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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, also called GAAP or US GAAP, is the accounting standard adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). While the SEC previously stated that it intends to move from US GAAP to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the latter differ considerably from GAAP and progress has been slow and uncertain.[1][2] More recently, the SEC has acknowledged that there is no longer a push to move more U.S companies to IFRS so the two sets of standards will "continue to coexist" for the foreseeable future.[3]
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has published US GAAP in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) beginning in 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Basic objectives
3 Basic concepts
3.1 Assumptions
3.2 Principles
3.3 Constraints
4 Required departures from GAAP
5 Involved in development
6 Precedence of GAAP-setting authorities
7 Codification in Accounting – FASB Accounting Standards Codification
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
History[edit]
Auditors took the leading role in developing GAAP for business enterprises.[4]
Accounting standards have historically been set by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) subject to Securities and Exchange Commission regulations.[5] The AICPA first created the Committee on Accounting Procedure in 1939 and replaced that with the Accounting Principles Board in 1959. In 1973, the Accounting Principles Board was replaced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) under the supervision of the Financial Accounting Foundation with the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council serving to advise and provide input on the accounting standards.[6] Other organizations involved in determining United States accounting standards include the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), formed in 1984; and the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB), formed in 1990.[7]
Circa 2008, the FASB issued the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, which reorganized the thousands of US GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics.[8]
In 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued a preliminary "roadmap" that may lead the United States to abandon Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the future, and to join more than 100 countries around the world instead in using the London-based International Financial Reporting Standards.[9] As of 2010, the convergence project was underway with the FASB meeting routinely with the IASB.[10] The SEC expressed their aim to fully adopt International Financial Reporting Standards in the U.S. by 2014.[11] With the convergence of the U.S. GAAP and the international IFRS accounting systems, as the highest authority over International Financial Reporting Standards, the International Accounting Standards Board is becoming more important in the United States.
Basic objectives[edit]
Financial reporting should provide information that is:
Useful to present to potential investors and creditors and other users in making rational investment, credit, and other financial decisions
Helpful to present to potential investors and creditors and other users in assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash receipts about economic resources, the claims to those resources, and the changes in them
Helpful for making financial decisions
Helpful in making long-term decisions
Helpful in improving the performance of the business
Useful in maintaining records
Basic concepts[edit]
To achieve basic objectives and implement fundamental qualities GAAP has three basic assumptions, four basic principles, and five basic constraints.
Assumptions[edit]
Business Entity: The business is separate from its owners and other businesses. Revenue and expense should be kept separate from personal Expense
Monetary Unit: A stable currency is the unit of record. The FASB accepts the nominal value of the US Dollar as the monetary unit of record, unadjusted for inflation.
Periodicity: The economic activities of an enterprise can be divided into artificial time periods.
Principles[edit]
Historical cost principle: Companies must account for and report the acquisition costs of assets and liabilities rather than their fair market value. This principle provides information that is reliable (removing the opportunity to provide subjective and potentially biased market values), but not very relevant. Thus there is a trend toward the use of fair values. Most debts and securities are now reported at market values.
Revenue recognition principle: Companies should record revenue when earned but not when received. The flow of cash does not have any bearing on the recognition of revenue. This is the essence of accrual basis accounting. Conversely, however, losses must be recognized when their occurrence becomes probable, whether or not it has actually occurred. This comports with the constraint of conservatism, yet brings it into conflict with the constraint of consistency, in that reflecting revenues/gains is inconsistent with the way in which losses are reflected.
Matching principle: Expenses have to be matched with revenues as long as it is reasonable to do so. Expenses are recognized not when the work is performed, or when a product is produced, but when the work or the product actually makes its contribution to revenue. Only if no connection with revenue can be established, cost may be charged as expenses to the current period (e.g. office salaries and other administrative expenses). This principle allows greater evaluation of actual profitability and performance (shows how much was spent to earn revenue). Depreciation and Cost of Goods Sold are good examples of application of this principle.
Full disclosure principle: The amount and kinds of information disclosed should be decided based on trade-off analysis as a larger amount of information costs more to prepare and use. Information disclosed should be enough to make a judgment while keeping costs reasonable. Information is presented in the main body of financial statements, in the notes or as supplementary information
Constraints[edit]
Objectivity principle: the company financial statements provided by the accountants should be based on objective evidence.
Materiality principle: the significance of an item should be considered when it is reported. An item is considered significant when it would affect the decision of a reasonable individual.
Consistency principle: It means that the company uses the same accounting principles and methods from period to period.
Conservatism principle: when choosing between two solutions, the one which has the less favorable outcome is the solution which should be chosen (see convention of conservatism)
Cost Constraint: The benefits of reporting financial information should justify and be greater than the costs imposed on supplying it.
