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I've Been Everywhere
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Megalong Valley
"I've Been Everywhere" is a song which was written by Australian country singer Geoff Mack in 1959, and made popular by Lucky Starr in 1962.
The song as originally written listed Australian towns. It was later adapted by Australian singer Rolf Harris with English and Scottish toponyms (1963),[1] and by John Hore (later known as John Grenell) with New Zealand toponyms (1966). In 1962, the song was a number-one US country hit for Hank Snow.[2] The song was also recorded by Lynn Anderson (US 1970), Asleep at the Wheel (US 1973), Johnny Cash (US 1996), Ted Egan, the "Farrelly Brothers" from the television series The Aunty Jack Show (Australia 1974, a parody version, on the album Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong),[3] John Grenell (NZ 1966), Mike Ford (Canada, 2005), The Sunny Cowgirls and the Statler Brothers. Harvey Reid also included the song in his Dreamer or Believer album. Also recorded by Kacey Musgraves on her album Movin' On(2003).
Original singer Lucky Starr released an EP called "Lucky's Been Everywhere", which contained four different versions: United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, and Australia.
Contents
1 Australian version
2 North American version
3 New Zealand version
4 Great Britain and Ireland version
5 Other notable versions
6 Other uses
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Australian version[edit]
Some of the locations in the Australian version
The Australian version starts: "Well, I was humpin' my bluey[nb 1] on the dusty Oodnadatta road, When along came a semi with a high and canvas-covered load, 'If you're goin' to Oodnadatta, mate, um, with me you can ride,' so I climbed in the cabin, and I settled down inside, He asked me if i'd seen a road with so much dust and sand, I said listen mate, I've travelled every road in this here land. 'Cause..."
The toponyms listed are:
Verse 1
Tullamore, Seymour, Lismore, Mooloolaba, Nambour, Maroochydore, Kilmore, Murwillumbah, Birdsville, Emmaville, Wallaville, Cunnamulla, Condamine, Strathpine, Proserpine, Ulladulla, Darwin, Gin Gin, Deniliquin, Muckadilla, Wallumbilla, Boggabilla, Kumbarilla.
Verse 2
Moree, Taree, Jerilderie, Bambaroo, Toowoomba, Gunnedah, Caringbah, Woolloomooloo, Dalveen, Tamborine, Engadine, Jindabyne, Lithgow, Casino, Brigalow, Narromine, Megalong, Wyong, Tuggerawong, Wanganella, Morella, Augathella, Brindabella
Verse 3
Wollongong, Geelong, Kurrajong, Mullumbimby, Mittagong, Cooranbong, Grong Grong, Goondiwindi, Yarra Yarra,[4] Bouindarra, Wallangarra, Turramurra, Boggabri, Gundagai, Narrabri, Tibooburra, Gulgong, Adelong, Billabong, Cabramatta, Parramatta, Wangaratta, Coolangatta
Verse 4
Ettalong, Dandenong, Woodenbong, Ballarat, Canberra, Milperra, Unanderra, Captains Flat, Cloncurry, River Murray, Kurri Kurri, Girraween, Terrigal, Fingal, Stockinbingal, Collaroy, Narrabeen, Bendigo, Dorrigo, Bangalow, Indooroopilly, Kirribilli, Yeerongpilly, Wollondilly
For some of the above, more than one place in Australia has the same name (e.g. Coolangatta, Gin Gin, and Fingal). The links given above are the most famous locations with those names.
North American version[edit]
"I've Been Everywhere"
Single by Hank Snow
from the album I've Been Everywhere
B-side
"Ancient History"
Released
September 1962
Format
7"
Recorded
27 June 1962
Genre
Country
Length
2:45
Label
RCA Victor 47-8072
Songwriter(s)
Geoff Mack
Producer(s)
Chet Atkins
Hank Snow singles chronology
"You Take The Future (And I'll Take The Past)"
(1962) "I've Been Everywhere"
(1962) "The Man Who Robbed The Bank Of Santa Fe"
(1963)
"You Take The Future (And I'll Take The Past)"
(1962) "I've Been Everywhere"
(1962) "The Man Who Robbed The Bank Of Santa Fe "
(1963)
Geoff Mack's music publisher offered the song to Canadian-born country musician Hank Snow in 1962. Snow thought the song had potential for the Canadian and American markets, but only if the toponyms were adapted to North America. At his publisher's urging, Geoff Mack consequently rewrote the song using a North American atlas supplied to him by the publisher. The North American version starts: "I was totin' my pack along the dusty Winnemucca road". Below are the places mentioned in this version of the song, most of which are in the continent of North America, but four are in Central and South America (Costa Rica, Barranquilla, Tocopilla, and Argentina):
First verse
Reno, Chicago, Fargo, Minnesota, Buffalo, Toronto, Winslow, Sarasota, Wichita, Tulsa, Ottawa, Oklahoma, Tampa, Panama, Mattawa, La Paloma, Bangor, Baltimore, Salvador, Amarillo, Tocopilla, Barranquilla and Padilla.
