takes Broadway with "American Idiot"". CBS. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Then the music begins and I remember why Green Day sold over 15 million copies of "American Idiot" -- it's a really good album.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Ferrera Appointed Executive Vice President, A&R, Island and Mercury Records" (Press release). Universal Music Group. August 25, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2013. Some of the wide-ranging projects Mr. Ferrera has A&R’d at RCA include: Kelly Clarkson’s two-time Grammy award winning album Breakaway (15 million albums sold to date).
Jump up ^ "Focus Group: Coldplay". Today FM. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kara, Scott (October 25, 2012). "Big band theory: who are the brightest stars?". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Albums sold worldwide. Parachutes (8.5 million); A Rush of Blood to the Head (15 million); X&Y (13 million); Viva La Vida (10 million); Mylo Xyloto (6 million).
^ Jump up to: a b BBC. "Jack Johnson in Cornwall". Retrieved 2018-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake – American singer and actor". World of Faces. 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2018. The third studio album, No Strings Attached, released in 2000, was sold about 15 million copies.
Jump up ^ "How Ed Sheeran became the biggest male poster on the planet". gq-magazine.co.uk. GQ Magazine. 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
Jump up ^ Leighton, Ken (September 14, 2011). "Naming Rights". San Diego Reader. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)#cite_note-CSPC-62
Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (28 May 2005). Billboard - Shakira x2. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 23–. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Pink Renews Global Deal with EMI Music Publishing". EMI. April 2, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Biografías de artistas: Christina Aguilera". VH1 Latin America. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marolle, Emmanuel (October 4, 2013). "Christina Aguilera, c'est bien ce soir". Le Parisien. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lang, Nico (September 18, 2014). "How U2 became the most hated band in America". Salon. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Their 2000 record, All That You Can’t Leave Behind, not only sold a staggering 12 million copies, but it gave the band a renewed relevance in the wake of 9/11, when songs like "Walk On" came to symbolize an America figuring out how to pick up the pieces.
Jump up ^ "Enrique Iglesias Discography". 27 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Wang, Daisy (November 9, 2016). "Alicia Keys discovers herself in latest album". The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2017-02-25. After leaving Columbia University to pursue a singing career, Keys broke into the music scene in 2001 with her album, Songs in A Minor, which sold 12 million copies worldwide and won Keys five Grammys.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Chuck (16 February 2008). "Queen of Hearts" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. p. 30. Retrieved 25 February 2017. The title track to Dion's 2002 return "A New Day Has Come" spent 21 weeks at No. 1 at AC- setting a record -while the album sold 12 million copies worldwide, according to Sony.
Jump up ^ Barker, Emily (September 23, 2014). "That's Not What We Call Music: 19 Unfathomably Popular Albums Of The 00s". NME. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Let us be frank: Dido’s debut, ‘No Angel’, wasn’t much cop either. But it was superior to follow-up ‘Life For Rent’, which sold over 12 million copies worldwide and was the seventh best-selling album of the 2000’s in the UK.
Jump up ^ Taylor, James. "What Are The 10 Highest Selling Pop Punk Albums Of All Time?". Retrieved 2017-05-15. 7) Avril Lavigne - "Under My Skin", 12 million.
Jump up ^ "Check Out an Infographic of 50 Cent's Career By the Numbers". Complex. February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gerard, Chris (July 15, 2009). "Madonna's 'Hard Candy' Strikes Sour Note". WRC-TV. Washington. Retrieved August 10, 2010. “Music,” released in 2000 was mediocre at best, but it was a massive hit, selling 11 million copies worldwide.
Jump up ^ Chandler, D. L. (April 5, 2011). "Jay-Z And Beyoncé Celebrate Three Years Of Wedded Bliss". MTV Rapfix. Viacom. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (September 14, 2007). "A soldier's guide to stardom". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Blunt's debut album, Back to Bedlam, has sold 11 million copies worldwide, making it the most successful British album of the new century.
