text:
Social Club Misfits
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Social Club Misfits
Also known as
Social Club (2012–2016)
Origin
Miami, Florida, U.S.[1]
Genres
Christian hip hop[2]
Years active
2012 (2012)–present[2]
Labels
Capitol CMG, Social Club,[3] Good City [4]
Website
socialclubmisfits.com
Members
F.E.R.N. (Fernando)
Marty (Martin)
Social Club Misfits, known as Social Club from 2012 until 2016, is a Christian hip hop duo from Miami, Florida made up of rappers FERN and Marty Mar. They formed their musical partnership in 2011 and released their first free album, entitled Misfits, on November 27, 2012. Then, the duo released two EPs entitled Misfits-EP, released on March 26, 2013, and Rejects. on April 2, 2013. The latter garnering some charting success. The third free album from the duo came out on September 13, 2013 entitled Summer of George. Their breakthrough album, Misfits 2, was self-released on April 29, 2014, and Us was released on March 24, 2015.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
2.1 EPs
2.2 Albums
3 Discography
3.1 Studio albums
3.2 EPs
3.3 Singles
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
Social Club formed in the middle of 2011 in Miami, Florida.[1] They rebranded themselves as Social Club Misfits in April 2016, when they signed to Capitol Christian Music Group.[5][6][7][8]
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
EPs[edit]
The Christian hip hop duo released their first EP on March 26, 2013 entitled Misfits-EP, but it did not chart. Then, released Rejects. on April 2, 2013, and it saw some commercial charting success on the Billboard Gospel Albums and Christian Albums charts at Nos. 9 and 32 respectively. This occurred on April 20, 2013 charts. The EP was released by Social Club Misfits label. The duo released their third EP, The Misfit Generation, on May 6, 2016, through Capitol Christian Music Group under with their new name, Social Club Misfits.
Albums[edit]
The Christian hip hop duo released two free albums, which the first was Misfits on November 27, 2013, and the second was Summer of George on September 13, 2013. Their third album was their breakthrough release on the charts entitled Misfits 2, which was released on April 29, 2014 by Social Club, and it charted on The Billboard 200 at No. 59, which it charted on other Billboard charts such as Gospel Albums, Christian Albums, Independent Albums, Rap Albums at Nos. 3, 6, 14 and 10 respectively. This occurred during the Billboard charting week of May 17, 2014. Their third project, titled US, was released March 24, 2015. US charted at No. 9 on The Billboard Rap Albums and other Billboard charts such as Christian Albums, Independent Albums and 200, at Nos 3, 11, and 103. This occurred during the charting week of April 2, 2015.
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
US
US CHR
US GOS
US RAP
Misfits
Released: November 27, 2012
Label: Social Club
Formats: CD, digital download
— — — —
Summer of George
Released: September 13, 2013
Label: Social Club
Formats: CD, digital download
— — — —
Misfits 2
Released: April 29, 2014
Label: Social Club
Formats: CD, digital download
59[9][10] 6[9][11] 3[9][12] 10[9][13]
Us
Released: March 24, 2015
Label: Social Club
Formats: CD, digital download
103[14] 3[15] 9[16]
The Misadventures of Fern & Marty
Released: January 13, 2017
Label: Social Club
Formats: CD, digital download
80[17] 2[18] — 4[19]
Into the Night
Released: February 9, 2018
Label: Capital Christian Music Group
Formats: CD, digital download
— — — —
EPs[edit]
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
US CHR US GOS US RAP
Misfits-EP
Released: March 26, 2013 (2013-03-26)
Label: Social Club
CD, digital download
— — —
Rejects.
Released: April 2, 2013 (2013-04-02)
Label: Social Club
CD, digital download
32[20] 9[21] —
The Misfit Generation
Released: May 6, 2016
Label: Capitol CMG
CD, Digital download
4[22] — 8[23]
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Chart positions
Album
US
Christ
[24]
2018 "War Cry"
(with Tauren Wells) 32 Into the Night
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Social Club (June 20, 2012). "Social Club – About". Facebook. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b NRTTeamAdmin (April 28, 2014). "Misfits 2 by Social Club". New Release Tuesday. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes – Music – Us by Social Club". iTunes & Apple.
