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Al Gore
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This article is about the former U.S. Vice President. For other uses, see Al Gore (disambiguation).
Al Gore
45th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
President
Bill Clinton
Preceded by
Dan Quayle
Succeeded by
Dick Cheney
United States Senator
from Tennessee
In office
January 3, 1985 – January 2, 1993
Preceded by
Howard Baker
Succeeded by
Harlan Mathews
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 6th district
In office
January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985
Preceded by
Robin Beard
Succeeded by
Bart Gordon
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 4th district
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1983
Preceded by
Joe L. Evins
Succeeded by
Jim Cooper
Personal details
Born
Albert Arnold Gore Jr.
(1948-03-31) March 31, 1948 (age 69)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party
Democratic
Spouse(s)
Tipper Aitcheson (m. 1970; sep. 2010)
Children
4 (including Karenna, Kristin)
Education
Harvard University (BA)
Vanderbilt University
Civilian awards
Nobel Peace Prize (2007)
Signature
Website
Official website
Military service
Allegiance
United States
Service/branch
United States Army
Years of service
1969–1971
Rank
Private
Unit
20th Engineer Brigade
Battles/wars
Vietnam War
Military awards
National Defense Service Medal
This article is part of a series
about
Al Gore
Campaign for the Presidency, 2000
Bush v. Gore
Florida recount
Campaign for the Presidency, 1988
Vice President of the United States
Information technology
Environmental activism
An Inconvenient Truth
Awards

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Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Gore was Bill Clinton's running mate in their successful campaign in 1992, and the pair were re-elected in 1996. Near the end of President Clinton's second term, Gore was selected as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election but did not win the election. After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
Gore was an elected official for 24 years. He was a Representative from Tennessee (1977–85) and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the state's Senators. He served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled 5–4 in favor of Bush.
Gore is the founder and current chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management and the now-defunct Current TV network, a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc., and a senior adviser to Google.[1] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading its climate change solutions group.[2][3] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University, and the University of California, Los Angeles.[1][4][5][6] He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.[7]
Gore has received a number of awards including the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2009) for his book An Inconvenient Truth,[8] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Personal life
3 Harvard, the Vietnam War, journalism, and Vanderbilt (1965–76)
3.1 Harvard
3.2 Military service
3.3 Vanderbilt and journalism
4 Congress (1977–93)
4.1 House and Senate
4.2 Son's 1989 accident and first book
5 First presidential run (1988)
6 1992 presidential election
7 Vice Presidency (1993–2001)
8 Second presidential run (2000)
8.1 Recount
9 Post-Vice Presidency
9.1 Criticism of Bush
9.2 Presidential run speculation
9.3 Involvement in presidential campaigns
9.4 Environmentalism
9.5 Criticism
9.6 Meeting with Ivanka and Donald Trump
10 Awards and honors
11 Selected publications
11.1 Books
11.2 Articles
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Early life and education
Gore was born in Washington, D.C., the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr., a U.S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline (LaFon) Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School.[10] Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century, and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War.[11] His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984.[12]
During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C.[13] During the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay[14][15] and raised cattle.[16]
Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D.C., from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League.[17][18] He was the captain of the football team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art, and government.[10][13][19] He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to only one college, Harvard, and was accepted.[17][18]
Personal life
Gore met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965.[13] Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college;[12] and on May 19, 1970, shortly after Tipper graduated from Boston University, they married at the Washington National Cathedral.[12][20][21][22]
They have four children—Karenna Gore (b. 1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 1979), and Albert Arnold Gore III (b. 1982).[23]
In early June 2010, shortly after purchasing a new home,[24] the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration", they had made a mutual decision to separate.[25][26] In May 2012, it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of California.[27]
Harvard, the Vietnam War, journalism, and Vanderbilt (1965–76)
Harvard
Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965, initially planning to major in English and write novels but later deciding to major in government.[17][18] On his second day on campus, he began campaigning for the freshman student government council and was elected its president.[18]
Although he was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories,[18] he did not do well in science classes in college and avoided taking math.[17] His grades during his first two years put him in the lower one-fifth of the class. During his sophomore year, he reportedly spent much of his time watching television, shooting pool, and occasionally smoking marijuana.[17][18] In his junior and senior years, he became more involved with his studies, earning As and Bs.[17] In his senior year, he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle, who sparked Gore's interest in global warming and other environmental issues.[18][28] Gore earned an A on his thesis, "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947–1969", and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in June 1969.[17][29]
Albert Gore Sr. delivering a speech to the 1968 Democratic National Convention which the younger Gore helped him write
Gore attended college during the era of anti-Vietnam War protests. Though he was against that war, he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement, thinking it silly and juvenile to take anger at the war out on a private university.[18] He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations. John Tyson, a former roommate, recalled that "We distrusted these movements a lot ... We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys, positive for civil rights and women's rights but formal, transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country."[18][30] Gore helped his father write an anti-war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968 but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests.[18]
Military service
Al and Tipper Gore on their wedding day, May 19, 1970, at the Washington National Cathedral
Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa as a journalist with the paper The Castle Courier
When Gore graduated in 1969, his student deferment ended and he immediately became eligible for the military draft. His father, a vocal anti–Vietnam War critic, was facing a reelection in 1970. Gore eventually decided that the best way he could contribute to the anti-war effort was to enlist in the Army, which would improve his father's reelection prospects.[31] Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam,[32] Gore believed if he found a way around military service, he would be handing an issue to his father's Republican opponent.[33] According to Gore's Senate biography, "He appeared in uniform in his father's campaign commercials, one of which ended with his father advising: 'Son, always love your country'."[31] Despite this, Gore Sr. lost the election.[33]
Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than he to go in his place.[34] Actor Tommy Lee Jones, a former college housemate, recalled Gore saying that "if he found a fancy way of not going, someone else would have to go in his place".[18][35] His Harvard advisor, Richard Neustadt, also stated that Gore decided, "that he would have to go as an enlisted man because, he said, 'In Tennessee, that's what most people have to do.'" In addition, Michael Roche, Gore's editor for The Castle Courier, stated that "anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn't."[33]
After enlisting in August 1969, Gore returned to the anti-war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was "jeered" at by students.[12][18] He later said he was astonished by the "emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that ... certainly felt like real hatred".[18]
Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October, and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[33] In April 1970, he was named Rucker's "Soldier of the Month".[12]
His orders to be sent to Vietnam were "held up" for some time, and the Gore family suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him, his father would gain sympathy votes.[33] He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2, 1971, after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election, becoming one "of only about a dozen of the 1,115 Harvard graduates in the Class of '69 who went to Vietnam."[33][36][37] Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier.[38] He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971.[12]
Of his time in the Army, Gore later stated, "I didn't do the most, or run the gravest danger. But I was proud to wear my country's uniform."[35] He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam
didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.[39]
Vanderbilt and journalism
Gore was "dispirited" after his return from Vietnam.[31] NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."[36]
Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School (1971–72) on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues",[23] and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs."[40]
In 1971, Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter.[41] His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.[36]
In 1974, he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that, while he could expose corruption, he could not change it.[23] Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly, in 1976, to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.[23][42]
Congress (1977–93)
See also: Al Gore and information technology and Al Gore and the environment
Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–85) and the Senate (1985–93).[41] Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.[10][31]
House and Senate
At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making the Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat, to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr. called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming,[42] Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives:
Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that "I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it." The news came as a "bombshell" to his wife. Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost). By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: "I must become my own man," he explained. "I must not be your candidate."[31]
Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with "32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival", and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election, recording 94 percent of the overall vote.[43] He went on to win the next three elections, in 1978, 1980, and 1982, where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time".[43] In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away", despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year.[43] Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe, subsequently the mayor of Knoxville, and the Republican-turned-Independent, Ed McAteer, founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980.[44]
Gore during his congressional years
During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" (he once referred to himself as a "raging moderate")[45] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment in silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.[46] In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, "I think it is wrong", and "I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style." In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, "I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm." He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups.[47] Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks "gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage."[48] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.[49]
During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the Science Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years.[43] He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and, in 1982, introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers."[31] While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees.[31] In 1991, Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War.[31]
Gore was one of the Atari Democrats who were given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect."[31] On March 19, 1979, he became the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.[50] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich.[51] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."[31][52] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that,
as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship [...] the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication.[53]
Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.[54] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises."[53]
As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).[55][56][57] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway."[58]
After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."[59][60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s.[31][61][62] In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment."[63]
Son's 1989 accident and first book
On April 3, 1989, as the Gores and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game, Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. He was thrown 30 feet (9 m), and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m).[10] Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse[...]. His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice."[10] Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit."[10] This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything."[10]
In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president during the 1992 presidential election.[64] Gore stated: "I would like to be President[...]. But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children[...]. I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign."[64] During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.[31]
First presidential run (1988)
Main article: Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988
Gore campaigned for the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States against Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Jesse Jackson, and Michael Dukakis (who eventually won the Democratic nomination). Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall.
Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."[13] At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy."[13]
CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 Southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson."[65] Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina Primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee."[66] Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.[31][65][67] Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements cast Gore in a negative light,[65] leading voters away from Gore who received only 10% of the vote in the New York Primary. Gore then dropped out of the race.[31] The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.[68]
Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election.[69][70] Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as Vice President.[71]
1992 presidential election
Gore was initially hesitant to accept a position as Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.[31] Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.[72][73]
Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton.[31][72][74] The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. Regional diversity? Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. Ideological balance? A couple of left-of-center moderates. [...] And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."[75]
Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992.[76][77] Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 45 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history."[72][78] Theirs was the first ticket since 1972 to try to capture the youth vote. Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".[72][79]
The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis."[80] Gore also debated the other vice presidential candidates, Dan Quayle, and James Stockdale. The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle ticket, 43%–38%.[31]
Vice Presidency (1993–2001)
Main article: Vice Presidency of Al Gore
See also: Al Gore and information technology and Al Gore and the environment
The Clintons and the Gores, 1993
Al Gore served as Vice President during the Clinton Administration. Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993. At the beginning of the first term, Clinton and Gore developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship". Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings, recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations, and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions. Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a Vice President. Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser".[31]
However, Gore had to compete with Hillary, the First Lady, for President Clinton's influence, starting when she was appointed health-care task force without Gore being consulted. Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton's "failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order", and reported "it was an open secret that some of Hillary's advisers...nurtured dreams that Hillary, not Gore, would follow Bill in the presidency".[81][82]
Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations."[31] During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."[83]
According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom (c. 1995–2001).[84] Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry."[85] Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage."[85] Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste."[85]
During the election and his term as Vice President, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure.[85] Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994, in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay'96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000.[86] The Clipper Chip, which "Clinton inherited from a multi-year National Security Agency effort", was a method of hardware encryption with a government backdoor.[87] It met with strong opposition from civil liberty groups and was abandoned by 1996.[88][89]
President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996
Glenn T. Seaborg with Gore in the White House during a visit of the 1993 Science Talent Search (STS) finalists on March 4, 1993
Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives. He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes magazine, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".[90] In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission.[91] During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.[92]
Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses, but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include "meaningful participation by key developing nations",[93][94][95] The Senate had previously passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third-world countries such as China.[96][97] The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification.
