text:
Lineman (gridiron football)
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A diagram of the linemen, with defensive linemen (in 4-3 formation) in red and offensive linemen in green.
In gridiron football, a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage. The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line, while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line. A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line. The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players and the offensive lineman are supposed to help block the quarterback from getting sacks for a loss or even worse a fumble.[1] Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight, since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Offensive line
1.1 Run
1.2 Pass
1.3 Interior
2 Defensive line
3 References
Offensive line[edit]
An offensive lineman's motion during a play is often limited to just a few quick steps to establish position, followed by a wrestling match similar to sumo.[2] Offensive linemen thus tend to be the largest players on the field, with excellent agility and balance but limited straight-line running speed. Most pro and college football offensive lineman tend to weigh over 300 pounds.
Offensive line in three-point stance in white.
Run[edit]
On running plays, the primary job of the offensive line is to create space for the ball carrier to run, either by pushing all defensive players backwards past the line of scrimmage, or by pushing defensive players to the side to allow the ball carrier to run past them.
Pass[edit]
On passing plays, the offensive line is responsible for stopping defensive players from tackling the quarterback before he has thrown the ball. Stopping these players indefinitely is usually not possible, so the main objective of the offensive line is to slow them down, providing the quarterback with several seconds to identify an open receiver and throw the ball.
Steelers line
Interior[edit]
The interior offensive line consists of the center, who is responsible for snapping the ball into play, two guards who flank the center, and two offensive tackles who flank the guards. In addition to the interior line, a full offensive line may also include a tight end outside one or both of the tackles.
The Packers line
Interior offensive linemen are not eligible to catch forward passes, and are not allowed to advance more than 2 yards past the line of scrimmage at the time a pass is thrown, whether they are engaged with a defensive player or not. However, ends (whether tight ends or wide receivers) are eligible to catch passes.
On some running plays, an offensive lineman will pull by backing out of his initial position and running behind the other offensive linemen to engage a defensive player beyond the initial width of the offensive line; in modern games this duty usually falls to guards.
When an offensive lineman knocks a player down on a block, leaving the defensive player lying flat on his back, it is colloquially known as a pancake block.[3]
When an offensive line has an equal number of men on either side of the center, it is known as a balanced line.[4]
Defensive line[edit]
The defensive line consists of one or two defensive tackles and two defensive ends who play outside the defensive tackles. The defensive line works with the linebackers to try to control the line of scrimmage. The 4-3 defensive formation, most commonly used in the NFL, employs two defensive tackles (and a defensive line of four men, with three linebackers behind them), while the 3-4 formation uses just a single defensive tackle, called the nose tackle (and a defensive line of three men, with four linebackers behind them). However, defensive ends in a typical 3-4 have responsibilities more similar to a 4-3 defensive tackle than 4-3 defensive ends.
On running plays, the goal is to tackle the ball carrier. The defensive line attempts to maintain their original formation (even spacing without holes), but also to prevent any members of the opposing offensive line from successfully engaging the linebackers, who chase down the ball carrier. The defensive tackles are usually the most skilled run defenders on the team.
On passing plays, the defensive line tries to reach the quarterback. Ideally, the defensive players are able to tackle the quarterback for a loss (a sack), but in practice the quarterback will usually manage to throw the ball before an actual tackle is made; the goal is thus to put pressure on the quarterback as quickly as possible to force him to throw the ball before he can find an open receiver. Defensive ends are usually the most skilled pass rushers on the team. In order to increase the pressure on the quarterback, teams will often have players other than the defensive line attempt to tackle the quarterback; this is called a blitz.
Because the defense does not know whether the offense is attempting to run a passing play or a running play (or whether a quarterback will give up on an attempt to pass and instead run with the ball), they must balance passing and running strategies: running around offensive linemen and avoiding contact may allow faster pressure on a quarterback, but it also leaves a hole in the defensive line and frees an offensive lineman to engage a linebacker, enabling a big running play.
Defensive linemen—particularly defensive ends—are called upon to do more running than offensive linemen, thus they usually tend to be somewhat lighter and faster.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NFL Beginner's Guide to Football". National Football League.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Greg (September 12, 2004). "Sumo wrestlers...or NFL linemen?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Is a Pancake Block in Football?". Livestrong.
Jump up ^ Football. Taylor & Francis.
Positions in American football and Canadian football
Offense (Skill position)
Defense
Special teams
Linemen Guard, Tackle, Center Linemen Tackle, End Kicking players Placekicker, Punter, Kickoff specialist
Quarterback (Dual-threat, Game manager, System) Linebacker Snapping Long snapper, Holder
Backs Halfback/Tailback, Fullback, H-back, Triple-threat Backs Cornerback, Safety, Halfback Returning Punt returner, Kick returner, Jammer
Receivers Wide receiver (Eligible), Tight end, Slotback Nickelback, Dimeback Tackling Gunner, Upback, Utility
Formations (List) — Nomenclature — Strategy
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Touchdown pass
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text:
Clock management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In sports, clock management is the manipulation of a game clock to achieve a desired result.
Clock management is most prominently used as a strategy in American football, where an elaborate set of rules dictates when the game clock stops between downs, and when it continues to run. Clock management strategies are also seen in basketball.
