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Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
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Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

Dominican Republic

Haiti
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Dominican Republic–Haiti relations have long been complex due to the substantial cultural differences between the two nations and their sharing the small island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The living standards in the Dominican Republic are considerably higher than those in Haiti. The deep-set cultural differences have contributed to a long-standing conflict.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-independence
1.2 Ephemeral Independence and Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)
1.3 Dominican War of Independence (1843–1849)
1.4 Parsley Massacre (1937)
2 Contemporary
2.1 Cultural and economic factors
2.2 Haitian migration in the Dominican Republic
2.3 2010 Haitian earthquake
3 Sports
4 Footnotes
History[edit]
Pre-independence[edit]
Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to each other before God; painting by Guillon-Lethière
Though having vast demographic and cultural differences since colonial times, the inhabitants of modern-day Dominican Republic and Haiti have at times been allies and foes, constantly vying for dominance of Hispaniola. The conflicts began during the colonial era which developed into military and political conflicts between the two governments.[1] The political division of the island of Hispaniola is due in part to the European struggle for control of the New World during the 17th century, when France and Spain began fighting for control of the island. They resolved their dispute in 1697 by splitting the island into two countries.[2] It was not until the 19th century that Haiti became independent from France on January 1, 1804. Spanish Haiti, the predecessor of the Dominican Republic, became independent from Spain on December 1, 1821, after more than 300 years of Spanish rule.
Beginning in 1789, free people of color of Saint-Domingue were inspired by the French Revolution to seek an expansion of their rights. Initially, the slave population did not become involved in the conflict.[3] In August 1791, a Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman marked the start of a major slave rebellion in the north. Toussaint apparently did not take part in the earliest stages of the rebellion, but after a few weeks he sent his family to safety in Spanish Santo Domingo and helped the overseers of the Breda plantation to leave the island.
Throughout 1792, Toussaint, as a leader in an increasingly formal alliance between the black rebellion and the Spanish, ran the fortified post of La Tannerie and maintained the Cordon de l'Ouest, a line of posts between rebel and colonial territory.[4] He gained a reputation for running an orderly camp, trained his men in guerrilla tactics and "the European style of war",[5] and began to attract soldiers who would play an important role throughout the revolution.[6] After hard fighting, he lost La Tannerie in January 1793 to the French General Étienne Maynaud, but it was in these battles that the French first recognised him as a significant military leader.[7]
Despite adhering to royalist political views, Louverture had begun to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution.[8] From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition.[9] On 29 August 1793 he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the blacks of St Domingue:
Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause.

Your very humble and obedient servant, Toussaint Louverture,

General of the armies of the king, for the public good.[10]
Toussaint Louverture's signature
On the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue,[11] hoping to bring the black troops over to his side.[12] Initially, this failed, perhaps because Toussaint and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority.[13] However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government proclaimed the abolition of slavery.[14] For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region.[15] In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the Spanish to the French and rallied his troops to Lavaux.[16]
Ephemeral Independence and Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)[edit]
Further information: España Boba
Further information: Unification of Hispaniola
On November 9, 1821 the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group of rebels at the command of José Núñez de Cáceres, the colony's former administrator,[1][17] as they proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on December 1, 1821.[18] The new nation was known as Republic of Spanish Haiti (Spanish: República del Haití Español), as Haiti had been the indigenous name of the island.[17][contradictory]
Jean-Pierre Boyer, the ruler of Haiti.
A group of Dominican military officers favored uniting the newly independent nation with Haiti, as they sought for political stability under Haitian president Jean-Pierre Boyer. The Dominicans were unaware that Boyer made a concession with the French, and agreed to pay France for the lost territory of Haiti. Boyer agreed to pay a sum of 150 million Francs (more than twice what France had charged the United States for the much larger Louisiana territory in 1803) thus the Haitians would essentially be forced into paying to maintain their freedom from the French.
During twenty-two years of Haitian occupation, the Haitians implemented what some Dominicans viewed as a brutal military regime.[citation needed] Use of the French language over Spanish was enforced, and the army closed La Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino. In addition, the Haitian army confiscated all church land and property and imposed mandatory military service. This difficult time for the Dominicans created cultural conflicts in language, race, religion and national tradition between the Dominicans and Haitians. Many Dominicans developed a resentment of Haitians, who they saw as oppressors.
In order to raise funds for the huge indemnity of 150 million francs that Haiti agreed to pay the former French colonists, and which was subsequently lowered to 60 million francs, Haiti imposed heavy taxes on the Dominicans. Since Haiti was unable to adequately provision its army, the occupying forces largely survived by commandeering or confiscating food and supplies at gunpoint. Attempts to redistribute land conflicted with the system of communal land tenure (terrenos comuneros), which had arisen with the ranching economy, and newly emancipated slaves resented being forced to grow cash crops under Boyer's Code Rural.[19] In rural areas, the Haitian administration was usually too inefficient to enforce its own laws. It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated.[citation needed]
Haiti's constitution also forbade white elites from owning land,[citation needed] and the major landowning families were forcibly deprived of their properties. Most emigrated to Cuba, Puerto Rico (these two being Spanish possessions at the time) or Gran Colombia, usually with the encouragement of Haitian officials, who acquired their lands. The Haitians, who associated the Roman Catholic Church with the French slave-masters who had exploited them before independence, confiscated all church property, deported all foreign clergy, and severed the ties of the remaining clergy to the Vatican. Santo Domingo's university, lacking both students and teachers had to close down, and thus the country suffered from a massive case of human capital flight.
Although the occupation effectively eliminated colonial slavery and instated a constitution modeled after the United States Constitution throughout the island, several resolutions and written dispositions were expressly aimed at converting average Dominicans into second-class citizens: restrictions of movement, prohibition to run for public office, night curfews, inability to travel in groups, banning of civilian organizations, and the indefinite closure of the state university (on the alleged grounds of its being a subversive organization) all led to the creation of movements advocating a forceful separation from Haiti with no compromises.
