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Brandy
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This article is about the alcoholic beverage obtained from wine. For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation).
Cognac brandy in a typical snifter
Brandy is a spirit produced by distilling wine. Brandy generally contains 35–60% alcohol by volume (70–120 US proof) and is typically taken as an after-dinner drink. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, some are coloured with caramel colouring to imitate the effect of aging, and some brandies are produced using a combination of both aging and colouring.
In broader sense, the term "brandy" also denotes liquors obtained from distillation of pomace (pomace brandy) or mash or wine of any other fruit (fruit brandy).[1][2] These products are also named eaux-de-vie.
Varieties of wine brandy can be found across the winemaking world. Among the most renowned are Cognac and Armagnac from southwestern France.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technology
2.1 Aging
3 Consumption
3.1 Serving
3.2 Culinary uses
4 Terminology and legal definitions
5 Varieties and brands
6 Labelling of grades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The origins of brandy were clearly tied to the development of distillation. While the process was known in classical times, it wasn't used for significant beverage production until the 15th century.[4][5][6]
Initially wine was distilled as a preservation method and as a way to make it easier for merchants to transport. It is also thought that wine was originally distilled to lessen the tax which was assessed by volume. The intent was to add the water removed by distillation back to the brandy shortly before consumption. It was discovered that after having been stored in wooden casks, the resulting product had improved over the original distilled spirit.[2] In addition to removing water, the distillation process led to the formation and decomposition of numerous aromatic compounds, fundamentally altering the composition of the distillate from its source. Non-volatile substances such as pigments, sugars, and salts remained behind in the still. As a result, the taste of the distillate was often quite unlike that of the original source.
As described in the 1728 edition of Cyclopaedia, the following method was used to distill brandy:[7]
A cucurbit was filled half full of the liquor from which brandy was to be drawn and then raised with a little fire until about one sixth part was distilled, or until that which falls into the receiver was entirely flammable. This liquor, distilled only once, was called spirit of wine or brandy. Purified by another distillation (or several more), this was then called spirit of wine rectified. The second distillation was made in balneo mariae and in a glass cucurbit, and the liquor was distilled to about one half the quantity. This was further rectified—as long as the operator thought necessary—to produce brandy.
To shorten these several distillations, which were long and troublesome, a chemical instrument was invented that reduced them to a single distillation. To test the purity of the rectified spirit of wine, a portion was ignited. If the entire contents were consumed by a fire without leaving any impurities behind, then the liquor was good. Another, better test involved putting a little gunpowder in the bottom of the spirit. If the gunpowder could ignite after the spirit was consumed by fire, then the liquor was good.[7]
As most brandies have been distilled from grapes, the regions of the world producing excellent brandies have roughly paralleled those areas producing grapes for viniculture. At the end of the 19th century, the western European markets, including by extension their overseas empires, were dominated by French and Spanish brandies and eastern Europe was dominated by brandies from the Black Sea region, including Bulgaria, the Crimea, and Georgia. In 1884, David Sarajishvili founded his brandy factory in Tbilisi, Georgia, a crossroads for Turkish, Central Asian, and Persian trade routes and a part of the Russian Empire at the time.[8] Armenian and Georgian brandies, called cognacs in the era, were considered some of the best in the world and often beat their French competitors at the International Expositions in Paris and Brussels in the early 1900s.[citation needed] The storehouses of the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg were regarded as the largest collections of cognacs and wines in the world with much of it from the Transcaucasus region of Georgia. During the October Revolution of 1917, upon the storming of the Winter Palace, the Bolshevik Revolution actually paused for a week or so as the participants gorged on the substantial stores of cognac and wines. The Russian market was always a huge brandy-consuming region in which home-grown varieties were common but much of it was imported. The patterns of bottles followed that of the western European norm. Throughout the Soviet era, the production of brandy was a source of pride for the communist regime as they continued to produce some excellent varieties, especially the most famous Jubilee Brandies of 1967, 1977, and 1987.[citation needed] Remaining bottles of these productions are highly sought after, not simply for their quality, but for their historical significance.[citation needed]
Technology[edit]
Except for few major producers, brandy production and consumption tend to have a regional character and thus production methods significantly vary. Wine brandy is produced from a variety of grape cultivars. A special selection of cultivars, providing distinct aroma and character, is used for high-quality brandies, while cheaper ones are made from whichever wine is available.[9]
Brandy is made from so-called base wine, which significantly differs from regular table wines. It is made from early grapes in order to achieve higher acid concentration and lower sugar levels. Base wine generally contains smaller amount (up to 20 mg/l) of sulphur than regular wines, as it creates undesired copper(II) sulfate in reaction with copper in the pot stills. The yeast sediment produced during the fermentation may or may not be kept in the wine, depending on the brandy style.[9]
Brandy is distilled from the base wine in two phases. In the first, large part of water and solids is removed from the base, obtaining so-called "low wine", basically a concentrated wine with 28–30% ABV. In the second stage, low wine is distilled into brandy. The liquid exits the pot still in three phases, referred to as the "heads", "heart" and "tails" respectively. The first part, the "head," has an alcohol concentration of about 83% (166 US proof) and an unpleasant odour. The weak portion on the end, "tail", is discarded along with the head, and they are generally mixed with another batch of low wine, thereby entering the distillation cycle again. The middle heart fraction, richest in aromas and flavours, is preserved for later maturation.[9]
Distillation does not simply enhance the alcohol content of wine. The heat under which the product is distilled and the material of the still (usually copper) cause chemical reactions to take place during distillation. This leads to the formation of numerous new volatile aroma components, changes in relative amounts of aroma components in the wine, and the hydrolysis of components such as esters.
