text:
Post-Soviet states
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order:
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
The post-Soviet states, also collectively known as the former Soviet Union (FSU)[1] or former Soviet Republics, are the 15 independent states that emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its dissolution in December 1991, with Russia internationally recognised as the successor state to the Soviet Union. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania was the first to declare its independence, with Estonia and Latvia following suit in August 1991. All three Baltic states claimed continuity from the original states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1944 and were admitted to the United Nations on 17 September 1991.[2][3] The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded.[2] 12 of the 15 states, excluding the Baltic states, initially formed the CIS and most joined CSTO, while the Baltic states focused on European Union and NATO membership.
Contents
[hide]
1 Country comparison
1.1 States and geographical groupings
1.2 General statistics
1.3 Current leaders
1.3.1 Heads of state
1.3.2 Heads of government
2 Economy
3 Developmental progress
4 Regional organizations
4.1 Commonwealth of Independent States
4.2 Eurasian Economic Community
4.3 Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia
4.4 Eurasian Economic Union
4.5 Collective Security Treaty Organization
4.6 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
4.7 GUAM
4.8 Union of Russia and Belarus
5 Other regional organizations
5.1 Economic Cooperation Organization
5.2 Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
5.3 Community of Democratic Choice
5.4 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
5.5 Economic cooperation organizations
5.6 Political integration and security alliances
5.6.1 Organizations in other domains
5.7 Other organizations
6 Politics
6.1 Separatist conflicts
6.1.1 Current declared states
6.1.2 Former declared states
6.2 Civil wars
6.3 Colour revolutions
6.4 Russian population in post-Soviet states
6.5 Religion
6.6 LGBT rights
7 Post-Soviet nostalgia
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Country comparison[edit]
States and geographical groupings[edit]
Common groupings of the post-Soviet states:
Baltic states
Central Asia
Eastern Europe
Russia
Transcaucasia
The 15 post-Soviet states are typically divided into the following five groupings. Each of these regions has its own common set of traits, owing not only to geographic and cultural factors but also to that region's history in relation to Russia. In addition, there are a number of de facto independent, but internationally unrecognized states (see the section Separatist conflicts below).
Baltic states
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Eastern Europe
Belarus
Moldova
Ukraine
Eurasia
Russia
Transcaucasia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
General statistics[edit]
Country
Coat of arms
Flag
Capital
Independence
Area (km²)
Area (mi²)
Population
Density
(pop./km²)
Density
(pop./mi²)
Date
Population source
Russian Federation
(Russia) Moscow 1991-12-12[4] 17,098,242 6,601,668 143,975,923 8.42 21.8 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
Ukraine[5] Kiev 1991-08-24 603,628 233,062 45,377,581 75 194 April 1, 2014 Monthly official estimate
Republic of Belarus
(Belarus) Minsk 1991-08-25 207,600 80,155 9,765,469 46 119 July 1, 2014 Quarterly official estimate
Republic of Uzbekistan
(Uzbekistan) Tashkent 1991-08-31 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1, 2014 Official estimate
Republic of Kazakhstan
(Kazakhstan) Astana 1991-12-16 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6.31 16 February 1, 2014 Monthly official estimate
Georgia Tbilisi (executive)
Kutaisi (legislative) 1991-04-09 69,700 26,911 4,490,500 64 166 January 1, 2014 Official estimate
Republic of Azerbaijan
(Azerbaijan) Baku 1991-08-30 86,600 33,436 9,477,100 109 282 December 31, 2013 Official estimate
Republic of Lithuania
(Lithuania) Vilnius 1918-02-16 (current)
1990-03-11 (restored) 65,300 25,212 2,944,459 45 117 January 1, 2014 Monthly official estimate
Republic of Moldova
(Moldova) Chișinău 1991-08-27 33,843 13,067 3,550,900 105 272 January 1, 2017 Official estimate
Republic of Latvia
(Latvia) Riga 1918-11-18 (current)
1991-08-21 (restored) 64,562 24,928 2,005,200 31 80 January 1, 2014 Monthly official estimate
Kyrgyz Republic
(Kyrgyzstan) Bishkek 1991-08-31 199,945 77,199 5,895,100 29.5 76 2015 Official estimate
Republic of Tajikistan
(Tajikistan) Dushanbe 1991-09-09 143,100 55,251 8,160,000 57 148 January 1, 2014 Official estimate
Republic of Armenia
(Armenia) Yerevan 1991-09-21 29,743 11,484 3,024,100 102 264 2012 Official estimate
Turkmenistan Ashgabat 1991-10-27 491,210 189,657 5,240,000 10.7 27.7 July 1, 2013 UN estimate
Republic of Estonia
(Estonia) Tallinn 1918-02-24 (current)
1991-08-20 (restored) 45,339 17,505 1,313,271 29 75 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
Total overall of the Former USSR 1991-12-26 22,307,815 8,613,096 292,610,734 13.1 34 Various Dates Various Sources
