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Public Relations Institute of Australia
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Public Relations Institute of Australia
Established
1949
Type
Professional association
Headquarters
Sydney, Australia
Region served
Australia
Membership
2,200 (as at November 2014)[1]
Key people
Mike Watson, President
Website
www.pria.com.au
The Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA) is a peak body for public relations and communication professionals in Australia. It promotes high ethical standards in the public relations and communication industry through accredited membership, resources, training, and recognition.
PRIA was founded in 1949. It sponsors the open access Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal. The organisation is a member of the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management.
Contents
[hide]
1 Projects
1.1 Course accreditations
2 Partnerships and sponsorships
3 History
3.1 Presidents
4 References
Projects[edit]
In 2014, PRIA projects included advising on lobbyist legislation, increasing the use of valid measurement in PR, and offering career development and professional support resources to practitioners.[2] PRIA also offers member training and professional development, runs a consultancy registration scheme, organises conferences and networking events, and presents annual awards for outstanding programs (the Golden Target Awards).[3][4]
Course accreditations[edit]
PRIA introduced accreditation of Australian public relations courses in the late 1980s and 1990s.[5] It identifies three core benefits to accreditation:[6]
committing education providers to aligning with current industry practice
uniting educators and industry to progress the PR profession
equipping graduates with best practice skills and competencies
PRIA continues to accredit courses for a five-year rolling period, but the Australian Government has not chartered the association and PRIA does not demand degrees from its members.[7]
Partnerships and sponsorships[edit]
When Deakin University began publishing the Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal in 1999, PRIA became a sponsor of the publication, and it continues its support today.[8]
PRIA is one of 25 founding members of the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management.[9]
In September 2014, PRIA announced a partnership with the International Special Events Society to enable PRIA members to earn professional development points by attending ISES events.[10]
History[edit]
When PRIA was established in 1949, Asher Joel was one of its founding members.[11]
PRIA established the annual Golden Target Awards in 1976, to recognise excellence in Australian public relations.[12] The University of Western Sydney's Ward Library is home to the winners collection which dates from 1998.[13]
Jon Bisset was appointed CEO of PRIA in July 2009,[14] departing in December 2012.[15]
When the Public Relations Council was formed in 2012, PR practitioners discussed whether Australia's PR industry was big enough for two peak bodies, generally concluding that the market could embrace both organisations.[16]
In 2013, PRIA announced a new membership structure breaking down organisational membership into four categories: government, corporate, not-for-profit, and tertiary education.[17]
In February 2014, Mike Watson was appointed president of PRIA.[18] At the same time as his appointment, the entire PRIA national board stepped down—with the exception of its Western Australian representative.[19] Watson told media he planned to take the organisation in a new direction.[20]
Jennifer Muir was the only nominee for the role of President in February 2016.[21] She was elected unopposed to the role of president and at the same time Jacquie Ray was made the deputy president.[22]
Presidents[edit]
The following persons have been presidents of PRIA:
Jennifer Muir (2016–)
Mike Watson (2014–2016)
Terri-Helen Gaynor (2012–2013)
Nicholas Turner (2011–2012)
Robin Xavier (October 2009–2011)[23]
Tracy Jones (2008–2009)
Annabelle Warren (2005–2007)
Rob Masters (2003–2005)
Liz McLaughlin (2001–2003)
Jim Macnamara (1999–2001)
Marjorie Anderson (1992–1993)
Bill Mackey (1988)
Hat Myers (1981–1982)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Christensen, Nic (25 November 2014). "PRIA looks at merger and rebranding options". mUmBRELLA. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Neil (20 June 2014). "Ray Shaw to lead PRIA as new CEO". B&T. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Turnbull, Noel (2010). "How PR works... but often doesn't" (PDF). N.S. & J.S. Turnbull. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-646-53625-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Freitag, Alan R.; Quesinberry Stokes, Ahsli (2009). "Global Public Relations: Spanning Borders, Spanning Cultures". Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 0-203-89018-3.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Jane; Macnamara, Jim (2013). "Public relations literature and scholarship in Australia: A brief history of change and diversification" (PDF). PRism. 10 (1): 9.
Jump up ^ "PRIA Accreditation for Educational Programs". PRIA. 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Matchett, Stephen (14 July 2010). "The profession that dare not speak its name". The Australian.
