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Rajasthan
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This article is about the Indian state. For the area of the ancient city of Samarkand, see Registan. For the desert in Afghanistan, see Rigestan.
State in India
Rajasthan
State
Most of the Thar Desert, which forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan, is located in Rajasthan

Seal

Location of Rajasthan in India
Coordinates (Jaipur): 26°34′22″N 73°50′20″E / 26.57268°N 73.83902°E / 26.57268; 73.83902Coordinates: 26°34′22″N 73°50′20″E / 26.57268°N 73.83902°E / 26.57268; 73.83902
Country
India
Established
26 January 1950
Capital
Jaipur
Largest city
Jaipur
Districts
33 total
Government
• Governor
Kalyan Singh
• Chief Minister
Vasundhara Raje (BJP)
• Legislature
Unicameral (200 seats)
• Parliamentary
constituency
25
• High Court
Rajasthan High Court
Area
• Total
342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi)
Area rank
1st
Population (2011)[1]
• Total
68,548,437
• Rank
7th
• Density
200/km2 (520/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Rajasthani
Languages[2]
• Official
Hindi
• Additional official
English
Time zone
IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code
IN-RJ
Vehicle registration
RJ-
HDI
0.5768 (Medium)
HDI rank
12th (2015)
Literacy
67% (33rd)
Website
Rajasthan.gov.in
Symbols of Rajasthan[3]
Dance
Ghoomar
Animal
Camel and
Chinkara
Bird
Godawan
Flower
Rohida
Tree
Khejri
Game
Basketball
Rajasthan (/ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen); literally, "Land of Kings")[4] is India's largest state by area (342,239 square kilometres (132,139 sq mi) or 10.4% of India's total area). It is located on the northwestern side of the India, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the "Rajasthan Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. Elsewhere it is bordered by five[5] other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest.
Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga; the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only hill station, Mount Abu, in the ancient Aravalli mountain range; and, in eastern Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site[6] known for its bird life. Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves, the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur, Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota.
The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region[7] – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city is Jaipur. Other important cities are Jodhpur, Kota, Bikaner, Ajmer and Udaipur.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancient
2.2 Classical
2.2.1 Gurjars
2.2.2 Gurjara-Pratihara
2.3 Medieval and Early Modern
2.3.1 Historical tribes
2.3.2 Major rulers
2.3.3 Rajput martial history
2.4 Modern
3 Geography
4 Flora and fauna
4.1 Wildlife protection
5 Communication
5.1 Email in Hindi
6 Government and politics
7 Administrative divisions
8 Economy
8.1 Agricultural production
9 Transport
10 Demographics
10.1 Language
11 Culture
12 Education
12.1 Literacy
12.2 Schools
12.3 Higher education
13 Tourism
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
Etymology[edit]
The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in the 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories.[8] John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that "Rajputana" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".[9]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Rajasthan
Main article: List of battles of Rajasthan
Ancient[edit]
Parts of what is now Rajasthan were partly part of the Vedic Civilisation and Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan, in Hanumangarh district, was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization.[10]
Matsya Kingdom of the Vedic civilisation of India, is said to roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur.[11][12] The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat), which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata.[13]
Bhargava[14] identifies the two districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar and parts of Jaipur district along with Haryana districts of Mahendragarh and Rewari as part of Vedic state of Brahmavarta. Bhargava also locates the present day Sahibi River as the Vedic Drishadwati River, which along with Saraswati River formed the borders of the Vedic state of Brahmavarta.[15] Manu and Bhrigu narrated the Manusmriti to a congregation of seers in this area only. Ashrams of Vedic seers Bhrigu and his son Chayvan Rishi, for whom Chyawanprash was formulated, were near Dhosi Hill part of which lies in Dhosi village of Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and part lies in Mahendragarh district of Haryana.
The Western Kshatrapas (405–35 BC), the Saka rulers of the western part of India, were successors to the Indo-Scythians, and were contemporaneous with the Kushans, who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and established the Saka era (with their calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state.[16]
Classical[edit]
Gurjars[edit]
Gurjars ruled for many dynasties in this part of the country, the region was known as Gurjaratra.[17] Up to the 10th century AD, almost all of North India acknowledged the supremacy of the Gurjars, with their seat of power at Kannauj.[18]
