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The Blacklist (TV series)
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The Blacklist
Genre
Crime drama
Action[1]
Thriller
Created by
Jon Bokenkamp
Starring
James Spader
Megan Boone
Diego Klattenhoff
Ryan Eggold
Parminder Nagra
Harry Lennix
Amir Arison
Mozhan Marnò
Hisham Tawfiq
Composer(s)
Dave Porter
James S. Levine
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
111 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jon Bokenkamp
John Davis
John Eisendrath
John Fox
Joe Carnahan
James Spader
Producer(s)
Anthony Sparks
Production location(s)
New York City
Cinematography
Frank Prinzi
Arthur Albert
Michael Caracciolo
Yasu Tanida
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Davis Entertainment
Universal Television
Sony Pictures Television
Open 4 Business Productions
Distributor
Sony Pictures Television
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
576i SDTV
1080i HDTV
4K UHDTV (2016–)
Original release
September 23, 2013 (2013-09-23) – present (present)
Chronology
Followed by
The Blacklist: Redemption
External links
Official website
The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series that premiered on NBC on September 23, 2013. Raymond "Red" Reddington (James Spader), a former U.S. Navy officer turned high-profile criminal, voluntarily surrenders to the FBI after eluding capture for decades. He tells the FBI that he has a list of the most dangerous criminals in the world that he has compiled over the years and is willing to inform on their operations in exchange for immunity from prosecution. However, he insists on working exclusively with a rookie FBI profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone). The series also stars Diego Klattenhoff, Ryan Eggold, and Harry Lennix. The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan.[1] Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath, and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television, Universal Television, and Davis Entertainment.
On October 4, 2013, NBC ordered nine additional episodes, filling out the series' first season.[2] On December 3, 2013, NBC renewed the series for a 22-episode second season.[3] On May 11, 2014, owing to the series' breakout success, NBC decided to air an episode in the coveted post–Super Bowl timeslot in 2015.[4] On December 5, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on September 22, 2016.[5][6] A spin-off series, The Blacklist: Redemption, premiered on February 23, 2017. On May 11, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season,[7] while the spin-off was canceled the following day.[8] The fifth season premiered on September 27, 2017.[9] On May 12, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season.[10]
The series has received positive reviews,[11][12] with many critics praising Spader's performance in particular.[13]
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
3 Episodes
4 Production and development
4.1 Conception
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming locations and technique
5 Broadcast
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Ratings
6.3 Accolades
7 Other media
7.1 Comics
7.2 Games
7.3 Spin-off
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Raymond "Red" Reddington, a former US Naval Intelligence officer who had disappeared twenty years earlier to become one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, surrenders himself to FBI Assistant Director Harold Cooper at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. Taken to an FBI "black site", Reddington claims he wishes to help the FBI track down and apprehend the criminals and terrorists he spent the last twenty years associating with; individuals that are so dangerous and devious that the United States government is unaware of their very existence.
He offers Cooper his knowledge and assistance on two conditions: immunity from prosecution, and that he wants to work exclusively with Elizabeth Keen, a rookie profiler newly assigned to Cooper. Keen and Cooper are suspicious of Reddington's interest in her, but he will only say that she is "very special". After Cooper tests Reddington's offer in locating and killing a terrorist in the first episode, Reddington reveals that this man was only the first on his "blacklist" of global criminals, which he has compiled over his criminal career, and states that he and the FBI have a mutual interest in eliminating them. The mysteries of Reddington's and Liz's lives, and his interest in her, are gradually revealed as the series progresses. Each episode features one of the global criminals, and Reddington assisting the team tracking and apprehending them.
The rank and name or alias of the featured criminal on the list is displayed at the start of every episode. Three episodes in the series, "Cape May," "Requiem," and "Ruin", do not follow this format.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Blacklist characters
James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington: A master criminal turned confidential informant for the FBI, later revealed to be Liz Keen's biological father, only to find out at end of season 5 he was neither her father or the real Raymond Reddington.
Megan Boone as Elizabeth "Liz" Keen: Born Masha Rostova, Keen is a special agent with the FBI on Harold Cooper's team, and Tom Keen's wife.
Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler: A special agent with the FBI on Cooper's team, who also became the Acting Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division.
Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen: Born Christopher Hargrave, later taking the adoptive name Jacob Phelps, Keen works as a covert operative and is Liz's husband. (seasons 1–5)
Parminder Nagra as Meera Malik: A field agent with the CIA who worked with Cooper's FBI team (season 1).
Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper: The Assistant Director of the FBI Counterterrorism Division who uses Reddington to stop people on his Blacklist.
Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai: A computer specialist with the FBI on Cooper's team (recurring, season 1; main, season 2–present).
Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi: A Mossad agent who works with Cooper's FBI team (season 2–present).
Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma: Reddington's bodyguard and confidante (recurring, seasons 1–2; main, season 3–present).
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Blacklist episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings
First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(millions)
1 22 September 23, 2013 (2013-09-23) May 12, 2014 (2014-05-12) 6 14.95[14]
2 22 September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22) May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14) 14 13.76[15]
3 23 October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01) May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 22 11.19[16]
4 22 September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22) May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18) 30 9.25[17]
5 22 September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16) 42 8.41[18]
Production and development[edit]
Conception[edit]
After showing a screening of the pilot at Comic-Con, producers revealed that their inspiration for The Blacklist came from the capture of Whitey Bulger.[19] Recalling the experience in an interview with Collider, executive producer John Eisendrath stated:
“ So, the idea was, 'Well, what would happen if a man like Whitey Bulger turned himself in and said, "I am here. I have some rules that I want you to follow, but if you follow them I will give you the names of people that I have worked with, during the 20 years that I have been a fugitive."' So, there was a real world influence that affected the shaping of the show that was already being thought about. How can you put someone that you don't trust in the center of a show about trying to find criminals? And here was an example in the real world of just such a person. It was a fortuitous turn of events, where the idea for a show was being considered, and then here comes a real life story that helped give it some shape.[20] ”
NBC bought the rights to The Blacklist from Sony Pictures Television in August 2012[21] and greenlighted the show in January 2013.[22] During an NBC upfront presentation in May 2013, it was announced that The Blacklist was NBC's highest-testing drama in 10 years.[23]
Casting[edit]
Eisendrath said the casting process was difficult.[20] In February 2013, NBC offered Kiefer Sutherland the lead role of Raymond Reddington.[24] After considering other actors for the role, Eisendrath and Bokenkamp called James Spader to see if he would be interested in it.[20] Feeling confident in Spader's understanding of the character, they cast him three days before filming began.[20]
Megan Boone took a week to prepare for her audition as FBI profiler Elizabeth Keen.[25] Feeling like her initial audition was one of the better auditions of her career, Boone later was called back for multiple auditions.[25] In March 2013, Deadline Hollywood reported that Boone accepted the role as the female lead in the series.[26]
Filming locations and technique[edit]
Despite being set in Washington, D.C., the series is mainly filmed in the same Manhattan studio where Law & Order was filmed for 20 years.[27] Producer Richard Heus said they chose to film specific Washington, D.C. locations for the series, including the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument, and the National Mall, because they were "iconic American locations".[28]
The series is filmed in 4K using Sony PMW-F55 cameras that are adapted to use Panavision lenses.[29] It is edited using Avid Media Composer, and editor Christopher Brookshire says the show has "a very distinctive look and pace".[30] An average of three cameras are used at one time, but as many as six cameras are sometimes rolling.[31]
Broadcast[edit]
