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Israel Kamakawiwoʻole
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Israel "Iz" Kamakawiwoʻole
Israel in 1993
Background information
Birth name
Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole
Born
(1959-05-20)May 20, 1959
Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii
Origin
Hawaii, United States
Died
June 26, 1997(1997-06-26) (aged 38)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Genres
Hawaii
folk
world
reggae
Occupation(s)
Singer
songwriter
Instruments
Ukulele
vocals
Years active
1976–1997
Labels
Mountain Apple Company
Associated acts
Makaha Sons of Niʻihau
Notable instruments
Ukulele
Israel "Iz" Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəˌmɐkəˌvivoˈʔole]) translation: "The Fearless Eyed"; May 20, 1959 – June 26, 1997), also called 'Braddah Iz (Brother Iz), was a Native Hawaiian musician, entertainer and Hawaiian sovereignty activist.
His voice became famous outside Hawaii when his album Facing Future was released in 1993. His medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" was subsequently featured in several films, television programs, and television commercials.
Along with his ukulele playing and incorporation of other genres, such as jazz and reggae, Kamakawiwoʻole remains influential on Hawaiian music.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Music career
3 Support of Hawaiian rights
4 Death
5 Legacy
5.1 What a Wonderful World
6 Discography
6.1 Albums
6.1.1 Studio albums
6.1.2 Compilation albums
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Kamakawiwoʻole was born at Kuakini Medical Center in Honolulu to Henry "Hank" Kaleialoha Naniwa Kamakawiwoʻole, Jr. and Evangeline "Angie" Leinani Kamakawiwoʻole. The notable Hawaiian musician Moe Keale was his uncle and a major musical influence. He was raised in the community of Kaimuki, where his parents had met and married. He began playing music with his older brother Skippy and cousin Allen Thornton at the age of 11, being exposed to the music of Hawaiian entertainers of the time such as Peter Moon, Palani Vaughn and Don Ho, who frequented the establishment where Kamakawiwoʻole's parents worked. Hawaiian musician Del Beazley spoke of the first time he heard Israel perform, when, while playing for a graduation party, the whole room fell silent on hearing him sing.[3] Israel continued his path as his brother Skippy entered the Army in 1971 and cousin Allen parted ways in 1976 for the mainland.
Somewhere Over The Rainbow / What A Wonderful World
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In his early teens, he studied at Upward Bound (UB) of the University of Hawaii at Hilo and his family moved to Mākaha. There he met Louis Kauakahi, Sam Gray and Jerome Koko.[4] Together with his brother Skippy they formed the Makaha Sons of Niʻihau. A part of the Hawaiian Renaissance, the band's blend of contemporary and traditional styles gained in popularity as they toured Hawaii and the continental United States, releasing fifteen successful albums. Kamakawiwo'ole's aim was to make music that stayed true to the typical sound of traditional Hawaiian music. During that time period, the songs that many people associated with Hawaii, typically, were not traditional-sounding songs.
Music career[edit]
The Makaha Sons of Niʻihau recorded No Kristo in 1976 and released four more albums, including Kahea O Keale, Keala, Makaha Sons of Niʻihau and Mahalo Ke Akua. In 1982, Kamakawiwoʻole's brother, Skippy, died at age 28 of a heart attack[5] related to obesity. In that same year, Kamakawiwoʻole married his childhood sweetheart Marlene. Soon after, they had a daughter whom they named Ceslieanne "Wehi" (born in c. 1983).
The group became Hawaii's most popular contemporary traditional group with breakout albums 1984's Puana Hou Me Ke Aloha and its follow-up, 1986's Hoʻola. Kamakawiwoʻole's last recorded album with the group was 1991's Hoʻoluana. It remains the group's top-selling CD.
In 1990, Kamakawiwoʻole released his first solo album Ka ʻAnoʻi, which won awards for Contemporary Album of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year from the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA). Facing Future was released in 1993 by The Mountain Apple Company. It featured his most popular song, the medley "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", along with "Hawaiʻi 78", "White Sandy Beach of Hawaiʻi", "Maui Hawaiian Sup'pa Man", and "Kaulana Kawaihae". The decision to include a cover of Somewhere Over the Rainbow was said to be a last-minute decision by his producer Jon de Mello and him.[6] Facing Future debuted at #25 on Billboard magazine's Top Pop Catalogue chart. On October 26, 2005, Facing Future became Hawaii's first certified platinum album, selling more than a million CDs in the United States, according to figures furnished by the Recording Industry Association of America.[7] On July 21, 2006, BBC Radio 1 announced that "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World (True Dreams)" would be released as a single in America.
In 1994, Kamakawiwoʻole was voted favorite entertainer of the year by the Hawaiʻi Academy of Recording Arts (HARA).
E Ala E (1995) featured the political title song "ʻE Ala ʻE" and "Kaleohano", and N Dis Life (1996) featured "In This Life" and "Starting All Over Again".