Jump up ^ "Journal Sponsorship". Deakin University. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Members: Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA)". Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, Emma (4 September 2014). "PRIA and ISES partnership explained". Spice News. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Sir Asher Joel". PRIA. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "PRIA Golden Target Awards". Crowther Blayne & Associates 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ PRIA. "Golden Target Award (GTA) past winners". PRIA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jon Bisset is new boss of PR association". mUmBRELLA. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jon Bisset departs PRIA". B&T. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Debate: Is Australian PR big enough for two industry bodies?". Marketing Mag. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Christensen, Nic (7 May 2013). "PRIA restructures membership of industry body". mUmBRELLA. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Christensen, Nic (10 February 2014). "Terri-Helen Gaynor out as PRIA president, replaced by Mike Watson". mUmBRELLA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Christensen, Nic (11 February 2014). "PR industry body PRIA in 'turmoil' as national board resigns en masse". mUmBRELLA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Drama and competing accusations at PR peak body". Crikey. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Ward, Miranda (19 January 2016). "Jennifer Muir to be voted in as PRIA national president at next month’s EGM". Mumbrella.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Neil (15 February 2016). "New PRIA President Elected, Proclaims The Era Of Strategic Communicator". B&T.
Jump up ^ "PRIA welcomes new national president" (Press release). PRIA. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
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European Union statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat (European statistics body).
Contents
[hide]
1 Area and population
2 Economy
2.1 EU budget
3 Freedom and governance-related rankings
3.1 Freedom of the press
3.2 Economic freedom
3.3 Perception of corruption
3.4 Human development
3.5 Income equality
3.6 Ease of doing business
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Area and population[edit]
EU population cartogram
As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 493 million people.[1] Many countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming decades,[2] though this could be offset with new countries planning to join the EU within the next 20 years. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 80.4 million people. France and Ireland have the highest birth-rates.[3] The most densely populated country is the island of Malta, which is also the smallest, while the largest in area is France. The least densely populated country is Finland.
Population figures in the table below are from 2006 or 2007 estimates. The highest and lowest figures in each column have been marked in bold.
Member State
Population
in millions
Population
% of EU
Area
km2
Area
% of EU
Pop. density
People/km2
European Union 494.8 100% 4,422,773 100% 112
Austria 8.3 1.7% 83,858 1.9% 99
Belgium 10.5 2.1% 30,510 0.7% 344
Bulgaria 7.7 1.6% 110,912 2.5% 70
Croatia 4.3 0.9% 56,594 1.3% 75.8
Cyprus 0.8 0.2% 9,250 0.2% 84
Czech Republic 10.3 2.1% 78,866 1.8% 131
Denmark 5.4 1.1% 43,094 1.0% 126
Estonia 1.4 0.3% 45,226 1.0% 29
Finland 5.3 1.1% 337,030 7.6% 16
France[4] 65.03 13.% 643,548 14.6% 111
Germany 80.4 16.6% 357,021 8.1% 225
Greece 11.1 2.2% 131,940 3.0% 84
Hungary 10.1 2.0% 93,030 2.1% 108
Ireland 4.6 0.9% 70,280 1.6% 60
Italy 58.8 11.9% 301,320 6.8% 195
Latvia 2.3 0.5% 64,589 1.5% 35
Lithuania 3.4 0.7% 65,200 1.5% 45
Luxembourg 0.5 0.1% 2,586 0.1% 181
Malta 0.4 0.1% 316 0.0007% 1,261
Netherlands 17 3.3% 41,526 0.9% 394
Poland 38.1 7.7% 312,685 7.1% 122
Portugal 10.6 2.1% 92,931 2.1% 114
Romania 21.6 4.4% 238,391 5.4% 91
Spain 44.7 9.0% 504,782 11.4% 87
Slovakia 5.4 1.1% 48,845 1.1% 111
Slovenia 2.0 0.4% 20,253 0.5% 99
Sweden 10 1.8% 449,964 10.2% 20
United Kingdom 60.7 12.3% 244,820 5.5% 246
Economy[edit]
For statistics relating to economy, please see Economy of the European Union.
EU budget[edit]
The primary resource for funding the European Union is the contributions sought from member states. Each member state contributes to the EU budget, and receives funding back from the EU, depending on the relative wealth of the states, i.e. their ability to pay.
The table below shows the contributions as a percentage of the total budget. This takes into account the special considerations given to the United Kingdom to reduce its contribution through a rebate. Expenditure in Luxembourg, Belgium and France include items for the EU administrative centres in each of those countries.
