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Patricia Heaton
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Patricia Heaton
Heaton at the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22, 2012
Born
Patricia Helen Heaton
(1958-03-04) March 4, 1958 (age 60)
Bay Village, Ohio, U.S.
Residence
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, U.K.
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1989–present
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
David Hunt (m. 1990)
Children
4
Parent(s)
Chuck Heaton
Patricia Hurd Heaton
Patricia Helen Heaton (born March 4, 1958[1]) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Debra Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from (1996–2005), and as Frances "Frankie" Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle from (2009–2018).
Heaton is a three-time Emmy Award winner - twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2000 and 2001 for Everybody Loves Raymond, and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Culinary Program as host/executive producer of Patricia Heaton Parties.[2]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Other credits
4 Personal life
4.1 Political and social advocacy
5 Filmography
5.1 Television
5.2 Film
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Patricia Heaton was born in Bay Village, Ohio, the daughter of Patricia (née Hurd) and Chuck Heaton, who was a sportswriter for The Plain Dealer.[3] Heaton's mother died of an aneurysm when the actress was 12. The fourth of five children,[4] Heaton was raised as a devout Catholic.[5][6]
Heaton has three sisters, Sharon, Alice, and Frances, and one brother, Michael, who is the "Minister of Culture" columnist for The Plain Dealer and a writer for the paper's Friday Magazine.
Career[edit]
While attending Ohio State University, she became a sister of Delta Gamma Sorority. She later graduated with a B.A. in drama. In 1980, Heaton moved to New York City to study with drama teacher William Esper.
Heaton made her first Broadway appearance in the chorus of Don't Get God Started (1987), after which she and fellow students created Stage Three, an Off-Broadway acting troupe.
Heaton in 2008
When Stage Three brought one of their productions to Los Angeles, Heaton caught the eye of a casting director for the ABC drama Thirtysomething. She was cast as an oncologist, leading to six appearances on the series from 1989 to 1991. Other TV guest appearances include: Alien Nation (1989), Matlock (1990), Party of Five (1996), The King of Queens (1999), and Danny Phantom (2004).
Heaton's feature films include Memoirs of an Invisible Man (1992), Beethoven (1992), The New Age (1994), and Space Jam (1996).
Heaton was featured in three short-lived sitcoms—Room for Two, Someone Like Me and Women of the House—before landing the role of Debra Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond. She was nominated in each of the series' last seven seasons for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning in 2000 and 2001. With her win in 2000, she became the first of the cast members on the show to win an Emmy. She has also collected two Viewers for Quality Television Awards and a Screen Actors Guild trophy for her work on the series.
Starting September 2007, Heaton co-starred with Kelsey Grammer in Back to You, a situation comedy on Fox. The show was canceled in May 2008.
Heaton appeared on the season seven of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition where she helped build a home for a firefighter and his family.
Heaton's television movies include Shattered Dreams (1990), Miracle in the Woods (1997), A Town Without Christmas (2001), as well as the remake of Neil Simon's The Goodbye Girl (2004) with Jeff Daniels, The Engagement Ring (2005), Heaton also played former U.S. Ambassador to Yemen, Barbara Bodine, in the 2006 ABC docudrama The Path to 9/11, and the Hallmark Hall of Fame movie Front of the Class, based on the real story of a mother, Ellen Cohen, dealing with a son, Brad Cohen, who has Tourette Syndrome, in 2008.
Heaton was the producer for the 2005 documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania, which was directed by her husband. She was also one of the producers of the William Wilberforce drama Amazing Grace (2006).
In January 2007, Heaton returned to the stage to co-star with Tony Shalhoub in the Off-Broadway play The Scene at Second Stage Theatre in New York City.[7] For this performance, Heaton was nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress category for the 22nd Lucille Lortel Awards.
Since September 2009, she has starred in the ABC comedy The Middle. In 2011, Heaton was ranked at No. 24 on the TV Guide Network special, Funniest Women on TV.[8]
In October 2015, Heaton began hosting Patricia Heaton Parties, a cooking show on Food Network. The program showcases party friendly foods and home entertaining tips. The series won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2016 for Outstanding Culinary Program.[9]
She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22, 2012.[10]
Other credits[edit]
In 2003, Heaton appeared in a series of television and radio commercials as spokesperson for the various incarnations of the grocery chain Albertsons, such as Acme, Jewel and Shaw's. Heaton also was featured on the cover of the company's 2003 and 2004 annual reports. In 2007, Albertsons created the Crazy About Food slogan/campaign and Heaton's association with the company ended.[citation needed] She has also appeared in advertisements for Pantene hair-care products.[11]
Personal life[edit]
Heaton has been married to British actor David Hunt since 1990.[4] They have four sons[12] and they divide their time between Los Angeles and Cambridge, England.[13] Her memoir, Motherhood and Hollywood: How to Get a Job Like Mine, was published by Villard Books in 2002.
