text:
Lists of countries by mineral production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following list creates a summary of the two major producers of different minerals (and coal, which is generally not considered a mineral).
Contents
[hide]
1 Fuels
1.1 Fossil fuels
1.2 Atomic fuel
2 Gemstones
3 Metals
4 References
Fuels[edit]
Fossil fuels[edit]
Fossil fuel
Largest Producer
second largest producer
Complete list
Coal[1] China United States List of countries by coal production
Natural gas[2] United States Russia List of countries by natural gas production
Petroleum[3] Russia Saudi Arabia List of countries by oil production
Atomic fuel[edit]
Atomic fuel
Largest Producer
Second Largest Producer
Complete list
Uranium[4] Kazakhstan Canada List of countries by uranium production
Thorium[5] India Australia Occurrence of thorium
Gemstones[edit]
Gem
Largest Producer
Second Largest Producer
Complete list
Fluorite[6] China Mexico List of countries by fluorite production
Diamond[7] Russia Botswana
Metals[edit]
Metal
Leading Producer
Second Leading Producer
Complete list
Aluminium[8] China Russia List of countries by aluminium production
Bauxite[9] Australia China List of countries by bauxite production
Bismuth[10] China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production
Copper[11] Chile China List of countries by copper production
Gold[12] China Australia List of countries by gold production
Iron ore[13] Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production
Lithium[14] Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production
Manganese[15] South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production
Mica[16] India Russia Mica
Nickel[17] Philippines Russia
Niobium[18] Brazil Canada
Palladium[19] Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production
Platinum[20] South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production
Silver[21] Mexico China List of countries by silver production
Tin[22] China Indonesia List of countries by tin production
Titanium[23] Australia South Africa (tied) List of countries by titanium production
Zinc[24] China Australia List of countries by zinc production
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. BP. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]. CIA. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "World's top oil producers 2016". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Uranium Mining". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE_1450_web.pdf
Jump up ^ World Mineral Production 2009–2013. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ [2]. geology.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Aluminum. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Bauxite. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Bismuth. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Copper. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Gold. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Lithium. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Manganese. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/mica/mcs-2011-mica.pdf
Jump up ^ Nickel. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Palladium. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Platinum. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Silver. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Tin. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Titanium. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Zinc, p. 187. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of countries by industrial output rankings
Metallurgy
Aluminium
Al2O3
Bauxite
Bismuth
Copper
smelter
Gold
Iron ore
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Palladium
Platinum
Silver
Steel
Tin
Titanium
Uranium
reserves
Zinc
Mineral
Antimony
Bentonite
Feldspar
Fluorite
Silicon
Salt
Emissions
CO2
per capita
GDP per
Greenhouse gas
per capita
Others
Manufacturing
Cement
Motor vehicles
Paper
Refrigerators
Washing machines
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production&oldid=802455927"
Categories:
Lists of countries by mineral production
Lists of lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
தமிழ்
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 07:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

value: li

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of countries by GDP sector composition

values: List of countries by aluminium oxide production

values: List of countries by copper smelter production

values: List of countries by magnesium production

values: List of countries by bentonite production

values: List of countries by feldspar production

values: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita

values: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita

values: List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions

values: List of countries by motor vehicle production

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Lists of countries by mineral production

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Daftar negara penghasil komoditas tambang terbesar – Indonesian

values: கனிம உற்பத்தி அடிப்படையில் நாடுகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: فہرست ممالک بلحاظ معدنی پیداوار – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production rootpage-Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production skin-vector action-view


