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Semipermeable membrane
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Schematic of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis, where blood is red, dialysing fluid is blue, and the membrane is yellow.
A semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion—or occasionally by more specialized processes of facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport.[dubious – discuss] The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry. How the membrane is constructed to be selective in its permeability will determine the rate and the permeability. Many natural and synthetic materials thicker than a membrane are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of the egg.
Note that a semipermeable membrane is not the same as a selectively permeable membrane. Semipermeable membrane describes a membrane that allows some particles to pass through (by size), whereas the selectively permeable membrane "chooses" what passes through (size is not a factor).
Contents
1 Biological membranes
2 Reverse osmosis
3 Role in cellular communication
4 Other types
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Biological membranes[edit]
An example of a biological semi-permeable membrane is the lipid bilayer, on which is based on the plasma membrane that surrounds all biological cells. A group of phospholipids (consisting of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails) arranged into a double layer, the phospholipid bilayer is a semipermeable membrane that is very specific in its permeability. The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in the outside layer and exposed to the water content outside and within the cell. The hydrophobic tails are the layer hidden in the inside of the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer is most permeable to small, uncharged solutes. Protein channels float through the phospholipids, and, collectively, this model is known as the fluid mosaic model.
Reverse osmosis[edit]
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The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis.This allows only certain particles to go through including water and leaving behind the solutes including salt and other contaminants. In the process of reverse osmosis, thin film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are used. These are semipermeable membranes manufactured principally for use in water purification or desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In essence, a TFC material is a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. Prof. Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan invented the first practical synthetic semi-permeable membrane.[1] Membranes used in reverse osmosis are, in general, made out of polyamide, chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small molecules that cannot be filtered. Another example of a semipermeable membrane is dialysis tubing.
Role in cellular communication[edit]
The semipermeable membrane is pertinent to cellular communication. A cell membrane consists of proteins and phospholipids.[2] Signaling molecules send chemical messages to the proteins in the cell membrane. The signaling molecules bind to proteins, which alters the protein.[3] A message is sent into the cell and a specific cellular response is turned on or activated.[3]
Other types[edit]
Other types of semipermeable membranes are cation exchange membrane (CEM), charge mosaic membrane (CMM), bipolar membrane (BPM), anion exchange membrane (AEM) alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM) and proton exchange membrane (PEM).[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1], Sidney, Loeb & Sourirajan Srinivasa, "High flow porous membranes for separating water from saline solutions"
Jump up ^ Friedl, Sarah. "Semipermeable Membranes' Role in Cell Communication - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Wood, David. "Semipermeable Membrane: Definition & Overview - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com". Study.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Further reading[edit]
Koros, W. J.; Ma, Y. H. & Shimidzu, T. (1996). "Terminology for Membranes and Membrane Processes (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 68 (7): 1479–1489. doi:10.1351/pac199668071479. See this document for definitions of penetrant (permeant), synthetic (artificial) membrane, and anion-exchange membrane.
Rozendal, R.A.; Sleutels, T.H.; Hamelers, H.V. & Buisman, C.J. (2008). "Effect of the Type of Ion Exchange Membrane on Performance, Ion Transport, and pH in Biocatalyzed Electrolysis of Wastewater". Water Sci Technol. 57 (11): 1757–1762. doi:10.2166/wst.2008.043. PMID 18547927. [non-primary source needed]
"High Flow Porous Membranes for Separating Water from Saline Solutions US 3133132 A". May 12, 1964. Retrieved 22 April 2014. [non-primary source needed]
External links[edit]
The European Membrane House, a non-profit international association created to continue the work of the network and parternships developed in NanoMemPro, an earlier EU-funded European network of membrane researchers.
Short, non-scholarly WiseGeek article, "What is a Semipermeable Membrane.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semipermeable_membrane&oldid=850828609"
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 30 May 2018.