Hunt is Heaton's second husband. After her divorce from her first husband, she went through a self-described "Protestant wilderness". Since June 2017, Heaton's first marriage has been annulled by the Catholic Church and has since returned as an observant of Catholicism.[14][15]
Heaton has been open about having plastic surgery; citing having a tummy-tuck and a breast reduction after undergoing four Caesarean sections.[16]
Political and social advocacy[edit]
Heaton is a consistent life ethicist and is vocally supportive of pro-life groups and causes, opposing abortion, euthanasia, and the death penalty.[6] Heaton's advocacy became particularly visible during the debate regarding the Terri Schiavo case.[17] In addition, Heaton is honorary chair of Feminists for Life, an organization which opposes abortion and embryonic stem cell research and supports other pro-life causes on the basis of feminism.[6]
She is registered Republican.[18] However, Heaton openly supports gay rights[19] and has publicly stated that she is not against same-sex marriage.[20]
Patricia Heaton and family in the Indianapolis 500 Parade, May 2008
Although a Republican, Heaton voiced her disapproval of then presidential nominee Donald Trump in 2016, stating "If he’s the nominee then it won’t be my party".[21]
Heaton's name was in an advertisement in the Los Angeles Times (17 August 2006) that condemned Hamas and Hezbollah and supported Israel in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[22]
In October 2006, Heaton appeared in a commercial opposing a Missouri state constitutional amendment concerning embryonic stem cell research, which subsequently passed. The advertisement was a response to the election of Democratic Senate hopeful Claire McCaskill and aired at the same time as Michael J. Fox's advertisement supporting the amendment.[6] Appearing with Heaton were actor Jim Caviezel, St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Jeff Suppan, Seattle Mariner Mike Sweeney, and St. Louis Rams/Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner.[23] Following a public outcry, Heaton later said she regretted doing the ad and sent an apology to Fox, saying she was unaware of Fox's ad. Fox accepted her apology and later stated, "If we can have a healthy dialogue about issues that people see differently, that's marvelous."[6]
On February 29, 2012, Heaton made several negative public remarks against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke, joining the controversy surrounding the law requiring insurance companies to cover contraception. Following criticism for her remarks, Heaton apologized days later.[24]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Alien Nation Amanda Russell Episode: "The Red Room"
1989–1991 Thirtysomething Dr. Silverman 6 episodes
1990 Shattered Dreams Older Dotti Movie
1990 Matlock Ellie Stanford Episode: "The Brothers"
1991 DEA Paula Werner Episode: "The Fat Lady Sings Alone"
1992–1993 Room for Two Jill Kurland 26 episodes
1994 Someone Like Me Jean Stepjak 5 episodes
1995 Women of the House Natalie Hollingsworth 11 episodes
1996 Party of Five Robin Merrin 2 episodes
1996–2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Debra Barone Main role (209 episodes)
1997 Miracle in the Woods Wanda Briggs Movie
1999 The King of Queens Debra Barone Episode: "Dire Strayts"
2001 A Town Without Christmas M.J. Jensen Movie
2004 The Goodbye Girl Paula McFadden Movie
2004 Danny Phantom Lunch Lady (voice) Episode: "Mystery Meat"
2005 The Engagement Ring Sara Rosa Anselmi Movie
2006 Untitled Patricia Heaton Project Janet Daily Pilot
2006 The Path to 9/11 Ambassador Bodine Miniseries
2007–2008 Back to You Kelly Carr Main role (17 episodes)
2008 Front of the Class Ellen Cohen Movie
2009–2018 The Middle Frankie Heck Main role (215 episodes)
2011 Easy to Assemble Mrs. Hullestaad 3 episodes
2015–2016 Patricia Heaton Parties[25] Herself Host (16 episodes)
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Memoirs of an Invisible Man Ellen
1992 Beethoven Brie
1994 The New Age Anna
1996 Space Jam Wife watching the Basketball Game in New York Participation
2007 Amazing Grace N/A Producer
2014 Moms' Night Out Sondra
2017 The Star Edith the cow
Awards and nominations[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Patricia Heaton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
1999 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
1999 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
1999 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won
2000 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won
2000 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2000 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won
2001 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won
2002 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2002 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2002 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2003 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2003 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2003 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won
2004 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2004 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2004 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2005 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2005 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2005 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie The Goodbye Girl Nominated
2005 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2006 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2006 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated
2007 Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy Back to You Nominated
2011 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series The Middle Nominated
2016 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Culinary Program Patricia Heaton Parties Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1197). Mar 9, 2012. p. 26.
Jump up ^ Patricia Heaton wins Daytime Emmy Award - Cleveland.com (Cleveland Plain Dealer)
Jump up ^ "Patricia Heaton Biography (1958–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Brien, Elizabeth (November 28, 2000). "Patricia Heaton's Laid-Back Lifestyle". People. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Justin. "A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton". About.com. Retrieved 2010-06-22. She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mass with her parents every day.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Green, Jesse. Not Everybody Loves Patricia, The New York Times, December 31, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ On The Scene, Tony Shalhoub and Patricia Heaton Open Off Broadway, broadway.com, 2007-01-11 Archived May 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Funniest Women on TV. July 3, 2011. TV Guide Network. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob (10 September 2015). "'The Middle's' Patricia Heaton to Host Food Network Show".
Jump up ^ The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Committee Announces New Walk of Fame Honorees for 2012 Archived June 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Pantene Commercial with Patricia Heaton (2003))", one of several advertisements, YouTube, subsidiary of Alphabet, Inc., Mountain View, California. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hill, Erin (October 23, 2013). "Patricia Heaton's Real-Life Middle Moment With Her Son". Parade. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Hallman, Deborah (October 16, 2002). "Keeping it real in Hollywood". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Graves, Jim (June 3, 2017). "Vin Scully and Patricia Heaton reflect on centrality of Christ in their lives". Catholic World Report. Ignatius Press. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ @PatriciaHeaton (July 30, 2017). "Spent Mass internally grumbling about lame sermon; received Eucharist, knelt down, burst into tears. #NoOneExpectstheHolySpirit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Zapo, George. "Four Celebrities Talk Openly About Having Plastic Surgery". Inquisitr. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Squires, Chase. Tampabay: Issues, not images, drive Schiavo TV coverage, March 25, 2005. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bond, Paul. Hollywood insiders rip MSNBC, defend Palin, Reuters, October 27, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Patricia Heaton - A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton". Usconservatives.about.com. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Patricia Heaton Says Her Politics Have Cost Her Potential Roles". Christianpost.com. 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
Jump up ^ @PatriciaHeaton (February 28, 2016). "If he's the nominee then it won't be my party...#Pinestraw2016" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Nicole Kidman and 84 Others Stand United Against Terrorism Archived September 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." Hollywood Grind. 18 August 2006.
Jump up ^ Serrano, Alfonso. Stem Cell Opponents To Air Celebrity Ad, CBS News, October 25, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Patricia Heaton Apologizes for Attacking Sandra Fluke on Twitter". The Daily Beast. March 7, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Patricia Heaton Parties Episodes".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patricia Heaton.
