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New York, I Love You XOXO
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"New York, I Love You XOXO"
Gossip Girl episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 10
Directed by
Mark Piznarski
Written by
Stephanie Savage
Featured music
"Bonnie & Clyde" by Great Northern
"Pon de Replay" by Rihanna
"It's Time" by Imagine Dragons
"Road to Nowhere" by Release the Sunbird
"Body of Work" by The Mynabirds
"You've Got the Love" by Florence and the Machine
"Kill Me" by The Pretty Reckless
Original air date
December 17, 2012 (2012-12-17)
Running time
40 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey
Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks
William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen
Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf
Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose
Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky
Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass
Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen
Sofia Black-D'Elia as Sage Spence
Michael Bloomberg as himself
Lisa Loeb as herself
Alex Bento as Henry Bass
Uncredited:
Ella Rae Peck as Lola Rhodes
Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams
Katie Cassidy as Juliet Sharp
Willa Holland as Agnes Andrews
Kristen Bell as herself
Rachel Bilson as herself
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Revengers" Next →
—
Gossip Girl (season 6)
List of Gossip Girl episodes
"New York, I Love You XOXO" is the series finale of Gossip Girl. The episode serves as the tenth episode of the sixth season and the show's 121st episode overall. Written by Stephanie Savage, and directed by Mark Piznarski, the series finale originally aired on The CW Television Network (The CW) in the United States on December 17, 2012.
Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five-year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively).
"New York, I Love You XOXO" received favorable reviews from television critics. Upon its initial airing, the finale was viewed in the United States by 1.55 million people and garnered a 0.8/2 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, registering as the season's most-watched episode.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Casting
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The series finale picked up where the previous episode left off, where Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) and Bart argue on the roof ending with Bart falling off the building. Chuck and Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) leave the scene and hide from the police as Chuck is considered "a person of interest" in the case. Jack Bass (Desmond Harrington), Chuck's uncle, comes to help him and suggests the two get married since spousal privilege prevents a wife from unwillingly testifying against her husband. Chuck thus proposes to Blair who tearfully accepts. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) discovers the alternate chapter about her that Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) wrote and put in her bag before she left for Los Angeles. She reads the chapter and decides to stay in New York to confront Dan. William van der Woodsen (William Baldwin) shows up to support Lily Bass (Kelly Rutherford) and tells Ivy Dickens (Kaylee DeFer) that he used her to get back to Lily.
With the death of Bart Bass, Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) who is running the newspaper The Spectator, is no longer indebted to him (Bart paid his debts to control him) and he decides to find out for good who Gossip Girl is. Jack and Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) deal with the arrangements of Chuck and Blair's wedding. Before the ceremony, Serena and Blair have a conversation over why she is still talking to Dan after he published a negative chapter about her a few weeks ago. Overhearing their conversation, Dan leaves and gives to Nate his final chapter, which is about Gossip Girl. Blair and Chuck are married by Cyrus (Wallace Shawn) and right after, the police arrive to question them. At the same time, everyone's phones ring: Dan's chapter has been published in The Spectator, in which he reveals that he is Gossip Girl. Various characters react over the Gossip Girl reveal, including Vanessa (Jessica Szohr), Juliet (Katie Cassidy), Agnes (Willa Holland) and Lola (Ella Rae Peck), as well as Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Rachel Bilson, preparing to audition for a role in the adaptation of Dan's book, is told of Gossip Girl's identity by Kristen Bell, who shares a conspiratorial wink with the audience. Dan finally explains why he created Gossip Girl and says Jenny (Taylor Momsen) knew it all along.
5 Years Later: It's the day of Dan and Serena's wedding. Chuck and Blair are now parents of a son named Henry. Nate, now a successful businessman with The Spectator flourishing, is likely to run for Mayor of New York. Ivy has written an autobiography about her career as a con artist in the Upper East Side, which was adapted into a film starring both Lola and Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff). Blair and Jenny have become business partners in the fashion world and together they have created a clothing line called "J for Waldorf". Lily and William are back together while Rufus (Matthew Settle) is in a relationship with Lisa Loeb. Jack Bass and Georgina have also become a couple. The final scene shows the new generation of high school kids on the Upper East Side, mirroring the elite and the exclusion. The show ends as a new Gossip Girl is teased as "there will always be someone on the outside wanting to get in."