text:
MultiChoice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation's cable television service, see Multi-Choice TV (Barbados).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
MultiChoice
Type
Public
Industry
Broadcasting
Pay TV
Founded
1996; 22 years ago (1996)
Headquarters
Ferndale, Randburg,
South Africa
Products
Direct Broadcast Satellite
Owner
Naspers
Website
www.multichoice.co.za
MultiChoice is a video entertainment and internet company with a strong presence in South Africa and across the African continent.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Operations and brands
2.1 History timeline
3 Criticism
4 External links
5 References
Origins[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1986, South African mass media company Naspers - a leading supporter of the Apartheid Afrikaner Nationalist Party - (along with several other South African media companies) formed the entertainment entity known as M-Net. Because of its support for Apartheid, Naspers through M-Net was given a monopoly of broadcasting satellite TV in South Africa. In October 1993, M-Net was divided into two companies – one dealing with the delivery of entertainment channels, the other oversaw subscriber management, signal distribution, and cellphone operations.[3]
MultiChoice South Africa grew out of this subscriber management division. Today it’s the leading video entertainment operator in the country and services just over five million subscribers. In the late 80s, M-Net embarked on a drive to expand its operations beyond the borders of South Africa.[citation needed]
Its founder, Koos Bekker, wanted the company to position itself as a progressive pan-African entity. The breakthrough came when they were awarded a license in Namibia in 1991, quickly followed by a host of other countries. MultiChoice Africa came into being in 1996 and currently services over four million subscribers.[citation needed]
Operations and brands[edit]
MultiChoice South Africa is based in Randburg, Gauteng. The company sources channels from around the world, as well as channels produced in South Africa, which are put into packages to suit a variety of viewing tastes and pockets.[citation needed]
One of the company’s brands is DStv. This pay-TV service provides customers with channels that cover: general entertainment, movies, lifestyle and culture, sport, documentaries, news and commerce, music, religion and more. DStv packages range from EasyView (entry-level) to Premium (top-tier), as well as niche packages for the Indian and Portuguese communities. DStv also offers great value-added services such as DStv Mobile, DStv Catch Up and BoxOffice.
In 2016, MultiChoice SA launched GOtv. The service had previously been available in various African countries and was brought to South Africa on the back of a requirement – initiated by the Minister of Communications – for analogue television to migrate to DTT (digital terrestrial television). GOtv delivers content via network towers, rather than by satellite, and is available on two packages at affordable price points.
MultiChoice South Africa constantly seeks to enhance its customers' viewing experience. The company has a long history of introducing cutting-edge technology, such as the dual-view decoder, the DStv Explora PVR, high-definition channels and mobile television.
MultiChoice Africa is based in South Africa and provides multi-channel pay-TV and subscriber management services in 48 countries across sub-Sahara Africa and the adjacent Indian Ocean islands. MultiChoice Africa’s digital DStv service features over 200 video channels and up to 65 audio channels with a strong focus on local content. As a video entertainment company that constantly evolves in line with the world’s best technologies, MultiChoice Africa played an important role in making information and entertainment easily accessible. As an African business, investments have brought both social and economic benefits to the communities where they operate through job opportunities, partnerships and training.
The full list of brands that fall under MultiChoice are:
DStv – MultiChoice's digital satellite TV service which offers various packages and consumer channels, accessible on a variety of platforms.
M-Net – One of the first private subscription TV service to launch outside of the United States, M-Net delivers premium thematic channels and exclusive content to all DStv customers.
SuperSport – SuperSport sources sports content from federations and license holders, and also funds sports development across Africa. SuperSport packages this content into complete channels, for broadcasting by companies such as MultiChoice.
DStv Media Sales – Handles commercial airtime sales and on-air sponsorship across M-Net, SuperSport and the majority of the DStv international channels. Airtime is sold on over 70 pay-TV commercial channels, in addition to the two terrestrial M-Net channels.
DStv Digital Media – Marries video and internet to offer customers the best possible entertainment experience. DStv Digital Media also provide a range of popular services through the following websites: DStv.com, SuperSport.com, m-net.dstv.com, VUZU.tv and AfricanFilmLibrary.com.
MWEB – South Africa’s second largest Internet Service Provider (ISP). Other than data, MWEB supply VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), network security, email and cloud-based services, ADSL and 3G.
GOtv South Africa and Lesotho – This low-cost digital terrestrial television service offers two packages of great family entertainment at a price everyone can afford.
History timeline[edit]
2016 – Launch of GOtv in South Africa
2015 – Launch of GOtv in Lesotho
2014 – Launch of DStv Digital Media (DStv Mobile + DStv Online). Launch of Connected Services. Launch of DStv Now
2013 – Launch of DStv Explora decoder
2012 – DStv Mobile launches the iDrifta and the Walka 7
2011 – Drifta launched. GOtv launched on DTT network in Zambia. Walka launched. Streaming mobile TV services launched. DStv BoxOffice launch
2010 – DStv On Demand service launched on HD PVR 2P
2009 – HD channels launched (SuperSport, Discovery and National Geographic Channel)
2008 – Launch of HD PVR and XtraView. DStv Mobile launches broadcast services onto TV-enabled phones
2007 – Launch of DStv Select and also entry-level bouquet DStv EasyView
2006 – MultiChoice launches BBBEE share scheme, Phuthuma Nathi
2005 – Launch of DTT in Namibia. Launch of DStv PVR decoder DStv Compact launched. DStv Premium subscribers in South Africa reach the one million mark
2004 – Launch of SESAT satellite for French and Portuguese bouquets
2003 – Launch of Dual View decoders
2002 – Launch of Interactive Television
2001 – Launch of Indian and Portuguese bouquet
2000 – Ethiopia and Mozambique franchises launched
1999 – Migration of the entire subscriber base from PAS4 to PAS7 satellite
1998 – Angola franchise launched
1997 – Tanzania joint venture launched. Malawi franchise launched. MWEB founded
1996 – MultiChoice Ltd changes its name to MIH Holdings Limited (MIH). MultiChoice Africa (Pty) Ltd is formed
1995 – Kenya, Zambia joint ventures launched. Zimbabwe franchise launched. Start of Greek TV platform (MultiChoice Hellas)
1994 – Nigeria joint venture launched
1993 – Botswana and Ghana joint venture launched. MultiChoice is formed when the customer services divisions split from M-Net
1992 – Namibia joint venture launched
1991 – M-Net awarded first African licenses in Namibia and Botswana
1990 – M-Net lists on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)
1989 – SuperSport launched
1985 – Africa’s first pay TV channel, M-Net, launched
Criticism[edit]
Africa’s largest television platform pulled a talk show after it asked questions about police brutality and media freedom in Zambia.[4]
Multichoice was fingered in a greasing scandal involving ANN7 and the Gupta family.[5]
External links[edit]
Website of MultiChoice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Expanding into the African continent | The Media Online". themediaonline.co.za. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ "MultiChoice entrenches its monopoly". Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Apartheid Inc, the story of Naspers, Media24 and Channel Life". Medialternatives. 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ https://qz.com/1129044/africas-largest-tv-platform-pulled-a-talk-show-for-asking-about-police-brutality-and-press-freedom-in-zambia/
Jump up ^ https://medialternatives.com/2017/12/02/naspers-one-week-of-greasing-shame/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MultiChoice&oldid=833092580"
Categories:
Television in South Africa
Media companies of South Africa
Direct broadcast satellite services
Media in Johannesburg
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from October 2014
All articles needing additional references
Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters
NPOV disputes from March 2018
All NPOV disputes
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
Dansk
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 16:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Direct_Broadcast_Satellite
mw-redirect
Direct Broadcast Satellite