Patricia Heaton on IMDb
Patricia Heaton at the Internet Broadway Database
Patricia Heaton at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Patricia Heaton at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
show
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e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Gertrude Berg (1950)
Imogene Coca (1951)
Lucille Ball (1952)
Eve Arden (1953)
Lucille Ball (1955)
Nanette Fabray (1956)
Jane Wyatt (1957)
Jane Wyatt (1959)
Jane Wyatt (1960)
Barbara Stanwyck (1961)
Shirley Booth (1962)
Shirley Booth (1963)
Mary Tyler Moore (1964)
No Award (1965)
Mary Tyler Moore (1966)
Lucille Ball (1967)
Lucille Ball (1968)
Hope Lange (1969)
Hope Lange (1970)
Jean Stapleton (1971)
Jean Stapleton (1972)
Mary Tyler Moore (1973)
Mary Tyler Moore (1974)
Valerie Harper (1975)
Mary Tyler Moore (1976)
Bea Arthur (1977)
Jean Stapleton (1978)
Ruth Gordon (1979)
Cathryn Damon (1980)
Isabel Sanford (1981)
Carol Kane (1982)
Shelley Long (1983)
Jane Curtin (1984)
Jane Curtin (1985)
Betty White (1986)
Rue McClanahan (1987)
Bea Arthur (1988)
Candice Bergen (1989)
Candice Bergen (1990)
Kirstie Alley (1991)
Candice Bergen (1992)
Roseanne Barr (1993)
Candice Bergen (1994)
Candice Bergen (1995)
Helen Hunt (1996)
Helen Hunt (1997)
Helen Hunt (1998)
Helen Hunt (1999)
Patricia Heaton (2000)
Patricia Heaton (2001)
Jennifer Aniston (2002)
Debra Messing (2003)
Sarah Jessica Parker (2004)
Felicity Huffman (2005)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2006)
America Ferrera (2007)
Tina Fey (2008)
Toni Collette (2009)
Edie Falco (2010)
Melissa McCarthy (2011)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2012)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2013)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2014)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2015)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2016)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (2017)
show
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2000–2009)
Will & Grace, season 2/season 3 (2000): Hayes; McCormack; Messing; Mullally
Sex and the City, season 4 (2001): Cattrall; Davis; Nixon; Parker
Everybody Loves Raymond season 6/season 7 (2002): Boyle; Garrett; Heaton; Roberts; Romano; Sweeten
Sex and the City, season 6 (2003): Cattrall; Davis; Nixon; Parker
Desperate Housewives, season 1 (2004): Bowen; Chavira; Cross; Culp; Denton; Hatcher; Huffman; Kasch; Longoria; Metcalfe; Moses; Sheridan; Strong
Desperate Housewives, season 1/season 2 (2005): Bart; Bowen; Brooks; Chavira; Cross; Culp; Denton; Hatcher; Huffman; B. Kinsman; S. Kinsman; Longoria; Moses; Savant; Sheridan; Strong; Woodard
The Office, season 2/season 3 (2006): Baker; Baumgartner; Carell; Denman; Fischer; Flannery; Hardin; Kaling; Kinsey; Krasinski; Lieberstein; Novak; Nunez; Smith; Wilson
The Office, season 3/season 4 (2007): Baker; Baumgartner; Carell; Denman; Fischer; Flannery; Hardin; Kaling; Kinsey; Krasinski; Lieberstein; Novak; Nunez; Smith; Wilson
30 Rock, season 2/season 3 (2008): Adsit; Baldwin; Bowden; Fey; Friedlander; Krakowski; McBrayer; Morgan; Powell
Glee, season 1 (2009): Agron; Colfer; Gallagher; Gilsig; Lynch; Mays; McHale; Michele; Monteith; Morris; Morrison; Riley; Rivera; Salling; Shum; Sussman; Talton; Theba; Ushkowitz
Complete list
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WorldCat Identities
GND: 128387254
ISNI: 0000 0001 1445 1070
LCCN: nr2002000521
VIAF: 57663511
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Heaton&oldid=853480082"
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text:
List of battles of the Mexican–American War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The battles of the Mexican–American War include all major engagements and most reported skirmishes, including Thornton's Defeat, the Battle of Palo Alto, and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, which took place prior to the official start of hostilities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 List of battles
3 1846
4 1847
5 1848
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The Mexican–American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the United States annexed Texas nine years after the Texas Revolution. It ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico was forced to sell a vast tract of land that amounted to over half its national territory to the United States.
Depiction of the Battle of Chapultepec
List of battles[edit]
Key
(A) – American Victory
(M) – Mexican Victory
(I) – Inconclusive
1846[edit]
Battle Date Engagement remarks Result
Thornton Affair April 25/26 Skirmishing in the disputed borderlands of South Texas. (M)
Siege of Fort Texas May 3–9 American forces withstand Mexican Army attacks. (A)
Battle of Palo Alto May 8 Mexican Army under Mariano Arista in the disputed land between the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) and the Nueces River engage an American army attempting to lift the aforementioned Siege of Fort Texas. (A)
Battle of Resaca de la Palma May 9 Arista is defeated by Zachary Taylor. (A)
Occupation of Matamoros May 18 U.S. troops occupy Matamoros, Tamaulipas, with no resistance. More than 300 sick and wounded Mexicans captured in the hospitals. Also abandoned were 5 spiked guns. (A)
Battle of Monterey[1] July 7 U.S. Navy occupies Monterey, California. (A)
Battle of Yerba Buena July 10 U.S. Navy occupies Yerba Buena (present-day San Francisco, California). (A)
Occupation of Camargo, Tamaulipas. July 14 — (A)
Battle of Cañoncito early August Stephen Watts Kearny defeats Manuel Armijo on the way to Santa Fe, New Mexico. (A)
Battle of Santa Fe August 18 Kearny occupies Santa Fe, New Mexico. (A)
Battle of Monterrey[1] September 21–23 Zachary Taylor forces Pedro de Ampudia to surrender Monterrey. (A)
Siege of Los Angeles September 22–30 Led by Gen José María Flores, Californios and Mexicans retake Los Angeles. (M)
Battle of Chino September 26–27 Californios defeat and capture 24 Americans, led by Benjamin D. Wilson, who were hiding in an adobe house in Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, near present-day Chino, California. (M)
Battle of Dominguez Rancho October 7 Californios, led by José Antonio Carrillo, defeat 203 US Marines led by U.S. Navy Captain William Mervine. (M)
First Battle of Tabasco October 24–26 Commodore Matthew C. Perry is defeated in San Juan Bautista, Tabasco by Juan Bautista Traconis. (M)
Occupation of Tampico, Tamaulipas November 14 Occupation by the U.S. Navy. (A)
Occupation of Saltillo, Coahuila November 16 Occupation by the U.S. Army. (A)
Battle of Natividad November 16 Rancho La Natividad located in the Salinas Valley of California. (A)
Battle of San Pasqual December 78 American victory,[2] Californios departed the battlefield. (A)
