text:
The Dukes of Hazzard (film)
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The Dukes of Hazzard
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jay Chandrasekhar
Produced by
Bill Gerber
Screenplay by
John O'Brien
Story by
John O'Brien
Jonathan L. Davis
Based on
Characters
by Gy Waldron
Starring
Johnny Knoxville
Seann William Scott
Jessica Simpson
Burt Reynolds
Willie Nelson
Narrated by
Junior Brown
Music by
Nathan Barr
Cinematography
Lawrence Sher
Edited by
Lee Haxall
Myron I. Kerstein
Production
company
Village Roadshow Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
August 5, 2005 (2005-08-05)
Running time
104 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50 million
Box office
$111.1 million
The Dukes of Hazzard is a 2005 American buddy comedy road film based on the television series, The Dukes of Hazzard. The film was directed by Jay Chandrasekhar and released on August 5, 2005, by Warner Bros. Pictures. As in the television series, the film depicts the adventures of cousins Bo, Luke, and Daisy, and their Uncle Jesse, as they outfox crooked Hazzard County Commissioner Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane.
The film was the acting debut of pop singer Jessica Simpson. While financially successful, the film met with negative reviews from critics. The film was followed by a direct-to-video prequel titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (2007).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameos
3 Production
3.1 Stunts
3.2 Locations
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Awards
5 Controversy
6 Soundtrack
7 Unrated Cut
8 Prequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Cousins Bo (Seann William Scott), Luke (Johnny Knoxville), and Daisy Duke (Jessica Simpson) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse (Willie Nelson) in Hazzard County, Georgia. The cousins' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the "General Lee". Along the way, the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg, widely known as "Boss Hogg" (Burt Reynolds), and his willing but dimwitted henchman, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (M. C. Gainey).
After Rosco has the General Lee impounded after Bo and Luke’s attempt to run away from a daughter of one their many moonshine customers, Billy Prickett (James Roday), a famous stock-car driver, enters Hazzard to participate in the rally. Meanwhile, Rosco plants a fake moonshine still ("'cause he's too dumb to find the real one") in Uncle Jesse's barn and seizes the Duke property in the interest of eminent domain for Boss Hogg, forcing the family to temporarily reside with neighbor and Uncle Jesse's love-interest, Pauline (Lynda Carter). Pauline informs the Dukes that Rosco seized another farm on charges, so Bo and Luke investigate a local construction site and find geologic core samples with the help of bait-shop owner Sheev (Kevin Heffernan). Meanwhile, Coltrane makes arrangements to seize the General Lee as "evidence" from the local auto body shop run by the Dukes' friend Cooter Davenport (David Koechner), who instead turns the car into a hot rod and applies a new paint job and horn, in return for finally getting payment for all the work he has done ("...'cause that's how this works...") for the boys in the past.
Sheriff's car at location in Thousand Oaks, California
After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can, the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab, meeting with Katie-Lynn Johnson (Nikki Griffin), a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes' love interest, and her Australian roommate Annette (Jacqui Maxwell). At the lab, they discover Boss Hogg's intentions of turning the county into a strip coal mine. They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police. Back in Hazzard, Daisy learns, with the help of Sheriff's Deputy Enos Strate (Michael Weston), that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the rally as a ringer. Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta, where he informs the Duke boys, in lock-up, that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg's proposition is at the same time as the rally, explaining Billy Prickett's involvement. During a transfer from detainment, Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car, and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk, escaping Atlanta Police, and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo outmaneuvers the city cops.
Upon returning home, the Dukes discover that Boss Hogg and Rosco had taken Uncle Jesse and Pauline hostage, an obvious trap for the boys, and that Billy is in on the scheme because he is ashamed of the town's low status. The two race to the farmhouse to cause a distraction to the waiting Hazzard County sheriff's deputies and Georgia state troopers, while Daisy and Cooter rescue Jesse and Pauline. Meanwhile, the college girls head to the rally with Sheev to inform the townsfolk about the vote on the strip-mining ordinance. Because of Sheev's armadillo hat and lack of pants, no one listens, so Bo leaves for the rally while Luke and Jesse team up to foil the county and state police who are chasing Bo, interfering with the race. Upon crossing the finish line first, before Billy, the two continue racing back and forth all the way into town, leading the townsfolk to the courthouse just in time to vote against Boss Hogg's proposed ordinance. At the courthouse, Daisy takes advantage of the governor of Georgia's presence and TV cameras to convince him to pardoning the boys, so Uncle Jesse takes the opportunity to knock out Boss Hogg and gets a pardon for assaulting a county commissioner at the same time.
The final scene shows a cook-out at the Dukes' house where Pauline convinces Uncle Jesse, who could not be found because he was "using the meat smoker", to get up and play the television series' main theme. Bo and Luke are romantically involved with the girls in the General Lee when they are caught by Luke's other love-interest Laurie Pullman (Alice Greczyn) from the introduction of the film, who proceeds to chase them with a shotgun as they drive away.