In 1996, Gore became involved in a finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California.[31] In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' And I take responsibility for that. It was a mistake."[98] In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election.[99] In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law."[100] The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption."[101] Robert Conrad Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.[102]
Vice President Gore and Tipper Gore, 1997
During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations.[103] In the wake of the Al-Anfal Campaign, during which Hussein staged deadly mustard and nerve gas attacks on Kurdish Iraqis, Gore cosponsored the Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988, which would have cut all assistance to Iraq.[103] The bill was defeated in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan-Bush White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.[103] In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of President Mahathir Mohammad's longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there.[104] Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time,[105] a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.[105]
Soon afterwards, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, involving an affair between President Clinton and an intern, Monica Lewinsky. Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating, "He is the president of the country! He is my friend [...] I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him."[31] After Clinton was impeached, Gore continued to defend him stating, "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now [...] to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."[31][81][82]
Second presidential run (2000)
Main article: Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000
See also: Bush v. Gore, Florida election recount, and Al Gore and information technology
There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998.[106] Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley", Gore responded:
I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.[107]
In Manchester, New Hampshire, campaigning for President of the United States in 1999
Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview.[108][109][110][111] In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet."[53][109] Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. So he really does deserve credit."[112] In a speech to the American Political Science Association, former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group"—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen."[113] Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley [...] Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."[114]
Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!"[115] In 2005 when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards[116][117] he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."[117]
Gore formally announced his candidacy for president in a speech on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, with his major theme being the need to strengthen the American family.[118] He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff.[118] In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, who he stated had lied to him.[118] Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills."[118] Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. Gore responded, "I love this country. I love the First Amendment [...] Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements."[119][120]
While Bill Clinton's job-approval ratings were around 60%, an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from "Clinton fatigue" where they were "tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration" including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment. Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush was leading Gore 54% to 41% in polls during that time. Gore's advisers believed that the "Lewinsky scandal and Bill's past womanizing...alienated independent voters—especially the soccer moms, who stood for traditional values". Consequently, Gore's presidential campaign "veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration's legitimate successes". In addition, Hillary's candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the "three-way tensions evident in the White House since 1993", as "not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner, she was poaching top Democratic fund-raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president". In one instance "Hillary insisted on being invited [to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president]—over the objections of the event's organizers", where the First Lady "shocked the vice president's supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper".[81]
Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley.[118] Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House.[121][122] Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings.[123] Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley.[124][125] In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore, despite Bradley spending heavily in that state, and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there. Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53-47%, which had been a must-win state for Bradley. Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state. On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore. Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary.[126] By then, he secured the Democratic nomination.[127]
On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office." Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House.[128] Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones,[129] officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.[130] Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health-care system.[130] Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls.[131] Gore and Bush participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.[132][133]
Recount
On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.[134] Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count.[135] This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.[136]
The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. This 7–2 vote ruled that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. This case ordered an end to recounting underway in selected Florida counties, effectively giving George W. Bush a 537[137] vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes and the presidency.[138] The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained).[139] On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election.[140] Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."[141]
Post-Vice Presidency
Gore in 2000
After maintaining an informal public distance for eight years, Bill Clinton and Gore reunited for the media in August 2009 after Clinton arranged for the release of two journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. The two women were employees of Gore's Current TV.[142]
Criticism of Bush
Beginning in late 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. In a September 23, 2002, speech given before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized President George W. Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War [...] But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. The circumstances are really completely different. To review a few of them briefly: in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion."[143][144] In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq.[145] The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith."[146] After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane.[147] In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant.[148] One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong [...] I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country."[149] Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."[150] In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage."[151] In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy [...] You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."[152]
While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response, he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005, from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1, Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline, who had operated on his son Albert, through Greg Simon of FasterCures. Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment, two airlines each provided a plane with one flight latter underwritten by Larry Flax. The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.[147][153][154]
Presidential run speculation
Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?" Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"