Capture of Tucson (1846) December 16 The Mormon Battalion captures Tucson, Sonora and occupies her for a day or two. (A)
Battle of El Brazito December 25 Also called the "Battle of Temascalitos" in Spanish. Mexican forces attack El Brazito, New Mexico. U.S. forces were led by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan. (A)
1847[edit]
Battle Date Engagement remarks Result
Battle of Santa Clara January 2 Fought in 2 1/2 miles west of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, California. (A)
Battle of Rio San Gabriel January 8 Part of a series of battles for control of Los Angeles. (A)
Battle of La Mesa January 9 Last conflict before U.S. forces enter Los Angeles. (A)
Battle of Cañada January 24 Sterling Price defeats insurgents in New Mexico. (A)
First Battle of Mora January 24 A failed attack by American Forces on Mora, New Mexico led by Israel Hendley on January 24. (M)
Battle of Embudo Pass January 29 Last insurgent stand before the Siege of Pueblo de Taos. (A)
Second Battle of Mora February 1 On February 1, another American expedition armed with howitzers succeeded in razing the village of Mora in New Mexico. (A)
Siege of Pueblo de Taos February 3/4 Rancheros and Mexican Militia surrender to U.S. forces thus ending the Taos Revolt. (A)
Battle of Buena Vista February 22/23 Zachary Taylor fights Antonio López de Santa Anna south of Saltillo in one of the largest battles of the war. (I)
Battle of the Sacramento February 28 Doniphan defeats a larger Mexican army at the Sacramento River Pass before the capture of Chihuahua. (A)
Siege of Veracruz March 9–29 Beginning with Marine landings, U.S. forces besiege and gradually encircle Mexican Marines and Coast Guard in vicious twenty-day siege. (A)
Battle of Cerro Gordo April 18 Dubbed the "Thermopylae of the West." (A)
First Battle of Tuxpan April 18 Commodore Matthew C. Perry seizes the port city of Tuxpan on the Gulf coast. (A)
Capture of Perote April 22 Perote Castle, considered the strongest fortress in Mexico after Vera Cruz, surrendered without resistance to General William J. Worth, following the battle of Cerro Gordo. 54 Guns and mortars, and 500 muskets captured.
Annual Reports 1894, War Department trophy guns lists 4- 17 inch mortars.
Battle of Red River Canyon May 26 New Mexican insurgents fight a skirmish with United States troops. (A)
Second Battle of Tuxpan June Perry's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans at Tuxpan for a second time. (A)
Third Battle of Tuxpan June 30 Perry's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans for a third time. (A)
Second Battle of Tabasco June 16 Commodore Matthew C. Perry captures Villahermosa, Tabasco, the last port city on the Mexican Gulf coast. (A)
Battle of Las Vegas July 6 New Mexican insurgents and United States soldiers fight at Las Vegas, New Mexico. (A)
Battle of Cienega Creek July 9 New Mexicans and United States forces clash near Taos, New Mexico. (A)
Battle of Contreras (also known as Battle of Padierna) August 19 Santa Anna fails to support the Mexican line at a critical moment; turns victory into rout. (A)
Battle of Churubusco August 20 Regular Mexican troops and Saint Patrick's Battalion under Manuel Rincón hold a fortified monastery against Winfield Scott; just over half of the San Patricios are killed or captured, the rest retreat with the rest of the Mexican forces in the area. (A)
Battle of Molino del Rey September 8[3] Americans lose nearly 800 men in an attempt to take a suspected cannon foundry: "They fell in platoons and companies." (A)
Battle of Chapultepec September 13 Scott assaults Chapultepec Castle. Los Niños Héroes pass into legend. Some captured San Patricios members executed during the battle. (A)
Battle for Mexico City September 13/14 Fierce fighting for Mexico City. (A)
Siege of Puebla September 14 Mexican Light Corps forces under General Joaquín Rea begin the siege of Puebla, Puebla. (A)
Fall of Mexico City September 15 U.S. forces enter Mexico City. (A)
Battle of Mulegé October 2 Mexican forces led by Captain Manuel Pineda defeated a small detachment of American forces at Mulegé, Baja California Sur. (M)
Battle of Huamantla October 9 A relief force under the command of General Joseph Lane marching to relieve Puebla defeated the Mexican reinforcements moving to Puebla under the command of Antonio López de Santa Anna. (A)
Siege of Puebla October 12 General Lane's U.S. relief column reaches Puebla, Siege of Puebla lifted. Skirmishes with Light Corps skirmishers and snipers as Lane's forces entered the city. (A)
Action of Atlixco October 19 Also known as the "Atlixco Affair", fought at Atlixco between Mexican Light Corps forces under Gen. Rea and American forces under Gen. Joseph Lane. (A)
Bombardment of Guaymas October 19/20 Threat of bombardment of the fort and city of Guaymas, Sonora by the 2 ships of Captain Elie A. F. La Vallette led to secret evacuation of the Mexican garrison and artillery on the night the 19th of November by Col. Antonio Campuzano. Following the morning bombardment of the fort and city, La Vallette landed to take possession, to find the city abandoned by its defenders and most its population. (A)
Bombardment of Punta Sombrero October 31 United States Navy schooner Libertad silences Mexican shore batteries at Punta Sombrero, defending the anchorage of Mulege, Baja California Sur on the Gulf of California. (I)
Occupation of Mazatlán November 11 With the guns of a U. S. Squadron under Commodore William Branford Shubrick trained on the city, a landing force of 730 marines, sailors and guns summoned Mazatlán to surrender, its garrison evacuated the previous night, the city capitulated and was occupied and held to the end of the war. (A)
Battle of La Paz November 16/17 Mexicans under Manuel Pineda defeated in attack on American garrison at La Paz, Mexico (A)
Affair at Guaymas November 17 An attempt to reoccupy Guaymas, Sonora, by Col. Antonio Campuzano was repulsed by a landing party of sailors and marines under Lieutenant W. T. Smith, supported by the guns of the USS Dale. (A)
Skirmishes of Palos Prietos and Urias November 19/20 An American force from Mazatlan, attempting link up with a naval landing force to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán fought a skirmish at Palos Prietos. The Naval landing force from Mazatlan linked up with the land force after a hard fought skirmish with Mexican marines at Urias, to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán. (A)
Battle of San José del Cabo November 20/21 Mexicans under José Antonio Mijares defeated by American forces at San José del Cabo (A)
Skirmish at Matamoros November 23 American force under Gen. Lane surprised and defeated the Mexican garrison at Izúcar de Matamoros, capturing or destroying the materiel at the depot of Gen. Rea's Light Corps that was in the town. (A)