During the credits, outtakes from the production of the film are shown.
Cast[edit]
Knoxville and Scott at the premiere
Johnny Knoxville as Luke Duke
Seann William Scott as Bo Duke
Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke
Burt Reynolds as Boss Hogg
Willie Nelson as Uncle Jesse Duke
David Koechner as Cooter Davenport
M. C. Gainey as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Michael Weston as Deputy Enos Strate
Lynda Carter as Pauline
James Roday as Billy Prickett
Kevin Heffernan as Derek "Sheev" Sheevington
Nikki Griffin as Katie-Lynn Johnson
Jacqui Maxwell as Annette
Alice Greczyn as Laurie Pullman
Junior Brown as The Balladeer (narrator)
Joe Don Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite
Barry Corbin as Bill Pullman
Andrew Prine as Angry Man
Randy Orton as Bo Duke (Stunt double)
Cameos[edit]
All five members of the comedy film troupe Broken Lizard make appearances in the film, classified as cameos, except for Kevin Heffernan, who had a larger speaking role (Sheev).
Broken Lizard cameos
Steve Lemme appears as Jimmy Pullman, the son of Bill Pullman, in an early car chase scene in which he accidentally shoots the inside of his father's truck.
Jay Chandrasekhar and Erik Stolhanske reprise their roles as Ramathorn and Rabbit from the Broken Lizard comedy, Super Troopers. The characters are now campus security officers, who give a warning to the Duke boys for driving too slowly.
Paul Soter appears as TV newsman Rick Shakely, who is reporting from the Hazzard Road Rally.
Charlie Finn, who played a dimwitted fast-food employee in Super Troopers, appears as a dimwitted geology student who assists the Duke boys with the coal samples.
Other notable[citation needed] cameos
During the bar-fight scene, Indy-car driver A. J. Foyt IV appears as himself.
Bloopers roll under the ending credits, one of which features Rip Taylor interrupting the bedroom scene with Luke and the two college girls. Taylor had previously appeared with Knoxville in Jackass: The Movie.
Production[edit]
Stunts[edit]
Knoxville said he was initially reluctant to take on the role, but was persuaded by script changes and the presence of Dan Bradley as stunt coordinator and second unit for the car chase scenes. Knoxville praised him, saying, "everyone in Hollywood wants Dan Bradley to shoot their car stuff".[1]
Locations[edit]
The majority of the film was shot in and around Clinton, Louisiana. The street scenes are set in Atlanta, but filmed in the New Orleans Central Business District, and the university scenes were shot on the campus of Louisiana State University.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was number one at the box office its opening weekend and grossed $30.7 million on 3,785 screens. It also had an adjusted-dollar rank of number 24 all-time for August releases.[2] The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide, although it was much less successful financially outside the United States.
Critical reception[edit]
Roger Ebert gave the film one star, calling it a "lame-brained, outdated wheeze" and wondered that Burt Reynolds' part in the film is "karma-wise... the second half of what Smokey and the Bandit was the first half of".[3] Ebert also named it the second-worst film of the year and Richard Roeper named it the worst film of 2005.[4]
According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 14% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 168 reviews; the website's consensus called the film "A dumb, goofy, and vacuous adaptation of a TV show where plot is simply an excuse to string together the car chases." The film received an average rating of 33% on Metacritic based on 36 reviews, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews."[5] Longtime fans of the original Dukes of Hazzard series were generally disappointed by the film.[6]
Awards[edit]
At the 26th Golden Raspberry Awards, the film received seven nominations, but did not win any.
Worst Picture - lost to Dirty Love
Worst Director (Jay Chandrasekhar) - lost to John Mallory Asher for Dirty Love
Worst Screenplay (John O'Brien) - lost to Jenny McCarthy for Dirty Love
Worst Supporting Actor (Burt Reynolds) - lost to Hayden Christensen in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Worst Supporting Actress (Jessica Simpson) - lost to Paris Hilton in House of Wax
Worst Screen Couple (Jessica Simpson and her Daisy Dukes) - lost to Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell in Bewitched
Worst Remake or Sequel - lost to Son of the Mask
At the People's Choice Awards, Simpson won the "Favorite Song from a Movie" award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'".
The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards, including Best On-Screen Team (Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, and Jessica Simpson), and Sexiest Performance (Jessica Simpson).
Simpson won the Choice Breakout Female award for her role in the film at the Teen Choice Awards.
Controversy[edit]
Before the release of this film, Warner Bros. reportedly paid $17.5 million to the producer of Moonrunners, the movie that inspired the television series. This was soon followed by a claim from screenwriter Gy Waldron. The Hollywood Reporter reported that James Best, who portrayed Rosco P. Coltrane in the original series, filed suit in late July 2011 over royalties he was contracted to receive over spinoffs that "used his identity".[7] Ben Jones, who played Cooter Davenport in the original series, criticized the film for its emphasis on sexual content, suggesting that the original series was more family-oriented and not as sexualized.[8] He called for fans of the television series to boycott the film "unless they clean it up before the August 5th release date."
