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Falls of the Ohio State Park
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Falls of the Ohio State Park
IUCN category III (natural monument or feature)
Map of the U.S. state of Indiana showing the location of Falls of the Ohio State Park
Location
Clark County, Indiana, US
Nearest city
Clarksville, Indiana
Coordinates
38°16′32″N 85°45′49″W / 38.27556°N 85.76361°W / 38.27556; -85.76361Coordinates: 38°16′32″N 85°45′49″W / 38.27556°N 85.76361°W / 38.27556; -85.76361
Area
165 acres (67 ha)
Established
1990
Visitors
327,092 (in 2003-2004)
Governing body
Indiana Department of Natural Resources
Falls of the Ohio State Park is a state park in Indiana. It is located on the banks of the Ohio River at Clarksville, Indiana, across from Louisville, Kentucky. The park is part of the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area. The exposed fossil beds of the Jeffersonville Limestone dated from the Devonian period are the main feature of the park. The Falls was the site where Lewis & Clark met for the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Fossil formations (Devonian Jeffersonville Limestone) found along the shores of the Ohio River.
View of the fossil bed from the overlook
The park includes an interpretive center open to the public. In 1990 the Indiana state government hired Terry Chase, a well-established exhibit developer, to design the center's displays. Building started in September 1992, costing $4.9 million with a total area of 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2).[7] The center functions as a museum with exhibits that concentrate on the natural history related to findings in the nearby fossil beds as well as the human history of the Louisville area, covering pre-settlement, early settlement, and Louisville and southern Indiana history all the way up through the 20th century.
Large rugose coral (above hammer) at the Falls of the Ohio.
Unlike at other Indiana state parks, annual entrance permits do not allow unlimited free access (rather, only five people per pass per visit) to the interpretive center, as fees are still needed to reimburse the town of Clarksville for building the center.
The Woodland Loop Trail has ten new stainless steel markers denoting the plant life of the trails, thanks to an Eagle Scout project.[8]
Strange wildlife has a habit of showing up in the park. Living alligators and crocodiles have also been seen in the park.[9] In August 2006 a fisherman hooked a dead octopus. Zachary Treitz, a 21-year-old Louisville college student, admitted he had put the octopus there after purchasing it dead from a local seafood shop for a film project.[10]
Contents
1 Gallery
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Gallery[edit]
Interpretive Center Lobby
See also[edit]
The Filson Historical Society
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
List of fossil sites
Old Clarksville Site
Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area: More information about the geology of the Falls
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indiana Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Commission". In.gov. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky places : Louisville and the Falls of the Ohio". Lewis and Clark in Kentucky. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ "At the Falls of the Ohio". Lewis-clark.org. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Old Clarksville Site-Lewis and Clark Expedition: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ "IHB: Lewis and Clark-Indiana connections - Focus". In.gov. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Part 4: Ohio River - Lewis and Clark - Corps of Discovery - U.S. Army Center of Military History". History.army.mil. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Carl. This Place We Call Home (Indiana University Press, 2007) p.495)
Jump up ^ "Scout project enhances Woodland trail". News and Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Fisherman finds octopus in Ohio River". News and Tribune.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Grace. "Octopus pulled from river was leftover from student's film project". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
WikiMapia
United States Geological Survey. "Falls of the Ohio State Park, USGS New Albany (IN, KY) Topo Map". TopoQuest. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
External links[edit]
Falls of the Ohio Organization
Falls of the Ohio State Park - Indiana Department of Natural Resources
Silurian and Devonian Geology and Paleontology at the Falls of the Ohio, Kentucky/Indiana - 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, fieldtrip guidebook, 2005
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World Environment Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article reads like a press release or a news article or is largely based on routine coverage or sensationalism. Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia's quality standards, event notability guideline, or encyclopedic content policy. (March 2017)
Environment day
Official name
UN World Environment Day
Also called
Eco Day, Environment Day, WED
Type
International
Significance
Environmental issues awareness
Observances
Environment Protection
Date
5 June
First time
5 June 1974; 44 years ago (5 June 1974)
World Environment Day in India
World Environment Day (WED) is celebrated on the 5th of June every year, and is the United Nation's principal vehicle for encouraging awareness and action for the protection of our environment. First held in 1974, it has been a flagship campaign for raising awareness on emerging environmental issues from marine pollution, human overpopulation, and global warming, to sustainable consumption and wildlife crime. WED has grown to become a global platform for public outreach, with participation from over 143 countries annually. Each year, WED has a new theme that major corporations, NGOs, communities, governments and celebrities worldwide adopt to advocate environmental causes.