In 1997, Kamakawiwoʻole was again honored by HARA at the Annual Nā Hōkū Hanohano awards for Male Vocalist of the Year, Favorite Entertainer of the Year, Album of the Year, and Island Contemporary Album of the Year. He watched the awards ceremony from a hospital room.
Alone in Iz World (2001) debuted at #1 on Billboard's World Chart and #135 on Billboard's Top 200, #13 on the Top Independent Albums Chart, and #15 on the Top Internet Album Sales charts.
Kamakawiwo'ole's Facing Future has become the best-selling Hawaiian album of all time.[3]
Support of Hawaiian rights[edit]
Kamakawiwoʻole was known for promoting Hawaiian rights and Hawaiian independence, both through his lyrics, which often stated the case for independence directly, and his life.[8] For example, the lyric in his song "Hawai'i '78": "The life of this land is the life of the people/and that to care for the land (malama 'āina) is to care for the Hawaiian culture", is a statement that many consider to summarise his Hawaiian ideals.[9] The state motto of Hawai'i is a recurring line in the song and encompasses the meaning of Iz's message: "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono" (proclaimed by King Kamehameha III when Hawai'i regained sovereignty in 1843. It can be roughly translated as: "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness").[10]
Kamakawiwo'ole used the soprano ukulele, and his music as a whole, to promote awareness of his belief that a second-class status had been pushed onto the natives by the tourist industry.[11]
Death[edit]
Throughout his life Kamakawiwoʻole was morbidly obese,[12] and at one point he weighed 757 pounds (343 kg; 54 st 1 lb) standing 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall (body mass index = 97.2).[5] He endured several hospitalizations because of health problems.[5] Beset with respiratory, heart, and other medical problems, he died at the age of 38 in Queen's Medical Center at 12:18 a.m. on June 26, 1997.[5] Kamakawiwoʻole is survived by his wife, Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole, and their daughter, Ceslie-Ann "Wehi".[13]
The Hawaii state flag flew at half-staff on July 10, 1997, the day of Kamakawiwoʻole's funeral. His koa wood coffin lay in state at the state capitol building in Honolulu. He was the third person in Hawaiian history to be awarded this honor, and the only one who was not a government official. Approximately ten thousand people attended the funeral. Thousands of fans gathered as his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean at Mākua Beach on July 12, 1997.[13] According to witnesses, many people on land commemorated him by honking their car and truck horns on all Hawaiian highways that day. Scenes from the funeral and scattering of Kamakawiwoʻole's ashes were featured in official music videos of "Over the Rainbow" released posthumously by Mountain Apple Company. As of August 2017[update], the two videos as featured on YouTube have collectively received over 323 million views.[14][15]
On September 20, 2003, hundreds paid tribute to Kamakawiwoʻole as a bronze bust of the revered singer was unveiled at the Waianae Neighborhood Community Center on Oʻahu. The singer's widow, Marlene Kamakawiwoʻole, and sculptor Jan-Michelle Sawyer were present for the dedication ceremony.[16]
Legacy[edit]
On December 6, 2010, NPR named Kamakawiwoʻole as "The Voice of Hawaii" in its 50 great voices series.[1]
On March 24, 2011, Kamakawiwoʻole was honored with the German national music award Echo. The music managers Wolfgang Boss and Jon de Mello accepted the trophy in his stead.[17]
A 2014 Pixar short film, Lava, features as main characters two volcanoes who are based on Israel Kamakawiwoʻole and his wife, and the style of music used in the short is reminiscent of his cover of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow."[18]
What a Wonderful World[edit]
Kamakawiwoʻole's recording of "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" gained notice in 1999 when an excerpt was used in the TV commercials for eToys.com (Now Toys "R" Us). The full song was featured in the movies K-Pax, Meet Joe Black, Finding Forrester, Son of the Mask, 50 First Dates, Fred Claus and IMAX: Hubble 3D.[19] It was also featured in TV series ER, American Dad!, Scrubs, Cold Case, Glee, South Pacific, LOST, Storm Chasers, and in the UK original version of Life on Mars among others.[20]
"Over the Rainbow//What a Wonderful World" reached #12 on Billboard's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004). It passed the 2 million paid downloads mark in the USA by September 27, 2009, and then sold 3 million in the USA as of October 2, 2011.[21] And as of October 2014, the song has sold over 4.2 million digital copies.[22] In addition, the song holds the distinction of being the longest-leading number one hit on any of the Billboard song charts, having spent 185 weeks at number one on the publication's World Digital Songs chart.[22]
On July 4, 2007, Kamakawiwoʻole debuted at No. 44 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart with "Wonderful World," selling 17,000 units.[23]
In April 2007, "Over the Rainbow" entered the UK charts at #68, and eventually climbed to #46, spending 10 weeks in the Top 100 over a 2-year period.