The series is broadcast simultaneously on Global in Canada.[32][33] In New Zealand, the show premiered on TV3 on February 2, 2014.[34] The second season premiered on September 23.[35] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show premiered on Sky Living on October 4, 2013.[36] The second season premiered on October 3, 2014.[37] Netflix has streaming rights to seasons 1–5 in the United States, 1–4 in Australia, Latin America, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, The Netherlands, and Canada.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The first season of The Blacklist received strong reviews from television critics. On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 85% approval rating, based on 52 reviews, with an average score of 7.18/10. The consensus reads, "James Spader is riveting as a criminal-turned-informant, and his presence goes a long way toward making this twisty but occasionally implausible crime procedural compelling".[39] The second season received a rating of 80%, based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.77/10. The consensus reads, "Though The Blacklist flirts with narrative overload, it's held together by James Spader's scenery-eating performance and wildly entertaining action."[40] The third season received a rating of 93%, based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 7.41/10. The consensus reads, "The Blacklist is back in top form with fresh dangers that put Red on the ropes while giving James Spader room to shine."[41] The fourth season received a rating of 88%, based on eight reviews, with an average score of 7/10.[42] The fifth season received a rating of 100%, based on five reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10.[43]
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said about the pilot, "You think you know this situation and how it will turn out, but there are surprising, yet entirely credible, twists throughout Monday's episode".[11] Robert Bianco of USA Today said, "The Blacklist is a solid weekly crime show built around a genuine TV star. That's the kind of series the networks have to be able to pull off to survive. And with Spader in command, odds are NBC will".[44] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter praised both Spader's performance and the procedural elements of the show, writing "there's an overarching element to the premise as well that makes it intriguing without making it overly complicated."[45]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 Monday 10:00 p.m. 22 September 23, 2013 (2013-09-23) 12.58[46] May 12, 2014 (2014-05-12) 10.44[47] 2013–14 6 14.95[48]
2 Monday 10:00 p.m. (1–8)
Sunday 10:38 p.m. (episode 9)
Thursday 9:00 p.m. (10–22) 22 September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22) 12.34[49] May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14) 7.49[50] 2014–15 14 13.76[51]
3 Thursday 9:00 p.m. 23 October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01) 7.76[52] May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19) 6.88[53] 2015–16 22 11.19[54]
4 Thursday 10:00 p.m. 22 September 22, 2016 (2016-09-22) 6.40[55] May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18) 4.92[56] 2016–17 30 9.25[57]
5 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 22 September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) 6.39[58] May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[59] 5.18[60] 2017–18 42 8.41[18]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
2014 Golden Globe Awards[61] Best Actor – Television Series Drama James Spader Nominated
People's Choice Awards[62] Favorite New Television Drama The Blacklist Nominated
Entertainment Weekly
Season Finale Awards[63] Best Non-Romantic Cliffhanger "Berlin (No. 8) Conclusion" Nominated
Funniest Moment in a Drama Nominated
Weakest/Most Divisive Twist Nominated
Best Final Shot Nominated
Most Likely to Earn Someone an Emmy Nomination Nominated
Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It Nominated
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie The Blacklist Won
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top TV Series The Blacklist (Dave Porter) Won
Saturn Award Best Network Television Series Release The Blacklist Nominated
Best Actor in a Television Series James Spader Nominated
2015 Golden Globe Awards[64] Best Actor -Television Series Drama James Spader Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Alan Alda Nominated
2016 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie The Blacklist Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series stunt castnote 1 Nominated
2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Drama The Blacklist Nominated
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Miniseries, or Movie Nominated
Note
^ The stunt cast included Airon Armstrong, Kevin Ball, Chris Barnes, Nitasha Bhambree, Michael C. Brennan, Bryce Burke, Jared Burke, Kachina Dechert, Neimah Djourabchi, Paul Drechsler-Martell, Stefanie Flores, Edward Gabree, Christopher Jon Gombos, Tony Guida, Gene Harrison, Greg Harvey, Chad Hessler, Cort Hessler, Donald John Hewitt, Scott Kelly, Pete Klein, Drew Leary, Luke Lesko, Roberto Lopez, Terence Lorino, Stephen Mann, Michael Matera, Chazz Menendez, Luis Moco, Declan Mulvey, James Newman, Josiah Nolan, Christopher Parker, Ashley Pynn, Jodi Michelle Pynn, Bob Roseman, Akos Schenek, Hannah Scott, Derrick Simmons, Brian Smyj, Matt Triplett, Thad Turner, and Aaron Vexler.
Other media[edit]
Comics[edit]
Titan Books released an official comic book series based on the series, written by Nicole Phillips and drawn by Beni Lobel. The series' crew is working in the project as well.
Editor David Leach told The Hollywood Reporter that the comic is "a true extension of the television series" giving "new dimensions of the characters that have captured the audiences worldwide". The series will open with a six-issue story arc, which will be "a journey deep into the dark world of international espionage, conspiracies and intrigue on a global scale".
