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Bohemia
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Coordinates: 50°N 15°E / 50°N 15°E / 50; 15
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Bohemia
Čechy
Historical land
Karlštejn Castle

Flag
Coat of arms

Bohemia (green) in relation to the current regions of the Czech Republic

Location of Bohemia in the European Union
Country
Czech Republic
Capital
Prague
Area
• Total
52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi)
Population
• Total
6,500,000
• Density
120/km2 (320/sq mi)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)
CEST (UTC+2)
Bohemia (/boʊˈhiːmiə/ boh-HEE-mee-ə;[1] Czech: Čechy;[2] German: Böhmen (help·info); Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia,[3] especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire.[4] After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.[5]
The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which become a separate state in 1993 with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.[5]
Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its "lands" ("země").[6] Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of "regions" ("kraje") which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms).[6] However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: "We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…"[7]
Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Donau watershed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancient Bohemia
2.2 Přemysl dynasty
2.3 Luxembourg dynasty
2.4 Hussite Bohemia
2.5 Habsburg Monarchy
2.6 20th century
3 Kladsko
4 Traditional administrative divisions
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.[8]
Much later Roman authors refer to the area they had once occupied (the "desert of the Boii" as Pliny and Strabo called it[9]) as Boiohaemum. The earliest mention[8] was by Tacitus' Germania 28 (written at the end of the 1st century AD),[10] and later mentions of the same name are in Strabo and Velleius Paterculus.[11] The name appears to include the tribal name Boi- plus the Germanic element *haimaz "home" (whence Gothic haims, German Heim, English home). This Boiohaemum was apparently isolated to the area where King Marobod's kingdom was centred, within the Hercynian forest.
The Czech name "Čechy" is derived from the name of the Slavic ethnic group, the Czechs, who settled in the area during the 6th or 7th century AD.
History[edit]
Further information: History of the Czech lands and History of Czechoslovakia
An 1892 map showing Bohemia proper outlined in pink, Moravia in yellow, and Austrian Silesia in orange.
Ancient Bohemia[edit]
Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii, who were a large Celtic nation known to the Romans for their migrations and settlement in northern Italy and other places. Another part of the nation moved west with the Helvetii into southern France, which was one of the events leading to the interventions of Julius Caesar's Gaulish campaign of 58 BC. The emigration of the Helvetii and Boii left southern Germany and Bohemia a lightly inhabited "desert" into which Suebic peoples arrived, speaking Germanic languages, and became dominant over remaining Celtic groups. To the south, over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast in Hungaria, were Sarmatian peoples.
In the area of modern Bohemia the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by their king Marobodus, after suffering defeat to Roman forces in Germany. He took advantage of the natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. They were able to maintain a strong alliance with neighbouring tribes including (at different times) the Lugii, Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Buri, which was sometimes partly controlled by the Roman Empire, and sometimes in conflict with it, for example in the second century when they fought Marcus Aurelius.
In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appeared to the west of Bohemia in southern Germany, the Alemanni (in the Helvetian desert), and the Bavarians (Baiuvarii). Many Suebic tribes from the Bohemian region took part in such movements westwards, even settling as far away as Spain and Portugal. With them were also tribes who had pushed from the east, such as the Vandals, and Alans.
Other groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. The last known mention of the kingdom of the Marcomanni, concerning a queen named Fritigil is in the 4th century, and she was thought to have lived in or near Pannonia. The Suebian Langobardi, who moved over many generations from the Baltic Sea, via the Elbe and Pannonia to Italy, recorded in a tribal history a time spent in "Bainaib".
After this migration period, Bohemia was partially repopulated around the 6th century, and eventually Slavic tribes arrived from the east, and their language began to replace the older Germanic, Celtic and Sarmatian ones. These are precursors of today's Czechs, though the exact amount of Slavic immigration is a subject of debate. The Slavic influx was divided into two or three waves. The first wave came from the southeast and east, when the Germanic Lombards left Bohemia (c. 568 AD). Soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory was taken by Samo's tribal confederation. His death marked the end of the old "Slavonic" confederation, the second attempt to establish such a Slavonic union after Carantania in Carinthia.
Other sources (Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii, Bavaria, 800–850) divide the population of Bohemia at this time into the Merehani, Marharaii, Beheimare (Bohemani) and Fraganeo. (The suffix -ani or -ni means "people of-"). Christianity first appeared in the early 9th century, but only became dominant much later, in the 10th or 11th century.
The 9th century was crucial for the future of Bohemia. The manorial system sharply declined, as it did in Bavaria. The influence of the central Fraganeo-Czechs grew, as a result of the important cultic centre in their territory. They were Slavic-speaking and thus contributed to the transformation of diverse neighbouring populations into a new nation named and led by them with a united slavic ethnic consciousness.[12]
Přemysl dynasty[edit]
Main article: History of Bohemia in the High Middle Ages
The coat of arms of the Přemyslid dynasty (until 1253-62).