Contents
1 History
2 Annual themes and major initiatives and accomplishments
2.1 2018
2.2 2017
2.3 2016
2.4 2015
2.5 2014
2.6 2013
2.7 2012
2.8 2011
2.9 2010
2.10 2009
2.11 2008
2.12 2007
2.13 2006
2.14 2005
3 Host cities
3.1 World Environment Day Anthem
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
World Environment Day [WED] was established by the UN General Assembly in 1972[1] on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, resulting from discussions on the integration of human interactions and the environment. Two years later, in 1974 the first WED was held with the theme "Only One Earth". Even though WED celebration have been held annually since 1974, in 1987 the idea for rotating the center of these activities through selecting different host countries began.
Annual themes and major initiatives and accomplishments[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)
For almost five decades, World Environment Day has been raising awareness, supporting action, and driving change. Here is a timeline of key accomplishments in WEDs’ history:
2018[edit]
The theme for 2018 is "Beat Plastic Pollution". The host nation is India.[2] By choosing this Theme, it is aimed that people may strive to change their everyday lives to reduce the heavy burden of plastic pollution. People should be free from the over-reliance on single-use or disposables, as they have severe environmental consequences. We should liberate our natural places, our wildlife - and our own health from plastics.[3] Indian government pledged to eliminate all single use of plastic in India by 2022.[4]
2017[edit]
The theme for 2017 was 'Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator'. The host nation was Canada.[5]
2016[edit]
The 2016 WED was organized under the theme "Go wild for life". This edition of the WED aims to reduce and prevent the illegal trade in wildlife.[6] Angola was chosen as the host country of the 2016 WED during the COP21 in Paris.[7][8]
Activities for world environment day in Bhopal
2015[edit]
The Slogan of the 2015 edition of the World Environment Day is "Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care". The slogan was picked through a voting process on social media.[9][10] In Saudi Arabia, 15 women recycled 2000 plastic bags to crochet a mural in support of the WED 2015.[11] In India, Narendra Modi planted a Kadamb sapling to celebrate the World Environment Day and raise awareness for Environment.[12][13] Italy is the host country of the 43rd edition of the WED. The celebrations took place as part of Milan Expo around the theme: Feeding the Planet - Energy for Life.[14]
2014[edit]
The Theme of the 2014 WED is : International Year of Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). By choosing this Theme the UN General Assembly aimed to highlight the development Challenges and successes of the SIDS. In 2014, the World Environment Day focused on global warming and its impact on ocean levels.[15] The Slogan of the WED 2014 is "Raise your voice not the sea level", as Barbados hosted the global celebrations of the 42nd edition of the World Environment Day.[16][17] The UN Environement Programme named actor Ian Somerhalder as the official Goodwill ambassador of the WED 2014.[18]
2013[edit]
Stage in front of the Brandenburg Gate on Environmental Festival 2011
World Environment Day 2011 in Donetsk, Ukraine
US Consul CG Yee, along with the Mayor of Thessaloniki Vassilis Papageorgopoulos, the Prefect of Thessaloniki Panagiotis Psomiadis, and many others participating in World Environment Day on the waterfront, Bike Path
Trees planting during the World Environment Day 2012 in Konso – Ethiopia.
The 2013 theme for World Environment Day was Think.Eat.Save.[19]
The campaign addressed the huge annual wastage and losses in food, which, if conserved, would release a large quantity of food as well as reduce the overall carbon footprint. The campaign aimed to bring about awareness in countries with lifestyles resulting in food wastage. It also aimed to empower people to make informed choices about the food they eat so as to reduce the overall ecological impact due to the worldwide production of food.[19].The host country for the year's celebrations was Mongolia.
2012[edit]
The theme for the 2012 World Environment Day was Green Economy: Does it include you?[20]
The theme aimed to invite people to examine their activities and lifestyle and see how the concept of a "Green Economy" fits into it. The host country for the year's celebrations was Brazil.[20]
2011[edit]
The theme for 2011 was Forests-Nature At Your Service. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events and much more. That year's global host, India, is a country of wide biodiversity.[21]
2010[edit]
'Many Species. One Planet. One Future', was the theme of 2010.