Brandy is usually produced in pot stills (batch distillation), but the column still can also be used for continuous distillation. Distillate obtained in this manner has a higher alcohol concentration (approximately 90% ABV) and is less aromatic. Choice of the apparatus depends on the style of brandy produced.[9] Cognac and South African brandy are examples of brandy produced in batches[9] while many American brandies use fractional distillation in column stills.[citation needed]
Aging[edit]
After distillation, the unaged brandy is placed into oak barrels to mature. Usually, brandies with a natural golden or brown colour are aged in oak casks (single-barrel aging). Some brandies, particularly those from Spain, are aged using the solera system, where the producer changes the barrel each year. After a period of aging, which depends on the style, class and legal requirements, the mature brandy is mixed with distilled water to reduce alcohol concentration and bottled. Some brandies have caramel colour and sugar added to simulate the appearance of barrel aging.[9]
Consumption[edit]
Serving[edit]
Brandy is traditionally served at room temperature (neat) from a snifter, a wine glass or a tulip glass. When drunk at room temperature, it is often slightly warmed by holding the glass cupped in the palm or by gentle heating. Excessive heating of brandy may cause the alcohol vapour to become too strong, causing its aroma to become overpowering. Brandy drinkers who like their brandy warmed may ask for the glass to be heated before the brandy is poured.[10]
Brandy may be added to other beverages to make several popular cocktails; these include the Brandy Sour, the Brandy Alexander, the Sidecar, the Brandy Daisy, and the Brandy Old Fashioned.
Culinary uses[edit]
Brandy is a common deglazing liquid used in making pan sauces for steak and other meat. It is used to create a more intense flavour in some soups, notably onion soup.
In English Christmas cooking, brandy is a common flavouring in traditional foods such as Christmas cake, brandy butter, and Christmas pudding. It is also commonly used in drinks such as mulled wine, drunk during the festive season.
Brandy is used to flambé dishes such as crêpe Suzette and cherries jubilee while serving.[2] Brandy is traditionally poured over Christmas pudding and set alight. The flames consume most of the alcohol but the pudding is left with a distinctive flavour.
Terminology and legal definitions[edit]
The term brandy is a shortening of brandywine, which was derived from the Dutch word brandewijn, itself derived from gebrande wijn, which literally means "burned wine".[11]
In the general colloquial usage of the term, brandy may also be made from pomace and from fermented fruit other than grapes.[2]
If a beverage comes from a particular fruit (or multiple fruits) other than exclusively grapes, or from the must of such fruit, it may be referred to as a "fruit brandy" or "fruit spirit" or named using the specific fruit, such as "peach brandy", rather than just generically as "brandy". If pomace is the raw material, the beverage may be called "pomace brandy", "marc brandy", "grape marc", "fruit marc spirit", or "grape marc spirit"; "marc" being the pulp residue after the juice has been pressed from the fruit.
Grape pomace brandy may be designated as "grappa" or "grappa brandy".[12] Apple brandy may be referred to as "applejack".[12] There is also a product called "grain brandy" that is made from grain spirits.[13]
Within particular jurisdictions, there are specific regulatory requirements regarding the labelling of products identified as brandy. For example:
In the European Union, there are regulations[14] that require products labelled as brandy, except "grain brandy", to be produced exclusively from the distillation or redistillation of grape-based wine or grape-based "wine fortified for distillation" and aged a minimum of six months in oak.[15] Alcoholic beverages imported to the EU from the United States or other non-EU states can be sold within the European Union using labels that refer to them as "fruit brandy" or "pomace brandy", but such a label cannot be used in the EU for products produced in an EU-member state.[citation needed]
In the US, brandy that has been produced from other than grape wine must be labelled with a clarifying description of the type of brandy production such as "peach brandy", "fruit brandy", "dried fruit brandy", or "pomace brandy", and brandy that has not been aged in oak for at least two years must be labelled as "immature".[12]
In Canada, the regulations regarding naming conventions for brandy are similar to those of the US (provisions B.02.050–061). According to the Canadian food and drug regulations, Brandy shall be a potable alcoholic distillate, or a mixture of potable alcoholic distillates, obtained by the distillation of wine. The minimum specified aging period is six months in wood, although not necessarily oak (provision B.02.061.2). Caramel, fruit, other botanical substances, flavourings, and flavouring preparations may also be included in a product called brandy (provisions B.02.050–059).[16][17]
Within the European Union, the German term Weinbrand is legally equivalent to the English term "brandy", but outside the German-speaking countries it is particularly used to designate brandy from Austria and Germany.