Bohemia was made a part of the early Slavic state of Great Moravia, under the rule of Svatopluk I (r. 870–894). After Svatopluk's death Great Moravia was weakened by years of internal conflict and constant warfare, ultimately collapsing and fragmenting due to the continual incursions of the invading nomadic Magyars. Bohemia's initial incorporation into the Moravian Empire resulted in the extensive Christianization of the population. A native monarchy arose to the throne, and Bohemia came under the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty, which would rule the Czech lands for the next several hundred years.
The Přemyslids secured their frontiers from the remnant Asian interlocurs, after the collapse of the Moravian state, by entering into a state of semi-vassalage to the Frankish rulers. This alliance was facilitated by Bohemia's conversion to Christianity, in the 9th century. Continuing close relations were developed with the East Frankish kingdom, which devolved from the Carolingian Empire, into East Francia, eventually becoming the Holy Roman Empire.
After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the March of Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades. The jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal once he re-occupied Prague with a German army in 1004, ending the rule of Boleslaw I of Poland.
The first to use the title of "King of Bohemia" were the Přemyslid dukes Vratislav II (1085) and Vladislav II (1158), but their heirs would return to the title of duke. The title of king became hereditary under Ottokar I (1198). His grandson Ottokar II (king from 1253–1278) conquered a short-lived empire which contained modern Austria and Slovenia. The mid-13th century saw the beginning of substantial German immigration as the court sought to replace losses from the brief Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241. Germans settled primarily along the northern, western, and southern borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns throughout the kingdom.
Luxembourg dynasty[edit]
The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
The House of Luxembourg accepted the invitation to the Bohemian throne with the marriage to the Premyslid heiress, Elizabeth and the crowning subsequent of John I of Bohemia in 1310. His son, Charles IV became King of Bohemia in 1346. He founded Charles University in Prague, central Europe's first university, two years later.
His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to also be elected as Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule the Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands as Moravia, Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around Germany.
Hussite Bohemia[edit]
The more extreme Hussites became known as Taborites, after the city of Tábor that became their center.
During the ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus, the rector of Charles University and a prominent reformer and religious thinker, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a heretic. The verdict was passed despite the fact that Hus was granted formal protection by Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg prior to the journey. Hus was invited to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech positions in the religious court, but with the emperor's approval, he was executed on 6 July 1415. The execution of Hus, as well as five consecutive papal crusades against followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to defend themselves. Their defense and rebellion against Roman Catholics became known as the Hussite Wars.
The uprising against imperial forces was led by a former mercenary, Jan Žižka of Trocnov. As the leader of the Hussite armies, he used innovative tactics and weapons, such as howitzers, pistols, and fortified wagons, which were revolutionary for the time, and established Žižka as a great general who never lost a battle.
After Žižka's death, Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under his lead the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer terror of Europe. The Hussite cause gradually splintered into two main factions, the moderate Utraquists and the more fanatic Taborites. The Utraquists began to lay the groundwork for an agreement with the Catholic Church and found the more radical views of the Taborites distasteful. Additionally, with general war-weariness and yearning for order, the Utraquists were able to eventually defeat the Taborites in the Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that "only the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians."
Despite an apparent victory for the Catholics, the Bohemian Utraquists were still strong enough to negotiate freedom of religion in 1436. This happened in the so-called Basel Compacts, declaring peace and freedom between Catholics and Utraquists. It would only last for a short period of time, as Pope Pius II declared the Basel Compacts to be invalid in 1462.
In 1458, George of Podebrady was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne. He is remembered for his attempt to set up a pan-European "Christian League", which would form all the states of Europe into a community based on religion. In the process of negotiating, he appointed Leo of Rozmital to tour the European courts and to conduct the talks. However, the negotiations were not completed, because George's position was substantially damaged over time by his deteriorating relationship with the Pope.
Habsburg Monarchy[edit]
Main articles: History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648) and History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)
Bohemia as the heart of Europa regina, 1570.
After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria became the new King of Bohemia and the country became a constituent state of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620, and became one of the most liberal countries of the Christian world during that period. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, who made Prague again the capital of the Empire at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish Maiestas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older Confessio Bohemica of 1575.
After Emperor Matthias II and then King of Bohemia Ferdinand II (later Holy Roman Emperor) began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Elector Frederick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular Elizabeth Stuart and subsequently Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King James VI of Scotland.
