text:
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This body of this article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman
DVD cover
Written by
Emily Kapnek
Directed by
Greg Sullivan
Starring
Grey DeLisle
Jeannie Elias
Bill Fagerbakke
Evan Gore
David Jeremiah
Tom Kenny
Tress MacNeille
Kenn Michael
Larry Miller
Candi Milo
Kath Soucie
Tara Strong
Vernee Watson-Johnson
Narrated by
Burt Reynolds
Music by
Jared Faber
Country of origin
United States
Canada
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Evan Baily
Kathy Antonsen Rocchio
Running time
66 min.
Production company(s)
Studio B Productions
Classic Media
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Cartoon Network
Kids & Teens TV
Original release
October 18, 2005 (2005-10-18)
The Legend of Frosty the Snowman is a 2005 American/Canadian direct-to-video animated film produced by Classic Media and Studio B Productions. This movie has also been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin/Bass special and the CBS Entertainment Productions sequel. The special originally aired annually on Cartoon Network in the United States, and it now airs on Kids & Teens TV in the country since December 11, 2011, despite the acquisition of DreamWorks Animation, which acquired Classic Media and renamed it DreamWorks Classics in 2012, and currently distributed by Universal Television. Narrated and sung by Burt Reynolds, with veteran actor/voice artist Bill Fagerbakke in the role of Frosty, the film has very little continuity with the original, featuring a rebooted back-story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Crew
4 Continuity
5 External links
Plot[edit]
At the beginning of the story, we see Frosty’s hat escape from a locked chest in an attic, fly out a window, and descend on the picture perfect town of Evergreen. Frosty first reveals himself to Tommy Tinkerton (voiced by Kath Soucie), the son of the town’s impossibly upbeat but no-nonsense mayor, Mr. Tinkerton (voiced by Tom Kenny). Tommy dares not to accept Frosty’s invitation to play outside in the snow, because he’s afraid of disappointing his father. So Frosty instead befriends Tommy’s best friend, Walter Wader, who shocks everyone, especially his very strict mother, by breaking curfew and flying, sledding, and snowball-fighting with Frosty.
Walter’s rule-breaking gets all the kids of Evergreen talking, but it greatly upsets Principal Pankley (voiced by Larry Miller), who is even more adamantly opposed to magic than Mr. Tinkerton. Principal Pankley uses the arrival of Frosty to sow doubts among the townspeople about Mayor Tinkerton’s leadership, and little by little he begins to take over the town.
But once magic is stirred up, it isn’t easily contained. One by one, Frosty wins over the other kids of Evergreen, including Tommy's older brother, Charles, Tommy's love interest, Sara Simple (voiced by Tara Strong) (a sharp, independent girl who wants to be an urban planner instead of a "princess"); and the triplets, Sonny, Sully, and Simon Sklarew. Frosty befriends each of them through the simple means of believing in them, which inspires them to begin to believe in themselves.
Increasingly desperate to deny the existence of Frosty and keep Evergreen fun-free, Principal Pankley tricks Walter Wader into helping him lure Frosty for some ice-skating fun, then tricks Frosty into venturing onto thin ice. Before Walter can save his friend, Frosty falls through the ice and melts, and Principal Pankley captures Frosty’s hat, which is the key to his magic.
As all of this unfolds, Tommy Tinkerton, who was the first one to whom Frosty appeared, has been sitting on the sidelines, watching his best friend, his brother, and his love interest experiencing adventure and magic in which he could share. But he has held back, even though he yearns to meet Frosty, out of loyalty to his dad (because he knows his dad would disapprove of him acknowledging the existence of magic).
Everything changes, though, when Tommy finds a secret room beneath the library, in which he discovers a comic book filled with secrets about Frosty. At first, most of the comic book is blank. Each time Tommy checks it again, new panels appear. Over the course of several scenes, Tommy learns that Frosty’s magic is in his hat; that his dad (Mr. Tinkerton) met Frosty when he was a boy, and did believe in magic once upon a time; and that Principal Pankley, a childhood friend of his father’s, took Frosty’s hat and hid it away in an attic (the same attic from which the hat escaped at the beginning of the story), causing young Mr. Tinkerton to lose his faith in magic. The comic book also reveals to Tommy what Principal Pankley has just done (with Walter Wader’s unwitting help) to recapture Frosty.
All this time, Tommy has held back from befriending Frosty out of loyalty to his dad, who has always told Tommy not to believe in magic. But now Tommy sees that his dad once believed in magic, too, but was tricked into losing faith. And Tommy realizes that the most loyal thing he can do is not to hide from magic, but to help his dad rediscover that magic is indeed real.