Some have countered that the original series also contained sexual themes, primarily Catherine Bach's (Daisy Duke) much-displayed "short shorts" (which have become so ubiquitous in American culture that skimpy blue jean cutoff shorts are now often simply called "Daisy Dukes"). In a film review, a New York Daily News entertainment columnist said the movie's sex humor is "cruder" than the TV series, but that it is "nearly identical to the TV series in... its ogling of the posterior of cousin Daisy Duke."[9]
Although initially he commented that he enjoyed the new style of relationship between the movie versions of Bo and Luke, John Schneider, who played Bo Duke in the original series, was later asked if he saw the film and said: "My gosh... it was terrible! It wasn’t Dukes. It was true to whatever it was; I just don’t know what that was!"[10]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: These Boots Are Made for Walkin' § Jessica Simpson version
Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie, Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and was released as the soundtrack's first single in 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery.[11] Both the original Ram Jam version of "Black Betty", and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film. "If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" and "Shoot to Thrill" are played by AC/DC.[12]
Unrated Cut[edit]
In 2008, an unrated cut restored changes made to get a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America. The unrated cut was released on DVD, and included rated and unrated bonus features, including unrated deleted scenes and blooper scenes. This edition was not rated by the MPAA, but would have unquestionably been rated R for nudity, language, and violent driving stunts.[13]
Prequel[edit]
A prequel to the film, titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning, was released to television on March 4, 2007, and released to DVD on March 13, 2007.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Johnny Knoxville interview for Dukes Of Hazzard". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-28. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Top August Opening Weekends at the Box Office". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert Reviews The Dukes of Hazzard
Jump up ^ "Ebert and Roeper's Worst of 2005". Rope Of Silicon.com.
Jump up ^ "Dukes of Hazzard, The (2005): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "'Dukes of Hazzard' Sheriff Sues Warner Bros. for Millions in Royalties". The Hollywood Reporter. 2011-08-02. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
Jump up ^ Dukes of Hazzard, Cooter’s Place, archived from the original on 2005-07-16
Jump up ^ NY Daily News, New York, August 5, 2005, archived from the original on 2005-10-30, retrieved September 2009 Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Exclusive Interview: John Schneider, Moviehole, 2007-12-28, archived from the original on 2007-12-28
Jump up ^ "Jessica Simpson: Singles Chart History". billboard.com. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
Jump up ^ "USATODAY.com - Jessica Simpson kicks off People's Choice Awards". www.usatoday.com. January 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ Wurm, Gerald. "Dukes of Hazzard, The (Comparison: Theatrical Cut - Unrated Edition) - Movie-Censorship.com". www.movie-censorship.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dukes of Hazzard (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(film)
The Dukes of Hazzard on IMDb
The Dukes of Hazzard at AllMovie
The Dukes of Hazzard at Box Office Mojo
The Dukes of Hazzard at Rotten Tomatoes
The Dukes of Hazzard at HazzardNet.com
[show]
v
t
e
The Dukes of Hazzard
Episodes
Characters
Bo Duke
Luke Duke
Daisy Duke
Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
Boss Hogg
Television films
The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! (1997)
The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000)
Remake films
The Dukes of Hazzard (2005)
The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (2007)
Video games
The Dukes of Hazzard
Racing for Home
Daisy Dukes It Out
Return of the General Lee
Spin-offs
Enos
The Dukes
See also
The General Lee
Boar's Nest
Jerry Rushing
"Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)"
Moonrunners
Hazard Run
[show]
v
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Films directed by Jay Chandrasekhar
Puddle Cruiser (1996)
Super Troopers (2001)
Club Dread (2004)
The Dukes of Hazzard (2005)
Beerfest (2006)
Broken Lizard Stands Up (2010)
The Babymakers (2012)
Super Troopers 2 (2018)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185752175
LCCN: no2005089888
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Egg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about biological eggs. For eggs as food, see Egg as food. For other uses, see Egg (disambiguation).
Eggs of various birds, a reptile, various cartilaginous fish, a cuttlefish and various butterflies and moths. (Click on image for key)
Diagram of a chicken egg in its 9th day. Membranes: allantois, chorion, amnion, and vitellus/ yolk.
An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches. An egg results from fertilization of an ovum. Most arthropods, vertebrates, and mollusks lay eggs, although some, such as scorpions and most mammals, do not.
Reptile eggs, bird eggs, and monotreme eggs are laid out of water, and are surrounded by a protective shell, either flexible or inflexible. Eggs laid on land or in nests are usually kept within a warm and favorable temperature range while the embryo grows. When the embryo is adequately developed it hatches, i.e. breaks out of the egg's shell. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth they use to crack, pip, or break the eggshell or covering.
