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List of leaders of the Soviet Union
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Leader of the Soviet Union
Union coat of arms
Mikhail Gorbachev
Residence
Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow
Appointer
A leader would not be able to rule, or hold on to power, without support in the Politburo, Central Committee or the Secretariat of the Central Committee
Formation
30 December 1922 (founding of the Soviet Union)
First holder
Vladimir Lenin
(as Premier)
Final holder
Mikhail Gorbachev
(as President)
Abolished
25 December 1991 (end of communist rule)
26 December 1991 (end of the Soviet Union)
Under the 1977 Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Chairman of the Council of Ministers was the head of government[1] and the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the head of state.[2] The office of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers was comparable to a prime minister in the First World,[1] whereas the office of the Chairman of the Presidium was comparable to a president in the First World.[2] In the Soviet Union's seventy-year history there was no official leader of the Soviet Union office, but during most of that era there was a de facto top leader who usually led the country through the office of the Premier or the office of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). In the ideology of Vladimir Lenin the head of the Soviet state was a collegiate body of the vanguard party (see What Is to Be Done?).
Following Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s[3] the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party became synonymous with 'Leader of the Soviet Union'[4] because the post controlled both the CPSU and the Soviet Government.[3] The post of the General Secretary was abolished in 1952 under Stalin and later re-established by Nikita Khrushchev under the name of First Secretary; in 1966 Leonid Brezhnev reverted the office title to its former name. Being the head of the communist party,[5] the office of the General Secretary was the highest in the Soviet Union until 1990.[6][incomplete short citation] The post of General Secretary lacked clear guidelines of succession, so after the death or removal of a Soviet leader, the successor usually needed the support of the Politburo, the Central Committee, or another government or party apparatus to both take and stay in power. The President of the Soviet Union, an office created in March 1990, replaced the General Secretary as the highest Soviet political office.[7]
Contemporaneously to establishment of the office of the President, representatives of the Congress of People's Deputies voted to remove Article 6 from the Soviet constitution which stated that the Soviet Union was a one-party state controlled by the Communist Party which, in turn, played the leading role in society. This vote weakened the Party and its hegemony over the Soviet Union and its people.[8] Upon death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President of the Soviet Union would assume the office, though the Soviet Union collapsed before this was actually tested.[9] After the failed August Coup the Vice President was replaced by an elected member of the State Council of the Soviet Union.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
1.1 List of leaders
1.2 List of troikas
2 Statistics
3 See also
4 Notes
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Summary[edit]
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Vladimir Lenin was voted the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Sovnarkom) on 30 December 1922 by the Congress of Soviets.[11] His health, at the age of 53, declined from effects of two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes which culminated with his death in 1924.[12] Irrespective of his health status in his final days, Lenin was already losing much of his power to Stalin.[13] Alexei Rykov succeeded Lenin as Chairman of the Sovnarkom, and although he was de jure the most powerful person in the country, the Politburo of the Communist Party began to overshadow the Sovnarkom in the mid-1920s. By the end of the decade, Rykov merely rubber stamped the decisions predetermined by Stalin and the Politburo.[14]
Stalin's early policies pushed for rapid industrialisation, nationalisation of private industry[15] and the collectivisation of private plots created under Lenin's New Economic Policy.[16] As leader of the Politburo, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by 1938 after the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution.[17] Nazi German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941,[18] but were repulsed by the Soviets in December. On Stalin's orders, the USSR launched a counter-attack on Nazi Germany.[19] Stalin died in March 1953,[20] his death triggered a power struggle in which Nikita Khrushchev after several years emerged victorious against Georgy Malenkov.[21]