Varieties and brands[edit]
Brandy de Jerez in barrels aging
Most of American grape brandy production is situated in California.[2] Popular brands include Christian Brothers, E&J Gallo and Korbel.
Armenian brandy has been produced since the 1880s and comes from the Ararat plain in the southern part of Armenia. Bottles on the market are aged anywhere from 3 to 20 years.
Armagnac is made from grapes of the Armagnac region in the southwest of France, Gers, Landes and Lot-et-Garonne. It is single-continuous distilled in a copper still and aged in oak casks from Gascony or Limousin or from the renowned Tronçais Forest [18] in Auvergne. Armagnac was the first distilled spirit in France. Its usage was first mentioned in 1310 by Vital Du Four in a book of medicine recipes. Armagnacs have a specificity: they offer vintage qualities. Popular brands are Darroze, Baron de Sigognac, Larressingle, Delord, Laubade, Gélas and Janneau.
Cognac comes from the Cognac region of France,[2] and is double distilled using pot stills. Popular brands include Hine, Martell, Camus, Otard, Rémy Martin, Hennessy, Frapin, Delamain and Courvoisier.
Cyprus brandy differs from other varieties in that its alcohol concentration is only 32% ABV (64 US proof).[19]
Dried fruit brandy is a potable alcoholic distillate, or a mixture of potable alcoholic distillates, obtained from sound dried fruit. It may contain caramel, fruit and other botanical substances, and flavouring preparations.[17]
Greek brandy is distilled from Muscat wine. Mature distillates are made from sun-dried Savatiano, Sultana and Black Corinth grape varieties blended with an aged Muscat wine.
Brandy de Jerez originates from vineyards around Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain.[20] It is used in some sherries and is also available as a separate product. It has a protected designation of origin (PDO).[21]
Kanyak (or konyak) is a variety from Turkey that originated in the Tekel region, whose name is a variation of "cognac" and also means "burn blood" in Turkish, a reference to its use in cold weather.[22]
Pisco is a strong, colourless to amber-coloured brandy produced in specific regions of Chile and Peru. The name Pisco derives from the Peruvian port of the same name. Pisco is still made in Peru and Chile but the right to produce and market it is subject to disputes between both countries.[23]
South African brandies are, by law, made almost exactly as Cognac, using a double distillation process in copper pot stills followed by aging in oak barrels for a minimum of three years. Because of this, South African brandies are a very high quality.[9][24]
Italian Stravecchio has been produced since the 1700s in the North of Italy, especially in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto, using grapes popular in winemaking such as Sangiovese and Grignolino. Colour, texture and finish are most resembling those of their French and Spanish counterparts. Most popular brands are Vecchia Romagna, Stravecchio Branca and Stock 84. Northern Italy is also noted since the Middle Ages for another type of wine spirit, Grappa, which is generally colourless but has some top-shelf varieties called barrique which are aged in oak casks and achieve the same caramel colour as regular brandies. There is a vast production of Stravecchios and Grappas in Italy, with more than 600 large, medium or small distilleries in operation. Ticino is also allowed to produce pomace brandy under the name of Grappa.
The European Union and some other countries legally enforce the use of "Cognac" as the exclusive name for brandy produced and distilled in the Cognac area of France, and the name "Armagnac" for brandy from the Gascony area of France. Both must also be made using traditional techniques. Since these are considered "protected designation of origin", a brandy made elsewhere may not be called Cognac in these jurisdictions, even if made in an identical manner.
Labelling of grades[edit]
Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of Cognac and Armagnac. These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name:
V.S. ("very special") or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been stored for at least two years in a cask.[25]
V.S.O.P. ("very superior old pale"), Reserve or ✯✯✯✯✯ (five stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least four years in a cask.[25]
XO ("extra old") or Napoléon designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least six years.[25]
Hors d'âge ("beyond age") is a designation which is formally equal to XO for Cognac, but for Armagnac designates brandy that is at least ten years old. In practice the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.
In the case of Brandy de Jerez, the Consejo Regulador de la Denominacion Brandy de Jerez classifies it according to:
Brandy de Jerez Solera: one year old.
Brandy de Jerez Solera Reserva: three years old.
Brandy de Jerez Solera Gran Reserva: ten years old.
