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The Communist Manifesto
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The Communist Manifesto
First edition, in German
Author
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Translator
Samuel Moore
Country
United Kingdom
Language
German
Publication date
late-February 1848
The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London (in German as Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) just as the revolutions of 1848 began to erupt, the Manifesto was later recognised as one of the world's most influential political documents. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and then-present) and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism's potential future forms.
The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories concerning the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism. Near the end of the Manifesto, the authors call for "forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions", which served as the justification for all communist revolutions around the world.
In 2013, The Communist Manifesto was registered to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme with the Capital, Volume I.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Writing
3 Publication
3.1 Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72
3.2 Rise, 1872–1917
3.3 Ubiquity, 1917–present
4 Legacy
5 Influences
6 References
7 Source text
8 Footnotes
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The Communist Manifesto is divided into a preamble and four sections, the last of these a short conclusion. The introduction begins by proclaiming "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre". Pointing out that parties everywhere—including those in government and those in the opposition—have flung the "branding reproach of communism" at each other, the authors infer from this that the powers-that-be acknowledge communism to be a power in itself. Subsequently, the introduction exhorts Communists to openly publish their views and aims, to "meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself".
The first section of the Manifesto, "Bourgeois and Proletarians", elucidates the materialist conception of history, that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". Societies have always taken the form of an oppressed majority living under the thumb of an oppressive minority. In capitalism, the industrial working class, or proletariat, engage in class struggle against the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie. As before, this struggle will end in a revolution that restructures society, or the "common ruin of the contending classes". The bourgeoisie, through the "constant revolutionising of production [and] uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions" have emerged as the supreme class in society, displacing all the old powers of feudalism. The bourgeoisie constantly exploits the proletariat for its labour power, creating profit for themselves and accumulating capital. However, in doing so, the bourgeoisie serves as "its own grave-diggers"; the proletariat inevitably will become conscious of their own potential and rise to power through revolution, overthrowing the bourgeoisie.
"Proletarians and Communists", the second section, starts by stating the relationship of conscious communists to the rest of the working class. The communists' party will not oppose other working-class parties, but unlike them, it will express the general will and defend the common interests of the world's proletariat as a whole, independent of all nationalities. The section goes on to defend communism from various objections, including claims that it advocates "free love" or disincentivises people from working. The section ends by outlining a set of short-term demands—among them a progressive income tax; abolition of inheritances and private property; abolition of child labour; free public education; nationalisation of the means of transport and communication; centralisation of credit via a national bank; expansion of publicly owned etc.—the implementation of which would result in the precursor to a stateless and classless society.
The third section, "Socialist and Communist Literature", distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines prevalent at the time—these being broadly categorised as Reactionary Socialism; Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism; and Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism. While the degree of reproach toward rival perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the pre-eminent revolutionary role of the working class. "Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties", the concluding section of the Manifesto, briefly discusses the communist position on struggles in specific countries in the mid-nineteenth century such as France, Switzerland, Poland, and Germany, this last being "on the eve of a bourgeois revolution", and predicts that a world revolution will soon follow. It ends by declaring an alliance with the social democrats, boldly supporting other communist revolutions, and calling for united international proletarian action—Working Men of All Countries, Unite!.
Writing[edit]
Only surviving page from the first draft of the Manifesto, handwritten by Marx
In spring 1847 Marx and Engels joined the League of the Just, who were quickly convinced by the duo's ideas of "critical communism". At its First Congress in 2–9 June, the League tasked Engels with drafting a "profession of faith", but such a document was later deemed inappropriate for an open, non-confrontational organisation. Engels nevertheless wrote the "Draft of the Communist Confession of Faith", detailing the League's programme. A few months later, in October, Engels arrived at the League's Paris branch to find that Moses Hess had written an inadequate manifesto for the group, now called the League of Communists. In Hess's absence, Engels severely criticised this manifesto, and convinced the rest of the League to entrust him with drafting a new one. This became the draft Principles of Communism, described as "less of a credo and more of an exam paper."
On 23 November, just before the Communist League's Second Congress (29 November – 8 December 1847), Engels wrote to Marx, expressing his desire to eschew the catechism format in favour of the manifesto, because he felt it "must contain some history." On the 28th, Marx and Engels met at Ostend in Belgium, and a few days later, gathered at the Soho, London headquarters of the German Workers' Education Association to attend the Congress. Over the next ten days, intense debate raged between League functionaries; Marx eventually dominated the others and, overcoming "stiff and prolonged opposition",[2] in Harold Laski's words, secured a majority for his programme. The League thus unanimously adopted a far more combative resolution than that at the First Congress in June. Marx (especially) and Engels were subsequently commissioned to draw up a manifesto for the League.
Upon returning to Brussels, Marx engaged in "ceaseless procrastination", according to his biographer Francis Wheen. Working only intermittently on the manifesto, he spent much of his time delivering lectures on political economy at the German Workers' Education Association, writing articles for the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung, and giving a long speech on free trade. Following this, he even spent a week (17–26 January 1848) in Ghent to establish a branch of the Democratic Association there. Subsequently, having not heard from Marx for nearly two months, the Central Committee of the Communist League sent him an ultimatum on 24 or 26 January, demanding he submit the completed manuscript by 1 February. This imposition spurred Marx on, who struggled to work without a deadline, and he seems to have rushed to finish the job in time. (For evidence of this, historian Eric Hobsbawm points to the absence of rough drafts, only one page of which survives.)