Production[edit]
The episode was written by Stephanie Savage, while Mark Piznarski directed it.[1] On October 31, 2012, TVLine revealed the title of the finale would be "New York, I Love You XOXO".[2] Filming of the episode took place in October 2012 in New York. Some scenes were filmed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art while Blair and Chuck's wedding scene was filmed near the Bethesda Terrace.[3][4] Featured music included Great Northern's cover of "Bonnie & Clyde",[5] Rihanna's Pon De Replay,[6] Imagine Dragons's "It's Time",[7] Release the Sunbird's cover of Talking Heads' "Road to Nowhere",[6] The Mynabirds' "Body of Work",[6] Florence and the Machine's "You've Got the Love",[6] and The Pretty Reckless' "Kill Me" as closing song.[8]
On October 5, 2012, executive producers Stephanie Savage and Sara Goodman told the reveal of who was behind Gossip Girl would happen in the sixth and final season.[9] Savage said they didn't plan at first to reveal the identity of Gossip Girl but that they changed their minds because of the fifth season's storyline.[10] On November 14, 2012, TVLine announced there would be a flashforward in the finale.[11] Savage later told there would also be a flashback.[10]
Costume designer Eric Daman dressed Blair (Meester) with a headband and Chuck (Westwick) with a scarf (in the flashback) as a tribute to previous seasons.[12] Blair wore an Elie Saab dress for her wedding, while Serena (Lively) wore a Missoni dress.[13] Serena's wedding dress was designed by Georges Chakra.[14] Jenny (Momsen) and Blair both wore Zuhair Murad dresses to Serena and Dan's wedding[15][16] while Georgina's dress was designed by Robert Rodriguez.[17]
Kristen Bell, narrator of the series, appears onscreen in this finale for the first time.
Casting[edit]
Several former cast members returned for the finale. Desmond Harrington reprised his role as Chuck's uncle, Jack Bass.[18] News of Connor Paolo and Taylor Momsen's returns surfaced on October 16, 2012 when Kelly Rutherford posted on Instagram a picture of them on set.[19] Katie Cassidy,[20] Ella Rae Peck, Jessica Szohr, and Willa Holland also returned for small appearances. Long-time narrator Kristen Bell appeared in the episode as herself reading her lines alongside Rachel Bilson.[21][22] On Bell's cameo Savage told: "It was really funny and very, very special to be shooting with her. She's an intimate part of our family but yet we never get to see her. To be able to make her a part of our storytelling just felt like the perfect way to crown her work with us over the years."[10] She added: "If you’re going to have those two ladies together in a scene then we wanted to have fun and play to their strengths. So Josh Schwartz and I came up with the whole idea... To be able to have Kristen onscreen for the finale was great. And to have Rachel do it with her was just the icing on the cake."[23] The episode also included cameo-appearances by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Lisa Loeb.[24][25] Loeb, who had previously appeared in the show during the first season,[26] ended up as Rufus' final partner. The writers made this choice so that he would not be alone but with someone from "his world", another musician.[23]
Reception[edit]
"New York, I Love You XOXO" was first broadcast on December 17, 2012 in the United States on The CW Television Network (The CW). The episode in the United States was watched by 1.55 million people and scored a 0.8/2 Nielsen rating/share in the adults among the 18–49 demographic, making it the most watched episode since April 25, 2011.[27]
Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the final installment, summarizing it as "a perfect balance of nostalgia, mythology, wit, trickery, and closure". Despite calling the choice of Dan being Gossip Girl "edgy, daring and probably dripping in inconsistency," she was satisfied that "it didn’t turn out to be an unknown person or peripheral character. The writers chose Gossip Girl straight from the heart of the gang — and that decision deserves some respect." She also appreciated the flashbacks describing them as "charming" as well as Chuck and Blair's wedding, which she called "gorgeous", and enjoyed the guest-star appearances.[28] Writing for Newsday, Verne Gay thought the reveal of who was behind Gossip Girl was not surprising but was "a nice sort of perverse poetic justice."[29] The Hollywood Reporter's Philiana Ng wrote the episode "reminded viewers of what Gossip Girl ultimately is and should be remembered as: a soapy, cheeky guilty pleasure."[30] Rating it 4.8/5, Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic described the finale as "epic". She liked Desmond Harrington's return and picked the five-year flash forward as a highlight of the episode. Even if she was surprised that Dan turned out to be Gossip Girl, she found that it "made sense".[31]
