text:
I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day
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I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day
Genre
Hymn
Written
1863
Text
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Based on
Micah 5:5
Meter
8.8.8.8. (L.M.)
Melody
"Waltham" by John Baptiste Calkin
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" is a Christmas carol based on the 1863 poem "Christmas Bells" by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[1] The song tells of the narrator's despair, upon hearing Christmas bells, that "hate is strong and mocks the song of peace on earth, good will to men". The carol concludes with the bells carrying renewed hope for peace among men.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Lyrics
3 Musical renditions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Origin[edit]
In 1861, two years before writing this poem, Longfellow's personal peace was shaken when his second wife of 18 years, to whom he was very devoted, was tragically burned in a fire. Then in 1863, during the American Civil War, Longfellow's oldest son, Charles Appleton Longfellow, joined the Union cause as a soldier without his father's blessing. Longfellow was informed by a letter dated March 14, 1863, after Charles had left. "I have tried hard to resist the temptation of going without your leave but I cannot any longer", he wrote. "I feel it to be my first duty to do what I can for my country and I would willingly lay down my life for it if it would be of any good".[2] Charles soon got an appointment as a lieutenant but, in November, he was severely wounded[3] in the Battle of New Hope Church (in Virginia), during the Mine Run Campaign. Charles eventually recovered, but his time as a soldier was finished.
Longfellow first wrote the poem on Christmas Day in 1863.[4] "Christmas Bells" was first published in February 1865, in Our Young Folks, a juvenile magazine published by Ticknor and Fields.[5] References to the Civil War are prevalent in some of the verses that are not commonly sung.
Lyrics[edit]
The following are the original words of Longfellow's poem:
I heard the bells on Christmas Day
Their old, familiar carols play,
and wild and sweet
The words repeat
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!

And thought how, as the day had come,
The belfries of all Christendom
Had rolled along
The unbroken song
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!

Till ringing, singing on its way,
The world revolved from night to day,
A voice, a chime,
A chant sublime
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!

Then from each black, accursed mouth
The cannon thundered in the South,
And with the sound
The carols drowned
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!

It was as if an earthquake rent
The hearth-stones of a continent,
And made forlorn
The households born
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!

And in despair I bowed my head;
"There is no peace on earth," I said;
"For hate is strong,
And mocks the song
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!"

Then pealed the bells more loud and deep:
"God is not dead, nor doth He sleep;
The Wrong shall fail,
The Right prevail,
With peace on earth, good-will to men."
Musical renditions[edit]
It was not until 1872 that the poem is known to have been set to music. The English organist, John Baptiste Calkin, used the poem in a processional accompanied with a melody he previously used as early as 1848.[3] The Calkin version of the carol was long the standard. Less commonly, the poem has also been set to Joseph Mainzer's composition "Mainzer" (1845).[6] In 2011, Jack Gibbons, the British pianist and composer, set Longfellow's poem to music in his role as artist-in-residence at Davis & Elkins College, and the first performance was given by the Davis & Elkins College choir on December 4, 2011.[7] Since at least the middle of the 20th century, the poem has been set to other musical arrangements.
In 1956, Bing Crosby's version (recorded on October 3, 1956 and released as a single)[8] that reached No. 55 in the Music Vendor survey.[citation needed] The record was praised by both Billboard and Variety. "Bing Crosby's workover of "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" looks like a big one for the '56 Yule and a hit potential of enduring value."[9] "At deadline time, not many of this year's Christmas issues had shown much action. This new Crosby record, however, was off to a promising start. As fast as it is catching on early in the month, it is easy to project the impressive volume it will rack up the last half of December."[10]
In chapter cive of his 1962 novel Something Wicked This Way Comes, Ray Bradbury describes this carol as "immensely moving, overwhelming, no matter what day or what month it was sung." The carol provides an ironic contrast to the evil that Mr. Dark's carnival is about to bring to Green Town, Illinois (where the story takes place).[11] In the 1983 film adaptation of the novel, Mr. Dark (Jonathan Pryce) and Charles Halloway (Jason Robards) both quote passages from the carol when they meet in the town's library (though Dark ominously states that "it's a thousand years to Christmas").