Gurjara-Pratihara[edit]
The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.[19]
Medieval and Early Modern[edit]
Historical tribes[edit]
Traditionally the Rajputs, Gurjars, Jats, Meenas, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Meghwal, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region.[13]
Meenas
The powerful Meenas ruled over Dhundhar region, Hadoti and many other places in Rajasthan until 12th century.[20]
Major rulers[edit]
A portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya from the 1910s.
Hemu, the Hindu Emperor, was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in 1501. He won 22 battles against Afghans, from Punjab to Bengal including states of Ajmer and Alwar in Rajasthan, and defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and Delhi in 1556 at Battle of Delhi[21] before acceding to the throne of Delhi and establishing the "Hindu Raj" in North India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Quila in Delhi. Hem Chandra was killed in the battlefield at Second Battle of Panipat fighting against Mughals on 5 November 1556.
Maharana Pratap Singh, legendary sixteenth-century Rajput ruler of Mewar.
Maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati (1576) and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom. The Bhils were Maharana's main allies during these wars. Most of these attacks were repulsed even though the Mughal forces outnumbered Mewar Rajputs in all the wars fought between them. The Haldighati war was fought between 10,000 Mewaris and a 100,000-strong Mughal force (including many Rajputs like Kachwahas from Dhundhar).
Jat king Maharaja Suraj Mal (February 1707 – 25 December 1765) or Sujan Singh was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan. A contemporary historian has described him as "the Plato of the Jat people" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", because of his political sagacity, steady intellect, and clear vision.[22]
Rajput martial history[edit]
Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and practice of self immolation. Later, the Turks, Afghans and Persians through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including parts of Rajasthan. The Rana's of Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Rana Hammir Singh, defeated the Tughlaq dynasty and recovered a large portion of Rajasthan. The indomitable Rana Kumbha defeated the Sultans of Malwa and Gujarat and made Mewar the most powerful Rajput Kingdom in India. The ambitious Rana Sanga united the various Rajput clans and fought against the foreign powers in India. Rana Sanga defeated the Afghan Lodi Empire of Delhi and crushed the Turkic Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat. Rana Sanga then tried to create an Indian empire but was defeated by the first Mughal Emperor Babur at Khanua. The defeat was due to betrayal by the Tomar king Silhadi of Raisen. After Rana Sangas death there was no one who could check the rapid expansion of the Mughal Empire.[23]
During Akbars reign most of the Rajput kings accepted Mughal Suzerainty, but the rulers of Mewar (Rana Udai Singh II) and Marwar (Rao Chandrasen Rathore) refused to have any form of alliance with the Mughals. To teach the Rajputs a lesson Akbar massacred the citizens of Rajasthan in large numbers. Akbar killed 30,000 unarmed citizens in Chittor alone.[24]
Maharana Pratap took an oath to avenge the citizens of Chittor, he fought the Mughal empire till his death and liberated most of Mewar apart from Chittor itself. Maharana Pratap soon became the most celebrated warrior of Rajasthan and became famous all over India for his sporadic warfare and noble actions. According to Satish Chandra, "Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitutes a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of sporadic warfare was later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji".[25]
Rana Amar Singh I continued his ancestors war against the Mughal's under Jehangir, he repelled the Mughal armies at Dewar. Later an expedition was again sent under leadership of Prince Khurram, which caused much damage to life and property of Mewar.[26] Many temples were destroyed, several villages were put on fire and ladies and children were captured and tortured to make Amar Singh accept surrender.[26]
During Aurangzebs rule Rana Raj Singh I and Veer Durgadas Rathore were chief among those who defied the intolerant emperor of Delhi. They took advantage of the Aravalli hills and caused heavy damage on the Mughal armies that were trying to occupy Rajasthan.[27][28]
After Aurangzebs death Bahadur Shah I tried to subjugate Rajasthan like his ancestors but his plan backfired when the three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of Mewat and many other Mughal officers. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas.[29]
Hawa Mahal ("Palace of Winds") in Jaipur
Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the late 18th century, Rajputana came under the influence of the Marathas. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.