Tommy explains what’s really going on to Charlie, Sara, Walter, and the Sklarew triplets, and leads a daring rescue of Frosty’s hat in which all the kids help out. A climactic series of scenes follows in which Principal Pankley tries and fails to recapture the hat, then tries to deter the townspeople (including Mr. Tinkerton) from going into the woods to see what all the ruckus and noise are about. But Mr. Tinkerton refuses to be deterred, and Tommy is able to reintroduce his dad to the old friend, who Mr. Tinkerton had long since stopped believing in.
Meanwhile, the other parents are confused and angry: why are their kids out at night? And can this magical snowman they’ve been hearing about be real after all? Principal Pankley tries to stir them up to regain control of the situation, but Walter Wader breaks the spell by throwing a snowball at Principal Pankley. And one by one, the other kids and parents join in, until the town of Evergreen, which had forgotten how to have fun, gives itself over joyously to a “snowball-fighting, horseplaying, lark of a good time.”
A brief epilogue shows us Evergreen transformed—with Mr. Tinkerton doing magic tricks, Charles playing football, Tommy skateboarding, and Sara reading a book about urban planning.
All along, the story has been narrated (à la “Our Town”) by a warm, wise, seemingly omniscient old man who appears periodically and comments on the events unfolding in Evergreen. In the final scene of the movie,it is revealed that the narrator is Tommy, all grown up and now married to Sara; and he has been telling us his own story.
Cast[edit]
Bill Fagerbakke as Frosty
Burt Reynolds as Narrator
Grey DeLisle as Miss Sharpey, Simon Sklarew, Sullivan Sklarew
Jeannie Elias as Charlie Tinkerton, Librarian
Evan Gore as Paperboy
David Jeremiah as Mr. Simple, Townsperson #1, Mr. Sklarew
Tom Kenny as Mr. Tinkerton
Tress MacNeille as Mrs. Simple, Girl #1
Kenn Michael as Walter Wader
Larry Miller as Principal Pankley
Candi Milo as Mrs. Tinkerton, Girl #2
Kath Soucie as Tommy Tinkerton, Old Sara Simple
Tara Strong as Sara Simple, Sonny Sklarew
Vernee Watson-Johnson as Mrs. Wader
Crew[edit]
Director: Greg Sullivan
Writer: Emily Kapnek
Story: Tony Benedict
Casting Director: Barbara Wright
Storyboard: Jan Green, Kirk Hanson, Scott Jeralds, David Thrasher
Design Clean-up: Patrick Dufresne
Graphic Design: Ric Gonzales, Martin Strudler
Sheet Timing: Chad Van De Keere, Dale Baer, John Wilson, Mike Stribling, Michael Longden
Animation: Norm McCabe, Tom Ray, Joe Roman, Allen Wilzbach, Malcolm Draper, Glen Kennedy, Brad Case, Art Leonardi, John Gibbs, Bob Kirk, Bill Hutten, Warren Batchelder, Bob Richardson, Michael Toth, Jon McClenahan, Steven Gordon, Leslie Gorin, Jesse Cosio, Charlie Downs
Layouts: George Goode, Mario Piluso, Dan Krall, Ed Ghertner
Backgrounds: Andrew Phillipson, Michael Humphries, Tim Maloney, Raymond Zibach
Digital Timing: Chad Van De Keere, Richard Corwin
Digital Supervisor: Mark Anthony Rocchio
Voice Director: Evan Gore, Chad Van De Keere
Sound Editors: Todd Araki, Jason Frederickson, Michael Bradley, Brian F. Mars
Sound Re-Recording Mixer: Marcel Duperreault
Film Editor: David H. DePatie Jr.
Camera: Ray Lee
Animation Production by: Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd.
Produced by: Evan Baily & Kathy Antonsen Rocchio
Continuity[edit]
Though technically a sequel to the classic 1969 Rankin/Bass Frosty the Snowman, The Legend of Frosty the Snowman holds only loose continuity with it. The characters in flashbacks resemble those of the original film but have different names and roles. The young Mayor Tinkerton strongly resembles one of the unnamed children from the first film, and his father also shares the design of Professor Hinkle. Hocus Pocus has a cameo during the bob-sled scene. On the cover of the comic used in the film are two other children that also resemble the original film's cast. Frosty's back story is strongly altered, but still features him coming to life due to the hat's magic. Furthermore, unlike the classic original, the film seemingly has nothing to do with Christmas whatsoever nor does it even mention the holiday or any nuances thereof.
External links[edit]
Legend of Frosty the Snowman on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Frosty_the_Snowman&oldid=826192445"
Categories:
2005 films
American animated films
American Christmas films
American children's animated fantasy films
Canadian animated fantasy films
Canadian Christmas films
Canadian fantasy films
Direct-to-video animated films
Frosty the Snowman television specials
DHX Media films
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014
All articles needing style editing
Articles lacking sources from May 2017
All articles lacking sources
Use mdy dates from May 2017
Pages using infobox television with alias parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 19:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