Dominican War of Independence (1843–1849)[edit]
Further information: Dominican War of Independence
An assembly of the Trinitarios.
In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte, an educated Dominican nationalist, founded a resistance movement called La Trinitaria. They initially worked with a liberal Haitian party that overthrew President Jean-Pierre Boyer. However, the Trinitarios'[20] work in the overthrow gained the attention of Boyer's replacement, Charles Rivière-Hérard. Rivière-Hérard imprisoned some Trinitarios and forced Duarte to leave the island. The rebels decided to take action anyway with the new leadership of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Ramón Matías Mella, and Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle-rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army who worked on his estates.
In the Dominican War of Independence[21] Dominicans fought against the Haitian occupation.[22] On February 27, 1844 the Dominicans gained freedom from Haitian rule, thus giving birth to the Dominican Republic, a self-sufficient nation established on the liberal ideals of a democratic government. After winning the war and ousting the Haitian occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted invasions at the command of Haitian "emperor" Faustin Soulouque from 1844 to 1856. Haitian soldiers tried to regain control of lost territory, but these efforts were to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. Since then, Dominican–Haitian relations have been unstable.[23]
Parsley Massacre (1937)[edit]
Main article: Parsley Massacre
In 1937, claiming that Haiti was harboring his former Dominican opponents, Rafael Trujillo ordered an attack on the border, slaughtering tens of thousands of Haitians as they tried to escape. The number of dead is still unknown, though it is now calculated between 20,000[24] and 30,000.[25]
Contemporary[edit]
Cultural and economic factors[edit]
Haitian women in calle del sol Santiago, Dominican Republic.
In the mid-twentieth century, the economies of the two countries were comparable. Since that time, the Dominican economy has grown while the Haitian economy has diminished. The economic downturn in Haiti has been the result of factors such as internal power struggles, rapid population growth, environmental degradation, and trade embargoes. Today, Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. There is a lack of resources, and Haiti's population density exceeds its neighbor's by far. Despite the UN sending missions since the 1990s, in order to maintain peace, terrible conditions persist.[26]
One large contributor to cultural dissonance is the language barrier, as Spanish is the primary language spoken in the eastern part of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) while French and Haitian Creole are spoken in the western part (Haiti). Race is another defining factor of Dominican–Haitian relations. The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% mixed, 16% white, and 11% black;[27] while 95% of the Haitian population is black.[28]
The development of social classes in the Dominican Republic is somewhat based on race. Since the Haitian invasion of 1822 skin color holds importance in Dominican society. Darker-colored Dominicans are usually found in the lower class, while lighter-skinned (mixed, whites and others) Dominicans are found in the middle and upper classes. Most Haitians are darker-skinned with little non-African admixture. In the Dominican Republic there is a stigma against dark-skinned residents. People with darker skin are usually associated with poor, uneducated Haitians because of their past connections with slavery.[29]
The Dominican economy is also over 600% larger than the Haitian economy. The estimated annual per capita income is US$1,300 in Haiti and US$8,200 in Dominican Republic.[30] The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and the Dominican Republic makes their border the one with the highest contrast of all Western world borders and it is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the highest illegal migration issues in the Americas.[31]
Haitian migration in the Dominican Republic[edit]
Main article: Haitians in the Dominican Republic
Haitians at the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
Some cross-border cooperation exists in areas such as health, business, and infrastructure. Many Haitians travel to the Dominican Republic to find seasonal or long-term work in order to send remittances to their families. Some of these Haitian workers, as well as Dominicans of Haitian descent have reported complaints of discrimination against them by the Dominican majority population. Other Haitians who would seek work, instead remain in Haiti, fearing discrimination on the other side of the border.[32]
Migration has been taking place since the 1920s, when Haitian laborers were actively encouraged to come work in the thriving Dominican sugar industry. With modernization from the 1960s on, fewer workers were required, and other Dominican industries and services started employing more Haitian workers, often an inexpensive, less regulated labor source with fewer legal protections. Many Haitian women find work in Dominican households, and Haitian men at Dominican construction sites, often leading to the move of an entire family.[32]
A large number of migrated Haitian workers have continued to live in the Dominican Republic over several generations. The two governments have been unable to agree upon a legal framework to address the nationality of these descendants, leaving around one million people of Haitian ancestry in the Dominican Republic effectively stateless, restricting their access to health care, education and employment opportunities.[32]
Though migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic is economically beneficial to both countries, it is one of the leading contributors to tension between the two countries as well; illegal immigration from Haiti resonates high dissonance with the Dominican people. It has led to anti-Haitian feelings and mistrust of the Haitian people. Another problem with Haitian migration into Dominican Republic is that it blurs the line of citizenship. This factor of migration affects not only Dominican economy but its culture as well.[33]
Many have observed that there is a clear distinction between Dominicans and Haitians in the Dominican Republic. The two groups of people do not function as one entity and there are many factors that contribute to those tensions. Some Dominicans view Haitians in the Dominican Republic as an invasion of their own space that they have fought very long and hard to live in. Some Dominicans view Haitians as inferior and believe that their only function in the Dominican Republic is as labor. There is a strong sense of Dominican pride in the Dominican Republic, and oftentimes, Haitians cannot fit into their culture or way of life. Many of these current day beliefs have been influenced by the former Dominican dictator, Rafael Trujillo.
Trujillo strongly disliked the Haitian people and made it his mission to clearly distinguish the Dominican Republic from Haiti. Trujillo was not fond of dark skin, and targeted anyone of dark complexion that appeared to be Haitian. In 1937, Trujillo carried out the Parsley Massacre in which he sought to destroy anyone who looked dark enough to be Haitian and anyone who could not roll the "r" in "perejil," the Spanish word for parsley. Even without Trujillo in power, some still carry these negative connotations and approach Haitians with anger and scorn.
