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State of the Union
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"States of the Union" redirects here. For other uses, see State of the Union (disambiguation).
For the most recent State of the Union address, see 2016 State of the Union Address.
The State of the Union address is an annual speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.[1] The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda (for which he needs the cooperation of Congress) and national priorities.[2] The address fulfills rules in Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, requiring the President to periodically give Congress information on the "state of the union"[3] and recommend any measures that he believes are necessary and expedient. During most of the country's first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
3 Delivery of the speech
3.1 Invitations
3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber
3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics
4 Opposition response
5 Significance
6 Local versions
7 Historic speeches
8 TV ratings
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:
He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
—  Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution
Although the language of this Section of the Constitution is not specific, by tradition, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[5] and as late as February 12.[6]
While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[7] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[5]
Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. When a presidential inauguration occurs in January, the date may be delayed until February.[5]
What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).
Also, in recent decades, newly inaugurated presidents have chosen to deliver speeches to joint sessions of Congress in the early months of their presidencies, but have not officially considered them State of the Union addresses.[8]
History[edit]
George Washington's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address, January 8, 1790. Full 7 pages.
George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981.[9]
For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.
The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.
In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]
The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan's first State of the Union Address, given January 26, 1982
Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[1] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16] George W. Bush was the first president to address the speaker as "Madam Speaker".
Delivery of the speech[edit]
A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]
Invitations[edit]
Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speakers box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.
Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]
By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]
The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]
The Sergeants at Arms of the House (left) and Senate (right) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address.
Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker (if the speaker is male)/Madam Speaker (if the speaker is female), the President of the United States!"[21]
As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.
After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]
At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake, congratulate the President on his way out.
Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]
Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[citation needed]
President George W. Bush with Senate President (U.S. Vice President) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address. 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair. (audio only)
Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.
In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[22] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as everyday Americans or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[23] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[24][25]
State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.
For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[26] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[27]
Opposition response[edit]
Main article: Response to the State of the Union address
Since 1966,[28] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[29] The same thing was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[30] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[31] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[32]
Significance[edit]
Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[25]
Local versions[edit]
Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.
Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[33][34] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[35]
The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[36] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.
Historic speeches[edit]
Play media
Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights (excerpt)
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." and how he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."
George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union
In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.
TV ratings[edit]
Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[37]
Date
President
Viewers,
millions
Households,
millions
Networks
2/28/2017* Trump 30.08 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC, UNIVERSO, FBN
1/12/2016 Obama 31.3 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/20/2015 Obama 31.7 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/28/2014 Obama 33.3 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
2/12/2013 Obama 33.5 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/24/2012 Obama 37.752 27.569 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/25/2011 Obama 42.789 30.871 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/27/2010 Obama 48.009 34.182 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
2/24/2009* Obama 52.373 37.185 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/28/2008 Bush, GW 37.515 27.702 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION
1/24/2007 Bush, GW 45.486 32.968 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION
2/01/2006 Bush, GW 41.699 29.578 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA, AZTECA AMERICA
2/02/2005 Bush, GW 38.382 27.699 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA
1/20/2004 Bush, GW 43.411 30.286 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/28/2003 Bush, GW 62.061 41.447 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/29/2002 Bush, GW 51.773 35.547 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
2/27/2001* Bush, GW 39.793 28.201 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/27/2000 Clinton 31.478 22.536 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/19/1999 Clinton 43.500 30.700 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/27/1998 Clinton 53.077 36.513 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC
2/04/1997 Clinton 41.100 27.600 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN
1/23/1996 Clinton 40.900 28.400 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN
1/24/1995 Clinton 42.200 28.100 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
1/25/1994 Clinton 45.800 31.000 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
2/17/1993* Clinton 66.900 41.200 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
The 1993, 2001, 2009 and 2017 addresses were not, officially, State of the Union addresses.[1]
See also[edit]
List of joint sessions of the United States Congress
State Opening of Parliament
United States presidential address
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Diaz, Daniella, "Why Trump's Tuesday speech isn't a State of the Union address", CNN, February 28, 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Ben's Guide to U.S. Government". United States Government Printing Office.