value: span

value: small

value: tbody

value: table

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: The Legend of Frosty the Snowman DVD.jpg

values:
/wiki/Kenn_Michael
mw-redirect
Kenn Michael

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Animated_film
mw-redirect
Animated film

values:
/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman_(TV_program)
mw-redirect
Frosty the Snowman (TV program)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0488147/
external text

values: Category:American children's animated fantasy films

values: Category:Canadian animated fantasy films

values: Category:Frosty the Snowman television specials

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Articles lacking sources from May 2017

values: Category:Pages using infobox television with alias parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Legend_of_Frosty_the_Snowman
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Legend_of_Frosty_the_Snowman rootpage-The_Legend_of_Frosty_the_Snowman skin-vector action-view


text:
Topic sentence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
“ By the grammar of a language is meant either the relations born by the words of a sentence and by sentences themselves one to another, or the systematized exposition of these. ”
— Topic sentence of the Grammar article, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 Edition
In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph.[1][2] It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph.
Also known as a focus sentence, it encapsulates or organizes an entire paragraph. Although topic sentences may appear anywhere in a paragraph, in academic essays they often appear at the beginning. The topic sentence acts as a kind of summary, and offers the reader an insightful view of the writer’s main ideas for the following paragraph.[3] More than just being a mere summary, however, a topic sentence often provides a claim or an insight directly or indirectly related to the thesis. It adds cohesion to a paper and helps organize ideas both within the paragraph and the whole body of work at large.[4][5][6] As the topic sentence encapsulates the idea of the paragraph, serving as a sub-thesis, it remains general enough to cover the support given in the body paragraph while being more direct than the thesis of the paper.[7]
Contents
1 Forms
1.1 Complex sentences
1.2 Questions
1.3 Bridge sentences
1.4 Pivots
2 See also
3 References
Forms[edit]
Complex sentences[edit]
By definition a complex sentence is one that has a main clause which could stand alone and a dependent clause which cannot by itself be a sentence. Using a complex sentence is a great way to refer to the content of the paragraph above (dependent clause) and then bring in the content of the new paragraph (the independent clause). Here is a typical example:
While the ant generally works for the benefit of the community, he also carries out duties for his own needs.
The beginning, dependent, clause probably refers to the content of a preceding paragraph that presented the ant as a community-focused worker. As suggested by the main clause, which is the second within the sentence, the new paragraph will address how the ant works to benefit himself as well.[8]
Questions[edit]
Questions at the beginning of new paragraphs can make topic sentences which both remind the reader of what was in the previous paragraph and signal the introduction of something new. Consider this example of a question for a topic sentence:
But will the current budget cuts be enough to balance the school district’s budget?
This question refers to the content of the previous paragraph, but it introduces the content for the new one – how the budget cuts may not in fact be enough to balance the budget.[9]
Bridge sentences[edit]
A "bridge sentence" reminds the reader of what went before and does not signal what is to come. It merely hints that something new is about to be introduced. Example:[10]
But there may be more to this issue than first thought.
Pivots[edit]
Pivot topic sentences will come somewhere in the middle of a paragraph, and usually announce that the content will be changing in a different direction. These are often used when there are two differing opinions about something or when two "experts" are being quoted or referred to that may have a different opinion or approach to something. A paragraph may begin something like this:
Kubler and Kessler have identified 5 stages of grief – denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. And they have provided a detailed explanation of the symptoms and behaviors of each of these stages, so that those experiencing grief may identify which stage they are in at any given time and develop strategies with the help of their therapists, to move through those stages more effectively. Since their original work, however, a number of other psychologists have developed different models of the grieving process that call into question some of Kubler and Kessler’s contentions….
The first part of this paragraph addresses Kubler and Kessler; the second part will obviously address another opinion. The topic sentence is underlined, to show the pivot point in the paragraph. Pivot topic sentences will always have some clue word, such as "yet," "sometimes," or "however."[11]
See also[edit]
Essay
Lead paragraph
Thesis statement
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "On Paragraphs", Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue University.
Jump up ^ "Writing Paragraphs", The Writing Centre, University of Ottawa.
Jump up ^ William Strunk, Jr, "Elementary principles of composition", The Elements of Style, 1918.
Jump up ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences", Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University.
Jump up ^ "Lesson Plan: Writing a Good Topic Sentence" ("written by: Trent Lorcher • edited by: SForsyth"), Bright Hub Education.
Jump up ^ "Techniques for writing topic sentences", Trust My Paper.
Jump up ^ "Paragraphs: Topic Sentences", Writing Center, Walden University.
Jump up ^ Maureen Auman, "The Heart of Your Paper: 11 Methods for Writing a Topic Sentence (or a Thesis Statement)", Step Up to Writing, Middle Link (Middle School Literacy Support), Anchorage School District. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ Marsha Ford, "Can Either the Topic Sentence or the Thesis Statement Be a Question?", The Pen and the Pad, Leaf Group Ltd.
Jump up ^ "Bridge Sentences", Exploring US History, the University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 2015-10-22
Jump up ^ Richard Feldstein, "Paragraph Exercise #4: Placement of the Topic Sentence" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Rhode Island College. Retrieved 2015-10-22
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topic_sentence&oldid=849023631"
Categories:
Syntactic entities
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Português
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 July 2018, at 23:49 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

values: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

values: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: cite

attrs: class colspan style

values: padding-top:10px; font-size:smaller; line-height:1em; text-align:right;

attrs: class role style

values: border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:right; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Expository_writing
mw-redirect
Expository writing

value: sup

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Topic_sentence
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Topic_sentence rootpage-Topic_sentence skin-vector action-view