Required departures from GAAP[edit]
Under the AICPA's Code of Professional Ethics under Rule 203 – Accounting Principles, a member must depart from GAAP if following it would lead to a material misstatement on the financial statements, or otherwise be misleading. In the departure, the member must disclose, if practical, the reasons why compliance with the accounting principle would result in a misleading financial statement. Under Rule 203-1-Departures from Established Accounting Principles, the departures are rare, and usually take place when there is new legislation, the evolution of new forms of business transactions, an unusual degree of materiality, or the existence of conflicting industry practices.[12]
Involved in development[edit]
These organizations influence the development of GAAP in the United States.
United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The SEC was created as a result of the Great Depression. At that time there was no structure setting accounting standards. The SEC encouraged the establishment of private standard-setting bodies through the AICPA and later the FASB, believing that the private sector had the proper knowledge, resources, and talents. The SEC works closely with various private organizations setting GAAP, but does not set GAAP itself.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
In 1939, urged by the SEC, the AICPA appointed the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP). During the years 1939 to 1959 CAP issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins that dealt with a variety of timely accounting problems. However, this problem-by-problem approach failed to develop the much needed structured body of accounting principles. Thus, in 1959, the AICPA created the Accounting Principles Board (APB), whose mission it was to develop an overall conceptual framework. It issued 31 opinions and was dissolved in 1973 for lack of productivity and failure to act promptly. After the creation of the FASB, the AICPA established the Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC). It publishes:
Audit and Accounting Guidelines, which summarizes the accounting practices of specific industries (e.g. casinos, colleges, airlines, etc.) and provides specific guidance on matters not addressed by FASB or GASB.
Statements of Position, which provides guidance on financial reporting topics until the FASB or GASB sets standards on the issue.
Practice Bulletins, which indicate the AcSEC's views on narrow financial reporting issues not considered by the FASB or the GASB.
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
Realizing the need to reform the APB, leaders in the accounting profession appointed a Study Group on the Establishment of Accounting Principles (commonly known as the Wheat Committee for its chair Francis Wheat). This group determined that the APB must be dissolved and a new standard-setting structure is created. This structure is composed of three organizations: the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF, it selects members of the FASB, funds and oversees their activities), the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), and the major operating organization in this structure the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). FASB previouslu had 4 major types of publications:
Statements of Financial Accounting Standards – the most authoritative GAAP setting publications. 168 standard has been issued before the New codification.
Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts – first issued in 1978. They are part of the FASB's conceptual framework project and set forth fundamental objectives and concepts that the FASB use in developing future standards. However, they are not a part of GAAP. There have been 7 concepts published to date.
Interpretations – modify or extend existing standards. There have been around 50 interpretations published to date.
Technical Bulletins or Staff Positions – guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. Usually solves some very specific accounting issue that will not have a significant, lasting effect.
In 1984 the FASB created the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) which deals with new and unusual financial transactions that have the potential to become common (e.g. accounting for Internet-based companies). It acts more like a problem filter for the FASB – the EITF deals with short-term, quickly resolvable issues, leaving long-term, more pervasive problems for the FASB.
However, now all GAAP resides in the ASC (Accounting Standards Codification) so the FASB and EITF do not issue new standards but rather updates to the Codification. The Concepts statements still exist outside of the ASC but are not authoritative.
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)
Created in 1984, the GASB addresses state and local government reporting issues. Its structure is similar to that of the FASB's, and the FASB and GASB are located together and share resources.
Other influential organizations: The Government Finance Officer's Association (GFOA) also influences financial policies for governments (disagreements between the GFOA and GASB are rare, but can continue for many years); American Accounting Association, Institute of Management Accountants, Financial Executives Institute.
Precedence of GAAP-setting authorities[edit]
In the United States, GAAP derives, in order of importance, from:
issuances from an authoritative body designated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA) Council (for example, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Statements, AICPA Accounting Principles Board Opinions, and AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins);
other AICPA issuances such as AICPA Industry Guides;
industry practice; and
into para-accounting literature in the form of books and articles.
Codification in Accounting – FASB Accounting Standards Codification[edit]
The Codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All existing accounting standards documents are superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. All other accounting literature not included in the Codification is nonauthoritative.
The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure. It also includes relevant Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification.
To prepare users for the change, the AICPA[13] has provided a number of tools and training resources.
While the Codification does not change GAAP, it introduces a new structure—one that is organized in an easily accessible, user-friendly online research system. The FASB expects that the new system will reduce the amount of time and effort required to research an accounting issue, mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature, provide accurate information with real-time updates as new standards are released, and assist the FASB with the research efforts required during the standard-setting process.