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://now.dstv.com/CatchUp#Recommended

values:
nofollow
http://southafrica.gotvafrica.com/Home/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://campaigns.dstv.com/explora/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dstvmediasales.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dstvdm.dstv.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.mweb.co.za

values:
nofollow
http://www.multichoice.co.za/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Media companies of South Africa

values: Category:Direct broadcast satellite services

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/MultiChoice
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-MultiChoice rootpage-MultiChoice skin-vector action-view


text:
Anti-lock braking system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Symbol for ABS
It has been suggested that Anti-lock braking system for motorcycles be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2017.
ABS brakes on a BMW motorcycle
An anti-lock braking system or anti-skid braking system[1] (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than many drivers could manage.
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces; however, on loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces, ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle steering control.[2][3][4]
Since initial widespread use in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have been improved considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but also electronically control the front-to-rear brake bias. This function, depending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known as electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), traction control system, emergency brake assist, or electronic stability control (ESC).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early systems
1.2 Modern systems
2 Operation
3 Components
4 Use
5 Brake types
6 Effectiveness
7 Regulations
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Early systems[edit]
The concept for ABS predates the modern systems that were introduced in the 1950s. In 1908, for example, J.E. Francis introduced his 'Slip Prevention Regulator for Rail Vehicles'.[5]
In 1920 the French automobile and aircraft pioneer Gabriel Voisin experimented with systems that modulated the hydraulic braking pressure on his aircraft brakes to reduce the risk of tire slippage. These systems use a flywheel and valve attached to a hydraulic line that feeds the brake cylinders. The flywheel is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel. In normal braking, the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed. However, when a wheel slows down, then the drum would do the same, leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate. This causes the valve to open, allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir, lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes. The use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning. In testing, a 30% improvement in braking performance was noted, because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point. An additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires.[6]
The first patented system was created by German engineer Karl Wessel in 1928. Wessel, however, never developed a working product and neither did Robert Bosch who produced a similar patent eight years later.[5]
By the early 1950s, the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system was in widespread aviation use in the UK, with aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor, Vickers Viscount, Vickers Valiant, English Electric Lightning, de Havilland Comet 2c, de Havilland Sea Vixen, and later aircraft, such as the Vickers VC10, Hawker Siddeley Trident, Hawker Siddeley 125, Hawker Siddeley HS 748 and derived British Aerospace ATP, and BAC One-Eleven being fitted with Maxaret as standard.[7] Maxaret, while reducing braking distances by up to 30% in icy or wet conditions, also increased tire life, and had the additional advantage of allowing take-offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non-Maxaret equipped aircraft.
In 1958, a Royal Enfield Super Meteor motorcycle was used by the Road Research Laboratory to test the Maxaret anti-lock brake.[8] The experiments demonstrated that anti-lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles, for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents. Stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking, particularly on slippery surfaces, in which the improvement could be as much as 30 percent. Enfield's technical director at the time, Tony Wilson-Jones, saw little future in the system, however, and it was not put into production by the company.[8]
A fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the Ferguson P99 racing car, the Jensen FF, and the experimental all wheel drive Ford Zodiac, but saw no further use; the system proved expensive and unreliable.
The first fully electronic anti lock system was developed in the late 60s for the Concorde aircraft.
Modern systems[edit]
Chrysler, together with the Bendix Corporation, introduced a computerized, three-channel, four-sensor all-wheel[9] ABS called "Sure Brake" for its 1971 Imperial.[10] It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. In 1970, Ford added an antilock braking system called "Sure-track" to the rear wheels of Lincoln Continentals as an option;[11] it became standard in 1971.[12] In 1971, General Motors introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel only[13] ABS as an option on their rear-wheel drive Cadillac models[14][15] and the Oldsmobile Toronado.[16] In the same year, Nissan offered an EAL (Electro Anti-lock System) developed by Japanese company Denso as an option on the Nissan President, which became Japan's first electronic ABS.[17]
1971: Electronically controlled anti-skid brakes on Toyota Crown[18] In 1972, four wheel drive Triumph 2500 Estates were fitted with Mullard electronic systems as standard. Such cars were very rare however and very few survive today.
1971: First truck application: "Antislittamento" sistem developed by Fiat Veicoli Industriali and installed on Fiat truck model 691N1.[19]
1976: WABCO began the development of anti-locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads, followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system (EBS) for heavy duty vehicles.[20]
1978: Mercedes-Benz W116 became the first production car to use an electronic four-wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) from Bosch as an option from 1978 on.
1982: Honda introduced electronically controlled multi-channel ALB (Anti Locking Brakes) as an option for the second generation of Prelude, launched worldwide in 1982. Additional info: The general agent for Honda in Norway required all Preludes for the Norwegian market to have the ALB-system as a standard feature, making Honda Prelude to be the first car delivered in Europe with ABS as a standard feature. The Norwegian general agent also included sun roof and other options to be standard equipment in Norway, adding more luxury to the Honda brand. However, the Norwegian tax system made the well-equipped car very expensive, and the sales suffered from high cost. From 1984 the ALB-system, as well as the other optional features from Honda, was no longer a standard feature in Norway.
In 1985 the Ford Scorpio was introduced to European market with a Teves electronic system throughout the range as standard. For this the model was awarded the coveted European Car of the Year Award in 1986, with very favourable praise from motoring journalists. After this success Ford began research into Anti-Lock systems for the rest of their range, which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit.
In 1988, BMW introduced the first motorcycle with an electronic-hydraulic ABS: the BMW K100. Honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle ABS on the ST1100 Pan European. In 2007, Suzuki launched its GSF1200SA (Bandit) with an ABS. In 2005, Harley-Davidson began offering an ABS option on police bikes.
In 1993, Lincoln became one of the first automobile companies to provide standard four-wheel anti-lock brakes on all of their vehicles.[21]
Operation[edit]
The anti-lock brake controller is also known as the CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake).[22]
Typically ABS includes a central electronic control unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics. The ECU constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle, a condition indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing down the wheel. This process is repeated continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation. Some anti-lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second.[23] Because of this, the wheels of cars equipped with ABS are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions.
The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold, because when the car is turning, the two wheels towards the center of the curve turn slower than the outer two. For this same reason, a differential is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles.
If a fault develops in any part of the ABS, a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel, and the ABS will be disabled until the fault is rectified.
Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub-mounted sensors and a dedicated micro-controller. ABS is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles produced today and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems, which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the vast reduction in price of vehicle electronics over the years.[24]
Modern electronic stability control systems are an evolution of the ABS concept. Here, a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work: these are a steering wheel angle sensor, and a gyroscopic sensor. The theory of operation is simple: when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports, the ESC software will brake the necessary individual wheel(s) (up to three with the most sophisticated systems), so that the vehicle goes the way the driver intends. The steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of Cornering Brake Control (CBC), since this will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside, and by how much.
ABS equipment may also be used to implement a traction control system (TCS) on acceleration of the vehicle. If, when accelerating, the tire loses traction, the ABS controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained. More sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously.
The speed sensors of ABS are sometimes used in indirect tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS), which can detect under-inflation of tire(s) by difference in rotational speed of wheels.
Components[edit]
There are four main components of ABS: wheel speed sensors, valves, a pump, and a controller.
Speed sensors
A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel. These sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor, or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic coil to generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor. Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel, this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller.