See also[edit]
Liquor portal
Drink portal
Cut brandy
Dutch brandy
Fine (brandy)
Fortified wine
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brandy". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Kirk-Othmer Food and Feed Technology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 151. ISBN 9780470174487.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Brandy". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "Brandy". BBC. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
Jump up ^ British Nutrition Foundation’s Task Force (2008). Gail Goldberg, ed. Plants: Diet and Health. John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. ISBN 9781405147729.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Faith (2013). Cognac: The story of the world's greatest brandy. Infinite Ideas. ISBN 9781906821791.
Jump up ^ L. M. Cullen (2002). The Brandy Trade Under the Ancien Régime. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521890984.
^ Jump up to: a b This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Brandy". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
Jump up ^ "Sarajishvili Brandy Made in Georgia". International Wine Tourism Conference. 5 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Charles W. Bamforth, Robert E. Ward, ed. (2014). "5.2. Brandy". The Oxford Handbook of Food Fermentations. pp. 249–252. ISBN 9780199742707.
Jump up ^ Charles Dubow (14 March 1998). "Cognac Q&A". Forbes magazine.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits, Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations, Pt. 5.22" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2011.
Jump up ^ EC regulation No. 110/2008, Annex II, nn 3.
Jump up ^ "Regulation (EC) No. 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 "on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of spirit drinks"". Retrieved 22 July 2014.
Jump up ^ EC regulation No. 110/2008, Annex II, nn 3–9u.
Jump up ^ "Food and Drug Regulations, C.R.C., c. 870". Laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
Jump up ^ Forêt de Tronçais in French Wikipedia[better source needed]
Jump up ^ "Brandy producers up in arms over EU directive". Cyprus Mail. 27 June 2001.
Jump up ^ Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine’s New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits, 5th edition, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987). Page 464.
Jump up ^ "Bulk Brandy Producer, Rudolf Prehn GmbH". Prehn.com. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ayliffe, Rosie (2003). Turkey. Rough Guides. p. 57. ISBN 9781843530718 – via Google Scholar. Stronger spirits-domestically produced cin...
Jump up ^ Ray Foley (2011). The Ultimate Little Cocktail Book. Sourcebooks, Inc. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "South Africa wins Best Brandy in the World". Southafrica.net. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Website of the BNIC
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brandy.
"Brandy". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
"Brandy". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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David Oakes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the David Oakes of the Oakes test, see R. v. Oakes.
David Oakes
Born
Rowan David Oakes[1]
(1983-10-14) 14 October 1983 (age 33)
Fordingbridge, Hampshire, England
Alma mater
• Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
• University of Manchester
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2008–present
Website
www.davidoakes.co.uk
Rowan David Oakes (born 14 October 1983) is an English film, television and theatre actor known for his roles in The Pillars of the Earth, The Borgias, and The White Queen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Television
2.2 Film
2.3 Radio
2.4 Stage
2.5 Theatre direction
3 Personal life
3.1 Art
4 Charity work
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Early life and education[edit]
He was born in Fordingbridge,[2] Hampshire, England, the son of a Church of England canon[3] and a professional musician.
Oakes was head boy at Bishop Wordsworth's School, in Salisbury, Wiltshire, where he was also heavily involved with the Salisbury Playhouse and their youth theatre, Stage 65. He graduated with a first in English Literature from the University of Manchester.[3]
He attended the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School from 2005 to 2007.[4]
Career[edit]
He played the villainous William Hamleigh in the television miniseries The Pillars of the Earth (2010), produced by Ridley Scott's production company.[5] David was present to accept the Jury Prize at the 2011 Romy Awards in Vienna alongside Donald Sutherland and Natalia Wörner.
The following year, Oakes was cast in the television miniseries The Borgias (2011), airing on Showtime.[6] He played Juan Borgia opposite Jeremy Irons. Whilst shooting the second season, David performed a cameo in the sequel to The Pillars of the Earth, World Without End (2012).
Continuing a career on television playing morally dubious characters, Oakes had a role in The White Queen for BBC One and Starz playing George, Duke of Clarence. It was broadcast in mid-2013.
In attempt to get away from the TV Period Bad Boy, in 2013 David played Mr Darcy in an adaptation of Pride and Prejudice at Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. He said: "I've been playing bad guys back to back, so Darcy's a bit of an antidote!"[7] He followed this by more Stage work, appearing in the World Premiere of Shakespeare in Love at the Noël Coward Theatre as Christopher Marlowe.
In a return to TV period dramas in 2015, Oakes guest-starred in both the third season of Endeavor with Shaun Evans and in BBC's limited series' The Living and the Dead with Colin Morgan.
The role of Prince Ernest, brother of Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, went to Oakes in 2016 in the ITV series, Victoria. The role reunited Oakes with his Trinity co-star, Tom Hughes (Prince Albert), and Pillars of the Earth co-star, Rufus Sewell (Lord Melbourne). It aired on PBS in The United States in 2017, and will continue for a second season.