After Frederick's defeat in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, 27 Bohemian estates leaders together with Jan Jesenius, rector of the Charles University of Prague were executed on the Prague's Old Town Square on 21 June 1621 and the rest were exiled from the country; their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of Bavarian and Saxon origin), this ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia and also ended the role of Prague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the so-called "renewed constitution" of 1627, the German language was established as a second official language in the Czech lands. The Czech language formally remained the first language in the kingdom, however, both German and Latin were widely spoken among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly dominant, while Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the Bohemian Diet approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire and the centralization of rule; this essentially meant the merging of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the Austrian Chancellery.
At the end of the 18th century, the Czech National Revival movement, in cooperation with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for restoration of the kingdom's historic rights, whereby the Czech language was to regain its historical role and replace German as the language of administration. The enlightened absolutism of Joseph II and Leopold II, who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these reforms were later rescinded. During the Revolution of 1848, many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. The old Bohemian Diet, one of the last remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although the Czech language experienced a rebirth as romantic nationalism developed among the Czechs.
In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the old Bohemian Crown (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia) became the official political program of both Czech liberal politicians and the majority of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while parties representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy proclaimed their loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreue").
After the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Hungarian politicians achieved the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, ostensibly creating equality between the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the empire. An attempt by the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in 1871. The "state rights program" remained the official platform of all Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until 1918.
20th century[edit]
Bohemia (westernmost area) in Czechoslovakia 1918-1938.
Linguistic map of interwar Czechoslovakia (c. 1930).
After World War I, Bohemia (as the largest and most populous land) became the core of the newly formed country of Czechoslovakia, which combined Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and Carpathian Ruthenia into one state. Under its first president, Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a liberal democratic republic but serious issues emerged regarding the Czech majority's relationship with the native German and Hungarian minorities.
Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the border regions of Bohemia historically inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans (the Sudetenland) were annexed to Nazi Germany. This was the only time in Bohemian history that its territory was politically divided. The remnants of Bohemia and Moravia were then annexed by Germany in 1939, while the Slovak lands became the separate Slovak Republic, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia, (without the Sudetenland), together with Moravia formed the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren).
Any open opposition to German occupation was brutally suppressed by the Nazi authorities and many Czech patriots were executed as a result. After World War II ended in 1945, the vast majority of remaining Germans were expelled by force by the order of the re-established Czechoslovak central government, based on the Potsdam Agreement, and their property was confiscated by the Czech authorities. This severely depopulated the area and from this moment on locales were only referred to in their Czech equivalents regardless of their previous demographic makeup.
The Communist Party won the most votes in free elections but not a simple majority. Klement Gottwald, the communist leader, became Prime Minister of a coalition government.
Bohemian town Karlovy Vary.
In February 1948 the non-communist members of the government resigned in protest against arbitrary measures by the communists and their Soviet protectors in many of the state's institutions. Gottwald and the communists responded with a coup d'état and installed a pro-Soviet authoritarian state. In 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia, as the country was divided into administrative regions that did not follow the historical borders.
In 1989, Agnes of Bohemia became the first saint from a Central European country to be canonized by Pope John Paul II before the "Velvet Revolution" later that year.
After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the territory of Bohemia remained in the Czech Republic. The new Constitution of the Czech Republic provided for higher administrative units to be established, providing for the possibility of Bohemia as an administrative unit, but did not specify the form they would take. A constitutional act in 1997 rejected the restoration of self-governing historical Czech lands and decided for the regional system that has been in use since 2000.[13] Petr Pithart, former Czech prime minister and president of the Senate at the time, remained one of the main advocates of the land system,[14] claiming that the primary reason for its refusal was the fear of possible Moravian separatism.[14]
Bohemia thus remains a historical region, and its administration is divided between the Prague, Central Bohemia, Plzeň, Karlovy Vary, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, and Hradec Králové Regions, as well as parts of the Pardubice, Vysočina, South Bohemian and South Moravian Regions.[6] In addition to their use in the names of the regions, the historical land names remain in use in names of municipalities, cadastral areas, railway stations[15] or geographical names.[16] The distinction and border between the Czech lands is also preserved in local dialects.
Kladsko[edit]
Main article: County of Kladsko
The area around Kłodzko (Czech: Kladsko; German: Glatz; Latin: Glacio) in south-western Poland was culturally and traditionally a part of Bohemia. Kłodzko Land has now been a part of Lower Silesia since its conquest by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1763. Referred to as "Little Prague" (German: Klein-Prag), the Kłodzko Valley region on the Nysa Kłodzka river was the focus of several attempts to reincorporate the area into Czechoslovakia, one of several Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts.
The last attempt occurred in May 1945 when Czechoslovakia tried to annex the area on behalf of the Czech minority present in the western part of the Kłodzko Valley and known as the "Czech Corner". Pressure brought on by the Soviet Union led to a ceasing of military operations, with the Czech minority being expelled to Germany and Czechoslovakia. According to canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, the area remained part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague until 1972.
