text:
List of national teams with no FIFA World Cup appearances
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Luxembourg (pictured before a qualifier in 1969) are the only country to enter all 20 World Cup qualification tournaments and never qualify.
The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The first tournament took place in 1930 and it has occurred every four years since then, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.
Every World Cup tournament other than the first has involved a qualification phase to determine which teams qualify for the tournament itself, often referred to as the World Cup finals (as distinct from the World Cup final, which refers to the final match of the tournament, played to determine the overall winners). 133 of the 211 current FIFA affiliates have not appeared in a World Cup finals tournament. In the tables below all qualification tournaments where the national team played at least one game are counted as attempts to qualify, even if the team subsequently withdrew or were disqualified. Withdrawals and disqualifications before the start of the qualification are excluded, as are occasions where teams withdrew or were disqualified during their campaign and had all their results from that campaign annulled.
Contents
[hide]
1 By confederation
1.1 AFC countries
1.2 CAF countries
1.3 CONCACAF countries
1.4 CONMEBOL countries
1.5 OFC countries
1.6 UEFA countries
1.7 Former countries
2 Footnotes
3 References
4 See also
By confederation[edit]
AFC countries[edit]
35 out of the 46 active FIFA and AFC members have not appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Syria 14 1950 2018
Hong Kong 12 1974 2018
Malaysia 12 1974 2018
Thailand 12 1974 2018
Chinese Taipei 11 1978 2018
Qatar 11 1978 2018
Singapore 11 1978 2018
Bahrain 10 1978 2018
Bangladesh 9 1986 2018
Jordan 9 1986 2018
Macau 9 1982 2018
Yemen[A] 9 1986 2018
India 8 1986 2018
Oman 8 1990 2018
Pakistan 8 1990 2018
Vietnam[B] 8 1974 2018
Lebanon 7 1994 2018
Nepal 7 1986 2018
Sri Lanka 7 1994 2018
Kyrgyzstan 6 1998 2018
Maldives 6 1998 2018
Tajikistan 6 1998 2018
Turkmenistan 6 1998 2018
Uzbekistan 6 1998 2018
Cambodia 5 1998 2018
Mongolia 5 2002 2018
Palestine 5 2002 2018
Afghanistan 4 2006 2018
Laos 4 2002 2018
Philippines 4 1998 2018
Brunei 3 1986 2018
Myanmar 3 2010 2018
Timor-Leste 3 2010 2018
Guam 2 2002 2018
Bhutan 1 2018 2018
CAF countries[edit]
41 out of the 54 active FIFA and CAF members have not appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Zambia 13 1970 2018
Guinea 12 1974 2018
Kenya 12 1974 2018
Sudan 12 1958 2018
Ethiopia 11 1962 2018
Libya 10 1970 2018
Malawi 10 1978 2018
Sierra Leone 10 1974 2018
Zimbabwe 10 1970 2014
Congo 9 1974 2018
Liberia 9 1982 2018
Madagascar 9 1982 2018
Tanzania 9 1974 2018
Uganda 9 1978 2018
Benin 8 1974 2018
Burkina Faso 8 1978 2018
Gabon 8 1990 2018
Gambia 8 1982 2018
Mozambique 8 1982 2018
Lesotho 7 1974 2018
Mauritius 7 1974 2018
Namibia 7 1994 2018
Niger 7 1978 2018
Swaziland 7 1994 2018
Botswana 6 1994 2018
Burundi 6 1994 2018
Guinea-Bissau 6 1998 2018
Mauritania 6 1978 2018
Rwanda 6 1998 2018
Somalia 6 1982 2018
Cape Verde 5 2002 2018
Chad 5 2002 2018
Equatorial Guinea 5 2002 2018
Mali 5 2002 2018
Seychelles 5 2002 2018
Djibouti 4 2002 2018
Eritrea 4 2002 2018
São Tomé and Príncipe 4 2002 2018
Central African Republic 3 2002 2018
Comoros 3 2010 2018
South Sudan 1 2018 2018
CONCACAF countries[edit]
24 out of the 35 active FIFA and CONCACAF members have not appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Curaçao[C] 16 1958 2018
Guatemala 15 1958 2018
Suriname 14 1962 2018
Antigua and Barbuda 10 1974 2018
Guyana 10 1978 2018
Puerto Rico 9 1974 2018
Barbados 8 1978 2018
Dominican Republic 8 1978 2018
Bermuda 7 1970 2018
Grenada 7 1982 2018
Nicaragua 7 1994 2018
Saint Lucia 7 1994 2018
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 1994 2018
Aruba 6 1998 2018
Belize 6 1998 2018
Cayman Islands 6 1998 2018
Dominica 6 1998 2018
Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 1998 2018
Anguilla 5 2002 2018
Bahamas 5 2002 2018
British Virgin Islands 5 2002 2018
Montserrat 5 2002 2018
Turks and Caicos Islands 5 2002 2018
U.S. Virgin Islands 5 2002 2018
CONMEBOL countries[edit]
Venezuela (pictured before a 2008 qualifier) are the only CONMEBOL nation to never qualify for the World Cup
Only one of the 10 active FIFA and CONMEBOL members has never appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Venezuela 13 1966 2018