Valves
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:
In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.
The majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves. When a valve is clogged it is unable to open, close, or change position. An inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes.
Pump
The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it. A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip. After a valve release the pressure supplied from the user, the pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller will modulate the pumps status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping.
Controller
The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor, in turn if a wheel loses traction the signal is sent to the controller, the controller will then limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off.
Use[edit]
There are many different variations and control algorithms for use in ABS. One of the simpler systems works as follows:[23]
The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second.
The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.
This replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or a low traction surface, allowing to steer even in most emergency braking conditions.
When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.
Brake types[edit]
Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use. They can be differentiated by the number of channels: that is, how many valves that are individually controlled—and the number of speed sensors.[23]
1) Four-channel, four-sensor ABS
There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.
2) Three-channel, four-sensor ABS
There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for each of the front wheels, but only one valve for both of the rear wheels. Older vehicles with four-wheel ABS usually use this type.
3) Three-channel, three-sensor ABS
This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.
4) Two-channel, four sensor ABS
This system, commonly found on passenger cars from the late '80s through the mid 1990s, uses a speed sensor at each wheel, with one control valve each for the front and rear wheels as a pair. If the speed sensor detects lock up at any individual wheel, the control module pulses the valve for both wheels on that end of the car.
5) One-channel, one-sensor ABS
This system is commonly found on pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is also easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the wheels.
Effectiveness[edit]
A 2004 Australian study by Monash University Accident Research Centre found that ABS:[2]
Reduced the risk of multiple vehicle crashes by 18 percent,
Increased the risk of run-off-road crashes by 35 percent.
On high-traction surfaces such as bitumen, or concrete, many (though not all) ABS-equipped cars are able to attain braking distances better (i.e. shorter) than those that would be possible without the benefit of ABS. In real world conditions, even an alert and experienced driver without ABS would find it difficult to match or improve on the performance of a typical driver with a modern Anti-lock Braking System-equipped vehicle. ABS reduces chances of crashing, and/or the severity of impact. The recommended technique for non-expert drivers in an ABS-equipped car, in a typical full-braking emergency, is to press the brake pedal as firmly as possible and, where appropriate, to steer around obstructions. In such situations, ABS will significantly reduce the chances of a skid and subsequent loss of control.
In gravel, sand and deep snow, ABS tends to increase braking distances. On these surfaces, locked wheels dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly. ABS prevents this from occurring. Some ABS calibrations reduce this problem by slowing the cycling time, thus letting the wheels repeatedly briefly lock and unlock. Some vehicle manufacturers provide an "off-road" button to turn ABS function off. The primary benefit of ABS on such surfaces is to increase the ability of the driver to maintain control of the car rather than go into a skid, though loss of control remains more likely on soft surfaces such as gravel or on slippery surfaces such as snow or ice. On a very slippery surface such as sheet ice or gravel, it is possible to lock multiple wheels at once, and this can defeat ABS (which relies on comparing all four wheels, and detecting individual wheels skidding). Availability of ABS relieves most drivers from learning threshold braking.
A June 1999 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) study found that ABS increased stopping distances on loose gravel by an average of 27.2 percent.[25]
According to the NHTSA,
"ABS works with your regular braking system by automatically pumping them. In vehicles not equipped with ABS, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lockup. In vehicles equipped with ABS, your foot should remain firmly planted on the brake pedal, while ABS pumps the brakes for you so you can concentrate on steering to safety."
When activated, some earlier ABS systems caused the brake pedal to pulse noticeably. As most drivers rarely or do not brake hard enough to cause brake lock-up, and drivers typically do not read the vehicle's owners manual, this may not be noticeable until an emergency. Some manufacturers have therefore implemented a brake assist system that determines that the driver is attempting a "panic stop" (by detecting that the brake pedal was depressed very fast, unlike a normal stop where the pedal pressure would usually be gradually increased, Some systems additionally monitor the rate at the accelerator was released)[citation needed] and the system automatically increases braking force where not enough pressure is applied. Hard or panic braking on bumpy surfaces, because of the bumps causing the speed of the wheel(s) to become erratic may also trigger the ABS, sometimes causing the system to enter its ice mode, where the system severely limits maximum available braking power. Nevertheless, ABS significantly improves safety and control for drivers in most on-road situations.
Anti-lock brakes are the subject of some experiments centred around risk compensation theory, which asserts that drivers adapt to the safety benefit of ABS by driving more aggressively. In a Munich study, half a fleet of taxicabs was equipped with anti-lock brakes, while the other half had conventional brake systems. The crash rate was substantially the same for both types of cab, and Wilde concludes this was due to drivers of ABS-equipped cabs taking more risks, assuming that ABS would take care of them, while the non-ABS drivers drove more carefully since ABS would not be there to help in case of a dangerous situation.[26]
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety released a study in 2010 that found motorcycles with ABS 37% less likely to be involved in a fatal crash than models without ABS.[27]
Regulations[edit]
ABS are required on all new passenger cars sold in the EU since 2004. In the United States, the NHTSA has mandated ABS in conjunction with Electronic Stability Control under the provisions of FMVSS 126 as of September 1, 2013.[28]
See also[edit]
Anti-lock braking system for motorcycles
Left-foot braking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Toyota Prius c features safety anti-skid braking system (ABS)". Toyota Motor Corporation Australia. Retrieved 7 March 2016. Prius c is equipped with Toyota's Anti-skid Braking System (ABS).
^ Jump up to: a b "Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems" (PDF). Royal Automobile Club of Victoria. April 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ Heißing, Bernd (2011), Chassis Handbook, Springer, ISBN 9783834897893, retrieved February 19, 2013
Jump up ^ "Speed With Style", Cycle World, June 1992, ISSN 0011-4286, retrieved February 19, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Jon Lawes (31 January 2014). Car Brakes: A Guide to Upgrading, Repair and Maintenance. Crowood. pp. 207–. ISBN 978-1-84797-675-8.
Jump up ^ "Non-Skid Braking". Flight International. 30 October 1953. pp. 587–588.
Jump up ^ "Browse Flight's archive of Historic Aviation". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds, Jim (1990). Best of British Bikes. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-033-0.
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Chrysler_and_Imperial/1972 Chrysler/1972_Imperial_Press_Kit". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Chrysler Imperial Sure Brake system description". ImperialClub.org.
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Lincoln/1970_Lincoln/1970 Lincoln Continental Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Lincoln/1971_Lincoln/1971_Lincoln_Continental_Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Cadillac/1972_Cadillac/1972_Cadillac_Brochure_1". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ "History". We Love Cadillacs.
Jump up ^ "1972, First Automotive Anti-lock Brake System (ABS)". gmheritagecenter.com.
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Oldsmobile/1971 Oldsmobile/album". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Electro antilock system (installed in Nissan President)". 240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology. Society of Automotive Engineers in Japan, Inc.
Jump up ^ "TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE - 75 Years of TOYOTA - Technical Development - Chassis". toyota-global.com.
Jump up ^ "Sistema antislittamento Sicurezza frenata - Centro Storico FIAT - Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa, 1971".
Jump up ^ "WABCO GLOBAL WEBSITE - 150 Years of WABCO".
Jump up ^ Anthony Slanda (15 July 2007). "1993 Lincoln safety ad" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ KI4CY (2003-02-13). "Ram Glossary of abbreviations and terms". Dodgeram.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nice, Karim. How "Anti-Lock Brakes Work". howstuffworks. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "ABS Frequently Asked Questions". ABS Education Alliance. 2004-05-03. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ NHTSA Light Vehicle Antilock Brake System Research Program Task 4: A Test Track Study of Light Vehicle ABS Performance Over a Broad Range of Surfaces and Maneuvers, Jan 1999 PDF
Jump up ^ Gerald J. S. Wilde (1994). "7. Remedy by engineering?". Psyc.queensu.ca. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Motorcycle ABS: Skepticism Debunked". Ultimate Motorcycling. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Electronic Stability Control (ESC)". nhtsa.gov.
External links[edit]
Media related to Anti-lock braking systems at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-lock_braking_system&oldid=808533223"
Categories:
Automotive safety technologies
Mechanical power control
Motorcycle technology
Vehicle braking technologies
Hidden categories:
Articles to be merged from July 2017
All articles to be merged
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 12:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: tr