2010 Haitian earthquake[edit]
After the devastating earthquake of 12 January 2010, countless Haitians fled across the border to escape the quake's effects. The Dominican government was one of the first to send teams to help distribute food and medicine to the victims and made it easier for Haitians to acquire visas to receive treatment in Dominican hospitals. Supplies were transported to Haiti through the Dominican Republic, and many injured Haitians have been treated in Dominican hospitals. Virtually, every level of the Dominican efforts assisted its neighboring country.[34]
Haitian refugees were also taken in and supported by many Dominicans, though relations deteriorated as the refugees have remained in the Dominican Republic. This has led to reported concerns among some Dominicans that quake refugees contribute to rising crime, over-crowding, cholera and unemployment. More and more discrimination has been attributed to the massive numbers of Haitian refugees in the Dominican Republic. Over the past years tensions have risen, causing the International Organization for Migration to offer Haitians $50 each plus additional relocation assistance to return to Haiti. More than 1,500 have accepted that assistance and returned.[34]
Sports[edit]
The baseball federations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti have agreed to develop and promote baseball in Haiti (especially at the border), on the basis that sport is a developmental element to foster peace, as well as strengthening friendship and mutual respect between the two peoples. With the support of the Dominican ministry of Sports, the president of the Dominican Baseball Federation (FEDOBE) was thankful and quoted saying "it allows our federation to fulfill the dream of helping Haiti in baseball." He has pledged to put the Haitian Baseball Federation in relation to the international organizations. Coaches will be sent to Haiti for technical courses, referees and scorers by the Dominican Baseball Federation, while the Haitian Federation will support the logistics in the training and training programs.[35]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lancer, Jalisco. "The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic". AllEmpires. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11.
Jump up ^ Wucker, Michele (1999). "Roosters". Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola (1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8090-9713-5. LCCN 98-25785. OCLC 40200381. OL 365453M.
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.12–15; James, pp.81–82
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.42–50
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.46
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.28, 55
Jump up ^ Bell, p.50
Jump up ^ James, pp.125–126
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.86–87; James, p.107
Jump up ^ Bell, p.18
Jump up ^ Bell, p.19
Jump up ^ James, pp.128–130
Jump up ^ James, p.137
Jump up ^ James, pp.141–142
Jump up ^ Bell, pp.92–95
Jump up ^ James pp.143–144
^ Jump up to: a b Horváth, Zoltán (2014-06-21). Raeside, Rob, ed. "Haiti: Historical Flags". Flags of the World. OCLC 39626054. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28.
Jump up ^ Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). "Dominican-Haitian Relations". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
Jump up ^ Terrenos comuneros arose because of “scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch.” (Hoetink, The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)
Jump up ^ The members of La Trinitaria.
Jump up ^ Dominican War of Independence
Jump up ^ Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo
Jump up ^ Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.
Jump up ^ Dove, Rita (1997). "Writing 'Parsley'". In Pack, Robert; Parini, Jay. Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems. Bread Loaf Anthology (1st ed.). Middlebury, Vermont: Middlebury College Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-87451-773-6. LCCN 97-19542. OCLC 36842447. On October 2, 1937, [Raphael] Trujillo had ordered 20,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the ‘R’ in perejil, the Spanish word for parsley.
Jump up ^ Cambeira, Alan (1996). "The Era of Trujillo: 1930–1961". Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective. Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-7656-3305-7. LCCN 96-32355. OCLC 605229117. During the 1937 massacre ... anyone ... found incapable of pronouncing correctly ... became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand....
Jump up ^ Silver, Alexandra (2010-01-19). "Why Haiti and the Dominican Republic Are So Different". Time. Archived from the original on 2015-06-12.
Jump up ^ Field Listing: Ethnic Groups § Dominican Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015. ISSN 1553-8133. OCLC 644186015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ Field Listing: Ethnic Groups § Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015. ISSN 1553-8133. OCLC 644186015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ Howard, David (2001). "Race, Color and Class in Dominican Society". Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic. Oxford, England: Signal Books. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-1-902669-11-3. LCCN 2001019097. OCLC 45845489. OL 9892119M.
Jump up ^ Bello, Marisol (January 21, 2010). "Hispaniola comparison". USA Today. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ IMF - PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaaf, Bryan (2009-05-21). "Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds". Haiti Innovation. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Erin B. (2013-12-25) [1st pub. 2013-10-25]. "Generations of Haitian Descendents Made Stateless in the Dominican Republic". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-10-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Childress, Sarah (August 31, 2011). "DR to Haitians: get lost". Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Press, ed. (10 February 2016). "Acuerdan fomentar el béisbol en Haití". Metro. Retrieved 25 May 2017. (in Spanish)
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text:
Project delivery method
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A project delivery method is a system used by an agency or owner for organizing and financing design, construction, operations, and maintenance services for a structure or facility by entering into legal agreements with one or more entities or parties.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Trends in delivery method prevalence
3 Conceptual differences between delivery methods
4 References
Types[edit]
Common project delivery methods include:
Design-Bid-Build (DBB) or Design-Award-Build (DAB)
An owner develops contract documents with an architect or an engineer consisting of a set of blueprints and a detailed specification. Bids are solicited from contractors based on these documents; a contract is then awarded to the lowest responsive and responsible bidder.
DBB with Construction Management (DBB with CM)
With partially completed contract documents, an owner will hire a construction manager to act as an agent. As substantial portions of the documents are completed, the construction manager will solicit bids from suitable subcontractors. This allows construction to proceed more quickly and allows the owner to share some of the risk inherent in the project with the construction manager.
Design-Build (DB) or Design-Construct
An owner develops a conceptual plan for a project, then solicits bids from joint ventures of architects and/or engineer and builders for the design and construction of the project.
Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM)
DBOM takes DB one step further by including the operations and maintenance of the completed project in the same original contract.