Jump up ^ Modern quotes of the US constitution usually do not follow its original capitalization of most nouns, and Wikipedia's manual of style says to avoid unnecessary capitalization
Jump up ^ "31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres. Obama’s State of the Union Address". The Nielsen Company (Press release). January 21, 2015. On Tuesday, Jan. 20, 2015, President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address. The address was carried live from 9:00 p.m. to 10:15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape-delayed on Univision.
^ Jump up to: a b c The President's State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications (PDF). Congressional Research Service. January 24, 2014. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (January 11, 2013). "Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "State of the Union Addresses and Messages: research notes by Gerhard Peters". The American Presidency Project (APP). Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The President's address". The White House.
Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard. "State of the Union Messages". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved September 25, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Kolakowski, Michael & Neale, Thomas H. (March 7, 2006). "The President's State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "President to Appear Before Congress: Message to be Delivered Friday night". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Associated Press. January 2, 1936. p. A1.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Yoon, CNN Political Research Director (February 12, 2013). "State of the Union firsts". CNN. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968: The Year That Rocked the World. New York: Ballantine. p. 44. ISBN 0-9659111-4-4.
Jump up ^ "Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 29, 1986). "The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech". The New York Times. p. A9.
Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. Joint Meetings, Joint Sessions, and Inaugurations. House History. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address". Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). January 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "State of the Union 2015". Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). December 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President" (PDF). Congressional Record: H414. January 27, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "President Delivers State of the Union Address" (Transcript). CNN. January 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President" (PDF). Congressional Record: H415. January 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Widmer, Ted (January 31, 2006). "The State of the Union Is Unreal". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed (January 24, 2012). "Three decades of 'Skutniks' began with a federal employee". Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wiggin, Addison (January 25, 2011). "Small Business Owners Should Be Obama's Lenny Skutnik". Forbes. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Clines, Francis X. (August 24, 1996). "Bonding as New Political Theater: Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Jennifer (January 13, 2011). "Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union". Politico.
Jump up ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (January 21, 2012). "Rival parties to mix it up – nicely – at State of the Union". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. "Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966–Present)". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Jump up ^ Sincere, Richard E., Jr. (February 1997). "O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union". Metro Herald. Archived from the original on July 31, 2002. Retrieved January 23, 2007. Watts told his audience—about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home—that he is 'old enough to remember the Jim Crow' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma.
Jump up ^ York, Byron (January 21, 2004). "The Democratic Response You Didn’t See". National Review. Retrieved January 23, 2007. And then there was the Spanish-language response—the first ever—delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson.
Jump up ^ "Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama's State of the Union Address". The Washington Post. January 26, 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "UNH State of the University 2015". The University of New Hampshire (Press release). February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "State of the University 2015". Santa Clara University (Press release). February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Jeremy (January 20, 2015). "Why Your Company Deserves a ‘State of the Union’ Address". Inc.
Jump up ^ "EU has survived economic crisis, Barroso says in first State of Union address". EUobserver.com. September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "State of The Union Address TV Ratings". Nielsen. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents
The American Presidency Project: State of the Union Messages "Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California, Santa Barbara," currently (January 2010), the APP "archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency."
