text:
Karachaganak Field
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Karachaganak Field
Location of Karachaganak Field
Country
Kazakhstan
Region
Pre-Caspian Basin
Offshore/onshore
onshore
Coordinates
51°21′12″N 53°12′40″E / 51.353452°N 53.211079°E / 51.353452; 53.211079Coordinates: 51°21′12″N 53°12′40″E / 51.353452°N 53.211079°E / 51.353452; 53.211079
Operators
Royal Dutch Shell
Eni
Partners
Royal Dutch Shell
Eni
Lukoil
Chevron
KazMunayGas
Field history
Discovery
1979
Start of production
1984
Abandonment
2040+ (estimated)
Production
Current production of oil
200,000 barrels per day (~1.0×10^7 t/a)
Current production of gas
650×10^6 cu ft/d (18×10^6 m3/d)
Estimated gas in place
1,371×10^9 m3 (48.4×10^12 cu ft)
Producing formations
Carboniferous
Permian
Devonian
Karachaganak Field is a gas condensate field in Kazakhstan. It is located about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Aksai (Aksai) in the northwest of Kazakhstan. The field was once a massive Permian and Carboniferous reef complex covering an area 30 by 15 square kilometres (11.6 by 5.8 sq mi). At its largest point the reservoir contains a gas column 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) deep with a 200 metres (660 ft) deep oil rim below it. It is estimated to contain 1.2 trillion cubic metres (42 trillion cubic feet) of gas and one billion tonnes of liquid condensate and crude oil. Discovered in 1979, it began production under Karachaganckgazprom, a subsidiary of Gazprom. Kazakhgas took over operatorship after the independence of Kazakhstan in 1992. In 1992, AGIP (now Eni) and the then British Gas (who became BG Group, and later acquired by Royal Dutch Shell) were awarded the sole negotiating rights, forming a partnership company. In 1997, Texaco (now Chevron Corporation) and Lukoil signed a production sharing agreement with the original two companies and the Kazakhstan Government. This is a 40-year agreement to develop the field to allow the production to reach world markets. This is done under a partnership company known as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) where Royal Dutch Shell and ENI are joint operators with a 29.25% stake each in the company, with Chevron and Lukoil owning 18% and 13.5% respectively. In September 2009 the KPO filed an arbitration case against Kazakhstan.[1] President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Maksat Idenov to lead the negotiations,[2] after which the arbitration was suspended towards an amicable settlement of the dispute [3] and KazMunayGas engaged in entrance into the project in 2010.[4] Under the terms of an agreement reached on December 14, 2011, the Republic of Kazakhstan has acquired through KazMunayGas a 10% stake for $2 billion cash and $1 billion non-cash consideration.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Phase 1
1.2 Phase 2
2 Reservoir properties
3 Production
4 Field reserves
5 Geology
6 Oil and gas migration
7 Berezovka controversy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Located in the Uralsk Region of West Kazakhstan, it was discovered in 1979 by a well drilled to investigate a structural high detected during a reinterpretation of 2D seismic shot between 1970 and 1971. Production began in 1984 under the operatorship of Karachaganakgazprom. Limited quantities of gas and condensate were exported to Russia via pipelines and to the processing facilities at Orenburg. On 3 October 2006, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a joint venture on the basis of Orenburg gas processing plant for processing gas from the Karachaganak field.
Phase 1[edit]
The phase began with three wells penetrating into the Permian formations of the reservoir. Once produced to surface the gas and oil were separated before being piped to Orenburg where further processing was undertaken. This was partially due to the sour nature of the gas, with a hydrogen sulphide content of 3.5-5.0% and carbon dioxide content of 5%. Karachaganckgazprom also maintained a policy of full gas voidage replacement to maintain pressure of the reservoir above the dew point. By 1990, approximately 200 vertical wells had been drilled in Karachaganak reaching a peak production plateau of 425 million cubic feet (12.0 million cubic metres) per day of gas and 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d) of oil, before beginning to decline in 1992.[7]
Phase 2[edit]
Beginning in 2000 under the operatorship of Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO), the field went under a redevelopment program. This involved an investment of over US$1 billion into the construction and enhancement of existing facilities, new gas and liquid processing and gas injection facilities, a workover program consisting of 100 existing wells, a 120 MW power station for the facilities, and connection to the Caspian Pipeline Consortium via a 650-kilometre (400 mi) line to Atyrau. This phase was officially completed in 2004, allowing for the production handling of 700 million cubic feet (20×10^6 m3) per day of gas and 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m3/d) of oil.