Later in 2017, Oakes will be seen in the film adaptation of Albert Sánchez Piñol's novel Cold Skin, directed by Xavier Gens and co-starring Ray Stevenson and Aura Garrido. He will also star as Thomas Novachek in the London West End Premiere of David Ives's play Venus in Fur at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. This production is set to be directed by Patrick Marber and stars Natalie Dormer as Vanda.[8]
Television[edit]
Year Title Role Director Channel Notes
2008 Bonekickers Alfred, Lord Tennyson Iain B. MacDonald BBC One Episode 6 "Follow the Gleam"
Walter's War Oswald Hennessey Alrick Riley BBC Four
2009 Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant George Cavendish Channel 4 Episode 3 "Lover"
Trinity Ross Bonham Colin Teague ITV2 Episodes 1, 2, 3
2010 The Pillars of the Earth Lord William Hamleigh Sergio Mimica-Gezzan
Starz
Channel 4
TV miniseries; Appeared in all eight episodes
2011–2012 The Borgias Juan Borgia Neil Jordan, John Maybury, David Leland, John Amiel, Kari Skogland, Jeremy Podeswa et al.
Showtime
Sky Atlantic
Season 1 & 2
2012 World Without End Bishop Henri Michael Caton-Jones Channel 4 Appears as a cameo alongside Charlotte Riley
2013 Ripper Street Victor Silver Andy Wilson
BBC
BBC America
Episode 8 What Use Our Work?
The White Queen George, Duke of Clarence James Kent, Jamie Payne and Colin Teague
BBC
Starz
Episodes 1 - 7
2014 Kim Philby: His Most Intimate Betrayal Kim Philby BBC2 Two-part drama documentary by Ben MacIntyre
2015 Endeavour Jocelyn "Joss" Bixby Sandra Goldbacher ITV & Mammoth Productions Season 3: "Ride"
The Living and the Dead William Payne Sam Donovan BBC Episodes 4 - 6
2016–2017 Victoria Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Tom Vaughan, Sandra Goldbacher, Oliver Blackburn, Lisa James Llarsson, Geoff Saxe, Jim Loach & Daniel O'Hara ITV & Mammoth Productions Season 1 and 2
Film[edit]
Year Title Role Producer Notes
2012 Truth or Die Justin Corona Pictures UK release on 6 August 2012; Called "Truth or Dare" in the UK
100Dniowk@ David Potter Agresywna Banda Polish Feature Film
2013 Love By Design Adrian Solar Junction Rom Com with Jane Seymour and Olivia Hallinan
Goblin? Harry Multi Story Film Short film with The Borgias co-star Holliday Grainger
Who Shall I Play With Now? Gregory Dog Ate Cake UK premiere on 29 June 2013 at the Wimbledon Shorts Festival
2014 Sins of a Father Martin Andrew Piddington A re-shot, re-edited version of the 1991 film Shuttlecock with Alan Bates and Lambert Wilson
2017 Cold Skin Friend Xavier Gens An adaptation of the novel co-starring Ray Stevenson
Radio[edit]
Oakes has performed with The Fitzrovia Radio Hour[citation needed]
2008: A Dance to the Music of Time as Charles Stringham (BBC Radio 4)
2017: Foiled as Richie (BBC Radio Wales) - written by David Charles and Beth Grantham, based on the Edinburgh Fringe show of the same name.
Stage[edit]
Year Title Role Theatre Director
2006 Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Claudio & Verges Royal Shakespeare Company & Bristol Old Vic Theatre School John Hartoch
2007 Love's Labour's Lost by William Shakespeare Dumaine Shakespeare's Globe & International Tour Dominic Dromgoole
We the People (World Premiere) by Eric Schlosser Charles Pinckney & Gunning Bedford Jnr Shakespeare's Globe Charlotte Westenra
2008 Old Vic New Voices: The Twenty-four Hour Plays Davide Old Vic Theatre
Journey's End by R. C. Sherriff Raleigh Mercury Theatre, Colchester Tony Casement
Mary Stuart by Friedrich Schiller Mortimer Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh Aida Karic
2009 All The Little Things We Crushed (World Premiere) by Joel Horwood Hugh Almeida Theatre, London Simon Godwin
2011 Three Farces ("Slasher and Crasher", "A Most Unwarrantable Intrusion" & "Grimshaw, Bagshaw and Bradshaw") by John Maddison Morton Samson Slasher & John Bagshaw Orange Tree Theatre, London Henry Bell
2013 Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen adapted by Simon Reade Darcy Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, London Deborah Bruce
2014-2015 Shakespeare in Love (World Premiere) by Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard adapted by Lee Hall Christopher Marlowe Noël Coward Theatre, West End, London Declan Donnellan
2015 The Trial of Macbeth by Jonathan Myerson Banquo Noël Coward Theatre, West End, London Christopher Haydon
2017 Venus in Fur (West End Premiere) by David Ives Thomas Novachek Theatre Royal Haymarket, West End, London Patrick Marber
In 2006, David performed a 90-minute abridged version of Much Ado About Nothing as part of the Royal Shakespeare Company's "Complete Works" festival along with his final year graduates from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He alternated between playing Claudio and Verges alongside fellow graduate Matt Barber.[9]