In the 19th century the Rajput kingdoms were exhausted, they had been drained financially and in manpower after continuous wars and due to heavy tributes exacted by the Maratha Empire. In order to save their kingdoms from instability, rebellions and banditry the Rajput kings concluded treaties with the British in the early 19th century, accepting British suzerainty and control over their external affairs in return for internal autonomy.
The Mehrangarh Fort at Jodhpur was built by Rao Jodha in 1459.
Modern[edit]
Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara.[30] Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab.
Rajasthan's formerly independent kingdoms created a rich architectural and cultural heritage, seen even today in their numerous forts and palaces (Mahals and Havelis), which are enriched by features of Rajput and Jain architecture.[citation needed]
The development of frescos in Rajasthan is linked with the history of the Marwaris (Jodhpur-pali), who played a crucial role in the economic development of the region.[citation needed] Many wealthy families throughout Indian history have links to Marwar. These include the legendary Birla, Bajaj, Dalmia, and Mittal families.[citation needed]
See also: List of palaces in Rajasthan
Geography[edit]
Main article: Climate of Rajasthan
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The geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850 kilometres (530 mi). Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.
Camel ride in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer.
The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can sometimes exceed 54 °C in the summer months or 129 degrees Fahrenheit and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighbouring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Sarasvati river.
The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly Vagad region, home to the cities of Dungarpur and Banswara lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges.
Hills around Jaipur, viewed from Jaigarh Fort.
The Aravalli Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 metres (5,650 ft) in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical centre of Rajasthan.
State symbols of Rajasthan
Formation day 1 November
State animal Chinkara[31] and Camel[32]
State bird Godavan (great Indian bustard)[31]
State flower Flower – Rohida[31]
State Tree Khejri[31]
Flora and fauna[edit]
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The great Indian bustard has been classed as critically endangered since 2011.
Though a large percentage of the total area is desert with little forest cover, Rajasthan has a rich and varied flora and fauna. The natural vegetation is classed as Northern Desert Thorn Forest (Champion 1936). These occur in small clumps scattered in a more or less open form. The density and size of patches increase from west to east following the increase in rainfall.
The Desert National Park in Jaisalmer is spread over an area of 3,162 square kilometres (1,221 sq mi), is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilised tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrels and vultures. Short-toed snake eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga), laggar falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these.
The Ranthambore National Park located in Sawai Madhopur,[33] one of the well known tiger reserves in the country, became a part of Project Tiger in 1973.
The Dhosi Hill located in the district of Jhunjunu, known as 'Chayvan Rishi's Ashram', where 'Chyawanprash' was formulated for the first time, has unique and rare herbs growing.
The Sariska Tiger Reserve located in Alwar district, 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Delhi and 107 kilometres (66 mi) from Jaipur, covers an area of approximately 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi). The area was declared a national park in 1979.
Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a very small sanctuary in Sujangarh, Churu District, 210 kilometres (130 mi) from Jaipur in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary is home to a large population of blackbuck. Desert foxes and the caracal, an apex predator, also known as the desert lynx, can also be spotted, along with birds such as the partridge and sand grouse.[34] The great Indian bustard, known locally as the godavan, and which is a state bird, has been classed as critically endangered since 2011.[35]
Wildlife protection[edit]
Reclining tiger, Ranthambore National Park
Rajasthan is also noted for its national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. There are four national park and wildlife sanctuaries: Keoladeo National Park of Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer. A national level institute, Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) an autonomous institute of the ministry of forestry is situated in Jodhpur and continuously work on desert flora and their conservation.
Ranthambore National Park is 7 km from Sawai Madhopur Railway Station. it is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there.[36] Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary, and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.
Communication[edit]