Second verse
Boston, Charleston, Dayton, Louisiana, Washington, Houston, Kingston, Texarkana, Monterey, Ferriday, Santa Fe, Tallapoosa, Glen Rock, Black Rock, Little Rock, Oskaloosa, Tennessee, Hennessey, Chicopee, Spirit Lake, Grand Lake, Devils Lake and Crater Lake.
Third verse
Louisville, Nashville, Knoxville, Ombabika, Schefferville, Jacksonville, Waterville, Costa Rica, Pittsfield, Springfield, Bakersfield, Shreveport, Hackensack, Cadillac, Fond du Lac, Davenport, Idaho, Jellico, Argentina, Diamantina, Pasadena and Catalina.
Fourth verse
Pittsburgh, Parkersburg, Gravelbourg, Colorado, Ellensburg, Rexburg, Vicksburg, Eldorado, Larimore, Atmore, Haverstraw, Chatanika, Chaska, Nebraska, Alaska, Opelika, Baraboo, Waterloo, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Sioux City, Cedar City and Dodge City.
New Zealand version[edit]
The New Zealand version starts: Well I was hitching a ride on a winding Hokitika road, when along came a lorry....
First verse
Kaparoa, Whangaroa, Akaroa, Motueka, Taramoa, Benmore, Pongaroa, Horoeka, Riwaka, Rimutaka, Te Karaka, Whangarei, Nuhaka, Waimahaka, Motuhora, Waikaka, Motunui, Hokonui, Papanui, Wainui, Matawai, Rongotai, Pikowai
Second verse
Woodville, Dargaville, Lumsden, Katikati, Naseby, Cambridge, Porirua, Mangaroa, Hastings, Tikitiki, Tauranga, Auckland, Naenae, Waitaha, Hamilton, Poroporo, Taupo, Timaru, Oamaru, Tihoi, Awanui, Wanganui, Pauanui
Third verse
Featherston, Palmerston, Woolston, Te Awamutu, Riverton, Queenstown, Picton, Ohinemutu, Morere, Korere, Rotorua, Kaikoura, Matamata, Ruakura, Ikamatua, Papakura, Waitaki, Pukaki, Taranaki, Te Kauwhata, Ropata, Ikowai, Waitemata
Fourth verse
Ruatoki, Mataura, Taupiri, Maketu, Kyeburn, Sowburn, Wedderburn, Mossburn, Washdyke, Arawhata, Paparoa, Kaponga, Te Aroha, Thames, Kerikeri, Kokoma, Tapanui, Porinui, Tawanui, Otahuhu, Ruatapu, Mosgiel, Whareroa
Fifth verse
Kapiti, Ngawaka, Onepu, Reporoa, Tongariro, Tomoana, Renwick, Papamoa, Karitane, Oxford, Parihaka, Karetu, Coalgate, Whitecliffs, Urenui, Mamaku, Waimea, Waharoa, Dannevirke, Ngahere, Gordonton, Kingston, Oban
Great Britain and Ireland version[edit]
Lucky Starr's Great Britain and Ireland version starts: "I was peddlin’ me bike on a narrow road near Brightlingsea, When along came a lorry and pulled up alongside o’ me, ‘Ere chuck your bike up on the back cop and with me you can ride, So I climbed up in the cabin and I settled down inside, He told me of the towns he’d seen and bashed me ear for several miles, I said ‘ere, mug it cop, I’ve been to every town in these ‘ere isles."