In October 2010, following its use in a trailer for the TV channel VOX[24] and on a TV advertisement – for Axe deodorant (which is itself a revival of the advertisement originally aired in 2004)[25] – it hit #1 on the German singles chart, was the number one seller single of 2010[26] and was eventually certified 2× Platinum in 2011.[27]
At the world premiere of The Healer (http://www.thehealer-film.com/) at the Heartland Film Festival in Indianapolis (October 24, 2016) "Over the Rainbow" was again featured.
As of November 1, 2010, "Over the Rainbow" peaked at No. 6 on the OE3 Austria charts, which largely reflect airplay on Austria's government-operated Top 40 radio network.[28] It also peaked at No.1 in France and Switzerland in late December 2010.
Radio host George Noory uses "Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" as bumper music on the overnight talk radio show Coast To Coast AM.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Ka ʻAnoʻi (1990)
Facing Future (1993)
E Ala E (1995)
N Dis Life (1996)
Compilation albums[edit]
Iz in Concert: The Man and His Music (1998)
Alone in IZ World (2001)
Wonderful World (2007)
Over the Rainbow (2011)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kamakawiwo, Israel (December 6, 2010). "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii". NPR. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Mike; Beverly Creamer; Wayne Harada. "The Legacy: A Voice Of Hawaiʻi and Hawaiians". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Montagne, Renee (December 6, 2010). "Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice of Hawaii". Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Article by Jay Hartwell of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa". .hawaii.edu. May 26, 1991. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kekoa Enomoto, Catherine; Gregg K. Kakesako (June 26, 1997). "'IZ' Will Always Be". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^ Guerin, Ada (June 6, 2006). "Chasing Rainbows". The Hollywood Reporter – International Edition. Los Angeles, CA, USA: Prometheus Global Media. 394 (32): M419. ISSN 0018-3660. Retrieved October 10, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Brudda Iz's Facing Future goes platinum, a first for Hawaii". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. October 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Rick. Iz: Voice of the People. Honolulu, Hawai'i: Bess, 2006. Print.
Jump up ^ Israel Kamakawiwo'ole. "Hawai'i '78." Facing Future. Mountain Apple Company, 1993. MP3.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii State Motto Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness". Netstate.com. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tranquada, Jim (2012). The Ukulele: a History. University of Hawaii Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6.
Jump up ^ Rick Carroll (2006). Iz: Voice of the People. Bess Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-1-57306-257-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Adamski, Mary (July 10, 1997). "Isles Bid Aloha, not Goodbye, to 'Brudda Iz'". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL Somewhere over the Rainbow – Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwoʻole". Mountain Apple Company Inc. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL – Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2011 – Israel "IZ" Kamakawiwo'ole". Mountain Apple Company Inc. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sculpture's Debut Honors 'Braddah IZ'". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 21, 2003.
Jump up ^ Starauflauf bei der Echo-Verleihung in Berlin Badische Zeitung, March 25, 2011
Jump up ^ "5 questions with Disney/Pixar’s ‘LAVA’ director James Ford Murphy". KHON2. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "IMAX: Hubble 3D – Toronto Screen Shots". March 18, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kim Grant; Glenda Bendure; Michael Clark; Ned Friary; Conner Gorry; Luci Yamamoto (2005). Lonely Planet Hawaii (7th ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-74059-871-2.
Jump up ^ Week Ending Oct. 2, 2011. Songs: Gone But Not Forgotten
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (October 21, 2014). "Ask Billboard: The Weird Connections Between Mary Lambert & Madonna". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Artist Chart History – Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, Billboard
Jump up ^ Herr der Goldtruhen NZZ Folio vom 7. Oktober 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lynx – Getting Dressed Commercial Song Israel Kamakawiwo'ole – Somewhere Over the Rainbow". YouTube. November 24, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Musik-Jahrescharts: 'Sanfter Riese' und der Graf setzen sich durch – media control" [Music charts of the year: 'Gentle giant' and der Graf]. media-control.de (in German). January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Israel Kamakawiwo'Ole; 'Over the Rainbow')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "oe3.ORF.at / woche 42/2010". Charts.orf.at. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
References[edit]
Carroll, Rick (2006). IZ: Voice of the people. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: Bess Press. ISBN 978-1-57306-257-2. OCLC 71325451.
Kois, Dan (2010). Facing Future. 33⅓. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826429056. OCLC 676695887.
