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The Sound of Silence
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For other uses, see The Sound of Silence (disambiguation).
"The Sound of Silence"
Single by Simon & Garfunkel
from the album Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. and Sounds of Silence
B-side
"We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'"
Released
Original recording:
October 1964
Overdubbed version:
September 13, 1965
Format
7" single
Recorded
March 10, 1964
Columbia Studios, New York City
June 15, 1965
(overdubbed version)
Genre
Folk rock[1]
Length
3:05
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Tom Wilson
Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology
"I'm Lonesome"
(1963) "The Sound of Silence"
(1964) "Homeward Bound"
(1966)
"I'm Lonesome"
(1963) "The Sound of Silence"
(1965) "Homeward Bound"
(1966)
Paul Simon singles chronology
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras"
(1973) Take Me to the Mardi Gras1973 "The Sound of Silence (Live)"
(1974) The Sound of Silence (Live)1974 "Gone at Last"
(1975) Gone at Last1975
Sounds of Silence track listing
"The Sound of Silence"
(1) "Leaves That Are Green"
(2)
Audio sample
file
help
"The Sound of Silence", originally "The Sounds of Silence", is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964. A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records, and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M..
Released in October 1964, the album was a commercial failure and led to the duo breaking apart, with Paul Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University. In spring 1965, the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston, Massachusetts, and throughout Florida. The growing airplay led Tom Wilson, the song's producer, to remix the track, overdubbing electric instrumentation. Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song's remix until after its release. The single was released in September 1965.
The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1, 1966, leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album, which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song's success. The song was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide, among them Australia, Austria, West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands. Generally considered a classic folk rock song, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important" in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.
Originally titled "The Sounds of Silence" on the album Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits.[2][3]
"The Sound of Silence"
Song by Paul Simon
from the album The Paul Simon Songbook
Released
August 1965
Recorded
June–July 1965
Length
3:19
Label
CBS
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Reginald Warburghton
Stanley West
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Origin and original recording
1.2 Remix
2 Chart performance
3 Reception
4 In popular culture
5 Charts and certifications
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Certifications
6 Disturbed version
6.1 Accolades
6.2 Weekly charts
6.3 Year-end charts
6.4 Certifications
7 Other cover versions
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Origin and original recording[edit]
Paul Simon, the song's composer, seen here in 1966.
Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s. Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s, their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college. In 1963, they regrouped and began performing Simon's original compositions locally in Queens. They billed themselves "Kane & Garr", after old recording pseudonyms, and signed up for Gerde's Folk City, a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances.[4] In September 1963, the duo performed three new songs, among them "The Sound of Silence", getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson, who worked with Bob Dylan.[4][5] Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition, where a performance of "The Sound of Silence" got the duo signed to Columbia.[6]
The song's origin and basis remain unclear, with multiple answers coming forward over the years. Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination, as the song was released three months after the assassination.[4] Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however, "I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old",[7][8] which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy, with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom, where he turned off the lights to better concentrate.[5] "The main thing about playing the guitar, though, was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream. And I was always happy doing that. I used to go off in the bathroom, because the bathroom had tiles, so it was a slight echo chamber. I'd turn on the faucet so that water would run (I like that sound, it's very soothing to me) and I'd play. In the dark. 'Hello darkness, my old friend / I've come to talk with you again'."[9] In a more recent interview, Simon was directly asked, "How is a 21 year old person thinkin' about the words in that song?" His reply was, "I have no idea."[10] According to Garfunkel, Simon originally wrote the lyric as "Aloha darkness, my old friend."[11] Garfunkel once summed up the song's meaning as "the inability of people to communicate with each other, not particularly internationally but especially emotionally, so what you see around you are people unable to love each other."[5]
To promote the release of their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., the duo performed again at Folk City, as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café, which went over poorly. Dave Van Ronk, a folk singer, was at the performances, and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke.[12] "'Sounds of Silence' actually became a running joke: for a while there, it was only necessary to start singing 'Hello darkness, my old friend...' and everybody would crack up."[13] Wednesday Morning, 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release, and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London, England.[14] While there, he recorded a solo album, The Paul Simon Songbook (1965), which features a rendition of the song, titled "The Sounds of Silence".[15]
The original recording of the song is in D♯ minor, using the chords D♯m, C♯, B and F♯. Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret, using the shapes for Am, G, F and C chords.[16] The vocal span goes from C♯4 to F♯5 in the song.[17]
Remix[edit]
The song's heavy airplay in Cocoa Beach, Florida alerted Columbia to release the single.
Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play "The Sound of Silence" in spring 1965. A late-night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin "The Sound of Silence" overnight, where it found a college demographic.[18] Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well, and the song made its way down the East Coast pretty much "overnight", "all the way to Cocoa Beach, Florida, where it caught the students coming down for spring break."[18] A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists, and beach-goers only were interested in the artists behind "The Sound of Silence". He phoned the home office in New York, alerting them of its appeal.[19] An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia's July 1965 convention in Miami, where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song's airplay.[20]
Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio, with Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone" and the Byrds' "Mr. Tambourine Man" (also a Dylan song) charting high.[21] Wilson listened to the song several times, considering it too soft for a wide release.[18] Afterwards, he turned on the Byrds' "Turn! Turn! Turn!", which gave him the idea to remix the song, overdubbing rock instrumentation.[22][dubious – discuss] He employed musicians Al Gorgoni (and Vinnie Bell) on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, and Bobby Gregg on drums.[23] The tempo on the original recording was uneven, making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time.[21] Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix, which was a common trait of the Byrds' hits.[21] The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations, and a commercial single release followed on September 13, 1965.[20] The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson's remix was because, although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time, the musical duo at that time was no longer a "working entity".[21][24]
In the fall of 1965, Simon was in Denmark, performing at small clubs, and picked up a copy of Billboard, as he had routinely done for several years.[20] Upon seeing "The Sounds of Silence" in the Billboard Hot 100, he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing. Several days later, Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single's growing success.[20] A copy of the 7" single arrived in the mail the next day, and according to friend Al Stewart, "[Paul] was horrified when he first heard it ... [when the] rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie's voices could catch up."[22] Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix, feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single: "It's interesting. I suppose it might do something. It might sell," he told Wilson.[25]
Chart performance[edit]
"The Sound of Silence" first broke in Boston, where it became one of the top-selling singles in early November 1965;[20][26] it spread to Miami and Washington, D.C. two weeks later, reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100.[27]
Throughout the month of January 1966 "The Sound of Silence" had a one-on-one battle with The Beatles' "We Can Work It Out" for the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The former was No. 1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and No. 2 for the intervening two weeks. The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8, 15, and 29, and was No. 2 for the two weeks that "The Sound of Silence" was No. 1. Overall, "The Sound of Silence" spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart.[28]
In the wake of the song's success, Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia's request. He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1, a story he repeated in numerous interviews:[29]
I had come back to New York, and I was staying in my old room at my parents' house. Artie was living at his parents' house, too. I remember Artie and I were sitting there in my car one night, parked on a street in Queens, and the announcer [on the radio] said, "Number one, Simon & Garfunkel." And Artie said to me, "That Simon & Garfunkel, they must be having a great time." Because there we were on a street corner [in my car in] Queens, smoking a joint. We didn't know what to do with ourselves.[30]
For his part, Garfunkel had a different memory of the song's success:
We were in L.A. Our manager called us at the hotel we were staying at. We were both in the same room. We must have bunked in the same room in those days. I picked up the phone. He said, 'Well, congratulations. Next week you will go from five to one in Billboard.' It was fun. I remember pulling open the curtains and letting the brilliant sun come into this very red room, and then ordering room service. That was good."[29][31]
Reception[edit]
In 1999, BMI named "The Sound of Silence" as the 18th most-performed song of the 20th century.[32] In 2004, it was ranked No. 157 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, one of the duo's three songs on the list. The song is now considered "the quintessential folk rock release".[33]
On March 21, 2013, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long-term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.[34]
In popular culture[edit]
When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate, they initially timed some scenes to this song, intending to substitute original music for the scenes. However, they eventually concluded that an adequate substitute could not be found and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack. This was an unusual decision for the time, as the song had charted over a year earlier and recycling established music for film was not commonly done.[35]
The song was parodied by The Simpsons(as 'The Sound of Grampa') in the closing credits of the episode "Lady Bouvier's Lover" .
