text:
Ambiguous grammar
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In computer science, an ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation or parse tree, while an unambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which every valid string has a unique leftmost derivation or parse tree. Many languages admit both ambiguous and unambiguous grammars, while some languages admit only ambiguous grammars. Any non-empty language admits an ambiguous grammar by taking an unambiguous grammar and introducing a duplicate rule or synonym (the only language without ambiguous grammars is the empty language). A language that only admits ambiguous grammars is called an inherently ambiguous language, and there are inherently ambiguous context-free languages. Deterministic context-free grammars are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous grammars; there are non-deterministic unambiguous grammars, however.
For computer programming languages, the reference grammar is often ambiguous, due to issues such as the dangling else problem. If present, these ambiguities are generally resolved by adding precedence rules or other context-sensitive parsing rules, so the overall phrase grammar is unambiguous.[citation needed] The set of all parse trees for an ambiguous sentence is called a parse forest.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
1.1 Trivial language
1.2 Unary string
1.3 Addition and subtraction
1.4 Dangling else
1.5 Counter-example
2 Recognizing ambiguous grammars
3 Inherently ambiguous languages
4 See also
5 References
6 Notes
7 External links
Examples[edit]
Trivial language[edit]
The simplest example is the following ambiguous grammar for the trivial language, which consists of only the empty string:
A → A | ε
…meaning that a production can either be itself again, or the empty string. Thus the empty string has leftmost derivations of length 1, 2, 3, and indeed of any length, depending on how many times the rule A → A is used.
This language also has the unambiguous grammar, consisting of a single production rule:
A → ε
…meaning that the unique production can only produce the empty string, which is the unique string in the language.
In the same way, any grammar for a non-empty language can be made ambiguous by adding duplicates.
Unary string[edit]
The regular language of unary strings of a given character, say 'a' (the regular expression a*), has the unambiguous grammar:
A → aA | ε
…but also has the ambiguous grammar:
A → aA | Aa | ε
These correspond to producing a right-associative tree (for the unambiguous grammar) or allowing both left- and right- association. This is elaborated below.
Addition and subtraction[edit]
The context free grammar
A → A + A | A − A | A * A | id
is ambiguous since there are two leftmost derivations for the string a + a + a:
A → A + A A → A + A
→ a + A → A + A + A (First A is replaced by A+A. Replacement of the second A would yield a similar derivation)
→ a + A + A → a + A + A
→ a + a + A → a + a + A
→ a + a + a → a + a + a
As another example, the grammar is ambiguous since there are two parse trees for the string a + a − a:
The language that it generates, however, is not inherently ambiguous; the following is a non-ambiguous grammar generating the same language:
A → A + a | A − a | a
Dangling else[edit]
Main article: Dangling else
A common example of ambiguity in computer programming languages is the dangling else problem. In many languages, the else in an If–then(–else) statement is optional, which results in nested conditionals having multiple ways of being recognized in terms of the context-free grammar.
Concretely, in many languages one may write conditionals in two valid forms: the if-then form, and the if-then-else form – in effect, making the else clause optional:[note 1]
In a grammar containing the rules
Statement → if Condition then Statement | if Condition then Statement else Statement | ... Condition → ...

some ambiguous phrase structures can appear. The expression
if a then if b then s else s2

can be parsed as either
if a then begin if b then s end else s2

or as
if a then begin if b then s else s2 end

depending on whether the else is associated with the first if or second if.
This is resolved in various ways in different languages. Sometimes the grammar is modified so that it is unambiguous, such as by requiring an endif statement or making else mandatory. In other cases the grammar is left ambiguous, but the ambiguity is resolved by making the overall phrase grammar context-sensitive, such as by associating an else with the nearest if. In this latter case the grammar is unambiguous, but the context-free grammar is ambiguous.[clarification needed]
Counter-example[edit]
The simple grammar
S → A + A
A → 0 | 1

is an unambiguous grammar for the language { 0+0, 0+1, 1+0, 1+1 }. While each of these four strings has only one leftmost derivation, it has two different derivations, for example
S ⇒ A + A ⇒ 0 + A ⇒ 0 + 0