^ Jump up to: a b Kara, Scott (October 25, 2012). "Big band theory: who are the brightest stars?". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2017-02-25. World-wide album sales with All the Right Reasons the most popular selling more than 11 million copies followed by Silver Side Up with 10 million.
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Now#cite_note-195
Jump up ^ "CSPC: Lana Del Rey Popularity Analysis - Page 16 of 17 - ChartMasters". ChartMasters. 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)#cite_note-167
Jump up ^ Corner, Lewis (July 25, 2014). "Madonna's new album: What we know so far". Digital Spy. Retrieved August 22, 2017. That was also the last time one of her albums sold over 10 million copies, so maybe Madge is pulling out all of the stops to get another multi-million hit on her hands.
Jump up ^ "Mariah Carey: Come in and smell the perfume". The Daily Telegraph. March 17, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2017. 'The Emancipation of Mimi', to be the biggest-selling album of the year worldwide (10 million copies sold), taking her career total to well over 160 million.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Gil (June 21, 2012). "JUSTIN VS. JUSTIN: CAN BIEBER TAKE TIMBERLAKE'S CROWN?". MTV. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leeds, Jeff (May 21, 2007). "Second CD by Maroon 5 Faces Great Expectations". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2017. 'Songs About Jane' sold an estimated 10 million copies worldwide, but that was not enough to assure top executives at Sony BMG, the music giant that distributed it, that the rights to Maroon 5’s future recordings were worth the asking price.
Jump up ^ Kisiel, Ryan (January 18, 2010). "Tragedies, feuds and public tantrums: Is the dream finally over for Susan Boyle?". News.com.au. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Releases first album I Dreamed A Dream through Simon Cowell’s label. Sells 10 million copies worldwide.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean (October 29, 2012). "Eminem teases new album – on a baseball cap". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-02-25. Eminem's 2010 LP, Recovery, has sold almost 10m copies.
Jump up ^ "Digital Music Report / Recording Industry in Numbers". ifpi.org. IFPI. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
Jump up ^ White, Adam (February 16, 2002). "Linkin Park Lead The Global 20 Of 2001". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adele heads IFPI 2011 global countdown". Music Week. March 26, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Debunking Norah Jones' word-of-mouth success". Slate. February 10, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Bertelsmann Annual Report 2004" (PDF). Bertelsmann Music Group. 2005. Retrieved March 14, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Coldplay top 2005's global charts". BBC News. March 31, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney Records' High School Musical Audio Franchise Makes Global Chart History for Second Consecutive Year". Business Wire. June 16, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'High School Musical' Takes Global Top Spot In 07". Billboard. June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Viva La Vida top selling global album of 2008". IFPI. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "IFPI publishes Recording Industry in Numbers 2010". IFPI. April 28, 2010. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ten million and counting for the unstoppable Adele". Music Week. September 7, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Digital Music Report 2013" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Digital Music Report 2014" (PDF). IFPI. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Digital Music Report 2015" (PDF). IFPI. April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Global Music Report 2016: State of the Industry" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Global Top 10 Albums of 2016", IFPI Global Music Report 2017: Annual State of the Industry (PDF), International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, p. 9, retrieved 13 April 2018
Jump up ^ "Global Top 10 Albums of 2017", IFPI Global Music Report 2018 (PDF), International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, p. 9, retrieved 24 April 2018
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text:
The Income-tax Act, 1961
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The Income-tax Act, 1961
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to income-tax and super-tax.
Citation
Act 43 of 1961
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Date commenced
1 April 1962
Status: In force
The Income-tax Act, 1961 is the charging Statute of Income Tax in India. It provides for levy, administration, collection and recovery of Income Tax. The Government of India brought a draft statute called the "Direct Taxes Code" intended to replace the Income Tax Act,1961 and the Wealth Tax Act, 1957. However the bill was later scrapped because of wealth tax act being repealed.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions
2 Section 13A
3 Amendments
4 Notes
5 External links
Provisions[edit]
Section 192A allows a PF withdrawal of ₹50,000 (US$780) without deduction of TDS.[2]
Section 13A[edit]
This is a controversial section[3] of the Income Tax Act in India.
