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Chemical substance
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"Chemical" redirects here. For other uses, see Chemical (disambiguation).
Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same chemical substance, water.
A chemical substance[1], also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.[2] It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds.[3] Chemical substances can be simple substances,[4] molecules, chemical compounds, or alloys.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical.
Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions.
Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, and are thus not "substances" in this regard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
3 Chemical elements
4 Chemical compounds
5 Substances versus mixtures
6 Chemicals versus chemical substances
7 Naming and indexing
8 Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 External links
Definition[edit]
Colors of a single chemical (Nile red) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment.
A chemical substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[5] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[6] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[7] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".[8]
In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.
History[edit]
The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[9] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.[10] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism - that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers.
Chemical elements[edit]
Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in sulfide and sulfate minerals and in hydrogen sulfide.
Main article: Chemical element
See also: List of elements
An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction. This is so, because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons.
As of 2012, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (allotropes). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). The majority of elements are classified as metals. These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron, copper, and gold. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile.[11] Around a dozen elements,[12] such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are classified as non-metals. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions. Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.
Chemical compounds[edit]
Potassium ferricyanide is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.
Main article: Chemical compound
See also: List of organic compounds and List of inorganic compounds
A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.
Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts.
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, and often may be isolated without spontaneously interconverting. A common example is glucose vs. fructose. The former is an aldehyde, the latter is a ketone. Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis.
However, tautomers are an exception: the isomerization occurs spontaneously in ordinary conditions, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers, even if these can be identified spectroscopically or even isolated in special conditions. A common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form.
Substances versus mixtures[edit]
Cranberry glass, while it looks homogeneous, is a mixture consisting of glass and gold colloidal particles of ca. 40 nm diameter, which give it a red color.
Main article: Mixture
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures.
Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
Chemicals versus chemical substances[edit]
While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with chemical for chemists, the word chemical is used in general usage in the English speaking world to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called compounds),[13] and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process.[14][15][16] In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.[14][15]
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositions, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating.
Naming and indexing[edit]
Every chemical substance has one or more systematic names, usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming. An alternative system is used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world.[17] An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known.[18] The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.
Identification of a typical chemical substance
Common name
Systematic name
Chemical formula
Chemical structure
CAS registry number
InChI
Alcohol, or
ethyl alcohol Ethanol C2H5OH
[64-17-5] 1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification[edit]
Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture, for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often give mixtures of chemical substances).
See also[edit]
Chemistry portal
Chemical safety signs
IUPAC nomenclature
Prices of elements and their compounds
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance".
Jump up ^ Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ Scerri, Eric. "Simples and Compounds". www.iupac.org. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p5, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005
Jump up ^ "Pure Substance – DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia". Diracdelta.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names Archived 2007-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?". US Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ Law of Definite Proportions Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
Jump up ^ compound Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. in Oxford Online Dictionaries
^ Jump up to: a b chemical Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. in Oxford Online Dictionaries
^ Jump up to: a b Random House Unabridged Dictionary Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine., 1997
Jump up ^ "What is a chemical". Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Joachim Schummer. "Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists". Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Chemical Abstracts substance count". Cas.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
External links[edit]
Media related to Chemical substances at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Polyalphabetic cipher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notes
3 References
4 See also
History[edit]
The Alberti cipher by Leon Battista Alberti around 1467 is believed to be the first polyalphabetic cipher. Alberti used a mixed alphabet to encrypt a message, but whenever he wanted to, he would switch to a different alphabet, indicating that he had done so by including an uppercase letter or a number in the cryptogram. For this encipherment Alberti used a decoder device, his cipher disk, which implemented a polyalphabetic substitution with mixed alphabets.
Although Alberti is usually considered the father of polyalphabetic cipher, it has been claimed that polyalphabetic ciphers may have been developed by the Arab cryptologist Al Kindi 600 years before Alberti.[1] Johannes Trithemius—in his book Polygraphiae libri sex (Six books of polygraphia), which was published in 1518 after his death—invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher.[2] Unlike Alberti's cipher, which switched alphabets at random intervals, Trithemius switched alphabets for each letter of the message. He started with a tabula recta, a square with 26 letters in it (although Trithemius, writing in Latin, used 24 letters ). Each alphabet was shifted one letter to the left from the one above it, and started again with A after reaching Z (see table).