Contents
[hide]
1 In gridiron football
1.1 Rules for the game clock
1.2 Strategies
2 In basketball
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
In gridiron football[edit]
Rules for the game clock[edit]
Upon kickoff, the clock is started when a member of the receiving team touches the ball, or, if the member of the receiving team touches the ball in their end zone, carries the ball out of the end zone. The clock is stopped when that player is tackled or goes out of bounds. (The clock never starts if the receiving team downs the ball in their own end zone for a touchback.) The clock is then restarted when the offense snaps the ball for their first play and continues to run unless one of the following occurs, in which case the clock is stopped at the end of the play and restarts at the next snap unless otherwise provided:[1]
A player carrying the ball goes out of bounds. Unless after the 2-minute warning of the first half or inside the last 5 minutes of the second half, the clock is restarted when the ball is spotted, unless another condition causes the clock to start at the snap.
A loose ball is out of bounds. The clock is restarted when the ball is spotted, unless another condition causes the clock to start at the snap.
A forward pass is ruled incomplete. (Included in this is the rule whereby the quarterback can "spike" the ball near himself without being called for intentional grounding.)
Either team calls for a timeout or an official calls for a timeout, perhaps because a player is injured or there is a penalty on the play. Officials will restart the clock after an official timeout, but not a team timeout, has concluded unless another of the conditions applies, or if the timeout is for a penalty enforcement after the 2-minute warning of the first half or inside the last 5 minutes of the second half (absent special timing rules for a specific foul).
10 seconds will be taken off the clock, and the clock started when the ball is spotted, if the offense, after the 2-minute warning of either half, fouls or commits certain other acts that cause the clock to stop (including an injury when the offense is out of timeouts, except under certain circumstances), unless the clock will stop anyway for a different reason.
A score or touchback occurs. Additionally, the clock does not run during or after a conversion attempt in the NFL or NCAA college football.
Possession of the football is transferred between teams for any reason.
In college football, the clock is briefly stopped when a team earns a first down to allow the chain crew to reposition themselves. The NFL has no such stoppage.
The clock runs out. If this happens during a play, the current play is allowed to continue until the ball is stopped. If the ball is not in play at the time, the game ends.
Each team is given three timeouts per half which they can use to stop the clock from running after a play.
On a fair-catch kick, the clock starts at the kick and stops at the end of the play.
Strategies[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A team on offense that has the higher score seeks to use as much time as possible. A drive that scores no points may nevertheless benefit the team by taking time off the clock. The team may:
Favor run plays over pass plays.
Use the center of the field rather than the sidelines to avoid going out of bounds and stopping the clock.
Delay the start of each play until the play clock approaches 0.
The team may use counterintuitive game plans, such as declining to score or allowing the opponents to score, to accelerate the end of the game.
If the defense does not have enough time-outs to stop the clock before the ball is turned over on downs, the offense can run out the clock by executing repeated quarterback kneels until the clock runs out. In the NFL and college football, up to 40 seconds can be taken off the clock between plays. The NFL also has a built-in two-minute warning that stops the clock after the play that occurs when the clock hits two minutes ends. In order to successfully run out the clock by kneeling, there must be less than 40 seconds on the clock if the opponent has two time-outs, 1 minute 20 seconds if the opponent has one time-out, or 2 minutes if the defense has no time-outs remaining, at the beginning of the series of downs. The offense can burn further time off the clock by timewasting: keeping the ball live (and the clock running) simply by keeping away from any defensive player, regardless of position on the field.
A team on offense that has the lower score seeks to conserve time. The team may:
Use a no-huddle offense; forgo detailed design of a play and instead signal and initiate a play quickly.
Have the quarterback "spike" the ball, sacrificing a down to stop the clock.
Use a passing play (because an incomplete pass stops the clock) or a run play toward the sidelines (because taking the ball out of bounds also stops the clock).
Most ideal after a 1st down.
If a play ends such that the game clock continues running, use a timeout.
If the ball is still alive while the clock runs out and the team with the ball is still trailing, do everything within the team's power to keep the ball alive until it can be advanced to the end zone. Often this incorporates a series of lateral and backward passes to avoid the ball carrier being tackled and the game ending.
A team that is tied or trailing by one or two points but is within the red zone (and thus in easy field goal range) seeks to burn a specific amount of time off the clock, such that they can stop the clock with five or fewer seconds on the clock, so that their placekicker can kick a field goal with no time remaining and win the game.
A team on defense has little control over the pace of the game. It may expend its timeouts to ensure that there is adequate time left on the clock, in case the team regains possession. The defense can make decisions on how to stop the ball carrier based on whether the team is trailing or leading: if the offense is trying to conserve time, the defense can foil that by tackling the ball carrier in-bounds before they can get out of bounds. Defenses likewise can safely devote more personnel to the perimeter and leave the center of the field less defended, as an offense that cannot afford to keep the clock running will have to throw toward the sidelines. Various rules ensure that the defense cannot deliberately commit fouls to manipulate the game clock, and in the most extreme such cases, an unfair act can be declared and the game forfeited to the offense. (Likewise, if the offense commits fouls to burn off time and get extra downs, the clock is reset and unsportsmanlike conduct is called on them.)
In Canadian football, a team trailing by one point or tied has an additional option: a ball can be kicked from anywhere on the field in that sport, and balls kicked into or through the end zone and not return score a single point. This allows a team trailing by one to advance the ball upfield, then drop kick the ball toward the end zone in hopes of tying the game for one point (the use of a drop kick would also mean that if the ball goes through the uprights, a field goal worth three points would be scored instead; a punt could also be used, but no field goal can be scored from it). To prevent this scenario, defending teams will place their punter in the end zone to retrieve the ball and kick it back out of the end zone, preventing that single point from being scored.