Issue #1 was launched July 22, 2015, in both comic book and digital stores.[65]
Games[edit]
A mobile game by Gameloft based on the series, The Blacklist: Conspiracy, was released on June 23, 2016, for Android, iOS and Windows devices.[66] The game consists of the player as a member of the task force. Players can interact with Reddington and Cooper, other members of the task force, as well as interrogate potential suspects and witnesses. The game mainly consists of searching for missing items in different environments, as well as mini games to further the investigations. Players can also make decisions that alter the route of the story.[67]
Spin-off[edit]
Main article: The Blacklist: Redemption
In March 2016, NBC began developing a spin-off series created by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath, who would also serve as executive producers with Davis and Fox. The project was set to star Famke Janssen as Susan "Scottie" Hargrave (formerly Halsted) and Eggold, in his role as Tom Keen, as well as Edi Gathegi reprising his role as Matias Solomon. Tawny Cypress has been cast as Nez Rowan, a character already recurring during the third season.[68] Hargrave first appeared on The Blacklist episode "Susan Hargrave", with "Alexander Kirk" serving as a backdoor pilot for the potential series. That episode was written by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath and directed by Michael Dinner.[69] On May 14, 2016, a pilot for the series, The Blacklist: Redemption, was ordered.[70] The series was canceled after one season,[71] and Eggold will continue his role on The Blacklist.[72]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Vogt, Tiffany (September 23, 2013). "THE BLACKLIST Intel: EP John Eisendrath and Megan Boone Preview their Intriguing New Spy Series". The TV Addict. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 12, 2017). "Ryan Eggold To Rejoin 'The Blacklist' As Series Regular Following 'Redemption' Cancellation". Deadline Hollywood.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Blacklist
Official website
The Blacklist on IMDb

Preceded by
New Girl
2014 Super Bowl lead-out program
The Blacklist
2015 Succeeded by
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
2016
show
v
t
e
The Blacklist
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Freelancer"
"Wujing"
"The Stewmaker"
"The Courier"
"Gina Zanetakos"
"Frederick Barnes"
"General Ludd"
"Anslo Garrick"
"Anslo Garrick Conclusion"
"The Good Samaritan"
"The Alchemist"
"The Cyprus Agency"
"Madeline Pratt"
"The Judge"
"Mako Tanida"
"Ivan"
"Milton Bobbit"
"The Pavlovich Brothers"
"The Kingmaker"
"Berlin"
"Berlin Conclusion"
Season 2
"Lord Baltimore"
"Monarch Douglas Bank"
"Dr. James Covington"
"Dr. Linus Creel"
"The Front"
"The Mombasa Cartel"
"The Scimitar"
"The Decembrist"
"Luther Braxton"
"Luther Braxton Conclusion"
"Ruslan Denisov"
"The Kenyon Family"
"The Deer Hunter"
"T. Earl King VI"
"The Major"
"Tom Keen"
"The Longevity Initiative"
"Vanessa Cruz"
"Leonard Caul"
"Quon Zhang"
"Karakurt"
"Tom Connolly"
Season 3
"The Troll Farmer"
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Pig farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Large White piglets on a farm
A Large White sow suckling her piglets
Interior of pig farm at Bjärka-Säby Castle, Sweden, 1911.
Pig farming is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as livestock, and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally to be eaten (e.g. bacon, gammon) or sometimes skinned.
Pigs are amenable to many different styles of farming: intensive commercial units, commercial free range enterprises, or extensive farming (being allowed to wander around a village, town or city, or tethered in a simple shelter or kept in a pen outside the owner’s house). Historically, farm pigs were kept in small numbers and were closely associated with the residence of the owner, or in the same village or town.[1] They were valued as a source of meat, fat and for the ability to turn inedible food into meat, and often fed household food waste if kept on a homestead. Pigs have been farmed to dispose of municipal garbage on a large scale.[2]
All these forms of pig farm are in use today. In developed nations, commercial farms house thousands of pigs in climate-controlled buildings.[3] Pigs are a popular form of livestock, with more than one billion pigs butchered each year worldwide, 100 million of them in the USA. The majority of pigs are used for human food but also supply skin, fat and other materials for use as clothing, ingredients for processed foods,[4] cosmetics,[5] and medical use.[6]
The activities on a pig farm depend on the husbandry style of the farmer, and range from very little intervention (as when pigs are allowed to roam villages or towns and dispose of garbage) to intensive systems where the pigs are contained in a building for the majority of their lives. Each pig farm will tend to adapt to the local conditions and food supplies and fit their practices to their specific situation.