Jump up ^ "Social Club | Good City Music". Good City Music.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Jessica (April 11, 2016). "Capitol CMG Signs Hip Hop Duo Social Club Misfits". Music Row. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Daniels, David (April 12, 2016). "Social Club signs to powerful record label and alters name". Rapzilla. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bacaron, Joe (April 14, 2016). "Social Club Misfits To Release First EP On May 6, Following Signing To Capitol Christian Records". Breathecast. Christian Media Corporation. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martinez, Paul (April 7, 2016). "Social Club Signs With Capitol CMG, Announces New Project". Jam the Hype. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nyamu, Vincent (May 8, 2014). "Propaganda & Social Club in TOP 10 Billboard Rap Chart". Rapzilla. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard.biz (May 17, 2014). "The Billboard 200 : May 17, 2014". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard (May 17, 2014). "Christian Albums : May 17, 2014". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard (May 17, 2014). "Gospel Albums : May 17, 2014". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard (May 17, 2014). "Rap Albums : May 17, 2014". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 200 Albums | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Christian Albums: Top Praise Music Chart | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rap Music: Top Rap Albums Chart | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/7356971/social-club-misfits/chart?f=305
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/7356971/social-club-misfits/chart?f=310
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/7356971/social-club-misfits/chart?f=335
Jump up ^ Billboard.biz (April 20, 2013). "Christian Albums : April 20, 2013". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard (April 20, 2013). "Gospel Albums : April 20, 2013". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tim Bowman Jr. Bows at No. 1 on Top Gospel Albums". Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rap Music: Top Rap Albums Chart | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Social Club Misfits Album & Song Chart History (Christian Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
MusicBrainz: 3b52b915-017f-44ec-ad0e-feffc9157b3a
VIAF: 209859091
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The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the film based on the novel, see The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (film).
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest
First edition (Swedish)
Author
Stieg Larsson
Original title
Luftslottet som sprängdes
Translator
Reg Keeland, pseudonym of Steven T. Murray
Country
Sweden
Language
Swedish
Series
Millennium
Genre
Crime, mystery, thriller
Publisher
Norstedts Förlag (Swedish), MacLehose Press, an imprint of Quercus (English)
Publication date
May 2007 (Sweden)
October 2009 (UK)
Media type
Print (Paperback and hardback)
Pages
602 (hardback)
Preceded by
The Girl Who Played with Fire
Followed by
The Girl in the Spider's Web
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (original title in Swedish: Luftslottet som sprängdes, literally, the air castle[a] that was blown up) is the third novel in the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.[1] It was published Swedish in 2007; in English, in the UK, in October 2009; and in the US and Canada on 25 May 2010.[2][3] The first three novels in the series, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005), The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006), and The Girl who Kicked the Hornets' Nest were written by Stieg Larsson before being shown to a publisher and were published posthumously after his fatal heart attack in 2004.[4] Additionally, all three novels were adapted as films.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 In the hospital
1.2 Counterattack
1.3 Berger subplot
1.4 Trial
1.5 Aftermath
2 Characters from Larsson's life
3 Reception
4 Publication history
5 Film and TV adaptations
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The book begins as Lisbeth Salander is flown to Sahlgrenska Hospital. It picks up where The Girl Who Played with Fire left off.
In the hospital[edit]
After surgery, Salander is moved to an intensive care ward under guard, accessible only to police, doctors, nurses, and her lawyer, Annika Giannini (who is also Mikael Blomkvist's sister). Zalachenko, whom Salander injured with an axe, is two rooms away. Niedermann, thanks to botched responses from the local law enforcement, is on the run after murdering a police officer, and carjacking and kidnapping a woman during his escape. Niedermann seeks help from his old friends at the outlaw Svavelsjö Motorcycle Club, kills the treasurer, and steals 800,000 kronor before disappearing.
These events prompt immediate action from "the Section", a secret division of Swedish Security Service (Säpo) created for purposes of counterintelligence, and responsible for Zalachenko's asylum and supervision. Evert Gullberg, founder and former chief of the Section, asks former Section associate Fredrik Clinton to become acting head of the Section and plots to deflect attention away from the Section by silencing Salander, Blomkvist, and Zalachenko. They form a working alliance with the unsuspecting prosecutor of Salander's case, Richard Ekström. Dr. Peter Teleborian, the psychiatrist who supervised Salander when she was previously institutionalised on the Section's orders, provides Ekström with a false psychiatric examination and recommends that she be reinstitutionalised, preferably without a trial.
Gullberg, who has terminal cancer, murders Zalachenko in his hospital bed and attempts to enter Salander's room to murder her, but is prevented by Giannini. Gullberg then commits suicide in the passage outside Salander's room. A distraught Giannini informs Blomkvist of the shootings. Section operatives murder Gunnar Björk, the junior Säpo officer who had handled Zalachenko after the latter's defection and who was Blomkvist's source of information about the Section; the operatives falsify the death as a suicide. Other Section operatives burgle Blomkvist's apartment and mug Annika Giannini, specifically making off with copies of the classified Säpo file that contains Zalachenko's identity, and plant bugs in the homes and phones of Millennium staff. The timing of the attacks and the property that was taken cause Blomkvist to realise that the phones are tapped, and he begins to investigate the Section in earnest for a Millennium exposé.