Gore was a speculated candidate for the 2004 Presidential Election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular).[155] On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004.[156] Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. One observer concluded it was "Al Gore who has the best chance to defeat the incumbent president", noting that "of the 43 Presidents, only three have been direct descendents of former Presidents:" John Quincy Adams, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush, that "all three won the office only after... anomalies in the Electoral College", that the first two were defeated for re-election in a populist backlash, and finally that "the men who first lost to the presidential progeny and then beat them" (i.e. Andrew Jackson and Grover Cleveland) "each won a sort of immortality—having his image placed on a unit of US currency", and that Gore should answer this call of history.[157] The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.[158]
The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run", he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run.[159][160][161] This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.[162] The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star."[163] After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars.[164] During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged.[165][166] After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run.[167] Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.[168] Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run.[169][170][171] Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.[172]
Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 Presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so.[173][174]
Involvement in presidential campaigns
Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado
After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle.[175] He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not).[49][176][177] Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it."[178] Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee.[179] Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid.[180] Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[181]
During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates[182] which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one.[183][184] Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process.[185][186] Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama though Gore declined.[82] When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency.[187][188] On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan[189][190][191] which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket.[192] Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being Vice President again.[193][194][195][196] On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 Presidential Election.[197][198] On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support.[199][200] Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected President during the 2008 Presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration.[201][202] On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis."[203]
Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention.[204] Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016.[205][206]
Environmentalism
Main article: Environmental activism of Al Gore
Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007
President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007
Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."[59][60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s,[61] and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."[62][207]
In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment."[208] In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.[209][210] He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),[96] which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".[211]
In 2004, he co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as Chair. A few years later, Gore also founded The Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. Gore also became a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.[2][3] He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts.[212]
Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007
In 2013, Gore became a vegan.[213] He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process"[214] and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance.[214] In a 2014 interview, Gore said "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."[215]
At the 2017 Sundance Film Festival, Gore released An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, which documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change.[216]
A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January, 2017.[217] A few days later, Gore revived the summit, which he will hold without the CDC.[218]
In August 2017 during an interview with LADbible, Al Gore continued to show his support in the fight against climate change saying "Young people have the key role. This climate movement change is in the tradition of other great morally based movements that have advanced the cause of human-kind".[219] During the same interview he also said Donald Trump should 'resign' when asked what advice he would give him.[220]
Criticism
A conservative Washington D.C. think tank, and a Republican member of Congress, among others, have claimed that Gore has a conflict-of-interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment.[221][222] Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes,[223] one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity.[224][225] Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy-efficient.[226][227]
Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research",[228] he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. Gore's spokeswoman responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.[229] In 2009, Gore described the British court ruling as being "in my favor."[230]
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River.[231]
Organizations including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) criticized Gore for not advocating vegetarianism as a way for individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.[232] Gore agreed that meat production contributes to increased carbon emissions, but did not want to "go quite as far as ... saying everybody should become a vegetarian".[233] He said that although he was not a vegetarian, he had "cut back sharply" on his consumption of meat.[233]
Meeting with Ivanka and Donald Trump
President-elect Donald Trump's daughter, Ivanka, reported that she intended to make climate change one of her signature issues, while her father served as President of the United States. She therefore contacted Al Gore, and he met with her and her father on December 5, 2016, at Trump Tower.[234] Following his visit, Gore spoke briefly to the media standing outside the elevator of Trump Tower. Gore related that: "I had a lengthy and very productive session with the president-elect. It was a sincere search for areas of common ground. I had a meeting beforehand with Ivanka Trump. The bulk of the time was with the president-elect, Donald Trump. I found it an extremely interesting conversation, and to be continued, and I'm just going to leave it at that."[235] This was a significant milestone, as Trump once tweeted that "[t]he concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."[236]
Awards and honors
Main article: List of awards received by Al Gore
Gore is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007,[237][238][239] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation. He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009.[8][240]
President Obama praised Gore for advancing the cause of peace.[241]
Selected publications
Books
The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change. Random House. 2013. ISBN 978-0812992946.
Our Choice. Rodale Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59486-734-7.
Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from 'Save Planet Earth Series', 2008 (children's books)
Our Purpose: The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007. Rodale Books. 2008. ISBN 1-60529-990-1.
The Assault on Reason. New York: Penguin. 2007. ISBN 1-59420-122-6.
An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York: Rodale Books. 2006. ISBN 1-59486-567-1.
Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family- (with Tipper Gore). New York: Owl Henry Holt. 2002. ISBN 0-8050-7450-3.
The Spirit of Family (with Tipper Gore). New York: H. Holt. 2002. ISBN 0-8050-6894-5.
From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. 2001. ISBN 1-58963-571-X.
Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report). 1998. ISBN 0-7881-3908-8.
Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies (with Scott Adams). 1997. ISBN 0-7881-7053-8.
Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose. Earthscan. 1992. ISBN 0-618-05664-5.
Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. (with William J. Clinton). New York: Times Books, 1992 .
Articles
"Toward Sustainable Capitalism: Long-term incentives are the antidote to the short-term greed that caused our current economic woes. Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2010.(With David Blood)
"We Can't Wish Away Climate Change." New York Times, February 27, 2010.
"The Climate for Change." New York Times, November 9, 2008.