Khrushchev denounced Stalin on two occasions: in 1956 and 1962. His policy of de-Stalinisation earned him many enemies within the party, especially from old Stalinist appointees. Many saw this approach as destructive and destabilising. A group known as Anti-Party Group tried, but failed, to oust Khrushchev from office in 1957.[22] As Khrushchev grew older, his erratic behavior became worse, usually making decisions without discussing or confirming them with the Politburo.[23] Leonid Brezhnev, a close companion of Khrushchev, was elected First Secretary the same day of Khrushchev's removal from power; Alexei Kosygin became the new Premier and Anastas Mikoyan kept his office as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. In 1965, on the orders of the Politburo, Mikoyan was forced to retire; Nikolai Podgorny took over the office of Chairman of the Presidium.[24] The USSR in the post-Khrushchev 1960s was governed by a collective leadership.[25] Henry A. Kissinger, the American National Security Advisor, mistakenly believed that Kosygin was the 'Leader of the Soviet Union and that he was at the helm of 'Soviet foreign policy' because he represented the Soviet Union at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.[26] The "Era of Stagnation", a derogatory term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev, was a period marked by low socio-economic efficiency in the country and a gerontocracy ruling the country.[27] Yuri Andropov succeeded Brezhnev in his post as General Secretary in 1982. He was 68 years old at the time. In 1983 Andropov was hospitalised, and rarely met up at work to chair the politburo meetings due to his declining health; Nikolai Tikhonov usually chaired the meetings in his place.[28] Following Andropov's death 15 months after his appointment, an even older leader, 72 year old Konstantin Chernenko was elected to the General Secretariat. His rule lasted for little more than a year until his death 13 months later on 10 March 1985.[29]
Mikhail Gorbachev was elected to the General Secretariat by the Politburo on 11 March 1985.[30] He was 54 years old at the time. In May 1985, Gorbachev publicly admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequate living standards, being the first Soviet leader to do so, and began a series of fundamental reforms. From 1986 to around 1988 he dismantled central planning, allowed state enterprises to set their own outputs, enabled private investment in businesses not previously permitted to be privately owned, and allowed foreign investment, among other measures. He also opened up the management of and decision-making within the Soviet Union, and allowed greater public discussion and criticism, along with a warming of relationships with the West. These twin policies were known as perestroika (literally meaning "reconstruction", but varies) and glasnost ("openness" and "transparency") respectively.[31] The dismantling of the principal defining features of communism in 1988 and 1989 in the Soviet Union led to the unintended consequence of the Soviet Union breaking up after the failed August Coup of 1991 led by Gennady Yanayev.[32]
List of leaders[edit]
The following list includes only those persons who were able to gather enough support from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the government, or one of these to lead the Soviet Union. † denotes leaders who died in office.
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Period
Congress
Notes
Vladimir Lenin
(1870–1924)[33]
30 December 1922[33]
↓
21 January 1924†[13] 11th–12th Congress Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and informal leader of the Bolsheviks since their inception.[33] Was leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death.[34]
Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13]
21 January 1924[13]
↓
5 March 1953†[35] 13th–19th Congress General Secretary from 3 April 1922 until the post of General Secretary was abolished in October 1952.[36][incomplete short citation] Stalin initially ruled as part of a Triumvirate with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, until this broke down in April 1925. Stalin served as Premier from 6 May 1941 until his death on 5 March 1953.[35] Stalin also held the post of the Minister of Defence from 19 July 1941 until 3 March 1947 and Chairman of the State Defense Committee during the Great Patriotic War[37] and became the only officer to hold the office of People's Commissar of Nationalities from 1921–1923.[38]
Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[39]
5 March 1953[39][40]
↓
8 February 1955[41] 19th Congress Succeeded to all of Stalin's titles, but was forced to resign most of them within a month.[42] Malenkov, through the office of Premier, was locked in a power struggle against Khrushchev.[43]
Nikita Khrushchev
(1894–1971)[44]
8 February 1955[44]
↓
14 October 1964[45] 20th–22nd Congress Served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (from September 1953) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 27 March 1958 to 14 October 1964. While vacationing in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev to return to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium, to be held on 13 October 1964. There, at the most fiery session since the so-called "anti-party group" crisis of 1957, he was fired from all his posts. He was largely left in peace in retirement, but was made a "non-person" to the extent that his name was removed even from the thirty-volume Soviet Encyclopedia.[46] He died in 1971. He was seen overseas as a reformer of a "petrified structure"[47][incomplete short citation] and described his main contribution as removing the fear that Stalin had brought,[48] but many of his reforms were later reversed.
Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45]
14 October 1964[45]
↓
10 November 1982†[49] 23rd–26th Congress Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was later renamed General Secretary,[23] and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. To consolidate his power he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium.[24]
Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)[50]
12 November 1982[50]
↓
9 February 1984†[51] — General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[26] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 until 9 February 1984.[52]
Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53]
(de jure)
– 13 February 1984[53]
↓
10 March 1985† — General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[54] and Chairman of the Presidium from 11 April 1984 to 10 March 1985.[55]
Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[56]
11 March 1985[23]
↓
19 August 1991[57]

21 August 1991[23]
↓
25 December 1991[57]
27th–28th Congress Served as General Secretary from 11 March 1985,[55] and resigned on 24 August 1991,[58] Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1 October[54] 1988 until the office was renamed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet on 25 May 1989 to 15 March 1990[55] and President of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990[59] to 25 December 1991.[60] The day following Gorbachev's resignation as President, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.[57]
Gennady Yanayev
(1937–2010)
(usurper)
– 19 August 1991
↓
21 August 1991 — Took power during the 2 days of the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, with the State Committee on the State of Emergency.
List of troikas[edit]
On four occasions—the 2–3 year period following Lenin's incapacitation that preceded Stalin's dictatorship; the 3 months immediately following Stalin's death; the interval between Khrushchev's fall and Leonid Brezhnev's consolidation of power; and the ailing Chernenko's tenure as General Secretary—a form of collective leadership known as the troika ("triumvirate")[61] governed the Soviet Union, with no single individual holding leadership alone.[24][40][62]
Members
(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Notes
May 1922[63]
↓
April 1925[64] When Vladimir Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, a Troika was established to govern the country in his place, although Lenin briefly returned to the leadership from 2 October 1922 until a severe stroke on 9 March 1923 ended Lenin's political career. The Troika consisted of Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, and Grigory Zinoviev. The Troika broke up in April 1925, when Kamenev and Zinoviev found themselves in a minority over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally. Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926.[64] Later, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky would all be murdered on Stalin's orders.
Lev Kamenev
(1883–1936)[65] Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13] Grigory Zinoviev
(1883–1936)[66]
13 March 1953[40]
↓
26 June 1953[67] This Troika consisted of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov[68] and ended when Malenkov and Molotov joined Nikita Khrushchev in the arrest and execution of Beria.[44]
Lavrentiy Beria
(1899–1953)[40] Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[40] Vyacheslav Molotov
(1890–1986)[40]
14 October 1964[45]
↓
16 June 1977[24] Following Khruschev's ouster, a Troika took power consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny who ultimately ascended to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. During Brezhnev's gradual consolidation of power, the Troika was "dissolved" when he succeeded Podgorny in 1977 as Presidium chairman.[24] However, the collective leadership continued to exist in a different shape after Podgorny's ouster in the Party leadership throughout the rest of Brezhnev's rule.[69]
Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45] Alexei Kosygin
(1904–1980)[45] Nikolai Podgorny
(1903–1983)[45]
– 13 February 1984[70]
↓
20 December 1984[71] Despite succeeding Yuri Andropov as General Secretary , Konstantin Chernenko was unable to secure full control over its apparatus due to his poor health[72] and lack of a mandate from the nomenklatura.[73] These circumstances resulted in a collective leadership giving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov a monopoly over the USSR's foreign policy and military[74] while leaving Chernenko in control of the nation's domestic policy [75]. From this point forward, these three figures dominated Politburo decision-making until Ustinov's death in December 1984.
Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53] Andrei Gromyko
(1909–1989) [76] Dmitry Ustinov
(1908–1984) [77]
Statistics[edit]
#
Leaders
Date of birth
Age at ascension
(first term)
Time in office
(total)
Age at retirement
(last term)
Date of death
Longevity
1 Lenin, VladimirVladimir Lenin 18700422April 22, 1870(April 22, 1870) 52 25252 years, 252 days 01 0221 years, 22 days 53 27453 years, 274 days 19240121January 21, 1924 7004196310000000000♠19,63153 years, 274 days
2 Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin 18781218December 18, 1878(December 18, 1878) 45 03445 years, 34 days 29 04329 years, 43 days 74 07774 years, 77 days 19530305March 5, 1953 7004271050000000000♠27,10574 years, 77 days
3 Malenkov, GeorgyGeorgy Malenkov 19020108January 8, 1902(January 8, 1902) 51 05651 years, 56 days 01 3401 years, 340 days 53 03153 years, 31 days 19880114January 14, 1988 7004314170000000000♠31,41786 years, 6 days
4 Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev 18940415April 15, 1894(April 15, 1894) 60 29960 years, 299 days 09 2499 years, 249 days 70 18270 years, 182 days 19710911September 11, 1971 7004282720000000000♠28,27277 years, 149 days
5 Brezhnev, LeonidLeonid Brezhnev 19061219December 19, 1906(December 19, 1906) 57 30057 years, 300 days 18 02718 years, 27 days 75 32675 years, 326 days 19821110November 10, 1982 7004277200000000000♠27,72075 years, 326 days
6 Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov 19140615June 15, 1914(June 15, 1914) 68 15068 years, 150 days 01 0891 years, 89 days 69 23969 years, 239 days 19840209February 9, 1984 7004254410000000000♠25,44169 years, 239 days
7 Chernenko, KonstantinKonstantin Chernenko 19110924September 24, 1911(September 24, 1911) 72 14272 years, 142 days 01 0261 years, 26 days 73 16773 years, 167 days 19850310March 10, 1985 7004268310000000000♠26,83173 years, 167 days
8 Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev 19310302March 2, 1931(March 2, 1931) 54 00954 years, 9 days 06 2876 years, 287 days 60 29860 years, 298 days Living 7004316300000000000♠31,6307004316300000000000♠86 years, 218 days (Living)
9 Yanayev, GennadyGennady Yanayev 19370826August 26, 1937(August 26, 1937) 53 35853 years, 358 days 00 0020 years, 2 days 53 36053 years, 360 days 20100924September 24, 2010 7004266920000000000♠26,69273 years, 29 days
See also[edit]
Index of Soviet Union-related articles
List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
Premier of the Soviet Union
List of presidents of the Russian Federation
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong 1986, p. 169.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong 1986, p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong 1986, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Armstrong 1986, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Ginsburgs, Ajani & van den Berg 1989, p. 500.
Jump up ^ Armstrong 1989, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Brown 1996, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Brown 1996, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Brown 1996, p. 275.
Jump up ^ Gorbachev, M. (5 September 1991). ЗАКОН Об органах государственной власти и управления Союза ССР в переходный период [Law Regarding State Governing Bodies of the USSR in Transition] (in Russian). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lenin 1920, p. 516.
Jump up ^ Clark 1988, p. 373.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brown 2009, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Gregory 2004, pp. 58–59.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, pp. 231–33.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 246.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Service 2009, p. 378.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brown 2009, p. 402.
Jump up ^ Bacon & Sandle 2002, p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown 2009, p. 403.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 398.
Jump up ^ Zemtsov 1989, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 481.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 487.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 489.
Jump up ^ Brown 2009, p. 503.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown 2009, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999, pp. 140–143.
^ Jump up to: a b Service 2009, p. 323.
Jump up ^ Service 1986, pp. 231–32.
Jump up ^ Green & Reeves 1993, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Service 2005, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b Service 2009, p. 331.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Service 2009, p. 332.
Jump up ^ Duiker & Spielvogel 2006, p. 572.
Jump up ^ Cook 2001, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Hill 1993, p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b c Taubman 2003, p. 258.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Service 2009, p. 377.
Jump up ^ Service 2009, p. 376.
Jump up ^ Schwartz 1971.
Jump up ^ Taubman 2003, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Service 2009, p. 426.
^ Jump up to: a b Service 2009, p. 428.
Jump up ^ Service 2009, p. 433.
Jump up ^ Paxton 2004, p. 234.
^ Jump up to: a b c Service 2009, p. 434.
^ Jump up to: a b Europa Publications Limited 2004, p. 302.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paxton 2004, p. 235.
Jump up ^ Service 2009, p. 435.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorbachev 1996, p. 771.
Jump up ^ Service 2009, p. 503.
Jump up ^ Paxton 2004, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Paxton 2004, p. 237.
Jump up ^ Tinggaard & Svendsen 2009, p. 460.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Annelise & Anderson, Martin. Reagan's Secret War: The Untold Story of His Fight to Save the World From Nuclear Disaster., First Edition, Crown Publishers, New York, 2009, p. 156-57
Jump up ^ Reim 2002, pp. 18–19.
^ Jump up to: a b Rappaport 1999, pp. 141 & 326.
Jump up ^ Rappaport 1999, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Rappaport 1999, p. 325.