Member State
Total contribution
in Euro
Total contribution
as % of total EU budget
Total expenditure
year 2006 in Euro
Total expenditure
as % of total EU budget
Net contribution
in Euro
Net contribution
in Euro per capita
Total contribution
in Euro per capita
European Union 105,259,468,772 100.00% 106,575,500,000 100.00% -1,316,031,228 -3 213
Germany 22,218,438,941 21.11% 12,242,400,000 11.49% 9,976,038,941 124 276
France 17,303,107,859 16.44% 13,496,200,000 12.66% 3,806,907,859 59 266
Italy 14,359,479,157 13.64% 10,922,300,000 10.25% 3,437,179,157 58 244
United Kingdom 13,739,900,046 13.05% 8,294,200,000 7.78% 5,445,700,046 90 226
Spain 8,957,286,488 8.51% 12,883,000,000 12.09% -3,925,713,512 -88 200
Netherlands 5,552,933,781 5.28% 2,190,400,000 2.06% 3,362,533,781 198 327
Belgium 4,035,286,807 3.83% 5,625,100,000 5.28% -1,589,813,193 -151 384
Sweden 2,832,862,800 2.69% 1,573,400,000 1.48% 1,259,462,800 126 283
Austria 2,308,432,030 2.19% 1,830,100,000 1.72% 478,332,030 58 278
Denmark 2,130,860,212 2.02% 1,501,900,000 1.41% 628,960,212 116 395
Poland 2,099,087,114 1.99% 5,305,600,000 4.98% -3,206,512,886 -84 55
Greece 1,882,611,879 1.79% 6,833,700,000 6.41% -4,951,088,121 -446 170
Finland 1,544,832,284 1.47% 1,280,400,000 1.20% 264,432,284 50 291
Portugal 1,443,049,602 1.37% 3,634,800,000 3.41% -2,191,750,398 -207 136
Ireland 1,341,281,313 1.27% 2,461,800,000 2.31% -1,120,518,687 -244 292
Hungary 1,003,119,411 0.95% 1,842,200,000 1.73% -839,080,589 -83 99
Czech Republic 932,392,859 0.89% 1,330,000,000 1.25% -397,607,141 -39 91
Slovakia 393,148,777 0.37% 696,200,000 0.65% -303,051,223 -56 73
Slovenia 299,993,572 0.29% 406,000,000 0.38% -106,006,428 -53 150
Luxembourg 241,439,011 0.23% 1,194,800,000 1.12% -953,360,989 -1,907 483
Lithuania 221,997,405 0.21% 799,800,000 0.75% -577,802,595 -170 65
Cyprus 144,556,416 0.14% 239,600,000 0.22% -95,043,584 -119 181
Latvia 115,205,431 0.11% 402,600,000 0.24% -287,394,569 -125 50
Estonia 100,756,308 0.10% 300,000,000 0.28% -199,243,692 -142 72
Malta 57,409,269 0.05% 157,000,000 0.14% -99,590,731 -249 144
Bulgaria 360,600,000 0.34% -360,600,000 -47
Romania 693,100,000 0.65% -693,100,000 -32
Freedom and governance-related rankings[edit]
There are many indices available on issues such as corruption, development, and freedom.
Freedom of the press[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Finland 1
2 Netherlands 2
3 Luxembourg 4
4 Denmark 6
5 Sweden 10
6 Estonia 11
7 Austria 12
8 Ireland 15
9 Czech Republic 16
10 Germany 17
11 Belgium 21
12 Poland 22
13 Slovakia 23
14 Cyprus 24
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
15 Portugal 28
16 United Kingdom 29
17 Lithuania 33
18 Slovenia 35
19 Spain 36
20 France 37
21 Latvia 39
22 Romania 42
23 Malta 45
24 Hungary 56
25 Italy 57
26 Greece 84
27 Bulgaria 87
Reporters sans frontières conducts an annual survey on the freedom of the press and produces scores (not shown here) for each country. In 2013, Finland was proclaimed as having the freest press in the European Union, and indeed the world, with a score of 6.38. Bulgaria was ranked as having the least free press in the European Union, with a score of 28.58. [1]
Economic freedom[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Denmark 9
2 Ireland 11
3 Estonia 13
4 United Kingdom 14
5 Luxembourg 15
6 Finland 16
7 Netherlands 17
8 Sweden 18
9 Germany 19
10 Lithuania 22
11 Austria 25
12 Czech Republic 29
13 Belgium 40
14 Cyprus 41
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
15 Slovakia 42
16 Spain 46
17 Hungary 47
18 Malta 48
19 Latvia 55
20 Poland 57
21 Romania 59
22 Bulgaria 60
23 France 62
24 Portugal 67
25 Slovenia 76
26 Italy 83
27 Greece 117
An index of Economic Freedom is produced by the Wall Street Journal and the Heritage Foundation. It uses 50 different variables to compile the survey, in areas such as trade policy and government intervention.