See also[edit]
Christmas in the American Civil War
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Christmas Carol Soldier" from The Sons of Union Veterans
Jump up ^ Calhoun, Charles (2004). Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-0-8070-7039-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Studwell, William (1995). The Christmas Carol Reader. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press. p. 166. ISBN 1-56024-974-9.
Jump up ^ Gale, Robert L. (2003). A Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-313-32350-X.
Jump up ^ Irmscher, Christoph (2006). Longfellow Redux. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-252-03063-5.
Jump up ^ "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day, www.hymntime.com". Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "D&E to host holiday performance". November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Variety". November 7, 1956.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". December 15, 1956.
Jump up ^ Bradbury, Ray (1990). Something Wicked This Way Comes. New York & Toronto: Bantam Books. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-553-28032-6. 1962.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". AllChristmasLyrics.com. Song lyrics.
"I Heard The Bells on Christmas Day". HymnTime.com. Lyrics, full length version.
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". lds.org. Sheet music, lyrics and MP3 downloads.
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e
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Novels
Hyperion (1839)
Kavanagh (1849)
Poetry
"A Psalm of Life" (1838)
"Excelsior" (1841)
"The Village Blacksmith" (1841)
"The Wreck of the Hesperus" (1842)
Evangeline (1847)
The Song of Hiawatha (1855)
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858)
"The Children's Hour" (1860)
"Paul Revere's Ride" (1860)
"The Saga of King Olaf" (1863)
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)
"Christmas Bells" (1864)
"The Sermon of St. Francis" (1875)
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text:
Abusive head trauma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Abusive head trauma
Synonyms
Shaken baby syndrome, non accidental head injury
An intraparenchymal bleed with overlying skull fracture from abusive head trauma
Symptoms
Variable[1]
Complications
Seizures, visual impairment, cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment[2][1]
Usual onset
Less than 5 years old[3]
Causes
Blunt trauma, vigorous shaking[1]
Diagnostic method
CT scan[1]
Prevention
Educating new parents[1]
Prognosis
Long term health problems common[3]
Frequency
3 per 10,000 babies per year (US)[1]
Deaths
~25% risk of death[3]
Abusive head trauma (AHT), commonly known as shaken baby syndrome (SBS), is an injury to a child's head caused by someone else.[1] Symptoms may range from subtle to obvious.[1] Symptoms may include vomiting or a baby that will not settle.[1] Often there are no visible signs of trauma.[1] Complications include seizures, visual impairment, cerebral palsy, and cognitive impairment.[2][1]
The cause may be blunt trauma or vigorous shaking.[1] Often this occurs as a result of a caregiver becoming frustrated due to the child crying.[3] Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms may be nonspecific.[1] A CT scan of the head is typically recommended if a concern is present.[1] While retinal bleeding is common, it can also occur in other conditions.[1] Abusive head trauma is a type of child abuse.[4]
Educating new parents appears to be beneficial in decreasing rates of the condition.[1] Treatment occasionally requires surgery, such as to place a cerebral shunt.[1] AHT is estimated to occur in 3 to 4 per 10,000 babies a year.[1] It occurs most frequently in those less than five years of age.[3] The risk of death is about 25%.[3] The diagnosis may also carry legal consequences for the parents.[4]
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Risk factors
3 Mechanism
3.1 Force
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Triad
4.2 Classification
4.3 Differential diagnosis
4.3.1 Vitamin C deficiency
4.3.2 Gestational problems
5 Prevention
6 Treatment
7 Prognosis
8 Epidemiology
9 History
10 Legal issues
11 References
12 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Characteristic injuries associated with AHT include retinal bleeds, multiple fractures of the long bones, and subdural hematomas (bleeding in the brain).[5] These signs have evolved through the years as the accepted and recognized signs of child abuse. Medical professionals strongly suspect shaking as the cause of injuries when a young child presents with retinal bleed, fractures, soft tissue injuries or subdural hematoma, that cannot be explained by accidental trauma or other medical conditions.[6]
Retinal bleeds occur in around 85% of AHT cases; the type of retinal bleeds are particularly characteristic of this condition, making the finding useful in establishing the diagnosis.[7] While there are many other causes of retinal bleeds besides AHT, there are usually additional findings (eyes or systemic) which make the alternative diagnoses apparent.[citation needed]
Fractures of the vertebrae, long bones, and ribs may also be associated with AHT.[8] Dr. John Caffey reported in 1972 that metaphyseal avulsions (small fragments of bone had been torn off where the periosteum covering the bone and the cortical bone are tightly bound together) and "bones on both the proximal and distal sides of a single joint are affected, especially at the knee".[9]