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
Genre
Indian soap opera
Created by
Director's Kut Productions
Written by
Saba Mumtaz
Bhavna Vyas
Ghazala Nargis
Munisha Rajpal
Zama Habib
Bandana Tiwari
Directed by
Romesh Kalra
Rishi Mandial
Ram Pandey
Creative director(s)
Vivek Bahl
Starring
Shivangi Joshi
Mohsin Khan
Opening theme
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
65
No. of episodes
2,659 as of 30 May 2018
Production
Executive producer(s)
Vivek Jain
Producer(s)
Rajan Shahi
Location(s)
Mumbai
Udaipur
Goa
Rishikesh
Bangkok
Cape Town
Hong Kong
Zürich
Bikaner
Greece
Cinematography
Arjuni Rao
Editor(s)
Sameer Gandhi
Running time
22 minutes
Release
Original network
Star Plus
Picture format
576i
1080i(HDTV)
Original release
12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present
External links
Official website
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (lit. What Is This Relationship Called?) is a Hindi language television drama. It premiered on January 12, 2009 on Star Plus. The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur-based Rajasthani family. It is produced by Rajan Shahi's Director's Kut Productions, and is the third longest-running Indian television series based on episode count.[citation needed] The show's lead characters are Naira (Shivangi Joshi) and Kartik (Mohsin Khan). The series initially focused on Naira's parents Akshara (Hina Khan) and Naitik (Karan Mehra).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 4 years later
1.2 10 years later
1.3 7 years later
1.4 Several months later
2 Parallel story arcs
3 Cast
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
3.3 Guest stars
4 Crossover
5 Reception and impact
5.1 Ratings
6 Awards
7 References
8 External links
Plot
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai was initially the story of a young couple, Akshara and Naitik Singhania, who lived in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur. The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues, as parents of young children, and how they learn to love each other as their extended families mature. Now the story focuses on Naira and Kartik Goenka facing the same journey as Naira's parents, with a youthful twist.
4 years later
After an accident, Naitik falls into a coma. Naksh (Akshara and Naitik's son) is now 5 and doesn't know about his father. One day, Naitik comes back and although at first Naksh doesn't welcome his father, he later accepts him into his life. Soon the family travels and Gayatri (Naitik's mother) dies. Now Rajsekhar (Naitik's dad) is asked to marry someone, and he marries Devyani, who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage. Later, Bhabimaa's husband dies, and Bhabimaa (Naitik's aunt) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house, after Akshara's daughter Naira is born. Akshara, Naitik, Naksh, and Naira leave the house.
10 years later
Naksh is now a mature adult and Naira is a diva teenager. Akshara and Naitik, along with Naksh and Naira, live in Cape Town. Naksh returns to Udaipur. He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabimaa. After many days, Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return. The story then focuses on Naksh. He falls in love with Tara, and preparations for their wedding are made. Just minutes before the ceremony, she breaks up with him.
7 years later
The show focuses on teenage Naira, who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh, harboring animosity toward her mother. After finding Naira, the story takes a new twist: a love triangle that forms between Kartik (Naitik's employee), Naira and Gayu (Naitik's niece). Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but don't know that it's love. Meanwhile, Gayu loves Kartik, unaware that Kartik doesn't love her back. When Kartik proposes to Naira, she initially rejects him, but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him, she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu. When Mishti (Naira's cousin) reveals that Kartik loves only Naira, Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other; Gayatri understands. Kartik doesn't want to talk about his family because he hates them. Meanwhile, on Akshara's birthday, everyone goes for a veneration, but Akshara dies in a car accident. The Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site. Kartik's family shows up and supports Kartik. Later, Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit. She proves Kartik's innocence by finding the real culprit. Kartik doesn't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother's death. Seeing Kartik's feelings towards the Singhanias, his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it.
Several months later
The two families (Goenka and Singhania) start making preparations for their wedding. Just before the wedding, Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira, but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her. He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother. Finally, the wedding takes place. A few days later, Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara's accident was caused by Mansi (Kartik's cousin). The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken. The Goenkas come to apologize. Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik, but she understands that it's not his fault. She takes Akshara's accident case back and forgives Mansi. On Kartik's birthday, he comes to know that Aditya (Kartik's brother in law) tortures Keerti (Kartik's sister) and, along with Naira, decides to expose him. Eventually, Aditya's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya get divorced.
Suhasini Goenka (Kartik's grandmother) wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married. Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira.
Another parallel story about Manish and Saumya Goenka (Kartik's mother) is revealed. Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide a long time ago. Manish (Kartik's father) kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya. Later, Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish get cleared up.