It celebrated the diversity of life on Earth as part of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. It was hosted in Rwanda. Thousands of activities were organized worldwide, with beach clean-ups, concerts, exhibits, film festivals, community events and much more.[22] Each continent (except Antarctica) had a "regional host city", the U.N. chose Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as the host for all North.[23]
2009[edit]
The theme for WED 2009 was 'Your Planet Needs You – UNite to Combat Climate Change', and Michael Jackson's 'Earth Song' was declared 'World Environment Day Song'. It was hosted in Mexico.[24]
2008[edit]
The host for World Environment Day 2008 was New Zealand, with the main international celebrations scheduled for Wellington. The slogan for 2008 was "CO2, Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy." New Zealand was one of the first countries to pledge to achieve carbon neutrality, and will also focus on forest management as a tool for reducing greenhouse gases.[25]
The Chicago Botanic Garden served as the North American host[26] for World Environment Day on 5 June 2008.
2007[edit]
The topic for World Environment Day for 2007 was "Melting Ice – a Hot Topic?" During International Polar Year, WED 2007 focused on the effects that climate change is having on polar ecosystems and communities, on other ice- and snow-covered areas of the world, and the resulting global impacts.
The main international celebrations of the WED 2007 were held in the city of Tromsø, Norway, a city north of the Arctic Circle.[27]
2006[edit]
The topic for WED 2006 was Deserts and Desertification and the slogan was "Don't desert drylands".
The slogan emphasised the importance of protecting drylands. The main international celebrations of the World Environment Day 2006 were held in Algeria.
2005[edit]
Standard WED banners hung in San Francisco in May 2005.
The theme for the 2005 World Environment Day was "Green Cities" and the slogan was "Plan for the Planet!".[28]
Host cities[edit]
World Environment Day celebrations have been (and will be) hosted in the following cities:[29]
Year
Theme
Host city
1974 Only one Earth during Expo '74 Spokane, United States
1975 Human Settlements Dhaka, Bangladesh
1976 Water: Vital Resource for Life Ontario, Canada
1977 Ozone Layer Environmental Concern; Lands Loss and Soil Degradation Sylhet, Bangladesh
1978 Development Without Destruction Sylhet, Bangladesh
1979 Only One Future for Our Children – Development Without Destruction Sylhet, Bangladesh
1980 A New Challenge for the New Decade: Development Without Destruction Sylhet, Bangladesh
1981 Ground Water; Toxic Chemicals in Human Food Chains Sylhet, Bangladesh
1982 Ten Years After Stockholm (Renewal of Environmental Concerns) Dhaka, Bangladesh
1983 Managing and Disposing Hazardous Waste: Acid Rain and Energy Sylhet, Bangladesh
1984 Desertification Rajshahi, Bangladesh
1985 Youth: Population and the Environment Islamabad, Pakistan
1986 A Tree for Peace Ontario, Canada
1987 Environment and Shelter: More Than A Roof Nairobi, Kenya
1988 When People Put the Environment First, Development Will Last Bangkok, Thailand
1989 Global Warming; Global Warning Brussels, Belgium
1990 Children and the Environment Mexico City, Mexico
1991 Climate Change. Need for Global Partnership Stockholm, Sweden
1992 Only One Earth, Care and Share Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1993 Poverty and the Environment – Breaking the Vicious Circle Beijing, People's Republic of China
1994 One Earth One Family London, United Kingdom
1995 We the Peoples: United for the Global Environment Pretoria, South Africa
1996 Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home Istanbul, Turkey
1997 For Life on Earth Seoul, Republic of Korea
1998 For Life on Earth – Save Our Seas Moscow, Russian Federation
1999 Our Earth – Our Future – Just Save It! Tokyo, Japan
2000 The Environment Millennium – Time to Act Adelaide, Australia
2001 Connect with the World Wide Web of Life Torino, Italy and Havana, Cuba
2002 Give Earth a Chance Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
2003 Water – Two Billion People are Dying for It! Beirut, Lebanon
2004 Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive? Barcelona, Spain
2005 Green Cities – Plan for the Planet! San Francisco, United States
2006 Deserts and Desertification – Don't Desert Drylands! Algiers, Algeria
2007 Melting Ice – a Hot Topic? London, England
2008 Kick The Habit – Towards A Low Carbon Economy Wellington, New Zealand
2009 Your Planet Needs You – Unite to Combat Climate Change Mexico City, Mexico
2010 Many Species. One Planet. One Future Rangpur, Bangladesh
2011 Forests: Nature at your Service New Delhi, India
2012 Green Economy: Does it include you? Brasilia, Brazil
2013 Think.Eat.Save. Reduce Your Foodprint Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
2014 Raise your voice, not the sea level Bridgetown, Barbados
2015 Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care. Rome, Italy
2016 Zero Tolerance for the Illegal Wildlife trade Luanda, Angola
2017 Connecting People to Nature – in the city and on the land, from the poles to the equator Ottawa, Canada
2018 Beat Plastic Pollution New Delhi, India
World Environment Day Anthem[edit]
An Earth Anthem penned by poet Abhay K is sung to celebrate World Environment Day.[30]
Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl
the most beautiful planet in the universe
all the continents and the oceans
united we stand as flora and fauna
united we stand as species of one earth
different cultures, beliefs and ways
we are humans, the earth is our home
all the people and the nations of the world
all for one and one for all
united we unfurl the blue flag.