Area includes land and water.
Current leaders[edit]
Heads of state[edit]
Russia
Vladimir Putin
President of Russia
Ukraine
Petro Poroshenko
President of Ukraine
Belarus
Alexander Lukashenko
President of Belarus
Uzbekistan
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
President of Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev
President of Kazakhstan
Georgia
Giorgi Margvelashvili
President of Georgia
Azerbaijan
Ilham Aliyev
President of Azerbaijan
Lithuania
Dalia Grybauskaitė
President of Lithuania
Moldova
Igor Dodon
President of Moldova
Latvia
Raimonds Vējonis
President of Latvia
Kyrgyzstan
Almazbek Atambayev
President of Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Emomali Rahmon
President of Tajikistan
Armenia
Serzh Sargsyan
President of Armenia
Turkmenistan
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
President of Turkmenistan[6]
Estonia
Kersti Kaljulaid
President of Estonia
Heads of government[edit]
Russia
Dmitry Medvedev
Prime Minister of Russia
Ukraine
Volodymyr Groysman
Prime Minister of Ukraine
Belarus
Andrei Kobyakov
Prime Minister of Belarus
Uzbekistan
Abdulla Aripov
Prime Minister of Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Bakhytzhan Sagintayev
Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
Georgia
Giorgi Kvirikashvili
Prime Minister of Georgia
Azerbaijan
Artur Rasizade
Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
Lithuania
Saulius Skvernelis
Prime Minister of Lithuania
Moldova
Pavel Filip
Prime Minister of Moldova
Latvia
Māris Kučinskis
Prime Minister of Latvia
Kyrgyzstan
Sapar Isakov
Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Kokhir Rasulzoda
Prime Minister of Tajikistan
Armenia
Karen Karapetyan
Prime Minister of Armenia
Turkmenistan
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
President of Turkmenistan[6]
Estonia
Jüri Ratas
Prime Minister of Estonia
Economy[edit]
The dissolution of the Soviet Union took place as a result and against the backdrop of general economic stagnation, even regression. As the Gosplan, which had set up production chains to cross SSR lines, broke down, the inter-republic economic connections were also disrupted, leading to even more serious breakdown of the post-Soviet economies.
Most of the formerly Soviet states began the transition to a market economy from a command economy in 1990-1991 and made efforts to rebuild and restructure their economic systems, with varying results. In all, the process triggered severe economic declines, with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dropping by more than 40% overall between 1990 and 1995.[7] This decline in GDP was much more intense than the 27% decline that the United States suffered in the wake of the Great Depression between 1930 and 1934.[8] The reconfiguration of public finance in compliance with capitalist principles resulted in dramatically reduced spending on health, education and other social programs, leading to a sharp increase in poverty and economic inequality.[9][10] The economic shocks associated with wholesale privatization resulted in the deaths of roughly 1 million working age individuals throughout the former Soviet bloc in the 1990s.[11][12]
The initial transition decline was eventually arrested by the cumulative effect of market reforms, and after 1995 the economy in the post-Soviet states began to recover, with GDP switching from negative to positive growth rates. By 2007, 10 of the 15 post-Soviet states had recovered and reached GDP greater than what they had in 1991.[13] Only Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan had GDP significantly below the 1991 level. The recovery in Russia was marginal, with GDP in 2006-2007 just nudging above the 1991 level. Combined with the aftershocks of the 1998 economic crisis it led to a return of more interventionist economic policies by Vladimir Putin's administration.[citation needed]
Change in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in constant prices, 1991-2015[14]
Country
1991*
1996
2001
2006
2011
2015
Turnaround
year**
Eastern European states
Russia 100 63.1 74.5 103.3 118.3 119.8 1997
Ukraine 100 47.2 51.8 73.7 75.9 63.4 2000
Belarus 100 67.9 94.0 141.5 192.5 193.9 1996
Moldova 100 45.2 45.0 62.5 74.5 83.2 1997
Baltic states
Estonia 100 ? ? ? ? ? ?
Latvia 100 67.8 92.9 143.1 130.1 145.8 1993
Lithuania 100 64.6 81.5 119.8 123.9 139.6 1995
Central Asia
Kazakhstan 100 69.3 88.5 141.4 185.7 219.0 1996
Kyrgyzstan 100 58.9 76.1 89.6 114.4 133.9 1996
Tajikistan 100 34.1 45.2 56.0 98.1 124.5 1997
Turkmenistan 100 68.4 107.7 215.5 351.8 515.5 1998
Uzbekistan 100 82.9 102.6 137.5 208.4 281.2 1996
Transcaucasus
Armenia 100 63.3 84.2 154.7 172.5 202.6 1994
Azerbaijan 100 42.7 65.2 150.2 241.1 276.5 1996
Georgia 100 39.8 49.8 74.1 93.2 109.3 1995
*Economy of most Soviet republics started to decline in 1989-1990, thus indices for 1991 don't match pre-reform maximums.
**The year when GDP decline switched to GDP growth.
List of the present Gross domestic product (GDP) (figures are given in 2013 United States dollars for the year 2013 according to The World Factbook[15][16][17][18]):
N°