External links[edit]
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole on IMDb
Mountain Apple Record Company's Official Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Site
video: "Somewhere over the Rainbow" on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole
Studio albums
Ka 'Ano'i (1990)
Facing Future (1993)
E Ala E (1995)
N Dis Life (1996)
Compilation albums
Iz in Concert: The Man and His Music (1998)
Alone in IZ World (2001)
Wonderful World (2009)
Over the Rainbow (2011)
Songs
"Over the Rainbow"
"What a Wonderful World"
"Kaleohano"
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"
Related
Mākaha Sons
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 159873037
LCCN: no97045908
ISNI: 0000 0001 2035 2394
GND: 142743577
BNF: cb14192068v (data)
MusicBrainz: e7ae37b1-624f-47b9-bf4f-53b52ef19528
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel_Kamakawiwoʻole&oldid=801413492"
Categories:
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1997 deaths
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Na Hoku Hanohano Award winners
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The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 2)
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The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (season 2)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 9, 1991 (1991-09-09) – May 4, 1992 (1992-05-04)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episodes
The second season of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air premiered on September 9, 1991 and aired its season finale on May 4, 1992. In this season, the kitchen and living room sets of the Banks mansion (which is where most scenes were shot) were rebuilt to be larger and more contemporary, as opposed to the more formal style of the first season. They were connected by an archway, allowing scenes to be shot continuously between the sets.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episodes
Will Smith, James Avery, Janet Hubert-Whitten, Alfonso Ribeiro, Karyn Parsons, and Tatyana M. Ali were present for all episodes.
Joseph Marcell was absent for two episodes.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
26
1 "Did the Earth Move for You?" Ellen Falcon Winifred Hervey Stallworth September 9, 1991 (1991-09-09) 446901
The Banks family gets tickets to the People's Choice Awards, but on the way there, an earthquake happens. The parents are stuck in Uncle Phil's workplace, Will and his girlfriend Kathleen (Tisha Campbell) are stuck in the house's basement, and the rest are stuck in traffic. Will finds out more about his newfound love than he wanted to. Kathleen begins to reveal her true self. They decide to break up because they can't be together. This episode is referenced in "M is for the Many Things She Gave Me" in season four.
27
2 "The Mother of All Battles" Ellen Falcon Bryan Winter September 16, 1991 (1991-09-16) 446902
Ashley is being bullied by Paula Hoover at her school and turns to Will and Carlton for help. Will attempts to teach her how to fight while Carlton tries to teach her how to bribe. Paula and her parents visit Uncle Phil and Aunt Viv and the two sets of parents also clash. The two girls are sitting in the kitchen when they realize that Paula hated Ashley because she bumped into her while she was slow dancing with a boy she liked. Paula thought Ashley did this on purpose, but Ashley says it was because the boy she was dancing with liked Paula and wanted to get closer to her. They then become friends. After a Yo Momma joke directed at Uncle Phil that takes things too far, Uncle Phil punches Paula's father. Philip talks to Ashley about fighting.
28
3 "Will Gets a Job" Ellen Falcon Efrem Seeger September 23, 1991 (1991-09-23) 446903
Phillip mistakes Will for Carlton accidentally several times and offers to pay for Will's Homecoming dance expenses, causing Will to become paranoid that he is becoming exactly like Carlton and totally living off of Uncle Phil's help and money. Will decides to secretly get a job at a pirate-themed restaurant to pay for the Homecoming expenses himself. Will excitedly tells the news to Uncle Phil, who then grounds him for "not telling the truth" for his missing basketball practices, sleeping in class, and skipping school. Ashley knows about this, and takes the family to the restaurant Will works for. Due to the costume, Uncle Phil originally doesn't recognize Will, who tries to get away with some insults. When Uncle Phil tells the pirate server (Will) about how rude he is being, Will takes the costume off. In the end they make up once Uncle Phil realizes why Will wanted to get a job, and Will realizes it is okay to get help from Uncle Phil to succeed. As a subplot, Ashley's friend Tina has a massive crush on Carlton when she sees him in a swimsuit. She follows him around until she sees Will in the costume.
29
4 "PSAT Pstory" Ellen Falcon Marcus Jamal Gaines September 30, 1991 (1991-09-30) 446904
Will is a picture of confidence, while Carlton is a frazzled bundle of nerves over preparing for college aptitude tests. Carlton is basing his whole future on one test score, while Will does not think too much of it. Will beats Carlton, scoring in the 91% tier (116) while Carlton scores in the 90% tier (114). Carlton pesters Will about the scores and tries to say what could have gone wrong, and concludes that his nervousness distracted him. The next week, during a pop quiz by Coach Smiley, Carlton copies Will's paper when the pressure gets to him. He is caught by Coach Smiley and sent to the headmaster's office. Will tricks the coach into thinking Carlton had a sports injury where he could move his neck toward Will when faced with stress. They believe this, until Carlton thanks Will for getting him out of trouble for cheating and they get caught; Philip grounds them both. Meanwhile Geoffrey works hard towards getting a raise by cooking and planning a blueprint for a gazebo. When he only gets $20 a week, he quits. The family tries to bring him back and offers him $100 a week; he takes it and Uncle Phil apologizes for taking him for granted.