The largest recorded egg is from a whale shark, and was 30 cm × 14 cm × 9 cm (11.8 in × 5.5 in × 3.5 in) in size.[1] Whale shark eggs typically hatch within the mother. At 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and up to 17.8 cm × 14 cm (7.0 in × 5.5 in), the ostrich egg is the largest egg of any living bird,[2] though the extinct elephant bird and some dinosaurs laid larger eggs. The bee hummingbird produces the smallest known bird egg, which weighs half of a gram (around 0.02 oz). Some eggs laid by reptiles and most fish, amphibians, insects and other invertebrates can be even smaller.
Reproductive structures similar to the egg in other kingdoms are termed "spores," or in spermatophytes "seeds," or in gametophytes "egg cells".
Contents
[hide]
1 Eggs of different animal groups
1.1 Fish and amphibian eggs
1.2 Bird eggs
1.2.1 Colors
1.2.2 Shell
1.2.3 Shape
1.2.4 Predation
1.2.5 Various examples
1.3 Amniote eggs and embryos
1.4 Mammalian eggs
1.5 Invertebrate eggs
2 Evolution and structure
3 Scientific classifications
3.1 Egg size and yolk
3.1.1 Microlecithal
3.1.2 Mesolecithal
3.1.3 Macrolecithal
3.2 Egg-laying reproduction
4 Human use
4.1 Food
4.1.1 Eggs and Kashrut
4.2 Vaccine manufacture
4.3 Culture
5 Collecting
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
Eggs of different animal groups
Further information: egg cell
Several major groups of animals typically have readily distinguishable eggs.
Overview of eggs from various animals
Class
Types of eggs
Development
Jawless fish Mesolecithal eggs, especially large in hagfish[3] Larval stage in lampreys, direct development in hagfish.[4][5]
Cartilaginous fish Macrolecithal eggs with egg capsule[3] Direct development, viviparity in some species[6]
Bony fish Macrolecithal eggs, small to medium size, large eggs in the coelacanth[7] Larval stage, ovovivipary in some species.[8]
Amphibians Medium-sized mesolecithal eggs in all species.[7] Tadpole stage, direct development in some species.[7]
Reptiles Large macrolecithal eggs, develop independent of water.[9] Direct development, some ovoviviparious
Birds Large to very large macrolecithal eggs in all species, develop independent of water.[3] The young more or less fully developed, no distinct larval stage.
Mammals Macrolecithal eggs in monotremes and marsupials, extreme microlecithal eggs in placental mammals.[3] Young little developed with indistinct larval stage in monotremes and marsupials, direct development in placentals.
Fish and amphibian eggs
See also: Ichthyoplankton and Spawn (biology)
Salmon eggs in different stages of development. In some only a few cells grow on top of the yolk, in the lower right the blood vessels surround the yolk and in the upper left the black eyes are visible.
Diagram of a fish egg: A. vitelline membrane B. chorion C. yolk D. oil globule E. perivitelline space F. embryo
Salmon fry hatching. The larva has grown around the remains of the yolk and the remains of the soft, transparent egg are discarded.
The most common reproductive strategy for fish is known as oviparity, in which the female lays undeveloped eggs that are externally fertilized by a male. Typically large numbers of eggs are laid at one time (an adult female cod can produce 4–6 million eggs in one spawning) and the eggs are then left to develop without parental care. When the larvae hatch from the egg, they often carry the remains of the yolk in a yolk sac which continues to nourish the larvae for a few days as they learn how to swim. Once the yolk is consumed, there is a critical point after which they must learn how to hunt and feed or they will die.
A few fish, notably the rays and most sharks use ovoviviparity in which the eggs are fertilized and develop internally. However the larvae still grow inside the egg consuming the egg's yolk and without any direct nourishment from the mother. The mother then gives birth to relatively mature young. In certain instances, the physically most developed offspring will devour its smaller siblings for further nutrition while still within the mother's body. This is known as intrauterine cannibalism.
In certain scenarios, some fish such as the hammerhead shark and reef shark are viviparous, with the egg being fertilized and developed internally, but with the mother also providing direct nourishment.
The eggs of fish and amphibians are jellylike. Cartilagenous fish (sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras) eggs are fertilized internally and exhibit a wide variety of both internal and external embryonic development. Most fish species spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after the female lays them. These eggs do not have a shell and would dry out in the air. Even air-breathing amphibians lay their eggs in water, or in protective foam as with the Coast foam-nest treefrog, Chiromantis xerampelina.
Bird eggs
Main article: bird egg
Bird eggs are laid by females and incubated for a time that varies according to the species; a single young hatches from each egg. Average clutch sizes range from one (as in condors) to about 17 (the grey partridge). Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized (e.g. hens); it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of unfertilized eggs, which are sometimes called wind-eggs.
Colors
Guillemot eggs
The default color of vertebrate eggs is the white of the calcium carbonate from which the shells are made, but some birds, mainly passerines, produce colored eggs. The pigment biliverdin and its zinc chelate give a green or blue ground color, and protoporphyrin produces reds and browns as a ground color or as spotting.
