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Trade
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This article is about the economic mechanism. For other uses, see Trade (disambiguation).
A trader in Germany, 16th century
The San Juan de Dios Market in Guadalajara, Jalisco.
The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law (1909) by George Howard Earle, Jr.
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Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. A system or network that allows trade is called a market.
The original form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services.[1][need quotation to verify] Barter involves trading things without the use of money.[1] Later one bartering party started to involve precious metals, which gained symbolic as well as practical importance. Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and of non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.
Trade exists due to specialization and the division of labor - a predominant form of economic activity in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trades for other products and needs.[2][dead link] Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a comparative advantage (perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able commodity—including production of natural resources scarce or limited elsewhere, or because different regions' size may encourage mass production[3]. As such, trade at market prices between locations can benefit both locations.
Retail trade consists of the sale of goods or merchandise from a very fixed location[4] (such as a department store, boutique or kiosk), online or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption or use by the purchaser.[5] Wholesale trade is defined[by whom?] as traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to retailers, or to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.[6][not in citation given]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Ancient history
2.3 Later trade
2.3.1 Mediterranean and Near East
2.3.2 The Orient
2.3.3 Central America
2.4 Middle Ages
2.5 The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution
2.6 19th century
2.7 20th century
2.8 21st century
2.9 Free trade
3 Perspectives
3.1 Protectionism
3.2 Religion
3.3 Development of money
4 Trends
4.1 Doha rounds
4.2 China
5 International trade
5.1 Trade sanctions
5.2 Trade barriers
5.3 Fair trade
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
Commerce is derived from the Latin commercium, from cum and merx, merchandise.
Trade from Middle English trade (“path, course of conduct”), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from Middle Low German trade (“track, course”), from Old Saxon trada (“spoor, track”), from Proto-Germanic *tradō (“track, way”), and cognate with Old English tredan (“to tread”).
History[edit]
See also: Economic history of the world and Timeline of international trade
Prehistory[edit]
Trade originated with human communication in prehistoric times. Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other before the innovation of modern-day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.[7]
In the Mediterranean region the earliest contact between cultures were of members of the species Homo sapiens principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,000–30,000 BCE.[8][9][10]
Some trace the origins of commerce to the very start of transaction in prehistoric times. Apart from traditional self-sufficiency, trading became a principal facility of prehistoric people, who bartered what they had for goods and services from each other.
The caduceus has been used today as the symbol of commerce[11] with which Mercury has traditionally been associated.
Ancient history[edit]
Ancient Etruscan "aryballoi" terracota vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolzhaya Bliznitsa tumulus near Phanagoria, South Russia (then part of the Bosporan Kingdom of Cimmerian Bosporus); on exhibit at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.
Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the stone age. Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in Guinea from 17,000 BCE.[12][13]
The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic.[14]
—  HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito
Trade in the stone age was investigated by Robert Carr Bosanquet in excavations of 1901.[15][16] Trade is believed to have first begun in south west Asia.[17][18]
Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than chert from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region.[19][20][21]
Obsidian is thought to have provided the material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was found exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint".[17]
Obsidian was traded at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region.[22]
Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material.[19][23] Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE[24] Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990.[25][26][27] Melos and Lipari sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology.[28]
The Sari-i-Sang mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of lapis lazuli.[29][30] The material was most largely traded during the Kassite period of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE.[31][32]
Later trade[edit]
Mediterranean and Near East[edit]
Ebla was a prominent trading centre during the third millennia, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia.[28][33][34][35]
A map of the Silk Road trade route between Europe and Asia.
Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE. Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. The Phoenicians were noted sea traders, traveling across the Mediterranean Sea, and as far north as Britain for sources of tin to manufacture bronze. For this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called emporia.[citation needed][36]
From the beginning of Greek civilization until the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the far east, including India and China. Roman commerce allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The latter Roman Republic and the Pax Romana of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant piracy, as Rome had become the sole effective sea power in the Mediterranean with the conquest of Egypt and the near east.[37]
In ancient Greece Hermes was the god of trade[38][39] (commerce) and weights and measures,[40] for Romans Mercurius also god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month.[41][42] The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of the sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a modicum of civility within the structures of functional community life.[43][44]
The fall of the Roman empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade however continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, Middle East, India, China and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.[citation needed]
The Orient[edit]
Archaeological evidence (Greenberg 1951) of the first use of trade-marks are from China dated about 2700 BCE.[45]
Central America[edit]
The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE.[46]
Middle Ages[edit]
During the Middle Ages, commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or capital. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand to hand markets became a feature of town life, and were regulated by town authorities.
Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being the main workhorse for the movement of goods, Cogs and Hulks are two examples of such cargo ships[47]. Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of Bristol traded with peoples from what is modern day Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and down to what is now Spain[48].
A map showing the main trade routes for goods within late medieval Europe.
During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world.[49] The Sogdians dominated the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road after the 4th century CE up to the 8th century CE, with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centers in the north. They were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia.
From the 8th to the 11th century, the Vikings and Varangians traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Russia. The Hanseatic League was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic, between the 13th and 17th centuries.
The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution[edit]
Vasco da Gama pioneered the European Spice trade in 1498 when he reached Calicut after sailing around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of the African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the Age of Discovery in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.
In the 16th century, the Seventeen Provinces were the centre of free trade, imposing no exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the East Indies was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, and the British in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
Danzig in the 17th century, a port of the Hanseatic League.
In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It criticised Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialisation could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the division of labour was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more productive. Smith said that he considered all rationalisations of import and export controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries.
In 1799, the Dutch East India Company, formerly the world's largest company, became bankrupt, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade.
Berber trade with Timbuktu, 1853.
19th century[edit]
In 1817, David Ricardo, James Mill and Robert Torrens showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of comparative advantage. In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in economics:
When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.
The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.
John Stuart Mill proved that a country with monopoly pricing power on the international market could manipulate the terms of trade through maintaining tariffs, and that the response to this might be reciprocity in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the economic surplus of trade would accrue to a country following reciprocal, rather than completely free, trade policies. This was followed within a few years by the infant industry scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that government had the duty to protect young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to industrialise and out-compete English exporters. Milton Friedman later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large.[50]
20th century[edit]
The Great Depression was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators.
The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation.[51] Only during the World War II the recession ended in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the international political economy: the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank and Bank for International Settlements). These organisations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to promote free trade.[52]
The European Union became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries.[53]
21st century[edit]
See also: Globalization
Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of companies which try to maximize their profits by offering products and services to the market (which consists both of individuals and other companies) at the lowest production cost. A system of international trade has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower tariffs or to achieve free trade, has sometimes harmed third-world markets for local products.
Free trade[edit]
Main article: Free trade
Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:
1992 European Union lifted barriers to internal trade in goods and labour.
January 1, 1994 the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect
1994 The GATT Marrakech Agreement specified formation of the WTO.
January 1, 1995 World Trade Organization was created to facilitate free trade, by mandating mutual most favoured nation trading status between all signatories.
EC was transformed into the European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monnetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro, and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1, 2007.
Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce (1766)
2005, the Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed; It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic.
Perspectives[edit]
Protectionism[edit]
Main article: Protectionism
Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes of form of tariffs and restrictive quotas. Protectionist policies were particularly prevalent in the 1930s, between the Great Depression and the onset of World War II.
Religion[edit]
Islamic teachings encourage trading (and condemn usury or interest). By trade, the whole society gets benefits but self-interest makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.[54][55]
Judeao-Christian teachings prohibit fraud and dishonest measures.[56][57]
Development of money[edit]
Main article: History of money
A Roman denarius.
The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called commodity money and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In Mexico under Montezuma cocoa beans were money. [6]
Currency was introduced as a standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.
Numismatists have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of precious metal.[58]
Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrency provide a worldwide payment system for decentralized digital currency.