text:
Paris Peace Accords
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1991 treaty, see 1991 Paris Peace Accords.
Paris Peace Accords
Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam
Signed
January 27, 1973 (1973-01-27)
Negotiators
Henry Kissinger
Lê Đức Thọ
Signatories
See below
Parties
North Vietnam
South Vietnam
United States
Provisional Revolutionary Government
Paris Peace Accords at Wikisource
The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. The treaty included the governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries. It ended direct U.S. military combat, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam. However, the agreement was not ratified by the United States Senate.[1][2]
The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the International Control Commission (ICC) was replaced by the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) to fulfill the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it.
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions of the accords
2 Paris peace negotiations
2.1 Early Deadlocks
2.2 Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign
2.3 Nixon government
2.4 Breakthrough and agreement
3 Aftermath
4 Signatories
5 Other key figures in the negotiations
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Provisions of the accords[edit]
The approximate areas of control at the time of the signing of the Accord. The South Vietnamese government controlled about 80 percent of the territory and 90 percent of the population, although many areas were contested.
The document began with the statement that "the United States and all other countries respect the independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of Vietnam as recognized by the 1954 Geneva Agreements on Vietnam". The inclusion of this provision was a victory for the communist side —Saigon and the Vietcong—towards a political settlement that would allow the South Vietnamese people to "decide themselves the political future of South Viet-Nam through genuinely free and democratic general elections under international supervision."
Reunification of Vietnam was to be "carried out step by step through peaceful means".
If South Vietnam required any military hardware to defend itself against any North Vietnam aggression, the United States agreed to provide replacement aid to the South Vietnam on a piece-by-piece, one-to-one replacement basis.[3]
Paris peace negotiations[edit]
Early Deadlocks[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Play media
1971 newsreel about the peace talks
Following the success of anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary, in March 1968 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson halted bombing operations over the northern portion of the North Vietnam (Operation Rolling Thunder), in order to encourage Hanoi (the perceived locus of the insurgency) to begin negotiations. Shortly thereafter, Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing, and a date was set for representatives of both parties to meet in Paris, France. The sides first met on May 10, with the delegations headed by Xuân Thuỷ, who would remain the official leader of the North Vietnamese delegation throughout the process, and U.S. ambassador-at-large W. Averell Harriman.
For five months, the negotiations stalled as North Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North Vietnam be stopped, while the U.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a reciprocal de-escalation in South Vietnam; it was not until October 31 that Johnson agreed to end the air strikes and serious negotiations could begin.
One of the largest hurdles to effective negotiation was the fact that North Vietnam and its ally in South Vietnam, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or Viet Cong), refused to recognize the government of South Vietnam; with equal persistence, the government in Saigon refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the NLF. Harriman resolved this dispute by developing a system by which North Vietnam and U.S. would be the named parties; NLF officials could join the North Vietnam team without being recognized by South Vietnam, while Saigon's representatives joined their U.S. allies.
A similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference. The North favored a circular table, in which all parties, including NLF representatives, would appear to be "equal"' in importance. The South Vietnamese argued that only a rectangular table was acceptable, for only a rectangle could show two distinct sides to the conflict. Eventually a compromise was reached, in which representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table, with members representing all other parties sitting at individual square tables around them.
Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign[edit]
Bryce Harlow, a former White House staff member in the Eisenhower administration, claimed to have "a double agent working in the White House....I kept Nixon informed." Harlow and Henry Kissinger (who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a Humphrey or Nixon administration in the upcoming election) separately predicted Johnson's "bombing halt". Democratic senator George Smathers informed President Johnson that "the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey. Nixon has been told of it".[4]