Capitalizing on interest regarding the Kladsko area in the Czech national psyche, a special tourist area in the Náchod District has been designated as the Kladsko Borderland Tourist Area[17] (tourism district; Czech: turistická oblast Kladské pomezí). This area, entirely within the Czech Republic, was formerly known as the Jirásek's Region (Czech: Jiráskův kraj), Adršpach rocks (Czech: Adršpašské skály).
A panorama of Kłodzko, the capital city of Kłodzko Land which is referred to as "Little Prague".
Traditional administrative divisions[edit]
Lands of the Bohemian Crown (until 1635), map by Josef Pekař, 1921.
Kraje of Bohemia during the Kingdom of Bohemia
Bechyně (German: Beching)
Boleslav (German: Jung-Bunzlau)
Čáslav (German: Tschaslau)
Chrudim
Hradec Králové (German: Königgrätz)
Kladsko (German: Glatz)
Kouřim at Prague (German: Prag)
Litoměřice (German: Leitmeritz)
Loket (German: Elbogen)
Vltava (German: Moldau)
Plzeň (German: Pilsen)
Podbrdsko at Beroun (German: Beraun)
Prácheň at Písek
Rakovník (German: Rakonitz)
Slaný (German: Schlan)
Žatec (German: Saaz)
See also[edit]
Austria-Hungary portal
Moravia
Czech Silesia
Bohemianism
Crown of Bohemia
German Bohemia
History of the Czech lands
Lech, Czech and Rus
List of rulers of Bohemia
Sudetenland
Bohemia at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Flag of Bohemia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bohemia". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
Jump up ^ There is no distinction in the Czech language between adjectives referring to Bohemia and to the Czech Republic; i.e. český means both Bohemian and Czech.
Jump up ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05
Jump up ^ Jiří Pehe: Co vlastně slavíme 28. října?
^ Jump up to: a b "Bohemia". Retrieved June 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Petr Jeřábek: Krajské uspořádání? Vadí i po čtrnácti letech, Deník.cz, 2 January 2014, compare maps and texts
Jump up ^ Ústava České republiky, 1/1993 Sb. (Constitution of the Czech Republic)
^ Jump up to: a b Collis, John. The Celts: Origins, Myth and Inventions. Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2
Jump up ^ Pliny 3.146 and Strabo 7.1 290 and 292, but also see 7.2 293
Jump up ^ "Tacitus: Germania". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
Jump up ^ Green, Dennis, "The Boii, Bavaria and Bohemia", The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective, p. 18
Jump up ^ Petr Charvát: "Zrod Českého státu" [Origin of the Bohemian State], March 2007, ISBN 80-7021-845-2, in Czech
Jump up ^ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz.
^ Jump up to: a b Petr Zídek: Dnešním politikům chybí odvaha, tvrdí Petr Pithart. Z uprchlíků strach nemá, Lidovky.cz, 17 October 2015, interview with Petr Pithart
Jump up ^ Seznam železničních stanic, List of railway stations, České dráhy (Czech railways) – seek for "v Čechách" (17×), "na Moravě" (15×), "Český", "České", "Moravský", "Moravské" etc.
Jump up ^ Geomorfologické celky ČR (Geomorphologic areas of the Czech Republic), KČT Tábor
Jump up ^ interactive, inCUBE. "Story Landscape - Kladsko Borderland, Glatz Borderlan". www.kladskepomezi.cz.
Further reading[edit]
Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoower Press, Stanford. ISBN 0-8179-4491-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bohemia.