Non-passerines typically have white eggs, except in some ground-nesting groups such as the Charadriiformes, sandgrouse and nightjars, where camouflage is necessary, and some parasitic cuckoos which have to match the passerine host's egg. Most passerines, in contrast, lay colored eggs, even if there is no need of cryptic colors.
However some have suggested that the protoporphyrin markings on passerine eggs actually act to reduce brittleness by acting as a solid state lubricant.[10] If there is insufficient calcium available in the local soil, the egg shell may be thin, especially in a circle around the broad end. Protoporphyrin speckling compensates for this, and increases inversely to the amount of calcium in the soil.[11]
For the same reason, later eggs in a clutch are more spotted than early ones as the female's store of calcium is depleted.
The color of individual eggs is also genetically influenced, and appears to be inherited through the mother only, suggesting that the gene responsible for pigmentation is on the sex determining W chromosome (female birds are WZ, males ZZ).
It used to be thought that color was applied to the shell immediately before laying, but this research shows that coloration is an integral part of the development of the shell, with the same protein responsible for depositing calcium carbonate, or protoporphyrins when there is a lack of that mineral.
In species such as the common guillemot, which nest in large groups, each female's eggs have very different markings, making it easier for females to identify their own eggs on the crowded cliff ledges on which they breed.
Shell
Bird eggshells are diverse. For example:
cormorant eggs are rough and chalky
tinamou eggs are shiny
duck eggs are oily and waterproof
cassowary eggs are heavily pitted
Tiny pores in bird eggshells allow the embryo to breathe. The domestic hen's egg has around 7000 pores.[12]
Shape
Most bird eggs have an oval shape, with one end rounded and the other more pointed. This shape results from the egg being forced through the oviduct. Muscles contract the oviduct behind the egg, pushing it forward. The egg's wall is still shapeable, and the pointed end develops at the back. Long, pointy eggs are an incidental consequence of having a streamlined body typical of birds with strong flying abilities; flight narrows the oviduct, which changes the type of egg a bird can lay.[13] Cliff-nesting birds often have highly conical eggs. They are less likely to roll off, tending instead to roll around in a tight circle; this trait is likely to have arisen due to evolution via natural selection. In contrast, many hole-nesting birds have nearly spherical eggs.
Predation
Many animals feed on eggs. For example, principal predators of the black oystercatcher's eggs include raccoons, skunks, mink, river and sea otters, gulls, crows and foxes. The stoat (Mustela erminea) and long-tailed weasel (M. frenata) steal ducks' eggs. Snakes of the genera Dasypeltis and Elachistodon specialize in eating eggs.
Brood parasitism occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the host's eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. Brood parasites include the cowbirds and many Old World cuckoos.
Various examples
An average whooping crane egg is 102 mm (4.0 in) long and weighs 208 g (7.3 oz)
Eurasian oystercatcher eggs camouflaged in the nest
Egg of a senegal parrot, a bird that nests in tree holes, on a 1 cm (0.39 in) grid
Eggs of ostrich, emu, kiwi and chicken
Finch egg next to American dime
Eggs of duck, goose, guineafowl and chicken
Eggs of ostrich, cassowary, chicken, flamingo, pigeon and blackbird
Egg of an emu
Amniote eggs and embryos
Turtle eggs in a nest dug by a female common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)
Like amphibians, amniotes are air-breathing vertebrates, but they have complex eggs or embryos, including an amniotic membrane. Amniotes include reptiles (including dinosaurs and their descendants, birds) and mammals.
Reptile eggs are often rubbery and are always initially white. They are able to survive in the air. Often the sex of the developing embryo is determined by the temperature of the surroundings, with cooler temperatures favouring males. Not all reptiles lay eggs; some are viviparous ("live birth").
Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils.
Among mammals, early extinct species laid eggs, as do platypuses and echidnas (spiny anteaters). Platypuses and two genera of echidna are Australian monotremes. Marsupial and placental mammals do not lay eggs, but their unborn young do have the complex tissues that identify amniotes.
Mammalian eggs
The eggs of the egg-laying mammals (the platypus and the echidnas) are macrolecithal eggs very much like those of reptiles. The eggs of marsupials are likewise macrolecithal, but rather small, and develop inside the body of the female, but do not form a placenta. The young are born at a very early stage, and can be classified as a "larva" in the biological sense.[14]
In placental mammals, the egg itself is void of yolk, but develops an umbilical cord from structures that in reptiles would form the yolk sac. Receiving nutrients from the mother, the fetus completes the development while inside the uterus.
Invertebrate eggs
Nudibranch Orange-peel doris Acanthodoris lutea in tide pool laying eggs
Eggs are common among invertebrates, including insects, spiders, mollusks, and crustaceans.