According to presidential historian Robert Dallek, Kissinger's advice "rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst's insight into what was happening." CIA intelligence analyst William Bundy stated that Kissinger obtained "no useful inside information" from his trip to Paris, and "almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion". While Kissinger may have "hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation," this sort of "self-promotion...is at worst a minor and not uncommon practice, quite different from getting and reporting real secrets."[4]
Nixon asked the prominent Asian-American politician Anna Chennault to be his "channel to Mr. Thieu"; Chennault agreed and periodically reported to John Mitchell that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference. On November 2, Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador: "I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss [Nixon] is going to win. And you tell your boss [Thieu] to hold on a while longer."[5] In response, President Johnson ordered the wire-tapping of members of the Nixon campaign.[6][7] Dallek wrote that Nixon's efforts "probably made no difference" because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election; however, his use of information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable, and vice president Hubert Humphrey's decision not to make Nixon's actions public was "an uncommon act of political decency."[8]
Nixon government[edit]
After winning the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969. He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who was later replaced by David Bruce. Also that year, the NLF set up a Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) to gain government status at the talks. However, the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all, but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ, which began on August 4, 1969.
North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded unless the United States agreed to remove South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu from power and replace him with someone more acceptable to Hanoi. Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms, though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested. Historian Marilyn B. Young, whose expertise is in American foreign relations, contends that the contents of Hanoi's proposal were systematically distorted from their original plea to permit Thiệu's replacement, to what Kissinger propagated as a demand for his overthrow.[9]
Breakthrough and agreement[edit]
On May 8, 1972, President Nixon made a major concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a cease-fire in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal. In other words, the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same. The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months.[10]
The final major breakthrough came on October 8, 1972. Prior to this, North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its Nguyen Hue Offensive (known in the West as the Easter Offensive), which had resulted in the United States countering with "Operation Linebacker," a significant air bombing campaign that blunted the North's drive in the South as well as inflicting damage in the North. Also, they feared increased isolation if Nixon's efforts at détente significantly improved U.S. relations with the chief communist powers, the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, who were backing the North Vietnamese military effort. In a meeting with Kissinger, Thọ significantly modified his bargaining line, allowing that the Saigon government could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement. Within 10 days the secret talks drew up a final draft. Kissinger held a press conference in Washington during which he announced that "peace is at hand."
Signing the peace accords
When Thiệu, who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations, was presented with the draft of the new agreement, he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon (who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam's negotiating position) and refused to accept it without significant changes. He then made several public radio addresses, claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was. Hanoi was flabbergasted, believing that it had been duped into a propaganda ploy by Kissinger. On October 26, Radio Hanoi broadcast key details of the draft agreement.