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Country
nominal
millions
nominal
per capita
PPP
millions
PPP
per capita
Russian Federation 2,113,000 14,600 2,553,000 18,100
Ukraine 175,500 3,800 337,400 7,400
Belarus 69,240 7,500 150,400 16,100
Uzbekistan 55,180 1,900 112,600 3,800
Kazakhstan 224,900 12,700 243,600 14,100
Georgia 15,950 3,200 27,300 6,100
Azerbaijan 76,010 7,900 100,400 10,800
Lithuania 46,710 15,300 67,430 22,600
Moldova 7,880 2,200 12,680 3,600
Latvia 30,380 15,400 38,870 19,100
Kyrgyzstan 7,234 1,300 14,300 2,500
Tajikistan 8,537 1,000 19,000 2,300
Armenia 10,440 3,400 20,610 6,300
Turkmenistan 40,560 7,900 55,160 9,700
Estonia 24,280 18,300 29,940 22,400
Developmental progress[edit]
The post-Soviet states listed according to their Human Development Index scores (2015).
Very High Human Development:
Estonia: 0.865
Lithuania: 0.848
Latvia: 0.830
Russia: 0.804
High Human Development:
Belarus: 0.796
Kazakhstan: 0.794
Georgia: 0.769
Azerbaijan: 0.759
Armenia: 0.743
Ukraine: 0.743
Uzbekistan: 0.701
Medium Human Development:
Moldova: 0.699
Turkmenistan: 0.691
Kyrgyzstan: 0.664
Tajikistan: 0.627
Regional organizations[edit]
Euler diagram showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Unionv • d • e
CIS members
States that joined EU and NATO
Other EU or NATO members
A number of regional organizations and cooperating blocs have sprung up since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Only organizations that are mainly (or completely) composed of post-Soviet states are listed in this section; organizations with wider memberships are not discussed. The 15 post-Soviet states are divided in their participation to the regional blocs:
Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine founded the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in December 1991. It was conceived as a successor organization to the USSR, and in December 1993 it included 12 of the 15 former Soviet republics (except the three Baltic states).[19] It currently consists of nine of the 15 former Soviet republics, with one participating state (Ukraine) and one associate state (Turkmenistan). Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2008.
The three Baltic states have not sought membership in any of these post-Soviet organizations, seeking and achieving membership in the European Union and NATO instead, although their electricity and rail systems remain closely connected with former Soviet organizations. The sole exception to the above has been their recent membership in the Community of Democratic Choice.
The Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (as well as Belarus) are members of the CIS and participate in several regional organizations that have Russia as a primary mover. Such organizations are the Eurasian Economic Community (later merged with Eurasian Economic Union, which Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are not members of), Collective Security Treaty Organization, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The last two groups only became distinct once Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM and sought membership in EurAsEc and CSTO (which it subsequently withdrew from in 2008 and 2012, respectively).
Armenia, besides its membership in CIS participates in Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union.
Ukraine, Moldova, and Azerbaijan participate in the CIS but other than that they mostly cooperate within regional organizations that are not dominated by Russia. Such organizations are GUAM and the Community of Democratic Choice. Although Ukraine is one of the three founding countries of the CIS, it is legally not a member because it has never ratified the 1993 CIS Charter.[19]
Turkmenistan is an associate member of CIS (having withdrawn from full membership in August 2005)[20] and a member in the Economic Cooperation Organization; it has not sought closer integration in any of the other Western or post-Soviet organizations.
In 2008, Georgia notified the CIS executive bodies of its decision to leave the regional organization,[21][22] and according to the CIS Charter (sec. 1, art. 9) this decision went into force 12 months after the notification date.[23]
Commonwealth of Independent States[edit]
Main article: Commonwealth of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) consists of 11 former Soviet Republics that differ in their membership status. As of December 2010, 9 countries have ratified the CIS charter and are full CIS members (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), one country (Turkmenistan) is an associate member, one country (Ukraine) is a founding and participating country, but legally not a member country, and one country (Georgia) left the organization in 2009. In 2014, Ukraine declined its CIS chairmanship and considered withdrawal from the organization.[24]
In 1994, the CIS countries agreed to create a free trade area, but the agreements were never signed. On October 19, 2011 Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine signed a free trade agreement.[25] Uzbekistan joined the free trade area in 2013.[26]
Eurasian Economic Community[edit]
EAEC members
GUAM members
Other CIS members
Main article: Eurasian Economic Community
The Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC), formerly the CIS Customs Union, was established by Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Ukraine and Moldova have observer status in the community; however, Ukraine has declared its desire not to become a full member state. Because having common borders with the rest of the community is a prerequisite for full membership, Moldova is barred from seeking it. Uzbekistan applied for membership in October 2005,[27] when the process of merging Central Asian Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Community began; it joined on 25 January 2006. Uzbekistan subsequently suspended its membership in 2008.[28]
On 10 October 2014 an agreement on the termination of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed in Minsk after a session of the Interstate Council of the EAEC. The Eurasian Economic Community was terminated from 1 January 2015 in connection with the launch of the Eurasian Economic Union.[29]
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia[edit]
Economical integration blocs in European / Post-Soviet area: EU, EFTA, CEFTA and Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia
Main article: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia
Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan created a customs union that entered into force in July 2010. Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan indicated interest in joining at the time.[30][31] Russia has been eager for Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine to join the custom union instead of the European Union, and the Moldovan break-away state of Transnistria has supported this. In 2013, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced plans to seek membership, but division over the issue in Ukraine led to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution after the Ukrainian government backed out of an EU Eastern Partnership in favor of the union. In 2014, voters in the Moldovan autonomous region of Gagauzia rejected closer ties to the EU in favor of the union.[32]
On 1 January 2012, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus established the Single Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies.[33][34] The agreement included a roadmap for future integration and established the Eurasian Economic Commission (modelled on the European Commission).[35] The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union.[33]
Eurasian Economic Union[edit]
EEU members
Acceding EEU Members
Other CIS Members
Main articles: Eurasian Union and Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union
The Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union of post-Soviet states. The treaty aiming for the establishment of the EEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015.[36] Treaties aiming for Armenia's and Kyrgyzstan's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October 2014 and 23 December respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015.[37] Although Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty will not come into force until May 2015, provided it has been ratified,[38] it will participate in the EEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.[39][40][41][42][43] Moldova and Tajikistan are prospective members.
Collective Security Treaty Organization[edit]
CSTO members
GUAM members
Other CIS members
Main article: Collective Security Treaty Organization
Seven CIS member states, namely Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Armenia, have enhanced their military cooperation, establishing the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), this being an expansion of the previous Collective Security Treaty (CST). Uzbekistan which (alongside Georgia and Azerbaijan) withdrew from the CST in 1999, joined GUAM. Then in 2005 it withdrew from GUAM and joined the CSTO in 2006. On 28 June 2012, Uzbekistan suspended its membership in the CSTO.[44]
North Atlantic Treaty Organization[edit]
Main article: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO/CSTO
Three former Soviet states are members of NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Georgia, where both public opinion and the ruling government favor NATO membership, is in the Intensified Dialogue program with NATO. In Ukraine after the 2010 electoral victory of Viktor Yanukovych, the government officially declared neutrality and no longer seeks NATO membership, as it did after the Orange revolution and the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko.
GUAM[edit]
Main article: GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