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)
BOT represents complete integration of the project delivery: the same contract governs the design, construction, operations, maintenance and financing of the project. After some concessionary period, the facility is transferred back to the owner.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
A project delivery method in which the interests of the primary team members are aligned in such a way that the members can be integrated for optimal project performance resulting in a collaborative, value-based process delivering high-outcome results to the entire building team.[1][2][3]
Public-private partnership (PPP, 3P, or P3)
A public–private partnership is a cooperative arrangement between one or more public entities (typically the owner) and another (typically private sector) entity to design, build, finance, and at times operate and maintain, the project for a specified period of time on behalf of the owner.
Trends in delivery method prevalence[edit]
Though DBB is now used for most private projects and the majority of public projects, it has not historically been the predominant delivery method of choice. The master builders of centuries past acted both as designers and constructors for both public and private clients. In the United States, Zane's Post Road in Ohio and the IRT in New York City were both originally developed under more integrated delivery methods, as were most infrastructure projects until 1933. Integrated Project Delivery offers a new delivery method to remove considerable waste from the construction process while improving quality and a return to more collaborative methods from the past.
Conceptual differences between delivery methods[edit]
A graphical representation of the conceptual differences between project delivery methods.
There are two key variables which account for the bulk of the variation between delivery methods:
The extent of the integration of the various service providers.
The extent to which the owner is directly financing the project.
When the various service providers are segmented, the owner has the most amount of control, but this control is costly and doesn't give each provider an incentive to optimize its contribution for the next service. When there is tight integration amongst providers, each step of the delivery is undertaken with future activities in mind, resulting in cost savings, but limiting the owner's influence throughout the project.
The owner's direct financing of a project simply means that the owner directly pays the providers for their services. In the case of a facility with a consistent revenue stream, indirect financing becomes possible: rather than be paid by the owner, the providers are paid with the revenue collected from the facility's operation.
Indirect financing risks being mistaken for privatization. Though the providers do have a concession to operate and collect revenue from a facility that they built and financed, the structure itself remains the property of the owner (usually a government agency in the case of public infrastructure).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Integrated Project Delivery - A Working Definition" (PDF). American Institute of Architects California Council May 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide". American Institute of Architects 2007 version 1. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Integrated Project Delivery - An Example Of Relational Contracting". Lean Construction Institute Nov. 18, 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_delivery_method&oldid=793795230"
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Victoria (UK TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Victoria
Genre
Drama
Created by
Daisy Goodwin
Written by
Daisy Goodwin
Guy Andrews
Ottilie Wilford
Starring
Jenna Coleman
Tom Hughes
Peter Bowles
Catherine Flemming
Daniela Holtz
Nell Hudson
Ferdinand Kingsley
Tommy Knight
Nigel Lindsay
Eve Myles
David Oakes
Paul Rhys
Adrian Schiller
Peter Firth
Alex Jennings
Rufus Sewell
Bebe Cave
Margaret Clunie
Tilly Steele
Leo Suter
Jordan Waller
Anna Wilson-Jones
Diana Rigg
Composer(s)
Ruth Barrett
Martin Phipps
Country of origin
United Kingdom
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
2
No. of episodes
17 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Daisy Goodwin
Dan McCulloch
Damien Timmer
Producer(s)
Rebecca Eaton
Paul Frift
Location(s)
United Kingdom
Running time
46–69 minutes
Production company(s)
Mammoth Screen
Distributor
ITV Studios
Release
Original network
ITV
Picture format
16:9 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) – present (present)
External links
Website
Victoria is a drama television series created and principally written by Daisy Goodwin and stars Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria. The series was announced in September 2015 as a co-production of the British network ITV and the American station WGBH Boston for its Masterpiece anthology series on PBS.
Victoria premiered on 28 August 2016 on ITV. The first series consisted of eight episodes and concluded on 9 October 2016. In September 2016, ITV renewed Victoria for an eight-episode second series, which premiered on 27 August 2017 and was followed by a 2017 Christmas special. In December 2017, Victoria was renewed for a third series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.1.1 Featured
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
3.1 Series overview
3.2 Series 1 (2016)
3.3 Series 2 (2017)
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Filming
4.3 Music
5 Release
5.1 Broadcast
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical reception
6.2 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
The first series depicts the first few years of the reign of Queen Victoria, portrayed by Jenna Coleman, from her accession to the throne at the age of eighteen, to her intense friendship and infatuation with Lord Melbourne, to her courtship and early marriage to Prince Albert (Tom Hughes) and finally to the birth of their first child, Victoria. The second series follows Victoria's struggles on managing her role as Queen with that of her duties to her husband and children.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jenna Coleman as Queen Victoria[1]
Tom Hughes as Prince Albert[2]
Peter Bowles as the Duke of Wellington
Catherine Flemming as the Duchess of Kent[1]
Daniela Holtz as Baroness Lehzen[2] (series 1–2)
Nell Hudson as Miss Skerrett[3]
Ferdinand Kingsley as Charles Elmé Francatelli[4]
Tommy Knight as Archibald Brodie[5]
Nigel Lindsay as Sir Robert Peel[2]
Eve Myles as Mrs. Jenkins[6] (series 1)
David Oakes as Prince Ernest
Paul Rhys as Sir John Conroy[1] (series 1)
Adrian Schiller as Mr. Penge[3]
Peter Firth as the Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and King of Hanover[1]
Alex Jennings as King Leopold
Rufus Sewell as Lord Melbourne[1] (series 1–2)
Bebe Cave as Wilhelmina Coke (series 2–)
Margaret Clunie as the Duchess of Sutherland (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Tilly Steele as Miss Cleary (series 2–)
Leo Suter as Edward Drummond (series 2)
Jordan Waller as Lord Alfred Paget (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Anna Wilson-Jones as Lady Portman (recurring series 1, main series 2–)
Diana Rigg as the Duchess of Buccleuch (series 2–)
Featured[edit]
Bruno Wolkowitch as King Louis Philippe (series 2)
Martin Compston as Dr. Traill (series 2)
Denis Lawson as the George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl (series 2)
Recurring[edit]
Tom Price as the Duke of Sutherland
Robin McCallum as Lord Portman
Richard Dixon as the Lord Chancellor
Julian Finnigan as Lord Hastings
Guy Oliver-Watts as Sir James Hayter
Michael Parkhouse as Lord Melbourne's butler
Alice Orr-Ewing as Lady Flora Hastings
Nichola McAuliffe as the Duchess of Cumberland, the German wife of the Duke of Cumberland[2]
Simon Paisley Day as Lord Chamberlain
Basil Eidenbenz as Lohlein, Prince Albert's valet
Harry McEntire as Edward Oxford
Andrew Scarborough as Captain Childers
Aoife Kennan as Abigail Owen
Samantha Colley as Eliza Skerrett
Robin Soans as Sir James Clark
Bruce Mackinnon as Hannam
James Wilby as Sir Piers Gifford
Annabel Mullion as Lady Beatrice Gifford
Daisy Brown as Soprano
Daniel Donskoy as The Grand Duke
Nicholas Agnew as Prince George
Andrew Bicknell as the Duke of Coburg
Carolin Stoltz as Gretchen
Ben Abell as Rowland Hill
Gertrude Thoma as Hilde
Robert MacPherson as Anson
David Bamber as the Duke of Sussex
Terence Beesley as Buxton
Daisy Goodwin as the Duchess of Inverness
Cornell S. John as Jonas Barrett
Clare Wille as Lady Peel
Peter Ivatts as the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley.