The following factors can influence the type of pig farms in any given region:
Available food supply suitable for pigs
The ability to deal with manure or other outputs from the pig operation
Local beliefs or traditions, including religion
The breed or type of pig available to the farm
Local diseases or conditions that affect pig growth or fecundity
Local requirements, including government zoning and/or land use laws
Local and global market conditions and demand
Contents
[hide]
1 Use as food
2 Production and trade
3 Relationship between handlers and pigs
3.1 Negative interactions
3.2 Positive interactions
4 Terminology
4.1 Pigs for slaughter
4.2 Groups
4.3 Pig parts
4.4 Biology
4.5 Housing
5 Environmental and health impacts
6 Drug
6.1 Growth Promoter
6.1.1 Ractopamine
6.1.2 Colistin (Antibiotic)
6.2 Antibiotics
7 See also
8 References
Use as food[edit]
Almost all of the pig can be used as food. Preparations of pig parts into specialties include: sausage (and casings made from the intestines), bacon, gammon, ham, skin into pork scratchings, feet into trotters, head into a meat jelly called head cheese (brawn), and consumption of the liver, chitterlings and blood (blood pudding or black pudding). This is also, technically, the case for all other mammals, although the demand isn't really there.
Production and trade[edit]
Global pig stocks
in 2014
(million)
People's Republic of China 474.1
United States 67.7
Brazil 37.9
Germany 28.3
Denmark 28.1
Vietnam 26.8
Spain 26.6
Russia 19.1
Mexico 16.1
Myanmar 13.9
World total 986.6
Source:
UN Food & Agriculture Organisation
(FAO)
Pigs are farmed in many countries, though the main consuming countries are in Asia, meaning there is a significant international and even intercontinental trade in live and slaughtered pigs. Despite having the world's largest herd, China is a net importer of pigs, and has been increasing its imports during its economic development. The largest exporters of pigs are the United States, the European Union, and Canada. As an example, more than half of Canadian production (22.8 million pigs) in 2008 was exported, going to 143 countries.[7] Older pigs will consume eleven to nineteen litres (three to five US gallons) of water per day[8]
Relationship between handlers and pigs[edit]
The way in which a stockperson interacts with pigs affects animal welfare which in some circumstances can correlate with production measures. Many routine interactions can cause fear, which can result in stress and decreased production.
There are various methods of handling pigs which can be separated into those which lead to positive or negative reactions by the animals. These reactions are based on how the pigs interpret a handler’s behavior.
Negative interactions[edit]
Many negative interactions with pigs arise from stock-people dealing with large numbers of pigs. Because of this, many handlers can become complacent about animal welfare and fail to ensure positive interactions with pigs. Negative interactions include overly-heavy tactile interactions (slaps, punches, kicks and bites), the use of electric goads and fast movements. It can also include killing them. However, it is not a commonly held view that death is a negative interaction. These interactions can result in fear in the animals, which can develop into stress. Overly-heavy tactile interactions can cause increased basal cortisol levels (a "stress" hormone).[9] Negative interactions that cause fear mean the escape reactions of the pigs can be extremely vigorous, thereby risking injury to both stock and handlers. Stress can result in immunosuppression,[10] leading to an increased susceptibility to disease. Studies have shown that these negative handling techniques result in an overall reduction in growth rates of pigs.
Positive interactions[edit]
Various interactions can be considered either positive or neutral. Neutral interactions are considered positive because, in conjunction with positive interactions, they contribute to an overall non-negative relationship between a stock-person and the stock. Pigs are often fearful of fast movements. When entering a pen, it is good practice for a stock-person to enter with slow and deliberate movements. These minimize fear and therefore reduce stress. Pigs are very curious animals. Allowing the pigs to approach and smell whilst patting or resting a hand on the pig's back are examples of positive behavior. Pigs also respond positively to verbal interaction. Minimizing fear of humans allow handlers to perform husbandry practices in a safer and more efficient manner. By reducing stress, stock are made more comfortable to feed when near handlers, resulting in increased productivity.[11] In other words, pigs are very social and intelligent animals, and if they are treated well, better meat can be obtained. Prohand for pigs is a training program that teaches handlers to interact with pigs in a way that promotes safe handling. It promotes the development of positive behaviors and elimination of negative behaviors. This program has been seen to improve productivity without any capital investment.[12]
Terminology[edit]
"Shoat" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Sheep–goat chimera or Sheep–goat hybrid.