30
5 "Granny Gets Busy" Ellen Falcon Cheryl Gard October 7, 1991 (1991-10-07) 446906
Hattie comes over to the Banks' place for a while. Everyone introduces Hattie to a neighbor, Mrs. Sweeting, who is very boring. That night, Vivian wants to have sex with Phil and bought a brand new nightgown, when he notices a note on the bed saying Hattie went over to play cards with the neighbor. Philip goes to check on her, but he is shocked when he spies on her and finds her kissing Ed, the handyman. The next night, they talk and they both realize that after a year of being a widow, it's time for Hattie to start dating again. Meanwhile, Will and Carlton have a bet with Hilary and Ashley to see who can do something that the opposite gender can do better. Will and Carlton must sew a dress and Hilary and Ashley must build an exercise bike. The kids finish their bet and it ends in a draw for both as they both did a good job.
31
6 "Guess Who's Coming to Marry?" Ellen Falcon Samm-Art Williams October 14, 1991 (1991-10-14) 446905
Tensions spill over just before the wedding of Will's Aunt Janice (Charlayne Woodard), when Will's mom meets Janice's intended husband, Frank (Diedrich Bader) who is a white man. Vy refuses to attend the interracial wedding, and forbids Will to, but she is eventually convinced to go. Aunt Janice happily marries her fiancé.
32
7 "The Big Four-Oh" Ellen Falcon Lisa Rosenthal October 21, 1991 (1991-10-21) 446907
The kids put on a 40th birthday party for Vivian, but this only makes her think life is passing her by. She rethinks her past and what some of her goals were. She remembers back to a time when her soul and main purpose was to be a dancer. When she takes dance lessons, she is intimidated by the young, athletic women. However, she dedicates herself to dance and nails an audition. Vivian decides to return to her job as a professor, realizing her love of teaching is not a life wasted.
33
8 "She Ain't Heavy" Ellen Falcon Lisa Rosenthal November 4, 1991 (1991-11-04) 446908
Will is getting tickets to a Lakers basketball game when Uncle Phil decides to give the other tickets to his boss' daughter. Will hits it off with the full-figured friend named Dee Dee (Queen Latifah), but her size keeps Will from asking her to the dance. Though Will likes her, he takes the shallow way out as soon as his friends start teasing him. At a pizza place, his friends from the place and school make fun of her size, which Dee Dee hears it when she comes out of the washroom. She ignores Will for a while. He has a very boring date who talks too much, and so does Dee Dee. When he sees her at the dance with another guy, he sees more clearly that it's what's on the inside that counts more than the outside.
34
9 "Cased Up" Ellen Falcon Bennie R. Richburg, Jr. November 11, 1991 (1991-11-11) 446909
Hilary finally meets the man Uncle Phil has wanted her to date, Eric (Malcolm-Jamal Warner). He is young, dashing, rich, and the things that Hilary is looking for in a man. All is going well until there is a small car accident caused by Will's new car. Since Will is underage and uninsured, Uncle Phil gets sued as he is the in loco parentis guardian of Will.
35
10 "Hi-Ho Silver" Ellen Falcon Elaine Newman & Ed Burnham November 18, 1991 (1991-11-18) 446910
When Viv has a guest over and the silverware goes missing, Will and Carlton assume the silver has been stolen by the guest, Sonya L'Amour (Zsa Zsa Gabor) a famous TV star. Will and Carlton do a little investigating in her house to find the culprit. They notice she has the same cutlery used by Sonya. They steal back the silverware and return home to explain the good news, only to realize the caterer brought back the stolen silverware and they stole Sonya's. They then have to sneak back into Sonya's and return the spoons and forks.
36
11 "The Butler Did It" Ellen Falcon Bryan Winter November 25, 1991 (1991-11-25) 446911
Geoffrey and the parents are away for a while, leaving the kids alone. Ashley's attempt to drive her Girl Scout troop ends in fail. Bell Biv DeVoe, as themselves, shoot a video at the Banks', courtesy of Carlton, who rents out the house while his parents are away. Will walks into their music video sheet, Ashley's Girl Scouts walk in (they are all huge fans of them), and Will and his friend dance into the shoot. All the furniture was taken outside to make space for the shoot. It then starts to rain, causing everything to get soaking wet. At their hotel, Uncle Phil and Aunt Viv are very cross at their neighbor because he is buying out the bellboys, leaving them to do their own work. The neighbor ends up being Geoffrey. They then decide to return early, leaving kids to scramble to put the house back in order.
37
12 "Something for Nothing" Ellen Falcon Bill Streib December 9, 1991 (1991-12-09) 446912
Will and his young friend play basketball often and his friend says how he is currently doing little jobs around the area to get money for basketball camp. Hilary is in charge of preparing a Monte Carlo fundraiser night. Will really shows that he has luck in his favor by winning high amounts of money on every turn. He also wins a prize of $1000! He learns that he must give the money back as a donation for a special charity as a tradition. Will refuses to give it back and breaks the decade-long tradition. Uncle Phil demands that Will give it back; instead of giving it to the casino, he gives it to his friend for basketball camp.