See also[edit]
Accounting standard
International Financial Reporting Standards
Other comprehensive basis of accounting
Philosophy of accounting
Statutory accounting principles for US insurance companies
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "IFRS: Current situation and next steps", pwc.com
Jump up ^ "New mechanisms eyed by FASB, IASB in long march toward global comparability", Ken Tysiac January 10, 2013, journalofaccountancy.com
Jump up ^ "A U.S. Imperative: High-Quality, Globally Accepted Accounting Standards", SEC January 5, 2017, sec.gov
Jump up ^ Gauthier, Stephen J. Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting.
Jump up ^ Financial Accounting Standards. QuickMBA.
Jump up ^ Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC). FASB FASAC.
Jump up ^ "History of FASAB". fasab.gov.
Jump up ^ AICPA (February 2008). "AICPA Applauds FASB's Issuance of GAAP Codification". The CPA Letter.
Jump up ^ Crovitz, L. Gordon (2008-09-08). "Closing the Information GAAP". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
Jump up ^ Progress Report on Commitment to Convergence of Accounting Standards—June 24, 2010. FASB.
Jump up ^ Jeffers, Agatha; Mengyu Wei; Sidney Askew (2010). "The Switch from US GAAP to IFRS". Proceedings of the Northeast Business & Economics Association: 48–54.
Jump up ^ Page 56. "Auditing, an integrated approach" by Alvin Arens and James Loebbecke, published in 1980 by Prentise Hall, ISBN 0-13-051656-2.
Jump up ^ "FASB Accounting Standards Codification", Deloitte Global Services Limited, 2009, retrieved April 30, 2016
External links[edit]
SEC Accounting Bulletins – United States
SEC Division of Corporate Finance – United States
Financial Accounting Standards Board Website (FASB) – United States
Government Accounting Standards Board Website (GASB) – United States
US GAAP XBRL Taxonomy – United States
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Walk It Talk It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Walk It Talk It (disambiguation).
"Walk It Talk It"
Single by Migos featuring Drake
from the album Culture II
Released
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Hip hop
trap[1]
Length
4:36
Label
Quality Control
Motown
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Quavious Marshall
Kiari Cephus
Kirsnick Ball
Aubrey Graham
Joshua Parker
Andrew Decouto
Jerel Nance
Producer(s)
OG Parker
Deko
Migos singles chronology
"Stir Fry"
(2017) "Walk It Talk It"
(2018) "Drip"
(2018)
Drake singles chronology
"Lemon (Remix)"
(2018) "Walk It Talk It"
(2018) "Nice for What"
(2018)
Music video
Walk It Talk It on YouTube
"Walk It Talk It" is a song by American hip hop trio Migos with guest vocals from Canadian rapper Drake. It was included on the trio's third studio album, Culture II (2018). After the album's release, it debuted at number 18 and later peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release as the third single.[2][3] The song was produced by frequent collaborators OG Parker and Deko.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Charts
4 Certifications
5 Release history
6 References
Background[edit]
The song is the sixth track on Migos' third studio album Culture II, which was released in January 2018.[4] It has become one of the more popular songs on the album, being the third-highest charting of all the songs, following "Stir Fry", which peaked at number eight on the Hot 100, and "MotorSport", which reached number six.
Music video[edit]
The music video, directed by Daps and Quavo, debuted on Migos' official Vevo channel on March 18, 2018. The video features guest appearances from Jamie Foxx and labelmate Lil Yachty.[5] In the video, the trio and Drake perform on a fictional dance-themed show called Culture Ride (inspired by Soul Train), with Jamie Foxx playing fictional host Ron Delirious (based on the late Soul Train host Don Cornelius). The song's music video also topped YouTube's trending chart in many countries, gaining over 10 million views on the site in less than two days.[citation needed] In an interview conducted by Genius, Daps said that the whole video was shot on Beta Tape,[6] which is why the highest quality is 480p on YouTube.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[7]
55
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[8]
10
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[9]
13
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[10]
14
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[11]
63
France (SNEP)[12]
81
Germany (Official German Charts)[13]
94
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[14]
37
Ireland (IRMA)[15]
52
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16]
93
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17]
36
Portugal (AFP)[18]
35
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[19]
38
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[20]
66
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[21]
41
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22]
31
US Billboard Hot 100[3]
10
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[23]
7
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[24]
13
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[25]
Platinum 80,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
March 18, 2018 Urban contemporary Universal [2]
Italy
April 12, 2018 Contemporary hit radio [26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McKinney, Jessica (January 29, 2018). "Migos' 'Culture II': 11 Best Songs You Need To Hear". Vibe. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Migos Drake Soul Train New Video". Grammys. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Migos Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Culture II by Migos". Apple Music. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel. "Watch Migos, Drake Hop on 'Soul Train' in 'Walk It Talk It' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Making Of Migos & Drake's "Walk It Talk It" Video With Daps". Genius.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #469". auspOp. April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Migos Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201816 into search. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles (téléchargement + streaming) – SNEP (Week 5, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201816 into search. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Migos feat. Drake – Walk It Talk It". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Migos Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Migos Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Migos – Walk It Talk It (Ft. Drake)". Music Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Walk It Talk It (Radio Date: 13-04-2018)" (in Italian). Retrieved May 28, 2018.