In all, the Manifesto was written over 6–7 weeks. Although Engels is credited as co-writer, the final draft was penned exclusively by Marx. From the 26 January letter, Laski infers that even the League considered Marx to be the sole draftsman (and that he was merely their agent, imminently replaceable). Further, Engels himself wrote in 1883 that "The basic thought running through the Manifesto ... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx." Although Laski doesn't disagree, he suggests that Engels underplays his own contribution with characteristic modesty, and points out the "close resemblance between its substance and that of the [Principles of Communism]". Laski argues that while writing the Manifesto, Marx drew from the "joint stock of ideas" he developed with Engels, "a kind of intellectual bank account upon which either could draw freely."[3]
Publication[edit]
Initial publication and obscurity, 1848–72[edit]
A scene from the German March Revolution in Berlin, 1848
In late February 1848, the Manifesto was anonymously published by the Workers' Educational Association (Communistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein) at Bishopsgate in the City of London. Written in German, the 23-page pamphlet was titled Manifest der kommunistischen Partei and had a dark-green cover. It was reprinted three times and serialised in the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung, a newspaper for German émigrés. On 4 March, one day after the serialisation in the Zeitung began, Marx was expelled by Belgian police. Two weeks later, around 20 March, a thousand copies of the Manifesto reached Paris, and from there to Germany in early April. In April–May the text was corrected for printing and punctuation mistakes; Marx and Engels would use this 30-page version as the basis for future editions of the Manifesto.
Although the Manifesto's prelude announced that it was "to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages", the initial printings were only in German. Polish and Danish translations soon followed the German original in London, and by the end of 1848, a Swedish translation was published with a new title—The Voice of Communism: Declaration of the Communist Party. In June–November 1850 the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published in English for the first time when George Julian Harney serialised Helen Macfarlane's translation in his Chartist magazine The Red Republican. (Her version begins, "A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe. We are haunted by a ghost, the ghost of Communism.")[4] For her translation, the Lancashire-based Macfarlane probably consulted Engels, who had abandoned his own English translation half way. Harney's introduction revealed the Manifesto's hitherto-anonymous authors' identities for the first time.
Immediately after the Cologne Communist Trial of late 1852, the Communist League disbanded itself.
Soon after the Manifesto was published, Paris erupted in revolution to overthrow King Louis Philippe. The Manifesto played no role in this; a French translation was not published in Paris until just before the working-class June Days Uprising was crushed. Its influence in the Europe-wide revolutions of 1848 was restricted to Germany, where the Cologne-based Communist League and its newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung, edited by Marx, played an important role. Within a year of its establishment, in May 1849, the Zeitung was suppressed; Marx was expelled from Germany and had to seek lifelong refuge in London. In 1851, members of the Communist League's central board were arrested by the Prussian police. At their trial in Cologne 18 months later in late 1852 they were sentenced to 3–6 years' imprisonment. For Engels, the revolution was "forced into the background by the reaction that began with the defeat of the Paris workers in June 1848, and was finally excommunicated 'by law' in the conviction of the Cologne Communists in November 1852".
After the defeat of the 1848 revolutions the Manifesto fell into obscurity, where it remained throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Hobsbawm says that by November 1850 the Manifesto "had become sufficiently scarce for Marx to think it worth reprinting section III ... in the last issue of his [short-lived] London magazine". Over the next two decades only a few new editions were published; these include an (unauthorised and occasionally inaccurate) 1869 Russian translation by Mikhail Bakunin in Geneva and an 1866 edition in Berlin—the first time the Manifesto was published in Germany. According to Hobsbawm, "By the middle 1860s virtually nothing that Marx had written in the past was any longer in print." However John Cowell-Stepney did publish an abridged version in the Social Economist in August/September 1869,[5] in time for the Basle Congress.
Rise, 1872–1917[edit]
In the early 1870s, the Manifesto and its authors experienced a revival in fortunes. Hobsbawm identifies three reasons for this. The first is the leadership role Marx played in the International Workingmen's Association (aka the First International). Secondly, Marx also came into much prominence among socialists—and equal notoriety among the authorities—for his support of the Paris Commune of 1871, elucidated in The Civil War in France. Lastly, and perhaps most significantly in the popularisation of the Manifesto, was the treason trial of German Social Democratic Party (SPD) leaders. During the trial prosecutors read the Manifesto out loud as evidence; this meant that the pamphlet could legally be published in Germany. Thus in 1872 Marx and Engels rushed out a new German-language edition, writing a preface that identified that several portions that became outdated in the quarter century since its original publication. This edition was also the first time the title was shortened to The Communist Manifesto (Das Kommunistische Manifest), and it became the bedrock the authors based future editions upon. Between 1871 and 1873, the Manifesto was published in over nine editions in six languages; in 1872 it was published in the United States for the first time, serialised in Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly of New York City. However, by the mid 1870s the Communist Manifesto remained Marx and Engels' only work to be even moderately well-known.
Over the next forty years, as social-democratic parties rose across Europe and parts of the world, so did the publication of the Manifesto alongside them, in hundreds of editions in thirty languages. Marx and Engels wrote a new preface for the 1882 Russian edition, translated by Georgi Plekhanov in Geneva. In it they wondered if Russia could directly become a communist society, or if she would become capitalist first like other European countries. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels alone provided the prefaces for five editions between 1888 and 1893. Among these is the 1888 English edition, translated by Samuel Moore and approved by Engels, who also provided notes throughout the text. It has been the standard English-language edition ever since.
The principal region of its influence, in terms of editions published, was in the "central belt of Europe", from Russia in the east to France in the west. In comparison, the pamphlet had little impact on politics in southwest and southeast Europe, and moderate presence in the north. Outside Europe, Chinese and Japanese translations were published, as were Spanish editions in Latin America. This uneven geographical spread in the Manifesto's popularity reflected the development of socialist movements in a particular region as well as the popularity of Marxist variety of socialism there. There was not always a strong correlation between a social-democratic party's strength and the Manifesto's popularity in that country. For instance, the German SPD printed only a few thousand copies of the Communist Manifesto every year, but a few hundred thousand copies of the Erfurt Programme. Further, the mass-based social-democratic parties of the Second International did not require their rank and file to be well-versed in theory; Marxist works such as the Manifesto or Das Kapital were read primarily by party theoreticians. On the other hand, small, dedicated militant parties and Marxist sects in the West took pride in knowing the theory; Hobsbawm says "This was the milieu in which 'the clearness of a comrade could be gauged invariably from the number of earmarks on his Manifesto'".