Since appearing at Shakespeare's Globe at the outset of his career, David has frequently performed in numerous rehearsed readings as part of their "Read Not Dead" initiative. Including their landmark 200th reading of Philip Massinger's A New Way To Pay Old Debts; David played Wellborn alongside a cast including Benjamin Whitrow, Alan Cox and Nicholas Rowe.[10]
Other performances between 2008 and 2013 for "Read Not Dead" include: An early quarto edition of Henry IV: Part One as Prince Hal oppopsite Benjamin Whitrow's Falstaff, Calderon's Life is a Dream (La Vida Es Sueno) as Segismundo, Taming Of A Shrew as Aurelias, The Spanish Tragedy as Lorenzo, The Return from Parnassus as Ingenioso, Bassianus as Geta, Gorboduc as a "smooth, almost oily[11]" Arostus, John Lyly's Love's Metamorphosis as Montanus and Thomas Middleton's Your Five Gallants as Tailby.[12]
Oakes set up a theatre company called Dog Ate Cake with a long term theatrical collaborator, Henry Bell[13]
David was nominated for both WhatsOnStage and Broadway World awards for his performance in Shakespeare in Love in 2015. The production was also nominated for an Olivier Award.
In 2015 David starred as Banquo in a charity fundraiser for the Shakespeare Schools Festival.[14] The event was largely improvised by the actors and lawyers involved, but based on a framework written by Jonathan Myerson. The cast also included Christopher Ecclestone as Macbeth, Haydn Gwynne as Lady Macbeth, Patterson Joseph as MacDuff and Pippa Bennett-Warner as one of the Weird Sisters. The event interrupted the events of Shakespeare's play following the death of Duncan and placed Macbeth on trial for Murder with David, Patterson and Haydn appearing as witnesses for the prosecution and Christopher and Pippa as witnesses for the defence. The event was overseen by High Court Judge, Sir Michael Burton, the QC's were John Kelsey-Fry, Jonathan Laidlaw, Dinah Rose and Ian Winter, and the foreman of the Jury was Jeremy Paxman.[15]
Theatre direction[edit]
Oakes has directed a number of theatre pieces alongside his acting career. In 2003 he took a stage adaptation of The Wicker Man to the Epping Forest Theatre Festival. Rehearsing in and around his home town of Salisbury, Oakes "got kicked out of the [Cathedral] Close for rehearsing pagan rituals for [his] open-air production of The Wicker Man."[16]
At University he directed numerous plays including Martin McDonagh's Beauty Queen of Leenane, Harold Pinter's The Dumb Waiter and Anthony Minghella's Whale Music[17]
Also whilst at University, in 2005 Oakes assisted director Natalie Wilson on a production of "Smilin' Through" which was co-produced by the Truant Company, Birmingham Repertory Theatre and Contact Theatre, Manchester Later that year, Oakes once again turning to literary adaptation, took a production of Stephen King's The Boogeyman to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[17]
With his and Bell's theatre company, Dog Ate Cake, in 2009 Oakes directed a small tour revival of John Maddison Morton's Box and Cox[18]
Oakes frequently directs at Shakespeare's Globe extending their Read Not Dead Series, a study devoted to performing fully staged readings of the entirety of the Early Modern Canon of Drama: Most recently Oakes directed Robert Greene's The Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay[19] and Lewis Theobald's "Happy Ending" version of John Webster's Duchess of Malfi, "The Fatal Secret".[20]
David recently directed an extract of Robert Daborne's A Christian Turn'd Turk as part of a special Read Not Dead event at Shakespeare's Globe. Four directors with four scholars were teamed up with actors and presented their arguments and selected scenes at a special hustings event on Thursday 29 May 2014
Personal life[edit]
Oakes plays both the clarinet and bass clarinet, and is a strong bass singer.[13]
He is an avid follower of folk music, and continues to support the Bristol folk group Sheelanagig.[2]
He has an extensive collection of canoes and is currently developing a comedy pilot based on this interest. His preferred canoe method is kayak but he also enjoys Canadian canoeing.
Art[edit]
Oakes is an avid fine line sketcher. He is increasingly known for sketching on-set animals upon coloured pages of script reissues and giving them to production members.[21] In May 2015 he exhibited as part of the Dulwich Artists Open House Festival[22] alongside artist and designer Sarah Hamilton. He has also contributed a chapter on Charity Cards for Sarah Hamilton's book, "House of Cards".