Trends[edit]
Doha rounds[edit]
Main article: Doha round
The Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower barriers to trade around the world, with a focus on making trade fairer for developing countries. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich developed countries, represented by the G20, and the major developing countries. Agricultural subsidies are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on trade facilitation and capacity building. The Doha round began in Doha, Qatar, and negotiations were continued in: Cancún, Mexico; Geneva, Switzerland; and Paris, France and Hong Kong.[citation needed]
China[edit]
Beginning around 1978, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) began an experiment in economic reform. In contrast to the previous Soviet-style centrally planned economy, the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor. The more market-oriented approach reduced inefficiencies and stimulated private investment, particularly by farmers, that led to increased productivity and output. One feature was the establishment of four (later five) Special Economic Zones located along the South-east coast.[citation needed]
The reforms proved spectacularly successful in terms of increased output, variety, quality, price and demand. In real terms, the economy doubled in size between 1978 and 1986, doubled again by 1994, and again by 2003. On a real per capita basis, doubling from the 1978 base took place in 1987, 1996 and 2006. By 2008, the economy was 16.7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12.1 times its previous per capita levels. International trade progressed even more rapidly, doubling on average every 4.5 years. Total two-way trade in January 1998 exceeded that for all of 1978; in the first quarter of 2009, trade exceeded the full-year 1998 level. In 2008, China's two-way trade totaled US$2.56 trillion.[59]
In 1991 China joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group, a trade-promotion forum.<https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies> In 2001, it also joined the World Trade Organization.<https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm>
International trade[edit]
Main article: International trade
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v
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International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing.[citation needed]
Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as South Korea, which adopted a policy of export-oriented industrialization, and India, which historically had a more closed policy. South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.[citation needed]
Trade sanctions[edit]
Trade sanctions against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An embargo, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an embargo against Cuba for over 40 years.[60]
Trade barriers[edit]
International trade, which is governed by the World Trade Organization, can be restricted by both tariff and non-tariff barriers. International trade is usually regulated by governmental quotas and restrictions, and often taxed by tariffs. Tariffs are usually on imports, but sometimes countries may impose export tariffs or subsidies. Non-tariff barriers include Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules, labeling requirements and food safety regulations. All of these are called trade barriers. If a government removes all trade barriers, a condition of free trade exists. A government that implements a protectionist policy establishes trade barriers. There are usually few trade restrictions within countries although a common feature of many developing countries is police and other road blocks along main highways, that primarily exist to extract bribes.[citation needed]
Fair trade[edit]
The "fair trade" movement, also known as the "trade justice" movement, promotes the use of labour, environmental and social standards for the production of commodities, particularly those exported from the Third and Second Worlds to the First World. Such ideas have also sparked a debate on whether trade itself should be codified as a human right.[61]
Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of employment and commercial law. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of goods made using slave labour to minimum price support schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. Non-governmental organizations also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements.[citation needed] As such, it is a form of Protectionism.
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Jump up ^ Ivan Dikov (July 12, 2015). "Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians' Odrysian Kingdom". Archaeology in Bulgaria. Retrieved 28 October 2010. An emporium (in Latin; “emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian state.
Jump up ^ Pax Romana let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day to day affairs without fear of armed attack.
Jump up ^ P D Curtin – Cross-Cultural Trade in World History Cambridge University Press, 25 May 1984 ISBN 0521269318 Retrieved 2012-06-25
Jump up ^ N. O. Brown – Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth SteinerBooks, 1 Mar 1990 ISBN 0940262266 Retrieved 2012-06-25
Jump up ^ D Sacks, O Murray – A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World Oxford University Press, 6 Feb 1997 ISBN 0195112067 Retrieved 2012-06-26
Jump up ^ Alexander S. Murray – Manual of Mythology Wildside Press LLC, 30 May 2008 ISBN 1434470288 Retrieved 2012-06-25
Jump up ^ John R. Rice – Filled With the Spirit Sword of the Lord Publishers, 1 Aug 2000 ISBN 087398255X Retrieved 2012-06-25
Jump up ^ Johannes Hasebroek – Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1 Mar 1933 Retrieved 2012-07-04 ISBN 0819601500
Jump up ^ Cambridge dictionaries online
Jump up ^ AS Greenberg – J. Pat. Off. Soc'y, 1951 – HeinOnline
Jump up ^ K G Hirth – American Antiquity Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 35–45 Retrieved 2012-06-28
Jump up ^ McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World : From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Poole, Austin Lane (1958). Medieval England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ Beckwith (2011), p. xxiv.