Tabula recta
Trithemius's idea was to encipher the first letter of the message using the first shifted alphabet, so A became B, B became C, etc. The second letter of the message was enciphered using the second shifted alphabet, etc. Alberti's cipher disk implemented the same scheme. It had two alphabets, one on a fixed outer ring, and the other on the rotating disk. A letter is enciphered by looking for that letter on the outer ring, and encoding it as the letter underneath it on the disk. The disk started with A underneath B, and the user rotated the disk by one letter after encrypting each letter.
The cipher was trivial to break, and Alberti's machine implementation not much more difficult. Key progression in both cases was poorly concealed from attackers. Even Alberti's implementation of his polyalphabetic cipher was rather easy to break (the capitalized letter is a major clue to the cryptanalyst). For most of the next several hundred years, the significance of using multiple substitution alphabets was missed by almost everyone. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher designers seem to have concentrated on obscuring the choice of a few such alphabets (repeating as needed), not on the increased security possible by using many and never repeating any.
The principle (particularly Alberti's unlimited additional substitution alphabets) was a major advance—the most significant in the several hundred years since frequency analysis had been developed. A reasonable implementation would have been (and, when finally achieved, was) vastly harder to break. It was not until the mid-19th century (in Babbage's secret work during the Crimean War and Friedrich Kasiski's generally equivalent public disclosure some years later), that cryptanalysis of well-implemented polyalphabetic ciphers got anywhere at all.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Maclean, Donald, Al-Kindi, retrieved 13 April 2012
Jump up ^ Johann Tritheim, Polygraphiae libri sex … (Basel, Switzerland: Michael Furter and Adam Petri, 1518), Liber quintus (fifth book), pages 461-462; the Recta transpositionis tabula (square table of transpositions, or "Vigenère table") appears on page 463.
References[edit]
Alberti, Leon Battista (1997), A Treatise on Ciphers, trans. A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by David Kahn, Torino: Galimberti
Churchhouse, Robert (2002), Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00890-7
Gaines, Helen Fouché (1939), Cryptanalysis, Dover, ISBN 0-486-20097-3
See also[edit]
Vigenère cipher
Topics in cryptography
v
t
e
Classical cryptography
Ciphers
by family
Caesar
Affine (Atbash)
ROT13
Null
Null cipher (Null encryption)
One time pad
Book
One-time pad
Polybius square
ADFGVX
Bifid
Tap code
3D (Trifid: Nihilist and VIC cipher)
Square
Two-square
Four-square
Substitution cipher
Autokey
Chaocipher
Great
Hill
Keyword
Running key
Transposition cipher
Rail fence cipher
Other
Alberti
BATCO (Slidex)
Beaufort
Dvorak
Enigma
Elian
Kama Sutra
Navajo code
Pigpen
Playfair
Polyalphabetic
Rasterschlüssel 44
Reihenschieber
Reservehandverfahren
Scytale
Smithy code
Solitaire
Straddling checkerboard
Tabula recta
Transposition
Trithemius
Vigenère
Cryptanalysis
Frequency analysis
Index of coincidence (Units: Ban and Nat)
Information leakage
Kasiski examination
Miscellaneous
Cryptogram
Bacon
Scytale
[show]
v
t
e
Cryptography
History of cryptography
Cryptanalysis
Outline of cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm
Block cipher
Stream cipher
Public-key cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
Message authentication code
Random numbers
Steganography
Category
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text:
Interstate 70 in Kansas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the section of Interstate 70 in Kansas. For the entire route, see Interstate 70.
Interstate 70
Route information
Maintained by Kansas DOT
Length:
424.15 mi[1] (682.60 km)
Existed:
1956 – present
Major junctions
West end:
I-70 / US 24 at Colorado state line
I-135 / US-81 in Salina
I-470 / US-75 near Topeka
US-40 / K-4 / Kansas Turnpike / I-470 near Topeka
I-435 in Kansas City
I-635 in Kansas City
I-670 in Kansas City
East end:
I-70 / US 24 / US 40 / US 169 at Missouri state line
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Kansas State Highway System
Interstate
U.S.
State
Spurs
← US-69 K-71 →
In the U.S. state of Kansas, Interstate 70 contains the first segment to start being paved and to be completed in the Interstate Highway System. It extends from the Colorado border near the town of Kanorado to the Missouri border in Kansas City. The route covers 424 miles (682 km) and passes through several of the state's principal cities in the process including Kansas City, Topeka, and Salina. The route also passes through the cities of Lawrence, Junction City, and Abilene.
Contents
[hide]
1 Route description
2 History
3 Exit list
4 Auxiliary routes
5 References
6 External links
Route description[edit]
Interstate 70 in Kansas, Exit 1, Kanorado
I-70 crossing on the Lewis & Clark Viaduct over the Kansas River from Kansas to Missouri in Kansas City, as seen from Quality Hill.
I-70 is concurrent with US-24 from the Colorado state line until US-24 splits at Levant and runs north of I-70. At Colby, I-70 begins to turn southeast until it reaches Oakley, where US-40 joins with I-70 for a concurrent journey through most of the state. The route remains flat until it reaches the county line between Russell and Ellsworth counties, where the road begins to travese rolling hills.
At Salina, Interstate 135 begins its journey southward toward Wichita, and I-70 continues through Abilene and Junction City, where the road begins to run through the Flint Hills.
In Topeka, I-70 intersects a child route, I-470, twice. The second time it is intersected, the Kansas Turnpike merges, making I-70 into a toll road. This is one of only two sections of I-70 that are tolled (the other is along the Pennsylvania Turnpike), with the maximum toll distance costing $17.50 as of 2016.[2] I-70 carries this designation from Topeka to Bonner Springs. It is the eastern terminus of the turnpike, and from there to 18th Street and extending on to the Kansas eastern border, the highway is free.
I-70 enters Missouri via a main northern route on the Lewis and Clark Viaduct above the confluence of the Kansas River and Missouri River and a route designated "Alternate I-70" which has signs for I-70 as well as Interstate 670 just south of Kansas City main downtown area.
From Exit 275 at Abilene to the Missouri state line, the road is named the Dwight D. Eisenhower-Harry S. Truman Presidential Highway. It retains the designation until Exit 16 in Missouri at Independence, the location of Truman's presidential library.
History[edit]
The section of I-70 that is now the Kansas Turnpike was finished by 1956 and opened to traffic.[3][4] West of Topeka, the freeway was constructed from Topeka west to Salina at its junction with U.S. Route 81, as well as from Ogallah to Grainfield.[5] From Salina, the freeway was completed through Wilson the next year. A segment of I-70 from Levant through Ogallah was finished by 1965.[6] Another section was built the following year connecting Wilson to Grainfield.[7] The freeway was completed through Kansas with a last section near the Colorado border in 1970.[8]
Exit list[edit]
This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions. Please help by adding the missing mileposts.
Exit numbers correspond to the mileposts where they're located (numbered east from the Colorado border), except for those at miles 381, 386, 388, 396, and 408, which are part of the Kansas Turnpike and use its mileposts (numbered nominally north from the Oklahoma border) instead.
County
Location
mi
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes
Colorado–Kansas state line
0
0.0 I-70 / US 24 continue west into Colorado
Sherman
1
1.6 1 K-267 – Kanorado

