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Gray's Anatomy
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This article is about the textbook. For the television series, see Grey's Anatomy. For other uses, see Gray's Anatomy (disambiguation).
Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body
Title page of American 20th edition (1918)
Author
Henry Gray
Original title
Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical
Illustrator
Henry Vandyke Carter
Country
England
Language
English
Subject
Human anatomy
Publication date
1858
An illustration from the American 1918 edition
Gray's Anatomy is an English-language textbook of human anatomy originally written by Henry Gray and illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter. Earlier editions were called Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical and Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied, but the book's name is commonly shortened to, and later editions are titled, Gray's Anatomy. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject, and has continued to be revised and republished from its initial publication in 1858 to the present day. The latest edition of the book, the 41st, was published in September 2015.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
1.1 Origins
1.2 American editions
1.3 Discrepancies in numbering of American and British editions
2 Currently available editions
3 Cultural influence
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Publication history[edit]
Henry Gray
Origins[edit]
The English anatomist Henry Gray was born in 1827. He studied the development of the endocrine glands and spleen and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at St George's Hospital Medical School in London. In 1855, he approached his colleague Henry Vandyke Carter with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospital mortuaries through the Anatomy Act of 1832, the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858 by John William Parker in London.[2] It was dedicated by Gray to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet. An imprint of this English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight alterations.[3][4] Gray prepared a second, revised edition, which was published in the United Kingdom in 1860, also by J.W. Parker.[5][6] However, Gray died the following year, at the age of 34, having contracted smallpox[5] while treating his nephew (who survived). His death had come just three years after the initial publication of his Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical. Even so, the work on his much-praised book was continued by others.[7] Longman's publication reportedly began in 1863, after their acquisition of the J.W. Parker publishing business.[8] This coincided with the publication date of the third British edition of Gray's Anatomy.[9] Successive British editions of Gray's Anatomy continued to be published under the Longman, and more recently Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier imprints, reflecting further changes in ownership of the publishing companies over the years.
American editions[edit]
The full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published the first of twenty-five[a] distinct American editions of Gray's Anatomy in 1862, and whose company became Lea & Febiger in 1908. Lea & Febiger continued publishing the American editions until the company was sold in 1990.[10]
The first American publication was edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father Robley Dunglison was physician to Thomas Jefferson.[11] Dunglison edited the next four editions. These were: the Second American Edition (February 1862); the New Third American from the Fifth English Edition (May 1870); the New American from the Eighth English Edition (July 1878); and the New American from the Tenth English Edition (August 1883). W. W. Keen edited the next two editions, namely: the New American from the Eleventh English Edition (September 1887); and the New American from the Thirteenth English Edition (September 1893).
In September 1896, reference to the English edition was dropped and it was published as the Fourteenth Edition, edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, F. J. Brockway, and J. P. McMurrich, who also edited the Fifteenth Edition (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which does still reference the English edition stating it is "A New Edition, Thoroughly Revised by American Authorities, from the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by T. Pickering Pick, F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and New York.[12]
The Sixteenth Edition (October 1905) was edited by J. C. DaCosta, and the Seventeenth (September 1908) by DaCosta and E. A. Spitzka. Spitzka edited the Eighteenth (Oct. 1910) and Nineteenth (July 1913) editions, and in October 1913, R. Howden edited the New American from the Eighteenth English Edition. The "American" editions then continued with consecutive numbering from the Twentieth onwards, with W. H. Lewis editing the 20th (September. 1918), 21st (August 1924), 22nd (August 1930), 23rd (July 1936), and 24th (May 1942). C. M. Gross edited the 25th (August 1948), 26th (July 1954), 27th (August 1959), 28th (August 1966), and 29th (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984).[13] With the sale of Lea & Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition was the last American Edition.
Discrepancies in numbering of American and British editions[edit]
Sometimes separate editing efforts with mismatches between British and American edition numbering led to the existence, for many years, of two main "flavours" or "branches" of Gray's Anatomy: the U.S. and the British one. This can easily cause misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting from or trying to purchase a certain edition. For example, a comparison of publishing histories shows that the American numbering kept roughly apace with the British up until the 16th editions in 1905, with the American editions either acknowledging the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in the 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then the American numbering crept ahead, with the 17th American edition published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the 1913 publication of the New American from the Eighteenth English, which brought the numbering back into line. Both 20th editions were then published in the same year (1918). Thereafter, it was the British numbering that pushed ahead, with the 21st British edition in 1920, and the 21st American edition in 1924. This discrepancy continued to increase, so that the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition was published in 1984.[9][14]
Currently available editions[edit]
An illustration from the American 1918 edition
The newest, 41st edition of Gray's Anatomy was published on 25 September 2015 by Elsevier in both print and on-line versions, and is the first edition to have enhanced on-line content including anatomical videos and a bonus Gray's imaging library. The latest edition also has 24 specially invited on-line commentaries on controversial anatomical topics as diverse as advances in electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy; the neurovascular bundles of the prostate; stem cells in regenerative medicine; the anatomy of facial ageing; and technical aspects and applications of diagnostic radiology.