Naksh and Keerti marry.
Parallel story arcs
Parallel with Akshara and Naitik's stories, the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series. Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik's sisters Nandini and Rashmi. The series has also focused on Naitik's step-siblings. The series also paralleled the story of Akshara-Naitik with that of Varsha-Shaurya. Varsha is Akshara's best friend, and Shaurya is Akshara's older brother.
After several leaps, Naira and Kartik became the leads of the show. Parallel with Kartik and Naira's story, the series also focusses on the story of their siblings - Naksh, Gayu, Keerti and Shubham.
Cast
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Per WP:TVCAST we care about the entire history of the cast, not just the most current lineup. To be consistent with other established television articles, former cast members need to be reincorporated into either the Main cast or Recurring cast sections, and organised per their introduction into the series, with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list. So someone who was introduced in 2009 would appear at the top of the list, where someone introduced in 2015 would appear toward the bottom. Please help improve this section if you can. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main cast
Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari, Vishambhar-Rajshri's daughter, Naitik's wife, Naksh-Naira's mother (former main female lead, dead) (2009–16)[1]
Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania, Gaytri-Raj's son, Akshara's husband, Naksh-Naira's father (Former Main Male Lead) (2009–16) (replaced by Vishal)[2]
Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka (née Naitik Singhania), Kartik's wife, Naitik-Akshara's daughter (2016–)[3]
Mohsin Khan as Kartik Manish Goenka, Naira's Husband (2016–)[4]
Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania (née Manish Goenka), Naksh's wife, Karthik's sister (2016–)
Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania, Kirti's husband, Akshara and Naitik's son, Naira's brother (2017–)
Recurring cast
Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari, Akshara's mother, Naira's maternal grandmother (Nani) (2009–)
Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania, Naitik's father, Akshara's father in law, Naira's paternal grandfather (Dadaji) (2009–)
Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania, Naitik's bhabhi maa, Nandini's mother, Naira's paternal grandaunt (Badi Dadi) (2009–)
Kirti Sually as Baisa, Naitik's dadi Naira's paternal grandaunt (Bua Dadi) (2010–)
Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania, Raj Shekhar's 2nd wife, Naira's paternal grandmother (choti dadi) (2014–)
Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania, Akshara's husband, Naksh-Naira's father (Replaced by Karan) (2016–)
Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka, Kirti's & Kartik step-mother, Naira's Mother in Law (2016–)[5]
Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka, Kartik's and Kirti father (2016–)[6]
Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka, Kartik's paternal grandmother (Dadi) (2017–)
Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania, Naitik-Akshara's son (2012–15)
Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania, Naitik-Akshara's daughter (2015–16)
Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania, Akshara-Naitik's son, Naira's brother, Naintara's ex fiancé (2nd Main Male Lead) (2015–16) (replaced by Rishi)[7]
Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari, Akshara's father, Naira's maternal grandfather (Nanu) (2009–17)
Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania, Raj's 1st wife, Naitik-Rashmi's mother, Akshara's mother in law, Naksh-Naira's grandmother (2009–13) (dead)
Sanjai Gandhi/Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania (Dadaji), Kaveri's husband, Nandini's father, Naitik's uncle (2009–15) (dead)
Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari, Akshara's uncle, Sunaina's husband, Anshuman's father (2009–16)
Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari, Naira's maternal grand aunt (choti nani) Akshara's aunt, Omkar's wife, Anshuman's mother (2009–16)
Aman Sharma/Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari, Akshara's cousin brother, Jasmeet's husband (2009–16)
Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari, Vishambharnath-Omkarnath's mother, Akshara's grandmother, Naira's maternal great grand mother (badi nani) (2009–16)
Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal, Kaveri-Mahendra Pratap's daughter, Mohit's wife, Yash-Anmol's mother, Naira's paternal aunt (bua) (2009–16)
Ayush Agarwal/Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal, Naitik's best friend, Nandini's husband, Naira's uncle (phupaji) (2009–16)
Urmila Sharma/Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal, Mohit's mother (2009–16)
Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai/Rashmi Nikhil Deora (née Singhania), Gaytri-Raj's daughter, Naitik's sister, Nikhil-Sameer's wife, Gayu's mother (2009–16) (dead)
Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari, Akshara's friend, Shaurya's wife, Ananya-Kuhu's mother, Naira's maternal aunt (mami) (2009–17)
Ather Habib/Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari, Akshara's brother, Varsha's husband, Ananya-Kuhu's father, Naira's maternal uncle (mamaji) (2009–17)[8]
Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh, Maheshwari's servant (2009–12)
Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh, Bajinder's wife (2009–12)
Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj, Singhania's ex chef (2009–14)
Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi, Bhairvi's friend (2009–14)