[show]
v
t
e
Migos
Quavo
Offset
Takeoff
Studio albums
Yung Rich Nation
Culture
Culture II
EPs
3 Way EP
Mixtapes
Y.R.N. (Young Rich Niggas)
No Label 2
Rich Nigga Timeline
Singles
"Versace"
"Hannah Montana"
"Fight Night"
"Handsome and Wealthy"
"One Time"
"Look at My Dab"
"Bad and Boujee"
"T-Shirt"
"Slippery"
"Too Hotty"
"MotorSport"
"Stir Fry"
"Walk It Talk It"
Featured singles
"Moses"
"Key to the Streets"
"Slide"
"Bon Appétit"
"Body"
"I Get the Bag"
"Drip"
See also
Discography
Without Warning
Control the Streets, Vol. 1
Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho
Huncho Jack
Quality Control Music
[show]
v
t
e
Drake songs
Discography
Comeback Season
"Replacement Girl"
So Far Gone
"Successful"
"Best I Ever Had"
"I'm Goin' In"
We Are Young Money
"Every Girl"
"BedRock"
Thank Me Later
"Fireworks"
"Over"
"Up All Night"
"Fancy"
"Miss Me"
"Find Your Love"
"9AM in Dallas"
Take Care
"Over My Dead Body"
"Headlines"
"Crew Love"
"Take Care"
"Marvins Room"
"We'll Be Fine"
"Make Me Proud"
"Lord Knows"
"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
"The Motto"
Nothing Was the Same
"Tuscan Leather"
"Furthest Thing"
"Started from the Bottom"
"Wu-Tang Forever"
"Worst Behavior"
"From Time"
"Hold On, We're Going Home"
"The Language"
"Too Much"
"Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2"
"All Me"
If You're Reading This It's Too Late
"Energy"
"Preach"
What a Time to Be Alive
"Jumpman"
Views
"Controlla"
"One Dance"
"Pop Style"
"Too Good"
"Hotline Bling"
More Life
"Free Smoke"
"No Long Talk"
"Passionfruit"
"Get It Together"
"Madiba Riddim"
"Blem"
"Gyalchester"
"Portland"
"Sacrifices"
"Teenage Fever"
"KMT"
"Glow"
"Since Way Back"
"Fake Love"
"Ice Melts"
Scary Hours / Scorpion
"God's Plan"
"Diplomatic Immunity"
"Nice for What"
Other singles
"Forever"
"0 to 100 / The Catch Up"
"Charged Up"
"Back to Back"
"Right Hand"
"Summer Sixteen"
"Sneakin' "
"Two Birds, One Stone"
"No Frauds"
"Signs"
"Yes Indeed"
As featured artist
"100"
"4 My Town (Play Ball)"
"Amen"
"Aston Martin Music"
"Back on Road"
"Believe Me"
"Big Amount"
"Blessings"
"Both"
"Cabaret"
"Champion"
"Come and See Me"
"Come Closer"
"Deuces (Remix)"
"Diced Pineapples"
"Digital Girl (Remix)"
"Enough Said"
"Fall for Your Type"
"Fed Up"
"Feel Love"
"For Free"
"Fuckin' Problems"
"Gonorrhea"
"I Do It"
"I Invented Sex"
"I'm on One"
"In the Morning"
"It's Good"
"Know Bout Me"
"Lemon (Remix)"
"Live For"
"Look Alive"
"Love Me"
"Loving You No More"
"Mine"
"Moment 4 Life"
"Money to Blow"
"Mr. Wrong"
"No Complaints"
"No Guns Allowed"
"No Lie"
"No New Friends"
"No Shopping"
"Odio"
"Only"
"Poetic Justice"
"Pop That"
"R.I.C.O."
"Recognize"
"Right Above It"
"Right Here"
"Round of Applause"
"Say Something"
"She Will"
"Stay Schemin'"
"Still Got It"
"The One"
"The Zone"
"Throw It in the Bag (Remix)"
"To the Max"
"Trophies"
"Truffle Butter"
"Tuesday"
"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) (Remix)"
"Unusual"
"Used to This"
"Walk It Talk It"
"Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)"
"We in This Bitch 1.5"
"What's My Name?"
"What Up"
"Where Ya At"
"Who Do You Love?"
"Why You Always Hatin?"
"Work"
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Rottweiler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the dog breed. For other uses, see Rottweiler (disambiguation).