The senior editor of this book and accompanying website on ExpertConsult [15] is Professor Susan Standring, who is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at King's College London.[16] The three most recent editions differ from all previous editions in an important respect: they present anatomical structures by their regional anatomy (i.e. ordered according to what part of the body the structures are located in – e.g. the anatomy of the bones, blood vessels and nerves, etc. of the upper extremity is described in one place). All previous editions of Gray's Anatomy were organised by systemic anatomy (i.e. there were separate sections for the body's entire skeletal system, entire circulatory system and entire nervous system, etc.). The editors of the 39th edition acknowledged the validity of both approaches but switched to regional anatomy by popular demand.[17]
Older, out-of-copyright editions of the book continue to be reprinted and sold. On the internet in particular, there are numerous offers for older editions. However it is not always clear which (British or American) edition these books are republications of. Many seem to be reprints of the 1901 (probably U.S.) edition. Also on the internet, there are several sites where various older versions can be read online.[18][19][20] Although older editions may serve historic and artistic uses because their companion illustrations and anatomical cross sections are renowned for their rustic and often haunting presentation, they no longer represent an up-to-date anatomical understanding.[b]
Henry Gray wrote the original version of Gray's Anatomy with an audience of medical students and physicians in mind, especially surgeons. For many decades however, precisely because Gray's textbook became such a classic, successive editors made major efforts to preserve its position as possibly the most authoritative text on the subject in English. Toward this end, a long-term strategy appears to have been to make each edition come close to containing a fully comprehensive account of the anatomical medical understanding available at the time of publication.[citation needed] Given the explosion of medical knowledge in the 20th century, it is easily appreciated that this led to a vast expansion of the book, which threatened to collapse under its own weight in a metaphorical and physical sense. From the 35th edition onward, increased efforts were made to reverse this trend and keep the book readable by students. Nevertheless, the 38th edition contained 2,092 pages in large format[21] – the highest page count of any and an increase from the 35th edition, which had 1,471 pages.[22] The current 41st edition has 1,584 pages. Newer editions of Gray's Anatomy –and even several recent older ones– are still considered to be the most comprehensive and detailed textbooks on the subject.[23] Despite the aforementioned efforts to keep Gray's Anatomy readable by students, when the 39th edition was published, students were identified as a secondary market for the book,[24] and companion publications such as Gray's Anatomy for Students,[c] Gray's Atlas of Anatomy and Gray's Anatomy Review have also been published in recent years.[25]
Cultural influence[edit]
This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (January 2018)
In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the book that Tom catches Becky Thatcher reading, and from which she tears a page, is implied to be Gray's Anatomy.
Early in the 1970 Tamil film Malathi, medical students Gemini Ganesan and B. Saroja Devi try to obtain the 28th edition of Gray's Anatomy from an old book shop.
In the 1991 movie The Addams Family Granny (Judith Malina) binge reads Gray's Anatomy while Gomez (Raul Julia) is playing with his train sets.
The 1996 Steven Soderbergh film Gray's Anatomy, featuring monologuist Spalding Gray, also takes its name from the title of the book, as does Gray's Anatomy: Selected Writings, a 2009 book by British political philosopher John N. Gray.
In the 1998 Star Trek: Voyager episode "Message in a Bottle", the new Emergency Medical Hologram designed by Ensign Kim begins reciting the contents of Gray's Anatomy when activated, beginning with a description of the cell.
The American medical drama Grey's Anatomy (2005 –) takes its name from the textbook.[26][27][28][29]
The name of Jim Leonard Jr.'s 2006 play Anatomy of Gray, which centers on a doctor visiting a small town in Indiana in 1880, takes its title as a play on Gray's Anatomy.
In Dan Brown's 2013 novel Inferno, Sienna Brooks, as a child, reads all the 1,600 pages of Gray's Anatomy in ten days.