Major ISP and Telecom companies are present in Rajasthan including Airtel, Data Infosys Limited, Reliance Limited, Jio, RAILTEL, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), Tata Telecom and Vodafone. Data Infosys was the first Internet Service Provider[37](ISP) to bring internet in Rajasthan in April 1999 and OASIS was first private mobile telephone company.
Email in Hindi[edit]
Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje of Rajasthan launched one Free Email address @rajasthan.in and @राजस्थान.भारत domain.[38] Rajasthan state became the World's first state to provide an email address to every citizen in their own language.
Government and politics[edit]
Main articles: Politics of Rajasthan, Government of Rajasthan, and Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
The politics of Rajasthan is dominated mainly by the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress. The Chief Minister, serving the second term, is Vasundhara Raje.
Administrative divisions[edit]
The Jain temple at Ranakpur is in Pali district.
Main articles: Divisions of Rajasthan and Districts of Rajasthan
Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts within seven divisions:
Division
Districts
Jaipur
Jaipur
Alwar
Jhunjhunu
Sikar
Dausa
Jodhpur
Barmer
Jaisalmer
Jalore
Jodhpur
Pali
Sirohi
Ajmer
Ajmer
Bhilwara
Nagaur
Tonk
Udaipur
Udaipur
Banswara
Chittorgarh
Pratapgarh
Dungarpur
Rajsamand
Bikaner
Bikaner
Churu
Sri Ganganagar
Hanumangarh
Kota
Baran
Bundi
Jhalawar
Kota
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Dholpur
Karauli
Sawai Madhopur
Economy[edit]
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Main article: Economy of Rajasthan
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.
A marble quarry in Kishangarh Ajmer.
The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textile based. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu, and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines and Rampura Agucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as "chittar patthar". Jodhpur leads in Handicraft and Guar Gum industry. Rajasthan is also a part of the Mumbai-Delhi Industrial corridor is set to benefit economically. The State gets 39% of the DMIC, with major districts of Jaipur, Alwar, Kota and Bhilwara benefiting.[39]
The Indira Gandhi Canal passes through the Thar Desert near Ramgarh, Jaisalmer.
Crude oil and Mineral stones
Rajasthan is[when?] earning Rs. 150 million (approx. US$2.5 million) per day as revenue from the crude oil sector. This earning is expected to reach ₹250 million per day in 2013 (which is an increase of ₹100 million or more than 66 percent). The government of India has given permission to extract 300,000 barrels of crude per day from Barmer region which is now 175,000 barrels per day. Once this limit is achieved Rajasthan will become a leader in Crude extraction in Country. Bombay High leads with a production of 250,000 barrels crude per day. Once the limit of 300,000 barrels per day is reached, the overall production of the country will increase by 15 percent. Cairn India is doing the work of exploration and extraction of crude oil in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan has rich reserves of limestone.Niki Chemical Industries, Jodhpur is one of the largest manufacturer of Slaked lime (Hydrated Lime or Ca(OH)2)
Agricultural production[edit]
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Rajasthan is the largest producer of barley, mustard, pearl millet, coriander, fenugreek and guar in India.BhamaShah Mandi in Kota district is the Asia's largest mandi or market of coriander. Rajasthan produces over 72% of guar of the world and 60% of India's barley. Rajasthan is major producer of aloe vera, amla, oranges leading producer of maize, groundnut. Rajasthan is 2nd in production of cumin, gram and 3rd in seed spices.[clarification needed] Rajasthan government had initiated olive cultivation with technical support from Israel.The current production of olives in the state is around 100-110 tonnes annually. Rajasthan is India's second largest producer of milk. Rajasthan has 13800 dairy co-operative societies.
Transport[edit]
Jaipur International Airport
Road Tunnel in Jaipur Rajasthan
NH 8 between Udaipur and Ahmedabad.
Rajasthan is connected by many national highways. Most renowned being NH 8, which is India's first 4–8 lane highway.[40] Rajasthan also has an inter-city surface transport system both in terms of railways and bus network. All chief cities are connected by air, rail and road.
Air
There are three main airports at Rajasthan - Jaipur International Airport, Jodhpur Airport, Udaipur Airport and the recently started Bikaner Airport and Jaisalmer. These airports connect Rajasthan with the major cities of India such as Delhi and Mumbai. There is another airport in Kota but is not open for commercial/civilian flights yet. One more airport at Kishangarh, Ajmer .i.e. Kishangarh Airport is being constructed by the Airport Authority of India.
Rail
Rajasthan is connected with the main cities of India by rail.[41] Jaipur, Kota, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Alwar, Abu Road and Udaipur are the principal railway stations in Rajasthan. Kota City is the only Electrified Section served by three Rajdhani Expresses and trains to all major cities of India. There is also an international railway, the Thar Express from Jodhpur (India) to Karachi (Pakistan). However, this is not open to foreign nationals.