Pigs are extensively farmed, and therefore the terminology is well developed:
Pig, hog or swine, the species as a whole, or any member of it. The singular of "swine" is the same as the plural.
Shoat, piglet or (where the species is called "hog") pig, unweaned young pig, or any immature pig.
Sucker, a pig between birth and weaning.
Weaner, a young pig recently separated from the sow.
Runt, an unusually small and weak piglet, often one in a litter.
Boar or hog, male pig of breeding age.
Barrow, male pig castrated before puberty.
Stag, male pig castrated later in life (an older boar after castration).
Gilt, young female not yet mated, or not yet farrowed, or after only one litter (depending on local usage).[13]
Sow, breeding female, or female after first or second litter.
Pigs for slaughter[edit]
Finishing pigs on a farm.
Suckling pig, a piglet slaughtered for its tender meat.
Feeder pig, a weaned gilt or barrow weighing between 18 kg (40 lb) and 37 kg (82 lb) at 6 to 8 weeks of age that is sold to be finished for slaughter.
Porker, market pig between 30 kg (66 lb) and about 54 kg (119 lb) dressed weight.
Baconer, a market pig between 65 kg (143 lb) and 80 kg (180 lb) dressed weight. The maximum weight can vary between processors.
Grower, a pig between weaning and sale or transfer to the breeding herd, sold for slaughter or killed for rations.[clarification needed].
Finisher, a grower pig over 70 kg (150 lb) liveweight.
Butcher hog, a pig of approximately 100 kg (220 lb), ready for the market. In some markets (Italy) the final weight of butcher pig is in the 180 kg (400 lb) range. They to have hind legs suitable to produce cured ham.
Backfatter, cull breeding pig sold for meat; usually refers specifically to a cull sow, but is sometimes used in reference to boars.
Groups[edit]
Herd, a group of pigs, or all the pigs on a farm or in a region.
Sounder, a small group of pigs (or wild boar) foraging in woodland.
Pig parts[edit]
Trotters, the hooves of pigs (they have four hoofed toes on each foot, walking mainly on the larger central two).
Biology[edit]
In pig, pregnant.
Farrowing, giving birth.
Hogging, a sow when on heat (during estrus).
Housing[edit]
Sty, a small pig-house, usually with an outdoor run or a pig confinement.
Pig-shed, a larger pig-house.
Ark, a low semi circular field-shelter for pigs.
Curtain-barn, a long, open building with curtains on the long sides of the barn. This increases ventilation on hot, humid summer days.
Environmental and health impacts[edit]
Main article: Environmental impacts of pig farming
Industrial pig farming, a subset of CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations) poses numerous threats to environmental health and justice. Deforestation is a common occurrence under the placement of new farms. Feces and waste often spread to surrounding neighborhoods, polluting air and water with toxic waste particles.[14] Waste from swine on these farms carry a host of pathogens and bacteria as well as heavy metals. These toxins can leach down through the soil into groundwater, polluting local drinking water supplies. Pathogens can also become airborne, polluting the air and harming individuals when ingested.[15] Contents from waste have been shown to cause many detrimental health implications, as well as harmful algal blooms in surrounding bodies of water.[16]
Drug[edit]
Growth Promoter[edit]
Ractopamine[edit]
Most pigs in America get ractopamine to put on more muscle instead of fat, to put on weight more quickly, to reduce costs and to reduce pollutants in the environment because pigs on ractopamine do not need as much feed to reach finishing weight and do not produce as much manure. However, ractopamine has not been approved for use by the European Union, China, Russia and several other countries.[17]
Colistin (Antibiotic)[edit]
China once used colistin as growth promoter (subtherapeutic antibiotic use) but discovered of a colistin resistant form of E. coli bacteria in a pig from a Shanghai farm in 2013. Investigations then led to the identification of "a gene called MCR-1 that allowed bacteria to survive colistin treatment in animals and humans."[18] In 2016, these findings led China to ban colistin as growth promoter.[18][19]
Antibiotics[edit]
China uses sulfamethazine, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, florfenicol, sulfonamide, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, trimethoprim,[20] and stopped using colistin as of 26 July 2016.[18][19]
See also[edit]
Agriculture and Agronomy portal
Pig slaughter
List of pig breeds
Domestic pig
Exotic pet
Extensive farming
Factory farming
Intensive farming
Miniature pig
Taboo meat
Iron Age pig
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Flisser, Ana; Ganaba, Rasmané; Praet, Nicolas; Carabin, Hélène; Millogo, Athanase; Tarnagda, Zékiba; Dorny, Pierre; Hounton, Sennen; Sow, Adama; Nitiéma, Pascal; Cowan, Linda D. (2011). "Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Circulating Antigens to Porcine Cysticercosis in Three Villages of Burkina Faso". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (1): e927. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000927. PMC 3014946  . PMID 21245913.