Rottweiler
Common nicknames
Rott
Rottie
Origin
Germany
[hide]Traits
Weight
Male 50–60 kg (110–132 lb)
Female 35–48 kg (77–106 lb)
Height
Male 61–69 cm (24–27 in)
Female 56–63 cm (22–25 in)
Coat
Double-coated, short, hard and thick
Color
Black and tan or black and mahogany
Litter size
average 8 to 12 although larger litters are known
Life span
8–10 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 2, Section 2.1 Molossian: Mastiff type #147 standard
AKC
Working standard
ANKC
Group 6 (Utility) standard
CKC
Group 3 – Working standard
KC (UK)
Working standard
NZKC
Utility standard
UKC
Guardian Dog standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Rottweiler (UK: /ˈrɒtvaɪlə/ or /ˈrɒtwaɪlə/, US: /rɒtwaɪlər/)[1][2] is a breed of domestic dog, regarded as medium-to-large[3][4] or large.[5][6] The dogs were known in German as Rottweiler Metzgerhund, meaning Rottweil butchers' dogs, because their main use was to herd livestock and pull carts laden with butchered meat to market.[3] This continued until the mid-19th century when railways replaced droving. Although still used to herd stock in many parts of the world, Rottweilers are now also used as search and rescue dogs, as guide dogs for the blind, as guard dogs and police dogs.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technical description
2.1 Head
2.2 Neck
2.3 Body
2.4 Tail
2.5 Limbs
2.6 Gait
2.7 Coat
2.8 Color and markings
2.9 Size
3 Temperament
4 Working style
5 Health
6 Media portrayal
7 Gallery
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Rottweiler memorial in Rottweil
The Rottweiler is one of the oldest of herding breeds.[8] With a history possibly dating back to the Roman Empire,[9] the Rottweiler may be a descendant of ancient Roman drover dogs; a mastiff-type dog that was a dependable, rugged dog with great intelligence and guarding instincts. During their quest to conquer Europe, the Roman legions traveled in large numbers across the continent. The lack of refrigeration meant soldiers brought herds of cattle for food. Drover dogs kept the herd together and guarded it at night. Around A.D. 74 the Roman army travelled across the Alps and into what is now southern Germany. For the next two centuries the Roman drover dogs were continually used in herding and driving cattle for trade even after the Romans were driven out of the area by the Swabians.[10]
A town in this region was eventually given the name Rottweil.[10] It became an important trade center and the descendants of the Roman cattle dogs proved their worth by driving the cattle to market and protecting the cattle from robbers and wild animals.[10] The dogs are said to have been used by traveling butchers at markets during the Middle Ages to guard money pouches tied around their necks.[11] The dogs were eventually known as Rottweiler Metzgerhunds, or "butcher dogs".[10] As railroads became the primary method for moving stock to market, the demand for the Rottweiler breed declined, as did their numbers, so severely diminished by 1882 that a show in Heilbronn, featured only one very poor representative of the breed.[10]
The buildup to World War I saw a great demand for police dogs, which led to a revival of interest in the Rottweiler. During the First and Second World Wars, Rottweilers saw service in various roles, including as messenger, ambulance, draught, and guard dogs.
The Deutscher Rottweiler-Klub (DRK, German Rottweiler Club), the first Rottweiler club in Germany, was founded on 13 January 1914, and followed by the creation of the Süddeutscher Rottweiler-Klub (SDRK, South German Rottweiler Club) on 27 April 1915 and eventually became the IRK (International Rottweiler Club). The DRK counted around 500 Rottweilers, and the SDRK 3000 Rottweilers. The goals of the two clubs were different. The DRK aimed to produce working dogs and did not emphasise the morphology of the Rottweiler.
The various German Rottweiler Clubs amalgamated to form the Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiler Klub (ADRK, General German Rottweiler Club) in 1921. This was officially recorded in the register of clubs and associations at the district court of Stuttgart on 27 January 1924.[12] The ADRK is recognised worldwide as the home club of the Rottweiler.
In 1931 the Rottweiler was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club.[13] In 1936, Rottweilers were exhibited in Britain at Crufts. In 1966, a separate register was opened for the breed. In fact, in the mid-1990s, the popularity of the Rottweiler reached an all-time high with it being the most registered dog by the American Kennel Club.[14] In 2013, the American Kennel Club ranked the Rottweiler as the ninth-most popular pure-breed in the United States.[15]
Technical description[edit]
"Rottweiler breeders aim at a dog of abundant strength, black coated with clearly defined rich tan markings, whose powerful appearance does not lack nobility and which is exceptionally well suited to being a companion, service and working dog."[3] This breed is all about balance, endurance, proportionality, intelligence and strength. The various standards in place for the Rottweiler's physical appearance specify these characteristics.