Bohemia
Province of Bohemia - Czech Catholic Church - official website
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text:
Singh Saab the Great
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Singh Saab the Great
Directed by
Anil Sharma
Produced by
Anuj Sharma
Sangeeta Ahir
Written by
Shaktimaan Talwar
Starring
Sunny Deol
Urvashi Rautela
Prakash Raj
Amrita Rao
Music by
Anand Raj Anand
Sonu Nigam
Cinematography
S. Gopinath
Edited by
Ashfaque Makrani
Distributed by
Eros International
Release date
22 November 2013 (2013-11-22)
Running time
150 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi[1]
Singh Saab the Great, sometimes called SSTG, is a 2013 Indian action drama film directed by Anil Sharma. The film stars Sunny Deol, Urvashi Rautela and Prakash Raj as main characters. The film marks the return of Sunny Deol to action genre after a long time. Also, Deol and Sharma paired up once again after Gadar: Ek Prem Katha. The film narrates the story of a man who decides to teach a lesson to the man, who ruined his life, by reforming him. The film's story and screenplay has been written by Shaktimaan Talwar, and the action sequences have been directed by Tinu Verna and Kanal Kannan. The music has been provided by Anand Raj Anand and Sonu Nigam. Amisha Patel was supposed to play the lead role but backed out due to ever changing schedules. The film released officially on 22 November 2013.[3]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Music
4 Reception
5 Box office
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
A common man works as a tax collector in a small city. A TV journalist uncovers the mysterious hero's back story. It starts in a small village named Chironji, with a small argument about food issues in a village caused by a local goon named Jatta Singh (Shabaz Khan). There, Singh Saab (Sunny Deol) makes his grand entry. Singh Saab is an honest, noble and loyal man. Above all else, he lives life on his honest principles and that makes him as a messiah for common people and he came with the offer from his movement named People’s Beat, which is for a noble cause, approached to Jatta Singh to let the goods from his factories to be used for a good cause. This enrages Jatta Singh and attacks on Singh Saab. He denies to hit back to honour the day, which was 2 October, Non- Violence Day. But things got messy, and Singh Saab and Jatta have a Duo. Then they get several invitations, which of one from Bhadhori, upsets him, and a TV reporter named Shikha Chuturvadi (Amrita Rao) approached to him and believes that he is living a noble life as a hoax. Then he was shaken and decided to tell her about the story of his life revolving around the name Bhadhori. It flashes back to 7 years earlier, the time when he was known as Saranjeet Singh Talwar, a well known collector and he was travelling to Bhadhori with his wife Minnie (Urvashi Rautela) for his transfer. There he starts a court of justice for action to be taken against corrupt individuals. There he meets a gangster alais a crime lord named Raja Dadta Bhudhev Singh (Prakash Raj). He has an excise of £32,029,000 to pay and he threatens Saranjeet to open his factories otherwise he will do something to his sister and ruin her marriage. This enrages Saranjeet and he then slaps Bhudhev which led to a threat to ruin Saranjeet’s life and will make him squeal. Things get messy when Bhudhev kidnaps Saranjeet’s sister’s father-in-law and makes him to obey his order to mix poison in the ritual of feeding sweets to the daughter-in-law and son, or the whole family will be poisoned. He tries but attempts to fail and Saranjeet finds that things are fishy. He is called by Bhudhev and finds out that Minnie was poisoned, by the cause of her drink being spiked with poison. They rush her to the hospital and Bhudhev has made a deal to exchange the order of his factories’ release for Dr. Anand, the neurosurgeon to perform the surgery for Minnie’s survival. Saranjeet agrees for Minnie’s unstable condition. But, it gets to late and Minnie passes away. Saranjeet is heartbroken and had found an old letter written by his wife during her last minutes. Furious Saranjeet goes to Bhudev and attacks him. He is then sentenced for 16 years of imprisonment. But, one day he met his old friend, Mohammad Iqbal (Rajit Kapur) who was the jailor official, and recommended to bring change not hatred. Now in present day, he is a dedicated man towards bringing a noble change to the society.
Cast[edit]
Sunny Deol as Saranjeet Talwar
Urvashi Rautela as Minnie
Prakash Raj as Bhoodev
Anjali Abrol as Simar / Guddie
Johny Lever as Gulwinder
Rajit Kapur as Jailer
Dharmendra Guest Appearance in song "Daaru Band Kal Se"
Bobby Deol Guest Appearance in song "Daaru Band Kal Se"
Simran Khan item song "Khaike Palang Todh Pan"
Shahbaz Khan as Jata Singh
Raj Premi as Sultan
Alan Kapoor as Ashwini
Dr. Anukool Jain as Press Reporter
Music[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The soundtrack album was composed by the music director Anand Raj Anand and Sonu Nigam composed the title track of the movie while the lyrics were penned by Kumaar. The music was launched on 29 Oct 2013. The album contains six songs.