9
14 9 County Road 11

12
19 12 County Road 14
Goodland
17
27 17
US-24 Bus. east / K-27 – Sharon Springs, St. Francis
19
31 19
US-24 Bus. west – Goodland

27
43 27 K-253 – Edson
Thomas
36
58 36 K-184 – Brewster

45
72 45 US-24 east – Levant Eastern terminus of US-24 concurrency
Colby
53
85 53 K-25 – Leoti, Atwood

54
87 54 Country Club Drive

62
100 62 County Road K

70
110 70 US-83 – Oakley, Rexford
Logan
No major junctions
Gove
76
122 76 US-40 west – Oakley, Sharon Springs Western terminus of US-40 concurrency

79
127 79 Campus Road

85
137 85 K-216 – Grinnell

93
150 93
K-23 south / K-23 Alt. north – Grainfield, Gove West end of K-23 overlap

95
153 95 K-23 north – Grainfield, Hoxie East end of K-23 overlap

99
159 99 K-211 – Park
Quinter
107
172 107 K-212 / Castle Rock Road – Quinter
Trego
115
185 115 K-198 north – Collyer

120
190 120 Voda Road
WaKeeney
127
204 127
US-40 Bus. east / US-283 – WaKeeney, Ness City
128
206 128
US-40 Bus. west to US-283 north – WaKeeney, Hill City

135
217 135 K-147 – Ogallah

140
230 140 Riga Road
Ellis Ellis
145
233 145 K-247 – Ellis

153
246 153 Yocemento Avenue
Hays
157
253 157
US-183 Byp. – Hays, La Crosse
159
256 159 US-183 – Hays, Stockton