Vice President Al Gore's introduction to Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace. February 8, 1996. 24 Hours in Cyberspace
"Foreword by Vice President Al Gore." In The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition) by Tracy LaQuey, 1994.
"Introduction. In Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. 1994. New York : Houghton-Mifflin.
The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993 (with William J. Clinton).
"Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Gore, Al. "Al's Bio". AlGore.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Coile, Zachary (November 13, 2007). "Gore joins Valley's Kleiner Perkins to push green business". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Partner bio at Kleiner Perkins". Kleiner Perkins. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Office of Public Affairs (January 25, 2001). "Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism". Columbia News: the Public Affairs and Record Home Page. Columbia University. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jet staff (February 19, 2001). "Al Gore To Teach At Fisk University—Brief Article". Jet. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lee, Cynthia; Ko, Amy (2001). "Training the Next Community Builders:Gore taps faculty expertise". UCLA Today. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Al Gore". World Resources Institute. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Winners List". Category 79: Best Spoken Word Album. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 2008. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bono (December 19, 2007). "Time Person of the Year 2007 Runners-Up: Al Gore". Time. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Tumulty, Karen (August 21, 2000). "Democratic Convention: The Women Who Made Al Gore". Time. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Turque, Inventing Al Gore, p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Gore Chronology". Frontline, Choice 2000. PBS. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (October 10, 1999). "Al Gore, Growing Up in Two Worlds". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Tennessean (photo) (December 31, 1999). "The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (photo) (December 31, 1999). "The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zelnick, Bob (1999). Al Gore: A Political Life. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (March 18, 2000). "Gore's Grades Belie Image of Studiousness". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Henneberger, Melinda (June 21, 2000). "On Campus Torn by 60's, Agonizing Over the Path". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ St. Albans Class of 1965 (photo) (December 31, 1999). "The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Family photo (December 31, 1999). "Sen. Albert Gore and Pauline Gore share words with their son Al Jr. and his bride". The Washington Post. The Life of Al Gore, Path to Politics. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Family photo (December 31, 1999). "The Life of Al Gore, Growing up". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Howd, Aimee (August 23, 1999). "Next First Lady Will Recast Role – Tipper Gore and Laura Bush". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d CNN staff (June 16, 1999). "Biography: Gore's road from Tennessee to the White House". CNN. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Beale, Lauren (April 28, 2010). "Al Gore, Tipper Gore snap up Montecito-area villa: The Italian-style home has an ocean view, fountains, six fireplaces, five bedrooms and nine bathrooms". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Schelzig, Erik (June 1, 2010). "After 40 years of marriage, Tipper and Al Gore part ways". Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Shabecoff, Philip (May 3, 1990). "World's Legislators Urge 'Marshall Plan' For the Environment". The New York Times. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Remarks By Al Gore Climate Change Conference Kyoto, Japan". AlGore.com. December 8, 1997. Archived from the original on December 7, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vice President Gore: Strong Environmental Leadership for the New Millennium". Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Text of the Byrd-Hagel Resolution". July 25, 1997. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Partners: The Climate Project". Live Earth. April 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Al Gore goes vegan, with little fanfare". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Alman, Ashley (November 25, 2013). "Al Gore Goes Vegan". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gore, Al (March 7, 2014). "Al Gore on Medicine's Inconvenient Truths" (Interview). Interview with Eric Topol. Medscape. Retrieved March 14, 2014. Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life.
Jump up ^ Chang, Justin (2017-01-20). "Sundance: 'An Inconvenient Sequel' marks a welcome return to the spotlight for Al Gore". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "CDC abruptly cancels long-planned conference on climate change and health". Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CDC’s canceled climate change conference is back on — thanks to Al Gore". Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Al Gore Talks Climate Change, Trump And 'An Inconvenient Sequel'". LADbible. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Al Gore has one piece of advice for Donald Trump – 'resign'". The Independent. 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ Allen, Nick (November 3, 2009). "Al Gore 'profiting' from climate change agenda". London: The Daily Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Fred (July 24, 2008). "Al Gore's Carbon Empire: Cashing in on Climate Change" (PDF). Capital Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Indisputable: Gore buys Montecito villa". Los Angeles Times. May 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cillizza, Chris; Mosk, Matthew (March 1, 2007). "War on Warming Begins at (Al Gore's) Home". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Tom (June 18, 2008). "Al Gore's electricity bill goes through the (insulated) roof". London: The Telegraph (UK). Retrieved July 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ FactCheck.org: Al Gore's Mansion Archived October 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gore Makes Nashville Home more 'Green'". CNN. July 12, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education & Skills [2007] EWHC 2288 (Admin) (10 October 2007) – full text of judgment
Jump up ^ Baram, Marcus (October 12, 2007). "An Inconvenient Verdict for Al Gore". ABC News. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Heather Ewart, reporter (July 13, 2009). "Al Gore urges Australia to move on carbon emissions trading" (Interview transcript). The 730 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Isikoff, Michael (November 23, 1997). "Gore's Pollution Problem". Newsweek. Retrieved July 20, 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge". PETA. n.d. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Turn vego to save planet: Gore". The Age. Australia. AAP. November 11, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
Jump up ^ Kopan, Tal (December 5, 2016). "Donald Trump meets with Al Gore on climate change". CNN. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Louis (June 3, 2016). "Yes, Donald Trump did call climate change a Chinese hoax". PolitiFact. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Peace 2007: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore". NobelPrize.org. 2007. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gore, Al (December 10, 2007). "Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech". AlGore.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Peace Prize winners issue urgent calls for action". Aftenposten. December 10, 2007. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nagourney, Adam (February 25, 2007). "Gore Wins Hollywood in a Landslide". The Caucus. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Roston, Michael. "Gore Gets Praise From Obama, Clinton On Nobel Win". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
References
Agre, Phil. Who Invented "Invented"?: Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax. October 17, 2000
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. "Chapter 12." Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity. In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628–644.