Anatomy of the Rottweiler
Head (eyes)
Snout (teeth, tongue)
Dewlap (throat, neck skin)
Shoulder
Elbow
Forefeet
Highest Point of the Rump
Legs (thighs and hips)
Hock
Hind feet
Withers
Stifle
Paws
Tail
Head[edit]
The skull is of medium length, and should be broad, especially between the ears. The forehead line is moderately arched as seen from the side, with the occipital bone well developed without being conspicuous. The stop is well defined. The Rottweiler nose is well developed, more broad than round, with relatively large nostrils and always black. The muzzle should appear neither elongated nor shortened in relation to the cranial region. The nasal bridge is broad at the base and moderately tapered. The lips are black and close fitting with the corner of the mouth not visible. The gums should be black, or as dark as possible. Both the upper and lower jaws are strong and broad. According to the FCI Standard Rottweilers should have strong and complete dentition (42 teeth) with scissor bite, the upper incisors closely overlapping the lower incisors. The zygomatic arches should be pronounced. The eyes should be of medium size, almond-shaped and dark brown in colour. The eyelids are close fitting and should not droop. The ears are medium-sized, pendant, triangular, wide apart, and set high on the head. With the ears laid forward close to the head, the skull appears to be broadened. The skin on the head is tight fitting overall. When the dog is alert, the forehead may be slightly wrinkled.
Neck[edit]
The neck is strong, of fair length, well muscled, slightly arched, clean, free from throatiness.
Body[edit]
Rottweiler breed competition at the Reliant Arena American Kennel Club World Series Dog Show 23 July 2006.
The back is straight, strong and firm. The loins are short, strong and deep. The croup is broad, of medium length, and slightly rounded, neither flat nor falling away. The chest is roomy, broad and deep (approximately 50% of the shoulder height) with a well-developed forechest and well sprung ribs. The flanks are not tucked up.
Tail[edit]
The tail was traditionally docked at the first or second joint or Natural Bob Tail ("stumpy"). However docking is now banned in many countries and this is reflected in the FCI Standard. It remains legal in others, notably the USA and New Zealand and this is reflected in the AKC and NZKC Standards.
Limbs[edit]
When seen from the front, the front legs are straight and not placed close to each other. The forearm, seen from the side, stands straight and vertical. The slope of the shoulder blade is about 45 degrees. The shoulders are well laid back. The upper arm is close fitting to the body. The forearm is strongly developed and muscular. Pasterns are slightly springy, strong but not steep. The front feet are round, tight and well arched, the pads hard, nails are short, black and strong.
When seen from behind, the rear legs are straight and not too close together. When standing free, obtuse angles are formed between the dog's upper thigh and the hip bone, the upper thigh and the lower thigh, and the lower thigh and metatarsal. The upper thigh is moderately long, broad and strongly muscled. The lower thigh is long, strongly and broadly muscled, sinewy. The hocks are sturdy, well angulated, not steep. The hind feet are slightly longer than the front feet. Toes are strong, arched, as tight as the front feet.
Gait[edit]
The traditional gait of a Rottweiler is a trot. Therefore, the Rottweiler is a trotter. Trotting in this breed is by no means a fault and is required. This movement comes naturally to the Rottweiler and should appear as such; any deviation may lead to a disqualification in the show ring. While walking, the Rottweiler's legs, both front and hind, should move in a straight forward and backward manner. As with the straight movement of the legs, the path the Rottweiler moves in should also be straight. The Rottweiler's gait is all about balance and effectiveness as the breed is still used as a herder today.[16]
Coat[edit]
The coat consists of an outer coat and an undercoat. The outer coat is of medium length, coarse, dense and flat. The undercoat should be present on the neck and thighs. The undercoat must not show through the outer coat. Rottweilers living in hot climates may have acclimatised and may be missing the undercoat. Rottweiler coats tend to be low maintenance, although they experience heavy shedding before their seasons (females) or seasonally (males). According to American Kennel Club breed standards, a Rottweiler's coat is short and straight. A coat that is long or wavy is considered a flaw to the AKC.[16]
Color and markings[edit]
The color and markings of a Rottweiler are very distinctive. A Rottweiler is always, by any breed club standards, black with well-defined mahogany or rust-colored markings that do not take up more than ten percent of the dog's body color. All Rottweilers standard to AKC specifications have one mahogany dot above each eye on the inner brow ridge, on the cheeks, one strip on each side of the snout; cheek markings do not cross over the bridge of the nose, the top of the nose should remain black. The markings on the face should move down onto the dog's throat. On the chest, a Rottweiler will have two downward-facing triangular marks. On each front leg, the marks will stretch from the forearm to the toes. On the hind legs, the markings will begin on the inside and move outward onto the stifle, then out onto the hock stretching to the toes as well. AKC standards recognize that the black base color is not completely voided on the rear pasterns. There is a patch of rust or mahogany underneath the tail that resembles a triangle as well. A thin strip of black should be present on each of the Rottweiler's toes.[16]
Size[edit]
Technically a "medium / large" breed, according to the FCI standard the Rottweiler stands 61–69 cm (24–27 in) at the withers for males, 56–63 cm (22–25 in) for females, and the weight must be between 50 and 60 kg (110 and 132 lbs) for males and 35 and 48 kg (77 and 105 lbs) for females. Weight must be relative to height.