Road
Rajasthan is well connected to the main cities of the country including Delhi, Ahmedabad and Indore by State and National Highways and served by Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC)[42] and Private operators. Now in March 2017,75 per cent of all national highways being built in Rajasthan according to the public works minister of Rajasthan.
Indian Army signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Rajasthan State Government to improve infrastructure for their posts near the India-Pakistan border. As per the terms of the MoU, Indian Army will be able to use an airstrip in Lalgarh-Jatan area in Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan for 10 years. Rajasthan State Government has sanctioned funds for this airstrip, which is near the India-Pakistan border. Besides, Indian Army can undertake temporary construction work as per their requirement in the border areas of the state.
Demographics[edit]
See also: List of people from Rajasthan
Religion in Rajasthan (2011)[43]
Hinduism (88.49%)
Islam (9.07%)
Sikhism (1.27%)
Jainism (0.91%)
Christianity (0.14%)
Buddhism (0.02%)
Other religions (0.01%)
Not stated (0.10%)
Children performing for Independence Day in village in Alwar district, Rajasthan
According to final results of 2011 Census of India, Rajasthan has a total population of 68,548,437.[1] The native Rajasthani people make up the majority of the state's population. The state of Rajasthan is also populated by Sindhis, who came to Rajasthan from Sindh province (now in Pakistan) during the India-Pakistan separation in 1947. As for religion, Rajasthan's residents are mainly Hindus, who account for 88.49% of the population. Muslims make up 9.07%, Sikhs 1.27% and Jains 0.91% of the population.[44]
Largest cities of Rajasthan by population
City Name
Population
Jaipur
3,073,349
Jodhpur
1,138,300
Kota
1,001,694
Bikaner
647,804
Ajmer
551,101
Udaipur
474,531
Bhilwara
360,009
Alwar
341,422
Bharatpur
252,838
Sri Ganganagar
249,914
Language[edit]
Languages in Rajasthan (Census 2001)[45]
Hindi (90.97%)
Bhili (4.60%)
Punjabi (2.01%)
Urdu (1.17%)
Other (1.25%)
Hindi is the official and the most widely spoken language in the state (90.97% of the population as per the 2001 census), followed by Bhili (4.60%), Punjabi (2.01%), and Urdu (1.17%).[45]
The languages taught under the three-language formula are:[46]
First Language: Hindi
Second Language: English
Third Language: Urdu/Sindhi/Punjabi/Sanskrit/Gujarati
Culture[edit]
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Main article: Culture of Rajasthan
Part of a series on
Rajasthani people
Culture
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Art
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Cuisine
Literature
Music
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Tourism
Religion
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Rajasthani
Rajasthan Portal
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Rajasthan is culturally rich and has artistic and cultural traditions which reflect the ancient Indian way of life. There is rich and varied folk culture from villages which are often depicted as a symbol of the state. Highly cultivated classical music and dance with its own distinct style is part of the cultural tradition of Rajasthan. The music has songs that depict day-to-day relationships and chores, often focused around fetching water from wells or ponds.
Special Jodhpuri Mirchi vada
Rajasthani cooking was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food[47] that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. The scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia. Other famous dishes include bajre ki roti (millet bread) and lahsun ki chutney (hot garlic paste), mawa kachori Mirchi Bada, Pyaaj Kachori and ghevar from Jodhpur, Alwar ka Mawa(Milk Cake), Kadhi kachori from Ajmer, malpauas from Pushkar, Daal kachori (Kota kachori) from Kota and rassgollas from Bikaner. Originating from the Marwar region of the state is the concept Marwari Bhojnalaya, or vegetarian restaurants, today found in many parts of India, which offer vegetarian food of the Marwari people.
Sawai Madhopur is famous for it good quality Guava. Around 30 km around the city the farmers are growing the Guava of good quality and they are supplying thought the Rajasthan.
Dal-Bati-Churma is very popular in Rajasthan. The traditional way to serve it is to first coarsely mash the Baati then pour pure Ghee on top of it. It is served with the daal (lentils) and spicy garlic chutney. Also served with Besan (gram flour) ki kadi. It is commonly served at all festivities, including religious occasions, wedding ceremonies, and birthday parties in Rajasthan. "Dal-Baati-Churma", is a combination of three different food items — Daal (lentils), Baati and Churma (Sweet). It is a typical Rajasthani dish.
"Up-down" dolls are found in the roadside shops of Jaisalmer.
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur Marwar and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a large part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, and Tejaji are examples of traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis which are often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, and sarangi are also sung.