38
13 "Will's Christmas Show" Ellen Falcon Winifred Hervey Stallworth December 16, 1991 (1991-12-16) 446913
On a family ski trip, the kids are left home alone while the adults are skiing the slopes. Will is persuaded by Hilary, Carlton, and Ashley to let a stranger in their cabin. Will records him saying "Merry Christmas" to the camera. The stranger then says "Nobody move, this is a stick up!" and the camera irises out. The stranger steals everything and leaves them with nothing, so they must find a way to give gifts from the heart. Carlton is traumatized about it and realizes that life isn't some game and learns to cherish it and love everyone.
39
14 "Hilary Gets a Life" Shelley Jensen Eunetta T. Boone & P. Karen Raper January 6, 1992 (1992-01-06) 446914
After viewing the credit card bill, Phil snaps Hilary's credit cards in half to prevent her from over-spending anymore on shoes. Not knowing what to do or how to look for a job, Hillary asks Will and his friend Tariq to help her.
40
15 "My Brother's Keeper" Ellen Falcon Bennie Richburg, Jr. January 13, 1992 (1992-01-13) 446915
On the basketball court, winning is everything to Will, as it is to an opponent from Malibu Prep, Marcus Stokes (Allen Payne) who can't afford to lose due to his need for a scholarship. Will always goes for pre-game haircuts to add a little spice to his game and there he learns that Marcus was very poor growing up. Marcus comes in with his toddler son. Will thinks how hard it must be to have a child and to have so much pressure for his education, family, and scholarship. Will is torn between wanting the glory of winning for himself and letting the other player have his chance at success. He lets Marcus beat him by pretending to miss an easy chance to stop him. After the game, Will learns that even though Marcus loves basketball with a burning passion, he needs his scholarship for education opportunities and that's what he'll use to take care of his family, a good job that lasts a lifetime. He also mentions that if anyone offers him great amounts of money for dribbling a basketball then he'll take it.
41
16 "Geoffrey Cleans Up" Ellen Falcon Lisa Rosenthal January 20, 1992 (1992-01-20) 446916
Geoffrey falls hard for Karen Carruthers (Anna Maria Horsford), a neighbor he believes is a housekeeper, but who turns out to be very wealthy.
42
17 "Community Action" Ellen Falcon Cheryl Gard February 3, 1992 (1992-02-03) 446917
When Hillary is ordered to do community service at a free clinic, the doctor in charge becomes the antidote for her marriage-mindedness. Jazz abuses the Banks' generosity by sleeping in the pool house with Carlton's supposed girlfriend, stealing Uncle Phil's bathrobe and Ashley's CD player.
43
18 "Ill Will" Ellen Falcon Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon February 10, 1992 (1992-02-10) 446918
Will fears the scalpel when he enters the hospital for a tonsillectomy, while The family fears a steamy exposé when Geoffrey begins to write his memoirs.
44
19 "Eyes on the Prize" Ellen Falcon Bryan Winter February 17, 1992 (1992-02-17) 446919
Needing a game show partner, Will must choose between his bickering friends.
45
20 "Those Were the Days" Rita Rogers-Blye Samm-Art Williams February 24, 1992 (1992-02-24) 446920
Philip and Vivian welcome a '60s radical (Peggy Blow), who arouses the FBI's interest and influences Will and Carlton to take action over the firing of a nonconformist teacher.
46
21 "Vying for Attention" Malcolm-Jamal Warner Efrem Seeger March 2, 1992 (1992-03-02) 446921
Vy visits the house with her new boyfriend Robert and his daughter Claudia (Raven-Symoné). Will dislikes Robert though he does everything to get Will to accept him. As it turns out, Will is afraid of sharing his mother with someone else.
47
22 "The Aunt Who Came to Dinner" Rae Kraus Jerry Ross March 23, 1992 (1992-03-23) 446922
Aunt Helen (Jenifer Lewis) arrives unexpectedly and upsets Will and Carlton's plans for a rendezvous with two gorgeous French women and the parents plans for a Jazz Festival. Aunt Helen needed some time alone after she noticed that her husband Lester (Felton Perry) might be seeing another woman. It turns out, it was his psychiatrist.
48
23 "Be My Baby Tonight" Shelley Jensen Lisa Rosenthal April 27, 1992 (1992-04-27) 446923
Ashley cringes when the family oohs and aahs over her relationship with her boyfriend Kevin. They both have these "feelings and emotions" about having sex with each other. Ashley keeps trying to ask Will about sex but he keeps choking every time. He and Carlton visit the pregnancy counseling center to learn how to give a proper sex talk. Ashley learns that it is okay to have questions at her age and Aunt Viv and Uncle Phil answer them.