OFC countries[edit]
10 out of the 11 active FIFA and OFC members have not appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Fiji 9 1982 2018
Solomon Islands 7 1994 2018
Tahiti 7 1994 2018
Vanuatu 7 1994 2018
Cook Islands 6 1998 2018
Samoa 6 1998 2018
Tonga 6 1998 2018
American Samoa 5 2002 2018
New Caledonia 4 2006 2018
Papua New Guinea 4 1998 2018
UEFA countries[edit]
22 out of the 55 active FIFA and UEFA members have not appeared in the FIFA World Cup final tournament.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
First
Last
Luxembourg 20 1934 2018
Finland 19 1938 2018
Cyprus 15 1962 2018
Albania 12 1966 2018
Malta 12 1974 2018
Estonia 9 1934 2018
Lithuania 9 1934 2018
Latvia 8 1938 2018
Faroe Islands 7 1994 2018
San Marino 7 1994 2018
Armenia 6 1998 2018
Azerbaijan 6 1998 2018
Belarus 6 1998 2018
Georgia 6 1998 2018
Kazakhstan 6 1998 2018
Liechtenstein 6 1998 2018
Macedonia 6 1998 2018
Moldova 6 1998 2018
Andorra 5 2002 2018
Montenegro 3 2010 2018
Gibraltar 1 2018 2018
Kosovo 1 2018 2018
Former countries[edit]
Two defunct national football teams took part in qualification but never appeared in the final tournament. This excludes teams whose record has been inherited by successor nations.
Country
Qualifying attempts
Number
Tournaments
Saar 1 1954[1]
South Yemen 1 1986[2]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Figures include North Yemen records.
Jump up ^ Figures include South Vietnam records.
Jump up ^ Figures include Netherlands Antilles records.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel; Jarreta, Sergio Henrique (12 June 2009). "World Cup 1954 Qualifying". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel; Jarreta, Sergio Henrique (3 January 2000). "World Cup 1986 Qualifying". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
See also[edit]
List of national teams with no AFC Asian Cup appearances
List of national teams with no UEFA European Championship appearances
National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup
[show]
v
t
e
FIFA World Cup
Tournaments
Uruguay 1930
Italy 1934
France 1938
Brazil 1950
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970
West Germany 1974
Argentina 1978
Spain 1982
Mexico 1986
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
South Korea/Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014
Russia 2018
Qatar 2022
2026
2030
2034
Qualification
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
Finals
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Squads
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Seedings
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Broadcasters
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Bids
2014
2018 and 2022
2026
2030
Records and statistics
All-time table
Goalscorers
top goalscorers
finals goalscorers
hat-tricks
own goals
Penalty shoot-outs
Player appearances
Red cards
Referees
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
Miscellaneous
Awards
Balls
Economics
Final draw
History
Hosts
Mascots
Official films
Official songs
Organisers
Trophy
Video games
Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
[show]
v
t
e
Countries at the FIFA World Cup
Team appearances
Teams with no appearances
All-time table
AFC
Australia2
China
Indonesia1
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Kuwait
North Korea
Saudi Arabia
South Korea
United Arab Emirates
CAF
Algeria
Angola
Cameroon
DR Congo1
Egypt
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Morocco
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Togo
Tunisia
CONCACAF
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
El Salvador
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
CONMEBOL
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
OFC
New Zealand
UEFA
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic1
Denmark
East Germany3
England
France
Germany1
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel2
Italy
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Russia1
Scotland
Serbia1
Slovakia1
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_teams_with_no_FIFA_World_Cup_appearances&oldid=817024274"
Categories:
FIFA World Cup-related lists
FIFA World Cup statistics
Hidden categories:
Articles containing French-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Português
Română
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 December 2017, at 14:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