With the practice of using well-known songs for films becoming commonplace, "The Sound of Silence" has since been used for other films, such as Kingpin (1996), Old School (2003), Bobby (2006), Watchmen (2009), and Trolls (2016). In the German TV movie Ein Drilling Kommt Selten Allein the song was sung by grandparents to calm down crying triplets. It appeared on the fourth season of the television series Arrested Development in 2013 as a running gag of characters' inner reflections.
The Rush song "The Spirit of Radio" ends with a satirical homage to the final lines of "The Sound of Silence": "For the words of the profits were written on the studio wall, concert hall, and echoes with the sounds of salesmen".
In 2016 the song was further popularized by the "Sad Affleck" internet meme, which depicts Ben Affleck's reaction towards the negative reviews of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[36][37]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1965–68)
Peak
position
Australian Kent Music Report 3
Austrian Singles Chart 3
Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[38] 11
Canada RPM[39] 4
West German Media Control Charts 9
Japanese Oricon Singles Chart 1
Netherlands Singles Chart 10
New Zealand (Listener)[40] 2
Spanish Singles Chart[41] 17
Swiss Singles Chart[42] 94
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Cash Box Top 100[43] 1
Zimbabwe Singles Chart[44] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1966)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[45] 54
US Cash Box Top 100[46] 2
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[47]
Gold 25,000*
United States (RIAA)[48]
Gold 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"C C C" (ja) by The Tigers (ja) Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number-one single
September 9 – 16, 1968 Succeeded by
"Koi no Kisetsu" (ja) by Pinky & Killers (ja)
Preceded by
"Over and Over" by The Dave Clark Five Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 1, 1966 Succeeded by
"We Can Work It Out" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"We Can Work It Out" by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 22, 1966
(second run) Succeeded by
"We Can Work It Out" by The Beatles
Disturbed version[edit]
"The Sound of Silence"
Single by Disturbed
from the album Immortalized
Released
December 7, 2015
Format
12"
digital download
Genre
Piano rock[49]
Length
4:08
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Kevin Churko
Disturbed singles chronology
"The Light"
(2015) "The Sound of Silence"
(2015) "Open Your Eyes"
(2016)
"The Light"
(2015) "The Sound of Silence"
(2015) "Open Your Eyes"
(2016)
A cover version was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7, 2015.[50][51] A music video was released on December 7, 2015.[52] Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs[53] and Mainstream Rock charts,[54] and is their highest-charting song on the Hot 100,[36] peaking at number 42. It is also their highest-charting single in Australia, peaking at number 4. Their version appeared in the trailer for Gears of War 4.[55]
David Draiman sings it in the key of F#m. The chord progression is F#m, E, D, A. The first two verses are almost an octave lower than the original and jumped up an octave for the last three verses.[56] His vocal span goes from E2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation.[57]
In April 2016, Paul Simon endorsed the cover.[58] Additionally, on April 1, Simon sent lead vocalist Draiman an email praising Disturbed's performance of the rendition on late-night talk show Conan. Simon wrote: "Really powerful performance on Conan the other day. First time I'd seen you do it live. Nice. Thanks." Draiman responded, "Mr. Simon, I am honored beyond words. We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time. Your compliment means the world to me/ us and we are eternally grateful."[59] As of September 2017, the single had sold over 1.5 million digital downloads[60] and had been streamed over 54 million times, estimated Nielsen Music.[61] The music video has over 260 million views on YouTube, while the live performance on Conan has over 60 million, making it the most watched video from the show. On September 27, 2016, the cover was added to Rock Band 4 as downloadable content.