Peter Forbes as Craddock
Alexander Owen as Dr Brydon
Phil Rowson as John Bright, MP
Episodes[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 8 28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) 9 October 2016 (2016-10-09)
2 8 (+1) 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15)
25 December 2017 (special)
Series 1 (2016)[edit]
Series 1
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
1
1 "Doll 123" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 28 August 2016 (2016-08-28) 8.00
Victoria ascends to the throne after the death of her paternal uncle, King William IV. She asserts her independence by standing up to her mother and Sir John Conroy, who had reared her under the strict Kensington System. Victoria creates a scandal involving her mother's lady-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, by spreading the rumor that Lady Flora is pregnant with Sir John's child. Lady Flora is forced to undergo a medical examination, which reveals she is a virgin, but with a growing abdominal tumour that will prove fatal. The public is outraged when they learn of the humiliation the dying Lady Flora suffered at Victoria's hands. Victoria despairs over what she has done and feels her reign is tarnished, but is encouraged by the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, to stand tall and face the public.
2
2 "Ladies in Waiting" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 29 August 2016 (2016-08-29) 7.37
The Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announces he must resign, saying he lacks the required mandate in parliament. Victoria asks the Duke of Wellington to form a new government but he declines, saying he is too old to be prime minister again. He suggests she instead invite Tory leader Sir Robert Peel, which she does reluctantly. However, Peel agrees only on the condition that she dismiss some of her Ladies of the Bedchamber, as four are married to Whig ministers, and replace them with the wives of Tories. The queen refuses, as she considers the ladies to be her intimate friends and not political pawns. This leads to the Bedchamber crisis. Melbourne insists he cannot undermine the British constitution by governing solely at the monarch's whim, but he eventually gives in and stays on as Prime Minister. Victoria's mother, Sir John, and her paternal uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, scheme to install a regency to limit Victoria's power by making people believe she had inherited the madness of her grandfather, King George III.
3
3 "Brocket Hall" Tom Vaughan Daisy Goodwin 4 September 2016 (2016-09-04) 7.75
Sir John and Victoria's mother want her to marry, believing she is too independent and needs a man to control her. Victoria's maternal uncle, King Leopold of Belgium, arrives to pressure her to marry his nephew and her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria has no interest in Albert. Leopold tries to get Lord Melbourne to support the scheme; Melbourne believes there is no hurry to push her into a marriage if it is with the wrong person. Victoria, believing she is in love with Melbourne, pursues him, but he rebuffs her. Tired of Sir John, Victoria offers him a baronetcy and pension for him to leave court, devastating her mother. Following the Newport Rising, Victoria takes pity on the leaders and commutes their death sentences to exile in Australia.
4
4 "The Clockwork Prince" Sandra Goldbacher Daisy Goodwin 11 September 2016 (2016-09-11) 7.62
Albert arrives to visit Victoria. They are mutually aloof and resentful for being pushed on each other. Some at court feel Albert, as a younger son and prince of a minor duchy, is beneath her. As they spend time together, an attraction slowly grows. Albert, however, challenges Victoria on Lord Melbourne's influence over her and his sheltering her from reality, such as the poverty of the masses. Following an argument, Albert prepares to leave, believing he has lost her favour, while Victoria herself has come to terms with her love for Albert but is hesitant to propose because she is no longer sure if he will say yes. After confiding her worries to Leopold and being given some encouragement, Victoria proposes and Albert eagerly accepts.
5
5 "An Ordinary Woman" Sandra Goldbacher Daisy Goodwin 18 September 2016 (2016-09-18) 7.65
When Victoria announces her engagement, the Tory parliament reacts with hostility at the idea of a German consort, especially one who would be given a British title and hefty annual allowance. Additionally, the Duke of Wellington calls attention to the certainty that Albert is not a Catholic, which would preclude Victoria from marrying him without abdicating her crown. Though unable to give him a royal title such as Duke or King, Victoria makes Albert a Knight of the Garter and gives him a small allowance. Albert is offended, feeling he will be without position or independence, while Victoria worries that the allowance would enable him to keep a mistress, as did her Uncle Leopold. They reassure each other and, on 10 February 1840, they are married.