Jump up ^ Andrew & Gordievsky 1990, pp. 423–24.
Jump up ^ Marlowe 2005, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Baylis 1989, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Service, Robert. The End of the Cold War:1985-1991., First Edition, Public Affairs, New York, 2015, p.105
Jump up ^ Saxon, Wolfgang. Succession In Moscow: Siberian Peasant Who Won Power; Konstantin Chernenko, A Brezhnev Protege, Led Brief Regime. The New York Times, New York, 1984-03-12
Jump up ^ Kenez, Peter. A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End. , Cambridge University Press, New York, 1999, p. 244
Jump up ^ Mitchell, R. Judson. Getting to the Top jn the USSR: Cyclical Patterns in the Leadership Succession Process. First Edition, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1990, p.121-22
Jump up ^ Zubok, V.M.A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin To Gorbachev, Second Edition, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2002, p. 276
Jump up ^ Bialer, Seweryn. The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London, 1986 , p. 105.
Jump up ^ Zemtsov 1989, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Zemtsov 1989, p. 185.
Bibliography[edit]
Andrew, Christopher; Gordievsky, Oleg (1990). KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0060166052.
Armstrong, John Alexander (1986). Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction. University Press of America. ASIN B002DGQ6K2.
Brown, Archie (1996). The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827344-8.
Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0061138799.
Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333794630.
Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-944-4.
Cook, Bernard (2001). Europe since 1945: An Encyclopedia. 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0815313366.
Clark, William (1988). Lenin: The Man Behind the Mask. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571154609.
Duiker, William; Spielvogel, Jackson (2006). The Essential World History. Cengage Learning. p. 572. ISBN 978-0495902270.
Europa Publications Limited (2004). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857431872.
Ginsburgs, George; Ajani, Gianmaria; van den Berg, Gerard Peter (1989). Soviet Administrative Law: Theory and Policy. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-0792302889. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1996). Memoirs. University of Michigan: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385480192.
Green, William C.; Reeves, W. Robert (1993). The Soviet Military Encyclopedia: P–Z. University of Michigan: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813314310.
Gregory, Paul (2004). The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521533676.
Hill, Kenneth (1993). Cold War chronology: Soviet–American relations, 1945–1991. University of Michigan: Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 978-0871879219.
Lenin, Vladimir (1920). Collected Works. 31. p. 516.
Marlowe, Lynn Elizabeth (2005). GED Social Studies. Research and Education Association. ISBN 978-0738601274.
Paxton, John (2004). Leaders of Russia and the Soviet Union: from the Romanov dynasty to Vladimir Putin. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1579581329.
Phillips, Steven. Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-32719-4.
Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576070840.
Sakwa, Richard (1999). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12290-0.
Reim, Melanie (2002). The Stalinist Empire. Twenty-first Century Books. ISBN 978-0-7613-2558-1.
Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0674034938.
Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674016972.
Taubman, William (2003). Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393051445.
Tinggaard Svendsen, Gert; Svendsen, Gunnar Lind Haase (2009). Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1845423230.
Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0887382604.