Jump up ^ Price theory Milton Friedman
Jump up ^ (secondary) British Broadcasting Corporation – history
Jump up ^ (secondary) M Smith – V. Gollancz, 1996 ISBN 0575061502
Jump up ^ "EU position in world trade". European Commission. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Nomani & Rahnema (1994), p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day".
Jump up ^ "O ye who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves in vanities; but let there be among you traffic and trade by mutual good-will." Quran 4:29 and "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden usury." Quran 2:275
Jump up ^ Leviticus 19:13
Jump up ^ Leviticus 19:35
Jump up ^ Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in Davies (2002).
Jump up ^ Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade. "Foreign Trade: Data". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "U.S.–Cuba Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Should trade be considered a human right?". COPLA. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trade.
Beckwith, Christopher I (2011) [2009]. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15034-5.
Bernstein, William (2008). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4416-4.
Davies, Glyn (2002) [1995]. Ideas: A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1773-0.
Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali (1994). Islamic Economic Systems. New Jersey: Zed Books. ISBN 1-85649-058-0.
Paine, Lincoln (2013). The Sea and Civilisation: a Maritime History of the World. Atlantic. (Covers sea-trading over the whole world from ancient times.)
Watson, Peter (2005). Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-621064-3.
External links[edit]
Look up trade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Agritrade Resource material on trade by ACP countries
World Bank's World Integrated Trade Solution provides summary trade statistics and custom query features
World Bank's Preferential Trade Agreement Database
[hide]
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Part of a series on trade routes
Amber Road
Hærvejen
Incense Route
Dvaravati–Kamboja route
King's Highway
Rome-India routes
Royal Road
Salt road
Siberian Route
Silk Road
Maritime Silk Road
Spice Route
Tea Horse Road
Varangians to the Greeks
Via Maris
Triangular trade
Volga trade route
Trans-Saharan trade
Old Salt Route
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Official party status
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Official party status refers to the Canadian practice of recognizing political parties in the Parliament of Canada and the provincial legislatures. In official documents, this is sometimes referred to as being a recognized party (French: parti reconnu). The type of recognition and threshold needed to obtain it varies. However, the most coveted privileges are funding for party research offices and the right to ask questions during Question Period.
Recognition in Parliament allows parties certain parliamentary privileges. Generally official party status is dependent on winning a minimum number of seats (that is, the number of Members of Parliament or Members of the Legislative Assembly elected).
Federally, the idea of recognizing parties for official status started in 1963.[1] Prior to this, the only opposition recognition was that of the Leader of the Opposition, effectively limiting "official status" to the Government and the largest Opposition party. It was not until 1970 that the Elections Act was amended to allow parties to register and thus have their party name on the ballot.
Rules on official party status are not laws, but are internal rules governing the legislature. Therefore, the members of a legislature may, if they choose, pass a motion to dispense with the rules and grant official status to parties that would otherwise fail to qualify. There are many examples of this practice.
Minimum seats required for official party status
Assembly
Minimum
House of Commons of Canada 12 seats
Senate of Canada 5 seats
Alberta Legislative Assembly 4 seats, although status has been granted to parties with only 2 seats a number of times.
British Columbia Legislative Assembly 4 seats, although the current BC Greens caucus of 3 MLAs has been granted Official Party status with reduced funding.[2]
Manitoba Legislative Assembly 4 seats
New Brunswick Legislative Assembly 5 seats or 20% of the popular vote
Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly 2 seats
Nova Scotia House of Assembly 2 seats
Ontario Legislative Assembly 8 seats[3]
Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly There is no official rule, but precedent shows that only one seat is required.
Quebec National Assembly 12 seats or 20% of the popular vote
Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly 2 seats
Contents
1 Special cases
1.1 House of Commons
1.2 Senate
2 By province
2.1 Alberta
2.2 British Columbia
2.3 New Brunswick
2.4 Ontario
2.5 Quebec
3 Registered Parties
4 See also
5 References
Special cases[edit]
House of Commons[edit]
Since 1985,[4] a party must have at least 12 seats to be recognized as an official party[5] in the House of Commons. Recognition means that the party will get time to ask questions during question period, and money for research and staff (both are proportional to the number of seats.)