However The A.V. Club gave the episode a grade F, citing that it was "excruciatingly boring". They also criticised the revelation that Dan was Gossip Girl "so he not only, um, used Gossip Girl as a platform for spreading rumors, denigrating his friends, revealing his sister’s sex life in public and embarrassing ways, and, oh yes, nearly getting himself expelled (that is some ninja double-crossing skill)—he was using it to try to impress a girl that was literally the subject of his stalker-takedown-campaign for at least two years, if not for the run of the entire show."[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on Grey's Anatomy, Gossip Girl, Fringe, Glee, Justified, Once Upon and More". TVLine. September 11, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 31, 2012). "Exclusive: Gossip Girl Series Finale Set For December – and There's a Twist!". TVLine. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Christine (October 15, 2012). "Gossip Girl: Photos of Blake Lively & Penn Badgley filming at The Met". On Location Vacations. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Jade (October 16, 2012). "Gossip Girl wedding: Leighton Meester and Ed Westwick sport matching finery as they film in Central Park". Daily Mail. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dibdin, Emma (December 19, 2012). "'Gossip Girl' series finale recap: 'New York, I Love You XOXO'". Digital Spy. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Riles, Cortney (December 17, 2012). ""Gossip Girl" Music Recap: No Greater Goodbye". Neon Tommy. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Twitter / Interscope: Don't miss @ImagineDragons #ItsTime on the final episode of ..." Twitter. December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Perez (December 18, 2012). "Gossip Girl Pays Homage To Sex And The City: The Music Behind The Finale!". PerezHilton.com. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana Ng (October 5, 2012). "'Gossip Girl' Will Be Revealed in Season 6 (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stanhope, Kate (December 16, 2012). "Gossip Girl Co-Creator on the "Emotional" End and the Big Reveal That Almost Didn't Happen". TV Guide. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 14, 2012). "New Spoiler Alert!: Fringe 'Observations,' Grey's Death Takes a Toll and Gossip Girl Finale Twist!". TVLine. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Davis, Jennifer (December 18, 2012). "5 Questions With Gossip Girl Costume Designer, Eric Daman". InStyle. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl Fashion Credits: Every Season In One Place!". InStyle. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Kate (December 18, 2012). "Gossip Girl's Costume Designer Recalls His Favorite Fashion Moments". People. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl Fashion Credits: Every Season In One Place!". InStyle. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl Fashion Credits: Every Season In One Place!". InStyle. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl Fashion Credits: Every Season In One Place!". InStyle. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guess Who's Back! Which Two Gossip Girl Troublemakers Will Return For the Final Season?". Wetpaint. October 11, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (October 16, 2012). "Gossip Girl: Jenny and Eric Back For Finale?". TVLine. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (October 12, 2012). "'Gossip Girl' scoop: Katie Cassidy returning for the finale!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 9, 2012). "Gossip Girl Exclusive: Kristen Bell to Appear in Series Finale – But Is She You-Know-Who?". TVLine. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wayne, Julia (December 18, 2012). "Gossip Girl Season 6: What Was Kristen Bell's Role in the Finale?". Wetpaint. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (December 18, 2012). "Gossip Girl Series Finale: EP Stephanie Savage Answers All Your Burning Questions!". TVLine. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Emily (December 21, 2012). "Farewell, "Gossip Girl"". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (December 18, 2012). "Lisa Loeb Explains Her Cameo on the 'Gossip Girl' Finale". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Markovitz, Adam (May 13, 2008). "'Gossip Girl' recap: Serena 0; Lisa Loeb 1". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 18, 2012). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; '1600 Penn' Adjusted Down + No Adjustments for 'Gossip Girl' Finale". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (December 17, 2012). "'Gossip Girl' series finale: Talk about it here! (Updated)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gay, Verne (December 18, 2012). "OMG, LOL, XOXO: The 'Gossip Girl' is a guy: Dan Humphrey". Newsday. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (December 17, 2012). "'Gossip Girl' Series Finale: Mysterious Blogger's Identity Finally Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Courntey (December 17, 2012). "Gossip Girl Review: The Final Chapter". TV Fanatic. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (December 18, 2012). "Gossip Girl: "New York, I Love You, XOXO"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
External links[edit]
"New York, I Love You XOXO" on IMDb
"New York, I Love You XOXO" at TV.com
"New York, I Love You XOXO" at The CW.com
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Dryland farming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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techniques for non-irrigated farming when it is normally required
Dryland farming in the Granada region in Spain
See also: desert farming
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Dryland farming and dry farming encompass specific agricultural techniques for the non-irrigated cultivation of crops. Dryland farming is associated with drylands, areas characterized by a cool wet season that is followed by a warm dry season. They are also associated with arid conditions or areas prone to drought or having scarce water resources. Additionally, arid-zone agriculture is being developed for this purpose.
Contents
1 Dryland farming
1.1 Locations
1.2 Crops
1.3 Process
1.4 Key elements of dryland farming
2 Dry farming
2.1 Locations
2.2 Crops
2.3 Process
3 Arid-zone agriculture
4 See also
4.1 Areas
4.2 Historical examples
4.3 Research
4.4 Techniques
4.5 Other
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Dryland farming[edit]
Locations[edit]
Fields in the Palouse, Washington State
Dryland farming is used in the Great Plains, the Palouse plateau of Eastern Washington, and other arid regions of North America such as in the Southwestern United States and Mexico (see Agriculture in the Southwestern United States and Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest), the Middle East and in other grain growing regions such as the steppes of Eurasia and Argentina. Dryland farming was introduced to southern Russia and Ukraine by Ukrainian Mennonites under the influence of Johann Cornies, making the region the breadbasket of Europe.[1] In Australia, it is widely practiced in all states but the Northern Territory.
Crops[edit]
Dryland farmed crops may include winter wheat, corn, beans, sunflowers or even watermelon. Successful dryland farming is possible with as little as 230 millimetres (9 in) of precipitation a year; higher rainfall increases the variety of crops. Native American tribes in the arid Southwest survived for hundreds of years on dryland farming in areas with less than 250 millimetres (10 in) of rain.[citation needed] The choice of crop is influenced by the timing of the predominant rainfall in relation to the seasons. For example, winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall while areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing crops such as sorghum, sunflowers or cotton.[2]
Process[edit]
Dryland farming has evolved as a set of techniques and management practices used by farmers to continually adapt to the presence or lack of moisture in a given crop cycle. In marginal regions, a farmer should be financially able to survive occasional crop failures, perhaps for several years in succession.[citation needed] Survival as a dryland farmer requires careful husbandry of the moisture available for the crop and aggressive management of expenses to minimize losses in poor years. Dryland farming involves the constant assessing of the amount of moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle and planning accordingly. Dryland farmers know that to be financially successful they have to be aggressive during the good years in order to offset the dry years.
Dryland farming caused a large dust storm in parts of Eastern Washington on October 4, 2009. Courtesy: NASA/GSFC, MODIS Rapid Response[3]
Dryland farming is dependent on natural rainfall, which can leave the ground vulnerable to dust storms, particularly if poor farming techniques are used or if the storms strike at a particularly vulnerable time. The fact that a fallow period must be included in the crop rotation means that fields cannot always be protected by a cover crop, which might otherwise offer protection against erosion.