First verse
Bradford, Guildford, Oxford, Littlehampton, Bedford, Chingford, Hereford, Wolverhampton, Shrewsbury, Canterbury, Aylesbury, Liverpool, Scunthorpe, Sandthorpe, Mablethorpe, Hartlepool, Whitehall, Blackpool, Mildenhall, Davenport, Newport, Southport, Stockport
Second verse
Farnborough, Edinburgh, Peterborough, Felixstowe, Middlesbrough, Loughborough, Scarborough, Walthamstow, Blackburn, Lisburn, Bannockburn, Derry, Wicklow, Glasgow, Hounslow, Tipperary, Hempstead, Wanstead, Banstead, Woodstock, Bass Rock, Bell Rock, Tilbury Dock
Third verse
Weymouth, Yarmouth, Bournemouth, Huddersfield, Lewisham, Faversham, Petersham, Chesterfield, Southend, Mile End, Land's End, Birkenhead, Birmingham, Nottingham, Gillingham, Holyhead, Cambridge, Tonbridge, Knightsbridge, Broadstairs, Edgware, Ross Wear, Carstairs
Fourth verse
Westminster, Southminster, Kidderminster, Accrington, Eastbourne, Southbourne, Sittingbourne, Paddington, Bolton, Paignton, Stockton, Inverness, Renwick, Brunswick, Chiswick, Dungeness, Mansfield, Sheffield, Enfield, King's Cross, New Cross, Charing Cross, Banbury Cross
Covers of this version were also recorded by the British group The Mudlarks and by Australian singer Rolf Harris, who added a few tongue-twisting Welsh placenames but (humorously) referred to them as Scottish, found them so hard to pronounce he said, "Better get back to the English version," and concluded with the final verse above.[1]
Other notable versions[edit]
Aunty Jack
"I've been to Wollongong (x 14), Dapto, Wollongong." (Dapto is a suburb of Wollongong.)
Canada
Stompin' Tom Connors adds an extra spoken segment of locations in Ontario and a verse for locations in the Maritimes. He also substitutes Canadian cities, including Halifax and Montreal, at various points in the other verses. Mike Ford, formerly a member of Moxy Früvous, did an all-Canadian version for his album, Canada Needs You, in 2005. Ford's version includes the fictional town of Melonville, home of SCTV. Canadian comedian Rick Moranis has a version called "I Ain't Goin' Nowhere" where he sings about why he will not leave his easy chair. Canadian comedy duo MacLean & MacLean wrote a parody entitled "I've Seen Pubic Hair." It first appeared on their 1976 album Bitter Reality as part of the live piece "Bland Ole Opry (Slim Chance, Stretch Marks)", and then a studio version with an added verse was featured on their 1980 album Suck Their Way to the Top/Take the "O" Out of Country. The song lists various types of pubic hairs that the singer has seen, including "...great ones, straight ones, on my dinner plate ones, long ones, strong ones, little curly blonde ones, red ones, dead ones, layin' on the head ones". George Fox released his version in 1988.
Czechoslovakia (adapted by Ladislav Vodička)
"Já tu zemi znám"[5]
Eugene Chadbourne
The US entertainer recorded a version on his 1988 album, also entitled I've Been Everywhere. He starts with Hank Snow's opening verse and then rattles off city names from all over the world (including Bogota, Khartoum, and Nairobi), throws in a gentle poke at Neil Young and Farm Aid, and ends with Eugene declaring only one place he has not been to - Alcatraz.[citation needed]
Finland (adapted by Turo's Hevi Gee)
"Oon käyny kaikkialla". The singer chats with a train conductor, and gives a list of Finnish places.[citation needed]
Germany (adapted by Jackie Leven)
"I was walking down the Ku'damm in the City of Berlin." Complete with an entire verse of Baden-Baden. Published on the 2007 album Oh What A Blow That Phantom Dealt Me![citation needed]
Louisiana (adapted by Choupique)
The Cajun band Choupique recorded and performed a version of the song that listed places and communities in Louisiana.