Senate[edit]
In the Senate, a party must have five seats and must be registered by Elections Canada. Once the party has been recognized in the Senate, it retains its status even if it becomes deregistered, so long as it keeps at least five seats. This rule means that the rump Progressive Conservative Party caucus in the Senate qualified for official status after the rest of that party merged into the Conservative Party of Canada.
In 2016, Senators without any party affiliation formed the Independent Senators Group, which has been granted some privileges similar to those of a party.
By province[edit]
Alberta[edit]
In the general elections of 1997, 2001, and 2008 the Alberta New Democratic Party failed to win the requisite four seats to gain official party status in the Legislature. Nevertheless, the Progressive Conservative granted party status to the NDP after each election.
British Columbia[edit]
In 2001, B.C. Premier Gordon Campbell was criticized for his decision not to grant the British Columbia New Democratic Party official party status; it was the only opposition party in the legislature, but it had won only two seats in the last election.
New Brunswick[edit]
In New Brunswick, parties require 5 seats or 20% of the popular vote to get official party status. However, parties with one or more seats have been allowed time in Question Period with consent of other parties.The Liberals won every seat in New Brunswick's legislature in 1987. The government allowed the Progressive Conservative Party, which finished second place in the election in the number of votes received, to submit written questions to ministers during Question Period.
Ontario[edit]
Following the 1999 Ontario general election, the Ontario New Democratic Party were reduced to nine seats in the legislature. The rules at the time of the election called for parties to hold 12 seats to maintain party status. Premier Mike Harris, citing the reduction in seats from 130 to 103 (-20.76%), subsequently lowered the required number of seats for official party status from 12 to 8 (33 1/3%). The mathematically corresponding cut would therefore have been from 12 seats to 9 seats (25%, slightly higher than the seat reduction), or to 10 seats (16 2/3%, slightly lower).
In the 2003 election, the New Democrats won only seven seats in the Ontario Legislative Assembly. The new Liberal government refused to accord official party status to the NDP, with Premier Dalton McGuinty instead offering the NDP additional funding in return for accepting their status as independents; NDP leader Howard Hampton refused and disrupted the throne speech in protest.[6] MPP Marilyn Churley threatened to legally change her surname to "Churley-NDP" so that the Speaker would be forced to say NDP when recognizing her in the House (a non-official party loses the right to have its members addressed in the Legislature by party affiliation). The PC's Bill Murdoch also considered joining the NDP caucus to help them make official status.[7] Andrea Horwath's by-election win in May 2004 regained official party status for the NDP.[8]
After Churley resigned to run in the 2006 federal election, bringing the party to only seven members again, the government decided to allow the NDP to retain official status pending the results of the by-election to replace her, which the NDP won.
In the 2018 Ontario general election the incumbent Liberals dropped from a majority government of 55 seats to 7 seats, one seat less than official party status. The Green Party of Ontario also elected its first member in the 2018 election and similarly lacks official party status.
Quebec[edit]
In 1989, the Equality Party won four seats in Quebec's National Assembly (eight seats short of the total needed for official status). Although it did not receive official party status, its members were granted some of the privileges of an official party: their seats in the Assembly were placed together, as were their offices in the Parliament Building. They were also granted a limited number of opportunities to ask questions during Question Period. The party had no success in subsequent elections, and stopped organizing after the 2003 Quebec election. This precedent was followed when Action démocratique du Québec elected four members in 2003 and seven members in 2008. However, when the seven former ADQ members joined with two former Parti Québécois members in January 2012 to form Coalition Avenir Québec, the governing Liberals and opposition Parti Québécois refused to grant any status to the new party, requiring all nine members to sit as independents.
Registered Parties[edit]
Official party status is not to be confused with being a registered party. A political party (even if they have no parliamentary seats) may register with Elections Canada or a provincial chief electoral officer. Doing so allows the political party to run candidates for office during elections, issue tax receipts for donations, and spend money on advertising and campaigning during election campaigns. In return, the party must obey campaign spending and donation limits, disclose the source of large donations, and obey various election laws.