Reservoir properties[edit]
Reservoir pressure
Reservoir temperature
Reservoir porosity
Net/gross ratio
Water saturation
Density of condensate
Average permeability
52–59 MPa 70 to 95 °C 5% 40% 10% 47 °API
(790 kg/m³) 15 mD (2 µm²) with high perm streaks
Production[edit]
In January - June 2005, 6.4 billion cubic metres (230 billion cubic feet) of gas was recovered, and 5.7 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons was produced.
Overall, it is planned to recover about 300 million tons of liquid hydrocarbons and 800 billion cubic metres (28 trillion cubic feet) natural gas during the contract period.
One current production issue facing the field is the increasing amount of gas of which a large amount is sour. As the export facilities of the project are not fully developed, most of this gas is being recycled back into the reservoir until it can be exported profitably.
Field reserves[edit]
It is estimated that the Karachaganak field contains 1.236 billion tonnes of liquids and 1.371 trillion cubic metres (48.4 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in place (17.78 billion barrels (2.827×10^9 m3) of oil equivalent).
Geology[edit]
The Karachaganak Field is one of the world's largest gas condensate fields. It is located in the Pre-Caspian (or North Caspian) Basin, which extends from the southeastern margin of the Russian Platform down to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, and includes the offshore Caspian Sea north of about 44° N. The North Caspian is a pericratonic depression of Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic age. Sediments in the 500,000-square-kilometre (190,000 sq mi) basin are up to 22 kilometres (14 mi) thick in places. The basin is subdivided into numerous zones by large salt domes, and the primary salt layer, the Permian Kungurian salt, separates strata vertically into subsalt and suprasalt layers. The basin is bounded to the east by the Hercynian Ural Mountains and to the southeast and south by other orogenic belts. In the north, the basin lies on the flank of the Voronezh Massif in the west and the Volga-Ural Platform in the north. Numerous oil and gas fields have been discovered in this region in addition to Karachaganak, such as Astrakhan, Tengiz and Zhanazhol Fields.
The field consists of a heterogeneous carbonate massif with strata from three geologic periods and numerous stages of deposition during these periods. The following have been identified:
Permian: Kungurian, Artinskian, Sakmarian, Asselian
Carboniferous: Serpukhovian, Visean, Tournaisian
Devonian: Famennian
The depositional setting of the field is also varied. On the basis of core sample analysis and seismic studies the following depositional settings have been identified: limestone, talus, normal marine, shallow marine, inner reef lagoon, reef core, relatively deep water, slope, and anhydrite.
The variation of deposition is due to the long period over which the Karachaganak structure was formed. From the Late Devonian to the middle Carboniferous the field was an atoll, over which in the early Permian a system of reefs were built. At its greatest the reservoir is 1.5 km thick. This type of reservoir structure has been seen in analogous fileds including Kenkiyak, Zhanazhol, Tengiz, and possibly Astrakhan fields. A west-east cross section through Karachaganak resembles the twin humps of a camel, indicating two separate reef highs.
Likewise, the large variation of deposition has led to four different types of carbonate cores in the structure: biothermal, biomorphic detrital, organo-clastic, and biochemogenic. Of these biomorphic detrital are the most common followed by biothermal rock types. However, estimates of their volumes range from 30-90% for the former and 10-60% for the latter.
Oil and gas migration[edit]
As with other reservoirs in the North Caspian (Pricaspian) Basin, it is thought that the Karachaganak reservoir was filled over multiple stages, the first of which began during late Paleozoic time with the formation of oil pools. As the basin began to subside, gas was generated and migrated to the traps. The gassiness of the reservoirs is determined by their location in the basin. Northern reservoirs tend to be wet; the southwest part of the basin is more gas prone than are the east and southeast.
Berezovka controversy[edit]
Since 2002, residents from the village located closest to the Karachaganak Field have been campaigning for relocation and compensation. The villagers, led by the local organization Zhasil Dala (Green Steppe), maintain that they are suffering a host of illnesses and environmental degradation due to exposure to toxic emissions from the Karachaganak Field, situated five kilometers away. [8]
Independent Bucket Brigade air monitoring conducted by the villagers from September 2004 to August 2005 registered more than 25 toxic substances in the air, including hydrogen sulfide, methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, toluene, and acrylonitrile.[9] In 2005, Karachaganak’s regional environmental authority temporarily revoked the operating license of KPO B.V. due to environmental violations, including emitting 56 thousand tons of toxic waste in the atmosphere in 2004, improper storage of toxic solid waste on the field, and dumping toxic effluent into the water table.[10] The consortium was found to have dumped an excess of waste in 2008, resulting in a $21 million fine in early 2010.[11]
The villagers contend that they should have been relocated upon the start of field operations as Kazakhstani law stipulates a five-kilometer Sanitary Protection Zone (SPZ) around the field. However, in 2003, the government reduced the SPZ to three kilometers, effectively barring the villagers from relocation. After three years of protest from the villagers, Kazakhstan’s Public Prosecutor found the 2003 decision to reduce the SPZ to be illegal, and the five-kilometer SPZ was reinstated in 2006.[12] However, the village has not been relocated.