Accolades[edit]
Region
Year
Publication
Accolade
Rank
United States 2015 Loudwire 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016[62] 1
10 Best Rock Videos of 2016[63] 2
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[64]
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[65]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[66]
23
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[67]
40
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[68]
48
France (SNEP)[69]
191
Germany (Official German Charts)[70]
2
Germany (Airplay Chart)[71]
28
Hungary (Single Top 40)[72]
36
Ireland (IRMA)[73]
57
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[74]
32
Portugal (AFP)[75]
44
Portugal Digital Songs (Billboard)[76]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[77]
8
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[78]
45
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[79]
12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[80]
29
US Billboard Hot 100[81]
42
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[82]
3
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[83]
8
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[84]
22
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[85]
1
US Hard Rock Digital Songs (Billboard)[53]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[86]
44
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[87]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[88]
14
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[89]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[90]
Gold 15,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[91]
Platinum 10,000^
Germany (BVMI)[92]
Platinum 400,000^
Italy (FIMI)[93]
Gold 25,000
Sweden (GLF)[94]
3× Platinum 120,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[95]
Gold 15,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[96]
Gold 7,500*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[97]
Platinum 10,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[98]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[99]
2× Platinum 1,502,000[60]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Other cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dutch singer Boudewijn de Groot included a Dutch translation of the song ("Het geluid van stilte") on his self-titled 1965 debut album.[100]
In 1966, Spanish rock band Los Mustang recorded a Spanish-language cover of the song, entitled "El Ritmo Del Silencio".[101]
Irish trio The Bachelors had a top 10 hit in Ireland (#9) and the UK (#3) with the song in 1966.[citation needed]
In 1966, South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekela's Next Album.[citation needed]
In 1967, Jamaican reggae bands The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads recorded a cover of the song.[102]
Jazz zinger Carmen McRae covered the song for her 1968 Album if the same name.
Mercy released a version of the song on their 1969 album, Love Can Make You Happy.[103]
Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish-language cover of the song, entitled "En ton av tystnad", which was featured on her 1971 debut album, Frida.[citation needed]
Serbian and former Yugoslav acoustic music duo Vlada i Bajka recorded a Serbian language version of the song, "Zvuk tišine", released on a single in 1971.[104]
Israeli duo The Parvarim recorded a Hebrew-language version on their 1972 LP The Parvarim Sing Simon & Garfunkel. The lyric was translated by Ehud Manor.[citation needed]
Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of the song, released on a single in 1978.[105]
French singer Gérard Lenorman in his 1981 album D'amour, featured a rewritten lyrics of this song, and he named it "Chanson d'innocence".[citation needed]
In 1986, Stanley Jordan recorded an instrumental version on his Standards, Vol. 1 album.[citation needed]
In the late 1980s, The Fools often covered "The Sound of Silence" at their live performances. One such performance was released on the band's 1987 live album Wake Up... It's Alive!!!. The album was re-released with more tracks in 1993 as Wake Up... It's Alive!!! (Again).[citation needed]
American heavy metal band Heir Apparent covered "The Sound of Silence" 1989 album One Small Voice.[citation needed]
In 1990, Brazilian singers Leandro e Leonardo covered "The Sound of Silence", re-written as the love song "É Por Você que Canto" ("It is For You That I Sing"). This version has since been re-covered by other groups.[106]
In 1996, Filipino singer Regine Velasquez interpolated the song as a "Prologue" and an "Epilogue" for her album Retro.[citation needed]
In 1996, Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini covered "The Sound of Silence".[citation needed]
In 1997, South African metal band The Awakening covered "The Sound of Silence" on their debut album Risen. Another version was recorded for their 2014 compilation album Anthology XV.[citation needed]
In 1999, Gregorian covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Masters of Chant.[citation needed]
In 2000, Atrocity covered "The Sound of Silence" on their EP Sounds of Silence.[citation needed]
In 2000, Nevermore covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Dead Heart in a Dead World.[citation needed]
In 2005, Italian singer Andrea Parodi, together with American guitarist Al Di Meola, covered the song, writing new lyrics in Sardinian language and renaming it Deo ti Gheria Maria (The Sound of Silence). This version is featured in his live album Midsummer Night in Sardinia.[citation needed]
Italian classical singer Michéal Castaldo recorded an Italian version of this song on his 2010 album Aceto.[citation needed]
In 2007, rock duo Shaw Blades covered "The Sound of Silence" on their second album, Influence.[citation needed]
In 2007, New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser, released a live cover version on the deluxe edition of her album Albertine.[citation needed]
In 2008, the band Ascension of the Watchers covered "The Sound of Silence" on their album Numinosum.[citation needed]
In 2009, Bananarama covered "The Sound of Silence" on their tenth album Viva as an iTunes bonus track.[107]