Track # Title Composer Lyrics Singer(s)
1 "Singh Saab The Great" Sonu Nigam Kumaar Sonu Nigam, Teesha Nigam
2 "Daaru Band Kal Se" Anand Raj Anand Kumaar Sonu Nigam
3 "Palang Todh" Anand Raj Anand Kumaar Sunidhi Chauhan, Anand Raj Anand
4 "Jab Mehndi Lag Lag Jaave" Anand Raj Anand Kumaar Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
5 "Daaru Band Kal Se (Remix)" Anand Raj Anand Kumaar Sonu Nigam
6 "Heer" Anand Raj Anand Kumaar Sonu Nigam
Reception[edit]
Singh Saab The Great received mostly positive reviews from critics. David Chute of Variety praised Deol's action sequences.[4]
NDTV rated the movie as 3.5/5 stars, saying "There is a virility and fluency to the storytelling. Singh Saab The Great is a homage to the cinema of the 1980s when Sunny was macho."[5] Filmfare gave the film 4/5 stars, saying "SSTG is a mass entertainer. It's a Sunny Deol vehicle. Sunny Paaji is obviously on top of this game. His comedy punches, stirring Punjabi dialogues are all over top but perfectly suitable in context of film".[6]
The Times of India gave movie 3/5 stars, stating "Like all films that talk of reforming society, Anil Sharma's Singh Saab the Great has its heart in the correct place. Sunny Deol's earnestness shines, throughout the duration of this melodrama".[7] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave a 3.5/5 star rating and wrote "Singh Saab the Great is a typical Sunny Deol film that a section of the audience still enjoys. The clapworthy dialogue, the raw appeal, the undercurrent of emotions and of course, the dhaai kilo ka haath should appeal to those who relish desi fares, especially the single screen audience".[8]
Box office[edit]
The film's total box office collections totaled approximately 36 Crore in India on a 30 Crore budget. Making the film an above average grosser at the box office.[2][9][10]
See also[edit]
List of Bollywood films of 2013
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SINGH SAAB THE GREAT Main language- Hindi". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Team, Koimoi.com (17 June 2016). "Singh Saab The Great: 2nd Week Box Office Collections". koimoi.com. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549451
Jump up ^ Chute, David (24 November 2013). "Film Review: 'Singh Saab the Great'". Variety. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha (2013-11-22). "Singh Saab The Great movie review". NDTV. Indo-Asian News Service. Archived from the original on 2013-11-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-singh-saab-the-great-4747.html
Jump up ^ "Singh Saab The Great movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Singh Saab The Great (2013) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Jump up ^ http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/549451
Jump up ^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/with-singh-sahab-the-great-sunny-deol-is-back-with-a-bang/1200624/
External links[edit]
Singh Saab the Great on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singh_Saab_the_Great&oldid=863822184"
Categories:
2013 films
2010s Hindi-language films
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2010s action drama films
Films scored by Anand Raj Anand
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Freedom of assembly
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"Sammankomsten" ("The Meeting"), oil painting by Ester Almqvist, original at the Swedish National Museum. The painting was chosen by the UN as a motif for a stamp commemorating the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, paragraph 20: the Right of Assembly
Janitorial workers striking in front of the MTV building in Santa Monica, California. Striking in a trade union is a way of exercising freedom of assembly and freedom of association.
Posted excerpt from the US Constitution, at an Occupy Oakland event, 2011
Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their ideas.[1] The right to freedom of association is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.
The terms freedom of assembly and freedom of association may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the right to protest, while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights and in the Constitution of the United States is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.[2]
The United States Constitution explicitly provides for 'the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances' in the First Amendment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Human rights instruments
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Human rights instruments[edit]
The freedom of assembly is written about in the following human rights instruments:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 20
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Article 21
European Convention on Human Rights – Article 11
American Convention on Human Rights – Article 15
Examples of the national and regional constitutions recognizing the freedom of assembly are:
Bangladesh – Articles 37 and 38 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.[3]
Brazil – Article 5
Canada – S. 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the Constitution Act, 1982
France – Article 431-1 of the Nouveau Code Pènal
Germany – Article 8 GG (Grundgesetz, Basic Law)
Hong Kong – Basic Law Section 27
Hungary – Article VIII (1) of the Fundamental Law
India – Fundamental Rights in India
Italy – Article 17 of the Constitution[4]
Japan – Article 21
Macau Basic Law Article 27
Constitution of the Philippines Article III, Section 4
Republic of Ireland – Guaranteed by Article 40.6.1 of the Constitution of Ireland
South Africa Bill of Rights – Article 17
Spain – Article 21 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978
Turkey – Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.
Taiwan (Republic of China) – Article 14 guarantees freedom of assembly and association.
United States – First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
Malaysia – Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia
New Zealand – section 16 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
Russia – Articles 30 and 31 of the Constitution of Russia guarantee the freedom of association and peaceful assembly.[5]
See also[edit]
Human rights portal
Politics portal
Free speech zone
Strategy-31
Unlawful assembly
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jeremy McBride, Freedom of Association, in The Essentials of... Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, London, 2005, pp. 18–20
Jump up ^ See: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 898 (1982); Healey v. James, 408 U.S. 169 (1972); Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964); United Mine Workers v. Illinois State Bar Assn., 389 U.S. 217 (1967).
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Bangladesh: Chapter III". Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Russia: Article 30". Adopted at National Voting on December 12, 1993.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom of assembly.
Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly OSCE/ODIHR, 2007
Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2nd edition) Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR, 2010
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Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
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"Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms" redirects here. For the federal charter, see Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
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The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (French: Charte des droits et libertés de la personne) is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. It received Royal Assent from Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, coming into effect on June 28, 1976.
Introduced by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa, the charter followed extensive preparatory work that began under the Union Nationale government of Daniel Johnson. The charter ranks among other quasi-constitutional Quebec laws, such as the Charter of the French Language and the Act respecting Access to documents held by public bodies and the Protection of personal information. Having precedence over all provincial legislation (including the latter), the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms stands at the pinnacle of Quebec's legal system. Only the Constitution of Canada, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, enjoys priority over the Quebec charter.