Traditional musical instruments of Rajasthan
Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colourful art. The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and crafts, carpets, and blue pottery are commonly found here. Shopping reflects the colourful culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle-length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colours like blue, yellow and orange.
A traditional folk singer practising in front of Jodhpur fort.
The main religious festivals are Deepawali, Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Gogaji, Shri Devnarayan Jayanti, Makar Sankranti and Janmashtami, as the main religion is Hinduism. Rajasthan's desert festival is held once a year during winter. Dressed in costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing ballads. There are fairs with snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels play a role in this festival.
The phenomenon of spirit possession has been documented in modern Rajasthan. Some of the spirits that are claimed to possess Rajasthanis are seen as good and beneficial while others are seen as malevolent. The good spirits include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints. Bad spirits include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The possessed individual is referred to as a ghorala ("mount"). Possession, even if it is by a benign spirit, is regarded as undesirable, as it entails loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts.[48]
Education[edit]
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan
Children at a non-formal education centre
AIIMS Campus at Jodhpur.
During recent years, Rajasthan has worked on improving education. The state government has been making sustained efforts to raise the education standard. Rajasthan produces 30% CA's of India. Rajasthani are topping in IAS, IIT JEE, science olympiads.
Literacy[edit]
In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%).[49] At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising literacy rates.[50][51]
In rural areas of Rajasthan, the literacy rate is 76.16% for males and 45.8% for females. This has been debated across all the party level except BJP, when the governor of Rajasthan set a minimum educational qualification for the village panchayat elections.[52][53][54]
Schools[edit]
Rajasthan has 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools.
Higher education[edit]
In Rajasthan, Jodhpur and Kota are major education hubs. Kota is known for its quality education in preparation for competitive exams, coaching for medical and engineering exams, while Jodhpur is home to many higher education institutions like IIT, AIIMS, National Law University, Sardar Patel Police University, National Institute of Fashion Technology, MBM Engineering College etc. Kota is popularly referred to as, "coaching capital of India". Other major education institutions are Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Indian Instiute of Information Technology, Kota, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, IIM Udaipur, AIIMS Jodhpur and LNMIIT.
Rajasthan has nine universities and more than 250 colleges. There are 41 engineering colleges with an annual enrolment of about 11,500 students. Apart from above there are 41 private universities like Madhav University, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari Amity University Rajasthan (Jaipur), Mewar University Chittorgarh, OPJS University, Churu, Mody University of Technology and Science Lakshmangarh (Women's University, Sikar), RNB Global University, Bikaner. The state has 23 polytechnic colleges and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart vocational training.[55]
In 2009, Central University of Rajasthan a central university fully funded by Government of India, came into force near Kishangarh in Ajmer district
Tourism[edit]
Blue City- a beautiful Aerial view
Main article: Tourism in Rajasthan
Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009–2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors.[56] Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Ajmer, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.
Pushkar Lake, a sacred Hindu lake, is surrounded by fifty-two bathing ghats.
Rajasthan is famous for its forts, carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan.[citation needed] Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Mehrangarh Fort and Stepwell of Jodhpur, Dilwara Temples, Chittor Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and haveli's are part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue. In Jodhpur, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, there is white marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake. Jain Temples dot Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Mirpur Jain Temple of Sirohi, Sarun Mata Temple kotputli, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner and Mandore of Jodhpur are some of the best examples.[57]
See also[edit]
Rajasthan portal
India portal
South Asia portal
Asia portal
Outline of Rajasthan
List of people from Rajasthan
Tourism in Rajasthan
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Bhattacharya, Manoshi. 2008. The Royal Rajputs: Strange Tales and Stranger Truths. Rupa & Co, New Delhi.
Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural. J. S. Gahlot Research Institute, Jodhpur.
Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. History of Rajasthan. Jain Pustak Mandir, Jaipur.
Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,. Numerous reprints, including 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi. 1990. ISBN 81-85395-68-3 (set of 3 vols.)
Mathur, P.C., 1995. Social and Economic Dynamics of Rajasthan Politics (Jaipur, Aaalekh)
External links[edit]
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Government
Official Site of the Government of Rajasthan, India
Official Tourism Site of Rajasthan, India
General information
Rajasthan Encyclopædia Britannica entry
Rajasthan at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Geographic data related to Rajasthan at OpenStreetMap
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State of Rajasthan
Capital: Jaipur
Outline
Geography
Climate
Cuisine
Economy
History
Politics
Government
Tourism
Language
Rivers
Highest point
Films
Institutions of higher education
Municipalities
Chief Secretaries
Chief Justices of Rajasthan High Court
Governance
Governors
Chief Ministers
Speaker
Legislative Assembly
Political parties
Constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
High Court
Police
Divisions
and
districts
Ajmer Division
Ajmer district
Bhilwara district
Nagaur district
Tonk district
Bharatpur Division
Bharatpur district
Dholpur district
Karauli district
Sawai Madhopur district
Bikaner Division
Bikaner district
Churu district
Sri Ganganagar district
Hanumangarh district
Jaipur Division
Alwar district
Dausa district
Jaipur district
Jhunjhunu district
Sikar district
Jodhpur Division
Barmer district
Jaisalmer district
Jalor district
Jodhpur district
Pali district
Sirohi district
Kota Division
Baran district
Bundi district
Jhalawar district
Kota district
Udaipur Division
Banswara district
Chittorgarh district
Dungarpur district
Pratapgarh district
Rajsamand district
Udaipur district
Major cities
Jaipur (capital)
Alwar
Ajmer
Bikaner
Jodhpur
Kota
Udaipur
Related templates
Forts in Rajasthan
Hydrography of Rajathan
Power stations and power organisations
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Divisions and Districts of Rajasthan
Ajmer division
Ajmer district
Ajmer
Kekri
Kiranipura
Kishangarh
Nasirabad
Pushkar
Sarwar
Beawar
Vijainagar
Bhilwara district
Asind
Beejoliya Kalan
Bhilwara
Gangapur
Gulabpura
Jahazpur
Mandalgarh
Shahpura
Nagaur district
Basni Belima
Didwana
Goredi Chancha
Kuchaman City
Kuchera
Ladnun
Makrana
Merta City
Mundwa
Nagaur
Nawa
Parbatsar
Tonk district
Deoli
Malpura
Niwai
Todaraisingh
Tonk
Uniara
Vanasthali
Dev Dham Jodhpuriya
Manoharpura
Kacholiya
Bharatpur division
Bharatpur district
Bayana
Bharatpur
Bhusawar
Deeg
Farsho
Kaman
Kumher
Nadbai
Nagar
Weir
Jurehra
Pahadi
Dholpur district
Bari
Dholpur
Rajakhera
Sarmathura
Karauli district
Hindaun
Karauli
Todabhim
Mandrayal
Suroth
Shri Mahaveer Ji
Mahu Ibrahimpur
Kailadevi
Karanpur
Kurhganv
Langra
Rodhai
Sawai Madhopur
district
Gangapur
Mahu Kalan
Sawai Madhopur
Todra
Bikaner division
Bikaner district
Bikaner
Deshnoke
Dungargarh
Khajuwala
Loonkaransar
Udasar
Napasar
Nokha
Churu district
Bidasar
Chhapar
Churu
Dungargarh
Rajaldesar
Rajgarh
Ratangarh
Ratannagar
Sardarshahar
Sujangarh
Taranagar
Sri Ganganagar
district
Anupgarh
Gajsinghpur
Ganeshgarh
Karanpur
Kesrisinghpur
Padampur
Raisinghnagar
Rawla Mandi
Sadulshahar
Sri Ganganagar
Suratgarh
Vijainagar
Hanumangarh
district
Bhadra
Hanumangarh
Nohar
Pilibanga
Rawatsar
Sangaria
Jaipur division
Alwar district
Alwar
Behror
Bhiwadi
Govindgarh
Khairthal
Kherli
Kishangarh
Rajgarh
Tijara
Dausa district
Bandikui
Dausa
Lalsot
Mahwa
Mandawar
Jaipur district
Bagru
Bairat
Chaksu
Chomu
Jaipur
Jamwa Ramgarh
Jobner
Kishangarh Renwal
Kotputli
Phagi
Phulera
Sambhar
Shahpura
Jhunjhunu district
Baggar
Bissau
Buhana
Chirawa
Gothra
Gudhagorji
Jhunjhunu
Khetri
Kodesar
Malsisar
Mandawa
Mukandgarh
Nawalgarh
Pilani
Surajgarh
Togra Sawroop Singh
Udaipurwati
Vidyavihar
Sikar district
Fatehpur
Khandela
Khatushyamji
Lachhmangarh
Losal
Neem-Ka-Thana
Ramgarh
Reengus
Sikar
Sri Madhopur
Jodhpur division
Barmer district
Balotra
Barmer
Gudamalani
Siwana
Dhorimana
Sheo
Sindhri
Samdari
Jaisalmer district
Jaisalmer
Pokhran
Jalore district
Bhinmal
Jalore
Sanchore
Ahore
Raniwara
Jodhpur district
Bilara
Jodhpur
Phalodi
Piparcity
Bhopalgarh
Osian
Pali district
Bali
Falna
Jaitaran
Marwar Junction
Pali
Rani
Nimaj
Sadri
Sojat
Sojat Road
Sumerpur
Takhatgarh
Nadol
Sirohi district
Abu Road
Mount Abu
Pindwara
Sheoganj
Sirohi
Kota division
Baran district
Antah
Atru
Baran
Chhabra
Chhipabarod
Kherliganj
Mangrol
Bundi district
Budhpura
Bundi
Indragarh
Kaprain
Keshoraipatan
Lakheri
Nainwa
Jhalawar district
Aklera
Bakani
Bhawani Mandi
Jhalawar
Jhalrapatan
Kolvi Mandi Rajendra pura
Manohar Thana
Pirawa
Kota district
Chechat
Kaithoon
Kota
Kumbhkot
Modak
Ramganj Mandi
Sangod
Satalkheri
Sogariya
Suket
Udpura
Udaipur division
Banswara district
Banswara
Kushalgarh
Partapur
Chittorgarh district
Bari Sadri
Begun
Chittorgarh
Kapasan
Nimbahera
Rawatbhata
Dungarpur district
Dungarpur
Galiakot
Sagwara
Simalwara
Pratapgarh district
Chhoti Sadri
Pratapgarh
Rajsamand district
Amet
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List of Governors of Rajasthan