Springfield's state (adapted by Tim Long)
The Simpsons episode "Mobile Homer" includes a version of the song listing the following various fictional towns in the series: Springfield, Shelbyville, Ogdenville, Cap City, Ogdenburg, Shelbytown, Spring City, Cap Field, West Springfield, Paris, Rome, and Shelbyville Adjacent.[citation needed]
Texas (adapted By Brian Burns)
"I was totin’ my pack along the dusty Amarillo road".[citation needed]
Houston (adapted By Hayes Carll)
"I been to Houston, Houston, Houston, Houston...".[citation needed]
New York City (adapted by Cody Marshall)
Award-winning parodist and comedian Cody Marshall recorded and performed a version of the song that listed places and communities in New York.
World (adapted By Medeski Martin and Wood)
"This jazz group made a children-oriented version titled 'Let's Go Everywhere', using city names from all over the world."[citation needed]
Other uses[edit]
Kris Kristofferson also did an abbreviated version in the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid during his escape scene.
In October 2003, the publisher Rightsong Music BMI granted permission to Frank Loconto to write new lyrics and title for the 2004 presidential campaign of Bob Graham. Title: "I've Done Every Job, Man" commemorating the more than 300 'workdays' performed by Graham during his 30 plus years of public service to the people of Florida. The song recorded by Frank Loconto FXL Records was included in a promotional CD Bob Graham Charisma Album 2004.
Australian Peter Harris visited all the locations in the Australian version of "I've Been Everywhere" between December 2009 and July 2011. A record of his trip is located here.[6]
In 2010, the Swedish band Movits! used the track for one of the episodes of their US tour movie, First We Take Manhattan.[7]
Bruce Springsteen used the song as a snippet for "Light of Day" during his 1999-2000 Reunion tour.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 'humpin' my bluey' here means carrying my sleeping bag
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rolf Harris ::: Ive Been Everywhere (with Rolf's lyrics). 16 April 2009 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 324.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Song takes man nearly everywhere - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
Jump up ^ "ladislav vodicka - ja tu zemi znam". YouTube. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
Jump up ^ "I've been everywhere, man! | Visiting all 94 places in Australia, one town at a time". Ivebeeneverywhere.com.au. 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Om resor, turism, flyg, charter och hotell - First we take Manhattan". Firstwetakemanhattan.se. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Brawl Stars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Brawl Stars
Developer(s)
Supercell
Publisher(s)
Supercell
Platform(s)
iOS
Genre(s)
Strategy
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real-time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell.[1] On June 14, 2017, Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube. It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day, June 15, 2017. It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Supers
1.2 Currency
1.3 Game modes
1.3.1 Bounty
1.3.2 Smash and Grab
1.3.3 Heist
1.3.4 Brawl Ball
1.3.5 Showdown
2 Characters
3 References
4 External links
Gameplay
Gameplay of Smash and Grab mode in Brawl Stars. The three brawlers in this screenshot are Nita (bottom), El Primo (top left), and Poco (top right).
In Brawl Stars, players are ranked by their level and total trophies. Players collect brawlers and select one to use each game. Brawlers, unlike like Clash Royale cards, come in six rarity types: Common, Rare, Super Rare, Epic, Mythic and Legendary. There are currently nineteen brawlers in the game, and only two of which are legendaries. Players get brawlers from Brawl Boxes which can be aquired for 100 coins. You can also buy special boxes for gems. Players can join bands to play alongside other players. Brawl Stars can be played in seven game modes: Bounty, Brawl Ball, Smash and Grab, Heist, Showdown, Robo Rumble and Boss Battle.[2]
Supers
In Brawl Stars, attacking a person on the opposing team will build up that person's super meter. The super meter can be distinguished as a blue button with a skull on it and a yellow ribbon that loops around it. The yellow ribbon grows larger the more you attack. Once the yellow ribbon is maxed out, the super meter and the skull will begin to glow, indicating that the player can use it. Note that attacking after having a complete super will no longer build the super up any farther. The super attack is, like the name suggests, an extra powerful attack that can be used to decimate the opposing team when used correctly. However, sometimes a super is not always about killing. There are supers, like with Poco and Pam, which heal other players. Supers are what distinguished each character correctly, and makes it worth it to diversify who you play with.