Some of the theories of dryland farming developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries claimed to be scientific but were in reality pseudoscientific and did not stand up to empirical testing. For example, it was alleged that tillage would seal in moisture, but such "dust mulching" ideas are based on what people imagine should happen, or have been told, rather than what testing actually confirms. The book Bad Land: An American Romance explores the effects that this had on people who were encouraged to homestead in an area with little rainfall; most smallholdings failed after working miserably to cling on.
Key elements of dryland farming[edit]
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Capturing and conservation of moisture – In regions such as Eastern Washington, the average annual precipitation available to a dryland farm may be as little as 220 millimetres (8.5 in). Consequently, moisture must be captured until the crop can utilize it. Techniques include summer fallow rotation (in which one crop is grown on two seasons' precipitation, leaving standing stubble and crop residue to trap snow), and preventing runoff by terracing fields.
"Terracing" is also practiced by farmers on a smaller scale by laying out the direction of furrows to slow water runoff downhill, usually by plowing along either contours or keylines. Moisture can be conserved by eliminating weeds and leaving crop residue to shade the soil.
Effective use of available moisture – Once moisture is available for the crop to use, it must be used as effectively as possible. Seed planting depth and timing are carefully considered to place the seed at a depth at which sufficient moisture exists, or where it will exist when seasonal precipitation falls. Farmers tend to use crop varieties which are drought and heat-stress tolerant (even lower-yielding varieties). Thus the likelihood of a successful crop is hedged if seasonal precipitation fails.
Soil conservation – The nature of dryland farming makes it particularly susceptible to erosion, especially wind erosion. Some techniques for conserving soil moisture (such as frequent tillage to kill weeds) are at odds with techniques for conserving topsoil. Since healthy topsoil is critical to sustainable dryland agriculture, its preservation is generally considered[citation needed] the most important long-term goal of a dryland farming operation. Erosion control techniques such as windbreaks, reduced tillage or no-till, spreading straw (or other mulch on particularly susceptible ground), and strip farming are used to minimize topsoil loss.
Control of input costs – Dryland farming is practiced in regions inherently marginal for non-irrigated agriculture. Because of this, there is an increased risk of crop failure and poor yields which may occur in a dry year (regardless of money or effort expended). Dryland farmers must evaluate the potential yield of a crop constantly throughout the growing season and be prepared to decrease inputs to the crop such as fertilizer and weed control if it appears that it is likely to have a poor yield due to insufficient moisture. Conversely, in years when moisture is abundant, farmers may increase their input efforts and budget to maximize yields and to offset poor harvests.
Dry farming[edit]
Locations[edit]
Dry farming may be practiced in areas that have significant annual rainfall during a wet season, often in the winter. Crops are cultivated during the subsequent dry season, using practices that make use of the stored moisture in the soil. California, Colorado and Oregon, in the United States, are three states where dry farming is practiced for a variety of crops.[4][5]
Crops[edit]
Dry farmed crops may include grapes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, and other summer crops. These crops grow using the winter water stored in the soil, rather than depending on rainfall during the growing season.[4]
Process[edit]
Dry farming depends on making the best use of the "bank" of soil moisture that was created by winter rainfall. Some dry farming practices include:[4][6]
Wider than normal spacing, to provide a larger bank of moisture for each plant.
Controlled Traffic.
Minimal tilling of land.
Strict weed control, to ensure that weeds do not consume soil moisture needed by the cultivated plants.
Cultivation of soil to produce a "dust mulch", thought to prevent the loss of water through capillary action. This practice is controversial, and is not universally advocated.
Selection of crops and cultivars suited for dry farming practices.