Ubiquity, 1917–present[edit]
The Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev. Following the 1917 Bolshevik takeover of Russia Marx/Engels classics like the Communist Manifesto were distributed far and wide.
Following the October Revolution of 1917 that swept the Vladimir Lenin-led Bolsheviks to power in Russia, the world's first socialist state was founded explicitly along Marxist lines. The Soviet Union, which Bolshevik Russia would become a part of, was a one-party state under the rule of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Unlike their mass-based counterparts of the Second International, the CPSU and other Leninist parties like it in the Third International expected their members to know the classic works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Further, party leaders were expected to base their policy decisions on Marxist-Leninist ideology. Therefore works such as the Manifesto were required reading for the party rank-and-file.
Therefore the widespread dissemination of Marx and Engels' works became an important policy objective; backed by a sovereign state, the CPSU had relatively inexhaustible resources for this purpose. Works by Marx, Engels, and Lenin were published on a very large scale, and cheap editions of their works were available in several languages across the world. These publications were either shorter writings or they were compendia such as the various editions of Marx and Engels' Selected Works, or their Collected Works. This affected the destiny of the Manifesto in several ways. Firstly, in terms of circulation; in 1932 the American and British Communist Parties printed several hundred thousand copies of a cheap edition for "probably the largest mass edition ever issued in English". Secondly the work entered political-science syllabuses in universities, which would only expand after the Second World War. For its centenary in 1948, its publication was no longer the exclusive domain of Marxists and academicians; general publishers too printed the Manifesto in large numbers. "In short, it was no longer only a classic Marxist document," Hobsbawm noted, "it had become a political classic tout court."
Even after the collapse of the Soviet Bloc in the 1990s, the Communist Manifesto remains ubiquitous; Hobsbawm says that "In states without censorship, almost certainly anyone within reach of a good bookshop, and certainly anyone within reach of a good library, not to mention the internet, can have access to it." The 150th anniversary once again brought a deluge of attention in the press and the academia, as well as new editions of the book fronted by introductions to the text by academics. One of these, The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition by Verso, was touted by a critic in the London Review of Books as being a "stylish red-ribboned edition of the work. It is designed as a sweet keepsake, an exquisite collector's item. In Manhattan, a prominent Fifth Avenue store put copies of this choice new edition in the hands of shop-window mannequins, displayed in come-hither poses and fashionable décolletage."
Legacy[edit]
"With the clarity and brilliance of genius, this work outlines a new world-conception, consistent materialism, which also embraces the realm of social life; dialectics, as the most comprehensive and profound doctrine of development; the theory of the class struggle and of the world-historic revolutionary role of the proletariat—the creator of a new, communist society."
—Vladimir Lenin on the Manifesto, 1914[6]
A number of late-20th- and 21st-century writers have commented on the Communist Manifesto's continuing relevance. In a special issue of the Socialist Register commemorating the Manifesto's 150th anniversary, Peter Osborne argued that it was 'the single most influential text written in the nineteenth century.'[7] Academic John Raines in 2002 noted that "In our day this Capitalist Revolution has reached the farthest corners of the earth. The tool of money has produced the miracle of the new global market and the ubiquitous shopping mall. Read The Communist Manifesto, written more than one hundred and fifty years ago, and you will discover that Marx foresaw it all."[8] In 2003, the English Marxist Chris Harman stated, "There is still a compulsive quality to its prose as it provides insight after insight into the society in which we live, where it comes from and where its going to. It is still able to explain, as mainstream economists and sociologists cannot, today's world of recurrent wars and repeated economic crisis, of hunger for hundreds of millions on the one hand and 'overproduction' on the other. There are passages that could have come from the most recent writings on globalisation."[9] Alex Callinicos, editor of International Socialism, stated in 2010 that "This is indeed a manifesto for the 21st century."[10] Writing in The London Evening Standard in 2012, Andrew Neather cited Verso Books' 2012 re-edition of The Communist Manifesto, with an introduction by Eric Hobsbawm, as part of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas which includes the publication of Owen Jones' best-selling Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class and Jason Barker's documentary Marx Reloaded.[11]
Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Manifesto
In contrast, critics such as Revisionist Marxist and reformist socialist Eduard Bernstein distinguished between "immature" early Marxism—as exemplified by the Communist Manifesto written by Marx and Engels in their youth—that he opposed for its violent Blanquist tendencies, and later "mature" Marxism that he supported.[12] This latter form refers to Marx in his later life acknowledging that socialism could be achieved through peaceful means through legislative reform in democratic societies.[13] Bernstein declared that the massive and homogeneous working-class claimed in the Communist Manifesto did not exist, and that contrary to claims of a proletarian majority emerging, the middle-class was growing under capitalism and not disappearing as Marx had claimed. Bernstein noted that the working-class was not homogeneous but heterogeneous, with divisions and factions within it, including socialist and non-socialist trade unions. Marx himself, later in his life, acknowledged that the middle-class was not disappearing in his work Theories of Surplus Value (1863). The obscurity of the later work means that Marx's acknowledgement of this error is not well known.[14] George Boyer described the Manifesto as "very much a period piece, a document of what was called the 'hungry' 1840s."[15]
Many have drawn attention to the passage in the Manifesto that seems to sneer at the stupidity of the rustic: "The bourgeoisie ... draws all nations ... into civilisation ... It has created enormous cities ... and thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy [sic!] of rural life".[16] As Eric Hobsbawm noted, however:
[W]hile there is no doubt that Marx at this time shared the usual townsman's contempt for, as well as ignorance of, the peasant milieu, the actual and analytically more interesting German phrase ("dem Idiotismus des Landlebens entrissen") referred not to "stupidity" but to "the narrow horizons", or "the isolation from the wider society" in which people in the countryside lived. It echoed the original meaning of the Greek term idiotes from which the current meaning of "idiot" or "idiocy" is derived, namely "a person concerned only with his own private affairs and not with those of the wider community". In the course of the decades since the 1840s, and in movements whose members, unlike Marx, were not classically educated, the original sense was lost and was misread.[17]
Influences[edit]