Ali Merchant as Rituraj, Naitik's cousin brother (2009; 2011–12)
Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi, Muskaan's husband (2009; 2014–15)
Preeti Sharma as Bindiya, Rituraj's wife (2009)
Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo, Singhania's maid (2009–15)
Amardeep Jha as Shankari, Akshara's match-maker (2009–16)
Charu Asopa as Sneha: Naitik's worker, Kuhu's mother (2010)
Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania, Naitik-Akshara's son (2011–12) (replaced)
Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora, Rashmi's ex-husband (2011–12)
Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora, Rashmi's mother in law, Nikhil's mother (2011–16)
Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania (chikki), Singhania's adopted child (2012)
Alpesh Gehlot as Samar, Akshara's admirer (2012)
Akanksha Kapil as Antara, Loves Naitik (2012)
Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania, Grown up Chikki (2013)
Anurag Nigam as Ankit (2013)
Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi, Naman's sister (2014–15)
Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari, Anshuman's wife (2014–16)
Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania, Suresh-Devyani's son, Raj's step son, Muskaan's brother, Karishma's husband, Mishti's father (2014–16)[9][10]
Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania, Naman's wife, Naira's aunt (chachi) (2014–18)
Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania, Naira's cousin, Naman-Karishma's daughter (2015)
Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai, Rashmi's second husband (2015)
Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania, Naitik-Akshara's daughter (2015) (replaced)
Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal, Naira's cousin, Nandini-Mohit's adopted son, Rose's husband (2015–16)
Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma, Naira's cousin, Varsha-Shaurya's daughter, Ranveer's wife (2015–16)
Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat, Naksh's ex fiancé (2015–16)
Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat, Tara's grandfather (2015–16)
Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat, Tara's brother (2015–16)
Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat, Tara's brother (2015–16)
Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana, Naksh's friend (2015–16)
Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari, Anshuman-Jasmeet's son (2015–16)
Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora, Naira's cousin, Rashmi-Nikhil's daughter, Sameer's step-daughter (2016–17)
Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari, Naira's cousin, Shaurya-Sneha's daughter (2016–17)
Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma, Ananya's husband (2016)
Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal, Yash's wife (2016)
Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal, Naira's cousin, Nandini-Mohit's son (2016)
Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu (2016)
Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya, Naira's friend (2016) (dead)
Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat (2016)
Suzanne Bernert as Martha, Rose's mother (2016)[11][12]
Fahad Ali as Vivaan, Gayu's school friend (2016)
Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka, Kartik and Kirti's mother, Manish's 1st wife (2016) (dead)
Tia Gandwani as Priyanka, Kartik's maternal aunt (masi) (2017)
Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal, Karthikj's former brother-in-law, Kirti's ex-husband (2017)[13]
Nikhil Sharma as Raghav, Naira's former friend (2017)[14]
Shravan Mehta as Kiran, Naira's dance partner and friend (2017)[15]
Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan
Neha Sehgal as Payal
Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi
Gaurav Wadhwa as Subham Manish Goenka (Aryan), Suvarna and Manish's son (2017–18)
Guest stars
Shubhangi Atre (Kasturi from Kasturi) (2009)
Puja Bannerjee (Vrinda from Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna) (2009)
Shweta Tiwari (Prerna from Kasautii Zindagii Kay) (2009)
Sara Khan (Sadhna from Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai) (2009)
Angad Hasija (Alekh from Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai) (2009)
Kinshuk Mahajan (Ranvir from Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai) (2009)
Anupriya Kapoor (Taani from Tere Liye) (2010)
Neha Sargam (Nividita from Chand Chupa Badal Mein) (2010)
Pooja Gor (Pratigya from Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya) (2010)
Sanaya Irani (Khushi from Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?) (2011)
Soumya Seth (Navya from Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal) (2011)
Krystle D'Souza (Jeevika from Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai) (2011)
Nia Sharma (Maanvi from Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai) (2011)
Karan Tacker (Viren from Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai) (2011)
Anas Rashid (Suraj from Diya Aur Baati Hum) (2012)
Neelu Vaghela (Bhabho from Diya Aur Baati Hum) (2012)
Aamir Khan (To promote Satyamev Jayate) (2012)
Deepika Singh (Sandhya from Diya Aur Baati Hum) (2012, 2016)
Preeti & Pinky (2014)
Hiba Nawab (Amaya from Tere Sheher Mein) (2015)
Kamalika Guha Thakurta (2016)
Badshah (Dance Performance at Naira's sangeet) (2017)[16]
Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma (To promote their film Jab Harry Met Sejal) (2017)
Akshay Kumar, Bhumi Pednekar & Sana Khan (To promote their film Toilet: Ek Prem Katha) (2017)
Alka Yagnik (Special Performance for a tribute to Akshara on Naksh's sangeet) (2017)
Adaa Khan (Special dance performance on valentines day) (2018)[17]
Supriya Pathak (to promote Kichidi) (2018)
Crossover