In the ABC television series The Good Doctor (2017-present), the lead character, Dr. Shaun Murphy, an autistic savant, often visualizes illustrations from Gray's Anatomy as he mentally diagnoses a patient's condition.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This count excludes the previously mentioned 1859 US publication of the English first edition.
Jump up ^ Depending on the version at hand, even the suitability of reprints and online versions for artistic purposes may be compromised due to limitations in resolution and reproduction quality.
Jump up ^ Written by Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl and Adam W. M. Mitchell
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 41st edition". 26 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Gray, Henry; Carter, Henry Vandyke (1858), Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical, London: John W. Parker and Son, retrieved 16 October 2011
Jump up ^ Richardson, Ruth (2005), "A Historical Introduction to Gray's Anatomy" (PDF), in Susan Standring, Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th (electronic version) ed.), Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingston, p. 4, retrieved 16 October 2011
Jump up ^ Gray, Henry; Carter, H.V (1859), Anatomy, descriptive and surgical, Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, retrieved 16 October 2011 (Per National Library of Medicine holdings). Note: This is not the 'American' edition. American rights had yet to be purchased. It is an American publication of the English edition.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Wendy (30 March 2008), "Gray's Anatomy celebrates 150th anniversary", The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, retrieved 16 October 2011
Jump up ^ A brief history of Gray's Anatomy (PDF), ElsevierHealth, retrieved 16 October 2011
Jump up ^ Poynter, F. N. L. (6 September 1958). "Gray's Anatomy: The First Hundred Years" (PDF). British Medical Journal: 610–611.
Jump up ^ "Longman's 1863 publication of Gray's Anatomy", Pearson Education: History, Pearson Education, retrieved 16 October 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Roger Warwick & Peter L. Williams, eds. (1973), Gray's Anatomy (35th ed.), London: Longman CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) p.iv (Previous Editions and Editors - listings)
Jump up ^ Lea & Febiger in Tredyffrin East Town Historical Society History Quarterly Digital Archives, pp. 68-70 (Source: April 1999, Vol. 37, No.2, pp. 63-70)
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy: The Jefferson Years" in Jeffline Forum, September 2003
Jump up ^ Gray, Henry Gray's Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical, 1896 13th edition
Jump up ^ Carmine D. Clemente, ed. (1985), Gray's Anatomy (30th ed.), Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, ISBN 0-8121-0644-X pp. vi–ix
Jump up ^ Carmine D. Clemente (1985) p.vi (American Editions of Gray's Anatomy - listings)
Jump up ^ Inkling. "Unsupported Browser". Expert Consult.
Jump up ^ Elsevier: Gray's Anatomy, 41st Edition
Jump up ^ Gray's Anatomy vol.39e Introduction (PDF), 2004, ISBN 0-443-06676-0, retrieved 21 March 2012 See page 9, bottom
Jump up ^ Henry Gray. "Anatomy, descriptive and surgical". Open Library. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Gray's Anatomy". Education.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
Jump up ^ Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery (British Edition. 38th Ed) (Hardcover) Amazon
Jump up ^ Description of 35th Edition (1973) at WorldCat Retrieved 21 March 2012
Jump up ^ 'Gray's Anatomy' is back after major surgery, By Glenn O'Neal, Posted 4/10/2005, USATODAY.com
Jump up ^ "cf. page 11".[dead link]
Jump up ^ "US Elsevier Health Bookshop". www.us.elsevierhealth.com.
Jump up ^ Roschke, Ryan (November 30, 2017). "In Case You Didn't Know, This Is How Grey's Anatomy Got Its Title". PopSugar.
Jump up ^ Standring, Susan (November 2005). "Gray’s Anatomy, 39th Edition: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 26 (10) 2703-2704.
Jump up ^ Holtz, Andrew (January 5, 2010). The Real Grey's Anatomy: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at thte Real Lives of Surgical Residents. "Introduction". Penguin. Google Books. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Horbury, Alison (July 28, 2015). Post-feminist Impasses in Popular Heroine Television: The Persephone Complex. Palgrave Macmillan. Google Books. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Gray, Henry (1858), Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical, London: John W. Parker and Son, retrieved 16 October 2011 Online- and PDF versions of the 1st edition at Open Library/Internet Archive. Several other editions are also available at this site.
Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (40th ed.), Churchill-Livingstone, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9
Richardson, Ruth (2005), "A Historical Introduction to Gray's Anatomy" (PDF), in Susan Standring, Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th (electronic version) ed.), Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingston, retrieved 16 October 2011, A brief history of the British Edition of the book.