People after AHT may display irritability, failure to thrive, alterations in eating patterns, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, bulging or tense fontanels (the soft spots on a baby's head), increased size of the head, altered breathing, and dilated pupils.[10]
Risk factors[edit]
Caregivers that are at risk for becoming abusive often have unrealistic expectations of the child and may display "role reversal", expecting the child to fulfill the needs of the caregiver.[11] Substance abuse and emotional stress, resulting for example from financial troubles, are other risk factors for aggression and impulsiveness in caregivers.[11] Both males and females can cause AHT.[11] Although it had been previously speculated that AHT was an isolated event, evidence of prior child abuse is a common finding.[11] In an estimated 33–40% of cases, evidence of prior head injuries, such as old intracranial bleeds, is present.[11]
Mechanism[edit]
Effects of AHT are diffuse axonal injury, oxygen deprivation and swelling of the brain,[12] which can raise pressure inside the skull and damage delicate brain tissue.
Traumatic shaking occurs when a child is shaken in such a way that its head is flung backwards and forwards.[13] In 1971, Guthkelch, a neurosurgeon, hypothesized that such shaking can result in a subdural hematoma, in the absence of any detectable external signs of injury to the skull.[13] The article describes two cases in which the parents admitted that for various reasons they had shaken the child before it became ill.[13] Moreover, one of the babies had retinal hemorrhages.[13] The association between traumatic shaking, subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages was described in 1972 and referred to as whiplash shaken infant syndrome.[13] The injuries were believed to occur because shaking the child subjected the head to acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces.[13] In 1987, this theory was queried in a biomechanical study which concluded that isolated shaking, in the absence of direct violence, is probably not of sufficient force to cause the injuries described as part of the triad.[13] It has been suggested that the mechanism of ocular abnormalities is related to vitreoretinal traction, with movement of the vitreous contributing to development of the characteristic retinal bleeds, although this has been challenged.[14] These eye findings correlate well with intracranial abnormalities.[15]
Force[edit]
There has been controversy regarding the amount of force required to produce the brain damage seen in AHT. There is broad agreement, even amongst skeptics, that shaking of a baby is dangerous and can be fatal.[16][17][18]
A biomechanical analysis published in 2005 reported that "forceful shaking can severely injure or kill an infant, this is because the cervical spine would be severely injured and not because subdural hematomas would be caused by high head rotational accelerations... an infant head subjected to the levels of rotational velocity and acceleration called for in the SBS literature, would experience forces on the infant neck far exceeding the limits for structural failure of the cervical spine. Furthermore, shaking cervical spine injury can occur at much lower levels of head velocity and acceleration than those reported for SBS." [19] Other authors were critical of the mathematical analysis by Bandak, citing concerns about the calculations the author used concluding "In light of the numerical errors in Bandak’s neck force estimations, we question the resolute tenor of Bandak’s conclusions that neck injuries would occur in all shaking events."[20] Other authors critical of the model proposed by Bandak concluding "the mechanical analogue proposed in the paper may not be entirely appropriate when used to model the motion of the head and neck of infants when a baby is shaken."[21] Bandak responded to the criticism in a letter to the editor published in Forensic Science International in February 2006.[22]
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms may be nonspecific.[1] A CT scan of the head is typically recommended if a concern is present.[1] While retinal bleeding is common, it can also occur in other conditions.[1]
A skull fracture from abusive head trauma in an infant
3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an infant
3D CT reconstruction showing a skull fracture in an infant
Triad[edit]
While the findings of AHT are complex and many,[23] they are often referred to as a "triad".[24]
SBS may be misdiagnosed, underdiagnosed, and overdiagnosed,[25] and caregivers may lie or be unaware of the mechanism of injury.[11] Commonly, there are no externally visible signs of the condition.[11] Examination by an experienced ophthalmologist is often critical in diagnosing shaken baby syndrome, as particular forms of ocular bleeding are quite characteristic.[26] Magnetic resonance imaging may also depict retinal bleeds;[27] this may occasionally be useful if an ophthalmologist examination is delayed or unavailable.[citation needed] Conditions that must be ruled out include hydrocephalus, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), seizure disorders, and infectious or congenital diseases like meningitis and metabolic disorders.[28][29] CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging are used to diagnose the condition.[11] Conditions that may accompany SBS include bone fractures, injury to the cervical spine (in the neck), retinal bleeding, cerebral bleed or atrophy, hydrocephalus, and papilledema (swelling of the optic disc).[12]