Evolution and structure
All sexually reproducing life, including both plants and animals, produces gametes. The male gamete cell, sperm, is usually motile whereas the female gamete cell, the ovum, is generally larger and sessile. The male and female gametes combine to produce the zygote cell. In multicellular organisms the zygote subsequently divides in an organised manner into smaller more specialised cells, so that this new individual develops into an embryo. In most animals the embryo is the sessile initial stage of the individual life cycle, and is followed by the emergence (that is, the hatching) of a motile stage. The zygote or the ovum itself or the sessile organic vessel containing the developing embryo may be called the egg.
A recent proposal suggests that the phylotypic animal body plans originated in cell aggregates before the existence of an egg stage of development. Eggs, in this view, were later evolutionary innovations, selected for their role in ensuring genetic uniformity among the cells of incipient multicellular organisms.[15]
Scientific classifications
Scientists often classify animal reproduction according to the degree of development that occurs before the new individuals are expelled from the adult body, and by the yolk which the egg provides to nourish the embryo.
Egg size and yolk
Vertebrate eggs can be classified by the relative amount of yolk. Simple eggs with little yolk are called microlecithal, medium-sized eggs with some yolk are called mesolecithal, and large eggs with a large concentrated yolk are called macrolecithal.[7] This classification of eggs is based on the eggs of chordates, though the basic principle extends to the whole animal kingdom.
Microlecithal
Microlecithal eggs from the roundworm Toxocara
Microlecithal eggs from the flatworm Paragonimus westermani
Small eggs with little yolk are called microlecithal. The yolk is evenly distributed, so the cleavage of the egg cell cuts through and divides the egg into cells of fairly similar sizes. In sponges and cnidarians the dividing eggs develop directly into a simple larva, rather like a morula with cilia. In cnidarians, this stage is called the planula, and either develops directly into the adult animals or forms new adult individuals through a process of budding.[16]
Microlecithal eggs require minimal yolk mass. Such eggs are found in flatworms, roundworms, annelids, bivalves, echinoderms, the lancelet and in most marine arthropods.[17] In anatomically simple animals, such as cnidarians and flatworms, the fetal development can be quite short, and even microlecithal eggs can undergo direct development. These small eggs can be produced in large numbers. In animals with high egg mortality, microlecithal eggs are the norm, as in bivalves and marine arthropods. However, the latter are more complex anatomically than e.g. flatworms, and the small microlecithal eggs do not allow full development. Instead, the eggs hatch into larvae, which may be markedly different from the adult animal.
In placental mammals, where the embryo is nourished by the mother throughout the whole fetal period, the egg is reduced in size to essentially a naked egg cell.
Mesolecithal
Frogspawn is mesolecithal.
Mesolecithal eggs have comparatively more yolk than the microlecithal eggs. The yolk is concentrated in one part of the egg (the vegetal pole), with the cell nucleus and most of the cytoplasm in the other (the animal pole). The cell cleavage is uneven, and mainly concentrated in the cytoplasma-rich animal pole.[3]
The larger yolk content of the mesolecithal eggs allows for a longer fetal development. Comparatively anatomically simple animals will be able to go through the full development and leave the egg in a form reminiscent of the adult animal. This is the situation found in hagfish and some snails.[4][17] Animals with smaller size eggs or more advanced anatomy will still have a distinct larval stage, though the larva will be basically similar to the adult animal, as in lampreys, coelacanth and the salamanders.[3]
Macrolecithal
A baby tortoise begins to emerge "fully developed" from its macrolecithal egg.
Eggs with a large yolk are called macrolecithal. The eggs are usually few in number, and the embryos have enough food to go through full fetal development in most groups.[7] Macrolecithal eggs are only found in selected representatives of two groups: Cephalopods and vertebrates.[7][18]
Macrolecithal eggs go through a different type of development than other eggs. Due to the large size of the yolk, the cell division can not split up the yolk mass. The fetus instead develops as a plate-like structure on top of the yolk mass, and only envelopes it at a later stage.[7] A portion of the yolk mass is still present as an external or semi-external yolk sac at hatching in many groups. This form of fetal development is common in bony fish, even though their eggs can be quite small. Despite their macrolecithal structure, the small size of the eggs does not allow for direct development, and the eggs hatch to a larval stage ("fry"). In terrestrial animals with macrolecithal eggs, the large volume to surface ratio necessitates structures to aid in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and for storage of waste products so that the embryo does not suffocate or get poisoned from its own waste while inside the egg, see amniote.[9]
In addition to bony fish and cephalopods, macrolecithal eggs are found in cartilaginous fish, reptiles, birds and monotreme mammals.[3] The eggs of the coelacanths can reach a size of 9 cm in diameter, and the young go through full development while in the uterus, living on the copious yolk.[19]
Egg-laying reproduction
Animals are commonly classified by their manner of reproduction, at the most general level distinguishing egg-laying (Latin. oviparous) from live-bearing (Latin. viviparous).