Richardson, Ruth (2008), The Making of Mr. Gray's Anatomy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-955299-1
Hayes, Bill (2007), The Anatomist: a True story of Gray's Anatomy, Ballantine, ISBN 978-0-345-45689-2
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gray's Anatomy plates.
Online version of Gray's Anatomy — The complete 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, published in 1918. NB: This is the most recent American version that is in the public domain.
Online audio recording of the text of the same edition in five parts: 12345
First edition of Gray's Anatomy, 1858 (direct PDF link)
Gray's Anatomy. 2014. Episode 5 of the BBC TV series The Beauty of Anatomy.
Video of @Google Talk by Bill Hayes on Gray's Anatomy
Selected images from the 1st edition of Gray's Anatomy From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library
Gray's Anatomy for students in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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The Color Purple
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the color, see Purple. For other uses, see The Color Purple (disambiguation).
The Color Purple
First edition cover
Author
Alice Walker
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Publication date
1982
ISBN
0-15-119153-0
OCLC
8221433
Dewey Decimal
813.54 19
LC Class
PS3573.A425 C6 1982
The Color Purple is a 1982 epistolary novel by American author Alice Walker which won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction.[1][a] It was later adapted into a film and musical of the same name.
Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on the life of African-American women in the Southern United States in the 1930s, addressing numerous issues including their exceedingly low position in American social culture. The novel has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000–2009 at number seventeen because of the sometimes explicit content, particularly in terms of violence.[2][3] In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's "best-loved novels."[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Critical reception
3 Character analysis
3.1 Celie
3.2 Nettie
3.3 Shug Avery
3.4 Albert (known as Mister)
4 Film, theatrical, and radio adaptations
5 Boycotting Israel
6 Editions
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Celie is a poor, uneducated 14-year-old girl living in the American South in the early 1900s. She writes letters to God because her father, Alphonso, beats her harshly and rapes her continously. Alphonso has already impregnated Celie once, a pregnancy that resulted in the birth of a boy she named Adam. Alphonso takes the baby away shortly after his birth. Celie has a second child, a girl she named Olivia whom Alphonso also abducts. Celie's ailing mother dies after cursing Celie on her deathbed.
Celie and her younger sister, 12-year-old Nettie, learn that a man identified only as Mister wants to marry Nettie. Alphonso refuses to let Nettie marry, instead arranging for Mister to marry Celie. Mister, needing someone to care for his children and keep his house, eventually accepts the offer. Mister and his children, whose mother was murdered by a jealous lover, all treat Celie badly. However, she eventually gets Mister's squalid living conditions and incorrigible children under control.
Shortly thereafter, Nettie runs away from Alphonso and takes refuge at Celie's house, where Mister makes sexual advances toward her. Celie then advises Nettie to seek assistance from a well-dressed black woman that she had seen in the general store a while back; the woman had unknowingly adopted Celie's daughter and was the only black woman that Celie had ever seen with money of her own. Nettie is forced to leave after promising to write. Celie, however, never receives any letters and concludes that her sister is dead.
Time passes and Mister's children begin to grow up and leave home. Harpo, Mister's son, falls in love with an assertive girl named Sofia, who becomes pregnant with Harpo's baby and, despite initial resistance from Mister, marries Harpo. Harpo and Sofia have five more children in short order.
Celie is amazed by Sofia's defiant refusal to submit to Harpo's attempts to control her. Kinder and gentler than his father, Harpo feels emasculated due to his inability to get Sofia to "mind." Celie advises Harpo not to try to dominate Sofia; she also tells Harpo that Sofia loves him, admitting that she, Celie, only obeys Mister out of fear. Harpo temporarily follows Celie's advice but falls back under Mister's sway. A momentarily jealous Celie then advises Harpo to beat Sofia. Sofia fights back, however, inflicting serious injuries on Harpo.
After Sofia confronts her, Celie, who was already feeling guilty about what she had done, apologizes and confides in her about all the abuse she suffers at Mister's hands. She also begins to consider Sofia's advice about defending herself against further abuse from Mister.
Glamorous Shug Avery, a jazz and blues singer and Mister's long-time mistress, falls ill, and Mister takes her into his house. Celie, who had been fascinated by photos of Shug she found in Mister's belongings, is thrilled to have her there. Mister's father expresses disapproval of the arrangement, reminding Mister that Shug has three out-of-wedlock children. Mister proudly states that he knows for certain that all the children have the same father, indirectly admitting to being their father. Mister's father leaves in disgust after drinking a glass of water into which Celie spit. While Shug is initially rude to Celie, who has taken charge of nursing her, the two women become friends, and Celie soon finds herself infatuated with Shug.