However, as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965, American domestic support for the war had deteriorated, and by the fall of 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war. Consequently, the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South Vietnamese ally to sign the peace treaty even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved. Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South Vietnam, and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election, it seemed possible that he would be able to follow through on that pledge. To demonstrate his seriousness to Thiệu, Nixon ordered the heavy Operation Linebacker II bombings of North Vietnam in December 1972. Nixon also attempted to bolster South Vietnam's military forces by ordering that large quantities of U.S. military material and equipment be given to South Vietnam from May to December 1972 under Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus.[11] These operations were also designed to keep North Vietnam at the negotiating table and to prevent them from abandoning negotiations and seeking total victory. When the North Vietnamese government agreed to resume "technical" discussions with the United States, Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree), Thiệu had little choice but to accede.
On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on January 27, 1973, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France.
Aftermath[edit]
Balance of Military Forces (January 1973)[12]
South Vietnamese armed forces
Ground combat regulars
210,000
Regional and Popular Force militias
510,000
Service troops
200,000
Total: South Vietnamese armed forces
920,000
Communist armed forces
North Vietnamese ground troops in South Vietnam
123,000
Viet Cong ground troops
25,000
Service troops
71,000
Total: Communist armed forces
219,000
The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam. However, the agreement's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the Saigon government, eliciting no response from the United States, and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973. North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam's status as an independent country.
Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use airpower to support the Saigon government should it be necessary. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973, Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam, but by August 15, 1973, 95% of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam (both North and South) as well as Cambodia and Laos under the Case-Church Amendment. The amendment, which was approved by the U.S. Congress in June 1973, prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance. However, during this time, Nixon was being driven from office due to the Watergate scandal, which led to his resignation in 1974. When the North Vietnamese began their final offensive early in 1975, U.S. Congress refused to appropriate additional military assistance for South Vietnam, citing strong opposition to the war by Americans and the loss of American equipment to the North by retreating Southern forces. Thiệu subsequently resigned, accusing the U.S. of betrayal in a TV and radio address:
At the time of the peace agreement the United States agreed to replace equipment on a one-by-one basis. But the United States did not keep its word. Is an American's word reliable these days? The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men.[13]
Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese army supported by Viet Cong units on April 30, 1975. Schlesinger had announced early in the morning of April 29 the beginning of Operation Frequent Wind, which entailed the evacuation of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel from Saigon via helicopter, which was completed in the early morning hours of April 30. Not only did North Vietnam conquer South Vietnam, but the communists were also victorious in Cambodia when the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh on April 17, as were the Pathet Lao in Laos successful in capturing Vientiane on December 2. Like Saigon, U.S. civilian and military personnel were evacuated from Phnom Penh, U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded, and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced.
Signatories[edit]
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., former United States Ambassador to South Vietnam, led the U.S. delegation
William P. Rogers, United States Secretary of State
Trần Văn Lắm, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Vietnam
Nguyễn Thị Bình, Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
Nguyen Duy Trinh, Minister for Foreign Affairs for The Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Other key figures in the negotiations[edit]
Henry Kissinger
Lê Đức Thọ
Thích Nhất Hạnh
See also[edit]
Vietnam portal
Peace treaty
Peace of Westphalia
International law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later Conference Transcript, The Nixon Center, Washington, DC, April 1998. Reproduced on mtholyoke.edu. Accessed 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ The Constitution - Executive agreements Accessed 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Truth about the Vietnam War". 23 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Dallek (2007), Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power, HarperCollins, pp. 73-74.
Jump up ^ Dallek, pp. 74-75. In 1997, Chennault admitted that "I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell."
Jump up ^ Dallek, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Taylor, David The Lyndon Johnson tapes: Richard Nixon's 'treason' BBC News Magazine 22 March 2013 Last retrieved 22 March 2013