Affair at Galaxara Pass November 24 Mexican Light Corps cavalry under Gen. Rea was defeated after they blocked the withdrawal to Puebla of the American force under Gen. Lane at Galaxara Pass, after their successful attack on Izúcar de Matamoros. (A)
Siege of La Paz November 27/December 8 A second Mexican attack by Manuel Pineda on La Paz, Mexico ending in an American victory. (A)
Action of San Sebastian December 13 Naval landing force making a night march from Mazatlan surprised and routed an entrenched post of Mexican cavalry at San Sebastian, breaking up the blockade of Mazatlan. (A)
1848[edit]
Battle Date Engagement remarks Result
Capture of San Blas January 11 An unopposed landing party under Lieutenant Frederick Chatard, captured the coastal fort and brought off two pieces of artillery and two schooners, one belonging to the custom-house. With no force sufficient to defend it and the port made defenseless, no American occupation of the city took place. (A)
Landing at Manzanillo January 18 Lieutenant Chatard landed a small party at Manzanillo and spiked three large guns defending the port, rendering it defenseless. (A)
Siege of San José del Cabo January 22/February 14 A Mexican siege of San José del Cabo that failed when the garrison with a U. S. Navy landing force attacked together to break it up. (A)
Skirmish at Cochori January 30 Fabius Stanley's surprise descent on the camp at the village of Cochori held by Mexican forces blockading Guaymas. (A)
Skirmish at Bocachicacampo February 13 Fabius Stanley's surprise night naval landing and assault against Campuzano's main camp blockading Guaymas, at Bocachicacampo. (A)
Action of Sequalteplan February 25 An American force under Gen. Lane defeated a Mexican guerrilla force under Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan (A)
Truce of March 6, 1848 March 6 Truce ordered the official end of hostilities between Mexico and the United States, awaiting the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. From January to August Mexican partisans continued to resist the U.S. Army of Occupation. Formal fighting, however, had ceased by the terms of the truce on March 6, 1848. This truce also ended attacks by guerrilla units under the control of the government. Rebellious guerrilla units continued until to the end of the American occupation in July or, like that of Padre Jaruta, until crushed by the Mexican Army, as it was obligated to do under terms of the truce.[4] (-)
Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales March 16 Sterling Price advances into Chihuahua after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. He captured Chihuahua after being told by the Mexican Governor Angel Trias that the Truce of March 6, was already signed. Price followed the Mexican garrison that fell back to Santa Cruz de Rosales and defeated it, before getting word from his chain of command of the cessation of hostilities. (A)
Skirmish of Todos Santos March 31 The culminating clash of Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton's campaign that defeated Mexican forces in Baja California Sur and subsequently dispersed them, after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the truce of March 6, was already signed. (A)
See also[edit]
James Polk
Mexican–American War campaigns
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b It is a common misconception to confuse "Monterrey, Nuevo León" with "Monterey, California". These are, in fact, two very different battles.
Jump up ^ John Wilson. "The Shooting of James King". Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools : An Historical Perspective. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. Although the Californians retreated and the Americans remained in possession of the battlefield, their victory was a pyrrhic one for their attack was ill-conceived and many American lives were recklessly and needlessly sacrificed.
John C. Pinheiro (1 January 2007). Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-military Relations During the Mexican War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-275-98409-0.
Jump up ^ Throughout September, reports of guerrilla attacks on U.S. army hospitals, supply columns, and camps reached epidemic proportions.
Jump up ^ The Occupation of Mexico - May 1846-July 1848, p.39
Combined official Mexican losses and US estimates: Northern Campaign (Palo Alto-Buena Vista) : c1,031 Mexican killed. Valley Campaign (Cerro Gordo-Mexico City) : c2,854 Mexican killed. Or, c3,885 not including later died of wounds, died from disease or the losses in the West.
The Mexican Cavalry Division (Army of the South) escaped the Valley Campaign largely intact (4,000 evacuated Mexico City). Of some 16,000 Infantry of the Armies of the East & North, only 5,000 evacuated Mexico City.
References[edit]
Bauer, K. Jack (1974). The Mexican War, 1846–1848. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8032-6107-1.
Brooks, N.C. Complete History Of The Mexican War: Grigg, Elliot & Co.Philadelphia 1849
Listing of 1846–1848 US Army Casualties
Ramsey, Albert C. The Other Side or Notes For The History of The War Between Mexico And The United States John Wiley New York 1850
The Occupation of New Mexico (Battle of Cañoncito)
External links[edit]
A Continent Divided: The U.S. - Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_battles_of_the_Mexican–American_War&oldid=832924838"
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Prehistoric Italy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that Neolithic Italy be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2017.
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History of Italy
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The prehistory of Italy began in the Paleolithic, when the Homo species colonized for the first time the Italian territory and ends in the Iron Age, when the first written records appeared in the peninsula and in the islands.
Contents
[hide]
1 Paleolithic
2 Neolithic
3 Copper Age
4 Bronze Age
4.1 Polada culture
4.2 Nuragic civilization
4.3 Sicily
4.4 Palma Campania culture
4.5 Apennine culture
4.6 Terramare
4.7 Castellieri
4.8 Canegrate culture
4.9 Proto-Villanovan culture
4.10 Luco-Meluno culture
5 Iron Age
5.1 Villanova culture
5.2 Latial culture
5.3 Este culture
5.4 Golasecca culture
5.5 Fritzens-Sanzeno culture
5.6 The Camuni
6 Pre-Roman period
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Sources
10 External links
Paleolithic[edit]
Venere di Savignano.
In prehistoric times, the Italian peninsula was rather different from how it is now. During glaciations, for example, the sea level was lower and the islands of Elba and Sicily were connected to the mainland. The Adriatic Sea began at what is now the Gargano Peninsula, and what is now its surface up to Venice was a fertile plain with a humid climate.