Marx and Engel’s political influences were wide-ranging, reacting to and taking inspiration from German idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English and Scottish political economy. The Communist Manifesto also takes influence from literature. In Jacques Derrida’s work, Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International, he uses Shakespeare’s Hamlet to frame a discussion of the history of the International, showing, in the process, the influence that Shakespeare’s work had on Marx and Engel’s writing.[18] In his essay, “Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx,” Christopher N. Warren makes the case that English poet John Milton also had a substantial influence on Marx and Engel’s work.[19] Historians of 19th-century reading habits have confirmed that Marx and Engels would have read these authors, and it is known that Marx loved Shakespeare, in particular.[20][21][22] Milton, Warren argues, also shows a notable influence on The Communist Manifesto: “Looking back on Milton’s era, Marx saw a historical dialectic founded on inspiration in which freedom of the press, republicanism, and revolution were closely joined.”[23] Milton’s republicanism, Warren continues, served as "a useful, if unlikely, bridge" as Marx and Engels sought to forge a revolutionary international coalition.
Communism portal
References[edit]
Adoratsky, V. (1938). The History of the Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels. New York: International Publishers.
Boyer, George R. (1998). "The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 (4): 151–74. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.673.9426  . doi:10.1257/jep.12.4.151. JSTOR 2646899.
Hobsbawm, Eric (2011). "On the Communist Manifesto". How To Change The World. Little, Brown. pp. 101–20. ISBN 978-1-408-70287-1.
Hunt, Tristram (2009). Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels. Metropolitan Books.
Schumpeter, Joseph (1997) [1952]. Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11079-2.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics". Journal of Political Economy. The University of Chicago Press via JSTOR. 57 (3): 199–212. doi:10.1086/256806. JSTOR 1826126.
Source text[edit]
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels (2004) [1848]. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved on 14 March 2015.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Schriften von Karl Marx: "Das Minifest der Kommunistischen Partei" (1948) und "Das Kapital", ernster Band (1867) (UNESCO)
Jump up ^ Laski, Harold (1948). "Introduction". Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark. George Allen and Unwin. p. 22.
Jump up ^ Laski, Harold (1948). "Introduction". Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark. George Allen and Unwin. p. 26.
Jump up ^ Louise Yeoman. "Helen McFarlane – the radical feminist admired by Karl Marx". BBC Scotland. 25 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Leopold, David (2015). "Marx Engels and Other Socialisms". In Carver, Terrell; Farr, James. The Cambridge Companion to The Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Marx/Engels Collected Works, Volume 6, p. xxvi
Jump up ^ Osborne, Peter. 1998. "Remember the Future? The Communist Manifesto as Historical and Cultural Form" in Panitch, Leo and Colin Leys, Eds., The Communist Manifesto Now: Socialist Register, 1998 London: Merlin Press, p. 170. Available online from the Socialist Register archives. Retrieved November 2015.
Jump up ^ Raines, John (2002). "Introduction". Marx on Religion (Marx, Karl). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Harman, Chris (2010). "The Manifesto and the World of 1848". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Callinicos, Alex (2010). "The Manifesto and the Crisis Today". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "The Marx effect". The London Evening Standard. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Steger, Manfred B. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York City, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 236–37.
Jump up ^ Micheline R. Ishay. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley and Lose Angeles, California: University of California Press, 2008. p. 148.
Jump up ^ Michael Harrington. Socialism: Past and Future. Reprint edition of original published in 1989. New York City: Arcade Publishing, 2011. pp. 249–50.
Jump up ^ Boyer 1998, p. 151.
Jump up ^ The [sic!] is that of Joseph Schumpeter; see Schumpeter 1997, p. 8 n2.
Jump up ^ Hobsbawm 2011, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Derrida, Jacques. “What is Ideology?” in Specters of Marx, the state of the debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International, translated by Peggy Kamuf, Routledge 1994.
Jump up ^ Warren, Christopher N (2016). “Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 7.
Jump up ^ Rose, Jonathan (2001). The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes. Pgs. 26, 36-37, 122-25, 187.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Antony (2002). “Shakespeare and Radicalism: The Uses and Abuses of Shakespeare in Nineteenth-Century Popular Politics.” Historical Journal 45, no. 2. Pgs. 357-79.
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl (1844). “On the Jewish Question.”
Jump up ^ Warren, Christopher N (2016). “Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 7. Pg. 372.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Manifesto of the Communist Party
The Communist Manifesto at the Marxists Internet Archive
The Communist Manifesto in 80 world languages
Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei : veröffentlicht im Februar 1848 Original 1848 edition in full color scan
The Communist Manifesto public domain audiobook at LibriVox
The Communist Manifesto, a musical piece composed by Erwin Schulhoff, at YouTube
On the Communist Manifesto at modkraft.dk (a collection of links to bibliographical and historical materials, and contemporary analyses)
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Works by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Marx
Capital
Capital, Volume I (1867)
Capital, Volume II (1885, posthumous)
Capital, Volume III (1894, posthumous)
Other works
Scorpion and Felix (1837)
Oulanem (1839)
The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature (1841)
"The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law" (1842)
Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843)
"On the Jewish Question" (1843)
"Notes on James Mill" (1844)
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (1844, published 1927)
"Theses on Feuerbach" (1845, published 1888)
The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)
"Wage Labour and Capital" (1847)
The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850 (1850)
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)
Grundrisse (1857, published 1939)
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
Theories of Surplus Value (three volumes, 1862)
"Value, Price and Profit" (1865)
"The Belgian Massacres" (1869)
"The Civil War in France" (1871)
Critique of the Gotha Program (1875)
Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx (1968)
Marx and
Engels
The Holy Family (1844)
The German Ideology (1845, published 1932)
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
The Civil War in the United States (1861)
Marx/Engels Collected Works (1975 - 2004)
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (1975 - today)
Engels
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)
Principles of Communism (1847)
The Peasant War in Germany (1850)
"The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" (1876)
Anti-Dühring (1878)
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)
Dialectics of Nature (1883)
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884)
Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886)
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany (1896, posthumous)
See also
Marx's notebooks on the history of technology
Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
Authority control
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text:
Me Before You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2016 film based on the book, see Me Before You (film).
Me Before You
Author
Jojo Moyes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Romance Fiction
Publisher
Michael Joseph)
Publication date
5 January 2012
Media type
Print (hardcover, paperback)
e-book
Pages
480
ISBN
0-71-815783-4
Followed by