A similar index produced by the World Economic Forum is its Global Competitiveness Index.
Source: 2013 Index of Economic Freedom.
Colour Codes
Free
Mostly Free
Moderately Free
Mostly Unfree
Perception of corruption[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Denmark =1
2 Finland 3
3 Sweden 4
4 Netherlands 8
5 Germany 10
= Luxembourg =10
= United Kingdom =10
8 Belgium =15
9 Austria 17
10 Ireland 19
11 Estonia 22
12 France 23
13 Portugal =29
= Poland =29
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
15 Slovenia =31
16 Lithuania =38
17 Spain =41
18 Latvia 44
19 Cyprus =47
= Czech Republic =47
= Malta =47
22 Slovakia 54
23 Croatia =55
24 Hungary =57
= Romania =57
26 Italy =60
27 Greece 69
28 Bulgaria =75
Transparency International is an international NGO publishing an annual Global Corruption Report indicating the perception of corruption around the world. The rankings of the table refer to the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 [2].
Human development[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Netherlands 4
2 Germany 6
3 Denmark 10
4 Ireland 11
5 Sweden 12
6 United Kingdom 14
7 France 20
8 Austria =21
= Belgium =21
= Luxembourg =21
11 Finland 24
12 Slovenia 25
13 Italy 26
14 Spain 27
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
15 Czech Republic 28
16 Greece 29
17 Cyprus 32
18 Estonia 33
19 Lithuania =35
20 Poland =35
21 Slovakia 37
22 Malta 39
23 Portugal 41
24 Hungary 43
25 Croatia 47
26 Latvia 48
27 Romania 54
28 Bulgaria 58
The Human Development Index is a measure produced by the United Nations which covers three aspects of human development:
poverty (GDP per capita)
education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling)
health (life expectancy)
The rankings of the table refer to the UNDP Human Development Report 2014 (2013 data). The UN lists all EU member states except Romania and Bulgaria as countries with very high human development.
Income equality[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Denmark 2
2 Sweden 4
3 Czech Republic 5
4 Slovakia 6
5 Hungary 10
= Finland 10
7 Germany 14
8 Slovenia 15
9 Austria 18
10 Bulgaria 19
11 Netherlands 25
12 Romania 26
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
13 France 32
14 Belgium 33
15 Ireland 40
= Greece 40
17 Poland 44
18 Spain 47
19 Estonia 50
20 Lithuania 51
= Italy 51
= United Kingdom 51
23 Latvia 57
24 Portugal 59
Income inequality, measured by the gini coefficient is how evenly incomes are distributed through the population. Denmark has the least income inequality with a gini coefficient score of 24.4, whilst Portugal has the most income inequality with a score of 38.5. Malta, Luxembourg, and Cyprus have no statistics available, and so are not included in this table. These statistics have been compiled by the United Nations (see [3])
Ease of doing business[edit]
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
1 Denmark 3
2 United Kingdom 7
3 Sweden 9
4 Estonia 12
5 Finland 13
6 Latvia 14
7 Germany 17
8 Ireland 18
9 Austria 19
10 Lithuania 21
11 Poland 24
12 Portugal 25
13 Czech Republic 27
14 Netherlands 28
EU
Rank
Member State
Global
Rank
15 France 29
16 Slovenia 30
17 Spain 32
18 Slovakia 33
19 Romania 36
20 Bulgaria 39
21 Hungary 41
22 Belgium 42
23 Croatia 43
24 Cyprus 45
25 Italy 50
26 Luxembourg 59
27 Greece 61
28 Malta 76
The Ease of Doing Business Index is created by the World Bank and based on the study of laws and regulations, with the input and verification by more than 3,500 government officials, lawyers, business consultants, accountants and other professionals who routinely advise on or administer legal and regulatory requirements.