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Ajmer Division

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Bharatpur Division

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Bikaner Division

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Jaipur Division

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Jodhpur Division

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Jalor district

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Nasirabad, India

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Beejoliya Kalan

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Pahadi, Rajasthan

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Shri Mahaveer Ji

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Rajgarh, Churu

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Kishangarh, Alwar

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Ramgarh, Rajasthan

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Bali, India

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Devgarh, Rajasthan

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Racastan – Azerbaijani
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan
Rajasthan – Breton
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Rajasthan – Catalan
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Rajasthan – Welsh
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Rajasthan – Danish
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Rajasthan – German
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan
Rajasthan – Estonian
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Rajastan – Basque
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Rajasthan – French
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Rajasthan – Irish
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Rajasthan – Ido
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Rajasthan – Indonesian
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Rajasthan – Icelandic
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Rajasthan – Italian
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Rajasthan – Swahili
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Rajasthan – Malagasy
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Rajasthan – Malay
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Rajasthan – Dutch
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Rajasthan – Norwegian
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Rajasthan – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Rajasthan – Occitan
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Rajasthan – Romanian
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Rajasthan – Serbo-Croatian
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Rajasthan – Finnish
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Rajasthan – Swedish
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Rajasthan – Tagalog
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Racastan – Turkish
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Rajasthan – Vietnamese
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Rajasthan – Yoruba
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