Frustrated by Harpo's domineering behavior, Sofia moves out, taking her children with her. Several months later, Harpo opens a juke joint where a fully recovered Shug performs nightly. Shug decides to stay when she learns that Mister beats Celie when she is away. Shug and Celie's relationship grows more intimate.
Sofia returns for a visit and promptly gets into a fight with Harpo's new girlfriend, Squeak, knocking Squeak's teeth out. In town one day, while Sofia is enjoying a day out with her new beau, a prizefighter, and their respective children, the mayor's wife, Miss Millie, approaches the group. She begins to "finger" Sofia's children (physically examine them in a way reminiscent of slaves on an auction block) without bothering, at first, to speak to their mother or ask permission. At first, Sofia silently endures. Miss Millie then looks up and addresses Sofia, remarking on how clean the children are and bluntly asks Sofia if she would like to be her maid.
Sofia, who does not work as a maid, straightforwardly refuses saying "Hell no." The mayor then pushes his wife aside, calling Sofia "girl" and daring her to repeat herself. When Sofia does so defiantly, the mayor slaps Sofia. Sofia responds by using her fist to knock the mayor, her assailant, onto the ground. The police quickly arrive at the scene and brutally beat Sofia as she pleads with the prizefighter not to intervene on her behalf and instead to take her children to safety. Sofia emerges from her ordeal with a cracked skull, broken ribs, her face rendered nearly unrecognizable, and blind in one eye. Sofia is subsequently sentenced to 12 years in jail.
Squeak, a mixed-race woman and Sheriff Hodges' illegitimate niece, attempts to blackmail the sheriff into releasing Sofia, resulting in her being raped by the sheriff. Squeak cares for Sofia's children while she is incarcerated, and the two women develop a friendship. Sofia is eventually released and begins working for Miss Millie, which she detests.
Despite being newly married to a person called Grady, Shug instigates a sexual relationship with Celie on her next visit. One night Shug asks Celie about her sister, and Shug helps Celie recover letters from Nettie that Mister has been hiding from her for decades.
The letters indicate that Nettie befriended a missionary couple, Samuel and Corrine, the well-dressed woman that Celie saw in the store, whom Nettie eventually accompanied to Africa to do missionary work. Samuel and Corrine have unwittingly adopted Celie's son and daughter (by Celie's father), Adam and Olivia. Corrine, noticing that her adopted children resemble Nettie, wonders if Samuel fathered the children with her. Increasingly suspicious, Corrine tries to limit Nettie's role in her family.
Through her letters, Nettie reveals that she has become disillusioned with her missionary work. Corrine becomes ill with a fever. Nettie asks Samuel to tell her how he adopted Olivia and Adam. Realizing that Adam and Olivia are Celie's children, Nettie then learns that Alphonso is her and Celie's stepfather. Their biological father was a store owner whom white men lynched because they resented his success. She also learns that their mother suffered a mental collapse after the death of her husband and that Alphonso exploited the situation in order to control their mother's considerable wealth.
Nettie confesses to Samuel and Corrine that she is in fact their children's biological aunt. The gravely ill Corrine refuses to believe her until Nettie reminds her of her previous encounter with Celie in the store. Later, Corrine dies, finally having accepted Nettie's story. Meanwhile, Celie visits Alphonso, who confirms Nettie's story. Celie begins to lose some of her faith in God, which she confides to Shug, who explains to Celie her own unique religious philosophy.
Celie, having had enough of her husband's abuse, decides to leave Mister along with Shug and Squeak, who is considering a singing career of her own. Celie puts a curse on Mister before leaving him for good.
Celie settles in Tennessee and supports herself as a seamstress. She learns that Mister, suffering from a considerable decline in fortunes after Celie left him, has changed dramatically and Celie begins to call him by his first name, Albert. Albert proposes that they marry "in the spirit as well as in the flesh," but Celie declines.
Alphonso dies, Celie inherits his land, and moves back into her childhood home. Around this time, Shug falls in love with Germaine, a member of her band, and the news thereof crushes Celie. Shug travels with Germaine, all the while writing postcards to Celie. Celie pledges to love Shug even if Shug does not love her back.