These classifications are divided into more detail according to the development that occurs before the offspring are expelled from the adult's body. Traditionally:[20]
Ovuliparity means the female spawns unfertilized eggs (ova), which must then be externally fertilised. Ovuliparity is typical of bony fish, anurans, echinoderms, bivalves and cnidarians. Most aquatic organisms are ovuliparous. The term is derived from the diminiutive meaning "little egg".
Oviparity is where fertilisation occurs internally and so the eggs laid by the female are zygotes (or newly developing embryos), often with important outer tissues added (for example, in a chicken egg, no part outside of the yolk originates with the zygote). Oviparity is typical of birds, reptiles, some cartilaginous fish and most arthropods. Terrestrial organisms are typically oviparous, with egg-casings that resist evaporation of moisture.
Ovo-viviparity is where the zygote is retained in the adult’s body but there are no trophic (feeding) interactions. That is, the embryo still obtains all of its nutrients from inside the egg. Most live-bearing fish, amphibians or reptiles are actually ovoviviparous. Examples include the reptile Anguis fragilis, the sea horse (where zygotes are retained in the male’s ventral "marsupium"), and the frogs Rhinoderma darwinii (where the eggs develop in the vocal sac) and Rheobatrachus (where the eggs develop in the stomach).
Histotrophic viviparity means embryos develop in the female’s oviducts but obtain nutrients by consuming other ova, zygotes or sibling embryos (oophagy or adelphophagy). This intra-uterine cannibalism occurs in some sharks and in the black salamander Salamandra atra. Marsupials excrete a "uterine milk" supplementing the nourishment from the yolk sak.[21]
Hemotrophic viviparity is where nutrients are provided from the female's blood through a designated organ. This most commonly occurs through a placenta, found in most mammals. Similar structures are found in some sharks and in the lizard Pseudomoia pagenstecheri.[22][23] In some hylid frogs, the embryo is fed by the mother through specialized gills.[24]
The term hemotropic derives from the Latin for blood-feeding, contrasted with histotrophic for tissue-feeding.[25]
Human use
Food
Main article: Egg (food)
Eggs laid by many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, have probably been eaten by mankind for millennia. Popular choices for egg consumption are chicken, duck, roe, and caviar, but by a wide margin the egg most often humanly consumed is the chicken egg, typically unfertilized.
Eggs and Kashrut
See also: Kashrut § Pareve foods, and Kosher foods § Eggs
According to the Kashrut, that is the set of Jewish dietary laws, kosher food may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law). Kosher meat and milk (or derivatives) cannot be mixed (Deuteronomy 14:21) or stored together. Eggs are considered pareve (neither meat nor dairy) despite being an animal product and can be mixed with either milk or kosher meat. Mayonnaise, for instance, is usually marked "pareve" despite by definition containing egg.[26]
Vaccine manufacture
Many vaccines for infectious diseases are produced in fertile chicken eggs. The basis of this technology was the discovery in 1931 by Alice Miles Woodruff and Ernest William Goodpasture at Vanderbilt University that the rickettsia and viruses that cause a variety of diseases will grow in chicken embryos. This enabled the development of vaccines against influenza, chicken pox, smallpox, yellow fever, typhus, Rocky mountain spotted fever and other diseases.
Culture
The egg is a symbol of new life and rebirth in many cultures around the world. Christians view Easter egg as a symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. [27] A popular Easter tradition in some parts of the world is the decoration of hard-boiled eggs (usually by dyeing, but often by spray-painting). Adults often hide the eggs for children to find, an activity known as an Easter egg hunt. A similar tradition of egg painting exists in areas of the world influenced by the culture of Persia. Before the spring equinox in the Persian New Year tradition (called Norouz), each family member decorates a hard-boiled egg and sets them together in a bowl. The tradition of a dancing egg is held during the feast of Corpus Christi in Barcelona and other Catalan cities since the 16th century. It consists of an emptied egg, positioned over the water jet from a fountain, which starts turning without falling.[28]
Although being a food item, eggs are sometimes thrown at houses, cars, or people. This act, known commonly as "egging" in the various English-speaking countries, is a minor form of vandalism and, therefore, usually a criminal offense and is capable of damaging property (egg whites can degrade certain types of vehicle paint) as well as causing serious eye injury. On Halloween, for example, trick or treaters have been known to throw eggs (and sometimes flour) at property or people from whom they received nothing. Eggs are also often thrown in protests, as they are inexpensive and nonlethal, yet very messy when broken. [29]
Collecting
Egg collecting was once a popular hobby. White settlers favored this practice when they first came to Australia. Traditionally, the embryo would be removed before a collector stored the egg shell. [30]
Collecting eggs of wild birds is now banned by many countries and regions in consideration of the threaten to rare species. In the United Kingdom, Protection of Birds Act 1954 and Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 both state that if a person intentionally takes or destroys an egg of any wild bird, he shall be considered guilty and penalized. [31] On the other hand, ongoing underground trading is becoming a serious issue. In the documentary film Poached (2015) [32], director Timothy Wheeler got the opportunity to work with the U.K.’s Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and the country’s National Wildlife Crime Unit, and delved into the motivation behind egg-collecting criminals. [33]
Since the protection of wild bird eggs was regulated, early collections have come to the museums as curiosities. For example, the Australian Museum hosts a collection of about 20,000 registered clutches of eggs, [34] and the collection in Western Australia Museum has been archived in a gallery.[35] Scientists regard egg collections as a good natural-history data, the details recorded in the collectors' notes have helped them to understand birds' nesting behaviors. [36]
Gallery
Insect eggs, in this case those of the Emperor gum moth, are often laid on the underside of leaves.