Four member states, namely Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova established the GUAM group that was largely seen as intending to counter Russian dominance in the region. Notably, these four nations do not participate in any of the other regional organizations that sprang up in the region since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (other than the CIS).
Union of Russia and Belarus[edit]
Members of the Union
CIS members who have shown interest in becoming members of the Union
Other CIS members
Main article: Union of Russia and Belarus
The Union of Russia and Belarus was originally formed on 2 April 1996 under the name Commonwealth of Russia and Belarus, before being tightened further on 8 December 1999. It was initiated by the president of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko. On paper, the Union of Russia and Belarus intends further integration, beyond the scope of mere cooperation, including the introduction of the ruble as a common currency.
Other regional organizations[edit]
Economic Cooperation Organization[edit]
Main article: Economic Cooperation Organization
Community of Democratic Choice
Economic Cooperation Organization
The Economic Cooperation Organization was originally formed in 1985 by Turkey, Iran and Pakistan but in 1992 the organization was expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations[edit]
Main article: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration.
Community of Democratic Choice[edit]
Main article: Community of Democratic Choice
The Community of Democratic Choice (CDC) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia, and composed of six post-Soviet states (Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe (Slovenia, Romania and the Republic of Macedonia). The Black Sea Forum (BSF) is a closely related organization. Observer countries include Armenia, Bulgaria, and Poland.
Just like GUAM before it, this forum is largely seen as intending to counteract Russian influence in the area. This is the only international forum centered in the post-Soviet space in which the Baltic states also participate. In addition, the other three post-Soviet states in it are all members of GUAM.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation[edit]
Main article: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation:
Member state
Observer state
Dialogue partner
Applicants for observer status
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), is composed of China and five post-Soviet states, namely Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The organization was founded in 2001, though its predecessor, the Shanghai Five grouping, has existed since 1996. Its aims revolve around security-related issues.
Economic cooperation organizations[edit]
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) with Moldova (it includes also non post-Soviet countries of the former Yugoslavia; previously, also included other Central European countries that left CEFTA when joining the European Union; CEFTA plays a role in Central Europe similar to what European Free Trade Association (EFTA) provides in Western Europe for non EU-members; this alliance an economical organization with strong cooperation with the European Union, for countries that do not want to participate in EurAsEC centered on Russia but that are seeking alliances to the West); even if Moldova is the only CEFTA country that is still within a weakening CIS, it no longer participates to the CSTO for most of the common security policy (but cannot join the EU because of incompatibility with WEU stability rules and the unsolved problem of Transnistria) but can still benefit from the Free Trade Area notably with Romania and Bulgaria (in the EU).
Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) with Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Turkey, Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Armenia (an economic organisation closely related to the SCO but more focused regionally to include also Armenia; it also aims for the harmonious development of democracy for increasing the commerce in South-East Europe and includes some EU members, so it cannot be a regional free-trade union).
The European Union (EU) with the three Baltic countries that were the first ones to declare independence from the former USSR and have never joined CIS after the collapse of USSR (it includes also now some post-communist countries in Central Europe, that have left CEFTA when entering the EU : Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Slovenia).
Political integration and security alliances[edit]
Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe (SPforSEE) with Moldova (similar in structure to CEFTA, but does not focus on economy but security, for those countries that are not NATO members); this organization largely cooperates with NATO, and is related to the group of observers at Western European Union (WEU).
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), for Baltic countries, Poland, and Central European countries that have also joined the EU (the EU membership includes also WEU membership because they follow the Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defence Policy policies shared now by the EU, the WEU and all European NATO members).
The other remaining countries are those part of the former Yugoslavia, but their recent conflict and political tensions still does not allow them to cooperate efficiently for their political integration and for their mutual security; in addition, they still do not have full sovereignty in this domain (some of them are still under surveillance by EU or NATO, as mandated by UNO). They still need to find an internal stability and they can collaborate economically with the help of other organizations focusing on economy or political cooperation and development. However a more limited cooperation for security is possible through their membership to the larger Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
The only exception is Belarus (whose post-soviet democratic transition did not occur) that still rejects political integration, and all security alliances with NATO, OSCE, WEU or other countries in Europe other than Russia (which the process of reintegration of Belarus has been tightened in almost all domains).
Organizations in other domains[edit]
Southeast European Cooperation Process (SEECP) with Moldova (similar to SPforSEE, but focuses on political integration than cooperation for security, and to CEFTA but does not focus on trade).
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) with Moldova (closely related to SEECP).
Central European Initiative (CEI) with Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus (and also Central and South-Western European countries in the European Union; it aims at helping Eastern European countries to reach the EU standards and cooperate politically and find a better economic development and a strong, working but more democratic legal system); it is the only regional organization where Belarus is still a member (but the political cooperation with Belarus is almost stalled, as it is the only country of the former Communist block country that balances in favor of stronger cooperation with Russia and against integration with EU and NATO ; however Belarus remains isolated and still does not cooperate too in the SCO group led by Russia and China).
Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue (BSF) with Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Armenia (also non post-soviet countries that are NATO members, interested in their maintaining political stability and avoiding conflicts in the region: Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, whose first two are also now EU and CEI members, using EU rules for their political development); however this organization does not focus on helping countries to join the EU, but reaching common standards and good governance and internal stability and democracy like in the CEI.
None of these organizations are incompatible with the policy required for accessing EU membership in the domain of political cooperation and development.[citation needed]
Merging the CEI and BSF is desired by Central European countries, that are members of both (often in addition to EU with stronger objectives) that would like to simplify the development process, and also members of the Council of Europe that federates (but at very slow pace) all European efforts of political cooperation and development through the various regional organizations.[citation needed]
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Other organizations[edit]
Apart from above, the former Soviet republics also hold membership in a number of multinational organizations such as:
Baltic Basketball League
FIBA
FIFA
International Ice Hockey Federation
International Olympic Committee
International Paralympic Committee
Kontinental Hockey League (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Russia)
Miss Universe
UNESCO
World Health Organization
World Trade Organization
Politics[edit]
Regarding political freedom in the former Soviet republics, Freedom House's 2015 report listed the following:
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as "free" countries.
Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, and Ukraine were listed as "partly free."
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan were listed as "not free", with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being noted as among the "worst of the worst".
Similarly, the Worldwide Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders in 2015, recorded the following as regards press freedom:
A good situation in Estonia
A satisfactory situation in Latvia and Lithuania
Noticeable problems in Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Moldova
A difficult situation in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine
A very serious situation in Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
It has been remarked that several post-Soviet states have not changed leadership since their independence, such as Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan and Islam Karimov in Uzbekistan, until his death in September 2016. All of these had originally more limited terms but through decrees or referendums prolonged their stay in office (a practice also followed by Presidents Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus, Emomalii Rahmon of Tajikistan and Dmitry Medvedev of Russia.[45]) Askar Akayev of Kyrgyzstan had likewise served as President since its independence until he was forced to resign as a result of the Kyrgyz revolution of 2005. Saparmurat Niyazov in Turkmenistan ruled from independence until his death in 2006, creating a personality cult around himself.
The issue of dynastical succession has been another element affecting the politics of some post-Soviet States. Heydar Aliyev, after constructing an extensive and ongoing cult of personality, handed the Presidency of Azerbaijan to his son, Ilham Aliyev. Theories about the children of other leaders in Central Asia being groomed for succession abound.[46] The participation of Akayev's son and daughter in the 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections boosted fears of dynastic succession being used in Kyrgyzstan as well, and may have contributed to the anti-Akayev climate that led to his overthrow.
Separatist conflicts[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Post-Soviet conflicts
Nagorno-Karabakh
1988–94 war
2016 clashes
Georgia
1st South Ossetia
1st Abkhazia
Transnistria
Tajikistan
North Ossetia
1993 Moscow
1st Chechnya
2nd Abkhazia
Dagestan
2nd Chechnya
Kodori
North Caucasus
Ingushetia
Russo-Georgian
Eastern Tajikistan
Ukraine
Crimea
Donbass
See also: Post-Soviet conflicts
Economic, political, national, military, and social problems have all been factors in separatism in the Post-Soviet space. In many cases, problems due to factors such as ethnic divisions existed before the fall of the Soviet Union, and upon the fall of the union were brought into the open.[47] Such territories and resulting military conflicts have so far been:
Current declared states[edit]
Abkhazia, which is de facto independent from Georgia. Tensions in the area broke out when Georgia sent in troops in 1992 to control groups who wanted separation. The troops and most of the Georgian and Mingrelian speaking population were forced out in 1993, and the region declared independence in 1999. The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia's recognition of Abkhazia's independence.[48]
Artsakh, which is de facto independent from Azerbaijan. Ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in 1988, and expanded into war which lasted till a ceasefire in 1994. Sporadic attempts at negotiating a final peace and sporadic bursts of violence have continued since then.[49]
Donetsk People's Republic, unrecognized state which declared independence from Ukraine in 2014
Lugansk People's Republic, unrecognized state which declared independence from Ukraine in 2014
South Ossetia, which is de facto independent from Georgia. The region declared its intent to seek independence in 1990, leading to a conflict which led to a ceasefire in 1992. Separatism became powerful after the election of Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili in 2004, and a referendum in 2006 was in favour of declaring independence. The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia's recognition of South Ossetia's independence.[50]
Transnistria, which is de facto independent from Moldova. It declared independence in 1990, due to its majority Russian-speaking population fearing union with Romania. A ceasefire between Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992, enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria.[51]
Former declared states[edit]
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, where Dzhokhar Dudayev declared independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a violent war between local separatist forces and the Russian army. Russia first invaded in 1994, withdrawing after a deal for increased autonomy was granted in 1996. Tensions have continued in the years since then, and the conflict has spilled over into neighbouring regions such as Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia–Alania. Russia claims that the situation in Chechnya has normalised.[52]
Gagauzia, declared itself the "Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" within Moldova on 12 November 1989, and the "Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic", independent of Moldova but still within the Soviet Union, on 19 August 1990, but was reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region on 23 December 1994.[53][54][55]
Republic of Crimea. The entire Crimean Peninsula has been outside the control of Ukrainian authorities since late February 2014, when Russian special forces and pro-Russian militias occupied the region.[56][57][58][59] In March 2014, a popular referendum in favor of accession to Russia was held in Crimea and Sevastopol, although Ukraine[60] and most of the international community refused to recognize the vote. The next day, the Republic of Crimea declared independence, and within days Russia absorbed the peninsula. Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory.
Civil wars[edit]
See also: Post-Soviet conflicts
Civil wars unrelated to separatist movements have occurred twice in the region:
The Georgian Civil War between the forces of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze. The war ended after Russian forces intervened in support of Shevardnadze's government, which in turn agreed to join the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The Tajikistan Civil War that lasted between 1992 and 1997.
Colour revolutions[edit]
Since 2003, a number of (largely) peaceful "colour revolutions" have happened in some post-Soviet states after disputed elections, with popular protests bringing into power the former opposition.
The Rose Revolution in Georgia, leading to the fall from office of Eduard Shevardnadze.
The Orange Revolution in Ukraine, bringing into power Viktor Yushchenko.
The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, leading to the resignation of Askar Akayev.
Russian population in post-Soviet states[edit]
Main articles: Russians in Ukraine, Russians in Kazakhstan, Russians in Latvia, Russians in Estonia, Russians in Lithuania, and Russians in Georgia
There is a significant Russophone population in most of the post-Soviet states, whose political position as an ethnic minority varies from country to country.[61] While Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, in addition to Russia, have kept Russian as an official language, the language lost its status in other post-Soviet states after the end of the Soviet Union. It maintains semi-official status in all CIS member states, because it is the organisation's official working language, but in the three Baltic States, the Russian language is not recognized in any official capacity. Georgia, since its independence from the CIS in 2009, has begun operating its government almost exclusively in the Georgian language.
Religion[edit]
While the Soviet system placed severe restrictions on religious intellectual life, traditions continued to survive. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Islamic movements have emerged alongside ethnic and secular ones. Vitaly Naumkin gives the following assessment: "Throughout the time of change, Islam has served as a symbol of identity, a force for mobilization, and a pressure for democracy. This is one of the few social disasters that the church has survived, in which it was not the cause. But if successful politically, it faces economic challenges beyond its grasp."[62]
The Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) plus Azerbaijan from Southern caucasus are Muslim, except for their dwindling Russian and other European minorities. The Baltic States are historically Western Christian (Protestant and Roman Catholic), which adds another layer of pro-Western orientation to those countries, although the vast majority of what was the Protestant population (Estonia and northern Latvia) there is now irreligious. The dominant religion in the remaining former Soviet countries (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine) is Orthodox Christianity. In most countries, religiosity has increased since the Soviet collapse.
LGBT rights[edit]
Main article: LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states
Post-Soviet nostalgia[edit]
See also: Nostalgia for the Soviet Union and Ostalgie
Victory Day in Donetsk, Ukraine, 9 May 2010
Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union a certain number of people have expressed a longing for the Soviet period and its values. The level of post-Soviet nostalgia varies across the former republics. For example, certain groups of people may blend the Soviet and post-Soviet experience in their daily lives.[clarification needed].[63]
According to July 2012 polling in Ukraine by RATING, 42% of respondents supported the formation of a unified state of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus; earlier in 2012 this support had been 48%.[64]
A 2016 poll of Russian citizens conducted by Levada Center showed that the majority viewed the collapse of the USSR negatively and felt that it could have been avoided, and an even greater number would openly welcome a revival of the Soviet system.[65]
See also[edit]
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Eastern Bloc
Eurasian Economic Union
Near abroad
Operation Provide Hope
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics
Republics of the Soviet Union
Russification