State of the Union videos and transcripts at C-SPAN (since 1945)
State of the Union (Visualizations, Statistical Analysis, and Searchable texts)
State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2002) (in downloadable electronic file formats)
State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2006) (HTML format)
Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2009)
The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) from January 28, 1992 to current date
Top 10 State of the Union Addresses, RealClearPolitics.com
The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube (1:01:02)
State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents
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Four Weddings and a Funeral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Four Weddings and a Funeral
UK theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mike Newell
Produced by
Duncan Kenworthy
Written by
Richard Curtis
Starring
Hugh Grant
Andie MacDowell
Kristin Scott Thomas
Simon Callow
James Fleet
John Hannah
Charlotte Coleman
David Bower
Corin Redgrave
Rowan Atkinson
Music by
Richard Rodney Bennett
Cinematography
Michael Coulter
Edited by
Jon Gregory
Production
company
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
Channel Four Films
Working Title Films
Distributed by
Rank Film Distributors
Release date
20 January 1994 (1994-01-20) (Sundance Festival)
13 May 1994 (1994-05-13) (UK)
Running time
117 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
British Sign Language
Budget
£2.8 million
Box office
$245.7 million[1]
Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy film directed by Mike Newell. It was the first of several films by screenwriter Richard Curtis to feature Hugh Grant, and follows the adventures of Charles (Grant) and his circle of friends through a number of social occasions as they each encounter romance. Andie MacDowell stars as Charles' love interest Carrie, with Kristin Scott Thomas, James Fleet, Simon Callow, John Hannah, Charlotte Coleman, David Bower, Corin Redgrave and Rowan Atkinson in supporting roles.
It was made in six weeks and cost under £3 million,[2] becoming an unexpected success and the highest-grossing British film in cinema history at the time, with worldwide box office in excess of $245.7 million, and receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay. In addition to this, Grant won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and the film also won the BAFTA Awards Best Film, Best Direction and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Scott Thomas.
In 1999, Four Weddings and a Funeral placed 23rd on the British Film Institute's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century. In 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 74th best British film ever.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
6 Accolades
6.1 Wins
6.2 Nominations
6.3 Recognition
7 Television series
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The film follows the adventures of a group of friends through the eyes of Charles, a good-natured but socially awkward man living in London, who becomes smitten with Carrie, an American whom Charles keeps meeting at four weddings and a funeral.
The first wedding is in Somerset and is that of Angus and Laura, at which Charles is the best man. Charles and his single friends wonder whether they will ever get married. Charles meets Carrie and spends the night with her. Carrie pretends that, now they have slept together, they will have to get married, to which Charles endeavours to respond before realising she is joking. Carrie observes that they may have missed an opportunity and then returns to America.
The second wedding is that of Bernard and Lydia, a couple who became romantically involved at the previous wedding. Charles encounters Carrie again, but she introduces him to her fiancé, Sir Hamish Banks, a wealthy politician. At the reception, Charles finds himself seated with several ex-girlfriends who relate embarrassing stories about his inability to be discreet and afterwards bumps into Henrietta, known among Charles' friends as "Duckface", with whom he had a particularly difficult relationship. Charles retreats to an empty hotel suite, seeing Carrie and Hamish leave in a taxicab, only to be trapped in a cupboard after the newlyweds stumble into the room to have sex. After Charles awkwardly exits the room, Henrietta confronts him about his habit of "serial monogamy", telling him he is afraid of letting anyone get too close to him. Charles then runs into Carrie, and they end up spending another night together.
A month later, Charles receives an invitation to Carrie's wedding. While shopping for a present, he coincidentally encounters Carrie and ends up helping her select her wedding dress. Carrie lists her more than thirty sexual partners. Charles later awkwardly tries confessing his love to her and hinting that he would like to have a relationship with her, to no avail.
The third wedding is that of Carrie and Hamish. Charles attends, depressed at the prospect of Carrie marrying Hamish. At the reception, Gareth instructs his friends to seek potential mates; Fiona's brother, Tom, stumbles through an attempt to connect with a woman until she reveals that she is the minister's wife, while Charles's flatmate, Scarlett, strikes up a conversation with an American named Chester. As Charles watches Carrie and Hamish dance, Fiona deduces his feelings about Carrie. When Charles asks why Fiona is not married, she confesses that she has loved Charles since they first met years earlier. Charles is appreciative and empathetic but does not requite her love. During the groom's toast, Gareth dies of a heart attack.
At Gareth's funeral, his partner Matthew recites the poem "Funeral Blues" by W. H. Auden, commemorating his relationship with Gareth. Charles and Tom discuss whether hoping to find your "one true love" is just a futile effort and ponder that, while their clique have always viewed themselves as proud to be single, Gareth and Matthew were a "married" couple all the while.