In basketball[edit]
Clock management is also a component of the game of basketball. In that sport, the rules governing the game clock are simpler; the clock stops when the ball is dead and runs when it is live. Most clock management in basketball centers around both the game clock and the shot clock. An offense nearing the end of a game and holding a slim lead will attempt to use up as much of both clocks as possible before shooting the ball to give the opposing team as little time as possible to respond.
Defenses, in contrast to football where there are stiff penalties against the practice, routinely commit intentional personal fouls by making contact with the person in possession of the ball, immediately forcing them to take free throws and stopping the game clock (a strategy known as hack-a-Shaq); once the free throws are taken, the fouling team then gets possession of the ball. The defensive team thus gets the ball back sooner by committing the foul than they would by playing clean and allowing the offense to run out the clock.
See also[edit]
Gaming the system
Running out the clock
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2016 NFL Rulebook". NFL Football Operations. Rule 4, Sections 3 & 4. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Further reading[edit]
"3-2-1 ... Meltdown". ESPN The Magazine. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
A clock-management manual
[show]
v
t
e
Gridiron football concepts
Codes
American
Glossary
History
Early
Modern
Rules
Canadian
American–Canadian comparison
Burnside rules
Glossary
Arena
Indoor
9-man
8-man
6-man
Flag
Touch
Street/Backyard
Powderpuff
Wheelchair
Rules of gridiron football codes
Levels of play
Youth/midget
Pop Warner
AYF
High school
Varsity
Junior varsity
College
Club
Sprint
Semi-pro
Professional
Practice squad
Women's
International
Field
Lines
Yard lines
Hash marks
Goal line
Sidelines
Line of scrimmage
Field goal range
Spaces
End zone
Red zone
Neutral zone
Coffin corner
Flat
Gap
Hole
Pocket
Scoring
Touchdown
One-point conversion
Two-point conversion
Field goal
Safety
Single (rouge)
Turnovers
Fumble
Interception
Muffed punt
Turnover on downs
Downs
First down
Three-and-out
Fourth down conversion
Dead ball
Play clock
Timeout
Kneel
Spike
Time warnings
3 min.
2 min.
1 min.
Clock management
Running out the clock
Untimed play
Garbage time
Statistics
Carry
Completion
Rushing yards
Passing yards
Passer rating
Total quarterback rating
Reception
Receiving yards
Pass deflected
Sack
Return yards
Total offense
Yards after catch
Yards from scrimmage
All-purpose yardage
Touchdown pass
Practice
Two-a-days
Oklahoma drill
Three-cone drill
Film session
Officiating
Official (American, Canadian)
Chain crew
Penalty
Penalty flag
Instant replay
Miscellaneous
Ball
Coaching tree
Concussions
Equipment
12th man
Letterman
Overtime
Running up the score
Touchdown celebration
Gatorade shower
Tuck rule
Uniform number
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Western Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Western Union (disambiguation).
The Western Union Company
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: WU
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Financial services
Founded
1851; 167 years ago (1851) in Rochester, New York, United States[1]
Founder
Ezra Cornell
Headquarters
Meridian, Colorado, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jack M. Greenberg
(Chairman)
Hikmet Ersek
(President and CEO)
Services
Wire transfers
Money orders
Money transfers
Bill pay
Transfer tracking
Price estimation
Revenue
US$5.524 billion (2017)[2]
Operating income
US$473.4 million (2017)[2]
Net income
US$-558.7 million (2017)[2]
Total assets
US$9.231 billion (2017)[2]
Total equity
US$-491.4 million (2017)[2]
Number of employees
~11,500 (December 2017)[2]
Website
www.westernunion.com
Old logo of Western Union in 1969-1990.
The Western Union Company is an American financial services and communications company. Its headquarters is in Meridian, Colorado, although the postal designation of nearby Englewood is used in its mailing address. Up until it discontinued the service in 2006, Western Union was the best-known U.S. company in the business of exchanging telegrams.[3][4]
Western Union has several divisions, with products such as person-to-person money transfer, money orders, business payments, and commercial services. They offered standard "Cablegrams", as well as more cheerful products such as Candygrams, Dollygrams, and Melodygrams.
Western Union, as an industrialized monopoly, dominated the telegraph industry in the late 19th century. It was the first communications empire and set a pattern for American-style communications businesses as they are known today.[neutrality is disputed]
Contents
1 History
1.1 19th century
1.2 20th century
1.3 Involvement in early computer networking
1.4 End of telegrams
1.5 Acquisitions
2 Specific services
2.1 Online
2.2 BidPay
2.3 Western Union Mobile
2.4 Western Union Connect
2.5 Sending and receiving funds
2.6 Transfer fees
2.7 Past services
3 Sponsorship
4 Scam industry and money laundering
4.1 Money laundering and terrorist financing
5 Connection to military intelligence
5.1 Blocked transactions
6 Anti-competitive behavior
7 See also
8 Alternative providers
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
19th century[edit]
In 1851, the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company was organized in Rochester, New York by Samuel L. Selden, Hiram Sibley, and others, with the goal of creating one great telegraph system with unified and efficient operations. Meanwhile, Ezra Cornell had bought back one of his bankrupt companies and renamed it the New York & Western Union Telegraph Company. Originally fierce competitors, by 1856[1] both groups were finally convinced that consolidation was their only alternative for progress. The merged company was named the Western Union Telegraph Company at Cornell's insistence, and Western Union was born.[5]
Western Union bought out smaller companies rapidly, and by 1860 its lines reached from the East Coast to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. In 1861 it opened the first transcontinental telegraph. In 1865 it formed the Russian–American Telegraph in an attempt to link America to Europe, via Alaska, into Siberia, to Moscow (This project was abandoned in 1867). The company enjoyed phenomenal growth during the next few years. Under the leadership of presidents Jeptha Wade and William Orton its capitalization rose from $385,700 in 1858 to $41 million in 1876. However it was top-heavy with stock issues, and faced growing competition from several firms, especially the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company—itself taken over by financier Jay Gould in 1875.[6]:196–201 In 1881 Gould took control of Western Union.[7][8]
Wilbur Bold, a 12-year-old Western Union messenger boy, Tampa, Florida, 1911.