Counterattack[edit]
Blomkvist hires Dragan Armansky's Milton Security to handle countersurveillance. Armansky, on his own initiative, informs Säpo Constitutional Protection Director Torsten Edklinth about the constitutional violations. Edklinth, along with his assistant Monica Figuerola, begins a clandestine investigation into the Section. After Figuerola confirms the allegations, Edklinth contacts the Justice Minister and the Prime Minister who approve a full investigation by Constitutional Protection, and later invite Blomkvist to a confidential meeting in which they are to share information. They agree to Blomkvist's deadline—he intends to publish his findings about the state's manipulation of Salander's constitutional rights on 15 July, the third day of her trial, and the government agree to arrest any identified ringleaders of the Section at the same time.
Blomkvist convinces Salander's doctor, Dr. Anders Jonasson, to return her Palm Tungsten handheld computer to her. Blomkvist arranges to have a cellular phone placed in a duct near Salander's room, granting her Internet access through the resulting hotspot, which she uses to maintain contact with the outside world and work on a statement for her upcoming trial. Jonasson also helps her fake complications from her surgery, so that she can remain in the hospital's custody (and out of the police's). Meanwhile, Blomkvist, Armansky, Bublanski, Edklinth and their allies continue their joint counter-surveillance of the "Zalachenko club," feeding them misinformation campaign about Millennium's (supposed) passivity regarding Salander's trial. They identify nine central players in the Section. Additionally, Blomkvist and Figuerola become romantically involved.
Berger subplot[edit]
Whilst all of the above is going on, Erika Berger leaves Millennium to be editor-in-chief at Sweden's largest daily paper, the (fictional) Svenska Morgon-Posten (S.M.P.). Though the board hired her to revitalise the paper's sagging circulation numbers, they shut down her every proposal, emphasising profits over sustainability. Meanwhile, Henry Cortez, junior Millennium reporter, uncovers a story about a Swedish toilet-manufacturing company that engages child labour in Vietnam. His research reveals that the boss of said firm is Magnus Borgsjö, who is CEO and major shareholder at S.M.P. and hired Berger for her new position. Blomkvist gives a copy of the story to Berger, agreeing to delay its publication until August while she confronts Borgsjö and convinces him to resign gracefully.
Berger begins receiving graphic e-mails and threats from an anonymous source within S.M.P., most of them calling her a "whore." Erika asks her staff to remain on alert, but matters escalate when the stalker breaks into Berger's home and steals private materials, such as high school love letters, a sex tape made with her husband Greger Beckman, and her copy of Cortez's story. Berger engages Milton Security to help secure her home, and Armansky sends over former police officer Susanne Linder to provide protection while Beckman is abroad on business.
Salander, whilst engaged in her own homework, discovers Berger's plight and mobilises the "Hacker Republic," an elite and international group of computer wizards, to assist. They determine that Peter Fredriksson, S.M.P. employee and former high school classmate of Berger, is the culprit. Linder steps outside the law to confront Fredriksson and recovers Berger's things. However, Fredriksson has already passed Millennium's exposé on to Borgsjö. Borgsjö orders Berger to suppress the story at Millennium or lose her job at S.M.P. Berger, her sense of journalistic integrity offended, instead runs the story in that day's issue of S.M.P. under Cortez's byline, and then resigns in protest over both this and her treatment by upper management. Borgsjö and Fredriksson are both forced out, whilst Berger is accepted back at Millennium with open arms.
Trial[edit]
As Salander's trial approaches, the Section abruptly realise that Blomkvist's and Millennium's seeming lack of preparation are simply a cover story for their (successful, if now detected) campaign of misinformation. Clinton, having no idea what Blomkvist knows or plans to publish, arranges to plant cocaine in Blomkvist's apartment and simultaneously hire two members of the Yugoslav mafia to murder him; their intention is to frame him as a drug dealer and thus destroy his credibility. The former is easily undermined by the security cameras installed by Milton Security, which capture the plant; the latter requires the intervention of Figuerola, Andersson, Modig and several others from both Säpo and Milton. Blomkvist and Berger are spirited off to a Milton safehouse, allowing Säpo to further the misdirection by claiming that the two hitmen simply had the bad luck to stop for a meal at the same restaurant as the police officers. Berger, meanwhile, intuits Figuerola's and Blomkvist's affair, and promises Figuerola to stay clear of Blomkvist as long as they are together.
The first two days of Salander's trial, on various counts of aggravated violence, proceed with relative calm. However, on the third day, Millennium's dual book-and-magazine exposé is published, the officers of the Section are arrested, Channel TV4 runs an hour-long program on the Section using (pre-recorded) interviews and material from Blomkvist, and Giannini systematically destroys Teleborian's testimony, proving that the Section and Teleborian had conspired to commit Salander at age 12 to protect Zalachenko, that Salander's rights had been repeatedly violated, and that they were once again conspiring against her. Blomkvist and Edklinth provide evidence proving that Teleborian's recent "psychiatric assessment" of Salander was fabricated and that he is working with the Section to silence her. Teleborian is then arrested for possession of child pornography, which was found on his computer by Salander and her hacker friends, Plague and Trinity. Ekström, realising that the law is (or should be) on Salander's side, withdraws all charges against her, and her declaration of incompetence is rescinded.