See also[edit]
List of political parties in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/bp243-e.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-greens-achieves-party-status-but-it-comes-with-less-funding-1.23064883
Jump up ^ Legislative Assembly Act, RSO 1990, c L10, s 62(5), [1].
Jump up ^ "House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Second Edition". Parliament of Canada. 2009. Parliamentary Institutions, Political Parties. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Board of Internal Economy, Members By-Law". Parliament of Canada. 2012. Parliamentary Institutions, Political Parties. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Ontario MPPs play party games". CBC News. 10 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 Jul 2012.
Jump up ^ [3]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_party_status&oldid=851698776"
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T-Mobile Arena
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Czech venue once named T-Mobile Arena (2002–2008), see Tipsport Arena (Prague).
Coordinates: 36°06′10″N 115°10′42″W / 36.10278°N 115.17833°W / 36.10278; -115.17833
T-Mobile Arena
Exterior of the arena
Former names
Las Vegas Arena (planning/construction)
Address
3780 South Las Vegas Boulevard
Location
Paradise, Nevada
Public transit
Las Vegas Monorail
at MGM Grand
Owner
Anschutz Entertainment Group (50%)
MGM Resorts International (50%)
Capacity
Overall: 20,000
Basketball: 18,000
Boxing/MMA: 20,000
Ice hockey: 17,500
Concerts: 12,000–20,000[1]
Acreage
16 acres
Construction
Broke ground
May 1, 2014; 3 years ago (2014-05-01)
Opened
April 6, 2016; 17 months ago (2016-04-06)
Construction cost
$375 million
Architect
Populous
Project manager
ICON Venue Group
Structural engineer
Thornton Tomasetti
Services engineer
ME Engineers
General contractor
Penta Building Group
Hunt Construction Group
Tenants
Vegas Golden Knights (NHL) (2017–present)
Ultimate Fighting Championship (2017–present)
Website
t-mobilearena.com
T-Mobile Arena is a multi-use indoor arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Opened on April 6, 2016, the arena is a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and the Anschutz Entertainment Group.
The arena is the home of the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League who began play in 2017. Since its opening, T-Mobile Arena has primarily been used for entertainment events such as concerts, and has been booked for one-off combat sports events, and other annual sporting events.
The arena is accessed by a new development project known as The Park, with retail and dining space between New York-New York and the Monte Carlo casino hotels.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Tenants
3 Notable events
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Interior of venue, shown on March 31, 2016.
Interior of venue, shown 2016.
The Anschutz Entertainment Group first tried to build an arena in Las Vegas in association with Harrah's Entertainment. In 2007, the joint venture announced they would build a 20,000 seat stadium behind the Bally's and Paris casino-hotels.[5] Caesars Entertainment, Inc. had previously envisioned using the location to build a baseball park, but the company's buyout by Harrah's cancelled the plans. Through the following year, Harrah's became uncertain on continuing with the project, not knowing if AEG would split the costs, and whether building a major league-ready stadium without a guaranteed franchise to play on it would be feasible given the enduring financial crisis.[6] The original plans were to break ground in June 2008 and finish the arena in 2010, but by 2009, it was revealed the stalled project had not even done a traffic study despite being located near a busy intersection.[7] In 2010, the plans were changed to use an area behind the Imperial Palace. However, given the financing would require a special taxation district, opposition from Clark County regarding using public money in the project stalled it even further.[8] AEG eventually backed out completely by 2012, once MGM Resorts International came up with their own project using a terrain behind the New York-New York and Monte Carlo resorts. This attracted AEG primarily for not relying on public funding.[9]
MGM and AEG announced their joint arena plan on March 1, 2013.[10] Plans were further fleshed out over the following months with the announcement of a $100-million pedestrian shopping area, The Park, to serve as a gateway to the arena,[11] and the retention of prominent sports architecture firm Populous to design the project.[12] Other firms on the project include: the ICON Venue Group,[13] Thornton Tomasetti,[14] ME Engineers,[15] Penta Building Group and Hunt Construction Group.[16]
The project broke ground on May 1, 2014,[17] followed by the demolition of existing buildings, and excavation of an oval area for the arena. The final steel beam of the structure was placed on May 27, 2015.[18]
In January 2016, T-Mobile US announced it had acquired the naming rights to the new arena in a multi-year contract.[19][20] The arena held its grand opening on April 6, 2016 with a concert by Las Vegas natives The Killers, Shamir and Wayne Newton.[21] Country music artists Martina McBride and Cam performed at a soft opening on March 31, 2016.[22]
Tenants[edit]
During its construction, T-Mobile Arena was pointed to as the home arena for a possible National Hockey League expansion team in Las Vegas.[23][24][25] The expansion bid was approved and announced by the NHL on June 22, 2016; the new team, the Vegas Golden Knights, began play in the 2017–18 season.[26][26][27]
In March 2017, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) signed a seven-year agreement to become an official tenant of T-Mobile Arena. The agreement provides UFC with permanent retail space and signage, and requires the promotion to hold at least four events per year at the arena.[28]
Notable events[edit]
Main article: List of events at T-Mobile Arena
In addition to Golden Knights games and UFC events, a number of major sporting events have been held at the arena, including boxing matches such as Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor and Canelo Álvarez vs. Gennady Golovkin, the Professional Bull Riders World Finals, and the Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament.