Arid-zone agriculture[edit]
Main article: Desert farming
An example of a dryland farming paddock
As an area of research and development, arid-zone agriculture, or desert agriculture, includes studies of how to increase the agricultural productivity of lands dominated by lack of freshwater, an abundance of heat and sunlight, and usually one or more of extreme winter cold, short rainy season, saline soil or water, strong dry winds, poor soil structure, over-grazing, limited technological development, poverty, political instability.
The two basic approaches are:
view the given environmental and socioeconomic characteristics as negative obstacles to be overcome.
view as many as possible of them as positive resources to be used.
See also[edit]
Areas[edit]
Palliser's Triangle – semiarid area of Canada
Goyder's Line
Agriculture in Israel
Historical examples[edit]
Dust Bowl
Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest
Research[edit]
Arid Forest Research Institute
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
University of Arid Agriculture
Techniques[edit]
Biosalinity
Irrigation
Seawater greenhouse
Sustainable agriculture
Xeriscaping
Other[edit]
Xerophyte
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith, C. Henry (1981). Smith's Story of the Mennonites. Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. pp. 263–265. ISBN 0-87303-069-9.
Jump up ^ Malcolm, Bill; Sale, Peter"; Egan, Adrian (1996). Agriculture in Australia - An Introduction. Australia: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553695-9.
Jump up ^ "Dust Storm in Eastern Washington : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dry Farming". California Agricultural Water Stewardship Initiative. California Agricultural Water Stewardship Initiative. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dry farming vegetables". OSU Small Farms. Oregon State University. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Garrett, Amy. "Common misconceptions and key points about dry farming: Case study of dry farmer with more than 40 years of experience". OSU Small Farms. Oregon State University. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Henry Gilbert, Dryland Farming: January 1982-December 1990 (Beltsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1991).
Mary W. M. Hargraves, Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 1920-1990 (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1993).
Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture, Report (Guthrie, Okla.: N. p., 1908).
Dr. John A. Widtsoe, Ph.D. Dry-Farming, A System Of Agriculture For Countries Under A Low Rainfall (NY: The Macmillan Company, 1911)
Victor Squires and Philip Tow, Dryland Farming: A Systems Approach - An Analysis of Dryland Agriculture in Australia (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1991)
O'Bar, Scott, (2013). Alternative Crops for Drylands - Proactively Adapting to Climate Change and Water Shortages. Amaigabe Press, Santa Barbara, USA ISBN 978-0-9882822-0-9
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Dry Farming
P. Koohafkan and B.A. Stewart, Water and Cereals in Drylands published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Earthscan
Water and Cereals in Drylands
Steve Solomon, Water-Wise Vegetables: For the Maritime Northwest Gardener (Sasquatch Books, 1993).
External links[edit]
Media related to Dryland farming at Wikimedia Commons
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Non-profit hospital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Incoherent and repetitive prose; general information grouped under "California Law" Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hospital industry in the United States includes a mix of ownership forms. Non-profit hospitals are the most common type, but for-profit and government hospitals also play substantial roles. A non-profit hospital, or not-for-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non-profit corporation. Non-profit hospitals are mostly funded by charity, religion or research/educational funds.
Nonprofit hospitals do not pay federal income or state and local property taxes, and in return they benefit the community. The various exemptions given to non-profit hospitals get scrutinized by policymakers, with the argument being whether they provide community benefits that justify forgone government tax revenues.
In 2003, of the roughly 3,900 nonfederal, short-term, acute care general hospitals in the United States, the majority—about 62 percent—were nonprofit. The rest included government hospitals (20 percent) and for-profit hospitals (18 percent).[1] In exchange for tax-exemptions, estimated to total $12.6 billion in 2002, nonprofit hospitals are expected to provide community benefits.[2]
Courts generally have rejected challenges to the tax-free status of non-profit hospitals by indigent patients who are forced to pay for services on the grounds that the question is a matter for the IRS and that the indigent patients lack standing.[3]
In the State of New York, all traditional hospitals must be non-profit by law.[4] Exceptions include outpatient surgery centers which can be for-profit.