The terms non-accidental head injury or inflicted traumatic brain injury have been suggested instead of "SBS".[30]
The connection of the triad to episodes of traumatic shaking is controversial with a 2016 systematic review finding limited scientific evidence associating the triad to episodes of traumatic shaking, and insufficient evidence for using the triad to identify such episodes.[13] The connection is controversial in part following cases where parents of children exhibiting the triad have, in addition to losing custody, been jailed or sentenced to death.[31]
Classification[edit]
The term abusive head trauma is preferred as it better represents the broader potential causes.[13]
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifies SBS as "an injury to the skull or intracranial contents of an infant or young child (< 5 years of age) due to inflicted blunt impact and/or violent shaking".[32] In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended the use of the term abusive head trauma to replace SBS, in part to differentiate injuries arising solely from shaking and injuries arising from shaking as well as trauma to the head.[33]
SBS was previously believed to present with constellation of findings (often referred to as a "triad"): subdural hematoma; retinal bleeding; and brain swelling or encephalopathy – which has controversially been used to infer child abuse caused by violent shaking or traumatic shaking.[13] The diagnostic accuracy of the triad, linked to episodes of traumatic shaking is controversial with a 2016 systematic review finding limited scientific evidence associating the triad to episodes of traumatic shaking, and insufficient evidence for using the triad to identify such episodes.[13] The connection is controversial in part following cases where parents of children exhibiting the triad have, in addition to losing custody, been jailed or sentenced to death.[31]
The Crown Prosecution Service for England and Wales recommended in 2011 that the term shaken baby syndrome be avoided and the term non accidental head injury (NAHI) be used instead.[34]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
Vitamin C deficiency[edit]
Some authors have suggested that certain cases of suspected shaken baby syndrome may result from vitamin C deficiency.[35][36][37] This contested hypothesis is based upon a speculated marginal, near scorbutic condition or lack of essential nutrient(s) repletion and a potential elevated histamine level. However, symptoms consistent with increased histamine levels, such as low blood pressure and allergic symptoms, are not commonly associated with scurvy as clinically significant vitamin C deficiency. A literature review of this hypothesis in the journal Pediatrics International concluded the following: "From the available information in the literature, concluded that there was no convincing evidence to conclude that vitamin C deficiency can be considered to be a cause of shaken baby syndrome."[38]
The proponents of such hypotheses often question the adequacy of nutrient tissue levels, especially vitamin C,[39][40] for those children currently or recently ill, bacterial infections, those with higher individual requirements, those suffering from environmental challenges (e.g. allergies), and perhaps transient vaccination-related stresses.[41] At the time of this writing, infantile scurvy in the United States is practically nonexistent.[42] No cases of scurvy mimicking SBS or sudden infant death syndrome have been reported, and scurvy typically occurs later in infancy, rarely causes death or intracranial bleeding, and is accompanied by other changes of the bones and skin and invariably an unusually deficient dietary history.[43][44]
In one study vaccination was shown not associated with retinal hemorrhages.[45]
Gestational problems[edit]
Gestational problems affecting both mother and fetus, the birthing process, prematurity and nutritional deficits can accelerate skeletal and hemorrhagic pathologies that can also mimic SBS, even before birth.[46][47][48][49][verification needed]
Prevention[edit]
Interventions by neonatal nurses including giving parents information about abusive head trauma, normal infant crying and reasons for crying, teaching how to calm an infant, and how to cope if the infant was inconsolable may reduce rates of AHT.[50]
Treatment[edit]
Treatment involves monitoring intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull), draining fluid from the cerebral ventricles, and, if an intracranial hematoma is present, draining the blood collection.[12]
Prognosis[edit]
Prognosis depends on severity and can range from total recovery to severe disability to death when the injury is severe.[12] One third of these patients die, one third survives with a major neurological condition, and only one third survives in good condition. The most frequent neurological impairments are learning disabilities, seizure disorders, speech disabilities, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and visual disorders.[28]
Epidemiology[edit]
Small children are at particularly high risk for the abuse that causes SBS given the large difference in size between the small child and an adult.[11] SBS usually occurs in children under the age of two but may occur in those up to age five.[11]