External links[edit]
Succession of Power in the USSR from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
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Joel Kinnaman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Joel Kinnaman
Kinnaman in 2014
Born
Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman
(1979-11-25) 25 November 1979 (age 37)
Stockholm, Sweden
Residence
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1990–present
Spouse(s)
Cleo Wattenström
Relatives
Melinda Kinnaman (half-sister)
Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman (born 25 November 1979[1]) is a Swedish American actor,[1] best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money,[2][3] a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the "Best Actor" category, and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards. He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC's The Killing, and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake, and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad (2016), based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Film
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm.[5] His mother, Bitte, a therapist, is a Swedish citizen.[6][5] His father, Steve Kinnaman (originally David Kinnaman), is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok.[7][8][9] Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship, because of his father's American nationality.[3][10] Kinnaman's father, whose family was from the American Midwest, is of English, German, Irish, and Scottish descent, while Kinnaman's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent.[11][12][13] He has five sisters, one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman (his half-sister).[14] During his childhood, Kinnaman learned two languages as he "spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom."[5] Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student.[15]
Career[edit]
Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con to promote Suicide Squad
He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990, in the soap opera Storstad. His older sister was dating one of the show's directors, and he asked Joel to try out for a role. After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes, he stepped away from acting.[16][17]
Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002,[1] taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö, where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied. He graduated in 2007, and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment.[5] Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months.[15] He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series.[14][18] He was then cast in the film Easy Money (released January 2010), which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world.[2][18][19] Looking to expand his acting career, Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States, the same agent that represents Johnny Depp.[18] It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour, which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011.[2] Beginning in April 2011, Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing.[20][21]
Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor (2011)[14][18][22] and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015).[18] He told the newspaper Östran that he "was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4. It was between me and two others, and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy. [The director] was very pleased [with my performance] – but they needed someone who seemed older."[18] Regarding Thor, he has stated that "they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch. There were only five candidates left in the end, but unfortunately I couldn't fly over [to the United States] and do test shoots with Natalie Portman, because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money."[14] Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America, he added that "I absolutely don't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States. I'm looking for something interesting, I'm still young in my artistry, and I must dare to do things even when there's a risk for failure".[18]
Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut, 2012's Safe House.[23] On 3 March 2012, it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy/Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987's RoboCop. The film was released in February 2014. In 2015, he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44. Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad (2016), directed by David Ayer.[24]
In 2016, Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama-thriller film Edge of Winter. He plays Elliot Baker, a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong. The film was released on demand on 27 July, and in select theatres on 12 August.[25] Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix's Altered Carbon, an adaption to Richard K. Morgan's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name. Netflix has ordered a 10-episode season one. Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs, a native of the planet Harlan's World. Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern-European descent, and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military. After leaving the Envoy Corps, an elite military force, Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary, and was eventually imprisoned, his cortical "stack" stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high-risk situations.[26]
Personal life[edit]
In mid-2014, Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström.[27][28] In April 2016, Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married.[29][30]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Den osynlige Kalle
2003 Hannah med H Andreas
2005 Storm The Bartender
2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan
2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra
2007 Arn – The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson
2008 Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End Sverker Karlsson
2009 In Your Veins Erik
2009 183 dagar Byron
2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated – Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor[31]
2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner
2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner
2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner
2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner
2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner
2009 Simon & Malou Stefan
2010 Easy Money Johan "JW" Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor
2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler
2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm
2012 Safe House Keller
2012 Lola Versus Luke
2012 Easy Money II: Hard to Kill Johan "JW" Westlund
2012 Johan Falk – Spelets regler Frank Wagner
2012 Johan Falk – De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner
2012 Johan Falk – Alla råns moder Frank Wagner
2012 Johan Falk – Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner
2012 Johan Falk – Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner
2013 Johan Falk – Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner
2013 Easy Money III: Life Deluxe Johan "JW" Westlund
2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop
2015 Knight of Cups Errol
2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon
2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin
2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag
2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series; credited as Joel Nordström
2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series
2011–2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television[32]
2016–present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role
2017 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series
Awards and nominations[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Award
Notes
2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor - Easy Money
2012 Saturn Award Nominated - Best Supporting Actor on Television - The Killing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Joel Kinnaman" (in Swedish). The Swedish Film Database (Swedish Film Institute). Retrieved 2014-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rehlin, Gunnar (7 April 2010). "Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm". Helsingborgs Dagblad. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Hägred, Per (19 January 2010). "Joel Kinnaman: 'Min revisor är i chocktillstånd'". Expressen. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "‘Suicide Squad’ Update: ‘RoboCop’s Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg". 13 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rochlinfer, Margy (7 February 2014). "Emotions Churning Under Armor: Joel Kinnaman Jumps From 'The Killing' to 'RoboCop'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Helen (6 February 2014). "Robocop Joel Kinnaman’s Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot". Variety.
Jump up ^ Yglesias, Matthew. "Joel Kinnaman from The Killing: An Interview". Slate. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08-13 59 36 lina.wennersten@svd.se. "Kroppslig kamp | Kultur | SvD" (in Swedish). Svd.se. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ Eichel, Larry (9 December 1990). "Home Swede Home: Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Haven't Returned". The Seattle Times. David Kinnaman, as Steve was known for the first half of his life....
Jump up ^ Ventre, Michael (16 June 2011). "Killing actors all hiding secrets". Variety.
Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2
Jump up ^ "Joel Kinnaman regerar i "Arn" - Film" (in Swedish). www.arbetarbladet.se. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ "RoboCop's Jewish!".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andersson, Jan-Olov (22 August 2009). "– Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Albiniak, Paige. "In for the kill". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "– Jag ville slå honom". aftonbladet.se. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Gradvall.se. "Gradvall.se – Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979-2016". gradvall.se. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Helmerson, Erik (11 January 2010). "Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4". Östran. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller". Reuters. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Holmqvist, Emilia (22 March 2010). "Kinnaman ska få oss att springa". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (14 April 2010). "AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim (16 March 2009). "Natalie Portman Joining Thor?". IGN. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Vineyard, Jen. "Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money, His Marty Scorsese-Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films". IndieWire.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (13 February 2015). "Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says 'toughest shoot' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake". The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (12 May 2016). "Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix's Altered Carbon series; Miguel Sapochnik directs". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo, 22". Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cleo Wattenström, Joel Kinnaman’s Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy. 29 May 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Bacardi, Francesca (April 26, 2016). "Surprise! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married". Eonline.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gugliemi, Jodi (April 26, 2016). "Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström". People.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "De kan vinna en Guldbagge". Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (29 February 2012). "Saturn Award Nominations Announced; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each". Collider. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Joel Kinnaman on IMDb
Joel Kinnaman on Facebook
Joel Kinnaman on Twitter
Joel Kinnaman on Instagram
[hide]
v
t
e
Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
1963–1990
Keve Hjelm (1963/64)
Jarl Kulle (1964/65)
Thommy Berggren (1965/66)
Per Oscarsson (1966/67)
Halvar Björk (1967/68)
Roland Hedlund (1968/69)
Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt (1969/70)
Eddie Axberg (1971/72)
Gösta Ekman (1972/73)
Allan Edwall (1973/74)
Göran Stangertz (1974/75)
Toivo Pawlo (1975/76)
Håkan Serner (1976/77)
Anders Lönnbro (1977/78)
Anders Åberg (1978/79)
Peter Lindgren (1979/80)
Ingvar Hirdwall (1980/81)
Stellan Skarsgård (1981/82)
Jarl Kulle (1982/83)
Sven Wollter (1984)
Anton Glanzelius (1985)
Erland Josephson (1986)
Max von Sydow (1987)
Tomas Bolme (1988)
Stellan Skarsgård (1989)
Börje Ahlstedt (1990)
1991–present
Lasse Åberg (1991)
Rolf Lassgård (1992)
Sven Lindberg (1993)
Sven-Bertil Taube (1994)
Loa Falkman (1995)
Max von Sydow (1996)
Göran Stangertz (1997)
Krister Henriksson (1998)
Björn Kjellman (1999)
Kjell Bergqvist (2000)
Sven Wollter (2001)
Michael Nyqvist (2002)
Jonas Karlsson (2003)
Robert Gustafsson (2004)
Krister Henriksson (2005)
Gustaf Skarsgård (2006)
Michael Segerström (2007)
Mikael Persbrandt (2008)
Claes Ljungmark (2009)
Joel Kinnaman (2010)
Sven-Bertil Taube (2011)
Johannes Brost (2012)
Mikael Persbrandt (2013)
Sverrir Gudnason (2014)
Rolf Lassgård (2015)
Anders Mossling (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 207335285
ISNI: 0000 0001 4006 500X
GND: 1021087246
SUDOC: 15556465X
BNF: cb16613955q (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=802907058"
Categories:
1979 births
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Swedish male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century Swedish male actors
Swedish emigrants to the United States
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American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swedish-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners
Jewish American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Stockholm
Swedish Jews
Swedish male film actors
Swedish male television actors
Swedish people of American descent
Swedish people of English descent
Swedish people of German descent
Swedish people of Irish descent
Swedish people of Scottish descent
Swedish people of Ukrainian descent
Hidden categories:
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Use dmy dates from April 2011
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values: جويل كينمان – Arabic

values: Джоел Кинаман – Bulgarian

values: یوئل کینامان – Persian

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values: Ջոել Քինաման – Armenian

values: ג'ואל קינמן – Hebrew

values: ჯოელ კინამანი – Mingrelian

values: ヨエル・キナマン – Japanese

values: Киннаман, Юэль – Russian

values: Џоел Кинаман – Serbian

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values: Юель Кіннаман – Ukrainian

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