The act in Verbatim[4] states[5] that,
Special provision relating to incomes of political parties Any income of a political party which is chargeable under the head 2 ]" Income from house property" or" Income from other sources" or any income by way of voluntary contributions received by a political party from any person shall not be included in the total income of the previous year of such political party: Provided that- (a) such political party keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as would enable the 3 Assessing] Officer to properly deduce its income therefrom;
(b) in respect of each such voluntary contribution in excess of twenty[6] thousand rupees,
Jump up ^ Ministry of Finance Direct Tax Code Page
Jump up ^ "Individuals' advance tax date is 3 months earlier this year: Pay by June 15 else bear heavy interest", The Economic Times, 14 June 2016
Jump up ^ "Tax Exemption to Political Parties [Section 13A] – Income Tax". 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Section 13A of Income-Tax Act, 1961 - Lawnotes.in".
Jump up ^ "Income Tax Department".
Jump up ^ http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/acts/income-tax-act.aspx
political party keeps and maintains a record of such contribution and the name and address of the person who has made such contribution; and
(c) the accounts of such political party are audited by an accountant as defined in the Explanation below sub- section (2) of section 288.
Recently, there has been lot of uproar[1] by the civil society against this act.[2]
Political[3] parties have deposited huge cash after demonitization. BSP (Bahujan Samajwadi Party don;t have any donation[4] by cheque, 100% is cash). Congress[5] used to b
<includeonly></includeonly>

e the biggest party to get cash, now it is BJP.
Amendments[edit]
"The Taxation Laws (Second Amendment) Act, 2016" is an amendment Act, No.48 of 2016, to Income-tax Act, 1961 and The Finance Act, 2016. It was passed during the 2016 Winter Session of Indian Parliament.[6]
The Taxation Laws (Second Amendment) Bill, 2016 was passed in Lok Sabha as a money bill on 29 November 2016 enabling people to declare their undisclosed incomes after Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation.[7][8]
The Taxation Laws (Second Amendment) Bill, 2016, was introduced in the Lok Sabha during the 2016 Winter Session of Indian Parliament.[9] The bill was introduced on 28 November 2016, by Finance Minister of India, Arun Jaitley.[10]
The bill was passed by Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, with a voice vote without debate in Lok Sabha.[11][12][13]
The Government, clarified that gold asset in form of jewellery of People of India, were not for taxation as per the introduced Bill.[14]
The Opposition, parties, expressed anger against the passed bill in Lok Sabha, that a debate was not held.[15]
Union Government sets up Arbind Modi-led panel to overhaul, simplify income tax laws On 22nd November 2017, the government formed a task force to draft a new direct tax law to replace the existing Income Tax Act, which has been in force since 1961. Arbind Modi, Member, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), will lead a six-member panel. Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian will be apermanent special invitee on the panel.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tax exemptions to political parties subject to conditions, says government - Times of India".
Jump up ^ "Deposit in bank accounts of political parties exempt from tax".
Jump up ^ [author missing] (1 January 2000). "Corruption Flows From Donations Made To Political Parties". Times Now. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Why political parties are not paying tax in India - Your Finance Book".
Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-tax-rebates-congress-tops-list-with-rs-300-cr-exemption/20120927.htm
Jump up ^ "Taxation Laws second amendment bill passes in Lok Sabha". Indian Express. 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Parliament Winter Session: Govt keen on proper discussion on GST Bills", The Indian Express, 29 November 2016
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha passes Bill to tax black money deposits post demonetisation", The Times of India, 29 November 2016
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha passes IT amendment bill". Hindustan Times. 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha passes Income Tax amendment bill". The Times of India. 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amendment Bill, will tax undisclosed money". Economic Times. 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bill to tax deposits". The Hindu. 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "No debate on Taxation laws bill". Indian Express. 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Government clears, questions of taxation laws". Business Standard. 1 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opposition protest on Bill". Indian Express. 30 November 2016.