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move
presentation

values:
/wiki/Brake_assist
mw-redirect
Brake assist

values:
/wiki/All_wheel_drive
mw-redirect
All wheel drive

values:
/wiki/Ford_Zodiac
mw-redirect
Ford Zodiac

values:
/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive
mw-redirect
Rear-wheel drive

values:
/wiki/Suzuki_Bandit_Series
mw-redirect
Suzuki Bandit Series

values:
/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)
mw-redirect
Differential (mechanics)

values:
/wiki/Cornering_Brake_Control
mw-redirect
Cornering Brake Control

values:
/wiki/Tire_pressure_monitoring_system
mw-redirect
Tire pressure monitoring system

values:
/wiki/Controller_(control_theory)
mw-redirect
Controller (control theory)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4286

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles to be merged from July 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: نظام منع انغلاق المكابح – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: Антиблокираща система – Bulgarian

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values: Σύστημα αντιμπλοκαρίσματος τροχών – Greek

values: ترمز ضد قفل – Persian

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values: Հակաշրջափակիչ արգելակային համակարգ – Armenian

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Антиблок систем – Mongolian

values: အင်န်တီလော့ခ် ဘရိတ် စနစ် – Burmese

values: アンチロック・ブレーキ・システム – Japanese

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freio_ABS
Freio ABS – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Sistem de antiblocare a roților – Romanian

values: Антиблокировочная система – Russian

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS
ABS – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: ABS තිරිංග පද්ධති – Sinhala