After You
Me Before You is a romance novel written by Jojo Moyes. The book was first published on 5 January 2012 in the United Kingdom. A sequel titled After You was released 29 September 2015 through Pamela Dorman Books.[1][2] A second sequel, Still Me, was published in January 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Reception
4 Film adaptation
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Twenty-six-year-old Louisa Clark lives with her working-class family. Unambitious and with few qualifications, she feels constantly outshone by her younger sister, Treena, an outgoing single mother. Louisa, who helps support her family, loses her job at a local café when the café closes. She goes to the Job Centre and, after several failed attempts, is offered a unique employment opportunity: help care for Will Traynor, a successful, wealthy, and once-active young man who was paralysed in a motorcycle accident two years earlier. Will's mother, Camilla, hires Louisa despite her lack of experience, believing Louisa can brighten his spirit. Louisa meets Nathan, who cares for Will's medical needs, and Will's father, Steven, a friendly upper-class businessman whose marriage to Camilla is strained.
Louisa and Will's relationship starts out rocky due to his bitterness and resentment over being disabled. Things worsen after Will's ex-girlfriend, Alicia, and best friend Rupert reveal that they are getting married. Under Louisa's care, Will gradually becomes more communicative and open-minded as they share experiences together. Louisa notices Will's scarred wrists and later overhears his mother and sister discussing how he attempted suicide shortly after Camilla refused his request to end his life through Dignitas, a Swiss-based assisted suicide organisation. Horrified by his attempt, Camilla promised to honour her son's wish, but only if he agreed to live six more months. Camilla intends to prove that, in time, he will believe his life's worth living.
Louisa conceals knowing about Will and Camilla's agreement. However, she tells Treena, and together they devise ways that will help convince Will to abandon his death wish. Over the next few weeks, Will loosens up and lets Louisa shave his beard and cut his shaggy hair. Louisa begins taking Will on outings and the two grow closer.
Through their frequent talks, Louisa learns that Will has travelled extensively; his favourite place is a café in Paris. Noticing how limited her life is and that she has few ambitions, Will tries to motivate Louisa to change.
Louisa continues seeing her longtime boyfriend, Patrick, though they eventually break up due to her relationship with Will. Meanwhile, Louisa's father loses his job, causing more financial difficulties. Mr. Traynor offers Mr. Clark a position. Louisa realises that Will is trying to help her secure her freedom from her family. The two attend Alicia and Rupert's wedding where they dance and flirt. Will tells Louisa that she is the only reason he wakes in the morning.
Louisa convinces Will to go on a holiday with her, but before they can leave, Will contracts near-fatal pneumonia. Louisa cancels the plans for a whirlwind trip. Instead, she takes Will to the island of Mauritius. The night before returning home, Louisa tells Will that she loves him. Will says he wants to confide something, but she admits that she already knows about his plans with Dignitas. Will says their time together has been special, but he cannot bear to live in a wheelchair. He will be following through with his plans. Angry and hurt, Louisa storms off and does not speak to him for the remainder of the trip. When they return home, Will's parents are pleasantly surprised by his good physical condition. Louisa, however, resigns as his caretaker, and they understand that Will intends to end his life.
On the night of Will's flight to Switzerland, Louisa visits him one last time. They agree that the past six months have been the best in their lives. He dies shortly after in the clinic, and it is revealed that he left Louisa a considerable inheritance, meant to continue her education and to fully experience life. The novel ends with Louisa at a café in Paris, reading Will's last words to her in a letter, that tell her to 'live well'.
Characters[edit]
Louisa Clark – a 26-year-old woman who is creative, talented, and funny but underestimates herself and has few ambitions. Her life changes when she begins working as a caretaker for a paralysed man. Over time, she learns to harness her capabilities and step out of her limited comfort zone.[4]
William (Will) Traynor – a 35-year-old[5] man who became quadriplegic after being hit by a motorbike. He is intelligent and wealthy, but his impairment has left him moody, angry, and bitter. Unable to accept never being the active and adventurous man he once was, he wants to end his life.
Camilla Traynor – Will's mother who has a strained relationship with her son. She is severe and strict but she cares about her son's well-being.
Steven Traynor – Will's father who was mostly absent from his children's lives; Camilla Traynor blames him for destroying their family. He wants to divorce Camilla.
Katrina (Treena) Clark – Louisa's younger sister who is a single mother, who works at flower shop. She has always been regarded as the most intelligent sibling. Even though the sisters have always been competitive, they support each other.
Patrick – Louisa's boyfriend who works as a personal trainer. He is obsessed with sports and diet.
Nathan – Will's nurse and caretaker who is also his friend.
Bernard Clark – Lou's father.
Josephine – Lou's mother.
Alicia Dewar – Will's ex-girlfriend who marries his colleague, Rupert. She is beautiful and delicate, but lives her life according to the standards of upper society.
Georgina Traynor – Will's sister who lives and works in Australia.
Rupert Freshwell – An old friend of Will's from work. He marries Will's old girlfriend, Alicia.
Frank – Louisa's previous employer at the bakery where she worked before meeting Will.
Thomas – Louisa's young nephew and the son of her sister Katrina, a single mother.
Major Timothy Dewar – Alicia Dewar's father.
Reception[edit]
The book was placed on the Richard and Judy Book Club.[6][7]
Disability advocates have criticised the book and film for suggesting that life may not be worth living for some with severe disabilities.[8]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Me Before You (film)
In 2014 MGM announced it would make a film adaptation of Me Before You, to be directed by Thea Sharrock[9] and released via Warner Bros. The film was initially set to release in August 2015 but was pushed back to 3 June 2016.[10]
Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin portray the main characters, and filming began in the spring of 2015.[11] The film has grossed over $200 million worldwide.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McClurg, Jocelyn. "Moyes writes sequel to 'Me Before You'". USA Today. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pamela Dorman Books/Viking to Publish Jojo Moyes' After You, the Sequel to Me Before You". Penguin Books. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Still Me by Jojo Moyes". Penguin Random House. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
Jump up ^ Schaap, James C. "Me Before You (Book Review)." Pro Rege 42.1 (2013): pp. 32–33
Jump up ^ "NY Times Book Review". 4 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Steffens, Daneet. "Me Before You, By Jojo Moyes". The Independent. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Me Before You (review, book club)". Richard and Judy. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Me Before You’ Criticized by Advocates Over Portrayal of a Disabled Character, Vikram Murthi, IndieWire, 26 May 2016
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. "Thea Sharrock To Direct 'Me Before You' Movie For MGM". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita. "'Me Before You' Gets Release Date From Warner Bros". Deadline. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Freeth, Becky. "Game of Thrones' Emilia Clarke is almost unrecognisable in a playful dungaree dress as she films Me Before You with hunky counterpart Matthew Lewis". Daily Mail. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Book portal