History[edit]
In 1971, Norman Guthkelch proposed that whiplash injury caused subdural bleeding in infants by tearing the veins in the subdural space.[51][52] The term "whiplash shaken infant syndrome" was introduced by Dr. John Caffey, a pediatric radiologist, in 1973,[53] describing a set of symptoms found with little or no external evidence of head trauma, including retinal bleeds and intracranial bleeds with subdural or subarachnoid bleeding or both.[9] Development of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the 1970s and 1980s advanced the ability to diagnose the syndrome.[11]
Legal issues[edit]
The President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) noted in its September 2016 report that there are concerns regarding the scientific validity of forensic evidence of abusive head trauma that "require urgent attention." [54]. Similarly, the Maguire model, suggested in 2011 as a potential statistical model for determining the probability that a child’s trauma was caused by abuse, has been questioned.[55] A proposed clinical prediction rule with high sensitivity and low specificity, to rule out Abusive Head Trauma, has been published.[56]
In July 2005, the Court of Appeals in the United Kingdom heard four appeals of SBS convictions: one case was dropped, the sentence was reduced for one, and two convictions were upheld.[57] The court found that the classic triad of retinal bleeding, subdural hematoma, and acute encephalopathy are not 100% diagnostic of SBS and that clinical history is also important. In the Court's ruling, they upheld the clinical concept of SBS but dismissed one case and reduced another from murder to manslaughter.[57] In their words: "Whilst a strong pointer to NAHI [non-accidental head injury] on its own we do not think it possible to find that it must automatically and necessarily lead to a diagnosis of NAHI. All the circumstances, including the clinical picture, must be taken into account."[58]
The court invalidated the "unified hypothesis", proposed by British physician J. F. Geddes and colleagues, as an alternative mechanism for the subdural and retinal bleeding found in suspected cases of SBS.[57] The unified hypothesis proposed that the bleeding was not caused by shearing of subdural and retinal veins but rather by cerebral hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, and increased pressure in the brain's blood vessels.[57] The court reported that "the unified hypothesis [could] no longer be regarded as a credible or alternative cause of the triad of injuries": subdural haemorrhage, retinal bleeding and encephalopathy due to hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) found in suspected SBS.[57]
On January 31, 2008, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals granted Audrey A. Edmunds a new trial based on "competing credible medical opinions in determining whether there is a reasonable doubt as to Edmunds's guilt." Specifically, the appeals court found that "Edmunds presented evidence that was not discovered until after her conviction, in the form of expert medical testimony, that a significant and legitimate debate in the medical community has developed in the past ten years over whether infants can be fatally injured through shaking alone, whether an infant may suffer head trauma and yet experience a significant lucid interval prior to death, and whether other causes may mimic the symptoms traditionally viewed as indicating shaken baby or shaken impact syndrome."[59][60]
In 2012, A. Norman Guthkelch, the neurosurgeon often credited with "discovering" the diagnosis of SBS,[61] published an article "after 40 years of consideration," which is harshly critical of shaken baby prosecutions based solely on the triad of injuries.[62] Again, in 2012, Dr. Guthkelch stated in an interview, "I think we need to go back to the drawing board and make a more thorough assessment of these fatal cases, and I am going to bet . . . that we are going to find in every - or at least the large majority of cases, the child had another severe illness of some sort which was missed until too late."[63] Furthermore, in 2015, Dr. Guthkelch went so far as to say, "I was against defining this thing as a syndrome in the first instance. To go on and say every time you see it, it's a crime...It became an easy way to go into jail."[64]
On the other hand, Teri Covington, who runs the National Center for Child Death Review Policy and Practice, worries that such caution has led to a growing number of cases of child abuse in which the abuser is not punished.[61]
In March 2016, Waney Squier, a paediatric neuropathologist who has served as an expert witness in many shaken baby trials, was struck off the medical register for misconduct.[65] Shortly after her conviction, Dr. Squier was given the "champion of justice" award by the International Innocence Network for her efforts to free those wrongfully convicted of shaken baby syndrome.[66]