External links[edit]
http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/Income-tax-acts.aspx
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text:
List of post-nominal letters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Post-nominal letters are letters placed after the name of a person to indicate that the individual holds a position, office, or honour.
An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters. Honours are listed first in descending order of precedence, followed by degrees and memberships of learned societies in ascending order.
Some obsolete positions are not listed unless recipients who continue to use the post-nominals even after the order becomes obsolete are still living.
Contents
1 Antigua and Barbuda
2 Australia
3 Belgium
4 Brunei
5 Canada
6 Hong Kong
7 Ireland
8 Italy
9 Jamaica
10 Malaysia
11 Malta
12 Mauritius
13 New Zealand
14 Papua New Guinea
15 Philippines
16 Portugal
17 Rhodesia
18 Saint Lucia
19 Solomon Islands
20 Sri Lanka
21 Sweden
22 Thailand
23 Trinidad & Tobago
24 United Kingdom
25 United States
26 Vatican City
27 Zimbabwe
28 See also
29 References
Antigua and Barbuda[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Antigua and Barbuda)
Australia[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Australia)
See also: Australian Honours System and Australian Honours Order of Precedence
Belgium[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Belgium)
Brunei[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Brunei)
Canada[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters in Canada
Hong Kong[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Hong Kong)
See also: Hong Kong honours system
Ireland[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Ireland)
Italy[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Italy)
Jamaica[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Jamaica)
See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of Jamaica
Malaysia[edit]
See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia and Malay styles and titles
List of post-nominal letters (Malaysia) by alphabetical order
Post-nominal letters of the Federal Authority and Federal Territories:
List of post-nominal letters (Malaysia)
Post-nominal letters of sultanates:
List of post-nominal letters (Johor)
List of post-nominal letters (Kedah)
List of post-nominal letters (Kelantan)
List of post-nominal letters (Negeri Sembilan)
List of post-nominal letters (Pahang)
List of post-nominal letters (Perak)
List of post-nominal letters (Perlis)
List of post-nominal letters (Selangor)
List of post-nominal letters (Terengganu)
Post-nominal letters of non-sultanal states:
List of post-nominal letters (Malacca)
List of post-nominal letters (Penang)
List of post-nominal letters (Sabah)
List of post-nominal letters (Sarawak)
Malta[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Malta)
Mauritius[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Mauritius)
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (New Zealand)
See also: New Zealand Honours System
Papua New Guinea[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Papua New Guinea)
See also: Awards system of Papua New Guinea
Philippines[edit]
See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines
Order of the Knights of Rizal
Knight Grand Cross (KGCR)
Knight Grand Officer (KGOR)
Knight Commander (KCR)
Knight Officer (KOR)
Knight (KR)
Order of the Pearl of Sulu
Royal Companion (RCPS)
Grand Cordon (GCPS)
Distinguished Companion (DCPS)
Companion (CPS)
Officer (OPS)
Member (MPS)
Portugal[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Portugal)
ONSCV Order of Our Lady of Conception of Vila-Viçosa
ROSMA Royal Order of Saint Michael of the Wing Order of Saint Michael of the Wing
Rhodesia[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Rhodesia)
Saint Lucia[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Saint Lucia)
The Order of Saint Lucia comprises seven classes:
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Lucia (GCSL)
Saint Lucia Cross (SLC)
Saint Lucia Medal of Honour (SLMH)
Saint Lucia Medal of Merit (SLMM)
Saint Lucia Les Pitons Medal (SLPM)
National Service Cross (NSC)
National Service Medal(NSM)
Solomon Islands[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Solomon Islands)
Sri Lanka[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Sri Lanka)
See also: Sri Lankan honours system
Sweden[edit]
Royal Order of the Seraphim
RoKavKMO/LoKavKMO - Knight/Member and Commander
RSerafO/LSerafO - "Member of the Cloth" or Knight/Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Order of the Polar Star:
Commander Grand Cross (KmstkNO)
Commander 1st Class (KNO1kl)
Commander 2nd Class (KNO2kl)
Knight 1st Class (RNO1kl)
Knight (RNO)
the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences:
Fellow (LVA)
Thailand[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Thailand)
See also: List of orders and medals of Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Trinidad & Tobago)
See also: Orders, decorations, and medals of Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom)
See also: British honours system
United States[edit]
Main articles: List of professional designations in the United States and List of post-nominal letters (United States)
Vatican City[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Vatican City)
Zimbabwe[edit]
Main article: List of post-nominal letters (Zimbabwe)
See also[edit]
Suffix (name)
Pre-nominal letters
Commonwealth realms orders and decorations
References[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_post-nominal_letters&oldid=852579305"
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List of most-followed Instagram accounts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2018)
Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram, with over 141 million followers.