Currency
There are currently three currencies in Brawl Stars: Coins, Gems, and Upgrade Tokens. Coins are used to buy Brawl Boxes which contain brawlers, upgrades or upgrade tokens. Coins are received by entering new events, winning battles, leveling up brawlers and ranking up. Gems are used to buy Brawl Boxes, coin boosters, and skins for decorating brawlers and can only be obtained by purchasing them from the in-game shop with real money. Upgrade tokens are collected from Brawl Boxes and is used to upgrade brawlers. It takes 2780 elixir to max out a brawler, and 750-800 dollars real money (as of September 2017) to max out the game on the first day of playing.[3]
Game modes
Bounty
Bounty is a 3 vs 3 team deathmatch game mode where players try to kill players on the other team. The more kills a player has, the higher their bounty is, but if a player with a large bounty is killed, that player's bounty is given to the player that killed them. Each team of three players is either red or blue, and each team spawns on their own side of the map.
Smash and Grab
Smash and Grab is a 3 vs 3 game mode in which players try to collect crystals. The crystals spawn from a mine in the middle of the map once every 5-6 seconds. Each player's crystal count is displayed on top of their name. If a player with crystals is killed, they drop their crystals onto the ground, and the crystals can be collected by other players on either team. The objective is for a team to collect 10 crystals, and if a team does so, a 15-second timer is activated. If the team keeps their 10 crystals for 15 seconds, they win the game.
Heist
Heist is also played with two teams of three. One team has a safe containing crystals to defend, and one team has to break open said safe in 2 minutes and 30 seconds using various attacks and strategies.
Brawl Ball
Brawl Ball is a soccer-like game mode, where each team tries to score 2 goals. The first team to score 2 goals wins. If the score is tied after the first 2 minutes and 30 seconds of play, the walls break down and a one minute, sudden-death overtime period begins.
Showdown
Showdown is the only game mode not played 3 vs 3. It is a deathmatch played with 10 players. During the game, the map fills with poison gas, reducing the size of the battlefield. The last player standing wins the game.[4][5]
Characters
Brawl Stars, like many Supercell games, has a diverse cast of characters. One notable feature is that they all have some sort of Western United States spin to them. Characters include:
Shelly is the poster character for Brawl Stars and is provided during the tutorial. She has a medium to low range weapon, though it has significant spread, meaning that players without good aim can still use her; which is why she is likely a tutorial character. Her Super is the same as her regular attack, except it deals significantly more damage, is orange in color instead of blue, and has knockback. It can also break blocks, making it good for opening up areas.
Jessie is a cowgirl character in Brawl Stars and it one of the early characters a player will get from a loot box. She is long range character, though she has little to no spread in her attack. She only fires one bullet, though if it hits a player, it will angle itself to hit another player, so she is good when the opposing team is grouped close together. Her super is quite unique in that it is a turret with its own separate health, similar to Torbjorn in Overwatch. The turret acts like a normal turret and will keep on firing at a player so long as they are in range and are not in grass. The turret will not stop firing until its health is reduced to 0.
Colt is a fragile common character in Brawl Stars, who has the attack power of Shelly but the range of Jessie. He is extremely weak, having only 600 health (with no upgrades) but makes up for it in his 6 bullet rapid fire succession. He is one of the better starting characters, although later in the game there are better heroes. His super is a buffed version of his regular attack, which is larger and can destroy blocks such as rocks and walls.
Nita is another common character who looks like small innocent child, but is deceptively the opposite. She may be small but she packs quite a punch. According to her character description, she is the youngest of her Native American tribal shamans. Her attack is a shockwave tremor, which is short range but deals a lot of damage. She is most notable for her Super, summoning a massive familiar bear, which has a lot of health and will endlessly pursue the other team. When the bear attacks, it builds her super.
El Primo is a Mexican fighter based off the lucha libre fighting in Mexico. He was struck by a meteor in his early days, giving him superhuman strength and power. El Primo is an extremely short range character, as he uses his fists as a primary form of attack. El Primo is a tank, meaning that he can take a lot of hits, and this is likely due to the fact that he has a very slow movement speed and next to no range, so he has to take a lot of hits before he is within attacking range of another person. His super is a giant dropkick where he jumps high into the air and crashes into his foes, which can deal a lot of damage to fragile characters. Although the super was intended for clearing up clusters of players, players have found ulterior uses for it. For example, a popular use for this attack is to quickly maneuver away from opponents, as since El Primo's walking speed is so slow, it's quite hard to get away if one overextends. El Primo is immune to all attacks when the air, although in the brief period where he is stunned from landing, he is quite susceptible to a lot of attacks. It can also be used to destroy obstructing blocks.