Russophobia
Russophone
Second World
Geography portal
Europe portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives". harvard.edu. 30 October 1997. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Elsuwege, Peter (2008). From Soviet Republics to Eu Member States: A Legal and Political Assessment of the Baltic States' Accession to the EU. Studies in EU External Relations. 1. BRILL. p. xxii. ISBN 9789004169456.
Jump up ^ Smith, David James (2001). Estonia. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 0-415-26728-5.
Jump up ^ The Russian Federation technically achieved de facto independence from the Soviet Union after ratifying the Belavezha Accords therefore, Russia became the internationally recognized successor state to the Soviet Union.
Jump up ^ Includes Crimea and Sevastopol.
^ Jump up to: a b Holds both presidency and executive powers since the former Prime Minister of Turkmenistan role was abolished.
Jump up ^ Transition: The First Ten Years – Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002, p. 4.
Jump up ^ GDP decline: transition and Great Depression compared, Kalikova and Associates Law Firm, Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries, New York Times, October 12, 2000
Jump up ^ Scheidel, Walter (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0691165028.
Jump up ^ "Death surge linked with mass privatisation". University of Oxford. 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2015-06-28.
Jump up ^ Privatisation 'raised death rate'. BBC, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ IMF online database
Jump up ^ "GDP growth (annual %)". worldbank.org. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ (nominal) GDP (official exchange rate), The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, accessed on 19 March 2014. Population data obtained from Total Midyear Population, U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, accessed on 19 March 2014. Note: Per capita values were obtained by dividing the GDP (official exchange rate) data by the population data. The figures were then rounded to the nearest hundred in typical Factbook fashion.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ratification status of CIS documents as of 15 January 2008 Archived October 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (Russian).
Jump up ^ Turkmenistan reduces CIS ties to "Associate Member", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 August 2005.
Jump up ^ Georgian parliament votes to withdraw from CIS on BBC News, 14 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on Georgia's withdrawal from CIS Archived September 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., 18 August 2008.
Jump up ^ CIS Charter, 22 January 1993 (unofficial English translation).
Jump up ^ Reuters (March 19, 2014). "Ukraine Says It Could Quit Russia-Led Bloc". Reuters. Retrieved Jan 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ RFE/RL (Oct 19, 2011). "Most CIS Countries Sign Up To Free-Trade Zone". RFE/RL. Retrieved Jan 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ian Carver (Jan 18, 2014). "Implications of CIS Free Trade Zone Expansion in Central Asia". New Eastern Outlook. Retrieved Jan 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sputnik (10 November 2005). "Working group discusses Uzbekistan's accession to EurAsEC". rian.ru. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Sputnik (12 November 2008). "Uzbekistan suspends Eurasec membership, Moscow unruffled". rian.ru. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Eurasian Economic Community Leaders Sign Group Abolition Agreement, putniknews.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ RIA Novosti report, 6 July 2010, "Customs Union of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan to become fully operational" Archived September 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved 22 December 2010
Jump up ^ RIA Novosti report, 26 November 2010, "Ukraine eyes customs union with Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus" Archived December 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved 22 December 2010
Jump up ^ "Gagauzia Voters Reject Closer EU Ties For Moldova". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia, Interfax-Ukraine (14 June 2013)
Jump up ^ Barron, Lisa (1 October 2013). "Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space". Cistran Finance. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров. Tut.By (in Russian). 17 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе
Jump up ^ Дмитрий. "ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)". customs-code.ru. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia’s accession to EEU to be declared in Moscow today". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union". World Bulletin. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Signed agreement opens up new possibilities for Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, starting from 1st January 2015
Jump up ^ "Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC" (in Russian). Life News. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC). Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "EAEC: stillborn union?" (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Eurasian Economic Union added December 23 Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.
Jump up ^ Farchy, Jack (23 December 2014). "Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands". The Financial Times. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed a treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.
Jump up ^ "Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on January 1". The Trumpet. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.
Jump up ^ "Uzbekistan Suspends Its Membership in CSTO". The Gazette of Central Asia. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Би-би-си - Россия - Медведев решил продлить президентские полномочия". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-03-12. Retrieved 2005-04-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/PsgeTMR.pdf
Jump up ^ "Regions and territories: Abkhazia". BBC News. 12 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh". BBC News. 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Regions and territories: South Ossetia". BBC News. 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trans-Dniester profile". BBC News. 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Regions and territories: Chechnya". BBC News. 22 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Chinn, Jeff; Roper, Steven (1998). "Territorial autonomy in Gagauzia". Nationalities Papers. 26 (1): 87–101. doi:10.1080/00905999808408552. But on 19 August 1990, the Gagauz elite, led by President Stepan Topal and Supreme Soviet Chairperson Mihail Kendighelean, quickly took the next step, declaring Gagauzia to be independent of Moldova and subject only to central Soviet authority
Jump up ^ Neukirch, Claus. "Autonomy And Conflict Transformation: The Case Of The Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In The Republic Of Moldova" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues. On 12 November 1989, a “Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” was proclaimed by an assembly in Comrat ... In reaction to the Moldovan declaration of sovereignty, on 19 August 1990 the Gagauz leadership proclaimed a “Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic”, which would be independent from Moldova, but part of the Soviet Union ... on 23 December 1994 the Moldovan Parliament passed the “Law on the Special Juridical Status of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)”
Jump up ^ Zabarah, Dareg (2012). "Opportunity structures and group building processes: An institutional analysis of the secession processes in Pridnestrovie and Gagauzia between 1989 and 1991". Soviet and Communist studies. 45 (1-2). According to the first point of its declaration, the Gagauz Republic “is a sovereign, socialist, soviet and multinational state
Jump up ^ Herszenhorn, David; Kramer, Andrew (19 March 2014). "Ukraine Plans to Withdraw Troops From Russia-Occupied Crimea". New York Times. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Putin acknowledges Russian military serviceman were in Crimea". RT. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vladimir Putin in TV denial that Russian special forces are in eastern Ukraine". The Daily Telegraph. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russian Special Forces Storm Crimea Base". Sky News. 23 March 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ukraine PM rejects Crimea referendum, vows to defend country". CBC News. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Naumkin, Vitaly (November 1992). "Islam in the States of the Former USSR". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 524: 131–142. doi:10.1177/0002716292524001011.
Jump up ^ See: Kaprans, M. (2009) Then and now: Comparing the Soviet and Post-Soviet experience in Latvian autobiographiesKeywords 2.
Jump up ^ The language question, the results of recent research in 2012, RATING (25 May 2012)
Jump up ^ Most Russians regret USSR collapse, dream of its return, poll shows. RT. 19 April 2016.
External links[edit]
Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR
New Directions Post-Independence from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Post-Soviet Russia and its Neighbor States from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Discovering The Centuries-Old State Tradition, professor Pål Kolstø, University of Oslo
Former Soviet war zones |The hazards of a long, hard freeze, The Economist, 19 August 2004
4 enclaves' post-Soviet fate in limbo, The Seattle Times, 20 August 2006
Are Independence Referendums First Step Toward Kremlin's 'Historical Revanchism'?, Radio Free Europe, 15 September 2006