Me Before You on Penguin Books site
Jojo Moyes official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_Before_You&oldid=832608047"
Categories:
2012 British novels
British novels adapted into films
British romance novels
Death in Switzerland
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text:
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of annual leaders in saves in Major League Baseball (MLB), with separate lists for the American League and the National League. The list also includes several professional leagues and associations that were never part of MLB.
Bruce Sutter is tied for Major League records in both total times leading the league in saves (5) and consecutive league-leading seasons (4)
In baseball, a save is credited to a pitcher who finishes a game for the winning team under prescribed circumstances. Most commonly a relief pitcher ("reliever") earns a save by entering in the ninth inning of a game in which his team is winning by three or fewer runs and finishing the game by pitching one inning without losing the lead.[1] The statistic was created by Jerome Holtzman in 1959 to "measure the effectiveness of relief pitchers" and was adopted as an MLB official statistic in 1969.[2][3] The save has been retroactively measured for pitchers before that date.
MLB recognizes the player or players in each league[a] with the most saves each season. In retrospect, the five saves by Jack Manning meant he led the National League in its inaugural year, while Bill Hoffer was the American League's first saves champion with three.[4] Mordecai Brown was the first pitcher to record at least 10 saves in a season. Dan Quisenberry, Bruce Sutter, Firpo Marberry, and Ed Walsh are the only pitchers to lead the league in saves five times (though Marberry and Walsh did so before 1969). Sutter is also tied with Harry Wright, Dan Quisenberry and Craig Kimbrel for the most consecutive seasons leading the league in saves with four.
Contents
[hide]
1 American League
2 National League
3 American Association
4 National Association
5 Union Association
6 Player's League
7 Federal League
8 Footnotes
9 References
American League[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1901 Bill Hoffer Cleveland Blues 3
1902 Jack Powell St. Louis Browns 2
1903 Bill Dinneen
George Mullin
Al Orth
Jack Powell
Cy Young Boston Americans
Detroit Tigers
Washington Senators
St. Louis Browns
Boston Americans 2
1904 Case Patten Washington Senators 3
1905 Jim Buchanan St. Louis Browns 2
1906 Chief Bender
Otto Hess Philadelphia Athletics
Cleveland Naps 3
1907 Bill Dinneen
Tom Hughes
Ed Walsh Boston/St. Louis
Washington Senators
Chicago White Sox 4
1908 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 6
1909 Frank Arellanes Boston Red Sox 8
1910 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 5
1911 Charley Hall
Eddie Plank
Ed Walsh Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Chicago White Sox 4
1912 Ed Walsh Chicago White Sox 10
1913 Chief Bender Philadelphia Athletics 13
1914 Jack Bentley
Hooks Dauss
Red Faber
Roy Mitchell
Jim Shaw Washington Senators
Detroit Tigers
Chicago White Sox
St. Louis Browns
Washington Senators 4
1915 Carl Mays Boston Red Sox 7
1916 Bob Shawkey New York Yankees 8
1917 Dave Danforth Chicago White Sox 9
1918 George Mogridge New York Yankees 7
1919 Allen Russell
Jim Shaw
Bob Shawkey New York/Boston
Washington Senators
New York Yankees 5
1920 Dickey Kerr
Urban Shocker Chicago White Sox
St. Louis Browns 5
1921 Carl Mays
Jim Middleton New York Yankees
Detroit Tigers 7
1922 Sam Jones New York Yankees 8
1923 Allen Russell Washington Senators 9
1924 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 15
1925 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 15
1926 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 22
1927 Garland Braxton
Wilcy Moore Washington Senators
New York Yankees 13
1928 Waite Hoyt New York Yankees 8
1929 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 11
1930 Lefty Grove Philadelphia Athletics 9
1931 Wilcy Moore Boston Red Sox 10
1932 Firpo Marberry Washington Senators 13
1933 Jack Russell Washington Senators 13
1934 Jack Russell Washington Senators 7
1935 Jack Knott St. Louis Browns 7
1936 Pat Malone New York Yankees 9
1937 Clint Brown Chicago White Sox 18
1938 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 11
1939 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 19
1940 Al Benton Detroit Tigers 17
1941 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 15
1942 Johnny Murphy New York Yankees 11
1943 Gordon Maltzberger Chicago White Sox 14
1944 Joe Berry
George Caster
Gordon Maltzberger Philadelphia Athletics
St. Louis Browns
Chicago White Sox 12
1945 Jim Turner New York Yankees 10
1946 Bob Klinger Boston Red Sox 9
1947 Ed Klieman
Joe Page Cleveland Indians
New York Yankees 17
1948 Russ Christopher Cleveland Indians 17
1949 Joe Page New York Yankees 27
1950 Mickey Harris Washington Senators 15
1951 Ellis Kinder Boston Red Sox 14
1952 Harry Dorish Chicago White Sox 11
1953 Ellis Kinder Boston Red Sox 27
1954 Johnny Sain New York Yankees 22
1955 Ray Narleski Cleveland Indians 19
1956 George Zuverink Baltimore Orioles 16
1957 Bob Grim New York Yankees 19
1958 Ryne Duren New York Yankees 20
1959 Turk Lown Chicago White Sox 15
1960 Mike Fornieles
Johnny Klippstein Boston Red Sox
Cleveland Indians 14
1961 Luis Arroyo New York Yankees 29
1962 Dick Radatz Boston Red Sox 24
1963 Stu Miller Baltimore Orioles 27
1964 Dick Radatz Boston Red Sox 29
1965 Ron Kline Washington Senators 29
1966 Jack Aker Kansas City Athletics 32
1967 Minnie Rojas California Angels 27
1968 Al Worthington Minnesota Twins 18
1969 Ron Perranoski Minnesota Twins 31
1970 Ron Perranoski Minnesota Twins 34
1971 Ken Sanders Milwaukee Brewers 31
1972 Sparky Lyle New York Yankees 35
1973 John Hiller Detroit Tigers 38
1974 Terry Forster Chicago White Sox 24
1975 Goose Gossage Chicago White Sox 26
1976 Sparky Lyle New York Yankees 23
1977 Bill Campbell Boston Red Sox 31
1978 Goose Gossage New York Yankees 27
1979 Mike Marshall Minnesota Twins 32
1980 Goose Gossage
Dan Quisenberry New York Yankees
Kansas City Royals 33
1981 Rollie Fingers Milwaukee Brewers 28
1982 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 35
1983 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 45
1984 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 44
1985 Dan Quisenberry Kansas City Royals 37
1986 Dave Righetti New York Yankees 46
1987 Tom Henke Toronto Blue Jays 34
1988 Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics 45
1989 Jeff Russell Texas Rangers 38
1990 Bobby Thigpen Chicago White Sox 57
1991 Bryan Harvey California Angels 46
1992 Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics 51
1993 Jeff Montgomery
Duane Ward Kansas City Royals
Toronto Blue Jays 45
1994 Lee Smith Baltimore Orioles 33
1995 José Mesa Cleveland Indians 46
1996 John Wetteland New York Yankees 43
1997 Randy Myers Baltimore Orioles 45
1998 Tom Gordon Boston Red Sox 46
1999 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 45
2000 Todd Jones
Derek Lowe Detroit Tigers
Boston Red Sox 42
2001 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 50
2002 Eddie Guardado Minnesota Twins 45
2003 Keith Foulke Oakland Athletics 43
2004 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees 53
2005 Francisco Rodríguez
Bob Wickman Los Angeles Angels
Cleveland Indians 45
2006 Francisco Rodríguez Los Angeles Angels 47
2007 Joe Borowski Cleveland Indians 45
2008 Francisco Rodríguez Los Angeles Angels 62
2009 Brian Fuentes Los Angeles Angels 48
2010 Rafael Soriano Tampa Bay Rays 45
2011 José Valverde Detroit Tigers 49
2012 Jim Johnson Baltimore Orioles 51
2013 Jim Johnson Baltimore Orioles 50
2014 Fernando Rodney Seattle Mariners 48
2015 Brad Boxberger Tampa Bay Rays 41
2016 Zach Britton Baltimore Orioles 47
2017 Álex Colomé Tampa Bay Rays 47
National League[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1876 Jack Manning Boston Red Caps 5
1877 Cal McVey Chicago White Stockings 2
1878 Tom Healey Providence Grays
Indianapolis Blues 1
1879 Bobby Mathews
John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 1