Contents
1 Provisions
2 Comparison with other human rights instruments
3 Enforceability
4 Notable case law
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Provisions[edit]
The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms consists of six parts:
Part I defines fundamental human rights. Its six chapters enunciate fundamental freedoms and rights, equality rights, political rights, judicial rights, economic and social rights, and interpretative provisions.
Part II establishes the Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission). The commission is responsible for promoting and upholding the principles of the charter by any appropriate measures, including investigating possible cases of discrimination and the instigation of litigation. Members of the commission are appointed by the National Assembly. The commission's staff members do not belong to the Civil Service, in order to safeguard their independence.
Part III provides for affirmative action programs.
Part IV guarantees rights to privacy.
Part V gives the government regulatory powers.
Part VI establishes the Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec, whose members that hold the decision-making power are chosen from among the judiciary.
Comparison with other human rights instruments[edit]
The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is unique among Canadian (and North American) human rights documents in that it covers not only the fundamental (civil and political) human rights, but also a number of important social and economic rights. The protections contained in the charter are inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Furthermore, the list of prohibited grounds of discrimination included in the Quebec charter is extensive; a total of fourteen prohibited grounds are enumerated, including race, colour, ethnic or national origin, sex, pregnancy and age. "Social condition" has been a prohibited ground of discrimination since the charter came into force. Discrimination based on sexual orientation has been prohibited since 1977; with that change, Quebec became the first jurisdiction larger than a city or county to prohibit anti-gay discrimination. In 2016, gender identity or expression was added to the Quebec Charter.[1]
Enforceability[edit]
An illicit violation of the charter, whether by a private party or by the provincial Crown, may give rise to a cease-and-desist order and to compensation for damages. Punitive damages may be awarded in case of an intentional and unlawful violation.
The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is called quasi-constitutional because, according to section 52, no provision of any other act passed by the Quebec National Assembly may derogate from sections 1 to 38, unless such act expressly states that it applies despite the charter.[2] A total impossibility to adopt derogating laws could be considered incompatible with parliamentary sovereignty, a fundamental principle in political systems following the British tradition; however, Canada, of which Quebec is a province, has a tradition of constitutional supremacy. Its Constitution, which includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is supreme, binding the federal parliament and the legislative assemblies of Canada's provinces and territories.
The Quebec charter's supremacy under its section 52 applies to the following categories of rights: fundamental rights and freedoms (the right to life, free speech, freedom of religion, the right to privacy, etc.); the right to equality; political rights; and judicial rights. Economic and social rights do not enjoy supremacy but, according to the Supreme Court of Canada in the 2002 case of Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General), failure to respect such a right may give rise to a judicial declaration of violation.
The charter provides for a specific machinery in cases of discrimination (or exploitation of an elderly person or person with a disability). Instead of introducing litigation in court, victims of such a violation may file a complaint with the Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission. The commission will investigate the matter and attempt to foster a settlement between the parties. It may recommend corrective measures. If those are not followed, the commission may introduce litigation before a court (usually, but not necessarily, the Human Rights Tribunal). Victims will be represented free of charge by the commission.
The Quebec charter does not apply to federally regulated activities in Quebec. Those are subject to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and/or the Canadian Human Rights Act.
Notable case law[edit]
Notable cases decided under the Charter include:
Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712 : Freedom of expression and signs
Devine v. Quebec (Attorney General) [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790 : Freedom of expression
Tremblay v. Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530 : Abortion
Godbout v. Longueuil (City), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 844 : Residency requirements
Aubry v. Éditions Vice-Versa inc., [1998] 1 S.C.R. 591 : Privacy rights
Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) v. Montreal (City of); Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) v. Boisbriand (City of), 2000 SCC 27 : Discrimination based on disability (handicap)
Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2002] 4 S.C.R. 429, 2002 SCC 84 : Social rights
Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem [2004] 2 S.C.R. 551 : Freedom of religion
Gosselin (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 238 : Minority language education
Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791 : Health care
Mouvement laïque québécois v. Saguenay (City), 2015 SCC 16 : State neutrality
See also[edit]
Human rights in Canada
Human rights Tribunal of Quebec
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Charter of human rights and freedoms
External links[edit]
LegisQuebec: C-12 - Charter of human rights and freedoms
Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse du Québec (Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission)
Quebec Statutes and Regulations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms&oldid=850080932"
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Cell C
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cell C
Type
Private
Industry
Telecommunications
Headquarters
Randburg, South Africa
Products
GSM-related products and services
3G/Internet service provider
Website
http://www.cellc.co.za/
Cell C (Pty) Ltd (stylised as CELL©), a South African mobile company, offers consumers a wide range of prepaid, hybrid and postpaid products and services, including voice, data and messaging services. With its focus on affordable access, Cell C is the only mobile operator in South Africa to offer customers Free Facebook through Free Basics by Facebook; and for a capped monthly fee of R12, customers have unlimited WhatsApp usage. Cell C was also the first in the country to commercially launch Wi-Fi Calling, a service which has completely transformed the travelling experience for South Africans.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shareholding
2 Technology
3 Challenger Network
4 Products and Services
5 Over the top players
5.1 Facebook
5.2 WhatsApp
6 Cell C Sponsorships
7 Cell C Corporate Social Investment
8 References
9 External links
Shareholding[edit]
Cell C is wholly owned by 3C Telecommunications, which in turn is 60% owned by Oger Telecom South Africa, a division of Saudi Oger; 25% owned by CellSAf, (a Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment entity which represents over 30 black empowerment companies and trusts), and 15% by Lanun Securities SA (Lanun is a wholly owned subsidiary of Saudi Oger Ltd). On 30 December 2015, the Boards of Cell C and 3C Telecommunications accepted the share subscription offers from Blue Label Telecoms and Cell C Management and staff for 35% and 30% respectively. Current Cell C shareholder 3C Telecommunications will also subscribe for a number of shares to hold about 35% of the total issued shares at the close of the transaction.