The fourth wedding is ten months later. Charles has decided to marry Henrietta. However, shortly before the ceremony, Carrie arrives, revealing to Charles that she and Hamish are separated. Charles has a crisis of confidence, which he reveals to his deaf brother David and Matthew. During the ceremony, when the vicar asks whether anyone knows a reason why the couple should not marry, David, who was reading the vicar's lips, asks Charles to translate for him, and says in sign language that he suspects the groom loves someone else. The vicar asks whether Charles does love someone else, and Charles replies, "I do." Henrietta punches Charles and the wedding is halted.
Carrie visits Charles to apologise for attending the wedding. Charles confesses that, while standing at the altar, he realised that for the first time in his life he totally and utterly loved one person, "and it wasn't the person standing next to me in the veil." Charles makes a proposal of lifelong commitment without marriage to Carrie, who accepts.
Henrietta marries an officer in the Grenadier Guards; David marries his girlfriend Serena; Scarlett marries Chester; Tom marries his distant cousin Deirdre (whom he met, for the second time in 25 years, at Charles's wedding); Matthew finds a new partner; Fiona marries Prince Charles; and Charles and Carrie have a young son.
Cast[edit]
Hugh Grant as Charles
Andie MacDowell as Carrie
James Fleet as Tom
Simon Callow as Gareth
John Hannah as Matthew
Kristin Scott Thomas as Fiona
David Bower as David
Charlotte Coleman as Scarlett
Timothy Walker as Angus
Sara Crowe as Laura
Rowan Atkinson as Father Gerald
David Haig as Bernard
Sophie Thompson as Lydia
Corin Redgrave as Sir Hamish Banks
Anna Chancellor as Henrietta
Production[edit]
The film was shot mainly in London and the Home Counties, including Hampstead, Islington where the final moments take place on Highbury Terrace, Greenwich Hospital, Betchworth in Surrey, Amersham in Buckinghamshire, St Bartholomew-the-Great (wedding number four) and West Thurrock in Essex.[4] Exterior shots of guests arriving for the funeral were filmed in Thurrock, Essex overlooking the River Thames with the backdrop of the Dartford River Crossing and at stately homes in Bedfordshire (Luton Hoo for wedding two's reception) and Hampshire.[5]
Music[edit]
The original score was composed by British composer Richard Rodney Bennett. The movie also featured a soundtrack of popular songs, including a cover version of The Troggs' "Love Is All Around" performed by Wet Wet Wet that remained at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for fifteen weeks and was then the ninth (now twelfth) biggest selling single of all time in Britain. This song would later be adapted into "Christmas Is All Around" and sung by the character of Billy Mack in Richard Curtis' 2003 film Love Actually, in which Grant also stars.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film was very well received with critics, currently holding a 95% "Certified Fresh" approval on reviews aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with the site's consensus stating, "While frothy to a fault, Four Weddings and a Funeral features irresistibly breezy humor, and winsome performances from Hugh Grant and Andie MacDowell."[6] Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it "delightful and sly", and directed with "light-hearted enchantment" by Newell. He praised Grant's performance, describing it as a kind of "endearing awkwardness".[7]
The film had its detractors. Writing for the Chicago Reader, Jonathan Rosenbaum called the film "generic" and "standard issue", stating that the audience shouldn't "expect to remember it ten minutes later".[8] Time magazine writer Richard Corliss was less scathing, but agreed that it was forgettable, saying that people would "forget all about [the movie] by the time they leave the multiplex," even joking at the end of his review that he had forgotten the film's name.[9] The character of Carrie was voted one of the most annoying film characters of all time in a British online poll.[10]
Box office[edit]
The film earned £27.8 million in the United Kingdom.[11] Upon its North American limited release on 11 March 1994, Four Weddings and a Funeral opened with $138,486 in five theatres.[12] But upon its wide release on 15 April 1994, the film topped the box office with $4,162,489.[13] The film would continue to gross $52.7 million in North America with an additional $193 million internationally, earning $245.7 million worldwide.[1]