Poco is a super-rare character in Brawl Stars. His main attack is a strum from his guitar that deals a shock wave of music that spreads out, making him a great AOE attacker. The shock wave does not pass through walls. His health is above average. Perhaps the most notable feature of Poco is his super, which releases a large shock wave of music, healing Poco and his teammates that pass through the wave. The super does not deal any damage and cannot heal enemy players.
Piper is an epic character in Brawl Stars. Her main attack is a white bullet which travels fast and deal very heavy damage. To account for this, though, it takes a lot of time for her to reload. Her health is not too much more than that of Colt. Her super launches her into the air, dropping bombs at her feet that deal significant damage. Her time in the air is lengthened, like Crow, making her an easy target if not positioned well after she lands.
References
Jump up ^ Thier, Dave (14 June 2017). "'Clash Royale' Developer's Next Game Is Called 'Brawl Stars'". Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Torres, Ida (17 June 2017). "Brawl Stars is an upcoming game from the makers of Clash Royale". androidcommunity.com. Android Community. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "WHY HASN'T BRAWL STARS GONE GLOBAL? The TRUTH... 7:28". YouTube.com.
Jump up ^ Ferrera, Jessica (22 June 2017). "'Brawl Stars' Release Date: Supercell Announces 'Epic Multiplayer' Game on iOS, Android". christianpost.com. The Christian Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Game Modes". supercell.helpshift.com. Supercell. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
External links
Supercell website
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New Deal coalition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The New Deal coalition was the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs in the United States that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s. It made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period, losing only to Dwight D. Eisenhower, a pro-New Deal Republican, in 1952 and 1956. Franklin D. Roosevelt forged a coalition that included the Democratic state party organizations, city machines, labor unions, blue collar workers, minorities (racial, ethnic, and religious), farmers, white Southerners, people on relief, and intellectuals.[1] The coalition began to fall apart with the bitter factionalism during the 1968 election, but it remains the model that party activists seek to replicate.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation
1.2 Administrations
1.3 Decline and fall
2 Legacy
3 Voting percentage: 1948–1964
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Formation[edit]
The 1932 presidential election and the 1934 Senate and House of Representatives elections brought about long-term shifts in voting behavior, and became an enduring realignment. Roosevelt set up his New Deal in 1933 and forged a coalition of labor unions, liberals, religious, ethnic and racial minorities (Catholics, Jews and Blacks), Southern whites, poor people and those on relief. The organizational heft was provided by big-city machines, which gained access to millions of relief jobs and billions of dollars in spending projects. These voting blocs together formed a majority of voters and handed the Democratic Party seven victories out of nine presidential elections (1932–1948, 1960, 1964), as well as control of both houses of Congress during all but four years between the years 1932–1980 (Republicans won small majorities in 1946 and 1952). Starting in the 1930s, the term "liberal" was used in US politics to indicate supporters of the coalition, "conservative" its opponents. The coalition was never formally organized, and the constituent members often disagreed. The coalition usually was often divided on foreign policy and racial issues but was more united to support liberal proposals in other domestic policy.
Political scientists have called the resulting new coalition the "Fifth Party System" in contrast to the Fourth Party System of the 1896–1932 era that it replaced.[3] Journalist Sidney Lubell found in his survey of voters after the 1948 presidential election that Democrat Harry Truman, not Republican Thomas E. Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new middle class" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity" and quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered "I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?"[4]
Administrations[edit]
Roosevelt had a magnetic appeal to city dwellers, especially the poorer minorities, unions, and relief jobs. Taxpayers, small business and the middle class voted for Roosevelt in 1936, but turned sharply against him after the recession of 1937-38 seemed to belie his promises of recovery.[5]
Roosevelt discovered an entirely new use for city machines in his reelection campaigns. Traditionally, local bosses minimized turnout so as to guarantee reliable control of their wards and legislative districts. To carry the electoral college, however, Roosevelt needed massive majorities in the largest cities to overcome the hostility of suburbs and towns. With Postmaster General James A. Farley and WPA administrator Harry Hopkins cutting deals with state and local Democratic officials, Roosevelt used federal discretionary spending, especially the Works Progress Administration (1935–1942) as a national political machine. Men on relief could get WPA jobs regardless of their politics, but hundreds of thousands of supervisory jobs were given to local Democratic machines. The 3.5 million voters on relief payrolls during the 1936 election cast 82% percent of their ballots for Roosevelt. The vibrant labor unions, heavily based in the cities, likewise did their utmost for their benefactor, voting 80% for him, as did Irish, Italian and Jewish voters. In all, the nation's 106 cities over 100,000 population voted 70% for FDR in 1936, compared to 59% elsewhere. Roosevelt won reelection in 1940 thanks to the cities. In the North, the cities over 100,000 gave Roosevelt 60% of their votes, while the rest of the North favored Wendell Willkie by 52%. It was just enough to provide the critical electoral college margin.[5]
With the start of full-scale war mobilization in the summer of 1940, the cities revived. The war economy pumped massive investments into new factories and funded round-the-clock munitions production, guaranteeing a job to anyone who showed up at the factory gate.