Meanwhile, Nettie and Samuel marry and prepare to return to America. Before they leave, Adam marries Tashi, an African girl. Following an African tradition, Tashi undergoes the painful rituals of female circumcision and facial scarring. In solidarity, Adam undergoes the same facial scarring ritual.
Just after Celie realizes that she is content in her life without Shug, Shug returns, having ended things with Germaine. The end of the novel has Nettie, Samuel, Olivia, Adam, and Tashi arriving at Celie's house. Nettie and Celie embrace, having not seen each other for over 30 years. They introduce one another to their respective families as the novel ends.
Critical reception[edit]
The Color Purple won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983, making Walker the first black woman to win the prize.[5][6] Walker also won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1983.[7] Mel Watkins of the New York Times Book Review wrote that it is a "striking and consummately well-written novel," praising its powerful emotional impact and epistolary structure.[8]
Though the novel has garnered critical acclaim, it has also been the subject of controversy. It is 17th on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged or banned books.[9] Commonly cited justications for banning the book include sexual explicitness, explicit language, violence, and homosexuality.[10] The book received greater scrutiny amidst controversy surrounding the release of the film adaptation in 1985.[11] The controversy centered around the depiction of black men, which some critics saw as feeding stereotypical narratives of black male violence, while others found the representation compelling and relatable.[12]
Character analysis[edit]
Celie[edit]
Celie is the main character of the novel. She is shown to have experienced abuse at the hands of men for most of her life: she is routinely beaten and raped by her supposed father, with whom she has two children during her adolescence and whom he gives away. He later gives her away to be married to Mister, who is in love with Shug Avery, a blues singer. When Shug comes to recover from an illness in Mister and Celie's home, it leads to an intimate relationship between Celie and Shug.[13]
Celie and Shug's relationship later develops a romantic and sexual dimension culminating in their sleeping together, this being Celie's first positive sexual experience. Shug has a significant influence on Celie, who begins to draw inspiration from Shug's independence, leading her ultimately to her own independent attitude. Shug not only influences the way that Celie allows Mister to treat her, but also shows Celie that actions deemed sinful by others may not truly be evil or transgressive and that they do not prevent one from believing in and living for God, thereby broadening Celie's views on religion and ethics.[14]
It is also Shug who frees Celie from Mister's bondage, first by loving her, then by helping her to start a custom sewing business. From Shug, Celie learns that Mister, now revealed as Albert, has been hiding letters written to her by her sister Nettie, who is in Africa working as a missionary. These letters, full of educated, firsthand observation of African life, form a moving counterpoint to Celie's life. They reveal that in Africa, just as in America, women are persistently oppressed by men.[15]
Nettie[edit]
Nettie is Celie's younger sister, whom Celie loves and saves from living the tragic life that she had to endure. Because Nettie is prettier than Celie, who has been deemed ugly, Mister is originally interested in Nettie as a wife, but settles for Celie. Nettie runs away from home to be with Celie, but is unable to stay with Celie as Mister tries to assault her sexually. As a result, Nettie leaves home and before leaving, promises to write to Celie and tells her that only death can keep them apart. Nettie is eventually taken in by Samuel and Corrine, a missionary couple, with whom she travels to Africa as a missionary.
While in Africa, Nettie becomes the caregiver of Samuel and Corrine's children and faithfully writes to Celie for decades. Nettie marries Samuel after Corrine's death and moves back to America with what are revealed to be Celie's biological children. Through explaining her experiences to Celie, Nettie encourages Celie to be more enthusiastic and optimistic about life. Nettie finds that while there is not racial disparity in Africa, gender disparity exists. The women of the tribe are not treated as equals, and are not permitted to attend school.
Shug Avery[edit]
A sultry blues singer who first appears as Mister's mistress, Shug becomes Celie's friend and eventually her lover. Shug remains a gentle mentor who helps Celie evolve into an independent and assertive woman. At first, Shug doesn't appear to be the mothering and nurturing kind, yet she nurtures Celie physically, spiritually, and emotionally. Shug helps Celie discover the letters from her sister Nettie that Mister had been hiding for decades. In allowing Celie to view these letters, Shug supplies her with even more hope and inspiration, letting Celie see that in the end, everything works out for the best.