and
S ⇒ A + A ⇒ A + 0 ⇒ 0 + 0

Only the former one is a leftmost one.
Recognizing ambiguous grammars[edit]
The decision problem of whether an arbitrary grammar is ambiguous is undecidable because it can be shown that it is equivalent to the Post correspondence problem.[2] At least, there are tools implementing some semi-decision procedure for detecting ambiguity of context-free grammars.[3]
The efficiency of context-free grammar parsing is determined by the automaton that accepts it. Deterministic context-free grammars are accepted by deterministic pushdown automata and can be parsed in linear time, for example by the LR parser.[4] This is a subset of the context-free grammars which are accepted by the pushdown automaton and can be parsed in polynomial time, for example by the CYK algorithm. Unambiguous context-free grammars can be nondeterministic.
For example, the language of even-length palindromes on the alphabet of 0 and 1 has the unambiguous context-free grammar S → 0S0 | 1S1 | ε. An arbitrary string of this language cannot be parsed without reading all its letters first which means that a pushdown automaton has to try alternative state transitions to accommodate for the different possible lengths of a semi-parsed string.[5] Nevertheless, removing grammar ambiguity may produce a deterministic context-free grammar and thus allow for more efficient parsing. Compiler generators such as YACC include features for resolving some kinds of ambiguity, such as by using the precedence and associativity constraints.
Inherently ambiguous languages[edit]
The existence of inherently ambiguous languages was proven with Parikh's theorem in 1961 by Rohit Parikh in an MIT research report.[6]
While some context-free languages (the set of strings that can be generated by a grammar) have both ambiguous and unambiguous grammars, there exist context-free languages for which no unambiguous context-free grammar can exist. An example of an inherently ambiguous language is the union of { a n b m c m d n | n , m > 0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{m}c^{m}d^{n}|n,m>0\}} with { a n b n c m d m | n , m > 0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{n}c^{m}d^{m}|n,m>0\}} . This set is context-free, since the union of two context-free languages is always context-free. But Hopcroft & Ullman (1979) give a proof that there is no way to unambiguously parse strings in the (non-context-free) common subset { a n b n c n d n | n > 0 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{n}c^{n}d^{n}|n>0\}} .[7]
See also[edit]
GLR parser, a type of parser for ambiguous and nondeterministic grammars
Chart parser, another type of parser for ambiguous grammars
Syntactic ambiguity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tomita, Masaru. "An efficient augmented-context-free parsing algorithm." Computational linguistics 13.1-2 (1987): 31-46.
Jump up ^ Hopcroft, John; Motwani, Rajeev; Ullman, Jeffrey (2001). Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. Theorem 9.20, pp. 405–406. ISBN 0-201-44124-1.
Jump up ^ Axelsson, Roland; Heljanko, Keijo; Lange, Martin (2008). "Analyzing Context-Free Grammars Using an Incremental SAT Solver". Proceedings of the 35th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP'08), Reykjavik, Iceland. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 5126. Springer-Verlag. pp. 410–422. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70583-3_34. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Knuth, D. E. (July 1965). "On the translation of languages from left to right" (PDF). Information and Control. 8 (6): 607–639. doi:10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90426-2. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Hopcroft, John; Motwani, Rajeev; Ullman, Jeffrey (2001). Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 249–253. ISBN 0-201-44124-1.
Jump up ^ Parikh, Rohit (January 1961). Language-generating devices. Quarterly Progress Report, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT.
Jump up ^ p.99-103, Sect.4.7
Gross, Maurice (September 1964). "Inherent ambiguity of minimal linear grammars". Information and Control. Information and Control. 7 (3): 366–368. doi:10.1016/S0019-9958(64)90422-X.
Michael, Harrison (1978). Introduction to Formal Language Theory. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201029553.
Hopcroft, John E.; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1979). Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley.
Hopcroft, John; Motwani, Rajeev; Ullman, Jeffrey (2001). Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 217.
Brabrand, Claus; Giegerich, Robert; Møller, Anders (March 2010). "Analyzing Ambiguity of Context-Free Grammars". Science of Computer Programming. Elsevier. 75 (3): 176–191. doi:10.1016/j.scico.2009.11.002.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The following example uses Pascal syntax
External links[edit]
dk.brics.grammar - a grammar ambiguity analyzer.
CFGAnalyzer - tool for analyzing context-free grammars with respect to language universality, ambiguity, and similar properties.
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Grace and Frankie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Grace and Frankie
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Starring
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Sam Waterston
Martin Sheen
Brooklyn Decker
Ethan Embry
June Diane Raphael
Baron Vaughn
Opening theme
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
performed by Grace Potter
Composer(s)
Sam KS
Michael Skloff
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
52 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Marta Kauffman
Howard J. Morris
Jane Fonda
Lily Tomlin
Tate Taylor (pilot)
Paula Weinstein
Dana Goldberg
David Ellison
Marcy Ross
Alexa Junge
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Cinematography
Gale Tattersall
Editor(s)
Lisa Zeno Churgin
Michael Jablow
Sarah Lucky
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
25–35 minutes
Production company(s)
Okay Goodnight
Skydance Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)
Original release
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08) – present
External links
Official website
Grace and Frankie is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix. The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie, two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married. Sam Waterston, Martin Sheen, Brooklyn Decker, Ethan Embry, June Diane Raphael, and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles. It premiered on Netflix on May 8, 2015, with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously. The second, third, and fourth seasons, also consisting of 13 episodes each, have been released on May 6, 2016, March 24, 2017, and January 19, 2018, respectively.