Jump up ^ Dallek, pp. 77-78.
Jump up ^ Marilyn Young (1994) The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990, HarperPerennial, pp.263-264.
Jump up ^ "Memoirs v Tapes: President Nixon and the December Bombings"., accessed 23 Jun 2015
Jump up ^ Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983), Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 48-49, 511
Jump up ^ Le Gro, Col. William E. (1985), Vietnam from Cease-Fire to Capitulation, US Army Center of Military History, Department of the Army, p. 28
Jump up ^ "1975: Vietnam's President Thieu resigns". On this day. BBC News. April 21, 1975.
Further reading[edit]
Herrington, Stuart A. (1983). "Peace with Honor? An American Reports on Vietnam" Presidio Press. Part II, "Life Under The Paris Agreement" pp. 16–40.
Herschensohn, Bruce (2010). An American Amnesia: How the U.S. Congress Forced the Surrenders of South Vietnam and Cambodia. New York: Beaufort Books. ISBN 978-0-8253-0632-7.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Paris Peace Accords
Nixon and Vietnam Timeline
Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam
“LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason”. ABC News. December 5, 2008, (video).
“The Trials of Henry Kissinger” documentary by Eugene Jarecki (video, 1h19). Sequence on Nixon campaign sabotage of Paris Peace Accords: start 15min 20sec – end 20min 10sec.
The short film Vietnam War (1971) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
“Les Accords de Paris, quarante ans plus tard, un film de Rina Sherman” documentary by Rina Sherman (HD, 71 min).
[show]
v
t
e
Richard Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961)
U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953)
U.S. Representative for CA-12 (1947–1950)
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Nixon Doctrine
"Bring Us Together"
Economic policies
Nixon shock
Tar Baby Option
Environmental Protection Agency
creation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Space exploration
1971 National Cancer Act
Vietnam War
Cambodian bombing
Paris Peace Accords
"Peace with Honor"
Silent majority
Cold War period
Linkage policy
1972 Visit to China
Shanghai Communiqué
Détente
1972 Moscow Summit
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
SALT I Treaty
Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Endangered Species Act
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
War on Drugs
Drug Enforcement Administration
Enemies List
list of opponents
Operation CHAOS
Watergate
timeline
White House tapes
United States v. Nixon
Senate Watergate Committee
impeachment process
Resignation
speech
Pardon
State of the Union Address (1970
1973
1974)
Wilson desk
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
controversies
Life and
politics
Presidential Library and Museum
Richard Nixon Foundation
Birthplace and boyhood home
Checkers speech
Kitchen Debate
Operation 40
"Last press conference"
Florida White House
"La Casa Pacifica"
Nixon Center
Nixon v. General Services Administration
Death and state funeral
Books
Six Crises (1962)
Bibliography
Elections
United States House of Representatives elections, 1946
1948
U.S. Senate election, 1950
California gubernatorial election, 1962
Republican Party presidential primaries, 1960
1964
1968
1972
Republican National Conventions, 1952
1956
1960
1968
1972
Nixon Presidential campaign, 1968
United States presidential elections, 1952
1956
1960
debates
1968
1972
Popular
culture
Nixon goes to China (phrase)
Millhouse (1971 film)
Four More Years (1972 film)
All the President's Men (1976 film)
White House Madness (1975 film)
Nixon in China (1987 opera)
Nixon (1995 film)
Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film)
Dick (1999 film)
The Frost-Nixon Interviews (2006 play, 2008 film)
Our Nixon (2013 film)
U.S. Postage stamp
Related
Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act
Presidential Townhouse
Staff
Colonel Jack Brennan (aide de camp)
Manolo Sanchez (valet)
Rose Mary Woods (secretary)
Family
Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife)
Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter)
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter)
Frank Nixon (father)
Hannah Nixon (mother)
Donald Nixon (brother)
Edward Nixon (brother)
Donald A. Nixon (nephew)
Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson)
Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter)
← Lyndon B. Johnson
Gerald Ford →
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Peace_Accords&oldid=843195872"
Categories:
1973 in Vietnam
Cold War treaties
Vietnam War
Peace treaties of the United States
Peace treaties of Vietnam
Treaties concluded in 1973
Treaties of North Vietnam
Treaties of South Vietnam
1973 in international relations
1973 in Paris
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
Henry Kissinger
January 1973 events in Europe
1973 in military history
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from January 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Suomi
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
10 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 15:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: li