It introduced the first stock ticker in 1866, and a standardized time service in 1870. The next year, 1871, the company introduced its money transfer service, based on its extensive telegraph network. In 1879, Western Union left the telephone business, settling a patent lawsuit with Bell Telephone Company.[9][10] As the telephone replaced the telegraph, money transfer would become its primary business.
When the Dow Jones Transportation Average stock market index for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was created in 1884, Western Union was one of the original eleven all-American companies tracked.[citation needed]
By 1900, Western Union operated a million miles of telegraph lines and two international undersea cables.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
In 1909 AT&T, under indictment of the Sherman Act, sold its shares in Western Union due to the threat of antitrust action.[11]
The company continued to grow, acquiring more than 500 smaller competitors. Its monopoly power was almost complete in 1943 when it bought Postal Telegraph, Inc., its chief rival.
Former headquarters of WU, located at 60 Hudson, New York, NY, USA, in the early and middle 20th century
In 1914, Western Union offered the first charge card for consumers; in 1923 it introduced teletypewriters to join its branches. Singing telegrams followed in 1933, intercity fax in 1935, and commercial intercity microwave communications in 1943. In 1958, it began offering Telex service to customers in New York City.[12] In honor of Valentine's Day 1959, Western Union introduced the Candygram, a box of chocolates accompanying a telegram featured in a commercial with the rotund Don Wilson. On the 1970s version of Let's Make a Deal, hosted by Monty Hall, Western Union Candygrams (with a cash message inside) were offered to contestants as a prize during a deal. In 1964, Western Union initiated a transcontinental microwave system to replace land lines.
During World War II, families with sons in military service dreaded the Western Union "boy on his bicycle" to arrive at their home with a telegram from the War Department or the Navy Department. The message began: The Secretary of War (for soldiers and airmen) or Secretary of Navy (for sailors and marines), regrets to inform you that [name, rank, and serial number of the man in the military service] was killed in action (or missing in action).
Advertisement for Western Union "Tourate" telegram service, 1939
Western Union became the first American telecommunications corporation to maintain its own fleet of geosynchronous communications satellites, starting in 1974. The fleet of satellites, called Westar, carried communications within the Western Union company for telegram and mailgram message data to Western Union bureaus nationwide. It also handled traffic for its Telex and TWX (Telex II) services. The Westar satellites' transponders were also leased by other companies for relaying video, voice, data, and facsimile (fax) transmissions.
In 1963, Western Union organized its international cable system properties and its right-of-way for connecting international telegraph lines into a separate company called Western Union International (WUI) which it divested that year to American Securities. In 1983, American Securities sold WUI to MCI Communications which renamed it to MCI International and moved its headquarters from New York City to Rye Brook, New York.
In the 1970s, WUI installed and leased to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) dedicated 50 Kbps high-speed telecommunications facilities between the continental U.S. and Hawaii, Germany and the United Kingdom to provide a test bed for the DOD's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). This test bed provided ARPA with a proof of concept for the technology of packet switching which later became the Internet.
In 1976, Western Union partnered with E. F. Hutton & Co..
In 1981, Western Union purchased a fifty percent interest in Airfone. It sold Airfone to GTE in 1986 for $39 million in cash.[13]
Because of declining profits and mounting debts, Western Union slowly began to divest itself of telecommunications-based assets starting in the early 1980s. Because of deregulation at the time, Western Union began sending money outside the country, re-inventing itself as "The fastest way to send money worldwide" and expanding its agent locations internationally.[14]
Example of a Western Union Telegram, 1959. Note that the message text is a continuous strip of paper which was cut and glued to the telegram form.
In 1987, Investor Bennett S. LeBow acquired control of Western Union through an outside of chapter 11 process that was a complex leveraged recapitalization. The transaction was backed by a total of $900 million in high-yield bonds and preferred stock underwritten by Michael Milken's group at Drexel Burnham Lambert as part of an exchange offer. LeBow installed Robert J. Amman as President and CEO who led a complete strategic, operational and balance sheet restructuring of the company over the subsequent 6 years.