values: Anti-lock braking system – Simple English

values: பூட்டுதலில்லா நிறுத்த அமைப்பு – Tamil

values: ระบบเบรกป้องกันล้อล็อก – Thai

values: Антиблокувальна система – Ukrainian

values: 防鎖死煞車系統 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Anti-lock_braking_system rootpage-Anti-lock_braking_system vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
WAGS (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
WAGS LA
Genre
Reality television
Starring
Autumn Ajirotutu
Barbie Blank
Natalie Halcro
Nicole Williams
Olivia Pierson
Sasha Gates
Michelle Beltran
Amber Nichole
Dominique Penn
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
28
Production
Executive producer(s)
Amber Mazzola
Lori Gordon
James DuBose
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
43 minutes
Production company(s)
Machete Productions
Release
Original network
E!
Picture format
1080i HDTV
Original release
August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18) – December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
Chronology
Related shows
WAGS Miami
WAGS Atlanta
External links
Website
WAGS LA is an American reality documentary television series that premiered on August 18, 2015, on E! television network.[1] The reality show chronicles both the professional and personal lives of several WAGs (an acronym for wives and girlfriends of sportspersons).[2]
In November 2016, the network renewed the show for a third season.[3] The first spin-off show, WAGS Miami, premiered on October 2, 2016 on the same network.[4] The third season premiered on November 5, 2017.[5] On May 4, 2017, it was announced that WAGS Atlanta was in development with James DuBose serving as executive producer of the series.[6][7]
WAGS LA and WAGS Miami were cancelled on February 1, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Series overview
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2015)
3.2 Season 2 (2016)
3.3 Season 3 (2017)
4 Broadcast
5 Spin-offs
6 Cancellation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Cast[edit]
Main (Partner's name)
Seasons
1
2
3
Current
Autumn Ajirotutu (wife of Seyi Ajirotutu) Main
Barbie Blank (wife of Sheldon Souray) Main
Natalie Halcro Main
Nicole Williams (Wife of Larry English) Main
Olivia Pierson Main
Sasha Gates (wife of Antonio Gates) Main
Michelle Beltran (wife of Brian Quick) Guest Main
Amber Nichole Miller (girlfriend of Tito Ortiz) Main
Dominique Penn (wife of Donald Penn) Main
Former
Ashley North (fiancé of Dashon Goldson) Main Guest
Sophia Pierson Main
Tia Shipman Main
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 8 August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18) October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)
2 12 June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26) September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
3 8 November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
1
1 "The WAG Life" August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18) 477,000[8]
The series premieres with the ladies explaining the importance of being a wife and girlfriend of a sports star, the structure of their social circles and the glamorous life they live daily. Cousins Natalie and Olivia enter a rocky feud with former WWE Diva Barbie Blank; Nicole's relationship insecurities threatens to ruin their trip to Las Vegas.
2
2 "Set a Date or Die!" August 25, 2015 (2015-08-25) 334,000[9]
Ashley finally gets a wedding date from fiance Dashon, only to be disappointed again; Nicole puts Natalie's and Olivia's image issues to the test after she sets up a semi-nude shoot and Barbie extends an olive branch, only to feel disrespected by the cousins again.
3
3 "Is It Another Girl?" September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01) 630,000[10]
Ashley questions Dashon's fidelity after her wedding is postponed; Barbie's presence at a party in celebration of Natalie reaching 1 million followers on Instagram causes quite a stir; and Nicole pressures Larry about marriage and kids.
4
4 "Never Have I Ever" September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08) 625,000[11]
Natalie and Olivia try to grow their Insta-Famous business, but hit a snag when they don't see eye to eye; Ashley does her best to move on after her wedding gets postponed; Barbie struggles with life after the WWE.
5
5 "Mexican Standoff" September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15) 678,000[12]
The WAGs take a trip to Mexico for Natalie's birthday; Autumn second-guesses going with them because of guilt over leaving her kids; Barbie bonds with Natalie and Olivia and checks out a potential wedding venue.
6
6 "For Love or Money" September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22) 376,000[13]
Natalie is challenged with choosing between her career and her relationship with Shaun; Nicole gives up a modeling job in New York to spend time with Larry; Barbie gets a surprise package at her home from Sheldon's team.
7
7 "I Kissed a Girl" September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29) 739,000[14]
Nicole and Barbie are put at odds over a trip to the male strip club during Barbie's Bachelorette party; Natalie causes strife with Shaun when she forgets to mention the trip.
8
8 "You're In a Fake Relationship" October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06) 341,000[15]
Natalie has cold feet about taking her relationship with Shaun to the next level; Sasha puts her life on hold when there are complications with her pregnancy; Olivia's single status finally takes a promising turn.
Season 2 (2016)[edit]
Sophia and Tia joined the cast of WAGS; Ashley departed as a series regular.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
9
1 "WAGS Collide" June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26) 558,000[16]
Newcomer Sophia starts trouble in the Season 2 premiere when she brings up an alleged cheating scandal involving Autumn's husband. Meanwhile, sides are taken when Natalie and Sasha collide over the WAGS hierarchy; Barbie lets wedding plans keep her busy; things get serious between Olivia and Marcedes Lewis and Natalie questions her own relationship status.
10
2 "Foul Play" July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03) 624,000[17]
An unresolved feud between Autumn and Natalie threatens to ruin a spring training trip, during which Barbie looks forward to throwing out the first pitch at a baseball game; Nicole finds a new way to cope with trust issues while away from Larry and Sophia moves into Olivia's apartment without permission.
11
3 "DM Drama" July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10) 644,000[18]
Olivia reveals to new WAG Tia that her boyfriend may not be as trustworthy as she thought; Tia plots revenge and moves in on Olivia's man and his mom; Natalie runs into Shaun, forcing her to deal with her emotions.
12
4 "Secrets in Sin City" July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17) 537,000[19]
Natalie invites Shaun to Vegas in the hope of repairing their relationship, but when Nicole meddles in her love life, her loyalty is questioned; a shocked Sasha finds out she's not invited to Barbie's wedding.
13
5 "Cheat Sheet" July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31) 567,000[20]
Barbie becomes enraged when she finds out that Larry may propose to Nicole during her wedding; Tia creates an opportunity for Natalie and Olivia at New York Fashion Week, but Olivia gets distracted when her sister makes a move on her man.