[31]
It was launched in June 2013 on the occasion of the World Environment Day by Kapil Sibal and Shashi Tharoor, then Union Ministers of India, at a function organized by the Indian Council of Cultural Relations in New Delhi.[32] It is supported by the global organization Habitat For Humanity.[33]
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Sustainable development portal
Index of environmental articles
List of environmental dates
List of environmental protests
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
Project Green Oman
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day - 5 June". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day". worldenvironmentday.global. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day 2018 LIVE: Host Nation India Focuses On 'Beat Plastic Pollution' Theme". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
Jump up ^ "India aims to partner with UN to promote use of solar energy". The Economic Times. 2018-06-06. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
Jump up ^ 2017 Host country named as Canada, UNEP, 31 Jan 2017
Jump up ^ Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Event: World Environment Day 2016 | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD". Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Angola to Host World Environment Day in 2016". Angola Press Agency (Luanda). 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ Programme, Climate Action. "Angola to host World Environment Day 2016". www.climateactionprogramme.org. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Event: World Environment Day 2015 | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD". Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Vote for your World Environment Day 2015 slogan | capacity4dev.eu". europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day 2015 :: Our Planet". web.unep.org. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "PM plants "Kadamb" sapling on World Environment Day". www.narendramodi.in. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Why PM Modi planted 'Kadamb' sapling on World Environment Day?". Microfinance Monitor. 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Italy hosts the official World Environment Day celebrations at Expo Milano". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day 2014 | Department of Environmental Affairs". www.environment.gov.za. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ Reporter, Staff (2014-06-05). "World Environment Day 2014: Theme, History, Host Country and Observances". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "World Environment Day 2014". www.icimod.org. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Ian Somerhalder named Goodwill Ambassador for World Environment Day 2014". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Think.Eat.Save" World Environment Day 5 June". World Environment Day. United Nations Environment Programme. 5 June 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Times News Network (31 May 2012). "World Environment Day 2012: Let's pledge to make earth a better place". Times of India : Environment. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ World Environment Day – Raise Your Voice, Not the Sea Level
Jump up ^ World Environment Day 2010
Jump up ^ The New Emerald City – Pittsburgh Magazine – April 2010 – Pittsburgh, PA
Jump up ^ "WED That Was – 2009". Retrieved 2013-08-14.
Jump up ^ UNEP Press Release, 1 October 2007, "Kick the Habit – World Environment Day 2008 to be Hosted by New Zealand with Focus on Fostering Low-Carbon Economies", accessed 10 November 2007
Jump up ^ world environment day 2008 host countries
Jump up ^ Norwegian Polar Institute, World Environment Day 2007–information in English and Norwegian Archived 1 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ World Environment Day 2005 Official Site, 2005, "About World Environment Day 2005", accessed 28 May 2009
Jump up ^ World Environment Day 5 June 2008 – UNEP, accessed 6 June 2008
Jump up ^ World Environment Day The Nation, Sri Lanka, 30 May 2015
Jump up ^ K, Abhay (27 April 2014). "Earth Anthem". Earth Anthem Website.
Jump up ^ "Indian diplomat pens anthem for earth". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Habitat for Humanity International gets people to sing Earth Anthem ANI, 30 Aug 2014
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Environment Day.
UNEP, World Environment Day
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 / Previous themes of World Environment Day
World Environment Day 2018 Theme

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Stokvel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stokvels are invitation only clubs of twelve or more people serving as rotating credit unions or saving scheme in South Africa where members contribute fixed sums of money to a central fund on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis. The name “stokvel” originated from the term “stock fairs”, as the rotating cattle auctions of English settlers in the Eastern Cape during the early 19th century were known.[1][2][3]
Stokvels generally have a constitution which dictates the size of the contributions, when the accumulated money is to be paid out and the roles and responsibilities of the members. Each month a different member receives the money in the fund, which was collected during that period. Defaults on contribution are quite rare as other members will know if you haven’t paid your contribution, and also because the regular meetings are a reminder of what you will gain when it is your turn. Depending on the type of stokvels, the members can use the collected fund for their own use, for payment or investment purposes.