6
6 "The Queen's Husband" Olly Blackburn Daisy Goodwin 25 September 2016 (2016-09-25) 7.65
Victoria and Albert are happily married. However, Victoria fears she will die in childbirth like her cousin and aunt Princess Charlotte, whose death led to Victoria inheriting the crown. Her lady's maid gives her useless advice to avoid pregnancy. Victoria curries favor with her paternal uncle the Duke of Sussex, who is unable to present his wife at court because their morganatic marriage was in violation of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Although his wife is the daughter of an earl, she is not of royal birth. Victoria uses her discretion to make her the Duchess of Inverness and welcomes her to court. An abolitionist group asks Victoria to open its London meeting, held in June 1840. She says she will publicly support the cause, but is unable to open it because of her position. Prince Albert instead volunteers to give an address against slavery, a subject he feels strongly about. His speech is considered a great success for him.
7
7 "The Engine of Change" Olly Blackburn Guy Andrews 2 October 2016 (2016-10-02) 7.31
Victoria, pregnant with her first child, is desperately afraid of dying in childbirth. Her mother insists she refrain from affairs of state and rest full-time. The ministers ask Victoria to choose a regent in the case she dies in childbirth but her baby survives. She insists on Albert as regent, which enrages the Tories. However, Sir Robert Peel believes Albert could be influenced and supports him as regent. Albert takes an interest in the building of the railway to improve Great Britain, a project Victoria discourages him from pursuing. Sir Robert takes Albert to ride on his locomotive, which infuriates her. Albert, however, insists that he have some measure of influence in his new country, while she worries that his doing so could undermine her own authority as queen. Nevertheless Victoria bravely ventures out to take a ride on the locomotive herself, which she finds exhilarating.
8
8 "Young England" Olly Blackburn Daisy Goodwin 9 October 2016 (2016-10-09) 7.74
The pregnant Victoria insists on her daily carriage rides to greet her subjects. The Duke of Cumberland, now the King of Hanover, insists that the British people are unaccepting of the German Albert as regent should death result from childbirth. Cumberland hints of assassination threats. On 10 June 1840, Edward Oxford attempts to assassinate Victoria during a carriage ride. Cumberland, who is first in line to the throne if Victoria dies, is blamed but denies any involvement. Oxford's guns were unloaded at the time. He is declared not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to a lunatic asylum. On 21 November 1840, Victoria gives birth without complications to a healthy baby girl, also named Victoria.
Series 2 (2017)[edit]
Series 2
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
9
1 "A Soldier's Daughter" Lisa James Larsson Daisy Goodwin 27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) 6.17
A month after the birth of her daughter, Victoria finds that the government has not been confiding in her with their business, and becomes irritated with Albert for helping them. Having been kept in her rooms to recover from giving birth, Victoria comes to learn that the British troops were slain in the Anglo-Afghan War, and she refuses Leopold's decision to organize a betrothal of the princess to another country's power for the purpose of politics. With the public angered by the defeat of their troops, Victoria makes her first public appearance after having given birth at the launch of HMS Trafalgar, while Albert goes to his brother, Ernest, for advice on how to fix the rift between him and Victoria. Miss Skerrett is promoted following the departure of Mrs. Jenkins, while Francatelli, the previous chef for the queen, returns after having been persuaded, and the Duchess of Buccleuch is hired as the Queen's new Mistress of the Robes following the Duchess of Sutherland's resignation.
10
2 "The Green-Eyed Monster" Lisa James Larsson Daisy Goodwin 3 September 2017 (2017-09-03) 6.62
Albert resists his profligate father's demands regarding Albert's finances, and as a result, Albert visits the Royal Society to meet with the pioneers of the computing industry, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. He invites the two to a palace function. Victoria becomes suspicious and jealous of Albert's admiration of Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron, a man known for his many affairs. Victoria wonders if Albert intends to make her his mistress. She seeks assurance from Lord Melbourne that the relationship between the two exists for the reasons of science and shared interests; he successfully consoles her. Victoria finds herself pregnant again, causing initial distress due to the short lapse of time since the first birth, but it eventually gives her and Albert a reason to reconcile. In the kitchens, a young thief makes his way through the castle, convincing Miss Cleary, the Queen's assistant dresser, that the castle is haunted and a ghost roams the halls.
11
3 "Warp and Weft" Geoffrey Sax Daisy Goodwin 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) 6.56
After the presence of the thief becomes knowledge to the Queen and her husband, Albert becomes apprehensive about the presence of the boy and inefficiency of the household staff. The wages of the staff are increased as a result, to make them more willing to pay attention. Victoria holds a meeting with a silk weaver from Spitalfields, who explains to her the damage to local weavers when silk comes from foreign countries. As a result, Victoria declares her intent to hold a ball, for which the costumes are made only from the production by the Spitalfields weavers. Sir Robert Peel advises against the ball, but it proceeds, proving Peel right as the villagers protest outside the palace, complaining of the costly and unnecessary extravagance of the ball while they starve and are left for dead. Lord Melbourne also attends the ball, having fallen sick, but he attempts to hide this from Victoria. He reveals to Albert the extent of his condition, and Victoria visits Melbourne for an emotional goodbye. She returns to the palace, discovers her beloved dog, Dash, dead in her sitting room; she inters him on the Palace grounds.
12
4 "The Sins of the Father" Geoffrey Sax Ottilie Wilford 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 6.77
Victoria's birth of a son is painful and she experiences postpartum depression. Albert, upon receiving news of his father's sudden death, visits Germany for the funeral, and learns that Leopold believes that he may be Albert's biological father. Albert's mother found comfort with Leopold while her husband ignored her and pursued other women. Albert, questioning his beliefs and his sense of identity, drinks excessively that evening, and then departs for England the next day without a farewell. Victoria, encouraged by the Duchess of Buccleuch, continues to make public appearances, though her depression makes it an exhausting task for her. Miss Skerrett reveals to the Queen that it was her cousin, Eliza, who sold to the newspapers the story of the palace thief, and that her position as dresser was first intended for Eliza, but Eliza fell pregnant so Skerrett was forced to assume her identity. Victoria prepares to remove Skerrett from the palace, but Albert persuades her to allow the woman to remain.