Cockburn, Alexander. Al Gore: A User's Manual (2000) (with Jeffrey St. Clair) ISBN 1-85984-803-6
Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press, 2007.
Rheingold, Howard. "Afterword to the 1994 edition." The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition). Cambridge: MIT, 2000.
Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy. Scientific American, May 1993.
Turque, Bill, Inventing Al Gore, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, ISBN 0-618-13160-4
External links
Government of the United States portal
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Find more aboutAl Goreat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Official website
Al Gore on IMDb
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
Al Gore at TED
Al Gore on Facebook
Al Gore on Twitter
Appearances on C-SPAN
[show]
Offices and distinctions
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Joe L. Evins Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 4th congressional district
1977–1983 Succeeded by
Jim Cooper
Preceded by
Robin Beard Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 6th congressional district
1983–1985 Succeeded by
Bart Gordon
Party political offices
Vacant
Title last held by
Ted Stevens
John Rhodes Response to the State of the Union address
1982
Served alongside: Robert Byrd, Alan Cranston, Gary Hart, Bennett Johnston, Ted Kennedy, Tip O'Neill, Don Riegle, Paul Sarbanes, Jim Sasser Succeeded by
Les AuCoin, Joe Biden, Bill Bradley, Robert Byrd, Tom Daschle, Bill Hefner, Barbara B. Kennelly, George Miller, Tip O'Neill, Paul Tsongas, Tim Wirth
Preceded by
Jane Eskind Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(Class 2)
1984, 1990 Succeeded by
Jim Cooper
Preceded by
Lloyd Bentsen Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
1992, 1996 Succeeded by
Joe Lieberman
Preceded by
Bill Clinton Democratic nominee for President of the United States
2000 Succeeded by
John Kerry
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
Howard Baker United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee
1985–1993
Served alongside: Jim Sasser Succeeded by
Harlan Mathews
Political offices
Preceded by
Dan Quayle Vice President of the United States
1993–2001 Succeeded by
Dick Cheney
Business positions
New office Chair of Generation Investment Management
2004–present Incumbent
Chair of Current TV
2005–2013 Position abolished
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Grameen Bank
Muhammad Yunus Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize
2007
With: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Succeeded by
Martti Ahtisaari
Current U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Dan Quayle Order of Precedence of the United States
as Former Vice President Succeeded by
Dick Cheney
[show]
Articles related to Al Gore
[show]
v
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Al Gore
45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001)
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993)
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1977–1985)
Born (1948-03-31)March 31, 1948
Politics
Electoral history
Atari Democrat
United States Senate elections, 1984
1990
Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988
1988 presidential campaign
1992 Democratic National Convention
1992 presidential election
1996 Democratic National Convention
1996 presidential election
Vice Presidency
2000 Democratic National Convention
2000 presidential election
2000 presidential campaign
Bush v. Gore
Environment
Global Marshall Plan
Environmental activism
Alliance for Climate Protection
An Inconvenient Truth
"I Need to Wake Up"
Live Earth
An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power
Technology
Role in information technology
High Performance Computing Act of 1991
National Information Infrastructure
Information superhighway
The Superhighway Summit
24 Hours in Cyberspace
NetDay
Digital Earth
Current TV
Recognition
Awards and honors
Books
Earth in the Balance
An Inconvenient Truth
The Assault on Reason
Our Choice
Family
Tipper Gore (wife, separated)
Karenna Gore (daughter)
Kristin Gore (daughter)
Albert Gore Sr. (father)
Pauline LaFon Gore (mother)
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Current TV
Former series
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This American Life (syndication)
50 Documentaries to See Before You Die
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V-CAM
2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea
Al Gore
Al Jazeera America
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Apple Inc.