The presence of Homo neanderthalensis has been demonstrated in archaeological findings dating to c. 50,000 years ago (late Pleistocene). There are some twenty such sites, the most important being that of the Grotta Guattari at San Felice Circeo, on the Tyrrhenian Sea south of Rome; another is at the grotta di Fumane (province of Verona) and the Breuil grotto, also in San Felice.
The first Cro-Magnon inhabitants of Italy moved across the peninsula, establishing themselves in small settlements, like Monte Poggiolo, far from each one, most on high areas. In November 2011 tests conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in England on what were previously thought to be Neanderthal baby teeth, which had been unearthed in 1964 from the Grotta del Cavallo, dated teeth from between 43,000 and 45,000 years ago.[1]
In 2011 the most ancient Sardinian complete human skeleton (called Amsicora) was discovered at Pistoccu, in Marina di Arbus; scientists date it to 8500 years ago (the transition period between the Mesolithic and Neolithic).[2]
Neolithic[edit]
Further information: Neolithic Europe and Neolithic Italy
Cardium Pottery is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis, a marine mollusk. The alternative name Impressed Ware is given by some archaeologists to define this culture, because impressions can be with sharp objects other than Cardium shell, such as a nail or comb.[3]
Circular graves of Li Muri at Arzachena, one of the oldest megalithic sites in Italy.
Monte Bubbonia dolmen in Sicily
Impressed Ware is found in the zone "covering Italy to the Ligurian coast" as distinct from the more western Cardial beginning in Provence, France and extending to western Portugal.
This pottery style gives its name to the main culture of the Mediterranean Neolithic, which eventually extended from the Adriatic sea to the Atlantic coasts of Portugal and south to Morocco.[4]
Since the Late-Neolithic, Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany and Sardinia in particular were involved in the pan-Western European Megalithic phenomenon. Later, in the Bronze Age, megalithic structures were built also in Latium, Puglia and Sicily.[5] This latter region, around the end of the third millennium B.C. imported from Sardinia typical cultural aspects of Atlantic world, including the Culture of small dolmen-shaped structures that reached all over the Mediterranean basin.[6]
Copper Age[edit]
Gaudo culture pottery
Further information: Chalcolithic Europe and Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
The Remedello, Rinaldone and Gaudo cultures are late Neolithic cultures of Italy, traces of which are primarily found in the present-day regions of Lombardy, Tuscany, Latium and Campania. They are sometimes described as Eneolithic cultures, due to their use of primitive copper tools. Other importants eneolithic cultures of the peninsula and the islands, often related to those previously mentioned, are the Laterza culture in Apulia and Basilicata, the Abealzu-Filigosa culture in Sardinia, the Conelle-Ortucchio culture in Abruzzo and Marche, the Serraferlicchio culture in Sicily, and the Spilamberto group in Emilia-Romagna.
The earliest Statue menhirs, frequently depicting weapons, were erected by the populations of northern Italy and Sardinia during this period. This sculptural tradition of possible steppe origin (Yamna culture),[7] lasted in some regions well into the Bronze Age and even into the Iron Age.[8]
The Beaker culture marks the transition between the Eneolitichic and the early Bronze Age.
Early Bronze Age daggers from Italy
Bronze Age[edit]
Further information: Bronze Age Europe
Polada culture[edit]
Main article: Polada culture
Polada culture ceramic
The Polada Culture (a location near Brescia) was a cultural horizon extended from eastern Lombardy and Veneto to Emilia and Romagna, formed in the first half of 2nd millennium BC perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany.[9]
The settlements were usually made up of stilt houses; the economy was characterized by agricultural and pastoral activities, hunting and fishing were also practiced as well as the metallurgy of copper and bronze (axes, daggers, pins etc.). Pottery was coarse and blackish.[10]
It was followed in the Middle Bronze Age by the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements.[11]
Nuragic civilization[edit]
A Sardinian bronze statuette, perhaps portraying a tribal chief. Cagliari, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
Main articles: Nuragic civilization and Torrean civilization
Located in Sardinia (with ramifications in southern Corsica), the Nuragic civilization, who lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century B.C.) to the second century A.D. when the island was already Romanized, evolved during the Bonnanaro period from the preexisting megalithic cultures that built dolmens, menhirs, more than 2,400 Domus de Janas and also the imponent altar of Monte d'Accoddi.
It takes its name from the characteristic Nuraghe. The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Their effective use is still debated; while most scholars considered them as fortresses, others see them as temples.
Nuraghe village of Su Nuraxi
A warrior and mariner people, the ancient Sardinians held flourishing trades with the other Mediterranean peoples. This is shown by numerous remains contained in the nuraghe, such as amber coming from the Baltic Sea, small bronze figures portraying African beasts, Oxhide ingots and weapons from Eastern Mediterranean, Mycenaean ceramics. It has been hypothesized that the ancient Sardinians, or part of them, could be identified with the Sherden, one of the so-called People of the Sea who attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of eastern Mediterranean.[12]
Other original elements of the Sardinian civilization include the temples known as "Holy wells", dedicated to the cult of the holy waters, the Giants' graves,[13] the Megaron temples, several structures for juridical and leisure functions and numerous bronze statuettes, which were discovered even in Etruscan tombs, suggesting a strong relationships between the two peoples. Another important element of this civilization are the Giants of Mont'e Prama,[14] perhaps the oldest anthropomorphic statues of the western Mediterranean sea.
Sicily[edit]
Main articles: Castelluccio culture and Thapsos culture
Thapsos culture pottery
Among the most important cultural expressions born in Sicily during the Bronze Age the cultures of Castelluccio (Ancient Bronze Age) and of Thapsos (Middle Bronze Age) are worth noting. Both originated in the southeastern part of the island. In these cultures, in particular in the Castelluccio phase, there are obvious influences from the Aegean Sea, where the Helladic civilization was flourishing.[15]
Village of Capo Graziano, Filicudi
Belonging to a western (Iberian-Sardinian) type is the Bell Beaker culture known from sites on the northwestern and southwestern coasts of Sicily, previously occupied by the Conca d'Oro culture, while in the late Bronze Age there are signs in northeastern Sicily of cultural osmosis with the people of the peninsula that led to the appearance of Proto-Villanovan culture at Milazzo, perhaps linked to the arrival of Sicels.[16]
The nearby Aeolian Islands hosted the flourishing of the Capo Graziano and Milazzo cultures in the Bronze Age, and subsequently that of Ausonio (divided into two phases, I and II).[17]
Palma Campania culture[edit]
Palma Campania culture takes shape at the end of the third millennium BC and is representative of the Early Bronze Age of Campania. It owes its name to the locality of Palma Campania where the first findings were made.