In 2002, the private sector arm of the World Bank Group, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), provided $150 million in loans to Lukoil for development of the Karachaganak Field. These loans were repaid by Lukoil in January 2009.[13] From 2004 to 2008, three complaints were filed with the IFC's Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman's office regarding the IFC's violations of its own environmental standards in financing the Karachaganak Field.[14] One of the complaints results in a report by the Auditor, published in April 2008, which documented numerous instances of non-compliance with IFC standards at Karachaganak. One of the revelations was that no results for hydrogen sulfide monitoring had been reported between 2003 and 2006—years during which the Berezovka residents maintain they were suffering health problems due to hydrogen sulfide exposure. [15]
Zhasil Dala works in partnership on this campaign with the US-based environmental justice organization Crude Accountability and the Kazakhstani Ecological Society Green Salvation, among others.
See also[edit]
Kazakhstan portal
Energy portal
Natural gas processing
Natural gas condensate
Oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan
References[edit]
Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes, by Shamil Yenikeyeff, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2008
"The Giant Karachaganak Field, Unlocking its Potential" (PDF). Schlumberger Oil Field Review. Retrieved March 25, 2006.
"Developing Coiled-Tubing Techniques on the Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan". SPE Paper Abstract. Retrieved March 25, 2006.
"KPO Operations". KPO Corporate website.
"BG Group - Where we work". bg-group.com. BG Group. April 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
"Geology and Petroleum Potential of Central Asia". Rice University. Archived from the original on February 17, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2006.
"Internet Geology Newsletter No 192". James Clarke. Archived from the original on 2004-01-25. Retrieved March 25, 2006.
"Reservoir Geology of the Karachaganak Field". A. Giovannelli. Retrieved April 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "2012 Investment Climate Statement - Kazakhstan". US Department of State. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Транспарентность – главное условие работы для инвесторов в казахстанской "нефтянке"". zakon.kz. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BG приостановила арбитражный процесс в отношении Казахстана по иску о возврате экспортной пошлины". meta.kz. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BG подала иск на Казахстан от всех участников Карачаганакского проекта". Диапазон. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Agreement Between Kazakhstan and KPO Becomes Effective". The Gazette of Central Asia. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Karachaganak field agreement takes effect". Oil & Gas Journal. PennWell Corporation. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
Jump up ^ C&C Reservoirs: Karachagnak Field Aug 2010
Jump up ^ "Karachaganak Campaign". Crude Accountability website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Karachaganak Oil and Gas Field Threatens Health of Citizens: The Scientific Data" (PDF). Crude Accountability website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Environmental Dregs, by Alla Zlobina". Uralsk Weekly. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Karachaganak players hit with $21m fine". upstreamonline.com. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Karachaganak Sanitary Protection Zone Reinstated to Five Kilometers" (PDF). Crude Accountability website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kazakhstan/Lukoil Overseas-01/Berezovka". CAO website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CAO Cases". CAO website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Audit Report". CAO website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
External links[edit]
Karachaganak Petroleum Operating Homepage
BG Group - Kazakhstan
ENI - Kazakhstan[permanent dead link]
Chevron - Eurasia
Lukoil - International Exploration
Caspian Pipeline Consortium
Crude Accountability
Green Salvation
Karachaganak and the Future of Petrochemical Industry in Kazakhstan
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Amangel'dy
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Australian citizenship test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Australian citizenship test is a test applicants for Australian citizenship who also meet the basic requirements for citizenship are required to take. In order to be able to take the test, one must be a permanent resident of Australia and one must have applied for Australian citizenship.[1] It was introduced in 2007 to assess the applicants' adequate knowledge of Australia, the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship and basic knowledge of the English language. The format of the test was amended in 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Test format
2.1 Questions and answers
3 Notes
4 External links
History[edit]
In December 2006, it was announced that applicants for Australian citizenship who are over 18 and under 60 years old will need to pass an Australian citizenship test. The objective of the test is to prove an applicant's grasp of English language and understanding of Australia’s "values", history, traditional and national symbols. Citizenship applicants are required to study a booklet produced by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
On 2 January 2008, it was announced that the test would be reviewed when statistics showed that over 20% of those sitting the test failed on their first attempts.[2] On 28 April 2008 the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Senator Chris Evans, announced the appointment of an independent committee to conduct a review of the Australian citizenship test since its implementation on 1 October 2007.[3] This review was commissioned to examine the operation of the citizenship test after six months experience and whether there were ways to improve its operation and effectiveness as the pathway for residents to become Australian citizens. On 22 November 2008, the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Chris Evans, released the Citizenship Test Review Report Moving Forward … Improving Pathways to Citizenship and the Government’s response.[4] The report and the government's response are located online.[5]
On 19 October 2009, changes to the citizenship test came into effect. Under the new rules, a mark of 75% (15 out of 20 questions correct) is required to pass.[6] Previously, a mark of 60% plus answering three mandatory questions correctly was required. Applicants will need to pass the test before a decision is made on their citizenship application, i.e. the application must be lodged before the test takes place.[7]
Test format[edit]
The computer based test consists of 20 multiple choice questions drawn randomly from a pool of 200 confidential questions. The test is only available in English. Applicants have 45 minutes to complete the test. The material is drawn from the official guide "Our common bond" published by the Australian Government department of Immigration and Citizenship.