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/collectiondispos00morsrich/collectiondispos00morsrich_djvu.txt[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://swine.missouri.edu/facilities/PIH-11.PDF[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/seasonal-recipes/cooking-with-lard-zmgz12djzkon.aspx[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/lard[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/0002.Badylak.SIS.html[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.canadapork.com/en/industry-information/canadian-pork-exports[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ http://www.ncsu.edu/project/swine_extension/healthyhogs/book1995/almond.htm[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Hemsworth, P.H (2003). "Human–animal interactions in livestock production". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 81 (3): 185–98. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00280-0.
Jump up ^ Hemsworth PH, Coleman GJ, Barnett JL, Borg S (2000). "Relationships between human-animal interactions and productivity of commercial dairy cows". Journal of Animal Science. 78 (11): 2821–31. PMID 11063304.
Jump up ^ Hemsworth, P.H.; Price, E.O.; Borgwardt, R. (1996). "Behavioural responses of domestic pigs and cattle to humans and novel stimuli". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 50 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(96)01067-2.
Jump up ^ http://www.animalwelfare.net.au/~awsc/sites/default/files/Brochure%20Prohand%20Pigs.pdf[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Swine Study Guide Archived 2007-12-02 at the Wayback Machine. from UC Davis
Jump up ^ Nicole, Wendee (2017-04-21). "CAFOs and Environmental Justice: The Case of North Carolina". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (6): a182–a189. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-a182. PMC 3672924  . PMID 23732659.
Jump up ^ Thorne, Peter S. (2017-04-21). "Environmental Health Impacts of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Anticipating Hazards—Searching for Solutions". Environmental Health Perspectives. 115 (2): 296–297. doi:10.1289/ehp.8831. PMC 1817701  . PMID 17384781.
Jump up ^ Guilford, Gwynn. "It's not just Ohio—poisonous algae blooms now plague 20 US states". Quartz. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Ractopamine — a beta-agonist growth promotant ;
from google (pig drug accumulate fat) result 3".
^ Jump up to: a b c "UK-China collaboration informs animal feed antibiotic ban". Medical Research Council. Archived from the original on 2017-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "they first perceived a colistin-resistant E. coli in 2013, in a pig from an intensive farm near Shanghai, and then noted increasing colistin resistance over several years;
from google (china colistin resistant pig) result 2".
Jump up ^ "Use patterns, excretion masses and contamination profiles of antibiotics in a typical swine farm, south China ;
from '2013 study' in www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-09-19/china-s-five-star-pig-pens-are-latest-weapon-in-the-superbug-war
from google (china superbug pig) result 1". PMID 23411720. Missing or empty |url= (help)
hide
v
t
e
Pigs
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Suina
Family Suidae
Subfamily Suinae
Genus Sus
Domestic
Breeding
Shows
Farming
Intensive farming
Sty
Pannage
Toilet
Hog oiler
Gestation crate
Cross-fostering
Swineherd
As food
Bacon
Ham
Lard
Pork
Scalder
Slaughter
Suckling
Blood
Religious restrictions
Scottish pork taboo
Cuts
Back bacon
Boston butt
Fatback
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