The data in the table are from the 2017 report.[5]
See also[edit]
European Union portal
Enlargement of the European Union
Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits
Hispanics and Latins in Europe
List of European Union member states by population
Largest urban areas of the European Union and Larger Urban Zones
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Total Population as of 01.01.06 Archived 6 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.", EUROSTAT. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "The EU's baby blues", BBC News, 27 March 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "France claims EU fertility crown ", BBC News, 16 January 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Figures for France include the four overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion) which are integral parts of the European Union, but do not include the overseas collectivities and territories, which are not part of the European Union. Figures for Metropolitan France proper are: population 63.6 million, area 551 695 km², and population density 113/km².
Jump up ^ http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings/
External links[edit]
Eurostat – Statistics Explained
Health-EU Portal Health Statistics
EU Budget Data
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John Calvin bibliography
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Lithograph of John Calvin.
The French Reformer John Calvin (1509–1564) was a theological writer who produced many sermons, biblical commentaries, letters, theological treatises, and other works. Although nearly all of Calvin's adult life was spent in Geneva (1536–38 and 1541–64), his publications spread his ideas of a properly reformed church to many parts of Europe and from there to the rest of the world. It is especially on account of his voluminous publications that he exerts such a lasting influence over Christianity and Western history.
Calvin's first published work was an edition of the Roman philosopher Seneca's De Clementia, accompanied by a commentary demonstrating a thorough knowledge of antiquity. His first theological work, the Psychopannychia, attempted to refute the doctrine of soul sleep as promulgated by Christians whom Calvin called "Anabaptists." He finished it in 1534 but, on the advice of friends, didn't publish it until 1542. The work demonstrates that since his conversion, Calvin had undertaken serious study and now showed a mastery of the Bible, and he had become, using Karl Barth's words, a "theological Humanist" and a "biblicist" — that is, "no matter how true a teaching might be, he was not ready to lend an ear to it apart from the Word of God."[1]
At the age of twenty-six, Calvin published the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion (Latin title: Institutio Christianae Religionis), a seminal work in Christian theology that is still read by theological students today.[2] It was published in Latin in 1536 and in his native French in 1541, with the definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some learning already and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty, and it vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted" before his conversion to Protestantism. The overarching theme of the book – and Calvin's greatest theological legacy – is the idea of God's total sovereignty, particularly in salvation and election.[2]
Calvin also produced many volumes of commentary on most of the books of the Bible. For the Old Testament, he published commentaries for all books except the histories after Joshua (though he did publish his sermons on First Samuel) and the Wisdom literature other than the Book of Psalms. For the New Testament, he omitted only the brief second and third Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. These commentaries, too, have proved to be of lasting value to students of the Bible, and they are still in print after over 400 years.
Calvin also wrote more than 1,300 letters on a wide range of topics.
Contents
1 Institutes of the Christian Religion
2 Commentaries
3 Letters
4 Sermons
5 Theological treatises
6 Other works
7 References
8 External links
Institutes of the Christian Religion[edit]
Main article: Institutes of the Christian Religion
The title page from the 1834 edition of John Calvin's Institutio Christiane Religionis
Calvin developed his theology, the most enduring component of his thought, in his biblical commentaries as well as his sermons and treatises, and he gave the most concise expression of his views on Christian theology in his magnum opus, the Institutes of the Christian Religion.[3] The various editions of that work span nearly his entire career as a reformer, and the successive revisions of the book show that his theology changed very little from his youth to his death.[4] The first edition from 1536 consisted of only six chapters. The second edition, published in 1539, was three times as long because he added chapters on subjects that appear in Melanchthon's Loci Communes. In 1543, he again added new material and expanded a chapter on the Apostles' Creed. The final edition of the Institutes appeared in 1559. By then, the work consisted of four books of eighty chapters, and each book was named after statements from the creed: Book 1 on God the Creator, Book 2 on the Redeemer in Christ, Book 3 on receiving the Grace of Christ through the Holy Spirit, and Book 4 on the Society of Christ or the Church.[5]
Commentaries[edit]
Calvin produced commentaries on most of the books of the Bible. His first commentary on Romans was published in 1540, and he planned to write commentaries on the entire New Testament. However, it took six years before he wrote his second, a commentary on I Corinthians. He did not lose any more time in reaching his goal. Within four years he had published commentaries on all the Pauline epistles, and he also revised the commentary on Romans. He then turned his attention on the general epistles, dedicating them to Edward VI of England. By 1555 he had completed his work on the New Testament, finishing with the Acts and the Gospels (he did omit only the brief second and third Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation).