Charity work[edit]
David, following his infant niece being diagnosed with a lung condition, has been heavily involved with raising awareness for and fundraising on behalf of the British Lung Foundation.
In 2013, Oakes collaborated with his The Borgias castmate, Holliday Grainger, to make the short comedy film "Goblin". Directed by Christian James, the film was screened at the 2014 Film 4 Fright Fest in their Shorts Showcase,[23] and all profits from the sale of this film were donated to the British Lung Foundation.[24]
Later in 2014, Oakes ran the length of the country to raise awareness for infant lung diseases for both the British Lung Foundation and ChILD Lung Foundation UK.[25] More recently he joined with the BLF to promote their new Children's Hub to provide families with information and support.[26] Alongside this, in 2016, he created the charity's Christmas card.
Since 2014, Oakes has also been a patron of Anno's Africa,[27] an arts-based charity working with Kenyan orphans and slum children, and has supported the UK based Shakespeare Schools Festival, most notable with and surrounding their "Trial of Macbeth".[14]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
England portal
Film portal
Television portal
Theatre portal
List of British actors and actresses
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Q&A with actor David Oakes". Salisbury Journal. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview for Emma Hartley entitled "Desert Island Folk Discs"". Retrieved 2 Dec 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview for 1883 Magazine from 2011". Retrieved 2 Dec 2012.
Jump up ^ "List of graduates from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School since 1984". Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Press release (n.d.). "Ian McShane, Donald Sutherland, Rufus Sewell, Matthew Macfadyen, Sarah Parish, Hayley Atwell, Eddie Redmayne and Gordon Pinsent Headline Star-Studded Cast for Screen Adaptation of Ken Follett's Bestselling Masterpiece The Pillars of the Earth". Tandem Communications. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (10 June 2010). "David Oakes, Holliday Grainger join 'Borgias'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brief Encounter with David Oakes". Whats On Stage. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 3 Feb 2017.
Jump up ^ "Natalie Dormer will star in erotically charged West End production of Venus in Fur" by Alistair Foster, The Evening Standard, 12 May 2017
Jump up ^ "UK Theatre Database: RSC's Much Ado About Nothing". Retrieved 24 Mar 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 200th Read Not Dead". Retrieved 24 Mar 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Marlowe Society Research Journal - Volume 05 - 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 24 Mar 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Oakes' Spotlight CV". Retrieved 24 Mar 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview for Fault Magazine 2011". Retrieved 2 Dec 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Trial of Macbeth: Photos". Retrieved 21 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ "Guardian - Trial of Macbeth". Retrieved 21 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview for Wiltshire Life 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Theatre Credits Prior To Drama School". Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dog Ate Cake". Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bacon and Bungay Review". Retrieved 11 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Globe Read Not Dead 2014". Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "David Oakes Prints". Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dulwich Open House". Retrieved 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Goblin Film Four Fright Fest Review". Retrieved 25 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ "BLF Patrons". Retrieved 25 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ "David Oakes Runs for Charity". Retrieved 25 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ "Josie was the Strongest". Retrieved 25 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anno's Africa Patrons". Retrieved 25 Jan 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Oakes.
davidoakes.co.uk, Oakes's official website
David Oakes on IMDb
Dog Ate Cake Official Website
David Oakes Prints
David Oakes at the London Theatre Database
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 232410599
LCCN: no2012027411
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Oakes&oldid=799206328"
Categories:
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List of pharmaceutical companies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[hide]
1 Alphabetical listing
1.1 #–A
1.2 B–D
1.3 E–L
1.4 M
1.5 N
1.6 O
1.7 P
1.8 R
1.9 S–T
1.10 U–Z
2 See also
Alphabetical listing
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
It is limited to those companies notable enough to have articles in Wikipedia.
#–A
3M Pharmaceuticals
Abbott Laboratories
AbbVie
Acadia Pharmaceuticals
Acorda Therapeutics
Actavis
Actelion
Adcock Ingram
Advanced Chemical Industries
Advaxis
ACG Worldwide
Ajanta Pharma
Alcon
Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Alexion Pharmaceuticals
Alkaloid
Alkermes
Allergan
Alliance Boots
Almirall
Alphapharm
Altana Pharma AG
Amgen
Apotex Inc.
Aspen Pharmacare
Astellas Pharma
AstraZeneca
Aurobindo Pharma
Avax Technologies
Avella Specialty Pharmacy
Axcan Pharma
B–D
Bargn Farmaceutici Phils Co
Barr
Basi
Bausch & Lomb
Baxalta
Baxter International
Bayer Schering Pharma AG
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Bial
Biocon
Biogen
Biolex
BioMarin Pharmaceutical
Bionovo
Biotecnol
Biovail
Biovitrum
Bluepharma
Boehringer-Ingelheim
Bosnalijek
Bristol-Myers Squibb
BTG plc
Cadila Healthcare
Canadian Plasma Resources
The Cathay Drug Co., Inc.