13
5 "Entente Cordiale" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 24 September 2017 (2017-09-24) 6.13
Robert Peel appeals to Victoria about his thoughts on the King of France, Louis Philippe I, and the plans for the king's son, the Duke of Montpensier, to marry the Spanish Infanta, Isabel. Peel fears that an alliance between France and Spain could be against the best interests of Britain, and so Victoria travels to France to discuss the matter and persuade Louis Philippe to consider another betrothal. Victoria finds herself annoyed at the King's constant refusal to discuss the topic, and vexed by Albert being unsupportive and distant behaviour. Albert reveals his fear that he may be illegitimate, but Victoria reassures him that who is his father is not her care. They do talk to Louis Philippe about the betrothal and are convinced that he is against the match. Upon return to England, Victoria comes to learn that Louis went ahead with the betrothal. Their frustration is lifted, however, when it is discovered that Victoria is pregnant again.
14
6 "Faith, Hope & Charity" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) 6.05
Victoria has given birth to a daughter, Alice, and Ernest returns to England for the christening. A severe famine is caused by a potato blight, affecting the Catholic country of Ireland. The vicar Robert Traill receives an apathetic response from the Protestant clergy, writes to Victoria for assistance and she organizes a meeting with him. Peel refuses to help alongside her, claiming that showing any form of favouritism, especially to the Irish, would cause unrest and resentment at home and in the government. Albert works on improving the palace and of the City of London hygiene and sanitation with the Royal Society. Ernest secretly sees a doctor for his syphilis. After meeting with Victoria, Traill falls sick with typhus, and aid is sent not in time to help him and he dies, along with a million of his countrymen. Francatelli, after talking with Cleary about her family, gives her, to pawn, his gold watch to help her family in the time of need; Cleary is later distressed when she discovers that her relatives have immigrated to the United States to escape the famine.
15
7 "The King Over the Water" Daniel O'Hara Ottilie Wilford 8 October 2017 (2017-10-08) 6.47
After an attempt is made to assassinate Victoria, she and Albert decide to travel to the Scottish Highlands, visiting and staying with the Duke of Atholl. While out on a ride with their entourage, they tire of the entertainment provided, and make an escape to the countryside to spend time alone. They become lost, and seek refuge with an elderly couple in their small home. Victoria and Albert find themselves at peace with this freedom, but are eventually found the following morning. Drummond, who is scheduled to enter into a marriage for political purposes, enjoys his time with Lord Alfred Paget, and they passionately kiss each other. Ernest receives news that the Duchess of Sutherland's husband has passed away, making her a widow, and his attempts at flirting with her come to be successful.
16
8 "The Luxury of Conscience" Daniel O'Hara Daisy Goodwin 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15) 6.40
Peel takes to parliament the ideas of repealing the Corn Laws and making international trade tariff-free, where he faces opposition for his ideas. However, his cause is supported by Albert who attends a session of parliament; his presence and Peel are mocked by both the Tories and the Whigs. A romantic situation begins to form between Francatelli and Nancy Skerrett. When Leopold arrives unexpectedly, Albert is unsettled, and there is tension in the palace. Victoria later quarrels with Albert when he expresses his fears that Baroness Lehzen is improperly caring for their children. When their daughter falls ill, she is diagnosed with a serious fever that could kill her, and Victoria relents and dismisses Lehzen. Peel's bill is passed, and a man shoots at him as he leaves the House of Commons; Drummond is shot dead when he jumps in the way to protect Peel. Devastated by Drummond's loss, Peel resigns as Prime Minister. Ernest breaks off with the duchess when he discovers physical indications of his syphilis, while Leopold makes attempts to improve his relationship with Victoria and Albert.
Christmas special
No.
overall
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [7]
17
"Comfort and Joy" Jim Loach Daisy Goodwin 25 December 2017 (2017-12-25) 5.44
During the Christmas of 1846, Albert introduces the court to Christmas Trees, and begins decorating the halls for the festive season. He invites Victoria's mother to Christmas, whose presence is not approved by Victoria. An African girl, Sarah, also arrives, as a gift from the King of Dahomey. Victoria tried her best to make Sarah feel welcome and less awkward within the palace, despite Albert's advice. King Leopold continues his attempts to marry Ernest to a princess from Germany, who originates from a wealthy family, but he continues his affair with the duchess Harriet, all the while he is forced to keep the secret of his illness from the duchess. Paget, still mourning Drummond after his death, eventually becomes engaged to Wilhelmina, the niece of the Duchess of Buccleuth. Penge, having hoped to make a considerable deal of money from a railway scheme connecting Leeds to Thirsk, comes to earn nothing from it. Nancy comes into an awkward inheritance from her uncle, which she later declines, and becomes engaged to Francatelli.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was announced in September 2015, following Coleman's decision to leave Doctor Who to join the cast as Queen Victoria.[8][9]
Daisy Goodwin said in October 2016 that a Christmas special episode for the 2016 series had been proposed and was rejected by ITV; one was subsequently commissioned for 2017 after the rising ratings popularity for Victoria.[10]
In September 2016, ITV renewed Victoria for a second series, followed by a Christmas special.[11][12] In December 2017, Victoria was renewed for a third series, with Coleman and Hughes set to return.[13]
Beyond the renewal, ITV administration reportedly expects Victoria to run for a total of six series, although whether Jenna Coleman will remain as the lead actress as the series moves into depicting Victoria's later years is uncertain.[14]
Filming[edit]
Much of Victoria was filmed in Yorkshire. The interiors of Castle Howard double as Kensington Palace, Harewood House stands in for Buckingham Palace, with Bramham Park and Wentworth Woodhouse also being in use for both royal residences. Carlton Towers is in use as Windsor Castle, while Beverley Minster replaces Westminster Abbey. Other locations include Raby Castle, Allerton Castle, Newby Hall and Whitby pier. Church Fenton Studios, a converted aircraft hangar at Leeds East Airport near Selby, was in use to recreate some interiors of the Buckingham Palace.[15][16]
Music[edit]