For the Old Testament, he wrote commentaries on Isaiah, the books of the Pentateuch, the Psalms, and Joshua. The material for the commentaries often originated from lectures to students and ministers that he would re-work for publication. However, from 1557 onwards, he could not find the time to continue this method, and he gave permission for his lectures to be published from stenographers' notes. These Praelectiones covered the minor prophets, Daniel, Jeremiah, Lamentations, and part of Ezekiel.[6]
In the controversial matter of interpreting prophecy such as that in the Book of Daniel, Calvin proposed a preterist view, which is to say that he believed that the prophecies in the book of Daniel apply only to the history between prophet Daniel (530 BC) and Jesus' first coming (30 AD). In this view he was out of line with the early church and the Reformers who came before him, who maintained more fully to historical-continuous view. Calvin is also in distinction to many of his later successors who look a future fulfillment.[7]
Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, after whom the anti-Calvinistic movement Arminianism was named, says with regard to the value of Calvin's writings:[8]
Next to the study of the Scriptures which I earnestly inculcate, I exhort my pupils to peruse Calvin’s Commentaries, which I extol in loftier terms than Helmich himself (a Dutch divine, 1551–1608); for I affirm that he excels beyond comparison in the interpretation of Scripture, and that his commentaries ought to be more highly valued than all that is handed down to us by the library of the fathers; so that I acknowledge him to have possessed above most others, or rather above all other men, what may be called an eminent spirit of prophecy. His Institutes ought to be studied after the (Heidelberg) Catechism, as containing a fuller explanation, but with discrimination, like the writings of all men.
These commentaries, too, have proved to be of lasting value to students of the Bible, and they are still in print after over 400 years.
Letters[edit]
Letter of Calvin to king Edward VI of England, July 4, 1552 - British Museum
Calvin's body of letters has not received the wide readership of the Institutes and bible commentaries since his correspondence obviously addressed the particular needs and occasions of his day. Even so, the scale of his letter writing was just as prodigious as his better-known works: his letters number some 1,300, and, along with some 3,000 letters written to him, fill eleven of Calvin's fifty-nine volumes in the Corpus Reformatorum.[9] B. B. Warfield calls Calvin "the great letter-writer of the Reformation age."[10]
His letters, often written under the pseudonym Charles d'Espeville,[11] concern issues ranging from disputes about local theater[12] to raising support for fledgling churches[13] to choosing sides in a political alliance.[14] They also reveal personal qualities that are not evident in his exegetical prose. One example came after the massacre of the Waldensians of Provence in 1545 where 3,600 were slaughtered. Calvin was so dismayed that in a space of twenty-one days he visited Berne, Aurich, Schaffhausen, Basle, and Strasbourg, before addressing the deputies of the Cantons at the Diet of Arau, pleading everywhere for an intercession on behalf of those who survived.[14] He wrote of his grief to William Farel:
Such was the savage cruelty of the persecutors, that neither young girls, nor pregnant women, nor infants were spared. So great is the atrocious cruelty of this proceeding, that I grow bewildered when I reflect upon it. How, then, shall I express it in words? ... I write, worn out with sadness, and not without tears, which so burst forth, that every now and then they interrupt my words.[14]
One of Calvin's better known letters was his reply to Jacopo Sadoleto's "Letter to the Genevans,"[15] and this "Reformation Debate" remains in print today.