Aftermath[edit]
With the evidence and credibility of the prosecution shattered, the prosecutor drops all charges against Salander. Freed, Salander embarks on an overseas trip to forget the events. She spends several months at Gibraltar, among other things to pay a visit to the man managing the billions she had stolen from Hans-Erik Wennerström in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. She also tracks down Miriam Wu, who is studying at a university in Paris, and apologises for putting her life in danger during the events of Played With Fire.
Salander soon discovers that being a "legally responsible citizen" involves its share of toil and drudgery. As Zalachenko's daughter, Salander is obliged to inherit half of his properties and wealth, while the other half goes to her twin sister Camilla, whom no one has heard from in more than a decade. Suspicious about an abandoned factory in her father's estate, she goes there to investigate. There, she discovers two dead women, and Niedermann, who had been hiding there from the police. After a brief struggle and chase, Salander outwits Niedermann by nailing his feet to the plank floor with a nail gun. She is tempted to kill him herself, but instead reports his location to Sonny Nieminen, acting head of the Svavelsjö biker gang, and then reports the entire brawl to the police. She leaves before the stand-off concludes, satisfied that both Niedermann and the Svavelsjö bikers have been brought to justice. (She later learns that Niedermann was killed by the bikers, and Nieminen by the police while resisting arrest.)
Back at her apartment in Stockholm, Salander receives a visit from Blomkvist. The story ends with the two reconciling.
Characters from Larsson's life[edit]
Svante Branden helps Salander "by denouncing the fraudulent analysis of Dr. Peter Teleborian and the arbitrary internment to which he had subjected her." Larsson and his life partner Eva Gabrielsson were loaned a student room by the real Svante Branden who, after being neighbors with Larsson in Umeå, was a psychiatrist and a friend. In her book "There Are Things I Want You to Know" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Gabrielsson writes that the character and the person were a lot alike because Svante "was against every form of violation of human rights and freedom. When Stieg made him one of the heroes of The Millennium Trilogy, it was a way of paying homage to him." [5]
Anders Jonasson, the doctor who helps Salander significantly throughout her hospital stay, is based on Anders Jakobsson, a longtime friend of Stieg Larsson and Eva Gabrielsson's. His name was changed in the novel to Jonasson after he ran into Erland, Larsson's father, in a supermarket and told him how he felt about Gabrielsson's being denied access to Larsson's estate after his death.[5]
Kurdo Baksi, Kurdish-Swedish publisher of Black and White magazine and collaborator with Stieg Larsson at the Expo Foundation, appears "as himself" in the books, along with his publishing house.
Reception[edit]
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest was listed at the top of Amazon.com's bestseller list before arriving in bookstores, extremely unusual for an English-language book in translation.[6] Just as unusually, this book was not made available in paperback until 21 February 2012, or more than two years after its original English-language publication in October 2009,[7] probably because it still regularly appeared in Top 10 best seller lists as a hardcover book (e.g., rated #5 in the New York Times best seller list for the week ending 29 January 2012).[8]
The Millennium series is described in a New York Times review as "utterly addicting", and this, the third in the series, received a good review.[9] Salander is described as "one of the most original characters in a thriller to come along in a while". The combination of her resourcefulness, intelligence and apparent fragility underlies her ability to win the battle to have her re-institutionalised. The compelling character of Salander and her past, completely explained in the volume of the trilogy, is a counterpoint to Blomkvist's more mundane character, writes the reviewer. The novel itself is compared to John LeCarre's cold-war thrillers.[10] Writing for The Guardian, Kate Mosse declares that The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest is a "grown-up work for grown-up readers", which she says shows a well-presented plausible narrative.[11] The Los Angeles Times disagrees, describing the plots as "improbable", but notes the popularity of the series, referring to it as "an authentic phenomenon".[12] Writing for The Washington Post, Patrick Anderson claims the third in the series "brings the saga to a satisfactory conclusion".[4]
The overly long and complicated plot is criticised by Marcel Berlins writing for The Sunday Times.[13] The Los Angeles Times critic agrees, pointing at the implausibility of Larsson's plot, the weak writing and characterisations.[12]
Publication history[edit]
Larsson submitted the book to two Swedish publishers, with Norstedts Förlag accepting the manuscript for publication. Norstedts commissioned Steve Murray under the pen-name of Reg Keeland to undertake the English translation.[14]
Alfred A. Knopf bought the rights to the book, along with the preceding two volumes in the series, after Larsson's death in 2004.[15] The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest was published with a first print-run of 800,000 copies.[6]
Film and TV adaptations[edit]
The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (film)
Millennium (miniseries), a Swedish six-part television miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson's series of the same name, was broadcast on SVT1 from 20 March 2010 to 24 April 2010. The series was produced by Yellow Bird in cooperation with several production companies, including SVT, Nordisk Film, Film i Västm, and ZDF Enterprises.
Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand in the US. This version of the miniseries comprises nine hours of story content, including over two hours of additional footage not seen in the theatrical versions of the original Swedish films.[16]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Luftslottet is an idiom which means 'castle in the air/sky', 'pipedream', something that can be imagined but has no substance in reality.
References[edit]
Sweden portal
2000s portal
Books portal
Jump up ^ "Bestselling fiction authors in the world for 2008". AbeBooks. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009. ; "Inspector Norse: Why are Nordic detective novels so successful?". The Economist. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest (9780307269997)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Girl Who Kicked The Hornet's Nest: Amazon.ca: Stieg Larsson: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Book World: Review of Stieg Larsson's 'The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest'" The Washington Post (24 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gabrielsson, Eva, Marie-Françoise Colombani, and Linda Coverdale. "There Are Things I Want You to Know" about Stieg Larsson and Me. New York: Seven Stories, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swedish thriller poised for blockbuster U.S. debut" Reuters (25 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Scheduled Vintage Paperback Edition. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
Jump up ^ NYT Best Seller List. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Hacker and the Hack" The New York Times (28 May 2010) Retrieved 5 February 2011
Jump up ^ "A Punk Pixie’s Ominous Past" The New York Times (20 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011
Jump up ^ "The new Millenium" The Guardian (23 October 2009). Retrieved 5 February 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "Book Review: 'The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest'" Los Angeles Times (24 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011
Jump up ^ "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets’ Nest by Stieg Larsson" The Sunday Times (26 September 2009). Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Acocella, Joan. "Man of Mystery". The New Yorker (1/10/2011), Vol. 86, Issue 43
Jump up ^ "American Readers, Waiting Impatiently For 'The Girl'" NPR (5 April 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition.
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Fire triangle
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The Fire Triangle.
The Fire Triangle or Combustion Triangle or ″Fire Diamond ″ are simple models for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires.[1]
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).[2] A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right mixture,[3] meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a thing. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket removes the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire. In large fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.[4]
Contents
1 Fire tetrahedron
2 Oxidizer
3 Extinction of the fire
4 Role of water in fire-fighting
5 Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Fire tetrahedron[edit]
Not to be confused with NFPA 704, also called the fire diamond.
The fire tetrahedron
The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component in the chemical chain reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle. Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is blocked. Foam can be used to deny the fire the oxygen it needs. Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point or to remove or disperse the fuel. Halon can be used to remove free radicals and create a barrier of inert gas in a direct attack on the chemical reaction responsible for the fire.[5]
Combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to continue. When the fire involves burning metals like lithium, magnesium, titanium,[6] etc. (known as a class-D fire), it becomes even more important to consider the energy release. The metals react faster with water than with oxygen and thereby more energy is released. Putting water on such a fire results in the fire getting hotter or even exploding. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are ineffective against certain metals such as titanium.[6] Therefore, inert agents (e.g. dry sand) must be used to break the chain reaction of metallic combustion.
In the same way, as soon as one of the four elements of the tetrahedron is removed, combustion stops.
Oxidizer[edit]
The oxidizer is the other reactant of the chemical reaction. In most cases, it is the ambient air, and in particular one of its components, oxygen (O2). By depriving a fire of air, it can be extinguished; for example, when covering the flame of a small candle with an empty glass, fire stops; to the contrary, if air is blown over a wood fire with bellows, the fire is activated by the introduction of more air. In certain torches, gaseous oxygen is introduced to improve combustion.
Some chemicals, such as fluorine gas, perchlorate salts such as ammonium perchlorate, or chlorine trifluoride, act as oxidisers, sometimes more powerful ones than oxygen itself. A fire based on a reaction with these oxidisers can be very difficult to put out until the oxidiser is exhausted; that leg of the fire triangle cannot be broken by normal means (i.e., depriving it of air will not smother it).
In certain cases such as some explosives, the oxidizer and combustible are the same (e.g., nitroglycerin, an unstable molecule that has oxidizing parts in the same molecule as the oxidizeable parts).
Reaction is initiated by an activating energy, in most cases, it is heat. Several examples include friction, as in case of matches, heating an electrical wire, a flame (propagation of fire), or a spark (from a lighter or from any starting electrical device). There are also many other ways to bring sufficient activation energy including electricity, radiation, and pressure, all of which will lead to a temperature rise. In most cases, heat production enables self-sustainability of the reaction, and enables a chain reaction to grow. The temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to get a flammable mix with self-sustainable combustion is called its flash-point.
Extinction of the fire[edit]
To stop a combustion reaction, one of the three elements of the fire-triangle has to be removed.
Without sufficient heat, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. Heat can be removed by the application of a substance which reduces the amount of heat available to the fire reaction. This is often water, which absorbs heat for phase change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient quantities and types of powder or gas in the flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same manner. Scraping embers from a burning structure also removes the heat source. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the ignition source.
Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed naturally, as where the fire has consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically removing the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in wildland fire suppression, and is the basis for most major tactics, such as controlled burns. The fire stops because a lower concentration of fuel vapor in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby decreases the heat.