Decline and fall[edit]
The coalition fell apart in many ways. The first cause was lack of a leader of the stature of Roosevelt. The closest was perhaps Lyndon Johnson, who deliberately tried to reinvigorate the old coalition but in fact drove its constituents apart. During the 1960s, new issues such as civil rights, the Vietnam War, affirmative action, and large-scale urban riots tended to split the coalition and drive many members away. Meanwhile, Republicans made major gains by promising lower taxes and control of crime.
Unfortunately for the Democrats, the twin forces of the Civil Rights Movement and the counterculture caused a fracture in the party in the northern States. Many blue collar voters, who were socially and culturally conservative, disliked the aims of both the youth counterculture and Civil Rights Movements. The Republicans, first under Richard Nixon, then later under Reagan, were able to corral these voters with promises to be tough on law and order. The votes of blue-collar workers contributed heavily to the Republican landslides of 1972 and 1984, and to a lesser extent 1980 and 1988.[6]
In many ways, it was the civil rights movement that ultimately heralded the demise of the coalition. Once the main civil rights laws were passed by Congress in 1964 and 1965, the old argument that Democrats were needed to block civil rights laws collapsed. That opened the way for the same social forces operating elsewhere to reshape voter loyalties. Democrats had traditionally solid support in Southern states (which led the region to be dubbed the Solid South), but this electoral dominance began eroding in 1964, when Barry Goldwater achieved unprecedented GOP support in the Deep South; all of the states he won bar his homestate Arizona which had voted for Democrat John F. Kennedy in 1960. In the 1968 election, the South once again abandoned its traditional support for the Democrats by supporting Republican Richard Nixon and third-party candidate George C. Wallace, the Democratic governor of Alabama at the time. The only Southern state to give its 1968 electoral votes to Democrat Hubert Humphrey was Texas (and even then only narrowly), where Humphrey benefited from Texas being the home state of President Lyndon Johnson.
With the collapse of the New Deal coalition in the South, in the 1960s, the region has generally voted for Republicans in presidential elections. Exceptions came in the elections of 1976, when every former Confederate state except Virginia voted for Georgia native Jimmy Carter, and 1992 and 1996, when the Democratic ticket of southerners Bill Clinton (Arkansas) and Al Gore (Tennessee) achieved a split of the region’s electoral votes.[7] Barack Obama in 2008 also did relatively well, carrying Virginia, North Carolina and Florida. However, Democrats continued to dominate state politics in Southern states until the 1990s and 2000s.