Sermons[edit]
Sermons on I Samuel
Sermons on Galatians
Sermons on Psalm 119
Sermons on the deity of Christ
Sermons on Election and Reprobation (Genesis)
Theological treatises[edit]
Psychopannychia
Treatise on Relics
The Secret Providence of God
A Short Treatise on the Lord's Supper was written in French in 1540 and clarified various Eucharistic issues for the Protestants.[16] Given that it was written in French, it was less accessible to the scholastic readers of the time that read Latin. Martin Luther found a copy of the book in Latin in a bookstore later in his life and commented that he could have "entrusted the whole controversy" of the Last Supper to Calvin from the beginning.[16]
Other works[edit]
Commentary on Seneca the Younger's De Clementia
On Civil Authority
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barth, Karl (1995) [1922]. Die Theologie Calvins [The Theology of John Calvin] (in German). Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0696-3.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Calvin" from "131 Christians everyone should know" in Christian History & Biography
Jump up ^ See:
Hesselink, I. John (2004), "Calvin's theology", in McKim, Donald K., The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–75, ISBN 978-0-521-81647-2
Parker, T. H. L. (1995), Calvin: An Introduction to His Thought, London: Geoffrey Chapman, pp. 4–9, ISBN 0-225-66575-1
Jump up ^ See:
Bouwsma, William James (1988), John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 9, ISBN 0-19-504394-4
Helm, Paul (2004), John Calvin's Ideas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 6, ISBN 0-19-925569-5
Hesselink, pp. 75–77.
Jump up ^ See:
Parker (1995), pp. 4–10.
De Greef, Wulfert (2004), "Calvin's writings", in McKim, Donald K., The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 42–44, ISBN 978-0-521-81647-2
McGrath, Alister E. (1990), A Life of John Calvin, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 136–144, 151–174, ISBN 0-631-16398-0
Cottret, Bernard (2000), Calvin: A Biography, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. 110–114, 309–325, ISBN 0-8028-3159-1
Parker, T. H. L. (2006), John Calvin: A Biography, Oxford: Lion Hudson plc, pp. 53–62, 97–99, 132–134, 161–164, ISBN 978-0-7459-5228-4
Jump up ^ See:
De Greef (2004), pp. 44–45.
Parker (2006), pp. 134–136, 160–162.
Jump up ^ John Calvin (1852) [1561]. "Translator's Preface: The Praeterist, Anti-Papal, and Futurist Views". Commentary on Daniel, Volume 1. Thomas Meyers (trans.). Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff (1892). "Tributes to the Memory of Calvin". History of the Christian Church. VIII. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ * De Greef, Wulfert (2008), The Writings of John Calvin: An Introductory Guide, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, p. 197, ISBN 0-664-23230-2
Jump up ^ B.B. Warfield, Calvin and Augustine. The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1956. p. 14. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7349.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff (1892). "Servetus: His Life, Opinions, Trial, and Execution". History of the Christian Church. VIII. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
Jump up ^ "06.56 Theatre in Geneva"[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "06.42 Calvin to Guillaume Farel, 30 December 1553"[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jules Bonnet, Letters of John Calvin. Translated by David Constable, 4 volumes. Thomas Constable and Co., Edinburgh, U.K. vol. II, p. 212; vol. I, p. 436n; vol. I, pp. 434-435.
Jump up ^ Both letters can be found in Calvin's Tracts Relating to the Reformation (pp. 3-24, 25-71), translated by H. Beveridge, 1844. Digitized by Google Books
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 493–494. ISBN 0-8028-6348-5.
External links[edit]
Many of Calvin's works at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
List of Works by John Calvin at Calvin500.com
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text:
Amphibolic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The term amphibolic is used to describe a biochemical pathway that involves both catabolism and anabolism.[1][2][3]
This term was proposed by B.Davis in 1961 to emphasise the dual metabolic role of such pathway.[4] The citric acid cycle (The Krebs Cycle) is a good example of amphibolic pathway. The first reaction of the cycle, in which oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound) condenses with acetate (a two carbon compound) to form citrate (a six carbon compound) is typically anabolic. The next few reactions, which are intramolecular rearrangements, produce isocitrate. The following two reactions are typically catabolic. COO is lost in each step and succinate (a four carbon compound) is produced.
There is an interesting and critical difference in the coenzymes used in catabolic and anabolic pathways; in catabolism NAD+ serves as an oxidizing agent when it is reduced to NADH. Whereas in anabolism the coenzyme NADPH serves as the reducing agent and is converted to its oxidized form NADP+.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "amphibolic pathway". GenScript. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry", 4th edition, pp. 616, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Voet's Biochemistry", 2nd edition, pp. 538, 1995.
Jump up ^ Shen, Laura; Fall, Lana; Walton, Gordon; Atkinson, Daniel (1968). "Interaction between energy charge and metabolite modulation in the regulation of enzymes of amphibolic sequences. Phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase". Biochemistry, 7(11), pp.4041-4045. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Amphibolic rootpage-Amphibolic skin-vector action-view