[show]
v
t
e
Soviet Union topics
History
Index of Soviet Union-related articles
Russian Revolution
February
October
Russian Civil War
Russian SFSR
USSR creation treaty
New Economic Policy
Stalinism
Great Purge
Great Patriotic War (World War II)
Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw
1965 reform
Stagnation
Perestroika
Glasnost
Revolutions of 1989
Dissolution
Nostalgia
Post-Soviet states
Geography
Subdivisions
Republics
autonomous
Oblasts
autonomous
Autonomous okrugs
Closed cities
list
Regions
Caspian Sea
Caucasus Mountains
European Russia
North Caucasus
Siberia
Ural Mountains
West Siberian Plain
Politics
General
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Brezhnev Doctrine
Government
list
Human rights
LGBT
Law
Leaders
Collective leadership
Passport system
State ideology
Marxism–Leninism
Leninism
Stalinism
Bodies
Communist Party
organisation
Central Committee
Politburo
Secretariat
Congress
General Secretary
Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991)
Supreme Court
Offices
Premier
President
Deputy Premier
First Deputy Premier
Security services
Cheka
GPU
NKVD
MVD
MGB
KGB
Political repression
Red Terror
Collectivization
Great Purge
Population transfer
Gulag
list
Holodomor
Political abuse of psychiatry
Ideological repression
Religion
Suppressed research
Censorship
Censorship of images
Economy
Agriculture
Central Bank
Energy policy
Five-Year Plans
Net material product
Inventions
Ruble (currency)
Internet domain
Transport
Science
Communist Academy
Academy of Sciences
Academy of Medical Sciences
Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Sharashkas
Naukograds
list
Society
Crime
Demographics
Soviet people
working class
1989 census
Languages
Linguistics
LGBT
Culture
Ballet
Cinema
Fashion
Literature
Music
opera
Propaganda
Sports
Stalinist architecture
Opposition
Soviet dissidents and their groups
list
Anthem
republics
Emblem
republics
Flag
republics
Templates
Departments
Russian Revolution 1917
Joseph Stalin
Stagnation Era
Fall of Communism
Book
Category
Commons
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Eurasian integration
Institutions
Eurasian Development Bank
Eurasian Economic Commission
Eurasian Economic Community
Eurasian Patent Convention
Eurasian Patent Organization
Eurasian Economic Union
Enlargement
Eurasian Customs Union
Infrastructure
Eurasian Land Bridge
New Eurasian Land Bridge
EU-Russia Common Space
History
Russian Empire
All-Russian nation
Pan-Slavism
Soviet Union
Comecon
Common European Home
Post-Soviet states
[show]
v
t
e
Asia articles
History
Chronology
Indian Ocean trade
Silk Road
Imperialism
Decolonisation
By topic
Military
conflicts
Sovereignty
Geography
Cities
metropolitan areas
tallest buildings
Countries and territories
by population
Extreme points
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Regions
Asia-Pacific
Central Asia
East Asia
Eurasia
Inner Asia
North Asia
Northeast Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Tropical Asia
Western Asia
Politics
Heads of government
Heads of state
Elections
political parties
Human rights
Law
Military
Intergovernmental
Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC)
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC)
Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC)
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Economy
Countries by GDP (PPP)
Countries by HDI
Currencies
Stock exchanges
Technology
renewable energy
Transport
airports
high-speed rail
Markets
Bond markets
Property markets
Society
Demographics
Education
Etiquette
Health
Languages
People
ethnic groups
Culture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Religion
Sport
Future
Asian Century
Chinese Century
Indian Century
Pacific Century
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Maps
[show]
v
t
e
Europe articles
History
Chronology
Prehistory
Classical antiquity
Late antiquity
Middle Ages
Early modernity
World War I & II
Pax Europaea
Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
By topic
Military
Sovereignty
predecessor states
Geography
Areas and populations
Countries by area
Largest metropolitan areas
Cities
Extreme points
Geology
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
Rivers
Sovereign states and dependent territories
by population
Villages
Politics
Eurosphere
International organisations
Integration
Law
Politics
Post-Soviet Europe
Transatlantic relations
Intergovernmental
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Council of Europe (CoE)
Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
GUAM Organization
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
statistics
European Union
Economy
relations
free trade agreements
Education
European Economic Area (EEA)
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
Eurozone
Foreign relations
Members
enlargement
Politics
Schengen Area
Statistics
Visa policy
Economy
History
Financial (and social) rankings
Free trade areas
Energy
Telecommunications
Transport
Intergovernmental
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (CUBKR)
Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
Sovereign states by
Average wage
Budget revenues
per capita
Corruption index
GDP (nominal)
per capita
GDP (PPP)
per capita
GNI (nominal) per capita
GNI (PPP) per capita
HDI
Internet users (%)
Minimum wage
Press Freedom Index
Unemployment rate (%)
Health expense per capita
Military spending (%)
Childhood population (%)
Urban population (%)
Life expectancy
Electricity use per capita
Society
Etiquette
Social (and financial) rankings
Languages
endangered
Universities
Bologna Process
Erasmus
Culture
Art
painting
sculpture
Architecture
Capital of Culture
Cinema
film festivals
Classical music
Cuisine
Dance
Literature
Philosophy
Religion
Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Sport
Symbols
Demographics
Ageing
Ethnic groups
genetic history
Immigration
Life expectancy
Retirement
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
Maps
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-Soviet_states&oldid=799929744"
Categories:
Post-Soviet states
Countries in Asia
Countries in Europe
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Republics of the Soviet Union
1990s in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 17:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: li