Without sufficient oxygen, a fire cannot begin, and it cannot continue. With a decreased oxygen concentration, the combustion process slows. Oxygen can be denied to a fire using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, a fire blanket or water.
Role of water in fire-fighting[edit]
Water can have two different roles. In the case of a solid combustible, the solid fuel produce pyrolyzing products under the influence of heat, commonly radiation. This process is halted by the application of water, since water is more easily evaporated than the fuel is pyrolyzed. Thereby energy is removed from the fuel surface and it is cooled and the pyrolysis is stopped, removing the fuel supply to the flames. In fire fighting, this is referred to as surface cooling.
In the gas phase, i.e. in the flames or in the smoke, the combustible can not be separated from the oxidizer, and the only possible action consists of cooling down. In this case, water droplets are evaporated in the gas phase, thereby lowering the temperature and adding water vapour making the gas mixture non combustible. This requires droplets of a size less than about 0.2 mm. In fire fighting, this is referred to as gas cooling or smoke cooling.
Cases also exist where the ignition factor is not the activation energy. For example, a smoke explosion is a very violent combustion of unburned gases contained in the smoke created by a sudden fresh air input (oxidizer input). The interval in which an air/gas mix can burn is limited by the explosive limits of the air. This interval can be very small (kerosene) or large (acetylene).
Water cannot be used on certain type of fires:
Fires where live electricity is present – as water conducts electricity it presents an electrocution hazard.
Hydrocarbon fires – as it will only spread the fire because of the difference in density/hydrophobicity. For example, adding water to a fire with an oil source will cause the oil to spread, since oil and water do not mix.
Metal fires – as these fires produce huge amounts of energy (up to 7.550 calories/kg[disputed – discuss] for aluminium) and water can also create violent chemical reactions with burning metal (possibly even serving as an additional oxidizing agent).
Since these reactions are well understood, it has been possible to create specific water-additives which will allow:
A better heat absorption with a higher density than water.
Carrying free radical catchers on the fire.
Carrying foaming agents to enable water to stay on the surface of a liquid fire and prevent gas release.
Carrying specific reactives which will react and change the nature of the burning material.
Water-additives are generally designed to be effective on several categories of fires (class A + class B or even class A + class B + class F), meaning a better global performance and usability of a single extinguisher on many different types of fires (or fires that involve several different classes of materials).
Multi-scale fire triangles for wildland fires[edit]
Multi-scale fire triangles describing the elements of wildland fire at the scale of the flame, a wildfire, and a fire regime. Adapted from Moritz et al. (2005) Wildfire, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102, 17912-17917.
In the context of wildland fire, the fire triangle can be scaled up to apply to understand fire spread over landscapes (scales of days and several km) and recurrence of fire over time (scales of decades and hundreds of km).[7] Thus, while heat is important to ignite a flame, topography is important for aiding fire spread especially by preheating upslope fuels, and ignitions sources are important to help explain recurrence on longer time scales. Similarly, while oxygen is relevant to sustain a flame, weather and associated winds feed oxygen into a spreading fire, and the longer-term pattern of weather is summarized as climate. Lastly, fuels is the term to describe what burns in a single flame to the range of materials burnt in a spreading wildfire, but fuels vary over larger space and time scales in what is called vegetation.
At the smallest scale, the combustion fire triangle, individual fuel particles are ignited once at a critical temperature, and fire transfers energy to the nearest surroundings. Combustion events range on the scale of several seconds to a couple of days and their effects are monitored at the quadrant scale. The largest scale, in contrast, describes the fire regime concept. Global climate change drives drives many of the factors involved in the 'wildfire' and the 'fire regime' triangles. For example, with respect to the fire regime, a particular vegetation type will support a characteristic fire in terms of recurrence, intensity, seasonality and biological effects; a change in vegetation type will have implications for a changing fire regime.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire triangle.
Look up fire triangle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Glossary of firefighting terms
Fire classes
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Fire Triangle Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine., Hants Fire brigade, accessed June 2009
Jump up ^ "Wildland Fire Facts: There Must Be All Three". National Park Service. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
Jump up ^ IFSTA, 2008 p. 88.
Jump up ^ "What is a fire illuminate shape? triangle". FireRescue1. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ "The Fire Tetrahedron (A pyramid)". Information about the Fire Triangle/Tetrahedron and Combustion. Safelincs Ltd. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Titanium MSDS
Jump up ^ Moritz, Max A.; Morais, Marco E.; Summerell, Lora A.; Carlson, J. M.; Doyle, John (2005-12-13). "Wildfires, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (50): 17912–17917. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508985102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1312407. PMID 16332964.
References[edit]
IFSTA (2008). "Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations 5th Edition"
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Snow emergency
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A snow emergency in Minneapolis.