values: List of men's national association football teams

attrs: lang style xml:lang

values: fr font-style:normal; fr

values: Equatorial Guinea national football team

values: São Tomé and Príncipe national football team

values: Central African Republic national football team

values: Antigua and Barbuda national football team

values: Dominican Republic national football team

values: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team

values: Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team

values: British Virgin Islands national football team

values: Turks and Caicos Islands national football team

values: United States Virgin Islands national soccer team

values: Netherlands Antilles national football team

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rsssf.com/tables/54q.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rsssf.com/tables/86q.html

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification
mw-redirect
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification

values:
/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification
mw-redirect
2026 FIFA World Cup qualification

values:
/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_squads
mw-redirect
2018 FIFA World Cup squads

values:
/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup_bids
mw-redirect
2026 FIFA World Cup bids

values:
/wiki/2030_FIFA_World_Cup_bids
mw-redirect
2030 FIFA World Cup bids

values: List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers

values: List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot-outs

values: List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Countries at the FIFA World Cup

values: Template talk:Countries at the FIFA World Cup

values: United Arab Emirates at the FIFA World Cup

values: North, Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: Trinidad and Tobago at the FIFA World Cup

values: South American nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: Bosnia and Herzegovina at the FIFA World Cup

values: Republic of Ireland at the FIFA World Cup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Lista de seleções que nunca participaram da Copa do Mundo de Futebol – Portuguese

values: Echipe naționale fără apariții la Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal – Romanian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_national_teams_with_no_FIFA_World_Cup_appearances rootpage-List_of_national_teams_with_no_FIFA_World_Cup_appearances skin-vector action-view