value: ul

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Democratic Republic of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Republic of Vietnam

values: Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Conference (1954)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv/400px--Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:400px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="639.60627293961" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 400 × 300 (586 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="586244" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="204512" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv/Paris_Peace_Talks.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="315248" data-framerate="29.97"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Xu%C3%A2n_Thu%E1%BB%B7
mw-redirect
Xuân Thuỷ

values: Edit section: Claimed sabotage of negotiations by Nixon campaign

values: United States presidential election, 1968

values: Edit section: Breakthrough and agreement

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Hotel_Majestic_(Paris)
mw-redirect
Hotel Majestic (Paris)

values:
/wiki/James_Schlesinger
mw-redirect
James Schlesinger

values:
/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

values: United States Ambassador to South Vietnam

values: Edit section: Other key figures in the negotiations

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rinasherman.com

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of United States Senators from California

values: California's 12th congressional district

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values:
/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%9379)
mw-redirect
Cold War (1962–79)

values:
/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
mw-redirect
1972 Nixon visit to China

values: Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War

values: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

values:
/wiki/War_on_Drugs
mw-redirect
War on Drugs

values: Master list of Nixon's political opponents

values: United States Senate Watergate Committee

values: Impeachment process against Richard Nixon

values: List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon

values: Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies

values: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

values: Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference

values:
/wiki/Florida_White_House
mw-redirect
Florida White House

values: Nixon v. General Services Administration

values: Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1948

values: United States Senate election in California, 1950

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1960

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1968

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1972

values: Richard Nixon presidential campaign, 1968

values: United States presidential election, 1952

values: United States presidential election, 1956

values: United States presidential election, 1960

values: United States presidential election, 1972

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Peace treaties of the United States

values: Category:1973 in international relations

values: Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: اتفاقية باريس للسلام (1973) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Փարիզի համաձայնագիր (1973) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Parijse vredesakkoorden van 1973 – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: パリ協定 (ベトナム和平) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Парижское мирное соглашение – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 巴黎和平協約 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Paris_Peace_Accords rootpage-Paris_Peace_Accords skin-vector action-view