In 2010, Polish singer Ania Dąbrowska covered "The Sound of Silence" on her album "Ania Movie".[citation needed]
In 2010, Sharleen Spiteri covered "The Sound of Silence" on her album The Movie Songbook.[citation needed]
In 2010, Sufjan Stevens included lyrics from "The Sound of Silence" in his song "All Delighted People" from the album of the same name.[citation needed]
In 2010, the duo Peixoto & Maxado recorded a smooth ska version of "The Sound of Silence" on their album "I Wanna Shoyu"[108]
In 2011, Phil and Tim Hanseroth covered "The Sound of Silence" on Brandi Carlile's album Live at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony.[citation needed]
In 2011 Kina Grannis covered "The Sound of Silence" on the deluxe edition of her album Stairwells.[citation needed]
In 2011, jazz guitarist Pat Metheny opened on his Grammy Award-winning solo cover album What It's All About with "The Sound of Silence".[citation needed]
On August 30 of 2011, Bobaflex released Hell In My Heart with their version of "The Sound of Silence" as track 15.[109]
Two of Celtic Thunder's principal singers Keith Harkin and Colm Keegan covered the song for their 2013 album Mythology.[citation needed]
In 2013, husband-wife duo Jenny & Tyler recorded the song as a part of their cover album For Freedom, the proceeds of which they designated for the International Justice Mission.[citation needed]
In 2015, Allison covered "The Sound of Silence" for the soundtrack in the 2015 French television series L'Emprise. The song charted on the official French Singles Chart, the SNEP.[110]
In 2015, James Blake covered "The Sound of Silence" and released the track on his official YouTube channel.[citation needed]
British musician Passenger regularly plays the song live following his own song "Riding To New York".[citation needed]
In 2016, American Idol finalist Dalton Rapattoni covered the song on Top 5 night.[citation needed]
A cover of this song was used on the TV series Timeless.[citation needed]
In 2016, the movie Trolls featured a cover in its entirety by Anna Kendrick.[citation needed]
In 2017, Jew in the City released a music video covering "The Sound of Silence" featuring The Maccabeats with visuals drawn from a reinterpretation of the lyrics, such as "People talking without speaking" and "the people bowed and prayed / To the neon god they made," to refer to modern communications technology and mobile phone overuse.[111]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Fontenot, Robert (October 29, 2015). "What is Folk-Rock Music?". ThoughtCo. About.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mastropolo, Frank (March 10, 2015). "51 Years Ago: Simon & Garfunkel Record Their First Classic, 'The Sounds of Silence'". Ultimate Classic Rock.
Jump up ^ "Simon & Garfunkel – Simon And Garfunkel's Greatest Hits". Discogs.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eliot 2010, p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eliot 2010, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 42.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon - Interview - 7/6/1986 (Official)". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ Paul Simon chats about his youth. YouTube. April 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Tony (February 1984). "Playboy Interview" (PDF). Playboy. 31 (2): 49–51, 162–176.
Jump up ^ Paul Simon opens up about hit songs' inspiration. June 5, 2012 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 58.
Jump up ^ "SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS (ver 3) by Simon & Garfunkel @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com". Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Simon & Garfunkel "The Sound of Silence" Sheet Music in D Minor (transposable) - Download & Print - SKU: MN0077042". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eliot 2010, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Joe Bosso (August 1, 2012). "Interview: Art Garfunkel on his new greatest hits CD, The Singer". Music Radar. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2. pp. 109–110.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Simons, David. Studio Stories. pp. 95–96.
^ Jump up to: a b Eliot 2010, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Charlesworth, Chris (1996). "Sound of Silence". The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel. Omnibus Press. pp. 17–18.
Jump up ^ Simons, David (2004). Studio Stories: How the Great New York Records Were Made. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. pp. 94–97.
Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007, p. 45.
Jump up ^ "Top Sellers in Top Markets". 77 (45). Billboard. November 6, 1965: 14. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Sellers in Top Markets". 77 (47). Billboard. November 20, 1965: 14–15. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard Charts Archives for 1965 and 1966
^ Jump up to: a b Fornatale 2007, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Eliot 2010, p. 66.
Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007, p. 48.
Jump up ^ ""BMI Top 100 Songs of the Century: 8 Million+ Performances"". Archived from the original on July 12, 2001. Retrieved 2017-04-20. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , 1999 (archive.org copy)
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank (2005). "Folk Rock". Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 0-415-93835-X.
Jump up ^ "Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved". CFN13. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution. Penguin. pp. 360–1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Simon & Garfunkel's 'Sound of Silence' Hits Hot Rock Songs Top 10, Thanks to 'Sad Affleck'". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (April 7, 2016). "SImon & Garfunkel's Sound of Silence charts thanks to Sad Ben Affleck". Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Sounds of Silence". Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles, March 1, 1966
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 25 March 1966
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Bibliography
Eliot, Marc (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-43363-8.