Temperament[edit]
Rottweiler puppies at 3 weeks old
According to the FCI Standard, the Rottweiler is good-natured, placid in basic disposition, very devoted, obedient, biddable and eager to work. Their appearance is natural and rustic, their behaviour self-assured, steady and fearless. They react to their surroundings with great alertness.[17]
The American Kennel Club says it is:
a calm, confident and courageous dog with a self-assured aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. A Rottweiler is self-confident and responds quietly and with a wait-and-see attitude to influences in its environment. It has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog.[18]
Rottweilers are a powerful breed with well-developed genetic herding and guarding instincts. Potentially dangerous behaviour in Rottweilers usually results from irresponsible ownership, abuse, neglect, or lack of socialisation and training. However, the exceptional strength of the Rottweiler is an additional risk factor not to be neglected. It is for this reason that breed experts declare that formal training and extensive socialisation are essential for all Rottweilers. According to the AKC, Rottweilers love their owners and may behave in a clownish manner toward family and friends, but they are also protective of their territory and do not welcome strangers until properly introduced. Obedience training and socialization are required.[18]
A 2008 study surveying breed club members found that while Rottweilers were average in aggressiveness (bites or bite attempts) towards owners and other dogs, it indicated they tend to be more aggressive than average toward strangers. This aggression appears correlated with watchdog and territorial instincts.[19]
Working style[edit]
A Rottweiler herding sheep
According to the American Kennel Club,[20] Rottweilers have a natural gathering style with a strong desire to control. They generally show a loose eye and have a great amount of force while working well off the stock. They make much use of their ability to intimidate.
The Rottweiler often carries the head on an even plane with the back, or carries the head up but with the neck and shoulders lowered. Some females lower the entire front end slightly when using their eyes. Males also do this when working far off the stock in an open field. This is rarely seen in males when working in confined spaces such as stock yards.
The Rottweiler has a reasonably good natural balance, force-barks when necessary, and when working cattle uses a very intimidating charge. There is a natural change in forcefulness when herding sheep. When working cattle, it may use its body and shoulders and for this reason should be used on horned stock with caution.
The Rottweiler, when working cattle, searches out the dominant animal and challenges it. Upon proving its control over that animal it settles back and tends to its work.
Some growers have found that Rottweilers are especially suited to move stubborn stock that simply ignore Border Collies, Kelpies, and others. Rottweilers use their bodies to physically force the stubborn animal to do its bidding if necessary.
When working with sheep, the Rottweiler shows a gathering/fetching style and reams directions easily. It drives sheep with ease.
In some cases, Rottweilers have begun herding cattle without any experience at all.
If worked on the same stock for any length of time, the Rottweiler tends to develop a bond with the stock and will become quite affectionate with them as long as they do as it directs.[21]
The Rottweiler is also exceptionally suited for and is commonly used in the dog sport of Schutzhund.
Health[edit]
Rottweiler
Rottweilers are a relatively healthy, disease-free breed. As with most large breeds, hip dysplasia can be a problem. For this reason the various Rottweiler breed clubs have had x-ray testing regimes in place for many years. Osteochondritis dissecans, a condition affecting the shoulder joints, can also be a problem due to the breed's rapid growth rate. A reputable breeder will have the hips and elbows of all breeding stock x-rayed and read by a recognised specialist, and will have paperwork to prove it.
They will also have certificates that their breeding animals do not have entropion or ectropion and that they have full and complete dentition with a scissor bite.
As with any breed, hereditary conditions occur in some lines. The Rottweiler is very prone to osteosarcoma which is among the most common causes of early death in Rottweilers. For unknown reasons, Rottweilers are more susceptible than other breeds to become infected with parvovirus, a highly contagious and deadly disease of puppies and young dogs.[citation needed]
If overfed or under-exercised, Rottweilers are prone to obesity. Some of the consequences of obesity can be very serious, including arthritis, breathing difficulties, diabetes, heart failure, reproductive problems, skin disease, reduced resistance to disease and overheating caused by the thick jacket of fat under the skin.[22]
Breed surveys in the US, UK and Denmark, and UK vet data puts the average lifespan of Rottweilers at 8 to 10 years.[23][24]
As with the vast majority of large-breed dogs, Rottweilers are also predisposed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Media portrayal[edit]
The portrayal of Rottweilers as vicious or malevolently aggressive dogs in several fictional films and TV series, most notably in The Omen, along with sensationalist press coverage, has created a negative image of the breed.[citation needed] However, some films and television shows, such as Lethal Weapon 3, the 1998 film Half Baked, and the hit HBO show Entourage, have portrayed Rottweilers in a positive light. They are also featured in the children's book series Good Dog, Carl by Alexandra Day.