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai has had several crossover episodes with various shows. In 2009, the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai. In 2012, the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum. In 2016, Diya Aur Baati Hum's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry.
Reception and impact
The show is one of the most often-awarded shows of Indian Television, and is India's longest running television series by episode count.[18] Hina Khan participated in the 'Power of 49' campaign, in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote.[19]
Shoma Munshi said the show has "simplicity and highly emotional content" and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family.[20]
Ratings
The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav. The show generally maintains the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan. The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position. The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan.
Awards
Main article: List of accolades received by Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
References
Jump up ^ "Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed. A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey, see pics". Retrieved 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "There won't be a surprise comeback, says Karan Mehra as he finally quits 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shivangi Joshi will play the grown-up Naira". Times of India. May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' leap: 'Dream Girl' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown-up Naira?". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show!". India.com. 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sachin Tyagi in 'Yeh Rishta...'". The Times of India. 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk (New Delhi) (26 September 2016). "Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' for Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 10?". IndiaTVnews.com. Independent News Service. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India".
Jump up ^ "BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH".
Jump up ^ "Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH".
Jump up ^ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me, says Suzanne Bernert".
Jump up ^ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional: Suzanne Bernett".
Jump up ^ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife". 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Raghav to take a step ahead with his evil plan in Yeh Rishta". Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI: Meet 'NEW MAN' in Naira's life". Retrieved 2 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta". 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "GOOD NEWS ! Naagin actress Adaa Khan to ENTER STAR Plus' 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'". 16 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television!". Bollywood Papa. Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO. "The power of a vote". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television. google.com. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
External links
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Steaming on Hotstar
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb
[hide]
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Canadian Shield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Canadian Shield
Stratigraphic range: Precambrian
Had'n
Archean
Proterozoic
Pha.
Type
Shield
Unit of
North American craton
Sub-units
Laurentian Upland
Kazan[1]
Area
8 000 000 km2[2]
Location
Region
North America
Country
Canada
United States

The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock (pictured in shades of red) that encircles Hudson Bay. It spans eastern, northeastern, and east-central Canada and the upper midwestern United States.
The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (the North American Craton or Laurentia). Composed of igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history, the area is covered by a thin layer of soil.[3] With a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, it stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States. Human population is sparse, and industrial development is minimal,[4] while mining is prevalent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographical extent
2 Geology
3 Ecology
4 Mining and economics
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Geographical extent[edit]
The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division, consisting of five smaller, physiographic provinces: the Laurentian Upland, Kazan Region, Davis, Hudson and James.[1] The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains (connected by the Frontenac Axis) and the Superior Upland. The Canadian Shield is U-shaped and is a subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact (scraping down to bare rock) creating the thin soils. The Canadian Shield is more than 3.96 billion years old. The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains, but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.[5]
The Canadian Shield is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24 Ga, with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, between ca. 1.90 to 1.80 Ga.[6] The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago), and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300 to 610 m (980 to 2,000 ft) above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges (including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era. During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see Hudson Bay), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil.