It is estimated that one in every two black adult South Africans is a member of at least one of 800 000 stokvels. Black adult South Africans invest approximately R50 billion in stokvels a year.
Contents
1 Different Types of Stokvels
2 Burial Societies
3 Constitution of a Stokvel
4 Benefits of joining a Stokvel
5 References
Different Types of Stokvels[edit]
Contribution Stokvels
Traditional savings scheme in which members contribute a fixed amount of money to a common pool weekly, fortnightly or monthly. Members would receive the lump sum on a rotational basis, and they are free to use the money for any purpose.
Basic Stokvels
Differ from the contributions stokvel in that it functions as a savings scheme that pays out for specific events, such as for a death, or at Christmas.
Grocery Stokvels
Collects the grocery or cash coupons that members receive from supermarket chains when they buy provisions for the stokvel parties throughout the year, and distributed these coupons at the end of the saving period.
Purchasing Stokvels
Collects pool money on a regular basis and uses it to purchase big items that can be used by the group to generate an income for example, a marquee that could be rented out to the community for use on special occasions.
Family Stokvels
Invest the pooled money in formal bank accounts or financial services. The money is paid out according to the needs of the family, but generally the funds are used for buying land or cars, for business investments, or for deposits on bank loans.
Investment Group
Invests money in order to benefit from the interest. When an investment pays out, the money is split but, in some cases, part of it will be kept back for reinvestment.
Party Stokvels
Arranges street or jazz parties, often with live entertainment. An entrance fee is charged, and food and drink is sold. Members then share in the profits. Some of these stokvels have grown into sophisticated businesses
Borrowing Stokvels
Which loans money at high monthly interest rates (between 20% and 50%) to members and sub-members from its regular pool money.
Burial Societies[edit]
A burial society provides “informal insurance” to help families with the costs of a funeral in the event of a death. Burial societies also provide practical support for the family during the preparations; for example, by helping to prepare food. This is similar to a stokvel, in that monthly fees are collected. However, the main difference is that periodical payouts are not made and new member can only benefit after a three-month waiting period.
Burial societies are invariably intended for poorer and less educated people. Burial societies can be seen as the product of urban living and appear to have evolved in order to aid migrants from the rural areas who find themselves facing problems in a strange and hostile environment. In South Africa, the disadvantaged, and the poorer and less educated classes, have historically been black and coloured people. The burial societies help alleviate the expenses incurred when burying a loved one. It therefore comes as no surprise to find that burial societies tend to be more popular in these communities.
Constitution of a Stokvel[edit]
The constitution of a stokvel is there to formalize the workings of the stokvel. It is also a requirement if the stokvel wants to open a bank account in its name. A Stokvel's constitution may include, but is not limited to, the following:
Objectives of the club
Structure of the club and their responsibilities
Duties and responsibilities of every member
Contribution, how often and how the deposit is made, what form of proof is required.
What happens when a member has not contributed or passes away.
Minimum or maximum members
The formation of a committee that will manage the finances of the club.
What does the club do? What kind of investments should the money be kept in.
How often the meeting are to be held and what reports need to be made during the meetings
What should the meeting deal with
How records of the club must be kept.
Benefits of joining a Stokvel[edit]
The peer pressure will force you to save.
Pooled money can earn better returns, at a lower cost. Banks offer higher interest rates on bigger amounts and banking costs are lowered (or in some cases, free) if the amount is large enough.
Some of the added benefits are a sense of community and socialising. Stokvel members traditionally meet regularly and make an occasion of the meetings.
You may learn something. Some stokvels operate like investment clubs and invest in the stock exchange or companies. Members do their homework, deliberate about which shares or companies to invest in and make investment decisions.
Knowing when you will receive a windfall amount makes it easier to plan your finances.
Reduces chances of savings being stolen if the money is moving rather than saving the money at home.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stokvels - A Hidden Economy: Unpacking the potential of South African traditional saving schemes" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "R49bn stokvel economy could be powerful investment tool".