1880 Lee Richmond Worcester Ruby Legs 3
1881 Bobby Mathews Providence Grays
Boston Red Caps 2
1882 John Montgomery Ward Providence Grays 1
1883 Jim Whitney
Stump Wiedman Boston Beaneaters
Detroit Wolverines 2
1884 John Morrill Boston Beaneaters 2
1885 Fred Pfeffer
Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 2
1886 Charlie Ferguson Philadelphia Quakers 2
1887 Mark Baldwin
Frederick Fass
Charlie Ferguson
Bob Pettit
Bill Stemmyer
Mike Tiernan
Larry Twitchell
George Van Haltren Chicago White Stockings
Indianapolis Hoosiers
Philadelphia Quakers
Chicago White Stockings
Boston Beaneaters
New York Giants
Detroit Wolverines
Chicago White Stockings 1
1888 George Wood Philadelphia Quakers 2
1889 Bill Bishop
Bill Sowders
Mickey Welch Chicago White Stockings
Boston/Pittsburgh
New York Giants 2
1890 Dave Foutz
Kid Gleason
Bill Hutchinson Brooklyn Bridegrooms
Philadelphia Phillies
Chicago Colts 2
1891 John Clarkson
Kid Nichols Boston Beaneaters 3
1892 Gus Weyhing Philadelphia Phillies 3
1893 Mark Baldwin
Tom Colcolough
Frank Donnelly
Frank Dwyer
Tony Mullane Pittsburgh/New York
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Colts
Cincinnati Reds
Cincinnati/Baltimore 2
1894 Tony Mullane Baltimore Orioles
Cleveland Spiders 4
1895 Ernie Beam
Kid Nichols
Tom Parrott Philadelphia Phillies
Boston Beaneaters
Cincinnati Reds 3
1896 Cy Young Cleveland Spiders 3
1897 Win Mercer
Kid Nichols Washington Senators
Boston Beaneaters 3
1898 Kid Nichols Boston Beaneaters 4
1899 Sam Leever Pittsburgh Pirates 3
1900 Frank Kitson Brooklyn Superbas 4
1901 Wild Bill Donovan
Jack Powell Brooklyn Superbas
St. Louis Cardinals 3
1902 Vic Willis Boston Beaneaters 3
1903 Carl Lundgren
Roscoe Miller Chicago Cubs
New York Giants 3
1904 Joe McGinnity New York Giants 5
1905 Claude Elliott New York Giants 6
1906 George Ferguson New York Giants 7
1907 Joe McGinnity New York Giants 4
1908 Mordecai Brown
Christy Mathewson
Joe McGinnity Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
New York Giants 5
1909 Mordecai Brown Chicago Cubs 7
1910 Mordecai Brown
Harry Gaspar Chicago Cubs
Cincinnati Reds 7
1911 Mordecai Brown Chicago Cubs 13
1912 Slim Sallee St. Louis Cardinals 6
1913 Larry Cheney Chicago Cubs 11
1914 Red Ames
Slim Sallee Cincinnati Reds
St. Louis Cardinals 6
1915 Tom Hughes Boston Braves 9
1916 Red Ames St. Louis Cardinals 8
1917 Slim Sallee New York Giants 4
1918 Fred Anderson
Wilbur Cooper
Joe Oeschger
Fred Toney New York Giants
Pittsburgh Pirates
Philadelphia Phillies
Cincinnati/New York 3
1919 Oscar Tuero St. Louis Cardinals 4
1920 Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 6
1921 Lou North St. Louis Cardinals 7
1922 Claude Jonnard New York Giants 5
1923 Claude Jonnard New York Giants 5
1924 Jakie May Cincinnati Reds 6
1925 Guy Bush
Johnny Morrison Chicago Cubs
Pittsburgh Pirates 4
1926 Chick Davies New York Giants 6
1927 Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 6
1928 Hal Haid
Bill Sherdel St. Louis Cardinals 5
1929 Guy Bush
Johnny Morrison Chicago Cubs
Brooklyn Robins 8
1930 Hi Bell St. Louis Cardinals 8
1931 Jack Quinn Brooklyn Robins 15
1932 Jack Quinn Brooklyn Dodgers 8
1933 Phil Collins Philadelphia Phillies 6
1934 Carl Hubbell New York Giants 8
1935 Dutch Leonard Brooklyn Dodgers 8
1936 Dizzy Dean St. Louis Cardinals 11
1937 Mace Brown
Cliff Melton Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants 7
1938 Dick Coffman New York Giants 12
1939 Bob Bowman
Clyde Shoun St. Louis Cardinals 9
1940 Joe Beggs
Jumbo Brown
Mace Brown Cincinnati Reds
New York Giants
Pittsburgh Pirates 7
1941 Jumbo Brown New York Giants 8
1942 Hugh Casey Brooklyn Dodgers 13
1943 Les Webber Brooklyn Dodgers 10
1944 Ace Adams New York Giants 13
1945 Ace Adams
Andy Karl New York Giants
Philadelphia Phillies 15
1946 Ken Raffensberger Philadelphia Phillies 6
1947 Hugh Casey Brooklyn Dodgers 18
1948 Harry Gumbert Cincinnati Reds 17
1949 Ted Wilks St. Louis Cardinals 9
1950 Jim Konstanty Philadelphia Phillies 22
1951 Ted Wilks St. Louis Cardinals 13
1952 Al Brazle St. Louis Cardinals 16
1953 Al Brazle St. Louis Cardinals 18
1954 Jim Hughes Brooklyn Dodgers 24
1955 Jack Meyer Philadelphia Phillies 16
1956 Clem Labine Brooklyn Dodgers 19
1957 Clem Labine Brooklyn Dodgers 17
1958 Roy Face Pittsburgh Pirates 20
1959 Lindy McDaniel
Don McMahon St. Louis Cardinals
Milwaukee Braves 15
1960 Lindy McDaniel St. Louis Cardinals 26
1961 Roy Face
Stu Miller Pittsburgh Pirates
San Francisco Giants 17
1962 Roy Face Pittsburgh Pirates 28
1963 Lindy McDaniel Chicago Cubs 22
1964 Hal Woodeshick Houston Colt .45's 23
1965 Ted Abernathy Chicago Cubs 31
1966 Phil Regan Los Angeles Dodgers 21
1967 Ted Abernathy Cincinnati Reds 28
1968 Phil Regan Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs 25
1969 Fred Gladding Houston Astros 29
1970 Wayne Granger Cincinnati Reds 35
1971 Dave Giusti Pittsburgh Pirates 30
1972 Clay Carroll Cincinnati Reds 37
1973 Mike Marshall Montreal Expos 31
1974 Mike Marshall Los Angeles Dodgers 21
1975 Rawly Eastwick
Al Hrabosky Cincinnati Reds
St. Louis Cardinals 22
1976 Rawly Eastwick Cincinnati Reds 26
1977 Rollie Fingers San Diego Padres 35
1978 Rollie Fingers San Diego Padres 37
1979 Bruce Sutter Chicago Cubs 37
1980 Bruce Sutter Chicago Cubs 28
1981 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 25
1982 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 36
1983 Lee Smith Chicago Cubs 29
1984 Bruce Sutter St. Louis Cardinals 45
1985 Jeff Reardon Montreal Expos 41
1986 Todd Worrell St. Louis Cardinals 36
1987 Steve Bedrosian Philadelphia Phillies 40
1988 John Franco Cincinnati Reds 39
1989 Mark Davis San Diego Padres 44
1990 John Franco New York Mets 33
1991 Lee Smith St. Louis Cardinals 47
1992 Lee Smith St. Louis Cardinals 43
1993 Randy Myers Chicago Cubs 53
1994 John Franco New York Mets 30
1995 Randy Myers Chicago Cubs 38
1996 Jeff Brantley
Todd Worrell Cincinnati Reds
Los Angeles Dodgers 44
1997 Jeff Shaw Cincinnati Reds 42
1998 Trevor Hoffman San Diego Padres 53
1999 Ugueth Urbina Montreal Expos 41
2000 Antonio Alfonseca Florida Marlins 45
2001 Robb Nen San Francisco Giants 45
2002 John Smoltz Atlanta Braves 55
2003 Éric Gagné Los Angeles Dodgers 55
2004 Armando Benítez
Jason Isringhausen Florida Marlins
St. Louis Cardinals 47
2005 Chad Cordero Washington Nationals 47
2006 Trevor Hoffman San Diego Padres 46
2007 José Valverde Arizona Diamondbacks 47
2008 José Valverde Houston Astros 44
2009 Heath Bell San Diego Padres 42
2010 Brian Wilson San Francisco Giants 48
2011 John Axford
Craig Kimbrel Milwaukee Brewers
Atlanta Braves 46
2012 Craig Kimbrel
Jason Motte Atlanta Braves
St. Louis Cardinals 42
2013 Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 50
2014 Craig Kimbrel Atlanta Braves 47
2015 Mark Melancon Pittsburgh Pirates 51
2016 Jeurys Familia New York Mets 51
2017 Greg Holland
Kenley Jansen Colorado Rockies
Los Angeles Dodgers 41
American Association[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1882 Eddie Fusselback St. Louis Brown Stockings 1
1883 Bob Barr
Tony Mullane Pittsburgh Alleghenys
St. Louis Browns 1
1884 Oyster Burns
Frank Mountain
Hank O'Day Baltimore Orioles
Columbus Buckeyes
Toledo Blue Stockings 1
1885 Oyster Burns Baltimore Orioles 3
1886 Bones Ely
Dave Foutz
Nat Hudson
Ed Morris
Joe Strauss Louisville Colonels
St. Louis Browns
St. Louis Browns
Pittsburgh Alleghenys
Louisville Colonels 1
1887 Adonis Terry Brooklyn Grays 3
1888 Pop Corkhill
Bob Gilks
Tony Mullane Cincinnati Red Stockings
Cleveland Blues
Cincinnati Red Stockings 1
1889 Tony Mullane Cincinnati Red Stockings 5
1890 Herb Goodall Louisville Colonels 4
1891 Bill Daley
Cinders O'Brien Boston Reds 2
National Association[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1871 Harry Wright Boston Red Stockings 3
1872 Al Spalding
Harry Wright Baltimore Canaries
Boston Red Stockings 1
1873 Al Spalding Boston Red Stockings 2
1874 Harry Wright Boston Red Stockings 3
1875 Al Spalding Boston Red Stockings 8
Union Association[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1884 Billy Taylor St. Louis Maroons 4
Player's League[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1890 George Hemming
Hank O'Day Cleveland/Brooklyn
New York Giants 3
Federal League[edit]
Year
Player
Team(s)
Saves