The arena has hosted nationally televised entertainment events such as the Academy of Country Music Awards, the Billboard Music Awards, the iHeartRadio Music Festival, the Latin Grammys, the Miss USA beauty pageant, and WWE professional wrestling events.
See also[edit]
Ice hockey portal
Las Vegas portal
Las Vegas Stadium
MGM Grand Garden Arena
Orleans Arena
Thomas & Mack Center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts". T-Mobile Arena. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ritter, Ken (June 18, 2013). "AEG, MGM to Develop 20,000 Seat Las Vegas Strip Arena". The Denver Post. Digital First Media. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas Getting 20K-Seat Arena". Fox Sports. Fox Sports Digital Media. June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collison, Kevin (June 18, 2013). "KC-Based Firm Populous to Design New Arena in Las Vegas". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ ESPN – Vegas, baby? Arena envisioned to draw pro team to city – ESPN
Jump up ^ Benston, Liz (September 27, 2008). "Harrah’s still wants arena, but how much will it pay?". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Insiders Tight Lipped on Las Vegas Arena". KLAS-TV. January 20, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Las Vegas foundation drops arena effort
Jump up ^ "MGM & AEG Building a 20,000-Seat Arena on the Las Vegas Strip". Billboard. Associated Press. June 19, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MGM Resorts announces plan for 20,000-seat arena". Las Vegas Sun. March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stutz, Howard (April 18, 2013). "MGM has grand plans with trendy plaza, sports arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Snel, Alan (June 18, 2013). "World-famed architect announced for MGM arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Snel, Alan (November 5, 2013). "AEG, MGM Resorts International Offer First Look at Arena on Las Vegas Strip". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones, Jenny (February 18, 2014). "New Arena Design Reflects Las Vegas’s Milieu". Civil Engineering. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Designing a Winning Sports Venue". Consulting-Specifying Engineer. April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Robison, Jennifer (December 22, 2013). "Las Vegas Construction Poised to Prosper in 2014". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Snel, Alan (May 1, 2014). "Shovels in the Ground, Confetti in the Air as MGM/AEG Arena Construction Begins". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Snel, Alan (May 27, 2015). "Construction workers install final beam at MGM arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Introducing T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas". T-Mobile US. January 7, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "T-Mobile buys naming rights to new Las Vegas arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Casper, Ashley (April 1, 2016). "What others are saying about T-Mobile Arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. News + Media Capital Group LLC. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Martina McBride plays private concert at T-Mobile Arena stress test". Las Vegas Review-Journal. April 1, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team". Las Vegas Sun. August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NHL denies expansion report, including a second team in Toronto". Toronto Star. August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gallagher: Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion". The Province. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosen, Dan (June 22, 2016). "Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise". National Hockey League. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Carp, Steve (June 22, 2016). "Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hill, Adam (March 3, 2017). "UFC to be an anchor tenant at T-Mobile Arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to T-Mobile Arena.
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Venues of the Latin Grammy Award ceremonies
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-Mobile_Arena&oldid=804889148"
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