text:
Left- and right-hand traffic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Countries by handedness of traffic, c. 2017
Right-hand traffic
Left-hand traffic
Change of traffic directions at the Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
The terms left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic, unless otherwise directed, to keep to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively.[1] This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road.[2]
One hundred and sixty-three countries and territories use RHT, with the remaining seventy-six countries and territories using LHT. Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world's area and a quarter of its roads.[3] In the early 1900s some countries including Canada, Spain, and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country. During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions, and changed from LHT to RHT, mostly to conform with regional custom. In 1919, 104 of the world's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. From 1919 to 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT.[4]
Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Japan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire. In Europe, only four countries still drive on the left: the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right.
Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory. Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and/or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country. China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau. The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands.[5] The United Kingdom is LHT, but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT.
According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is RHT. For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right, both in the air and on water.[6]
On a double-track railways, rail traffic generally runs to one side of a line, not always the same side as road traffic. Thus in Belgium, China, France (apart from the former German Alsace and Lorraine), Sweden (apart from Malmö and further south), Switzerland and Italy for example, the railways use LHT, while the roads use RHT, often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems. In countries such as Indonesia, it is the reverse (RHT for railways and LHT for roads). Light rail vehicles and RT systems generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country (exceptions include Madrid, Rome, Lisbon, Lyon, Stockholm, Cairo, Lima, Buenos Aires metro systems, Tren de la Costa and Stockholm's Lidingö Line).
There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other.[7] In healthy populations, traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness, although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations[8] since humans are more commonly right-eye dominant than left-eye dominant.[9]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Changing sides
1.1.1 Europe
1.1.2 Asia and the Pacific
1.1.3 Africa
2 Changing sides at borders
3 Road vehicle configurations
3.1 Driver seating position
3.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment
3.2.1 Rear fog lamps
3.3 Crash Testing differences
4 Worldwide distribution by country
5 Traffic behaviour
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Left-hand traffic in Vienna, Austria circa 1930.
Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching.[10] In 1998, archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon, in southern England. The grooves in the road on the left side (viewed facing down the track away from the quarry) were much deeper than those on the right side, suggesting LHT, at least at this location, since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded, and enter it empty.[11]
The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, with regard to London Bridge.[12]
Hong Kong drives on the left.
Mainland China drives on the right.
Some historians, such as C. Northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left.[10] In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left.[10]
In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons.[13]
In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right.[12] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe. During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the Réunion, among others.
Meanwhile, LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate, British India, Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony (now Zimbabwe and South Africa), British Malaya (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, East Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Angola.
The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.[7] New York formalized RHT in 1804, New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821.[14]
Changing sides[edit]
Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm, Sweden, on 3 September 1967
Europe[edit]
Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention, which advised driving on the right-hand side of the road, in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders. This was despite the fact that left-hand traffic was still widespread: in 1915 for example, LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] However, three years later the Empire was split up into several countries, and they all changed eventually to RHT, notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938-39.[16]
Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967,[17] despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90 percent of cars being left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles.[18] A referendum was held in 1955, with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT. Nevertheless, some years later the government ordered a conversion, which took place at 5 am on Sunday, 3 September 1967. The accident rate dropped sharply after the change,[19] but soon rose back to near its original level.[20] The day was known as Dagen H ("H-Day"), the 'H' being for Högertrafik ("right traffic"). When Iceland switched the following year, it was known as H-dagurinn, again meaning "H-Day".[21]
In the late 1960s, the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation.[22] Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length.[23]
Asia and the Pacific[edit]
China adopted RHT in 1946. Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time. Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT.
Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies.
Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970.[24]
Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century. It switched to LHT in 2009,[25] being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch.[26] The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive (RHD) vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People's Party, was formed to try to protest against the change, a protest group which launched a legal challenge,[27] and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it.[28] The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion.[26] After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents.[3] At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT.[25] The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws.[29] That day and the following day were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic.[30] The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly.[3]
The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish[31] and American colonial periods,[32][33] as well as during the Commonwealth era.[34] During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT,[35] also because LHT had been required by the Japanese;[36] but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945.[37]
Africa[edit]
A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965.
Rwanda, a former Belgian colony in central Africa, is RHT but is considering switching to LHT, to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community (EAC).[38] A survey, carried out in 2009, indicated that 54% of Rwandans were in favour of the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents.[39] In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT.[40] In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe.[41][42]
Changing sides at borders[edit]
A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right-hand side of the road.
Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934
While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area.
LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic.[43]
There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100.[44] The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one-way streets with a main road.
The Takutu River Bridge (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil[45]) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides.
Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year, by rail, between the UK and France.
Road vehicle configurations[edit]
Driver seating position[edit]
Bolivia is RHT, with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel.
In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are configured with LHD, with the driver sitting on the left side. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true. The driver's side, the side closest to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closest to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside.[46]
Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD.[7] In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America,[7] arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger."[47] By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T.[7]
In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or kerbside. Examples include:
Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.[48]
Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.
Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left,[49] and kickstands are usually on the left[50] which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside[50] as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle's offside.[51][52]
Headlamps and other lighting equipment[edit]
Main article: Headlamp
Bird's-eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic, with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled.
Most low-beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps for use in LH-traffic countries throw most of their light forward-leftward; those for RH-traffic countries throw most of their light forward-rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road.
Within Europe, headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road,[53]:p.13 ¶5.8 as for example on holiday or in transit. This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded.[53]:p.13 ¶5.8.1 Some varieties of the projector-type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH- or RH-traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly.[53]:p.12 ¶5.4 Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa.
Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H change from left- to right-hand traffic. Opaque decal blocks lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right, and bears warning "Not to be removed before 3 September 1967".
Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic-handedness.[citation needed]
Without sidecars attached, motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre. However, motorcycles are often equipped with automotive-type asymmetrical-beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic-handedness.
Rear fog lamps[edit]
Within the European Union, vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear-facing red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver's side of the vehicle.[54] When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road, this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local-market lighting components.
Crash Testing differences[edit]
Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant, although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary. [55]
One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant. The number of differences in chassis, bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost. The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets, due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant. When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant, there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant. (There are no easily reference-able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for/in RHD markets).
It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme, although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT.
Worldwide distribution by country[edit]
Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations (and the unrecognised Palestine), 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT. A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once.
Country
Road traffic
Road switched sides
Multi-track rail traffic generally
Notes
Afghanistan RHT RHT/LHT Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan.[56]
Albania RHT[57] RHT
Algeria RHT[57] RHT
Andorra RHT[57]
Angola RHT[57] 1928
Antigua and Barbuda LHT[57]
Argentina RHT 10 June 1945 LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial (road safety day).[58]
The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT.
Armenia RHT[57] RHT
Australia LHT[59] LHT Commonwealth. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Norfolk Island
Austria RHT 1921 in Vorarlberg, 1930 in North Tyrol, 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol, 1938 in the rest of the country. RHT[60] Originally LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary.
Azerbaijan RHT[57] RHT