Jump up ^ "SA's love affair with stokvels still going strong – survey".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stokvel&oldid=849706754"
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Taiwan presidential election, 1996
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Taiwan presidential election, 1996
← 1990 March 23, 1996 2000 →
Turnout
76.04%
Nominee
Lee Teng-hui Peng Ming‑min
Party
Kuomintang Democratic Progressive
Running mate
Lien Chan Frank Hsieh
Popular vote
5,813,699 2,274,586
Percentage
54.0% 21.1%
Nominee
Lin Yang‑kang Chen Li-an
Party
(Petition) (Petition)
Running mate
Hau Pei-tsun Wang Ching-feng
Popular vote
1,603,790 1,074,044
Percentage
14.9% 9.9%
President before election
Lee Teng-hui
Kuomintang
Elected President
Lee Teng-hui
Kuomintang
This article is part of a series on the
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The election of the ninth-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China (第九任中華民國總統 、副總統選舉) was the first direct presidential election in the history of the Republic of China. It occurred on 23 March 1996. In the previous eight elections the president and vice president had been chosen in a ballot of the deputies of the National Assembly, in accordance with the 1947 constitution.
The outcome of the 1996 election was that Lee Teng-hui was elected as President and Lien Chan as Vice President. Lee stood as the incumbent, and as the candidate of the ruling Kuomintang. He won a majority of 54% of the votes cast. His election followed missile tests by the People's Republic of China. These were an attempt to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate and discourage them from supporting Lee, however the tactic backfired. Voter turnout was 76.0%.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Candidates
2 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis
3 Results
4 References
Candidates[edit]
The ruling Kuomintang nominated president Lee Teng-hui in August 1995 at its 14th Party Congress after plans to institute a closed primary system by his opponents were thwarted.[2][3] As his running mate, Lee chose Lien Chan, who had attempted to resign his position as Premier of the Republic of China to join Lee's ticket.[4][5] Lee did not accept Lien's resignation, as Lien's potential successors to the premiership stood little chance of legislative confirmation.[6] After the election, the Judicial Yuan allowed Lien to keep both posts.[7]
The opposition Democratic Progressive Party conducted an extensive nomination process: the presidential candidate was selected after two rounds of voting and fifty public debates by the two finalists. Hsu Hsin-liang, Lin Yi-hsiung, You Ching, and Peng Ming-min contended for this position. The seventy-two-year-old Peng emerged victorious and nominated legislator Frank Hsieh to be his running mate. Peng opposed trade with mainland China unless the PRC promised to "treat Taiwan as an equal." Though he argued that the One-China policy would lead to another February 28 Incident, he took the position that Taiwan was already de facto independent so a formal declaration of Taiwan independence was unnecessary unless the PRC attacked. However, Peng rejected reunification with the mainland outright, describing the notion as "suicide" and "self-destruction."[8]
Former Taiwan Provincial Governor Lin Yang-kang ran as an independent with former Premier Hau Pei-tsun as his running mate.[9] After the pair registered as candidates, they were endorsed by New Party. Both Lin and Hau were expelled from the Kuomintang on 13 December 1995.[10] They supported the One-China Principle and favored opening direct links with the mainland.[11] They argued that the KMT, led by Lee, had abandoned all attempts at unification.[12]
A second independent ticket consisted of former Control Yuan President Chen Li-an for President and Control Yuan member Wang Ching-feng for Vice President. Chen Li-an, the son of former Premier and Vice President Chen Cheng, used his Buddhist background (lay leader of the Fo Guang Shan order) and stressed moral purity and honest government. He walked for eighteen days wearing a farmer's straw hat to spread his views.[13][14]
Former Taipei mayor Kao Yu-shu declared an end to his candidacy in January 1996.[15][16] Feminist writer Shih Chi-ching also bid for the presidency, selecting Wu Yue-chen as her vice president. However, Shih and Wu's campaign ended after the Judicial Yuan ruled against them, finding that the ticket failed to meet the endorsement quota.[17] Mudslinging was rampant between the remaining four presidential tickets. The KMT claimed that the Taiwanese mafia had amputated Peng's arm to recoup gambling debts. However, Peng had lost his arm in an American air raid on Nagasaki during World War II.[18] Independent candidate Lin Yang-kang alleged that Lee Teng-hui had been a Chinese Communist Party member, which he denied at the time, but later admitted involvement in a 2002 interview.[19][20] The Kuomintang's website was also subject to cyberattacks. Chen Li-an criticized every other candidate for their advanced age.[18]
1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis[edit]
Main article: Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
From March 8 to March 15, the Chinese People's Liberation Army sent ballistic missiles within 46 to 65 km (25 to 35 nmi) (just inside the ROC's territorial waters) off the ports of Keelung and Kaohsiung. This action was intended to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate into voting against Lee and Peng, which Beijing branded "absolutely identical in attempting to divide the motherland."[21] Similarly, Chen Li-an warned, "If you vote for Lee Teng-hui, you are choosing war."[22] The crisis came to an end when two U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups were positioned near Taiwan.[23]
Lee, who told his people to resist "state terrorism,"[24] was seen as a strong leader who could negotiate with China. Because of this, many constituents from southern Taiwan who favored independence voted for him.[25]
Results[edit]
1996 Taiwan Presidential Election Result
President Candidate
Vice President Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan Kuomintang 5,813,699 54.0
Peng Ming-min Frank Hsieh Democratic Progressive Party 2,274,586 21.1
Lin Yang-kang Hau Pei-tsun Citizens Petition 1,603,790 14.9
Chen Li-an Wang Ching-feng Citizens Petition 1,074,044 9.9
Invalid/blank votes 117,160
Total 10,883,279 100
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p558 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
Jump up ^ Copper, John Franklin (1998). Taiwan's Mid-1990s Elections: Taking the Final Steps to Democracy. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 104. ISBN 9780275962074.