Technology[edit]
Cell C’s range of products and services are supported by its highly advanced network which offers 2G, 3G and LTE services and covers 98% of South Africa’s population; the company has a roaming agreement in place with Vodacom to provide 2G and 3G services to customers in outlying areas. Cell C continuously invests in expanding and upgrading its network so as to offer its customers the latest technologies. In 2015, Cell C announced an investment of approximately R8 billion to rollout LTE across the country. The company has already launched its LTE services in Gauteng, Kwa-Zulu Natal and the Western Cape and will continue its rollout across other metros. Cell C started the rollout of LTE-Advanced and has actively tested LTE-U (LTE in unlicensed spectrum) showing download speeds of 600Mbit/s. The Cell C network operates on three key bands 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz.
Challenger Network[edit]
Cell C has almost tripled its customer base since 2012, acting as disruptor and pushing for regulatory changes such as lower and asymmetrical mobile termination rates. A recent study commissioned by the South African National Treasury and conducted by the University of Johannesburg’s Centre for Competition, Regulation and Economic Development found that the lower termination rates introduced in 2011 has saved the South African consumer R47 billion over 5 years.[1]
Products and Services[edit]
Besides a focus on choice, Cell C’s offering of prepaid, top up and postpaid voice, data and messaging solutions are cost-effective. With a focus on innovation, Cell C is the only South African mobile provider to offer WiFi Calling, a service that effectively turns any WiFi hotspot into an extended base station. This allows customers to make calls, send text messages and check voicemail, among other services, no matter where they are in the world, at local prices. This service is integrated into the software of a wide range of branded handsets that support this service on the network.
Over the top players[edit]
Cell C, in contrast to South Africa’s largest mobile operators, has embraced services offered by over the top (OTT) players such as WhatsApp and Facebook and has worked to provide its customers with cost-effective solutions which incorporate these key platforms.
Facebook[edit]
In July 2015, Cell C became the first mobile operator in the country to offer free access to Facebook and basic Internet services to its customers through Facebook’s Free Basics.
WhatsApp[edit]
In another first for South African mobile customers, Cell C launched a free WhatsApp promotion for its customers, which ran for close to a year. Cell C WhatsApp users were able to send pictures, voice messages, videos and text messages via the WhatsApp platform without incurring any data charges. This promotion came to an end in September 2015 when Cell C introduced its R12 WhatsApp bundle, which offers unlimited WhatsApp services for a capped charge.
Cell C Sponsorships[edit]
In representing all of its customers, Cell C sponsors a range of teams and events, including:
Cell C Sharks
Miss South Africa
E! Live from the Red Carpet
Southern Equatorial Ferrari Automobili Club
Cell C Playing for Pink Polo
Cell C Corporate Social Investment[edit]
Cell C has supported strategic CSI initiatives since it was launched in 2001. Cell C’s CSI achievements include the following:
Cell C Take a Girl Child to Work Day, now in its 14th year, sees 50 000 girl learners and 520 companies participate on the day;
Cell C Institute of Mentorship connects 40 influential SA women with 40 girl child learners;
Cell C Girl Child Bursary Fund has provided 20 bursaries to deserving girl learners to date;
Cell C female staff representation has increased from 47% to 53% since 2012;
Cell C in collaboration with the Tomorrow Trust and Miss World 2014 and medical student, Rolene Strauss will fundraise to train up to 100 new female doctors as part of the Miss World “Beauty with a Purpose” campaign
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Barriers to Entry". CCRED - A leading university research group. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell C.
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