49
24 "Striptease for Two" Shelley Jensen Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon May 4, 1992 (1992-05-04) 446924
Will and Carlton accidentally lose their shirts investing on an insider trading tip and take jobs as strippers to recoup their losses and get Vivian's bracelet back.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air episodes on IMDb
List of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air season 2 episodes at TV.com
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air at epguides.com
[hide]
v
t
e
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
Characters
Will Smith
Philip Banks
Vivian Banks
Carlton Banks
Hilary Banks
Ashley Banks
Geoffrey Butler
Nicky Banks
Theme song
"Yo Home to Bel-Air"
Related series
Out All Night
In the House
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air_(season_2)&oldid=811128506"
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1991 American television seasons
1992 American television seasons
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air seasons
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Name of Pittsburgh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Inside of the rotunda of Union Station in Pittsburgh showing the city's name as commonly spelled in 1900.
The name of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has a complicated history. Pittsburgh is one of the few U.S. cities or towns to be spelled with an h at the end of a burg suffix.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Early history and spellings
3 Spelling controversy
3.1 Federal abandonment and readoption of the 'h'
3.2 Baseball card
3.3 The '-h' in Pittsburgh culture
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Etymology[edit]
Pittsburgh was named in honor of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, often referred to as William Pitt the Elder to distinguish him from his son William Pitt the Younger.
The suffix burgh is the Scots language and Scottish English cognate of the English language borough, which has other cognates in words and place names in several Indo-European languages. Historically, this morpheme was used in place names to describe a location as being defensible, such as a hill, a fort, or a fortified settlement.[1][note 1]
Early history and spellings[edit]
Advertisement for The Pittsburg Dispatch from 1876. The paper was an early adopter (1840s) and late holdout (1923) of the "Pittsburg" spelling.
An 1857 etching from Ballou's Pictorial in which the "Pittsburg" spelling is used
Pittsburgh (originally Fort Duquesne) was captured by British forces during the Seven Years War. The earliest known reference to the new name of the settlement is in a letter sent from General John Forbes to William Pitt the Elder, dated 27 November 1758, notifying Pitt that his name had been given to the place. In that letter, the spelling is given as "Pittsbourgh."[2][3] As a Scotsman, General Forbes probably pronounced the name /ˈpɪtsbrə, -bərə/ (PITS-brə or PITS-bə-rə), similar to the pronunciation of "Edinburgh" as a Scotsman would say it: /ˈɛdɪnbrə, -bərə/ ( listen) (ED-in-brə or ED-in-bə-rə).[2][4][5][6]
The first recorded reference using the current spelling is found on a survey map made for the Penn family in 1769.[citation needed] In the city charter, granted on March 18, 1816, the Pittsburgh spelling is used on the original document, but due to an apparent printing error, the final 'h' is omitted on official copies of the document printed at the time.[2] Even before the federal government endorsed the Pittsburg spelling in 1891, that orthographic variant was well-attested. Its use by The Pittsburg Dispatch newspaper, for example, dates back at least to 1847.[7]
Spelling controversy[edit]
The city's name is commonly misspelled as Pittsburg because innumerable cities and towns in America make use of the German -burg suffix, while very few make use of the Scottish -burgh suffix. This problem is compounded by the fact that from 1891 to 1911, the spelling of the city's name was federally recognized as Pittsburg.
Federal abandonment and readoption of the 'h'[edit]
In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names was created to establish uniform place name usage throughout the various departments and agencies of the federal government. To guide its standardization efforts, the Board adopted thirteen general principles, one of which was that place names ending in -burgh should drop the final -h.[8] The Board compiled a report of place name "decisions" in 1891 in which the city's name was rendered Pittsburg.[9][note 2]
In support of its decision favoring the Pittsburg spelling, the Board referenced the printed copies of the 1816 city charter which featured that same spelling. Based on those copies of the city charter, the Board claimed that the official name of the city had always been Pittsburg. However, the members of the board seem to have been unaware that the original copy of the 1816 charter specified the name of the city to be Pittsburgh, and that only the printed copies of the charter featured the erroneous spelling Pittsburg. The full decision and rationale from the Board follows:
Pittsburg. Pennsylvania.
The city was chartered in 1816, its name being spelled without the h, and its official form is still Pittsburg. The h appears to have been added by the Post-Office Department, and through that action local usage appears to have become divided. While the majority of local newspapers print it without the h, certain others use the final h.[10]
The Board's decisions had limited but effective power; they were compulsory upon all federal government agencies, including the Post Office. The decisions were not, however, binding outside the federal government.[11] Official city and state documents continued to use the old spelling,[12] as did the Pittsburgh Gazette, the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange and the University of Pittsburgh.[9] Responding to mounting pressure and, in the end, political pressure from senator George T. Oliver,[9] the United States Geographic Board (a successor to the original United States Board on Geographic Names) approved the Pittsburgh spelling on July 19, 1911, reversing the previous decision on the matter.[12] The letter sent to senator Oliver to announce this decision, dated July 20, stated:
Hon. George T. Oliver, United States Senate:

Sir: At a special meeting of the United States Geographic Board held on July 19, 1911, the previous decision with regard to the spelling of Pittsburgh without a final H was reconsidered and the form given below was adopted:

Pittsburgh, a city in Pennsylvania (not Pittsburg).