Squier denied the allegations and appealed the decision to strike her off the medical register.[67] As her case was heard by the High Court of England and Wales in October 2016, an open letter to the British Medical Journal questioning the decision to strike off Dr. Squier, was signed by 350 doctors, scientists, and attorneys.[68] On 3 November 2016, the court published a judgment which concluded that "the determination of the MPT is in many significant respects flawed".[69] The judge found that she had committed serious professional misconduct but was not dishonest. She was reinstated to the medical register but is not allowed to give expert evidence in court for three years.[70]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Shaahinfar, A; Whitelaw, KD; Mansour, KM (June 2015). "Update on abusive head trauma". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 27 (3): 308–14. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000207. PMID 25768258.
^ Jump up to: a b Advanced Pediatric Assessment, Second Edition (2 ed.). Springer Publishing Company. 2014. p. 484. ISBN 9780826161765. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Preventing Abusive Head Trauma in Children". www.cdc.gov. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
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External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: T74.1
ICD-9-CM: 995.55
External resources
MedlinePlus: 007578
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Abusive head trauma
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Neurotrauma (S06, Sx4, T09.3–4, 850–854, 950–957)
Traumatic brain injury
Intracranial hemorrhage
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Post-concussion syndrome
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Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)
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The Kissing Booth
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The Kissing Booth
Film release poster
Directed by
Vince Marcello
Produced by
Ed Glauser
Andrew Cole-Bulgin
Vince Marcello
Michele Weisler
Screenplay by
Vince Marcello
Based on
The Kissing Booth
by Beth Reekles
Starring
Joey King
Jacob Elordi
Joel Courtney
Molly Ringwald
Music by
Patrick Kirst
Edited by
Paul Millspaugh
Production
company
Komixx Entertainment
Netflix
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello, based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles. It stars Molly Ringwald, Joey King, Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney. The film was released on May 11, 2018 on Netflix.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Reception
6 The Kissing Booth on Wattpad
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Born on the same day and time in the same hospital, Elle Evans (Joey King) and Lee Flynn (Joel Courtney) have been best friends all their lives. To protect their special relationship, the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including #9: relatives totally off limits, especially Lee's bad boy older brother Noah (Jacob Elordi).
On the first day of school Elle's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small. Tuppen, another student, touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes. Elle, having violated the dress code, has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen. Tuppen later apologizes to Elle. She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up. He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her.
Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth. The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG's (Olivia, Mia, and Gwyneth) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go.
That night, the kissing booth is a success. However, girls including the OMG's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth. For payback, the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded. The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle. When Elle won't stop talking Noah kisses her, not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss. After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her. While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle. However, the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop. They shelter in a nearby glass ‘bandstand’ in a park. Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away. After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss. Elle ends up pulling away, telling him she can't be another one of his conquests. He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her. They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there. Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves.
The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him. This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car. Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship. They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship, one being that Lee never finds out. The two kiss and end up having sex.
Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else don't find out. While in Noah's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide. While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school. Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he won't be around next year. One day while hanging out with Noah, Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face. He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her. This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight, but Elle stops them and takes Lee away. Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them, to which she denies. She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom. They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it. Hurt, Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight. After backing off, Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone.
Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing. While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party. Before prom, Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision.
Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed. Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she cannot keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together. Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want. To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing. Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything.
The next day at their costume themed birthday party, Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave. Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he can't accept that then maybe they shouldn't be friends. Lee, finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him. Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport. She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee's costume. Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him. They embrace and kiss.
During the next few weeks, Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college. When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves. After watching him leave, she drives off on Noah's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn. The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth.
Cast[edit]
Joey King as Shelley "Elle" Evans
Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn
Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn
Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn
Production[edit]
In June 2014, Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles' young adult novel The Kissing Booth, which was originally published on Wattpad.[1] In November 2016, it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film, with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay.[2] In January 2017, Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film.[3]
The filming took place in Los Angeles, California, and in Cape Town, South Africa between January and April 2017.[3]
Release[edit]
The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix.[4] According to Netflix, one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it, "which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the [streaming service]."[5] Deeming the film a huge success for the service, CCO Ted Sarandos called the film "one of the most-watched movies in the country, and maybe in the world."[6]
Reception[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 13%, based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 3.7/10.[7]
The Kissing Booth was panned by critics.[8] IndieWire's Kate Erbland gave the film a "D" grade, adding that "Unfortunately, the high school-set rom-com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre."[9] Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film's "problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships" and lack of original ideas. "It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told 'romance' was supposed to be by the patriarchy, and vomited back at us. Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie, like a song made completely of samples from better-known hits."[8]
Despite being deemed "sexist"[9][10] and "objectively bad"[11][12] by several critics, The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences. Netflix's Ted Sarandos, CCO affirmed the film's success as a "hugely popular original movie" for the streaming service.[11]
The Kissing Booth on Wattpad[edit]
The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles. It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for "Most Popular Teen Fiction" in Wattpad's annual writing contest.[13] By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and, in 2013, was published by Penguin Random House.[14] In an interview with Forbes, Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad: "I loved the feeling of community on the site, and when I began to share, I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self-conscious about my writing and hadn't shared it with anyone before."[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (June 10, 2014). "'Zombie Prom' Scribe Hired To Pen Teenage Publishing Sensation Beth Reekles' 'The Kissing Booth'". The Hollywood Reporter. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (November 30, 2016). "Netflix Orders 'The Kissing Booth'; YA Adaptation To Be Produced By Komixx". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b N'Duka, Amanda (30 January 2017). "Joey King & Molly Ringwald To Pucker Up In 'The Kissing Booth'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Hemmert, Kylie (May 1, 2018). "The Kissing Booth Official Trailer Released". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (June 20, 2018). "'Set It Up' and the Rise of the Non-Studio Rom-Com". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Adalian, Josef (June 10, 2018). "Netflix Binge Factory". Vulture. New York Media. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Kissing Booth (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Bundel, Ani (July 3, 2018). "Netflix's 'The Kissing Booth' is a runaway teen phenomenon that critics hate and adults have never heard of". NBCNews. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Erbland, Kate (May 31, 2018). "'The Kissing Booth': Netflix's Teen Comedy Sensation Is Sexist and Outdated — Review". IndieWire. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cagle, Tess (May 14, 2018). "Netflix celebrates the male gaze with puzzlingly sexist teen flick, 'The Kissing Booth'". The Daily Dot. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rowles, Dustin (June 21, 2018). "Why Is The Objectively Bad Netflix Movie 'The Kissing Booth' So Insanely Popular?". Uproxx. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Foreman, Alison (June 15, 2018). "'The Kissing Booth' is the problematic, lazy dumpster fire dominating Netflix". Mashable. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/04/beth-reekles-kissing-booth/316454/
Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/14/netflixs-latest-hit-the-kissing-booth-is-a-wattpad-success-story/
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamrowe1/2018/06/26/why-beth-reekles-is-the-wattpad-success-story-behind-netflix-hit-the-kissing-booth/#46dd974e28d5/
External links[edit]
The Kissing Booth on Netflix
The Kissing Booth on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kissing_Booth&oldid=857000612"
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