Mr. Amman executed a strategy of redirecting Western Union from being an asset-based provider of communications services, with a money transfer business as a large but less important part of the business, into being a provider of consumer-based money transfer financial services. In so doing, Mr. Amman ran the company as two separate companies. One business consisted of the money transfer business, which was funded and operated to take advantage of the significant growth opportunity. The second unit consisted of all the non-strategic communications assets such as the long-distance analog voice network, satellite business and undersea cable assets. In the 3-year period through 1990 Mr. Amman was supported by Robert A. Schriesheim, also installed by Mr. LeBow, as a special advisor who oversaw the divestiture of the four non-strategic telecommunications assets for about $280 million.
The official name of the corporation was changed to New Valley Corporation in 1991, just in time for that entity to seek bankruptcy protection as part of Mr. Amman's strategy to eliminate the overleveraged balance sheet while continuing to grow the money transfer business . The name change was taken to shield the Western Union name from being dragged through the proceedings (and the bad PR that would cause).[15] Under the day to day leadership of Robert J. Amman and the backing of LeBow, the company's value increased dramatically through its years operating under chapter 11.
Following various restructurings that included negotiations with Carl Icahn who became a large bond holder, Mr. Amman engineered the sale of New Valley in a bankruptcy auction to First Financial Management Corporation in 1994 for $1.2 billion where he became vice chairman, and a year later merged with First Data Corporation in a $6 billion transaction. On January 26, 2006, First Data Corporation announced plans to spin Western Union off as an independent, publicly traded company. Western Union's focus will remain money transfers. The next day, Western Union announced that it would cease offering telegram transmission and delivery,[16] the product most associated with the company throughout its history. This was, however, not the original Western Union telegram service, but a new service of First Data under the Western Union banner; the original telegram service was sold off after New Valley Corporation's bankruptcy and now operates as iTelegram.
The spin off was completed September 29, 2006 and Western Union became an independent, publicly traded company again.
Involvement in early computer networking[edit]
Western Union telegrams were transmitted through a store and forward message switching system. Early versions were manual telegraph systems. Later systems using teleprinters were semi-automatic, using punched paper tape to receive, store, and retransmit messages. Plan 55-A, Western Union's last paper tape based switching system (1948–1976), was fully automatic, with automatic routing.
Western Union was a prime contractor in the Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) program. AUTODIN, a military application for communication, was first developed in the 1960s and became the precursor to the modern Internet in the 1990s. The Defense Message System (DMS) replaced AUTODIN in 2000.
AUTODIN, originally named "ComLogNet", was a highly reliable service that operated at 99.99% availability, using mechanical punched card readers and tab machines to send and receive data over leased lines. During the peak operation of AUTODIN, the United States portion of the network handled twenty million messages a month. Western Union failed in its attempts to engineer a replacement (AUTODIN II), leading to the development of an acceptable packet-switched network by BBN (the developer of the ARPANET) which became the foundation of today's Internet. AUTODIN service ceased in 2000, years after it had become obsolete.
A related innovation that came from AUTODIN was Western Union's computer based EasyLink service. This system allowed for one of the first marketable email systems for non-government users. In addition, the system allowed the same message to be sent simultaneously to multiple recipients via email, fax, mailgram, or telex services as well as allowing messages to be sent from the integrated formats. With the service, users could also perform research utilizing its InfoLink application. EasyLink Services International Corporation is now a separate company.
End of telegrams[edit]
As of February 2006, the Western Union website showed this notice:
"Effective 2006-01-27, Western Union will discontinue all Telegram and Commercial Messaging services. We regret any inconvenience this may cause you, and we thank you for your loyal patronage. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact a customer service representative."[17]
This ended the era of telegrams which began in 1851 with the founding of the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company, and which spanned 155 years of continuous service. Western Union reported that telegrams sent had fallen to a total of 20,000 a year, because of competition from other communication services such as email. Employees were informed of the decision in mid-January.
Telegram service in the United States continues to be available through iTelegram.[18]
Acquisitions[edit]
In May 2009, Western Union announced its intention to acquire Canada-based Custom House from Peter Gustavson.[19] The deal closed in September 2009, with Western Union purchasing Custom House for US$371 million.[20] Its acquisition led the company to be re-branded as Western Union Business Solutions.[21] Custom House and its subsidiary XE.com were sold to Euronet Worldwide in 2015 and operate under its HiFX brand.
In January 2011, Western Union acquired 100% of Angelo Costa, a group active in money transfer and services to immigrants. Angelo Costa has a network of 7,500 points of sale in various European countries. The agreement was signed for US$200 million.[22]
In July 2011, Western Union acquired Travelex's Global Business Payments division for £606 million.[23]
In October 2011, Western Union completed the acquisition of Finint S.r.l., one of Western Union's leading money transfer network agents in Europe, counting more than 10,000 subagent locations across Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[24]
In May 2015, rumors emerged over a proposed merger of Western Union and its closest competitor MoneyGram, at a time when both companies’ revenue were declining.[25] However, Western Union denied this was the case.[26] In January 2017, MoneyGram was instead acquired by Ant Financial, Alibaba’s financial technology firm, for $880 million.[27]
Specific services[edit]
A Western Union outlet in Angeles City, Philippines
Online[edit]
Western Union's website, westernunion.com, allows users to send and receive funds to others, pay bills, locate Western Union locations, track transfers, and to purchase Western Union NetSpend gift cards. The website also attempts to spread fraud awareness using videos, articles, and quizzes to do so.