Despite mixed reviews upon its debut, the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations, including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
On February 15, 2018, Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main and Recurring
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production and development
4.1 Casting
4.2 Filming
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
5.2 Controversy
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.
Cast[edit]
Main and Recurring[edit]
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
5
Jane Fonda Grace Hanson Lead
Lily Tomlin Frances 'Frankie' Bergstein Lead
Sam Waterston Sol Bergstein–Hanson Lead
Martin Sheen Robert Bergstein–Hanson Lead
Brooklyn Decker Mallory Hanson Main
June Diane Raphael Brianna Hanson Main
Ethan Embry Coyote Bergstein Main
Baron Vaughn Nwabudike 'Bud' Bergstein Main
Recurring[edit]
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
5
Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring
Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest
Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest
Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring
Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring
Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring
Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring
Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring
Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest
Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz Recurring
Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring
Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring
Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring
Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring
Talia Shire Teddie Recurring
Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring
Mark Deklin Roy Recurring
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Grace and Frankie episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)
2 13 May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3 13 March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
4 13 January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Production and development[edit]
In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]
On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]
On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]
On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]
On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]
Casting[edit]
Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]
Filming[edit]
Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]
Reception[edit]
The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]
The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]
The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [23]
20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [24]
73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated [25]
Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated [26]
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Jane Fonda Nominated
TV Performance of the Year – Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated
LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated
27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [27]
19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated [28]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated
2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated [29]
[30]
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp Nominated
23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated [32]
28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated [33]
Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler Nominated [34]
20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [35]
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated
2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [36]
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Designers[show]
Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp
Nominated
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)
Designers[show]
Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson
Nominated
2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated [31]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated
Controversy[edit]
After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Erik, Pedersen (February 14, 2018). "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix; RuPaul To Guest Star". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in "Grace and Frankie," A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix". The Futon Critic. March 19, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Grace And Frankie' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline.com. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (January 17, 2016). "Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For 'Orange Is The New Black,' 'The Get Down,' 'Flaked' And Others". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 10, 2015). "Netflix Renews 'Grace and Frankie' for Season 3". Variety.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 8, 2017). "'Grace And Frankie' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser". Deadline.
^ Jump up to: a b Otterson, Joe (April 12, 2017). "'Grace and Frankie' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix, Adds Lisa Kudrow". Variety.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Kasey (April 12, 2017). "Grace and Frankie Season 4: Official Renewal Status and Release Date". whats-on-netflix.com. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana; Goldberg, Lesley (June 18, 2014). "Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix's Jane Fonda-Lily Tomlin Comedy (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Kaitlin (July 7, 2014). "Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix's Grace and Frankie". TV Guide. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy 'Grace & Frankie'". Deadline.com. July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Development Update: Tuesday, July 29". The Futon Critic. July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fonda, Jane (October 19, 2015). "Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2". JaneFonda.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Starting the New Series, Grace & Frankie, with Lily Tomlin, Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston". JaneFonda.com. August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II". JaneFonda.com. July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie". JaneFonda.com. November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 2 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wisener, Jasef (May 18, 2016). "Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review". TVOvermind. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grace and Frankie: Season 3 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list". CNN.com. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Satellite Awards (2015)". International Press Academy. IPA. December 2, 2015. pressacademy.com. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (December 10, 2015). "2016 Golden Globes: Lady Gaga, Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race". Variety. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