This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of August 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 247 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 141 million followers.[2] Eleven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site.
Contents
1 Top accounts
1.1 All-time
1.2 By country
2 See also
3 References
Top accounts
All-time
The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.[1][dead link]
Rank
Chg
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country
1. @instagram Instagram 247 Social media platform USA
2. @selenagomez Selena Gomez 141 Musician and actress USA
3. @cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 140 Footballer POR
4. @arianagrande Ariana Grande 126 Musician and actress USA
5. @beyonce Beyoncé 117 Musician and actress USA
6. @kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 116 Reality TV personality USA
7. @therock Dwayne Johnson 114 Actor and professional wrestler USA
8. @kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 114 Reality TV personality USA
9. @taylorswift Taylor Swift 111 Musician and actress USA
10. @justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician CAN
11. @neymarjr Neymar 101 Footballer BRA
12. @leomessi Lionel Messi 97 Footballer ARG
13. @kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 94 Model USA
14. @nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 90 Musician TRI
15. @natgeo National Geographic 90 Magazine USA
16. @nike Nike 79 Sportswear multinational corporation USA
17. @jlo Jennifer Lopez 78 Musician and actress USA
18. @khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 77 Reality TV personality USA
19. @mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 76 Musician and actress USA
20. @katyperry Katy Perry 71 Musician USA
21. @ddlovato Demi Lovato 71 Musician and actress USA
22. @kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 66 Reality TV personality USA
23. @badgalriri Rihanna 64 Musician BAR
24. @realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 62 Football club ESP
25. @kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 61 Comedian USA
As of August 27, 2018[update]
By country
The following table lists the top 15 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user.[1][dead link]
Rank
Chg
Country
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
1. United States @instagram Instagram 247 Social media platform
2. Portugal @cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 140 Footballer
3. Canada @justinbieber Justin Bieber 102 Musician
4. Brazil @neymarjr Neymar 101 Footballer
5. Argentina @leomessi Lionel Messi 97 Footballer
6. Trinidad and Tobago @nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 90 Musician
7. Barbados @badgalriri Rihanna 64 Musician
8. Spain @realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 62 Football club
9. Colombia @shakira Shakira 51 Musician
10. United Kingdom @davidbeckham David Beckham 50 Footballer
11. Hong Kong @9gag 9GAG 46 Social media platform
12. Sweden @iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 35 Footballer
13. Uruguay @luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 29 Footballer
14. France @chanelofficial Chanel 29 Clothing retailer
15. Germany @adidasoriginals Adidas Originals 27 Clothing line
As of August 27, 2018[update]
See also
List of most-followed Instagram Business accounts
List of most-liked Instagram pictures
List of most-followed Twitter accounts
List of most-subscribed YouTube channels
List of most-viewed YouTube videos
List of most streamed artists on Spotify
List of most streamed songs on Spotify
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers- Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics". Socialblade. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lenker, Maureen Lee (November 29, 2017). "Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
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