When the Greenland section is included, the Shield is approximately circular, bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland, with Hudson Bay in the middle. It covers much of Greenland, Labrador, most of Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River, much of Ontario including northern sections of the southern peninsula between the Great Lakes, the Adirondack Mountains[7] of New York, the northernmost part of Lower Michigan and all of Upper Michigan, northern Wisconsin, northeastern Minnesota, the central/northern portions of Manitoba away from Hudson Bay, northern Saskatchewan, a small portion of northeastern Alberta,[8] and the mainland northern Canadian territories to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan/Alberta border (Northwest Territories and Nunavut).[2] In total, the exposed area of the Shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km2 (3,088,817 sq mi). The true extent of the Shield is greater still and stretches from the Western Cordillera in the west to the Appalachians in the east and as far south as Texas, but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment. The underlying rock structure also includes Hudson Bay.
Canadian Shield geography in the Flin Flon, Manitoba region. The lake in the background is Big Island Lake.
Geology[edit]
Weathered Precambrian pillow lava in the Temagami Greenstone Belt
The Canadian Shield is among the oldest on earth, with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years.[9] The multitude of rivers and lakes in the entire region is caused by the watersheds of the area being so young and in a state of sorting themselves out with the added effect of post-glacial rebound. The Shield was originally an area of very large, very tall mountains (about 12,000 metres or 39,000 feet)[10] with much volcanic activity, but over hundreds of millions of years, the area has been eroded to its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief.[citation needed] It has some of the oldest (extinct) volcanoes on the planet.[citation needed] It has over 150 volcanic belts (now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains) whose bedrock ranges from 600 to 1200 million years old.[citation needed]
Each belt probably grew by the coalescence of accumulations erupted from numerous vents, making the tally of volcanoes reach the hundreds. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with Precambrian volcanoes.
The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District, Ontario, is one of the world's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes, which is 2.7 billion years old.[11] The Canadian Shield also contains the Mackenzie dike swarm, which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth.[12]
Typical Canadian Shield: spruce, lakes, bogs, and rock.
Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser mantle much like an iceberg at sea. As mountains erode, their roots rise and are eroded in turn. The rocks that now form the surface of the Shield were once far below the Earth's surface.
The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization. Although these mountains are now heavily eroded, many large mountains still exist in Canada's far north called the Arctic Cordillera. This is a vast deeply dissected mountain range, stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. The range's highest peak is Nunavut's Barbeau Peak at 2,616 metres (8,583 ft) above sea level.[13] Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock.
The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock.
The Canadian Shield is part of an ancient continent called Arctica, which was formed about 2.5 billion years ago during the Neoarchean era. It was split into Greenland, Laurentia, Scotland and Siberia and is now roughly situated in the Arctic around the current North Pole.
Ecology[edit]
The current surface expression of the Shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of the bedrock, with many bare outcrops. This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice age, which covered the Shield and scraped the rock clean.
The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation; it also contains many marshes and bogs (muskegs). The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with permafrost throughout the year. Forests are not as dense in the north.
Typical landscape in a southern Ontario region with very few old growth trees, due to a history of logging and fires. Black River, Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park.
The Shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry. This boreal forest area includes ecoregions such as the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador, and the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests that run westwards from Northwestern Ontario. Hydrographical drainage is generally poor, the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes. Tundra typically prevails in the northern regions. Many mammals such as caribou, white-tailed deer, moose, wolves, wolverines, weasels, mink, otters, grizzly bear, polar bears and black bears are present.[14] In the case of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) the Shield area contains many of the denning locations such as the Wapusk National Park.[15]
Mining and economics[edit]
The Canadian Shield is one of the world's richest areas in terms of mineral ores. It is filled with substantial deposits of nickel, gold, silver, and copper. Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and one of the best known, is Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007. The nearby, but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater.[16]
In northeastern Quebec, the giant Manicouagan Reservoir is the site of an extensive hydroelectric project (Manic-cinq, or Manic-5). This is one of the largest-known meteorite impact craters on Earth.