A snow emergency is the term used to indicate the active response plan when a snow storm severely impacts a city, county or town in the United States or Canada. Schools, universities, government offices, airports and public buildings may close during a snow emergency to prevent injuries during attempted travel; parking restrictions also usually go into effect to allow snowplows to clear the roads and streets effectively. The precise meaning of "snow emergency" varies depending on the issuing municipality. Snow emergencies are a common occurrence during the winter snowfall season in the Northern United States. The general public is alerted to snow emergency status via local broadcast stations, reverse 911 calls, mass text messaging services, public address systems, or lighted signals.[1]
Typically, a snow emergency is declared by the mayor or other chief executive official of a jurisdiction.[2] The declaration is usually issued after the winter storm has impacted a city or county. Winter Storm Warnings, Lake Effect Snow Warnings, Blizzard Warnings, and Winter Weather Advisories issued by the National Weather Service are taken into account when declaring a snow emergency.
During life-threatening winter storms, a state of emergency may be declared for an entire state. This allows additional measures to be taken by the executive, such as banning driving,[3] enforcing a curfew, and deploying personnel, equipment, shelters, or financial resources that would be otherwise unavailable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
1.1 Ohio Snow Emergency levels
1.2 Canadian Advisory
1.3 Snow Route and Winter Parking Restrictions
2 See also
3 References
Examples[edit]
Many cities in the Upper Midwest define a snow emergency as a predefined-duration period of specific parking rules to allow snowplows to move about the entire breadth of every city street.
Cities such as Minneapolis follow a 3 day snow emergency plan, where main routes are plowed on day one. After the main routes are plowed, the even numbered side of the street is plowed on day two, then the odd side of the street is plowed. [4]
Cities such as Saint Paul, Minnesota use the day-night plow protocol. Streets that are declared "night plow" routes are plowed as soon after the snow emergency is declared. Then on the second day, daytime plow routes are plowed.

[5]
On the other hand, Ohio snow emergencies are declared by the county sheriff's department on one of three levels; each level defines the recommended or mandated actions of the general public due to severe winter weather.[6]
Ohio Snow Emergency levels[edit]
Level One Snow Emergency: Roadways are hazardous and motorists should drive with extreme caution. During a Level One Snow Emergency, motorists may not park alongside streets or along roadways with signage prohibiting parking during a Snow Emergency. Vehicles may be fined or towed if they are not removed from designated Snow Emergency routes. A sustained snowfall of about 2-4 inches will likely cause a Level One Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Level Two Snow Emergency: Driving is discouraged and residents should call ahead before heading to work. Only necessary travel is recommended during a Level Two Snow Emergency. Schools and some businesses do not operate during a Level Two Snow Emergency. A sustained snowfall of about 4-8 inches will likely cause a Level Two Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Level Three Snow Emergency: All public roadways are closed to the general public. Only police, medical, and emergency vehicles should be on the roads. Motorists can be fined or arrested if found driving on public roadways in a non-emergency situation. If a Level Three Snow Emergency is declared when students are at school or when a public building is open, attempts are usually made by officials to provide food and drinkable water to those affected. A sustained snowfall of about 8-14 inches will likely cause a Level Three Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Canadian Advisory[edit]
In Canada the winter warning levels are based on the same grading during the year but will differ on the type of precipitation:
Special Weather Statements - lowest level and initial information of a weather event
Advisories - second level advisory that will be defined by events. For winter it would provide details such as blowing snow, freezing drizzle and frost. The event is usually not a severe level
Watches - third level that deals with potential for a significant weather conditions.
Warnings - fourth and highest level that deals with severe weather event. Warnings are updated regularly to allow Canadians to be informed and be ready to take appropriate action(s).
Snow Route and Winter Parking Restrictions[edit]
In many Canadian municipalities snow routes and snow removal parking restrictions are used during winter months, usually from December to March.
In Toronto snow routes are marked and used to ensure roads are cleared to allow for use by emergency vehicles and others who need to travel during snow emergencies.[7] Signs with a stop sign crossed out with wording Snow Route are attached to poles along the route.
Parking restrictions are initiated to remind homeowners to removal vehicles off the streets to allow for snowplows to clear the roadway. Those vehicles found parked along the route will be ticketed and towed.[8] These tend to be found in downtown areas where roads are usually narrow or residents need to park along the road.