161
259 161 Commerce Parkway

163
262 163 Toulon Avenue

168
270 168 K-255 – Victoria

172
277 172 Walker Avenue
Russell
175
282 175 Gorham, 176th Street Former K-257

180
290 180 Balta Road
Russell
184
296 184
US-40 Bus. east / US-281 – Russell, Hoisington

189
304 189
US-40 Bus. west / Pioneer Road

193
311 193 Bunker Hill Road
Dorrance
199
320 199 Dorrance Former K-231
Ellsworth
206
332 206 K-232 – Wilson, Lucas

209
336 209 Sylvan Grove

216
348 216 Vesper

219
352 219 K-14 south – Ellsworth West end of K-14 overlap

221
356 221 K-14 north – Lincoln East end of K-14 overlap

225
362 225 K-156 – Ellsworth, Great Bend
Lincoln
233
375 233 Beverly, Carneiro
Saline
238
383 238 Brookville, Tescott

244
393 244 Hedville, Culver

249
401 249 Halstead Road

250
400 250A–B I-135 / US-81 – Wichita, Concordia Northern terminus of I-135, exits 95A-B.
Salina
252
406 252 K-143 (Ninth Street)

253
407 253 Ohio Street

260
420 260 Niles Road
Dickinson Solomon
266
428 266 Solomon Road former K-221

272
438 272 Fair Road
Abilene
275
443 275 K-15 – Abilene, Clay Center

277
446 277 Jeep Road

281
452 281 K-43 – Enterprise

286
460 286 K-206 – Chapman
Geary
290
470 290 Milford Lake Road
Junction City
295
475 295 US-77 / K-18 west – Marysville, Herington West end of K-18 overlap
296
476 296
US-40 Bus. east (Washington Street)
298
480 298 East Street, Chestnut Street
Grandview Plaza
299
481 299 J Hill Road, Flinthills Boulevard
300
480 300
US-40 Bus. west / K-57 – Council Grove

301
484 301 Fort Riley, Marshall Field

303
488 303 K-18 east – Ogden, Manhattan East end of K-18 overlap

304
489 304 Humboldt Creek Road

307
494 307 McDowell Creek Road

311
501 311 Moritz Road

313
504 313 K-177 – Council Grove, Manhattan
Riley
316
509 316 Deep Creek Road

318
512 318 Frontage Road
Wabaunsee
322
518 322 Tallgrass Road

324
521 324 Wabaunsee Road

328
528 328 K-99 – Wamego, Alma

330
530 330 K-185 – McFarland

332
534 332 Spring Creek Road

333
536 333 K-138 – Paxico

335
539 335 Snokomo Road

338
544 338 Vera Road

341
549 341 K-30 – Maple Hill

342
550 342 Keene-Eskridge Road

343
552 343 Ranch Road Private interchange for Hudson Ranch
Shawnee
346
557 346 Carlson Road

347
558 347 West Union Road

350
560 350 Valencia Road

351
565 351 Frontage Road Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

353
568 353 K-4 west (Auburn Road) West end of K-4 overlap
Topeka
355
571 355 I-470 east / US-75 south – Topeka West end of US-75 overlap. Western terminus of I-470, exit 1A to 70 east.
356
573 356 Wanamaker Road
357
575 357A Fairlawn Road Signed as exit 357 eastbound
357
575 357B Danbury Lane Westbound exit only
358
576 358A US-75 north East end of US-75 overlap; signed as exit 358 eastbound
358
576 358B Gage Boulevard Signed as exit 358 eastbound
359
578 359 MacVicar Avenue
361
581 361A 1st Avenue Provides access to Topeka Boulevard. Eastbound exit and westbound entrance.
361
581 361B 3rd Street, Monroe Street Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
362
583 362A 4th Street Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
362
583 362B 8th Avenue Signed as exit 362 eastbound
362
583 362C 10th Avenue, Madison Street Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
363
584 363 Adams Street, Branner Trafficway
364
586 364A California Avenue
364
586 364B Carnahan Avenue, Deer Creek Trafficway
365
587 365 Rice Road
366
589 366 US-40 east / K-4 east – Valley Falls Last free exit eastbound, East end of US 40/K-4 overlap
367
591 East Topeka Interchange toll plaza
West end of toll road
367
591 183 I-470 west / Kansas Turnpike west West end of Kansas Turnpike overlap, westbound I-70 exits turnpike on exit 183, eastbound exit and westbound entrance for I-470 are via exit 366