The Flin Flon greenstone belt in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) districts in the world, containing 27 copper-zinc-(gold) deposits from which more than 183 million tons[clarification needed] of sulfide have been mined.[17]
The Shield, particularly the portion in the Northwest Territories, has recently been the site of several major diamond discoveries. The kimberlite pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons, which provide the deep lithospheric mantle required to stabilize diamond as a mineral. The kimberlite eruptions then bring the diamonds from over 150 kilometres (93 mi) depth to the surface. Currently the Ekati and Diavik mines are actively mining kimberlite diamonds.
See also[edit]
Geography of Canada portal
Athabasca Basin
Platform
Oldest rock
Basement
Platform basement
Volcanology of Canada
Glacial history of Minnesota
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Atlas of Canada. "Physiographic Regions Map" (JP2). Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica. "Canadian Shield". Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Stephen Marshak. Essentials of Geology. 3rd ed.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Shield Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine." in Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed., 2005.
Jump up ^ James-Abra, Erin. "Canadian Shield". Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Corrigan, D. (2008). "Metallogeny and Tectonic Evolution of the Trans-Hudson Orogen" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
Jump up ^ Peterson Field Guide to Geology of Eastern North America by Roberts, David & Roger Tory Peterson.
Jump up ^ Alberta Heritage - Alberta Online Encyclopedia Archived 2010-12-08 at Archive-It - The Canadian Shield Region of Alberta
Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Iizuka, at al., Geology and Zircon Geochronolgy of the Acasta Gneiss Complex, Precambrian Research, 153 (2007) pp. 179 - 208
Jump up ^ Clark, Bruce W. (1999). "Geologic History". Making Connections: Canada's geography. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall Ginn Canada. p. 95. ISBN 0-13-012635-7.
Jump up ^ Caldera Volcanoes Archived 2012-06-16 at WebCite Retrieved on 2007-07-20
Jump up ^ Mark Pilkington and Walter R. Roest, Removing varying directional trends in aeromagnetic data, Geophysics, vol. 63 no. 2 (1998), pp. 446–453.
Jump up ^ "Barbeau Peak". Bivouac.com.
Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund (2001). "Northern Canadian Shield taiga". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 3-D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients: Temagami anomaly Archived 2009-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-12
Jump up ^ Norris, Jessica (2007). "Report on the 2007 Diamond Drilling Program McClarty Lake Project, Manitoba" (PDF). Aurora Geosciences Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
Further reading[edit]
Library resources about
Canadian Shield
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Schwartzenberger, Tina (2005), The Canadian Shield, Weigl Educational ISBN 1-55388-141-9
Pazynych V.G. Formation of placer gold deposits in Canadian Shield during late Wisconsin glaciation
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Coordinates: 52°00′N 71°00′W / 52.000°N 71.000°W / 52.000; -71.000
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Coton in the Elms
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Coton in the Elms

St Mary Church, Coton in the Elms (Built 1844-1847).
Coton in the Elms
Coton in the Elms shown within Derbyshire
Population
896 (2011)
OS grid reference
SK253144
District
South Derbyshire
Shire county
Derbyshire
Region
East Midlands
Country
England
Sovereign state
United Kingdom
Post town
SWADLINCOTE
Postcode district
DE12
Dialling code
01283
Police
Derbyshire
Fire
Derbyshire
Ambulance
East Midlands
EU Parliament
East Midlands
List of places
UK
England
Derbyshire
52°43′38″N 1°37′34″W / 52.727104°N 1.62608°W / 52.727104; -1.62608Coordinates: 52°43′38″N 1°37′34″W / 52.727104°N 1.62608°W / 52.727104; -1.62608
Coton in the Elms is a village and parish in the English county of Derbyshire. At 70 miles from the coast, it is the furthest place in England from the sea. The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 896.[1] It is located 5 miles southwest of Swadlincote and 6 miles south of Burton upon Trent.