Very respectfully,
C. S. SLOAN,
Secretary.[13]
Notwithstanding the Board's reversal, the 'h'-less spelling variant remained in use for years. Some local daily newspapers carried it in their titles until the early 1920s, when The Pittsburg Dispatch and The Pittsburg Leader ceased publication and The Pittsburg Press became The Pittsburgh Press.
The confusion and controversy surrounding the alternative spellings means that both the Pittsburgh and the Pittsburg spelling were commonly encountered around the turn of the 20th century, and continued uses of Pittsburg still occur to this day. Many cities across the United States named after the city of Pittsburgh, such as Pittsburg, Kansas, Pittsburg, California, and West Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, continue to use the Pittsburg spelling in their names. Other independent municipalities, such as the borough of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reflect the modern spelling.
Baseball card[edit]
The T-206 Honus Wagner baseball card from 1909.
Main article: T206 Honus Wagner
Perhaps the most familiar reference to the Pittsburg spelling is on the renowned 1909 T-206 baseball card of Pittsburgh Pirates legend Honus Wagner. Its scarcity, even at the time, combined with Wagner's reputation as one of the greatest players in baseball history, made it the most valuable sports card of all time, with one pristine specimen yielding $2.8 million at auction.[14] It has been characterized as the "Holy Grail" of baseball cards.[15] The city name displayed across Wagner's jersey on the card was an artistic addition that did not actually appear on the Pirates' uniforms of the time.[16] The portrait of Wagner makes it appear as if there could be an H on the end, cut off by the border of the picture, but the caption beneath it is "WAGNER, PITTSBURG", confirming that the omission of the H was intentional.
The '-h' in Pittsburgh culture[edit]
The presence of the -h at the end of the word Pittsburgh is occasionally recognized in Pittsburgh culture. It is often rendered as PGH. For example, Pittsburgh International Airport's abbreviation is PIT, while Union Station's abbreviation is PGH; the area's Fox affiliate takes their calls, WPGH-TV from this. (This is ironic considering that Union Station, which opened in 1903, bears an engraving that spells the city's name without the -h.) A recent playful take on the final -h of Pittsburgh appears in the name of the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority's brand of bottled water: PGH2O, which is a portmanteau of the abbreviation PGH and the chemical name for water, H2O.[17]. In homage to the city's history, the "Pittsburg Plunge" at Kennywood park retains the alternate spelling without the "h".
See also[edit]
Alburgh (town), Vermont, a town whose name was changed from Alburgh to Alburg in the 19th century, apparently by influence of the same 1891 decision that applied to the spelling of Pittsburgh. The original Alburgh spelling was restored in 2006, more than a century later.
Newburgh, New York, another early U.S. city with a trailing "h".
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Etymology of Burgh for more details.
Jump up ^ Because the Board lacked the immediate means to publish and distribute its decisions (see pp. 9–10 of the report), its report was not actually printed in volume and distributed until 1892. The actual finalized decisions and recommendations do date to 1891, however.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Borough". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How to Spell Pittsburgh". Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on October 1, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "How to Spell Pittsburgh: General Forbes' Letter to William Pitt". Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Van Trump, James. "The Controversial Spelling of "Pittsburgh", or Why The "H"?". Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Boehmig, Stuart P. (2007). "3: A City Emerges from a Frontier Town". Downtown Pittsburgh. San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7385-5042-8. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Bannon, Shawn; Jason Coll; Bill Flanagan (21 February 2008). "The Naming of Pittsburgh". YouTube. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
Jump up ^ The Pittsburg Daily Dispatch. 9 August 1847.
Jump up ^ United States Board on Geographic Names (1892). First report of the United States Board on Geographic Names. 1890–1891. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 8. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry edition (3rd) ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 342–344.
Jump up ^ United States Board on Geographic Names (1892). First report of the United States Board on Geographic Names. 1890–1891. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 34. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The United States Board on Geographic Names: Getting the Facts Straight" (PDF). United States Board on Geographic Names. November 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2017. It is sometimes incorrectly assumed that BGN decisions on names apply to everyone in the United States. The BGN was formed to provide uniform geographic name usage in the Federal Government and its decisions only apply to the Federal Government....BGN decisions are not binding outside the Federal Government.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Patricia (17 July 2011). "Are yinz from Pittsburg?". The Next Page. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Jump up ^ Notes & Queries. Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine. 2. The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (1 February 2011). "A Windfall in Cardboard". The New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Cato, Jason (6 November 2010). "Honus Wagner card brings $262,900". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Jack (28 May 2008). "$2.8 Million Baseball Card — 1909 Honus Wagner". The Pop History Dig. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Smydo, Joe (11 June 2011). "PWSA prepares its own bottled water". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
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