Fish eggs, such as these herring eggs are often transparent and fertilized after laying.
Skates and some sharks have a uniquely shaped egg case called a mermaid's purse.
A Testudo hermanni emerging fully developed from a reptilian egg.
A Schistosoma mekongi egg.
Eggs of Huffmanela hamo, a nematode parasite in a fish
Eggs of various parasites (mainly nematodes) from wild primates
See also
List of egg topics
Animal shell
Butterfly eggs
Egg (food)
Egg yolk and Egg white
Fossil egg
Haugh unit
Oology
Ovary
Ovulation
Oviparous
Trophic egg
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hildebrand, M. & Gonslow, G. (2001): Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York City
^ Jump up to: a b Gorbman, A. (June 1997). "Hagfish development". Zoological Journal. 14 (3): 375–390. doi:10.2108/zsj.14.375.
Jump up ^ Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C. (1971). The Biology of Lampreys 1st ed. (Academic Press Inc.).
Jump up ^ Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104543-7. OCLC 156157504.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Romer, A. S. & Parsons, T. S. (1985): The Vertebrate Body. (6th ed.) Saunders, Philadelphia.
Jump up ^ Peter Scott: Livebearing Fishes, p. 13. Tetra Press 1997. ISBN 1-56465-193-2
^ Jump up to: a b Stewart J. R. (1997): Morphology and evolution of the egg of oviparous amniotes. In: S. Sumida and K. Martin (ed.) Amniote Origins-Completing the Transition to Land (1): 291–326. London: Academic Press.
Jump up ^ Solomon, S.E. (1987). Egg shell pigmentation. In Egg Quality : Current Problems and Recent Advances (eds R.G. Wells & C.G. Belyarin). Butterworths, London, pp. 147–157.
Jump up ^ Gosler, Andrew G.; James P. Higham; S. James Reynolds (2005). "Why are birds' eggs speckled?". Ecology Letters. 8: 1105–1113. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00816.x.
Jump up ^ Vermont educational site Archived 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Young, Ed (22 June 2017). "Why Are Bird Eggs Egg-Shaped? An Eggsplainer". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Colbert, H.E & Morales, M. (1991): Evolution of the Vertebrates – A History of Backboned Animals Through Time. 4. utgave. John Wiely & sons inc, New York City. 470 pages ISBN 0-471-85074-8
Jump up ^ Newman, S.A. (2011). "Animal egg as evolutionary innovation: a solution to the 'embryonic hourglass' puzzle". Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution). 316: 467–483. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21417.
Jump up ^ Reitzel, A.M.; Sullivan, J.C; Finnery, J.R (2006). "Qualitative shift to indirect development in the parasitic sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (6): 827–837. doi:10.1093/icb/icl032. PMID 21672788. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Barns, R.D. (1968): Invertebrate Zoology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 743 pages
Jump up ^ Nixon, M. & Messenger, J.B (eds) (1977): The Biology of Cephalopods. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, pp 38–615
Jump up ^ Fricke, H.W. & Frahm, J. (1992): Evidence for lecithotrophic viviparity in the living coelacanth. Naturwissenschaften no 79: pp 476–479
Jump up ^ Thierry Lodé 2001. Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux (reproduction strategies in animal kingdom). Eds Dunod Sciences, Paris
Jump up ^ USA, David O. Norris, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA, James A. Carr, Ph.D., faculty director, Joint Admission Medical Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, (2013). Vertebrate endocrinology (Fifth ed.). p. 349. ISBN 0123948150. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Hamlett, William C. (1989). "Evolution and morphogenesis of the placenta in sharks". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 252 (S2): 35–52. doi:10.1002/jez.1402520406. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Jerez, Adriana; Ramírez-Pinilla, Martha Patricia (November 2003). "Morphogenesis of extraembryonic membranes and placentation inMabuya mabouya (Squamata, Scincidae)". Journal of Morphology. 258 (2): 158–178. doi:10.1002/jmor.10138. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
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Jump up ^ Ramaswamy, Chitra (2015-10-05). "Beyond a yolk: a brief history of egging as a political protest". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
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Jump up ^ "Protection of Birds Act 1954". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
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values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunay
Bunay – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B5
卵 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo
Ovo – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
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