Celgene
Cephalon
Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A.
Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.
CinnaGen
Cipla
Clovis Oncology
CoCo Therapeutics
Concordia Healthcare
Covance
Crucell
CSL Limited
Dabur
Daiichi Sankyo
Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma
Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz
Debiopharm
Diabetology Ltd
Diffusion Pharmaceuticals
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
E–L
Ego Pharmaceuticals
Eisai
Elder Pharmaceuticals
Eli Lilly and Company
Elorac, Inc.
Emcure Pharmaceuticals
Emergent BioSolutions
Endo Pharmaceuticals
Eskayef Bangladesh Limited
F. Hoffmann–La Roche Ltd., which owns Genentech and Chugai Pharmaceuticals
Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals
Ferring Pharmaceuticals
Fresenius Kabi
Fresenius Medical Care
Galderma Laboratories
Gedeon Richter Ltd.
General Pharma
Gilead Sciences
GlaxoSmithKline
Glenmark Pharmaceuticals
GPC Biotech
Grifols
Grindeks
Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries (Julphar)
G.F. Harvey Company
Help Remedies
Hetero Drugs
Hexal Australia
Hikma Pharmaceuticals
Hoffmann–La Roche
Horizon Pharma
Hovione
Incepta Pharmaceuticals
Institute for OneWorld Health
Intas Biopharmaceuticals
Interphil Laboratories
Ionis Pharmaceuticals
Ipca Laboratories
Ipsen
Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson
Jenapharm, a subsidiary of Bayer Schering Pharma
JN-International Medical Corporation
Johnson & Johnson
Julphar
Juno Therapeutics
Kyowa Hakko Kirin
Lundbeck
Lupin Limited
M
Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals
MannKind Corporation
McGuff
Medinfar
Melior Discovery
Menarini
Merck & Co.
Merck KGaA
Mitsubishi Pharma
Mylan
Mayne Pharma
N
NovaBay Pharmaceuticals
Novartis
Novo Nordisk
Noxxon
O
Octapharma
Orexo
OrgaNext
Orion Pharma
Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.
P
Panacea Biotec Ltd
Par Pharmaceutical
Patheon
Peregrine Pharmaceuticals
Perrigo
Pfizer
Pharmaceutical Product Development
Pharma Medica
Pharma Nord
Pharmacosmos
Pharmascience
Pierre Fabre Group
Piramal Healthcare
Pliva
Procter & Gamble
Purdue Pharma
R
Ranbaxy Laboratories, generics arm of Sun Pharmaceuticals
Reckitt Benckiser
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Renovo
Repligen
Rubicon Research
S–T
Salix Pharmaceuticals
Sanofi
Serum Institute of India
Servier Laboratories
Shionogi
Shire plc
Sigma Pharmaceuticals
Sinopharm Group
Solvay Group
Square Pharmaceuticals
STADA Arzneimittel
Strides Arcolab
Sun Pharmaceutical
Sunovion
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
Tasly
Teva Pharmaceuticals
Taro Pharmaceuticals
Torrent Pharmaceuticals
Turing Pharmaceuticals
U–Z
UCB
Unichem Laboratories
UNILAB, also known as United Laboratories
USV Private Limited, formerly USV Limited
Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, formerly ICN Pharmaceuticals
VAV Life Sciences
Veloxis Pharmaceuticals
Vertex Pharmaceuticals
Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Wallace Pharmaceuticals
Wockhardt
Yuhan Corporation
Zandu Pharmaceuticals
Zentiva
See also
List of biotechnology companies
List of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK
[show]
v
t
e
Pharmaceutical industry by country
Bangladesh
China
India
Pakistan
Russia
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
List of pharmaceutical companies
[show]
v
t
e
Pharmaceutical industry in the United States
Companies
Abbott Laboratories
Acorda Therapeutics
Aderis Pharmaceuticals
Adolor Corporation
Alcon
Alexion Pharmaceuticals
Alkermes
Allergan
Alza
Amgen
Amylin Pharmaceuticals
ARIAD Pharmaceuticals
Avax Technologies
more...
Regulatory bodies
Food and Drug Administration
Professional bodies
American Pharmacists Association
Miscellaneous
Contract research organization
Clinical research associate
Drug rep
Pharmaceutical industry
in Bangladesh
in India
in China
in Pakistan
in the UK
Books
The Billion-Dollar Molecule (1994)
Mad in America (2002)
Big Pharma (2006)
Side Effects (2008)
Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010)
Bad Pharma (2012)
Lists
List of drugs
List of largest pharmaceutical settlements
List of off-label promotion pharmaceutical settlements
List of pharmaceutical companies
List of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the UK
Related templates
Pharmaceutical industry by country
in the UK
of the US
Medicine
Public health
Related categories
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
of Australia
of Canada
of Finland
of India
of Japan
of Switzerland
of the UK
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Companies by industry
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