Albert (known as Mister)[edit]
Mister is the man to whom Celie is married. Originally, he seeks a relationship with Nettie but settles for Celie. Mister mistreats Celie just as her stepfather had, although Celie does not understand that she doesn't have to tolerate the abuse. Mister uses Celie to help raise his children, who give her a hard time because she is not their biological mother. When Shug Avery comes to town, Mister falls for her and makes her his mistress. Through Shug's seductive influence, Albert begins to treat Celie better. In the end, Albert realizes that he has mistreated Celie and seeks a friendship with her.
Film, theatrical, and radio adaptations[edit]
Main articles: The Color Purple (film) and The Color Purple (musical)
The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1985. It was directed by Steven Spielberg and stars Whoopi Goldberg as Celie, Danny Glover as Albert, and Oprah Winfrey as Sofia. Though nominated for eleven Academy Awards, it won none. This perceived snubbing ignited controversy because many critics considered it the best picture that year,[16] including Roger Ebert.[17]
On December 1, 2005, a musical adaptation of the novel (based on the film) opened at The Broadway Theatre in New York City. The show was produced by Scott Sanders, Quincy Jones, Harvey Weinstein, and Oprah Winfrey, who was also an investor.[18] It garnered five 2006 Outer Critics Circle Award nominations, including Outstanding Broadway Musical and Outstanding New Score. That same year, the show was nominated for eleven Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Original Score Written for the Theater, and Best Leading Actress in a Musical (LaChanze). LaChanze did win the Tony Award, though the show itself won no other awards. LaChanze's win was attributed to the variety of roles for which she had garnered positive attention, as well as for a powerful backstory. In April 2007, Fantasia Barrino took over the role. The Broadway production ended its run on February 24, 2008.The Revival on broadway lasted between 2015 and 2017 and starred Cynthia Erivo as Celie. The Revival received 2 Tonys, 1 Grammy and 1 Emmy with Erivo as its lead. The show is now on tour across North America.[19]
In 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation of the novel in ten 15-minute episodes as a Woman's Hour serial, with Nadine Marshall as Celie. The script was by Patricia Cumper, and in 2009 the production received the Sony Radio Academy Awards Silver Drama Award.[20]
Boycotting Israel[edit]
As part of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement (BDS), the author declined publication of the book in Israel[21] in 2012. Walker, an ardent pro-Palestinian activist, said in a letter to Yediot Books that Israel practices "apartheid" and must change its policies before her works can be published there.[22][22] This decision was criticized by Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz, who argued that Walker "resorted to bigotry and censorship against Hebrew-speaking readers of her writings".[23]
Editions[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
ISBN 0-15-119153-0 (First Edition, 1982)
ISBN 0-606-00587-0 (prebound, 1985)
ISBN 0-671-61702-8 (mass market paperback, 1985)
ISBN 0-671-64745-8 (mass market paperback, 1987)
ISBN 0-671-66878-1 (paperback, 1988)
ISBN 0-15-119154-9 (hardcover, 1992, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 1-56849-628-1 (library binding, 1995, reprint)
ISBN 0-671-01907-4 (paperback, 1998)
ISBN 0-7641-2064-6 (paperback, 2002)
ISBN 0-15-602835-2 (paperback, 2003)
ISBN 0-671-72779-6
ISBN 0-7043-3905-6
ISBN 978-0-7538-1892-3 (paperback, United Kingdom, 2004)
ISBN 9781453223970 (ebook, 2011)
ISBN 9781780228716 (Tenth Anniversary Edition 2014)
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Feminist literature
Black feminism
African-American literature
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Walker won the 1983 award for hardcover Fiction.
From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Awards history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1983 Fiction.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Book Awards – 1983". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
(With essays by Anna Clark and Tarayi Jones from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
Jump up ^ "The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000–2009". American Library Association. Retrieved 22 Apr 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alice Walker – biography". Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved August 23, 2017
Jump up ^ "1983 Pulitzer Prize Winners". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ "April 18, 1983: Alice Walker Becomes the First Woman of Color to Win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ "1983 – National Book Awards Fiction Winners". www.nbafictionblog.org. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Some Letters Went to God". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ admin (2013-03-27). "100 most frequently challenged books by decade". Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ admin (2013-03-27). "Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century". Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ Bobo, Jacqueline (1989-01-01). "Sifting Through the Controversy: Reading The Color Purple". Callaloo (39): 332–42. doi:10.2307/2931568. JSTOR 2931568.