Jump up ^ Clough, Ralph N. (1999). Cooperation Or Conflict in the Taiwan Strait?. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 4. ISBN 9780847693269.
Jump up ^ Trenhaile, John (1 August 1996). "The New Cabinet". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. 2002. ISBN 9781857431339.
Jump up ^ Tsang, Steve; Tien, Hung-mao, eds. (1999). Democratisation in Taiwan: Implications for China. Springer. p. 155. ISBN 9781349272792.
Jump up ^ Jayasuriya, Kanishka (2006). Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 9781134738267.
Jump up ^ "Deserting 'Independence'". CNN. 27 October 1995. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Sheng, Virginia (17 November 1995). "Lin names former premier, Hau, as running mate for March vote". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Schubert, Gunter, ed. (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 9781317669708.
Jump up ^ Tempest, Rone (24 March 1996). "Defiant Taiwan Puts Beijing in Difficult Straits". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Tyler, Patrick E. (22 March 1996). "TENSION IN TAIWAN: THE POLITICS;War Games Play Well for Taiwan's Leader". New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780801488054.
Jump up ^ Copper, John Franklin (1998). Taiwan's Mid-1990s Elections: Taking the Final Steps to Democracy. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. ISBN 9780275962074.
Jump up ^ Copper, John Franklin (1998). Taiwan's Mid-1990s Elections: Taking the Final Steps to Democracy. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 99. ISBN 9780275962074.
Jump up ^ Sheng, Virginia (12 January 1996). "Independents fault sign-up rules; One presidential hopeful abandons race in protest". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Han Cheung (8 January 2017). "Taiwan in Time:The ‘Divorce Queen’". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lin, Jennifer (21 March 1996). "Taiwan Campaigning Has A Familiar Ring". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Schmetzer, Uli (23 March 1996). "Taiwanese Exercising Democracy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Lin, Mei-Chun (8 November 2002). "Lee admits to fling with Communism". Taipei Times. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780801488054.
Jump up ^ Crowell, Todd; Bodeen, Chris (15 March 1996). "Confrontations". CNN. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Wu, Yu-Shan (January 2005). "Taiwan's Domestic Politics and Cross-Strait Relations" (PDF). The China Journal. 53: 35–60. JSTOR 20065991. doi:10.2307/20065991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Chinoy, Mike (17 March 1996). "Chinese premier urges U.S. not to 'aggravate' situation". CNN.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Tyler, Patrick E. (24 March 1996). "Taiwan's leader wins its election and a mandate". New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
[hide]
v
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See also: Elections in the Republic of China (1912–49)
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text:
Eye of a needle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the metaphor. For the parts of a needle, see Sewing needle. For other uses, see Eye of the Needle (disambiguation).
A dromedary camel passing through the eye of a needle, as a symbol of the improbable Peace of Westphalia. Engraving, Johann Vogel: Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae, 1649.
The term "eye of a needle" is used as a metaphor for a very narrow opening. It occurs several times throughout the Talmud. The New Testament quotes Jesus as saying that "it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God".
The eye of a sewing needle is the part formed into a loop for pulling thread, located at the end opposite from the point.