14
6 "A Wag Wedding" August 7, 2016 (2016-08-07) 593,000[21]
The WAGS head to Cabo San Lucas for Barbie's wedding; Olivia's plus one drops out and Natalie discovers that Sophia may be to blame while Nicole's wedding fever causes unexpected issues.
15
7 "WAG Interference" August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14) 542,000[22]
Larry's ex-girlfriend accuses Nicole of being a home wrecker; Marcedes faces backlash for ditching Olivia in Cabo and Autumn and Barbie face off about the future of their friendship.
16
8 "Moving on Out" August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28) 432,000[23]
Medium Tyler Henry makes a visit to the WAGS; Nicole may cause her relationship with Larry to end; Olivia faces a big decision about her future and Sasha puts on a performance.
17
9 "New Blood" September 4, 2016 (2016-09-04) 626,000[24]
Autumn introduces several LA Rams wives to the group; Olivia deals with the pressure of a long-distance relationship while balancing work issues; Nicole questions her decision.
18
10 "Pegging Party" September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11) 860,000[25]
Tia arranges a lesson; Natalie and Olivia receive an invitation to become brand ambassadors; Larry reveals his intentions with Nicole; Barbie auditions.
19
11 "Trouble in Paradise[26]" September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)[26] 651,000[27]
Nicole's crazy antics cause Larry to think about calling off the proposal; Sasha and Tia come to blows over a secret nickname while Sophia hits it off with a new athlete.
20
12 "Thai The Knot" September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25) 561,000[28]
The ladies explore Phuket; Tia reveals a huge secret about her dating life and Larry proposes to Nicole.
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
Michelle, Amber, and Dominique joined the cast of WAGS; Sophia and Tia departed as a series regular.
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
21
1 "Wag War" November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) 389,000
Dominique Penn attempts to mend the rift between mutual friends, and former besties, Sasha and Autumn. Nicole searches for a wedding venue. Natalie copes with her recent breakup.
22
2 "Thirsty Thots" November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12) 417,000
Sasha invites Natalie and Olivia to her hometown in Trinidad. Olivia deals with an Instagram faux pas. New WAG Michelle Quick struggles to deal with "thirsty LA women" who may, or may not be after her husband.
23
3 "Trouble in Paradise" November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19) 296,000
Nicole deals with the repercussions of leaving WAGS out of her wedding festivities. Autumn questions Dom's loyalty. Barbie deals with marriage issues. Natalie goes on her first real date, post breakup.
24
4 "50 Shades of Shade" November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26) 377,000
Barbie sees a therapist in hopes of getting her marriage back on track. Natalie gets her groove back after she gives dating another try. Autumn throws a game night that ends in tears.
25
5 "No Ring, No Deal" December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) 422,000[29]
Autumn and Sasha try to ash out their problems. Natalie & Olivia launch their clothing line, and Nicole is thrown for a loop when Larry doesn't want to wear a wedding ring.
26
6 "Bachelorette Brawl" December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) 466,000[30]
Michelle and Brian deal with unexpected trade news. Nicole worries about Larry's bachelor party locale, and Barbie finds out that she was accused of stealing from Sasha.
27
7 "Party Crasher" December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17) 414,000[31]
Nicole decides to crash Larry's bachelor party in Colombia. Michelle deals with the death of an ex, and Amber wrestles with Tito wanting to start a new career in the WWE.
28
8 "Wags Wedding Bells" December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17) 343,000[32]
On the season finale, Nicole has her dream wedding. Natalie looks for closure with her ex, Shaun Phillips, and Barbie deals with a shocking revelation about the future of her marriage.
Broadcast[edit]
The eight-episode series premiered at 10:00PM ET in the United States on the E! cable network and airs weekly starting on August 18, 2015.[1] The series has aired internationally, in Australia and New Zealand, the series premiered on the local version of E! on August 20, 2015.[33][34]
Spin-offs[edit]
In May 2016, it was announced that WAGS would receive a spin-off, titled WAGS Miami. The series features wives and girlfriends of sports stars centered in Miami.[35][36] The series premiered on October 2, 2016.[37] On May 4, 2017, it was announced that a second spin-off, WAGS Atlanta, was in development with James DuBose serving as executive producer of the series.[38][39]
Cancellation[edit]
On February 1, 2018, E! executives announced that WAGS LA and WAGS Miami were cancelled because of declining ratings. [40]
See also[edit]
WAGS Atlanta
WAGs Boutique
WAGS Miami
WAG Nation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Introducing the "WAGS" (Wives and Girlfriends of Sports Stars) from E!'s New Series Premiering Tuesday, August 18th at 10:00PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. July 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dugan, Christina (July 7, 2015). "FIRST LOOK: WAGS Exposes the Elite World of Pro Athletes' Partners". People Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 17, 2016). "'WAGS' & 'WAGS Miami' Renewed By E!". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jess (August 2, 2016). "WAGS Miami First Look! Watch a Promo for E!'s New Spinoff Series Now". E Online. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "E! Announces New Series WAGS Atlanta: Get the Scoop!". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ "E! Announces New Series WAGS Atlanta: Get the Scoop!". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ "E! Expands Popular "WAGS" Franchise with New Series "WAGS Atlanta"".
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 19, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.18.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 26, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 8.25.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 2, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.1.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 9, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.8.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 16, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.15.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 23, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.22.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 30, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 9.29.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 7, 2015). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 10.6.2015". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.26.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.10.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 6, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.3.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.17.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.31.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.7.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 23, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.21.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 30, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.28.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.4.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 13, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.11.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.sidereel.com/tv-shows/wags/episodes