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Ronald D. Sugar
Susan L. Wagner
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Gil Amelio
Bill Campbell
Mickey Drexler
Larry Ellison
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Steve Jobs
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Alan Eustace
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Krishna Bharat
Matt Cutts
Patrick Pichette
Paul Otellini
Omid Kordestani
Rachel Whetstone
Rajen Sheth
Ram Shriram
Ray Kurzweil
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[show]
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Cabinet of President Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
[hide]
Cabinet
Secretary of State
Warren M. Christopher (1993–97)
Madeleine Albright (1997–2001)
Secretary of the Treasury
Lloyd Bentsen (1993–94)
Robert Rubin (1995–99)
Larry Summers (1999–2001)
Secretary of Defense
Les Aspin (1993–94)
William J. Perry (1994–97)
William S. Cohen (1997–2001)
Attorney General
Janet Reno (1993–2001)
Secretary of the Interior
Bruce Babbitt (1993–2001)
Secretary of Agriculture
Mike Espy (1993–94)
Dan Glickman (1995–2001)
Secretary of Commerce
Ron Brown (1993–96)
Mickey Kantor (1996–97)
William M. Daley (1997–2000)
Norman Mineta (2000–01)
Secretary of Labor
Robert Reich (1993–97)
Alexis M. Herman (1997–2001)
Secretary of Health
and Human Services
Donna Shalala (1993–2001)
Secretary of Housing
and Urban Development
Henry G. Cisneros (1993–97)
Andrew M. Cuomo (1997–2001)
Secretary of Transportation
Federico Peña (1993–97)
Rodney Slater (1997–2001)
Secretary of Energy
Hazel O'Leary (1993–97)
Federico Peña (1997–98)
Bill Richardson (1998–2001)
Secretary of Education
Richard W. Riley (1993–2001)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Jesse Brown (1993–97)
Togo West (1998–2000)
* Acting secretary
[hide]
Cabinet-level
Vice President
Al Gore (1993–2001)
White House Chief of Staff
Mack McLarty (1993–94)
Leon Panetta (1994–97)
Erskine Bowles (1997–98)
John Podesta (1998–2001)
Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency
Carol M. Browner (1993–2001)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Madeleine Albright (1993–97)
Bill Richardson (1997–98)
Richard C. Holbrooke (1999–2001)
Director of the Office of
Management and Budget
Leon Panetta (1993–94)
Alice Rivlin (1994–96)
Franklin D. Raines (1996–98)
Jack Lew (1998–2001)
Director of National
Drug Control Policy
Lee P. Brown (1993–95)
Barry McCaffrey (1996–2001)
Trade Representative
Mickey Kantor (1993–97)
Charlene Barshefsky (1997–2001)
Director of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency
James L. Witt (1993–2001)*
Director of Central Intelligence
R. James Woolsey Jr. (1993–95)
John M. Deutch (1995–96)
George Tenet (1997–2001)
Chairperson of the
Council of Economic Advisers
Laura Tyson (1993–95)
Joseph Stiglitz (1995–97)
Janet Yellen (1997–99)
Martin Neil Baily (1999–2001)
Administrator of the
Small Business Administration
Philip Lader (1994–97)
Aída M. Álverez (1997–2001)
* took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996
[show]
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
[show]
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2007 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
Gerhard Ertl (Germany)
Literature
Doris Lessing (Zimbabwe, United Kingdom)
Peace
Al Gore (United States)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Physics
Albert Fert (France)
Peter Grünberg (Germany)
Physiology or Medicine
Mario Capecchi (United States)
Martin Evans (United Kingdom)
Oliver Smithies (United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
1990
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
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United States Democratic Party
Chairpersons
of the DNC
Hallett
McLane
Smalley
Belmont
Schell
Hewitt
Barnum
Brice
Harrity
Jones
Taggart
Mack
McCombs
McCormick
Cummings
White
Hull
Shaver
Raskob
Farley
Flynn
Walker
Hannegan
McGrath
Boyle
McKinney
Mitchell
Butler
Jackson
Bailey
O'Brien
Harris
O'Brien
Westwood
Strauss
Curtis
White
Manatt
Kirk
Brown
Wilhelm
DeLee
Dodd/Fowler
Romer/Grossman
Rendell/Andrew
McAuliffe
Dean
Kaine
Wasserman Schultz
Perez
Presidential
tickets
Jackson/Calhoun
Jackson/Van Buren
Van Buren/R. Johnson
Van Buren/None
Polk/Dallas
Cass/Butler
Pierce/King
Buchanan/Breckinridge
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(1988 ←) United States presidential election, 1992 (→ 1996)
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[show]
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Tennessee's delegation(s) to the 95th–102nd United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)
95th Senate: H. Baker Jr. • J. Sasser House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. • E. Jones • R. Beard • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • C. Allen • A. Gore Jr.