Jump up ^ Times, E. R. Shipp, Special To The New York (1986-01-27). "BLACKS IN HEATED DEBATE OVER 'THE COLOR PURPLE'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
Jump up ^ Magill Book Reviews The Color Purple
Jump up ^ Magill Book Reviews The Color Purple
Jump up ^ Magill Book Reviews The Color Purple
Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes page for The Color Purple
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert's review of The Color Purple
Jump up ^ John Fleming. "Passion for 'Purple' has Local Roots". "Saint Petersburg Times". Dec. 12, 2005
Jump up ^ The Color Purple to Close on Broadway Feb. 24
Jump up ^ Sony Radio Academy Awards 2009: Dramas
Jump up ^ Letter from Alice Walker to Publishers at Yediot Books
^ Jump up to: a b AP, "Alice Walker rejects Israeli translation of book", June 20, 2012. Yahoo News
Jump up ^ Jewish Press, Alan Dershowitz: Alice Walker’s Bigotry, June 20, 2012.
External links[edit]
Alice Walker discusses The Color Purple on the BBC's World Book Club
New Georgia Encyclopedia
Photos of the first edition of The Color Purple
"Alice Walker on 30th Anniv. of The Color Purple: Racism, Violence Against Women Are Global Issues", from Democracy Now! September 28, 2012.
Awards
Preceded by
Rabbit is Rich
John Updike National Book Award for Fiction
1983
With: The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty
Eudora Welty Succeeded by
Victory Over Japan: A Book of Stories
Ellen Gilchrist
Preceded by
So Long, See You Tomorrow
William Maxwell
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National Book Award for Fiction (1975–1999)
Dog Soldiers by Robert Stone (1975)
The Hair of Harold Roux by Thomas Williams (1975)
J R by William Gaddis (1976)
The Spectator Bird by Wallace Stegner (1977)
Blood Tie by Mary Lee Settle (1978)
Going After Cacciato by Tim O'Brien (1979)
Sophie's Choice by William Styron (1980)
The World According to Garp by John Irving (1980)
Plains Song: For Female Voices by Wright Morris (1981)
The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1981)
Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982)
So Long, See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell (1982)
The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983)
The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty by Eudora Welty (1983)
Victory Over Japan by Ellen Gilchrist (1984)
White Noise by Don DeLillo (1985)
World's Fair by E. L. Doctorow (1986)
Paco's Story by Larry Heinemann (1987)
Paris Trout by Pete Dexter (1988)
Spartina by John Casey (1989)
Middle Passage by Charles Johnson (1990)
Mating by Norman Rush (1991)
All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy (1992)
The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1993)
A Frolic of His Own by William Gaddis (1994)
Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth (1995)
Ship Fever and Other Stories by Andrea Barrett (1996)
Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier (1997)
Charming Billy by Alice McDermott (1998)
Waiting by Ha Jin (1999)
Complete list
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(2000–2024)
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1918–1925
His Family by Ernest Poole (1918)
The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919)
The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921)
Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922)
One of Ours by Willa Cather (1923)
The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924)
So Big by Edna Ferber (1925)
1926–1950
Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined) (1926)
Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928)
Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929)
Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930)
Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931)
The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932)
The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933)
Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934)
Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935)
Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936)
Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937)
The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938)
The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939)
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940)
In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942)
Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943)
Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944)
A Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945)
All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947)
Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948)
Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949)
The Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950)
1951–1975
The Town by Conrad Richter (1951)
The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952)
The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953)
A Fable by William Faulkner (1955)
Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956)
A Death in the Family by James Agee (1958)
The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959)
Advise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960)
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961)
The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962)
The Reivers by William Faulkner (1963)
The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965)
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)
The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)
The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968)
House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969)
The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970)
Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972)
The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973)
The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975)
1976–2000
Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976)
Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978)
The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979)
The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980)
A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981)
Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982)
The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983)
Ironweed by William Kennedy (1984)
Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985)
Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986)
A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987)
Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988)
Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990)
Rabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991)
A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992)
A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993)
The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994)
The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995)
Independence Day by Richard Ford (1996)
Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997)
American Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998)
The Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999)
Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000)
2001–present
The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001)
Empire Falls by Richard Russo (2002)
Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)
The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004)
Gilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005)
March by Geraldine Brooks (2006)
The Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007)
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008)
Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009)
Tinkers by Paul Harding (2010)
A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011)
No award given (2012)
The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013)
The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014)
All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015)
The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016)
The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017)
Less by Andrew Sean Greer (2018)
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Works by Alice Walker
Books
The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970)
Meridian (1976)
The Color Purple (1982)
The Temple of My Familiar (1989)
Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992)
Warrior Marks (1993)
Short stories
"Everyday Use" (1973)
Collections
In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens (1983)
Adaptations
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The Color Purple (musical)
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