United States[edit]
A non-profit hospital, or not-for-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non-profit corporation. Based on their charitable purpose and most often affiliated with a religious denomination they are a traditional means of delivering medical care in the United States. Non-profit hospitals are distinct from government owned public hospitals and privately owned for-profit hospitals.
There are some exceptions, in California for example, professional medical corporations, University of California hospitals, county hospitals, narcotic treatment programs, some nonprofit organizations such as community clinics, and Knox-Keene-licensed HMOs are allowed to employ physicians directly.
California Health & Safety Code section 1206(I) exempts from licensure clinics operated by a nonprofit corporation (such as a medical foundation) if they meet certain requirements, including conducting medical research and health education, and providing medical care through a group of 40 or more independent contractor physicians and surgeons. The foundation's board must consist of physician, hospital and local community representatives, with affiliated physicians making up no more than 20 percent of the board's members.
It is for these reasons that organizations such as the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center restructured in 1994 to become the Cedars-Sinai Health System, comprising the Cedars-Sinai Medical Care Foundation, Physician-Hospital Organization and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center."[5]
See also[edit]
For-profit hospital
References[edit]
Jump up ^ GAO Testimony before Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, by David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, May 26 2005, p.4
Jump up ^ "Tax-Exempt Hospitals and Community Benefit: New Directions in Policy and Practice"
Jump up ^ "Tax-Exempt Hospitals' Practices Challenged:46 Lawsuits Allege That Uninsured Pay the Most" article by Ceci Connolly Washington Post Staff Writer, Saturday, January 29, 2005
Jump up ^ "At Surgery Clinic, Rush to Save Joan Rivers’s Life" article by Anemona Hartcollis and J. David Goodman, The New York Times, September 9, 2014
Jump up ^ "Historical Perspective"
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Red-eye effect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Intense red-eye effect in blue eyes with dilated pupil
The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of the eyes of humans and several other animals. It occurs when using a photographic flash very close to the camera lens (as with most compact cameras) in ambient low light.
Contents
1 Causes
2 Similar effects
3 Photography techniques for prevention and removal
4 As a medical warning sign
5 References
Causes[edit]
This odd-eyed cat displays red-eye effect of its tapetum lucidum only in its blue eye
In flash photography the light of the flash occurs too fast for the pupil to close, so much of the very bright light from the flash passes into the eye through the pupil, reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball and out through the pupil. The camera records this reflected light. The main cause of the red color is the ample amount of blood in the choroid which nourishes the back of the eye and is located behind the retina.[1] The blood in the retinal circulation is far less than in the choroid, and plays virtually no role. The eye contains several photostable pigments that all absorb in the short wavelength region, and hence contribute somewhat to the red eye effect.[2] The lens cuts off deep blue and violet light, below 430 nm (depending on age), and macular pigment absorbs between 400 and 500 nm, but this pigment is located exclusively in the tiny fovea. Melanin, located in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid, shows a gradually increasing absorption towards the short wavelengths. But blood is the main determinant of the red color, because it is completely transparent at long wavelengths and abruptly starts absorbing at 600 nm. The amount of red light emerging from the pupil depends on the amount of melanin in the layers behind the retina. This amount varies strongly between individuals. Light-skinned people with blue eyes have relatively low melanin in the fundus and thus show a much stronger red-eye effect than dark-skinned people with brown eyes. The same holds for animals. The color of the iris itself is of virtually no importance for the red-eye effect. This is obvious because the red-eye effect is most apparent when photographing dark-adapted subjects, hence with fully dilated pupils. Photographs taken with infrared light through night vision devices always show very bright pupils because, in the dark, the pupils are fully dilated and the infrared light is not absorbed by any ocular pigment.
The role of melanin in red-eye effect is demonstrated in animals with heterochromia: only the blue eye displays the effect. The effect is still more pronounced in humans and animals with albinism. All forms of albinism involve abnormal production and/or deposition of melanin.
Red-eye effect is seen in photographs of children also because children's eyes have more rapid dark adaption: in low light a child's pupils enlarge sooner, and an enlarged pupil accentuates the red-eye effect.