Contents
[hide]
1 Aphorisms
1.1 Judaism
1.2 Christianity
1.2.1 Gate
1.3 Islam
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Aphorisms[edit]
Judaism[edit]
The Babylonian Talmud applies the aphorism to unthinkable thoughts. To explain that dreams reveal the thoughts of a man's heart, the product of reason rather than the absence of it, some rabbis say:
They do not show a man a palm tree of gold, nor an elephant going through the eye of a needle.[1]
A Midrash on the Song of Songs uses the phrase to speak of God's willingness and ability beyond comparison, to accomplish the salvation of a sinner:
The Holy One said, open for me a door as big as a needle's eye and I will open for you a door through which may enter tents and [camels?].[2]
Rav Sheishet of Nehardea applies the same aphorism to the convoluted reasoning for which the sages of Pumbedita were evidently famous: "Are you from Pumbedita, where they push an elephant through the eye of a needle?" (Baba Metzia, 38b).
Christianity[edit]
A church portal relief in Dortmund referencing Jesus's use of "camel through the eye of a needle" aphorism.
"The eye of a needle" is scripture quoting Jesus recorded in the synoptic gospels:
I tell you the truth, it is hard for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven. Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God. When the disciples heard this, they were greatly astonished and asked, “Who then can be saved?” Jesus looked at them and said, “With man this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.” Matthew 19:23-26
Parallel versions appear in Mark 10:24-27, and Luke 18:24-27.
The saying was a response to a young rich man who had asked Jesus what he needed to do in order to inherit eternal life. Jesus replied that he should keep the commandments, to which the man stated he had done. Jesus responded, "If you want to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me." The young man became sad and was unwilling to do this. Jesus then spoke this response, leaving his disciples astonished.
Cyril of Alexandria (fragment 219) claimed that "camel" is a Greek misspelling; that kamêlos (camel) was written in place of kamilos, meaning "rope" or "cable".[2][3][4] More recently, George Lamsa, in his 1933 translation of the Bible into English from the Syriac, claimed this as well.
Schopenhauer, in The World as Will and Representation, Volume 1, § 68, quoted Matthew 19:24. "Es ist leichter, daß ein Ankertau durch ein Nadelöhr gehe, denn daß ein Reicher ins Reich Gottes komme." This is translated into English as "It is easier for an anchor cable to go through an eye of a needle than for a rich person to come to God’s kingdom."
In modern times, the scripture has been used as a counterargument to the prosperity gospel, the belief that accruing wealth is a virtue favored by God.[5][6]
Gate[edit]
The "Eye of the Needle" has been claimed to be a gate in Jerusalem, which opened after the main gate was closed at night. A camel could only pass through this smaller gate if it was stooped and had its baggage removed. This story has been put forth since at least the 15th century, and possibly as far back as the 9th century. However, there is no widely accepted evidence for the existence of such a gate.[7][8]
Islam[edit]
According to the English interpretation of the Quran:
To those who reject Our signs and treat them with arrogance, no opening will there be of the gates of heaven, nor will they enter the garden, until the camel can pass through the eye of the needle: Such is Our reward for those in sin.[9]
See also[edit]
Christian views on poverty and wealth
Eyelet
Simple living
References[edit]
Jump up ^ B.T. Berakhot 55b
^ Jump up to: a b "'The camel and the eye of the needle', Matthew 19:24, Mark 10:25, Luke 18:25". Hebrew New Testament Studies. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Reuss, Joseph (1957). Matthäus-Kommentare aus der griechischen Kirche (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. p. 226.
Jump up ^ Simonetti, Manlio (2002). Matthew 14-28. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1469-5. OCLC 47443858. By “camel” here he means not the living thing, the beast of burden, but the thick rope to which sailors tie their anchors. He shows this comparison to be not entirely pointless (as a camel would be), but he makes it an exceedingly difficult matter; in fact, next to impossible.
Jump up ^ Collins, Raymond F. (2017). Wealth, wages, and the wealthy: New testament insight for preachers and teachers. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-8146-8785-7. OCLC 983796136.
Jump up ^ Bowler, Kate (2013). Blessed: A history of the American prosperity gospel. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-087673-9. OCLC 1005124050.
Jump up ^ Егор Розенков, Верблюд и игольное ушко // Духовный вестник высшей школы, № 8 (24), 01.09.2007
Jump up ^ Morris, Leon (1992). The Gospel according to Matthew. Eerdmans. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-8511-1338-8.
Jump up ^ Al-Araf (The Heights) 7:40 , Quran Surah Al-A'raaf ( Verse 40 )
External links[edit]
"What's the meaning of Jesus' teaching about the camel going through the eye of a needle?" from The Straight Dope
Tampa Christian Singles quotes this scripture on their website.
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