Legacy[edit]
The big-city machines faded away in the 1940s with a few exceptions, especially Albany and Chicago. Local Democrats in most cities were heavily dependent on the WPA for patronage; when it ended in 1943, there was full employment and no replacement job source was created. Furthermore, World War II brought such a surge of prosperity that the relief mechanism of the WPA, CCC, etc. was no longer needed.[8]
Labor unions crested in size and power in the 1950s but then went into steady decline. They continue to be major backers of the Democrats, but with so few members, they have lost much of their influence.[9]
Intellectuals gave increasing support to Democrats since 1932. The Vietnam War, however, caused a serious split, with the New Left reluctant to support most of the Democratic presidential candidates.[10]
White Southerners abandoned cotton and tobacco farming, and moved to the cities where the New Deal programs had much less impact. Beginning in the 1960s, the southern cities and suburbs started voting Republican. The white Southerners believed the support that northern Democrats gave to the Civil Rights Movement to be a direct political assault on their interests, which opened the way to protest votes for Barry Goldwater, who, in 1964, was the first Republican to carry the Deep South. Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton lured many of the Southern whites back at the level of presidential voting, but by 2000, white males in the South were 2–1 Republican and, indeed, formed a major part of the new Republican coalition.[11]
The European ethnic groups came of age after the 1960s. Ronald Reagan pulled many of the working class social conservatives into the Republican party as Reagan Democrats. Many middle class ethnics saw the Democratic party as a working class party and preferred the GOP as the upper-middle class party. However, the Jewish community still voted en masse for the Democratic party, and in the 2004 presidential election 74% voted for Democratic candidate John Kerry, in the 2008 election 78% voted for President Barack Obama, and in the 2012 election 69% voted for President Obama.[12]
African Americans grew stronger in their Democratic loyalties and in their numbers. By the 1960s, they were a much more important part of the coalition than in the 1930s. Their Democratic loyalties cut across all income and geographic lines to form the single most unified bloc of voters in the country.[13]
Voting percentage: 1948–1964[edit]
Percentage of Democratic vote in major groups, presidency 1948–1964
1948 1952 1956 1960 1964
all voters 50 45 42 50 61
White 50 43 41 49 59
Black 50 79 61 68 94
College educated 22 34 31 39 52
High School educated 51 45 42 52 62
Grade School educated 64 52 50 55 66
Professional & Business 19 36 32 42 54
White Collar 47 40 37 48 57
Manual worker 66 55 50 60 71
Farmer 60 33 46 48 53
Union member 76 51 62 77
Not union 42 35 44 56
Protestant 43 37 37 38 55
Catholic 62 56 51 78 76
Republican 8 4 5 20
Independent 35 30 43 56
Democrat 77 85 84 87
East 48 45 40 53 68
Midwest 50 42 41 48 61
West 49 42 43 49 60
South 53 51 49 51 52
Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)
See also[edit]
Fifth Party System
Conservative coalition
History of the United States Democratic Party
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Ciment, Encyclopedia of the Great Depression and the New Deal (2001) Vol. 1 p. 6
Jump up ^ See for example, Larry M. Bartels, “What’s Wrong with Short-Term Thinking?” Boston Review 29#3 online
Jump up ^ Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.
Jump up ^ Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63.
^ Jump up to: a b Jensen 1981
Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of Republicans (2003)
Jump up ^ Thomas F. Schaller, Whistling Past Dixie: How Democrats Can Win Without the South (2006)
Jump up ^ Steven P. Erie, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985 (1988).
Jump up ^ Stanley Aronowitz, From the Ashes of the Old: American Labor and America's Future (1998) ch 7
Jump up ^ Tevi Troy, Intellectuals and the American Presidency: Philosophers, Jesters, or Technicians? (2003)
Jump up ^ Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South, 1987.
Jump up ^ by William B. Prendergast, The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith, (1999).
Jump up ^ Hanes Walton, African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable (1997)
Further reading[edit]
Allswang, John M. New Deal and American Politics (1978)
Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936 (1979)
Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from US, UK, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. at Questia; also online
Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp. 153-66, New Deal as issue in 1940 election.
Gallup, George. The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935-1971 (3 vol 1972)
Gosnell, Harold. Machine politics: Chicago model (1937) online
James, Scott C. Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884-1936 (2000)
Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932-1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed. Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1981)
Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s 2nd ed. (1978).
Leuchtenburg, William E. In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush (2001)
Leuchtenburg, William E. The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon Johnson (2005)
Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks; Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions, (1999)
Meriam; Lewis. Relief and Social Security (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 912 pages online
Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (2002)
Milkis, Sidney M. The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal (1993)
Patterson, James. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-39 (1967)
Robinson, Edgar Eugene. They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932-1944 (1947) tables of votes by county
Rubin, Richard L. Party Dynamics, the Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change (1976)
Schickler, Eric, and Devin Caughey, “Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936–1945,” Studies in American Political Development, 25 (Oct. 2011), 162–89.
Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983) online
Zeitz, Joshua M. White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics (2007).
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