Fornatale, Pete (2007). Simon and Garfunkel's Bookends. Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-427-8.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Lyrics of Disturbed cover at MetroLyrics
[show]
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"The Sound of Silence"
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Indestructible in Germany
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Music as a Weapon
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Related articles
Discography
Maya Guitar Series
Covered, A Revolution in Sound
Queen of the Damned
The Union Underground
Adrenaline Mob
Device
Fight or Flight
Art of Anarchy
Book:Disturbed
Category:Disturbed
Portal:Heavy metal
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Spanish missions in the Americas
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The Spanish missions in the America were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in an area extending from Mexico and southwestern portions of what today are the United States to as far south as Argentina and Chile.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Noted Bias
3 Spanish Colonialism
3.1 Practices
3.2 Native Revolts
4 Catholic Orders
4.1 Franciscan
4.2 Jesuits
4.3 Dominicans
5 See also
6 References
Introduction[edit]
At the start of the Age of Discovery, European governments sent explorers to find trade routes to facilitate economic relations with Asia and Europe. During this time, these men found the new lands that could be used for the economic benefit of their home countries. In order to understand these new lands and the resources that might be available, explorers fostered relationships with the native people. This led to the colonization of the Americas. The Catholic church was an essential part of both the Spanish and Portuguese Empires so as the empires spread to new lands it was the duty of the King to be sure Christianity was spread into the New World.
Often these empires used missions to teach indigenous people about Christian values that were practiced in Europe at this time. These values did not only include religious teachings but cultural aspects of life such as dress and behavior. Missions were formed in different ways across the Americas and has had a lasting impact on the culture of these areas. Catholicism is still a prevalent religion in both North and South America. The formation and implementation of the missions across the New World reflected the beliefs of the Catholic clerics who created and implemented the missions. In the Catholic church, monks, priests and other clerics take vows and are affiliated with a certain order. These orders, their ideologies, and era can be linked to the way of life and teaching in the missions.
Noted Bias[edit]
Despite extensive efforts and even successes in recovering the cultural history of the cultures colonized in the Americas, much of the evidence currently available comes from the colonizers themselves. Many of the cultures impacted by missionaries had no written language and were thus robbed of much of their oral history when the populations were decimated by Old World illnesses.[1] Cultures that did possess written language, such as the Maya, often had their artifacts deemed sacrilegious and burned.[2] Therefore, much of the evidence of these events come from accounts of missionaries and—to a much smaller extent—archaeological investigation and should be subsequently handled with care. Therefore, readers should consider the ethnocentric and theocratic context in which accounts recorded by missionaries are presented.
Spanish Colonialism[edit]
Practices[edit]
Catholic missions were installed throughout the Americas in effort to establish European order in the pursuit of gold, silver, and other resources. The missionaries’ goal was to convert natives to Christianity and ease the transition into a colonial system and minimize the friction required to establish European dominance in the area.[3] One symbolic example of this was the practice of constructing churches and cathedrals, such as Santa Domingo and Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, on top of demolished native temples.[4] Establishment of missions were often followed by the implementation of Encomienda systems, which forced native labor on land granted to Europeans by the Spanish Crown and led to systematic oppression.
Native Revolts[edit]
In addition to the encomienda system, the aggressive implementation of missions and their forcible establishment of reductions and congregations led to resistance and sometimes revolt in the native populations being colonized. Many natives agreed to join the reductions and congregations out of fear, but many were initially still allowed to quietly continue some of their religious practices. However, as treatment of natives grew worse and suppression of native customs increased, so did the resistance of the natives.
The most notable example of rebellion against colonization is the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, in which the Zuni, Hopi, as well as Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Tano, and Keres-speaking Pueblos took control of Santa Fe and drove the Spanish colonial presence out of New Mexico with heavy casualties on the Spanish side, including 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. The region remained autonomous under native despite multiple non-violent attempts at peace treaties and trade agreements until 1692.