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 20, 2016). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.18.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 27, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.25.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-3-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-10-2017.htmll
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-17-2017.html
Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-17-2017.html
Jump up ^ Knox, David (29 July 2015). "Airdate: WAGS". TV Tonight. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "E! - WAGS - Come With Us". Sky Television NZ. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "E! Announces Four New Unscripted Series as the Pop Culture Powerhouse Continues to Expand on Successful Primetime Slate". The Futon Critic. May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "E!'s Fall Programming Slate Includes Five New Series, Two Returning Hits and Our Signature Live Coverage of Pop Culture's Biggest Events". The Futon Critic. August 1, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "E! Turns Up the Heat with "WAGS Miami" Premiering Sunday, October 2". The Futon Critic. August 1, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "E! Announces New Series WAGS Atlanta: Get the Scoop!". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ "E! Expands Popular "WAGS" Franchise with New Series "WAGS Atlanta"".
Jump up ^ Farewell: E! Gives WAGS Miami And WAGS L.A. The Boot
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
E! original programming
Current
Botched (2014–)
Botched by Nature (2016–)
The Comment Section (2015–)
Daily Pop (2017–)
E! Investigates (2009–)
E! News (1991–)
E! True Hollywood Story (1996–)
Famously Single (2016–)
Good Work (2015–)
Hollywood & Football (2016–)
Hollywood Cycle (2015–)
Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry (2016–)
Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2007–)
L.A. Clippers Dance Squad (2016–)
Life of Kylie (2017–)
Live from the Red Carpet (2005–)
Mariah's World (2016–)
New Money (2015–)
Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian (2017)
Rob & Chyna (2016–)
The Royals (2015–)
So Cosmo (2017)
Sex with Brody (2015–)
Total Bellas (2016–)
Total Divas (2013–)
WAGS Atlanta (2018–)
We Have Issues (2015–)
Former
1990s debuts
The Dick Tracy Show (1990)
TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes (1990)
Talk Soup (1991–2002)
E! Behind the Scenes (1991)
Coming Attractions (1991)
Melrose Place (1992)
Howard Stern (1994–2005)
Models Inc. (1994–95)
Night Stand with Dick Dietrick (1995–97)
The Michael Essany Show (1997–2004)
Wild On! (1997–2003)
Mysteries and Scandals (1998–2001)
Search Party (1999)
2000s debuts
Revealed with Jules Asner (2001–03)
Daly/Nightly (2002)
The Anna Nicole Show (2002–03)
Star Dates (2002–03)
Celebrities Uncensored (2003–04)
Totally Outrageous Behavior (2003–05)
It's Good to Be... (2003)
Love Chain (2003)
Dr. 90210 (2004–08)
The Soup (2004–15)
Love Is in the Heir (2004–05)
Life is Great with Brooke Burke (2004)
Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive (2005)
The Gastineau Girls (2005–06)
Fight for Fame (2005)
E! Hollywood Hold'em (2005)
The Girls Next Door/Girls of the Playboy Mansion (2005–10)
Kill Reality (2005)
Taradise (2005–06)
The Entertainer starring Wayne Newton (2005)
Party @ The Palms (2005)
My Crazy Life (2005)
The Daily 10 (2006–10)
The Chelsea Handler Show (2006)
House of Carters (2006)
Love Ride (2006)
#1 Single (2006)
The Simple Life (2006–07)
Boulevard of Broken Dreams (2007)
Katie & Peter (2007)
Saturday Night Live (2007–09)
Snoop Dogg's Father Hood (2007–09)
Starveillance (2007)
Sunset Tan (2007–08)
Paradise City (2007)
Chelsea Lately (2007–14)
Denise Richards: It's Complicated (2008–09)
Kimora: Life in the Fab Lane (2008)
Living Lohan (2008)
Match Mistress (2008)
Party Monsters Cabo (2008)
Pop Fiction (2008)
Pam: Girl on the Loose! (2008)
Candy Girls (2009)
Reality Hell (2009)
Kendra (2011)
Kourtney and Kim Take Miami (2009–13)
Leave It to Lamas (2009)
Holly's World (2009–11)
Wildest Naked TV Moments (2009)
2010s debuts
A-List Listings (2012)
After Lately (2011–2013)
Bridalplasty (2010–11)
Chasing the Saturdays (2013)
Christina Milian Turned Up (2015–16)
The Dance Scene (2011)
Dash Dolls (2015)
Dirty Soap (2011)
EJNYC (2016)
Eric & Jessie: Game On (2013–14)
Escape Club (2014)
Fashion Police (2010–17)
The Grace Helbig Show (2015)
Hello Ross (2013–14)
House of DVF (2014–15)
I Am Cait (2015–16)
Ice Loves Coco (2011–13)
Just Jillian (2016)
Khloé & Lamar (2011–12)
Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons (2014–15)
Kourtney and Kim Take New York (2011–12)
Love You, Mean It with Whitney Cummings (2012–13)
Married to Jonas (2012–13)
Married to Rock (2010)
Mrs. Eastwood & Company (2012)
Opening Act (2012)
Playing with Fire (2013)
Pretty Wild (2010)
Scouted (2011–12)
Rich Kids of Beverly Hills (2014–17)
The Spin Crowd (2010)
Stewarts & Hamiltons (2015)
The Wanted Life (2013)
The Arrangement (2017–18)
WAGS (2015–17)
WAGS Miami (2016–17)
What Would Ryan Lochte Do? (2013)
What's Eating You (2010)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WAGS_(TV_series)&oldid=840050108"
Categories:
2010s American television series
2015 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
English-language television programs
E! network shows
American reality television series
Hidden categories:
Official website not in Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 11:48 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.eonline.com/shows/wags

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values: background-color: #000000; color: #FFFFFF;

values:
description
5
border-bottom:solid 3px #000000

values: background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000;

values:
description
5
border-bottom:solid 3px #FFFFFF

values: background-color: #C0C0C0; color: #000000;

values:
description
5
border-bottom:solid 3px #C0C0C0

values:
/wiki/Time_in_America
mw-redirect
Time in America

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Good_Work_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Good Work (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Hollywood_Medium_With_Tyler_Henry
mw-redirect
Hollywood Medium With Tyler Henry

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:2010s American television series

values: Category:2015 American television series debuts

values: Category:2017 American television series endings

values: Category:American reality television series

values: Category:Official website not in Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/WAGS_(TV_series)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGS
WAGS – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-WAGS_TV_series rootpage-WAGS_TV_series skin-vector action-view