Jump up ^ "GALECA 2015/16 DORIAN AWARDS". GALECA. 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "2016/01/2016-glaad-media-award-nominations". vulture.com. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
Jump up ^ "19th Annual TV Awards (2014-15)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/
Jump up ^ "Outstanding Contemporary TV Series". costumedesignersguild.com. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "GLAAD Media Awards Nominees #glaadawards". GLAAD. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016
Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/
Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All
Jump up ^ Kang, Inkoo. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair 'Grace and Frankie' Paychecks". Women and Hollywood. Indiewire.com. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vanmetre, Elizabeth (May 11, 2015). "Martin Sheen, Sam Waterston agree 'Grace and Frankie', stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gennis, Sadie. "Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity". TV Guide. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
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Audit in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (January 2016)
Audit or Auditing in India is a system of independently reviewing the records/activities and expressing an opinion thereon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Social audit
1.2 Statutory audit
1.3 Other
2 CAG
3 ICAI
4 References
Types[edit]
Social audit[edit]
Main article: Social audit
Social audit is a process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground.[1]
Civil society organisations (CSOs), Non-governmental organization (NGOs), political representatives, civil servants and workers of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan and Anantapuram district of Andhra Pradesh collectively organise such social audits to prevent mass corruption under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).[2]
Statutory audit[edit]
Main article: Financial audit
Statutory audit refers to the audit based on the laws applicable on the entity for the time being in force. It is governed by the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) issued by Institute of Chartered Accountants of India from time to time. A Chartered accountant holding a certificate of practice in India is qualified to be a statutory auditor of an entity. It is mandatory for a company in India to get the Statutory Audit of its financial statements done according to the provisions of Companies Act 2013.[citation needed]
Other[edit]
Internal Audit
Government Audit
Environmental audit
CAG[edit]
Main article: Comptroller and Auditor General of India
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an authority, established by the Constitution under Constitution of India/Part V Chapter V/Sub-part 7B/Article 148, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government. The CAG is also the external auditor of Government-owned corporations and conducts supplementary audit of government companies, i.e., any non-banking/ non-insurance company in which Union Government has an equity share of at least 51 per cent or subsidiary companies of existing government companies. The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees (PACs) and Committees on Public Undertakings (COPUs), which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state legislatures. The CAG is also the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, the affairs of which are managed by officers of Indian Audit and Accounts Service, and has over 58,000 employees across the country.[citation needed]
The CAG is ranked 9th and enjoys the same status as a judge of Supreme Court of India in Indian order of precedence. The current CAG of India is Shashi Kant Sharma,[3] who was appointed on 23 May 2013. He is the 12th CAG of India.
ICAI[edit]
Main article: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 passed by the Parliament of India with the objective of regulating accountancy profession in India.[4] ICAI is the second largest professional accounting body in the world in terms of membership second only to AICPA.[5] It prescribes the qualifications for a Chartered Accountant, conducts the requisite examinations and grants license in the form of Certificate of Practice. Apart from this primary function, it also helps various government agencies like RBI, SEBI,[citation needed] MCA, CAG, IRDA, etc. in policy formulation. ICAI actively engages itself in aiding and advising economic policy formulation. For example ICAI has submitted its suggestions on the proposed Direct Taxes Code Bill, 2010. It also has submitted its suggestions on the Companies Bill, 2009. The government also takes the suggestions of ICAI as expert advice and considers it favorably. ICAI presented an approach paper on issues in implementing Goods and Service Tax in India to the Ministry of Finance. In response to this, Ministry of Finance has suggested that ICAI take a lead and help the government in implementing Goods and Services Tax (GST).[6] It is because of this active participation in formulation economic legislation, it has been designated by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam as a "Partner in Nation Building".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Aiyar, Yamini; Samji, Salimah (1 February 2009), Transparency and Accountability in NREGA – A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh (PDF), Accountability Initiative, p. 8, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013
Jump up ^ Dobhal, Harsh (2011), Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law (2002–2010), Socio Legal Information Cent, p. 420, ISBN 978-81-89479-78-7
Jump up ^ "Defence Secretary Shashi Kant Sharma to be new CAG", The Hindu, 21 May 2013
Jump up ^ Act No. XXXVIII of 1949. See "Chartered Accountants Act 1949 as amended in 2006"
Jump up ^ Ranking of Accountancy bodies as per, World Ranking Guide Blog
Jump up ^ "Finmin eyes ICAI role in GST roll-out", The Financial Express, 3 July 2008
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