The theme song is by Martin Phipps, sung by the Mediæval Bæbes. Phipps also wrote and conducted incidental music for the early episodes. For later episodes the conducting role was undertaken by Ruth Barrett.[17] An official soundtrack for the first series was released on 12 January 2017.[18][19]
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "Victoria – The Suite" Benji Merrison, Mediæval Bæbes 3:27
2. "The King is Dead" 2:49
3. "Coronation" Mediæval Babes 3:15
4. "Lord M" 2:44
5. "Locomotives" 1:52
6. "Mirrors" 1:32
7. "The Wedding" Mediæval Babes 3:43
8. "The Royal Birth" 2:14
9. "Privy Council" 2:50
10. "A Royal Affair" 2:05
11. "Victoria Titles" Mediæval Babes 1:35
Total length: 28:03
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The series premiered on 28 August 2016 on ITV in the UK, and on 15 January 2017 on PBS in the United States as part of Masterpiece.[20] The eight-episode second series premiered on ITV on 27 August 2017, and on 14 January 2018 on PBS.[21][22]
The series premiered on 4 April 2017 in Canada on Vision TV.[23]
Home media[edit]
In Region 2, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 10 October 2016.[24] The second series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 13 November 2017.[25]
In Region 1, the first series of Victoria was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 31 January 2017.[26] The second series of Victoria is set to be released on DVD and Blu-ray on 30 January 2018.[27]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The critics' reviews of the first series, have been positive. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first series holds a rating of 81%, based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 6,83/10. The site's consensus reads, "Strong performances by Jenna Coleman and Rufus Sewell hint at Downton-esque potential for Victoria, but the narrative falls just shy of that soapy mark".[28] On Metacritic, the first series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[29]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref
2017 British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Make Up and Hair Design Nic Collins Nominated [30]
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score) Martin Phipps, Ruth Barrett, Natalie Holt for "Doll 123" Nominated [31]
Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Martin Phipps Nominated [31]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Rufus Sewell to join Jenna Coleman in major new ITV drama Victoria". ITV Press Centre. ITV. 21 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tom Hughes to star as Prince Albert in major new ITV drama Victoria". ITV Press Centre. ITV. 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tartaglione, Nancy (21 October 2015). "Rufus Sewell Joins ITV's 'Victoria' As Period Drama Adds More Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "It was impossible to turn down Victoria, says Jenna Coleman". The Indian Express. PTI. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Tommy Knight, Facebook
Jump up ^ Leane, Rob (22 October 2015). "Victoria: first pic of Jenna Coleman, Eve Myles joins cast". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing Limited.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Weekly Viewing Summary (see relevant week)". BARB. The viewer figures take into account total live viewing in SD and HD, and +1 figures, and are viewed under ITV Total (Incl. +1).
Jump up ^ "Jenna Coleman is Leaving Doctor Who". BBC. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Barraclough, Leo (18 September 2015). "Jenna Coleman Leaving 'Doctor Who' to Play Queen Victoria". Variety. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Frost, Caroline (14 October 2016). "'Victoria' Drama Christmas Offer Turned Down By ITV, Reveals Creator Daisy Godwin". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Dowell, Ben (23 September 2016). "Hallelujah! Victoria to return for a second series". RadioTimes. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Susanna (6 October 2016). "ITV's Victoria gets a 2017 Christmas special, reveals screenwriter Daisy Goodwin". RadioTimes. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Stewart (12 December 2017). "Jenna Coleman Returning for Season Three of 'Victoria'". Vaariety. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Frost, Caroline (11 October 2016). "'Victoria': ITV Bosses 'Considering Six Series in Total, But Swapping Jenna Coleman Halfway Through'". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Where was Victoria filmed?". Radio Times. 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Penfold, Phil (27 August 2016). "Filmed in Yorkshire, could Victoria fill the gap left by Downton?". The Yorkshire Post.
Jump up ^ Dowell, Ben (25 September 2016). "What is the Victoria title music? Who wrote the theme? Who sings it? Was it played at her wedding to Albert?". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Well we have rather excellent news... It's here... Head over to Spotify 👑 🎶 #Victoria #Soundtrack". Facebook. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria (Original Soundtrack)". Spotify. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, William (12 August 2016). "US start date confirmed for Jenna Coleman's 'Victoria' series". CultBox. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Doran, Sarah (17 August 2017). "JK Rowling and Jenna Coleman set for Bank Holiday Sunday clash". Radio Times. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (16 August 2017). "'Victoria' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date On PBS". Deadline. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Episodes - Vision TV Channel Canada". Vision TV Canada. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria [DVD] [2016]". Amazon. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria Series 2 [DVD] [2017]". Amazon. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (17 November 2016). "Victoria - PBS Press Release for DVDs, Blu-rays of the Upcoming 'Masterpiece' Show". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (1 November 2017). "Victoria - Release Date, Box Art for 'The Complete 2nd Season' on DVD, Blu-ray". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria: Season 1 (2016)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Victoria". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Television Craft Awards Winners 2017". British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "69th Emmy® Awards Nominations" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Victoria on IMDb
Victoria at TV.com
Victoria at epguides.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=821804261"
Categories:
2016 British television programme debuts
2010s British drama television series
ITV television dramas
English-language television programs
Gay-related television programs
Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on television
Television series by Mammoth Screen
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series set in the 1830s
Television series set in the 1840s
Television shows set in the United Kingdom
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