Accolades[edit]
Wins[edit]
BAFTA Awards
Best Film
Best Direction (Mike Newell)
Best Actor (Hugh Grant)
Best Supporting Actress (Kristin Scott Thomas)
Australian Film Institute
Best Foreign Film
British Comedy Awards
Best Comedy Film
César Awards
César Award for Best Foreign Film
Chicago Film Critics
Most Promising Actor (Hugh Grant)
Evening Standard Awards
Best Actress (Kristin Scott Thomas)
Best Screenplay (Richard Curtis)
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy (Hugh Grant)
London Film Awards
British Film of the Year
British Director of the Year (Mike Newell)
British Producer of the Year (Duncan Kenworthy)
British Screenwriter of the Year (Richard Curtis)
Writers Guild of America Award
Best Original Screenplay (Richard Curtis)
Writers' Guild of Great Britain
Film – Screenplay (Richard Curtis)
Nominations[edit]
Academy Awards
Best Picture (lost to Forrest Gump)
Best Original Screenplay – Richard Curtis (lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction)
BAFTA Awards
Best Film Music – Richard Rodney Bennett (lost to Backbeat)
Best Original Screenplay – Richard Curtis (lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction)
Best Supporting Actor – Simon Callow (lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction)
Best Supporting Actor – John Hannah (lost to Samuel L. Jackson for Pulp Fiction)
Best Supporting Actress – Charlotte Coleman (lost to Kristin Scott Thomas for this film)
Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directoring – Feature Film – Mike Newell (lost to Robert Zemeckis for Forrest Gump)
Golden Globe Awards
Best Musical or Comedy (lost to The Lion King)
Best Screenplay – Richard Curtis (lost to Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp Fiction)
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Andie MacDowell (lost to Jamie Lee Curtis for True Lies)
Recognition[edit]
The film was voted the 27th greatest comedy film of all time by readers of Total Film in 2000. In 2004, the same magazine named it the 34th greatest British film of all time. It is number 96 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".
Television series[edit]
It was reported in November 2017 that writer/director Richard Curtis was developing an anthology television series based upon the film with producers including Mindy Kaling and Matt Warburton for streaming service Hulu.[14]
See also[edit]
BFI Top 100 British films
Notting Hill (1999), also written by Curtis and starring Grant
Love Actually (2003), another film by Curtis starring Grant and Atkinson
Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley, worn by Hurley to the film's premiere
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994). Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 – The Reunion – Four Weddings and a Funeral, 13 April 2014
Jump up ^ "The 100 best British films". Time Out. Retrieved 26 October 2017
Jump up ^ "The Making of Four Weddings and a Funeral". Empire. June 1994. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Filming Locations for Four Weddings and a Funeral. Movie-locations.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ Four Weddings And A Funeral :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Four Weddings and a Funeral. Chicago Reader. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ CINEMA: Four Weddings and a Funeral: Well Groomed. Time (14 March 1994). Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Handy, Bruce (19 May 1999), "The Daring Genesis of J.J. Abrams's Star Wars: The Force Awakens", Vanity Fair (June 2015), retrieved 7 November 2015
Jump up ^ "Top Films of All Time at the UK Box Office" (PDF). British Film Institute. April 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 11–13 March 1994. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for 15–17 April 1994. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (1 November 2017). "'Four Weddings And a Funeral' Anthology Series From Mindy Kaling In Works At Hulu". Deadline. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Four Weddings and a Funeral
Four Weddings and a Funeral in the British Film Institute's "Explore film..." database
Four Weddings and a Funeral on IMDb
Four Weddings and a Funeral at the TCM Movie Database
Four Weddings and a Funeral at AllMovie
Four Weddings and a Funeral at Box Office Mojo
Four Weddings and a Funeral at Rotten Tomatoes
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