Theatrical followspot operators, positioned nearly coincidentally with a very bright light and somewhat distant from the actors, occasionally witness red-eye in actors on stage. The effect is not visible to the rest of the audience because it is reliant on the very small angle between the followspot operator and the light.
Similar effects[edit]
Similar effects, some related to red-eye effect, are of several kinds:
In many flash photographs, even those without perceptible red-eye effect, the tapetum lucidum of many animals' pupils creates an "eyeshine" effect. Although eyeshine is an unrelated phemonenon, animals with blue eyes may display the red-eye effect in addition to it.
A related effect, red reflex, is seen in fundoscopy; here, the reflected red light is directly visible through the ophthalmoscope.
In photographs recorded with infrared-sensitive passive (non-IR emitting) equipment, the eyes (not only the pupils) usually appear very bright. This is due not to reflection, but to radiation of core body heat in the form of infrared light (see Night vision).
Photography techniques for prevention and removal[edit]
Spotted eagle-owl displays red-eye effect only on the eye facing the camera's ring flash
Canon EOS 100 camera with bright light to contract pupils
Motorola Milestone XT720 camera while capturing image with red-eye reduction and xenon flash.
Demonstration of automated red-eye removal with GIMP software.
Before (L); After (R).
The red-eye effect can be prevented in a number of ways.[3]
Using bounce flash in which the flash head is aimed at a nearby pale colored surface such as a ceiling or wall or at a specialist photographic reflector. This both changes the direction of the flash and ensures that only diffused flash light enters the eye.
Placing the flash away from the camera's optical axis ensures that the light from the flash hits the eye at an oblique angle. The light enters the eye in a direction away from the optical axis of the camera and is refocused by the eye lens back along the same axis. Because of this the retina will not be visible to the camera and the eyes will appear natural.
Taking pictures without flash by increasing the ambient lighting, opening the lens aperture, using a faster film or detector, or reducing the shutter speed.
Using the red-eye reduction capabilities built into many modern cameras. These precede the main flash with a series of short, low-power flashes, or a continuous piercing bright light triggering the pupil to contract. (This should not be confused with the autofocus assist beam, which uses a series of flashes for focus instead.)
Having the subject look away from the camera lens.
Increase the lighting in the room so that the subject's pupils are more constricted.
If direct flash must be used, a good rule of thumb is to separate the flash from the lens by 1/20 of the distance of the camera to the subject. For example, if the subject is 2 meters (6 feet) away, the flash head should be at least 10 cm (4 inches) away from the lens.
Professional photographers prefer to use ambient light or indirect flash, as the red-eye reduction system does not always prevent red eyes — for example, if people look away during the pre-flash. In addition, people do not look natural with small pupils, and direct lighting from close to the camera lens is considered to produce unflattering photographs.
Red-eye removal is built into many popular consumer graphics editing software packages, or is supported through red-eye reduction plug-ins; examples include Adobe Photoshop, Apple iPhoto, Corel Photo-Paint, GIMP, Google Picasa, Paint.NET and Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery. Some can automatically find eyes in the image and perform color correction, and can apply it to many photos at once. Others may require the operator to manually select the regions of the pupils to which correction is to be applied. When performed manually, correction may consist of simply converting the red area of pupils to grayscale (desaturating), leaving surface reflections and highlights intact.
As a medical warning sign[edit]
In a photograph of a child's face, if there is red-eye in one eye but not the other, it may be leukocoria, which may be caused by the cancer retinoblastoma. The child's eyes should be examined by a general physician.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "5 Tips for Preventing Red Eyes in Photos". All About Vision. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
Jump up ^ J. van de Kraats and D. van Norren: "Directional and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea" J.Biomed. Optics, 13, 024010, 2008
Jump up ^ Dave Johnson (2009-01-16). "HOW TO: Avoid the red eye effect". New Zealand PC World. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children)". 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
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Anatomy of the globe of the human eye
Fibrous tunic (outer)
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