See also[edit]
Parking space reservation in snowstorms
Snow removal
Winter service vehicle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Picture of signs with flashing blue light in Somerville, Massachusetts: http://blogs.wickedlocal.com/somerville/2008/12/19/snow-emergency-2/#axzz3QKV1xM6v
Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/1999/01/14/toronto990114.html
Jump up ^ http://wamc.org/post/ma-and-ct-declare-state-emergency-issues-travel-bans-winter-blast-nears
Jump up ^ http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/snow/index.asp
Jump up ^ https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/public-works/street-maintenance/snow-emergency-update
Jump up ^ http://www.weathersafety.ohio.gov/SnowEmergencyClassifications.aspx
Jump up ^ http://toronto.about.com/od/gettingaroundtown/a/snowplow.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.640toronto.com/syn/107/169068/Snow-Route-Parking-Ban-Kicks-In-Thursday
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_emergency&oldid=825110304"
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Lungi Dance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Lungi Dance"
Single by Yo Yo Honey Singh
from the album Chennai Express soundtrack
Released
13 July 2013 (2013-July-13)
Recorded
2013
Genre
Film soundtrack, pop-folk
Label
T-Series
Songwriter(s)
Yo Yo Honey Singh
Music video
"Lungi Dance" on YouTube
"Lungi Dance" is an Indian song composed and sung by Indian rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh for the soundtrack of the 2013 Bollywood film Chennai Express.[1] The song, along with the rest of the soundtracks, was officially released on 1 July 2013.[2] The song is a tribute to Rajinikanth.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Release
2 Lyrics
3 Critical response
4 Film controversy
5 References
Release[edit]
"Lungi Dance" was released as the ninth single from the album. The launch of the original music of the film took place in Mumbai, where performances were seen by the film's music directors and cast members.[6] The star-studded event's telecast rights were sold to a TV channel for INR48 crore (US$7.7 million).[7] The song is said to have significantly more popularised the Lungi,[8] a traditional dress of India especially in Tamil Nadu.
Lyrics[edit]
"Lungi Dance"
A sample of "Lungi Dance"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Indian actor Rajinikanth.
The song was composed by Yo Yo Honey Singh, as a tribute to Thalaivar ("leader" in Tamil), here used to refer to actor Rajinikanth.[9] Excerpts from the lyrics of the song include:[10]
All the Rajini fans...

Jisko jo bhi hai karnaa wo kar lo
Idhar hi main hoon khadaa pakad lo
Ghar pe jaa ke tum Google kar lo
Mere baare mein Wikipedia pe padh lo

Whoever wants to do whatever, do
I am here, catch me
(or) Go home, and Google me,
(or) read about me in Wikipedia

Lungi dance, lungi dance...
Critical response[edit]
"Lungi Dance" received mainly mixed reviews from critics in India. Mohar Basu of Koimoi wrote in his review, "I am quite assured that not every Rajni fan has Lungi as their favorite attire and neither will they appreciate Lassi in their coconut! Not that I was expecting meaning in the lyrics of the song, but the song's words are as meaningless as the aimless Deepika Padukone shaking her leg in this too-desperate-to-be-funny song."[11] The Firstpost review said, "I may have to go swallow some Kafka and Faulkner after this column to feel smart again, but at least I know that I have done my Patient Zero duty in spreading the Lungi Dance virus. Thalaivar, everyone![12]"
Film controversy[edit]
The film's music composing duo, Vishal–Shekhar, were under the impression that they were the only musicians working on Chennai Express. Meanwhile, Honey Singh was asked by the film director to perform in the promotional song of "Lungi Dance". When rumours surfaced about Honey Singh's involvement, Vishal Dadlani tweeted, "It's hilarious and pathetic how desperately this tacky rape-rapper is trying to ride on the fame of SRK and Chennai Express (sic)".[13] The rumour turned out to be true and the composers felt cheated. Dadlani and Shekhar Ravjiani did not promote the film's music nor attended the film's promos.[14] There is also a controversy that in the music launch of the lungi dance song Shah Rukh Khan slapped YoYo Honey Singh.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Thalaivar Tribute (Lungi Dance) Feat. Yo Yo Honey Singh". T-Series. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chennai Express Music Release date". ReleaseDateIndia.com. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "SRK-Honey Singh Pay Tribute to Rajinikanth in Chennai Express". Hindustan Times – via Highbeam (subscription required). 25 June 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rajnikanth likes naughty 'Lungi Dance'". India Today. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Lungi Dance', 'Raghupati Raghav' Music review". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Celebs at the audio launch of Chennai Express". MSN Entertainment. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Chennai Express' satellite rights sold for Rs. 480 million!". Business of Cinema. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Susanna Myrtle Lazarus (18 August 2013). "Madras checks still do the Lungi Dance". The Hindu. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
Jump up ^ MovieReviewPreview.com, "Chennai Express Exclusive: Lungi Dance Song Review", MovieReviewPreview.com, July 31, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Honey Singh's Lungi Dance: Lyrics and Translation", bollymeaning.com. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Basu, Mohar (30 July 2013). "Chennai Express Song Review: SRK's Lungi Dance is a Well Intentioned But Racist Tribute". Koimoi. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Jakatdar, Anuya (6 August 2013). "SRK salutes Rajini: you can't miss the 'lungi dance'". Firstpost. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vishal-Shekhar Say No To SRK's 'Lungi Dance'". EMatterz. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chennai Express: Vishal-Shekhar upset with SRK over 'Lungi Dance'?". IBN Live. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shahrukh-khan-honey-singh-fight-truth-27154.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lungi_Dance&oldid=811844525"
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