372
599 Topeka Service Area
Douglas
381
613 197 K-10 east (South Lawrence Trafficway) – Lecompton, Lawrence Access to Lecompton provided by CR-438 (North 1800 Road)
Lawrence
386
621 202 To US-59 south – Lawrence
388
624 204 US-40 / US-59 to US-24 – Lawrence

393
632 Lawrence Service Area
Leavenworth Tonganoxie
396
637 212 Tonganoxie, Eudora
Wyandotte Kansas City
401
645 Eastern Terminal toll plaza
East end of toll road
408
657 224 K-7 / US-73 north / US-24 west / US-40 west – Leavenworth, Bonner Springs Last free exit westbound, west end of US 24 / US 40 overlap. Westbound exits signed as Exit 224A (south) and Exit 224B (north)
410
660 410 110th Street, Kansas Speedway
411
661 411A–B I-435 I-435 exits 12A-B; signed as exits 411A (south) and 411B (north).
414
666 414 78th Street
415
668 415 Turner Diagonal, College Parkway Signed as exits 415A (Turner Diagonal) and 415B (College Parkway) eastbound
417
671 417 57th Street
418
673 418A–B I-635 – St Joseph, Wichita Signed as exits 418A (north) and 418B (south) eastbound, westbound exit is part of exit 419. I-635 exits 4A-B.
419
674 419 Park Drive, 38th Street
420
680 420A US-69 south (18th Street Expressway) West end of US-69 overlap, east end of Kansas Turnpike
420
680 420B 18th Street north
421
678 421A Railroad Yard Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
421
678 421B I-670 east to I-35 south – St. Louis Eastbound exit and westbound entrance, however, westbound traffic can turn around at exit 421A
422
679 422A US-69 north (7th Street Trafficway) East end of US-69 overlap
422
679 422B US-169 south (7th Street Trafficway) West end of US-169 overlap
422
679 422C Pacific Avenue
422
679 422D Central Avenue
423
681 423A 5th Street Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
423
681 423B James Street, 3rd Street Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
423
681 423C Minnesota Avenue, Washington Boulevard Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
423
681 423D Fairfax District Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
Kansas–Missouri state line
423
681 I-70 / US 24 / US 40 / US 169 continue east into Missouri
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Concurrency terminus
Incomplete access
Tolled
Auxiliary routes[edit]
I-70 has two auxiliary routes in Kansas:
I-470 - a loop around the southern side of Topeka, signed as the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Highway and overlapping the Kansas Turnpike on the southeast side of town.
I-670 - an alternate route for I-70 travelers through downtown Kansas City, signed as the Dillingham Freeway and as Alternate I-70.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Route Log and Finder List - Interstate System - table 1". Federal Highway Administration. 2002-10-31. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
Jump up ^ Template:Tolls - Kansas Turnpike Authority
Jump up ^ "Big Impact Seen For Local Area In Superhighway". Lawrence Daily Journal-World. October 24, 1956. pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ "KTA Officials Say Traffic Heavy on Pike This Morning". Lawrence Daily Journal-World. October 20, 1956.
Jump up ^ 1963-1964 Kansas State Highway Map (Map). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1965 Kansas State Highway Map (Map). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1966 Kansas State Highway Map (Map). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ 1970 Kansas State Highway Map (Map). Kansas Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
External links[edit]
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 70 in Kansas
KML is from Wikidata
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Big Ol' Windfarm in Kansas on YouTube - video of the Smoky Hills Wind Farm around mile 230 on Interstate 70, near Ellsworth

Interstate 70
Previous state:
Colorado Kansas Next state:
Missouri
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_70_in_Kansas&oldid=811022105"
Categories:
Interstate Highways in Kansas
Interstate 70
Transportation in Sherman County, Kansas
Transportation in Thomas County, Kansas
Transportation in Logan County, Kansas
Transportation in Gove County, Kansas
Transportation in Trego County, Kansas
Transportation in Ellis County, Kansas
Transportation in Russell County, Kansas
Transportation in Ellsworth County, Kansas
Transportation in Lincoln County, Kansas
Transportation in Saline County, Kansas
Transportation in Dickinson County, Kansas
Transportation in Geary County, Kansas
Transportation in Riley County, Kansas
Transportation in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Transportation in Shawnee County, Kansas
Transportation in Douglas County, Kansas
Transportation in Leavenworth County, Kansas
Transportation in Wyandotte County, Kansas
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