As of September 2017, the domain westernunion.com ranks globally as the 4,319th most visited website, according to Alexa Internet.[28]
BidPay[edit]
As the Internet became an arena for commerce at the turn of the millennium, Western Union started its online services. BidPay was renamed "Western Union Auction Payments" in 2004 before being renamed back to BidPay. BidPay ceased operations on December 31, 2005, and was purchased for US$1.8 million in March 2006 by CyberSource Corp. who announced their intention to re-launch BidPay. BidPay was later discontinued by CyberSource effective December 31, 2007.[29]
Western Union Mobile[edit]
In October 2007, Western Union announced plans to introduce a mobile money-transfer service with the GSM Association, a global trade association representing more than 700 mobile operators in 218 countries and covering 2.5 billion mobile subscribers.
The proliferation of mobile phones in developed and developing economies provides a widely accessible consumer device capable of delivering mobile financial services ranging from text notifications associated with Western Union cash delivery services to phone-based remittance options. Western Union's mobile money transfer service offering will connect its core money-transfer platform to m-bank or m-wallet platforms provided by mobile operators and/or locally regulated financial institutions.
Western Union Connect[edit]
The company launched the Western Union Connect service in October 2015, following partnership agreements with major instant messaging apps WeChat and Viber.[30][31] The partnership allows users of WeChat to send up to $100 to China, the US and 200 other countries,[31] while Viber users can send up to $100 for $3.99 plus exchange rate fees, with that fixed fee increasing the more money is sent up a limit of $499.[30]
Sending and receiving funds[edit]
In order to send funds, a sender goes to a Western Union office and presents funds (plus fees) for "Next Day" or "Money in Minutes" service. The sender provides his or her name and address, the recipient's name, and a designated payment destination. Western Union then provides the sender a 10-digit Money Transfer Control Number (MTCN) that the sender must provide to the recipient. The recipient then proceeds to a Western Union agent office in the designated payment location, presents the 10-digit MTCN, and a photo ID. Money is then paid out to the recipient. In some locations, if a recipient lacks identification documents, the sender and receiver can set up a pre-arranged password. Funds are paid out in cash, although if payment exceeds a local maximum or cash on hand, a check is issued. Alternatively, a sender may forward funds to a recipient by using Western Union's website or by phone. In some countries, the recipient doesn’t need the MTCN number if one has sufficient identification.
Transfer fees[edit]
Fees vary based on the sender and receiver's location, type of transfer, and whether the money is sent from a counter location or by the website.
Past services[edit]
WU phone parlors near Times Square, 2008
Along with satellite telecommunications, Western Union was also active in other forms of telecommunication services:
Common carrier terrestrial microwave networks
Business communications networks such as Telex and TWX, which was acquired from AT&T Corporation and renamed Telex II by Western Union
Landline-based leased voice and data communication circuits
Long distance telephone service
Airfone air-ground radiotelephone service from 1981 to 1986
Cellular phone service for a very short time in the early 1980s (the phones were made by two-way radio manufacturer E. F. Johnson Company)
Most of these services were discontinued by Western Union in the late 1980s due to a lack of profitability, with the company's divisions providing said services being divested and sold to other companies, such as the 1988 sale of WU's satellite fleet and services to Hughes Space and Communications, and the sale of WU's Airfone service to GTE in 1986.
Sponsorship[edit]
Western Union was a major shirt-sponsor of the Sydney Roosters NRL team from 2002–2003. The company still sponsors the team, but not as a shirt-sponsor. Around the world, Western Union sponsors numerous community events that help support the diaspora communities that use the global Money Transfer service. They also sponsored numerous WWE and WCW pay-per-view events such as the No Way Out 1998 and Slamboree 2000. They sponsored UEFA Europa League from 2012 until 2015.
The First Data Western Union Foundation donates money to charitable causes around the world. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the Foundation donated US$1,000,000 to the relief effort.[32]
The Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association announced that Western Union will be their jersey sponsor for the 2017-18 NBA Season.
Liverpool F.C. announced on August, 9, 2017 that Western Union would become their first ever sleeve sponsors, from the start of the 2017-18 Season. They signed a £25m deal for 5 years as Liverpool's sleeve sponsor.