Many villages of this culture were buried under volcanic ash after an eruption of the Mount Vesuvius that took place in the 2000 BC or shortly later.[18]
Apennine culture[edit]
Main article: Apennine culture
The Apennine culture is a cultural complex of central and southern Italy that, in its broadest sense (including the preceding Protoapennine B and following Subapennine facies), spans the Bronze Age. In the narrower sense more commonly used today, it refers only to the later phase of the Middle Bronze Age in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE.[19]
The people of the Apennine culture were, at least in part, cattle herdsmen grazing their ungulates over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy, including on the Capitoline Hill at Rome, as shown by the presence of their pottery in the earliest layers of occupation. The primary picture is of a population that lived in small hamlets located in defensible places. There is evidence that herdsmen, when traveling between summer pastures, built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters. However, their range was not confined to the hills, nor was their culture confined to herding cattle, as shown by sites like Coppa Nevigata, a well-defended and somewhat sizeable coastal site where a variety of subsistence strategies were practiced alongside advanced industries such as dye production.
Terramare[edit]
Terramare houses
Main article: Terramare
The Terramare was a Middle and Recent Bronze Age culture, between the 16th and the 12th centuries B.C., in the area of what is now Pianura Padana (specially along the Panaro river, between Modena and Bologna).[20] Their total population probably reached an impressive peak of more than 120,000 individuals near the beginning of the Recent Bronze Age.[21] In the early period they lived in villages with an average population of about 130 people living in wooden stilt houses: they had a square shape, built on land but generally near a stream, with roads that crossed each other at right angles. Over the lifetime of the Terramare culture, these settlements developed into stratified zones with larger settlements of up to 15-20Ha (approximately 1500-2000 people) surrounded by smaller villages. Especially in the later period, the proportion of settlements that were fortified approaches 100%.
It has been suggested that the Terramare of Emilia acted as stores and starting points for trades of the Baltic amber and the tin from Erzgebirge through the Val Camonica and the Po River, towards the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and Greece.[citation needed]
Around the 12th century BC the Terramare system collapsed, the settlements were abandoned and the populations moved southward, where they mingled with the Apennine peoples.[20] The influence of this population abandoning the Po valley and moving south may have formed the basis of the Tyrrhenian culture, ultimately leading to the historic Etruscans, based on a surprising level of correspondence between archeological evidence and early legends recorded by the Greeks.[20]
Castellieri[edit]
Castelliere of Monkodonja, Croatia
Main article: Castellieri culture
The Castellieri civilization developed in Istria during the Mid-Bronze Age, and later expanded into Friuli, the modern Venezia Giulia, Dalmatia and the neighbouring areas.[22] It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs (Castellieri, Friulian cjastelir) which characterized the culture.
The ethnicity of the Castellieri civilization is uncertain, although it was most likely of Pre-Indoeuropean stock, coming from the sea. The first castellieri were indeed built along the Istrian coasts and present the same Megalithic appearance characterizing in the Mycenaean civilization at the time. Hypotheses about an Illyrian origin of the people are not confirmed.
The Castellieri were fortified boroughs, usually located on hills or mountains or, more rarely (such as in Friuli), in plains. They were constituted by one or more concentric series of walls, of rounded or elliptical shape in Istria and Venezia Giulia, or quadrangular in Friuli, within which was the inhabited area.
Some hundred castellieri have been discovered in Istria, Friuli, and Venezia Giulia, such as that of Leme, in west-central Istria, of Elerji, near Muggia, of Monte Giove near Prosecco (Trieste) and San Polo, not far from Monfalcone. However, the largest castelliere was perhaps that of Nesactium, in southern Istria, not far from Pula.
Canegrate culture[edit]
Canegrate culture ceramic finds
Main article: Canegrate culture
The Canegrate culture developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) till the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana, in what is now western Lombardy, eastern Piedmont and Ticino. It takes its name from the township of Canegrate where, in the 20th century, some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. It represents the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic[23] population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como (Scamozzina culture). They brought a new funerary practice—cremation—which supplanted inhumation.[24]
Canegrate terracotta is very similar to that known from the same period north to the Alps (Provence, Savoy, Isère, Valais, the area of Rhine-Switzerland-eastern France). The members of the culture have been described as a warrior population who had descended to Pianura Padana from the Swiss Alps passes and the Ticino.
Proto-Villanovan cinerary urn from Allumiere
Proto-Villanovan culture[edit]
Main article: Proto-Villanovan culture
It was a culture of the end of the Bronze Age (12th-10th century BC), widespread in much of the Italian peninsula and north-eastern Sicily (including the Aeolian Islands), characterized by the funeral ritual of incineration. The ashes of the deceased were placed into biconical urns decorated with geometric patterns. Their settlements were often located on the top of the hills and protected by stone walls.[25]
Luco-Meluno culture[edit]
Main article: Luco-Meluno culture
The Luco-Meluno culture originated in the transition period between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and occupied Trentino and part of South Tyrol. It was succeeded, in the Iron Age, from the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture.
Iron Age[edit]
Further information: Iron Age Europe
Villanovan Tomb from the 9th century BC. Museo Guarnacci, Volterra.
Villanova culture[edit]
Main article: Villanova culture
The name of this Iron Age civilization derives from a locality in the frazione Castenaso of Bologna, in Emilia, where a necropolis was discovered by Giovanni Gozzadini in 1853-1856. It succeeded the Proto-Villanovan culture during the Iron Age in the territory of Tuscany and northern Lazio and spread in parts of Romagna, Campania and Fermo in the Marche
The main characteristic of the Villanovans (with some similarities with the so-called protovillanovian epoch of the late Bronze Age) were the incinerated sepultures, in which the dead's ashes were housed in double-cone shaped urns and buried. The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture (c. 1300–750 BC), and Hallstatt culture (which succeeded the Urnfield culture).