The Tepehuan Revolt was likewise stirred by hostilities against the missionaries, which arose due to the concurrent and explosive rise in disease that accompanied their arrival.[5] The Tepehuan associated the rise in death directly with these missionaries and their reductions, which spread disease and facilitated exploitative labor to encomanderos and miners.[6] The revolt lasted from 1616 to 1620 with heavy casualties on both sides, during which time the Spanish abandoned their policy of "peace by purchase" installation of reductions in favor of "fire and blood".[7]
Catholic Orders[edit]
Franciscan[edit]
Franciscan missionaries were the first to arrive in New Spain in 1523 following the Cortes expeditions in Mexico and soon after began establishing missions across the continents.[8][9] In addition to their primary goal of spreading Christianity, the missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics. The first missionaries to arrive to the New World were Franciscan monks from the observant faction which believed in a strict and limited way of practicing religion. Because the monks believed teaching and practicing can only be done through “meditation and contemplation” Franciscans were not able to convert as many people as quickly as the Spanish would have liked. This caused strain between colonial governments and Franciscan friars, which eventually led to several of the friars fleeing to present day western Mexico and the dissolution of Franciscan parishes. Other issues also contributed to the dissolution of Franciscan parishes including the vow of poverty and accusations made by the colonial governments. however, Spanish missions often used money provided by the King to fund missions. Because monks were taking money this proved to be a controversial issue within the church. In addition, the colonial government claimed missionaries were mistreating indigenous people who were working on the missions. On the other hand, the Franciscan missionaries claimed that the Spanish government enslaved and mistreated indigenous people. In present day, Franciscan missionaries are well known for efforts to protect the indigenous people from Spanish cruelties and supported empowering the native peoples.[dubious – discuss][10]
Jesuits[edit]
The Jesuits had a wide-spread impact between their arrival in the New World about 1570 until their expulsion in 1767. The Jesuits followed a widespread Spanish practice of creating settlements called "reductions" to concentrate the widespread native populations in order to better rule, Christianize, and exploit native labor.[11] The Jesuit Reductions were socialist societies in which each family would receive a house and field, and individuals were clothed and fed in return for work. Additionally, the communities would include schools, churches, and hospitals as well as native leaders and governing councils to be overseen by two Jesuit missionaries in each reduction. Like the Franciscans, the Jesuit missionaries learned the local languages and trained the adults in European methods of construction, manufacturing, and, to a certain extent, agriculture.
Spanish settlers were prohibited from living or working in reductions. This led to a strained relationship between Jesuit missionaries and the Spanish because in surrounding Spanish settlements people were not guaranteed food, shelter, and clothing.[12]
Dominicans[edit]
The Dominicans were centralized in the Caribbean and Mexico and, despite a much smaller representation in the Americas, had one of the most notable histories of native rights activism. Bartolomé de Las Casas was the first Dominican bishop in Mexico and played a pivotal role in dismantling the practice of “encomenderos", which essentially validated enslavement of natives, with the establishment of the New Laws in 1542 .[13]
See also[edit]
Franciscan missions to the Maya
List of Spanish missions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Impact of European Diseases on Native Americans - Dictionary definition of The Impact of European Diseases on Native Americans | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ 1524-1579., Landa, Diego de, (1978). Yucatan before and after the conquest. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486236223. OCLC 4136621.
Jump up ^ "History of Spanish Colonial Missions | Mission Initiative". missions.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Cathedral of Cusco City". www.qosqo.com. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
Jump up ^ May), Gradie, Charlotte M. (Charlotte (2000). The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616 : militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 26. ISBN 0874806224. OCLC 44964404.
Jump up ^ May), Gradie, Charlotte M. (Charlotte (2000). The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616 : militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 121. ISBN 0874806224. OCLC 44964404.
Jump up ^ Powell, Phillip W. (1952). Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550-1600. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jump up ^ Page, Melvin E (2003). Colonialism : an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. Sonnenburg, Penny M. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 1576073351. OCLC 53177965.
Jump up ^ Higham, Carol L. (2016-05-09). "Christian Missions to American Indians". doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-323.
Jump up ^ Schwaller, John F. (October 2016). "Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524–1599: Conflict Beneath the Sycamore Tree (Luke 19:1–10) by Steven E. Turley (review)". The Americas. 73:4: 520–522.
Jump up ^ Howard), Jackson, Robert H. (Robert (1995). Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish colonization : the impact of the mission system on California Indians. Castillo, Edward D. (1st ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826317537. OCLC 44965506.
Jump up ^ "Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Quotes, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Quotes, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
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