96th Senate: H. Baker Jr. • J. Sasser House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. • E. Jones • R. Beard • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • A. Gore Jr. • B. Boner
97th Senate: H. Baker Jr. • J. Sasser House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. • E. Jones • R. Beard • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • A. Gore Jr. • B. Boner
98th Senate: H. Baker Jr. • J. Sasser House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. • E. Jones • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • A. Gore Jr. • B. Boner • J. Cooper • D. Sundquist
99th Senate: J. Sasser • A. Gore Jr. House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. • E. Jones • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • B. Boner • J. Cooper • D. Sundquist • B. Gordon
100th Senate: J. Sasser • A. Gore Jr. House: J. Quillen • J. Duncan Sr. (until Jun. 1988) • E. Jones • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • B. Boner (until Oct. 1987) • J. Cooper • D. Sundquist • B. Gordon • B. Clement (from Jan. 1988) • J. Duncan Jr. (from Nov. 1988)
101st Senate: J. Sasser • A. Gore Jr. House: J. Quillen • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • J. Cooper • D. Sundquist • B. Gordon • B. Clement • J. Duncan Jr. • J. Tanner
102nd Senate: J. Sasser • A. Gore Jr. House: J. Quillen • H. Ford Sr. • M. Lloyd • J. Cooper • D. Sundquist • B. Gordon • B. Clement • J. Duncan Jr. • J. Tanner
[show]
v
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International Emmy Founders Award
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Shaun Sutton / Roone Arledge (1981)
Michael Landon (1982)
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David L. Wolper (1984)
David Attenborough (1985)
Donald L. Taffner (1986)
Jacques Cousteau (1987)
Goar Mestre (1988)
Paul Fox (1989)
Joan Ganz Cooney (1990)
Adrian Cowell (1991)
Bill Cosby (1992)
Richard Dunn (1993)
Film on Four (1994)
Don Hewitt (1995)
Reg Grundy (1996)
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Robert Halmi Sr. (1998)
Hisashi Hieda (1999)
John Hendricks (2000)
Pierre Lescure (2001)
Howard Stringer (2002)
HBO (2003)
MTV International (2004)
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Nigel Lythgoe (2011)
Ryan Murphy / Norman Lear / Alan Alda (2012)
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Matthew Weiner (2014)
Julian Fellowes (2015)
Shonda Rhimes (2016)
Kevin Spacey (2017)
[show]
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Internet Hall of Fame
[show]
Pioneers
2012
Paul Baran†
Vint Cerf
Danny Cohen
Steve Crocker
Donald Davies†
Elizabeth J. Feinler
Charles Herzfeld
Robert Kahn
Peter T. Kirstein
Leonard Kleinrock
John Klensin
Jon Postel†
Louis Pouzin
Lawrence Roberts
2013
David Clark
David Farber
Howard Frank
Kanchana Kanchanasut
J. C. R. Licklider†
Bob Metcalfe
Jun Murai
Kees Neggers
Nii Quaynor
Glenn Ricart
Robert Taylor
Stephen Wolff
Werner Zorn
2014
Douglas Engelbart†
Susan Estrada
Frank Heart
Dennis Jennings
Rolf Nordhagen†
Radia Perlman
[show]
Global connectors
2012
Randy Bush
Kilnam Chon
Al Gore
Nancy Hafkin
Geoff Huston
Brewster Kahle
Daniel Karrenberg
Toru Takahashi
Tan Tin Wee
2013
Karen Banks
Gihan Dias
Anriette Esterhuysen
Steve Goldstein
Teus Hagen
Ida Holz
Qiheng Hu
Haruhisa Ishida†
Barry Leiner†
George Sadowsky
2014
Dai Davies
Demi Getschko
Masaki Hirabaru†
Erik Huizer
Steven Huter
Abhaya Induruwa
Dorcas Muthoni
Mahabir Pun
Srinivasan Ramani
Michael Roberts
Ben Segal
Douglas Van Houweling
[show]
Innovators
2012
Mitchell Baker
Tim Berners-Lee
Robert Cailliau
Van Jacobson
Lawrence Landweber
Paul Mockapetris
Craig Newmark
Raymond Tomlinson
Linus Torvalds
Philip Zimmermann
2013
Marc Andreessen
John Perry Barlow
François Flückiger
Stephen Kent
Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder
Henning Schulzrinne
Richard Stallman
Aaron Swartz†
Jimmy Wales
2014
Eric Allman
Eric Bina
Karlheinz Brandenburg
John Cioffi
Hualin Qian
Paul Vixie
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2000s)
2000
LeVar Burton - The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.
2001
Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris, John Runnette (producers) - The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography
2002
Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), Elisa Shokoff (producer) - Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones
2003
Maya Angelou, Charles B. Potter (producer) - A Song Flung Up to Heaven / Robin Williams, Nathaniel Kunkel (engineer/mixer), Peter Asher (producer) - Live 2002
2004
Al Franken, Paul Ruben (producer) - Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them
2005
Bill Clinton - My Life
2006
Barack Obama - Dreams from My Father
2007
Jimmy Carter - Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis / Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee - With Ossie and Ruby
2008
Barack Obama, Jacob Bronstein (producer) - The Audacity of Hope
2009
Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon, Blair Underwood - An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore
Complete list
(1959 & 1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 98777888
LCCN: n86130265
ISNI: 0000 0001 2283 3650
GND: 118900463
SELIBR: 313117
SUDOC: 031911188
BNF: cb12303782s (data)
ULAN: 500251202
MusicBrainz: 8fa9593d-1193-4ceb-bc49-5bdc8cf58b2a
NLA: 35959502
NDL: 00467362
NKC: jn20000602117
US Congress: G000321
BNE: XX1084964
IATH: w6ks6ppj
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Al Gore – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els_Gors
Els Gors – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: अॅल गोर – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values: အယ်လ် ဂိုး – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: अल गोर – Newari

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гор, Альберт – Russian

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஆல் கோர் – Tamil

values: อัล กอร์ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Альберт Гор – Ukrainian

values: ایل گور – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore
Al Gore – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

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