The Villanovan were initially devoted to agriculture and breeding, with a simplified social order. Later, specialized craftsmanship activities such as metallurgy and ceramics created an accumulation of richness, which caused the appearance of social stratification.
Latial culture[edit]
Main article: Latial culture
Este culture[edit]
Main article: Este culture
Golasecca culture[edit]
Pottery of the Golasecca culture.
Main article: Golasecca culture
The Golasecca culture developed starting from the early Iron Age in the northwestern Po plain. It takes its name from Golasecca, a locality next to the Ticino where, in the early 19th century, abbot Giovanni Battista Giani excavated its first findings (some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects). Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of c. 20,000 square kilometers south to the Alps, between the Po, Sesia and Serio rivers, dating from the 9th to the 4th century BC.
Their origins can be directly traced from that of Canegrate and to the so-called Proto-Golasecca culture (12th-10th centuries BC). The Golasecca culture traded with the Etruscans and the Halstatt culture on the north, later reaching the Greek world (oil, wine, bronze objects, ceramics and others) and northern Europe (tin and amber from the Baltic coast).
In a Golasecca culture tomb in Pombia has been found the oldest known remain of common hop beer in the world.
Rock drawings in Val Camonica.
Fritzens-Sanzeno culture[edit]
Main article: Fritzens-Sanzeno culture
The Camuni[edit]
The Camuni were an ancient people of uncertain origin (according to Pliny the Elder, they were Euganei; according to Strabo, they were Rhaetians) who lived in Val Camonica – in what is now northern Lombardy – during the Iron Age, although human groups of hunters, shepherds and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic.
They reached the height of their power during the Iron Age due to the presence of numerous iron mills in Val Camonica. Their historical importance is, however, mostly due to their legacy of carved rocks, c. 300,000 in number, which date from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages.
Pre-Roman period[edit]
Further information: Ancient Italic peoples, Etruscan civilization, Magna Graecia, Roman kingdom, and Italic peoples
Etruscan fresco from Tarquinia
Among the populations of pre-Roman Italy, the most notable were the Etruscans who, starting from the 8th century BC, created a refined civilization which largely influenced Rome and the Latin world. The origins of this non-Indo-European people, which first settled on the Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy and later expanded to northern Italy (Emilia in particular) and Campania, are uncertain.
Other peoples living in northern Italy include the Ligurians (an Indo-European people who lived in what is now Liguria, southern Piedmont and the southern French coast), the Lepontii, Insubres, Orobii and other Celtic tribes in Piedmont and Lombardy, the Veneti of north-eastern Italy. In the peninsula, alongside the Etruscans, lived numerous tribes, mostly of Indo-European origin: the Umbri in Umbria and northern Abruzzo, the Latins, who created the Roman civilization, Sabellians, Falisci, Volsci and Aequi in the Latium; Piceni in the Marche and north-east Abruzzo; Samnites in southern Abruzzo, Molise and Campania; Daunians, Messapii and Peucetii (forming the Apulian or Iapygian confederation) in Apulia; Lucani and Bruttii in the southern tips of the peninsula. In Sicily lived the Sicels, Elymians and Sicani[26] while Sardinia was still inhabited by the Nuragic peoples.
Later, other peoples settled in the Italian territory, cohabiting with the previous inhabitants: new tribes of Celts in the north (Senones, Boii, Lingones etc.), the Greeks and the Phoenicians in the south and in part of Sicily and Sardinia.
See also[edit]
Ancient peoples of Italy
Italic languages
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilford, John Noble (2 Nov 2011). "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
Jump up ^ Found Amsicora: the oldest Sardinian
Jump up ^ "Impressed Ware Culture". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
Jump up ^ Antonio Gilman, Neolithic of Northwest Africa, Antiquity,vol 48, no. 192 (1974), pp 273-282.
Jump up ^ Artepreistorica.com - MEGALITISMO DOLMENICO DEL SUD-EST ITALIA NELL´ETA´ DEL BRONZO(in Italian)
Jump up ^ Salvatore Piccolo (2013), Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily. Abingdon/GB, Brazen Head Publishing, ISBN 978-09-56510-62-4.
Jump up ^ Francesco Fedele - La società dell’età del Rame nell’area alpina e prealpina(in Italian)
Jump up ^ Museo delle Statue Stele Lunigianesi - Le statue stele in Italia e in Europa Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.(in Italian)
Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Enciclopedia dell'arte antica , Polada- P.Palmieri(1965)
Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006, p. 66-67.
Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006, p. 69.
Jump up ^ Piccolo, Salvatore (2018). Bronze Age Sicily. Ancient History Encyclopedia.[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ treccani.it - Siculi
Jump up ^ Sicilia-Enciclopedia italiana (1981)
Jump up ^ Facies culturale di Palma Campania(in Italian)
Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010, p. 128.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andrea Cardarelli - The collapse of the Terramare culture and growth of new economic and social system during the late Bronze Age in Italy
Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Bietti Sestieri 2010, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Venceslas Kruta: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, ISBN 88-8289-851-2, ISBN 978-88-8289-851-9
Jump up ^ Di Maio, 1998.
Jump up ^ Treccani, Protovillanoviano
Jump up ^ Delia Guasco 2006, p. 64.
Sources[edit]
Anati, Emmanuel (1964). La civiltà di Val Camonica. Milan: Il Saggiatore.
Gianna G. Buti e Giacomo Devoto, Preistoria e storia delle regioni d'Italia, Sansoni Università, 1974
Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, L'Italia nell'età del bronzo e del ferro : dalle palafitte a Romolo (2200-700 a.C.). with CD-ROM. Rome: Carocci. 2010. ISBN 9788843052073.
Renato Peroni, L'Italia alle soglie della storia, Editori Laterza, 2004 ISBN 9788842072409
Delia Guasco, Popoli italici. L'Italia prima di Roma, Giunti Editore, 2006 ISBN 9788809040625
External links[edit]
Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri - Protostoria, Enciclopedia Italiana - VI Appendice (2000) (in Italian)
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values: إيطاليا ما قبل التاريخ – Arabic

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values: Histoire de l'Italie préromaine – French

values: Italia preistorica e protostorica – Italian

values: איטליה הקדם-רומית – Hebrew

values: Рана историја на Италија – Macedonian

values: Доисторическая Италия – Russian

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