values: Edit section: States and geographical groupings

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0065c8; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #688856; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffc600; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f2553e; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f18cbf; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg

values: Official coat of arms of the Republic of Belarus (v).svg

values:
nofollow
external text
http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=2122

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.stat.tj/en

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators

values:
sortable wikitable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:right

values:
/wiki/President_of_Lithuania
mw-redirect
President of Lithuania

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Command_economy
mw-redirect
Command economy

values:
/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product
mw-redirect
Gross Domestic Product

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

values: Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area

values: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: Template talk:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFFD0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #3CE67B; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFD0D0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Soviet_republics
mw-redirect
Soviet republics

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization
mw-redirect
Shanghai Cooperation Organization

values: Edit section: Commonwealth of Independent States

values:
/wiki/Soviet_Republics
mw-redirect
Soviet Republics

values: Edit section: Eurasian Economic Community

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #F8A20C; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Edit section: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia

values: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia

values:
/wiki/Eurasian_Union
mw-redirect
Eurasian Union

values: Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union

values: Edit section: Collective Security Treaty Organization

values: Edit section: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

values:
/wiki/Intensified_Dialogue
mw-redirect
Intensified Dialogue

values:
/wiki/Orange_revolution
mw-redirect
Orange revolution

values: Edit section: Union of Russia and Belarus

values:
/wiki/Union_of_Russia_and_Belarus
mw-redirect
Union of Russia and Belarus

values: Edit section: Other regional organizations

values: Edit section: Economic Cooperation Organization

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #eaa500; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #399e39; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Edit section: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations

values:
/wiki/Disputed_states
mw-redirect
Disputed states

values: Edit section: Community of Democratic Choice

values:
/wiki/Black_Sea_Forum
mw-redirect
Black Sea Forum

values: Edit section: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Green; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Blue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Purple; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00a0aa; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Edit section: Economic cooperation organizations

values:
/wiki/Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation
mw-redirect
Black Sea Economic Cooperation

values: Edit section: Political integration and security alliances

values: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

values: Edit section: Organizations in other domains

values: Southeast European Cooperative Initiative

values: Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

values:
/wiki/Press_freedom
mw-redirect
Press freedom

values:
/wiki/Emomalii_Rahmon
mw-redirect
Emomalii Rahmon

values:
/wiki/Kyrgyz_revolution_of_2005
mw-redirect
Kyrgyz revolution of 2005

values:
/wiki/Personality_cult
mw-redirect
Personality cult

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts

values: Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)

values: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Georgia_war
mw-redirect
Russia–Georgia war

values:
/wiki/Mikhail_Saakashvili
mw-redirect
Mikhail Saakashvili

values:
/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania
mw-redirect
North Ossetia–Alania

values: 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine

values:
/wiki/Crimean_referendum,_2014
mw-redirect
Crimean referendum, 2014

values: Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/Tajikistan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
Tajikistan Civil War

values: Edit section: Russian population in post-Soviet states

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_minority
mw-redirect
Ethnic minority

values:
/wiki/Baltic_States
mw-redirect
Baltic States

values:
/wiki/Western_Christian
mw-redirect
Western Christian

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values:
/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity
mw-redirect
Orthodox Christianity

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.k-a.kg/?nid=5&value=6

values:
/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau
mw-redirect
U.S. Census Bureau

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cis.minsk.by/sm.aspx?uid=11368

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lifenews.ru/news/147572

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.satori.lv/raksts/3114

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.4020.net/eastbloc/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://folk.uio.no/palk/ch03History.htm

values:
/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe
mw-redirect
Radio Free Europe

values: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/List_of_closed_cities
mw-redirect
List of closed cities

values: Collective leadership in the Soviet Union

values: Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

values: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union

values: First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union

values:
/wiki/Soviet_security_services
mw-redirect
Soviet security services

values: Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)

values: Political repression in the Soviet Union

values: Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

values: Ideological repression in the Soviet Union

values: Censorship of images in the Soviet Union

values: Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

values: National anthems of the Soviet Union and Union Republics

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: List of sovereign states by date of formation

values:
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Asia
mw-redirect
List of cities in Asia

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

values:
/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia
mw-redirect
List of islands of Asia

values: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

values: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

values: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: List of Asian and Pacific countries by GDP (PPP)

values: List of sovereign states in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index

values: Bond markets in East Asia and South East Asia

values: South East Asian and Hong Kong property markets

values:
/wiki/History_of_Eastern_art
mw-redirect
History of Eastern art

values: Maps of present-day countries and dependencies

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Index_of_Europe-related_articles
mw-redirect
Index of Europe-related articles

values: Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000

values: List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

values: Area and population of European countries

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe by population

values: Third-country economic relationships with the European Union

values: Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union

values: Future enlargement of the European Union

values:
/wiki/Visa_policy_in_the_European_Union
mw-redirect
Visa policy in the European Union

values: Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe

values:
/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe
mw-redirect
Telecommunications in Europe

values: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia

values: List of European countries by average wage

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by Corruption Perceptions Index

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index

values: List of European countries by number of Internet users

values: List of European countries by minimum wage

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index

values: List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate

values: European countries by health expense per person

values: European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure

values: European countries by percent of population aged 0-14

values: European countries by percentage of urban population

values: List of European countries by life expectancy

values: European countries by electricity consumption per person

values: History of European research universities

values:
/wiki/European_literature
mw-redirect
European literature

values: Category:Dissolution of the Soviet Union

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Post-Soviet_states
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: دول ما بعد الاتحاد السوفييتي – Arabic

values: সাবেক সোভিয়েত প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla

values: Постсавецкая прастора – Belarusian

values: Постсъветско пространство – Bulgarian

values: Cyn-weriniaethau'r Undeb Sofietaidd – Welsh

values: Nõukogude Liidu lagunemisel tekkinud ja taastatud riigid – Estonian

values: Πρώην Σοβιετικές Δημοκρατίες – Greek

values: کشورهای پساشوروی – Persian

values: Estados da antiga Unión Soviética – Galician

values: 구소련 국가 – Korean

values: Negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet – Indonesian

values: מדינות ברית המועצות לשעבר – Hebrew

values: პოსტსაბჭოთა სივრცე – Georgian

values: Посткеңестік кеңістік – Kazakh

values: Negara-negara bekas Kesatuan Soviet – Malay

values: Постсоветское пространство – Russian

values: Постсовјетске државе – Serbian

values: Пострадянські держави – Ukrainian

values: سوویت ریاستیں – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Post-Soviet_states rootpage-Post-Soviet_states skin-vector action-view