Scam industry and money laundering[edit]
Western Union advises its customers not to send money to someone that they have never met in person. Despite its efforts in increasing customers' awareness of the issue,[33] Western Union is used for internet fraud by scammers.[34]
Western Union has been required to maintain records of payout locations of the individuals who may be laundering the money, though this information may be obtained only through the use of a subpoena. Hence advance-fee fraud and romance scammers continue to receive funds via Western Union confident in the knowledge that money lost to overseas scammers is almost always unrecoverable.[35] For this reason, it is banned as a medium of payment through eBay,[36][37] and discouraged on other online auction websites.[38]
Western Union admitted to allowing wire fraud in January 2017 and agreed to pay $586m, for turning a blind eye as criminals used its service for advance fee fraud. Scammers engaging in various 419 advance fee scams including offering fake job offers and lottery prizes, were able to process transactions using Western Union money transfer, mainly by giving the agents a share of the earnings from their scams. Western Union failed to investigate hundreds of thousands of complaints victims filed.[39]
Money laundering and terrorist financing[edit]
The Central Bank of Ireland reprimanded and fined Western Union €1.75m in May 2015 because of failures in anti money laundering practices which could have left the firm’s payment services open to being used for money laundering and/or terrorist financing saying that they were concerned that Western Union "failed to have in place sufficiently robust systems and procedures to train agents, to monitor and identify suspicious activity in respect of smaller transactions, and to maintain appropriate records" and "the splitting of payments into many separate smaller payments is a common method used to launder money. Similarly, terrorist financing is often carried out by small payment transfers."[40][41]
Western Union agents also allowed Chinese immigrants to use the service to send hundreds of millions of dollars, by sending the amounts in smaller increments to avoid transfer reporting requirements, to pay human smugglers.[39]
Connection to military intelligence[edit]
There were allegations in the book, "The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11" that Western Union provided United States military intelligence with personal information.[42]
Blocked transactions[edit]
Western Union has begun blocking transactions based on suspicion of terrorist connections, as a part of the company's involvement with the War on Terror. Currently, transfers sent from the Western Union website require telephone confirmation of the sender's identity. On occasion, the transfer will fail and customer service inform the sender that the transaction "does not meet our requirements". If details are requested, no information will be given other than the fact that their disclosure is forbidden. Numerous customers have reported this problem.[43][44]
Anti-competitive behavior [edit]
Western Union has been accused of engaging in anti-competitive behavior in Africa as a result of a lack of competition on the continent.[25] According to a report by the Overseas Development Institute, this allows Western Union to artificially inflate its fees for money transfers, charging what has been called an “Africa charge” of 8% consistently “applied across countries regardless of the size of the market, regulatory costs or market risk.”[45] However, the fees can be as high as 10% or more, depending on the region.[46] Africa’s remittance market remains the most expensive in the world,[47] and the region is estimated to incur excess costs of $1.4 billion to $2.3 billion per year as a result of these high remittance fees.[45]
The company has also been criticized for its use of exclusivity agreements with banks in countries that receive remittances, restricting competition and harming the consumer,[48] by requiring the consumer to conduct transactions via nominated banks.[45] This also allows for the imposition of above-average transaction fees.[45]
In February 2016, Western Union was questioned by the EU antitrust regulator over its network of agents in order to establish whether the company colluded with banks to push out smaller rivals from the money transfer market.[49][clarification needed]
See also[edit]
60 Hudson Street – Former headquarters
92 Code
Pangram – Used by WU to test teleprinters.
Pennsylvania v. New York — Question before the U.S. Supreme Court: when Western Union Money orders are supposed to escheat to the state if not fully redeemed, what state is to get the money?
Western Union, 1939 schooner chartered by Western Union Telegraph Company, used in film as slave ship La Amistad
Western Union splice
Western Union Telegraph Building – Former Headquarters
Alternative providers[edit]
CurrencyFair
MoneyGram
OFX (company)
Ria Financial Services
Xoom Corporation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Western Union Our Corporate History".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Western Union Company 2017 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". sec.gov. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Our Rich History". Western Union. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Western Union Sends Its Last Telegram". NPR. February 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schmotter, James W. (1992). Not Just Another School of Business Administration: A History of Graduate Management Education at Cornell University. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Klein, Maury (1997). The Life and Legend of Jay Gould. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5771-3.
Jump up ^ Renehan, Jr., Edward J. (2006). Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons. New York: Basic Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-465-06886-9.
Jump up ^ Wu, Tim, The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5
Jump up ^ "Bell Telephone - Western Union Patent Agreement of 1879 | Old Telephones". oldtelephones.com. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
Jump up ^ Casson, Herbert Newton (1911). The History of the Telephone. Chicago: A.C. McClurg. pp. 81–84.
Jump up ^ "Telephone Trust to Dissolve," The New York Times pg. 1, Saturday, December 20th, 1913.
Jump up ^ Phillip R. Easterlin, “Telex in New York”, Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 47 figure 4
Jump up ^ Bechtel, Warren. "Western Union Chronology of Events – 1851–1995". Retrieved October 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Western Union Locations & Hours". www.storefound.org. StoreFound. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Valley Corporation – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Notice of the discontinuation of telegram services Archived February 20, 2006, at Archive.is – From the Western Union website
Jump up ^ "Archive of original message". Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved August 30, 2016. . Accessed July 15, 2008
Jump up ^ Auslin, Michael. "Time Marches On Dept.: Telegram Edition". National Review. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Western Union, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 4, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Western Union, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Oct 30, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Western Union, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 26, 2010" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Equita Financial Advisor to ISI Holding for the disposal of Angelo Costa to Western Union". January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Western Union to Acquire Travelex Global Business Payments". Businesswire. July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Western Union Completes Acquisition of Finint S.r.l." October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bigger but not better". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "What A Western Union, MoneyGram Merger Will Mean To Africa". AFKInsider. 2015-05-07. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Jack Ma's Ant Financial Buys MoneyGram for $880 Million". Bloomberg.com. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Westernunion.com Traffic Statistics". Alexa. Alexa Internet, Inc. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "BidPay". authorize.net. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Constine, Josh. "Western Union Brings Money Transfer And Its Tricky Fees To Chat Apps | TechCrunch". Retrieved 2017-06-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Kar, Ian. "WeChat and Western Union strike deal for global money transfers". Quartz. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "$1,000,000 to relief". prneswsire.com.
Jump up ^ Western Union joins fraud fight – BBC
Jump up ^ David Derbyshire (March 3, 2007). "eBay-er Beware". National Post (Canada). p. FW5.