Less than a mile southeast of the village is Church Flatts Farm, which is defined by the Ordnance Survey as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Distance from sea
2.1 Distance from coast
2.2 Distance from highest tidal water
3 Notable residents
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The "Shoulder of Mutton" pub
Coton is mentioned over a thousand years ago when land was transferred to Wulfrige the Black in AD942.[4] It is also on the salt route known as Walton Way, which starts in nearby Walton-on-Trent.[5]
Coton in the Elms is mentioned in the Domesday book where it is then spelt Cotes. The book says[6] under the title of “The lands of the Abbey of Burton".[n 1]
"In Coton in the Elms Ælfgar had two carucates of land to the geld. There is land for three ploughs. Now the abbot has it of the king. There are now one plough in demesne and six villans and three bordars having two ploughs. TRE worth 40 shillings now 30 shillings."[n 2]
Coton is situated on the Walton Way and is first mentioned in 942 in a charter giving land in the area to Wulfrige the Black. This formed part of a much larger estate covering many of the villages in the area. Coton would seem to have been roughly in the centre of this estate. It would appear that it was a crossroads as there is an old lane which runs all the way from Tamworth through Coton and on northwards towards Burton on Trent. At the time of Domesday Burton Abbey held land at Coton - however this had been initially seized by King William - no doubt in part due to the rebellion led by Earl Morcar. However, by the time of Domesday this land had been restored to Burton. The village itself forms a diamond of roads around a small village green. The original route of the Walton Way may have been the south west corner of this diamond as this runs past the Church and Church Farm. To the north east of the village coal mining became important and this is reflected in the lane name Coalpit Lane.
The present church of St Mary was built in 1844-7 by Henry Isaac Stevens but not on the site of the original church, which was behind the Shoulder of Mutton pub. It has a narrow west tower with a recessed spire. It is generally believed that when the original church fell into disrepair, the bells were taken to the neighbouring Lullington village, so the inhabitants of Coton can still hear the old bells when the wind is in the right direction.
There is a Methodist chapel, built in 1922 to replace a smaller building in Chapel Street. The old building became known as the band room, where for many years a good band was run by a Mr Coates, who was also the village post master. It has also been used as a village hall.
The main occupations of the village inhabitants in the past has been mining and farming, though the pits are now all closed. For many of today's population (782 in 1991) it is a commuter base for the larger towns such as Burton-on-Trent, Swadlincote and Tamworth.
Coton in the Elms has 2 pubs. The Black Horse was refurbished in 2009. The Queen's Head Inn dates back to the 17th century, part of the premises was once a shop. Another pub, the Shoulder of Mutton, closed in 2010 and is currently being converted to a house.
Distance from sea[edit]
Distance from coast[edit]
Southeast of the village – at grid reference SK253144 – is Church Flatts Farm, which is calculated by the Ordnance Survey to be the farthest point from the sea (at the mean low water line) in Great Britain.[2] The location is Latitude: 52° 43.6' N Longitude: 1° 37.2' W. This place in Coton was chosen as equidistant from Fosdyke Wash in Lincolnshire; White Sands between Neston in Cheshire and Flint, Flintshire in Wales; and Westbury-on-Severn in Gloucestershire – all of which are 113 kilometres (70 mi) away.[2][3]
Distance from highest tidal water[edit]
The nearest high tide point is on the River Trent at Cromwell Lock, north of Newark-on-Trent, in Nottinghamshire, 72 kilometres (45 mi) away.[2]
Notable residents[edit]
Nigel Sims, goalkeeper for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Aston Villa and 'England B'.
See also[edit]
Centre points of the United Kingdom
Coastline of the United Kingdom
Fenny Drayton - Centre of England, 24 kilometres (15 mi) south.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Abbey of Burton held a considerable number of manors including several in Derbyshire given to it by the King. These included Coton in the Elms, Stapenhill, Caldwell, Mickleover and Appleby Magna.
Jump up ^ TRE is a Latinate acronym for Tempore Regis Edwardi, meaning 'in the time of King Edward' (before the Battle of Hastings).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d BBC report centre of England
^ Jump up to: a b Ordnance Survey - MapZone
Jump up ^ Derbyshire UK
Jump up ^ Salt Ways
Jump up ^ Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 2003. ISBN 0-14-143994-7 p.744
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coton in the Elms.
Illustrated details
GENUKI page
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This page was last edited on 3 December 2017, at 21:30.
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