Scheduling a time to take the test can be done by the Department of Immigration & Citizenship (DIAC). Wait times vary widely, and applicants may need to wait a considerable amount of time. As of 17 February 2009, one would need to wait almost four months to secure an appointment in central Sydney and over three months in Parramatta. In less congested areas, wait times are considerably less, if any; in Adelaide, for instance, an applicant needs to make an appointment online or by paper application to Adelaide DIAC office anytime.[8]
Questions and answers[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2012)
Although the following are not necessarily correct answers, they are correct in the context of the test.
Which one of these is a responsibility for every Australian citizen? (Join with Australians to defend Australia and its way of life, should the need arise)
Which one of these values is important in modern Australia? (Everyone has equality of opportunity)
What is Australia's national floral emblem? (The golden wattle)
What is a Bill? (A proposed law that has not yet passed through parliament)
In what year did Federation take place? (1901)
Which day of the year is Australia Day? (26 January)
What is the first line of Australia's national anthem? ("Australians all let us rejoice")
What is the population of Australia? (approx 24 million)
In what city is the Parliament House of the Commonwealth Parliament located? (Canberra)
Who is the Queen's representative in Australia? (the governor-general)
How are Members of Parliament chosen? (by election)
Who do Members of Parliament represent? (the people of their electorate)
After a federal election, who forms the new government? (the political party or coalition of parties which wins a majority of seats in the House of Representatives)
What are the colours on the Australian flag? (red, white and blue)
Who is the head of the Australian Government? (the prime minister)
What are the three levels of government in Australia? (Commonwealth, State or Territory and local)
In what year did the European settlement of Australia start? (1788)
Serving on a jury if required is a responsibility of Australian citizenship: true or false? (true)
In Australia, everyone is free to practise the religion of their choice, or practise no religion: true or false? (true)
To be elected to the Commonwealth Parliament you must be an Australian citizen: true or false? (true)
As an Australian citizen, I have the right to register my baby born overseas as an Australian citizen: true or false? (true)
Australian citizens aged 18 years or over are required to enrol on the electoral register: true or false? (true)
What do we remember on Anzac Day? (The landing of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli, Turkey)
What are the colours of the Australian Aboriginal Flag? (Black, red and yellow)
Which official symbol of Australia identifies Commonwealth property? (Commonwealth Coat of Arms)
Which of these statements about Australia’s system of government is correct? (The government is elected by the people)
Which of these is an example of freedom of speech? (People can peacefully protest against government decisions)
Which of these statements about government in Australia is correct? (Government in Australia)
Which of these is an example of equality in Australia? (Men and women have the same rights)
Which of these is a responsibility of Australian citizens aged 18 years or over? (To vote in elections)
Which of these is a responsibility of Australian citizens aged 18 years or over? (To serve on a jury if called to do so)
Which of these statements about passports is correct? (Australian citizens can apply for an Australian passport)
Which of these is a role of the Governor-General? (The signing of Bills passed by the Australian Parliament)
Which of these statements about state governments is correct? (Each state has its own constitution)
What is the name given to the party or coalition of parties with the second largest number of members in the House of Representatives? (The Opposition)
What is the name of a proposal to make a law in parliament? (Bill)
Who maintains peace and order in Australia? (Police)
[9]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Understanding the Australian Citizenship Test process".
Jump up ^ Article highlighting failure rates
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-31. Independent committee to review citizenship test
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-31. New Citizenship test to focus on responsibilities and privileges
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
Jump up ^ [1] Australian Citizenship Practice Test
Jump up ^ [2] About the citizenship test
Jump up ^ Department of Immigration & Citizenship website detailing how to make an appointment
Jump up ^ "Australian Citizenship Test practice questions" (PDF). Retrieved 26 June 2012.
External links[edit]
Citizenship Test - Official website for Citizenship Test
Citizenship Practice Test - Free Sample Test for Australian Citizenship
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_citizenship_test&oldid=802834012"
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