Jump up ^ Internet Crime Schemes – Internet Crime Complaint Center
Jump up ^ Ben Taylor; Khushwant Sachdave (October 29, 2005). "The ebay racketeers". DAILY MAIL (London). p. 19. Three Romanian immigrants who conned eBay customers out of nearly Pounds 300,000 were behind bars last night. In the biggest Internet fraud of its kind, the gang fooled 3,000 bidders who they arrogantly described as 'idiots' into paying for goods that did not exist. Victims from around the world handed over sums of up to Pounds 5,000 for everything from concert tickets to motorbikes through the money transfer chain Western Union.
Jump up ^ David Brown (December 18, 2005). "Fraudsters Targeted In New eBay Crackdown". The People. p. 33. The auction giant will protect customers by BANNING the use of online money transfers. Now eBay will bring in the ban – backed by Western Union and already in force in the US – from January 15 in the UK. It will tell punters to use secure payment systems that verify the identity of users, and which can track both buyers' and sellers' accounts.
Jump up ^ "Trust & Safety Blog - Western Union and Trade Me members: A terrible combination". Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Western Union admits to aiding wire fraud, to pay $586 mln".
Jump up ^ "Central Bank fines Western Union €1.75m". The Irish Times. 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Agreement between the Central Bank and Western Union Payment Services Ireland Limited". Central Bank of Ireland. 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Suskind, Ron (2007), The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-7432-7110-3
Jump up ^ Ming the Mechanic: Western Union sucks – The NewsLog of Flemming Funch
Jump up ^ Sundaram, Anjan (July 6, 2006). "Muslims denied wire transfers – Business – International Herald Tribune". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lost in intermediation" (PDF). Overseas Development Institute.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Opinion: Migrant money transfers or development aid? | Africa | DW | 18.05.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Sending Money Home: Contributing to the SDGs, one family at a time". International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Jump up ^ Moré, Iñigo. "Fighting exclusivity clauses in the market for remittances" (PDF). Remesas.org.
Jump up ^ "Western Union quizzed by EU on money transfer activities". EURACTIV.com. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Further reading[edit]
Wolff, Joshua D., Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Western Union.
Official website
Business data for Western Union: Google Finance
Yahoo! Finance
Reuters
SEC filings
Telegram for America, a industrial film showing Western Union telegram handling (1956)
Western Union Telegram Collection at the University of Mississippi Libraries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Union&oldid=854369697"
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High-altitude cooking
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This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Kintetsubuffalo (talk | contribs) at 09:59, 16 June 2017 (WP:COATRACK). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
High-altitude cooking is the opposite of pressure cooking in that the boiling point of water is lower at higher altitudes due to the decreased atmospheric pressure. This may require an increase in cooking times or temperature and alterations of recipe ingredients. For home cooking, this effect becomes relevant at altitudes above approximately 2,000 feet (610 m). At that altitude, water boils at approximately 208°F (98°C) and adjustments sometimes need to be made to compensate for the reduced air pressure/water boiling point.
Contents
[hide]
1 Boiling
2 Methods used at high altitudes
3 Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes
4 References
5 External links
Boiling[edit]
At sea level water boils at 100°C. For each 500 ft increase in elevation, the boiling point is lowered by 0.5°C. For 8,000 ft elevation, water boils at 92°C. Boiling as a cooking method must be adjusted or alternatives applied. Vegetables and some starches will simply take longer to cook while rice and legumes (beans) need a pressure cooker. Pasta will need a pressure cooker.[1]
Methods used at high altitudes[edit]
From pressure cooking: A pressure cooker is often used to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at a very high elevation. Under these circumstances water boils at temperatures significantly below 100°C (212°F) and, without the use of a pressure cooker, may leave boiled foods undercooked, as described in Charles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagle (chapter XV, March 21, 1835):[2]
Having crossed the Peuquenes (Piuquenes), we descended into a mountainous country, intermediate between the two main ranges, and then took up our quarters for the night. We were now in the republic of Mendoza. The elevation was probably not under 11,000 feet [...]. At the place where we slept water necessarily boiled, from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere, at a lower temperature than it does in a less lofty country; the case being the converse of that of a Papin's digester. Hence the potatoes, after remaining for some hours in the boiling water, were nearly as hard as ever. The pot was left on the fire all night, and next morning it was boiled again, but yet the potatoes were not cooked.
Lightweight pressure cookers as small as 1.5 liters weighing 1.28 kg are available for mountain climbers. Sherpas often use pressure cookers in base camp.
Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes[edit]
Based on standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (courtesy, NOAA):
Altitude, ft (m)
Boiling point of water, °F (°C)
0 (0 m) 212°F (100°C)
500 (150 m) 211.1°F (99.5°C)
1,000 (305 m) 210.2°F (99°C)
2,000 (610 m) 208.4°F (98°C)
5,000 (1524 m) 203°F (95°C)
6,000 (1829 m) 201.1°F (94°C)
8,000 (2438 m) 197.4°F (91.9°C)
10,000 (3048 m) 193.6°F (89.8°C)
12,000 (3658 m) 189.8°F (87.6°C)
14,000 (4267 m) 185.9°F (85.5°C)
Source: NASA[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (2011-09-28). "High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-06-02.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWXjlu_JWQC&pg=PA396 (Google Books)
Jump up ^ http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0426(1984)001%3C0321%3ARPSPEU%3E2.0.CO%3B2
External links[edit]
Boiling point of water vs altitude
Cooking at high altitudes
Is it true that you can't make a decent cup of tea up a mountain? physics.org, accessed 2012-11-02
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude_cooking&oldid=785943851"
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