1914 Russ Ford Buffalo Buffeds 6
1915 Hugh Bedient Buffalo Blues 10
Footnotes[edit]
a Recognized "major leagues" include the current American and National Leagues and several defunct leagues—the American Association, the Federal League, the Players' League, and the Union Association.[5]
References[edit]
Baseball portal
General
"Hall of Fame Pitching Register". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
"Yearly League Leaders & Records for Saves". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Inline citations
Jump up ^ Horneman, Tim (March 23, 2010). "Baseball Save Rules". livestrong.com. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (July 22, 2008). "Jerome Holtzman, 82, 'Dean' of Sportswriters, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry (July 21, 2008). "Legendary historian Holtzman passes". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yearly League Leaders & Records for Saves". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
[show]
v
t
e
American League season saves leaders
1969: Perranoski
1970: Perranoski
1971: Sanders
1972: Lyle
1973: Hiller
1974: Forster
1975: Gossage
1976: Lyle
1977: Campbell
1978: Gossage
1979: Marshall
1980: Gossage & Quisenberry
1981: Fingers
1982: Quisenberry
1983: Quisenberry
1984: Quisenberry
1985: Quisenberry
1986: Righetti
1987: Henke
1988: Eckersley
1989: Russell
1990: Thigpen
1991: Harvey
1992: Eckersley
1993: Montgomery & Ward
1994: Smith
1995: Mesa
1996: Wetteland
1997: Myers
1998: Gordon
1999: Rivera
2000: Jones & Lowe
2001: Rivera
2002: Guardado
2003: Foulke
2004: Rivera
2005: Rodríguez & Wickman
2006: Rodríguez
2007: Borowski
2008: Rodríguez
2009: Fuentes
2010: Soriano
2011: Valverde
2012: Johnson
2013: Johnson
2014: Rodney
2015: Boxberger
2016: Britton
2017: Colomé
[show]
v
t
e
National League season saves leaders
1969: Gladding
1970: Granger
1971: Giusti
1972: Carroll
1973: Marshall
1974: Marshall
1975: Eastwick & Hrabosky
1976: Eastwick
1977: Fingers
1978: Fingers
1979: Sutter
1980: Sutter
1981: Sutter
1982: Sutter
1983: Smith
1984: Sutter
1985: Reardon
1986: Worrell
1987: Bedrosian
1988: Franco
1989: Davis
1990: Franco
1991: Smith
1992: Smith
1993: Myers
1994: Franco
1995: Myers
1996: Brantley & Worrell
1997: Shaw
1998: Hoffman
1999: Urbina
2000: Alfonseca
2001: Nen
2002: Smoltz
2003: Gagné
2004: Benítez & Isringhausen
2005: Cordero
2006: Hoffman
2007: Valverde
2008: Valverde
2009: Bell
2010: Wilson
2011: Axford & Kimbrel
2012: Kimbrel & Motte
2013: Kimbrel
2014: Kimbrel
2015: Melancon
2016: Familia
2017: Holland & Jansen
[show]
v
t
e
Major League Baseball records
Baseball statistics (types of records)
General
Record holders
Single-game records
Single-season records
Record breakers by season
Records considered unbreakable
Batting
leaders
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Batting average
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Game
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Hits
Misc
Consecutive game hitting streak
On-base plus slugging
Hits
Home runs
Doubles
Triples
RBIs
Baserunning
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Career
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Stolen bases
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Game
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Misc
Runs
Stolen bases
Pitching
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Career
Wins
300 club
Losses
Games started
Games finished
Innings pitched
Strikeouts
3,000 club
Saves
Complete games
Shutouts
ERA
WHIP
Walks
Hit batsmen
Wild pitches
Batters faced
Annual
Wins
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Shutouts
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ERA
Game
No-hitter
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List of perfect games
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Immaculate innings
Misc
Wins
Fielding
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C
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SS
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OF
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P
Errors
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Assists
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders&oldid=840707969"
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values: List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

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values: Template talk:Major League Baseball records

values: List of Major League Baseball record holders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game records

values: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

values: List of Major League Baseball record breakers by season

values: List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable

values: List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career times on base leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive career hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career singles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career intentional bases on balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career strikeouts by batters leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games played leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career at-bat leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career plate appearance leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball batting champions

values: List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball players with a .400 batting average in a season

values: List of Major League Baseball single-season triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-inning runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball hit records

values: List of Major League Baseball home run records

values: List of Major League Baseball doubles records

values: List of Major League Baseball triples records

values: List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records

values: List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball runs records

values: List of Major League Baseball stolen base records

values: List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career complete games leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career shutout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls allowed leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career wild pitches leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

values: List of Major League Baseball perfect games

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning

values: List of Major League Baseball wins records

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a first baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a second baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a shortstop leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a third baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as an outfielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a left fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a center fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a right fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a catcher leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a first baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a second baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a shortstop leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a third baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as an outfielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a left fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career passed balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual putouts leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual fielding errors leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

values: Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks

values: List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks

values: List of Major League Baseball longest losing streaks

values: List of Major League Baseball individual streaks

values: Category:Major League Baseball statistics

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