In an event widely reported by the media, a two-year-old UK Rottweiler named Jake owned by Liz Maxted-Bluck was recognised for his bravery by the RSPCA. The dog was out walking with his owner when they heard screams. Jake chased off a man as he molested a woman on Hearsall Common, Coventry, in July 2009. He located the attacker and his victim in thick scrub, chased off the attacker, led his owner to the scene, then stood guard over the victim until police arrived. The attacker was convicted of serious sexual assault and jailed for four years. Jake was nominated by police for the bravery award and medallion after the incident. Det Con Clive Leftwich, from Coventry police station, said: "From our point of view Jake the Rottweiler stopped a serious sexual assault from becoming even worse."[25]
Gallery[edit]
One-year-old Rottweiler
Male Rottweiler
Female Rottweiler
10-year-old Rottweiler
Rottweiler
A close-up headshot
Headshot of a Rottweiler
An oblique head shot
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionaries". Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionaries-US". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rottweiler breed standard" (PDF). FCI. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rottweiler". Australian National Kennel Council. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rottweiler". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rottweiler". New Zealand Kennel Club. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Adolf Pienkoss, The Rottweiler, 3rd ed., Borken, Germany: Internationale Föderation der Rottweilerfreunde, 2008.
Jump up ^ Manfred Schanzle, Studies in The Breed History of The Rottweiler. DVM thesis, University of Munich, 1969.
Jump up ^ American Kennel Club (2006). The Complete Dog Book. 3 (20 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-307-41699-5. Retrieved 2012-03-13. The origin of the Rottweiler is not a documented record. Once this is recognized, actual history tempered by reasonable supposition indicates the likelihood he is descended from one of the drover dogs indigenous to ancient Rome.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rottweiler: History". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rottweiler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Pienkoss, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Get to Know the Rottweiler", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 29 May 2014
Jump up ^ Thomas G. VanSach. "The History of the Rottweiler". vansach.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31.
Jump up ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 29 May 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rottweiler: breed standards" (PDF). American Kennel Club. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ FCI Standard N° 147 Op. Cit.
^ Jump up to: a b American Kennel Club Breed Standard for the Rottweiler, akc.org
Jump up ^ "Breed differences in canine aggression". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114: 441–460. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006.
Jump up ^ American Kennel Club, AKC Herding Regulations
Jump up ^ "Breed Feature: Bernese Mountain Dogs, Leonbergers & Rottweilers", National Dog – The Ringleader Way, vol. 12, nos. 1&2 (Jan/Feb 2009), p. 12.
Jump up ^ Les Price, Rottweilers: An Owner's Companion. New York: Macmillan,1991, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Cassidy, Kelly M. "Breed Longevity Data". Retrieved 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. 198: 638–43. PMID 24206631. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. "n=105 median=8.0 IQR=5.5–10.2"
Jump up ^ "Rottweiler honoured for stopping Coventry sex attacker". BBC News]]. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Blackmore, Joan. A Dog Owners Guide to the Rottweiler
Brace, Andrew H. (Ed), The Ultimate Rottweiler, Ringpress Books, Surrey, 2003. ISBN 1-86054-263-8
Coren,Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. (1994).
Chardets: Know your Rottweiler
Fédération Cynologique Internationale-Standard N° 147/ 19. 06. 2000 / GB The Rottweiler. Translated by – Mrs C. Seidler Country of Origin – Germany.
Kaneene JB, Mostosky UV, Miller R. Update of a retrospective cohort study of changes in hip joint phenotype of dogs evaluated by the OFA in the United States, 1989–2003. Vet Surg 2009;38:398–405, Interscience.wiley.com, abstract
National Dog – The Ringleader Way, Volume 12 Number 1 & 2, Jan/Feb 2009 Breed Feature "Bernese Mountain Dogs, Leonbergers & Rottweilers".
Pettengell, Jim. The Rottweiler
Pienkoss, Adolf. The Rottweiler, 3rd revised and updated edition, Internationale Foederation der Rottweilerfreunde (IFR) Wilhelmitenstr. 15a, 46354 Borken, Germany, 2008
Price, Les. Rottweilers: an owner's companion. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 1991. ISBN 0-87605-297-9
Schanzle, Manfred, Studies In The Breed History Of The Rottweiler. German edition Published by Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiller – Klub (ADRK) E.V. 1967 English edition published jointly by Colonial Rottweiler Club & Medallion Rottweiler Club – Sept 1969. 1981 Printing (updated) – Published by Powderhorn Press 3320 Wonderview Plaza, Hollywood, CA90068.
Yrjola, J.A.U. & Tikka, Elvi. Our Friend the Rottweiler.
External links[edit]
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