Bahamas LHT[57] In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA[61].
Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.[62]
Bangladesh LHT[57] LHT
Barbados LHT
Belgium RHT[57] 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro uses RHT.
Belarus RHT[57] RHT
Belize RHT 1961[2] Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours.
Benin RHT[57]
Bhutan LHT[57] Under British protection before 1949.
Bolivia RHT[57]
Botswana LHT[57]
Brazil RHT 1928[57] RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century, switched some states still using LHT[63] to RHT in 1928.[64]
Most metro systems use RHT.
Brunei LHT[57]
Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT[57] RHT[65] Switched sides after the collapse of Austria-Hungary.
Bulgaria RHT[57] RHT
Burkina Faso RHT[57]
Burundi RHT Considering switching to LHT[66] in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.
Cambodia RHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.[67]
Cameroon RHT[57] 1961
Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except British Columbia, which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,[68][69] and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.[70] Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.[71]
Cape Verde RHT[57] 1928
Central African Republic RHT[57]
Chad RHT[57]
Chile RHT[57] 1916 LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT.
China RHT 1946 RHT/LHT At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT.
Colombia RHT[57] RHT
Comoros RHT[57]
Congo RHT[57]
Democratic Republic of Congo RHT[57]
Costa Rica RHT[57]
Côte d'Ivoire RHT[57]
Croatia RHT[57] RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria-Hungary [72]. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Cuba RHT[57]
Cyprus LHT[57] Former British colony.
Czech Republic RHT[57] 1939 RHT Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
Denmark RHT RHT[73] Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland
Djibouti RHT[57]
Dominica LHT[57] Former British colony.
Dominican Republic RHT[57]
East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.[2] Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, changed back to LHT in 1976.
Ecuador RHT[57] LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT
Egypt RHT[57] LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies.
El Salvador RHT[57]
Equatorial Guinea RHT[57]
Eritrea RHT[57] 1964
Estonia RHT[57] RHT
Ethiopia RHT[57] 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right.
Fiji LHT
Finland RHT 1858 RHT/LHT Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree.[74] Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT.
France RHT 1792 LHT[75]/RHT Includes French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna, French Guiana, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Collectivity of Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Mayotte.
Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire. CDGVAL uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Lyon Metro.
Gabon RHT[57]
Gambia RHT [57] 1965
Georgia RHT[57] RHT About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan[76].
Germany RHT[77] RHT
Ghana RHT 1974 Former British colony. When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".[78]
Greece RHT[57] RHT
Grenada LHT[57]
Guatemala RHT[57]
Guinea RHT[57]
Guinea-Bissau RHT[57] 1928
Guyana LHT[57]
Haiti RHT[57]
Honduras RHT[57]
Hungary RHT[57] 1941 RHT Originally LHT, like most of Austria-Hungary.
Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H-dagurinn. Most passenger cars were already LHD.
Iran RHT[57] RHT
Iraq RHT[57] LHT
India LHT[57] LHT Former British colony.
Indonesia LHT[59] RHT[79] The Jakarta MRT will use LHT.
Ireland LHT[57] LHT Former British Dominion.
Israel RHT[57] LHT The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT.
Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.[80] Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.[81]
The metro systems in Brescia, Genoa, Milan, and Turin use RHT, as well as all tram systems.
Jamaica LHT[57]
Japan LHT[82] LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978.[83] The conversion operation was known as 730 (Nana-San-Maru, which means Nana(7)-San(3)-Maru(0)). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century.
Jordan RHT[57] RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946.
Kazakhstan RHT[57] RHT
Kenya LHT[84] British colony until 1963.
Kiribati LHT[57]
North Korea and South Korea RHT 1946 LHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945.
Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line); metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT.
Kuwait RHT[57]
Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.[85]
Laos RHT[57] LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina.
Latvia RHT[57] RHT
Lebanon RHT[57] Former French mandate.
Lesotho LHT[57]
Liberia RHT[57]
Libya RHT[57]
Liechtenstein RHT[57] RHT
Lithuania RHT[57] RHT
Luxembourg RHT[57] RHT
Macedonia RHT[57] RHT
Madagascar RHT[57]
Malawi LHT[57]
Malaysia LHT[57] LHT Former British colony.
Maldives LHT[57]
Mali RHT[57]
Malta LHT[57] British colony until 1964.
Marshall Islands RHT[57]
Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT.[86]
Mauritius LHT[57] Former British colony. Island nation.
Mexico RHT[57] RHT
Micronesia RHT [57]
Moldova RHT[57] RHT
Monaco RHT[57] LHT
Mongolia RHT[57] RHT
Montenegro RHT[57] RHT
Morocco RHT[57] RHT
Mozambique LHT[87] LHT
Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.[88]
Netherlands RHT 1906[89] RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.[90] Includes Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba
Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied German South-West Africa during World War I, switched to LHT.[2] South-West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.[91]
Nauru LHT[57] 1918
Nepal LHT[92]
New Zealand LHT[59] LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands
Nicaragua RHT[57]
Niger RHT[57]
Nigeria RHT 1972[93] LHT Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies.
Norway RHT[57] RHT
Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.[94]
Palau RHT[57] RHT
Palestine RHT[57]
Pakistan LHT[57] LHT
Panama RHT 1943[95]
Papua New Guinea LHT[57]
Paraguay RHT 1945[96]
Peru RHT[57] LHT
Philippines RHT 1946[37] RHT LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945
Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.[97]
Portugal RHT[59] 1928 LHT Colonies Goa, Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.[87] The Porto Metro uses RHT.
Qatar RHT[57]
Romania RHT[57] RHT
Russia RHT[57] RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.[98] Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT. Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT.
Rwanda RHT[66] Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT[66][99] like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.
Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT
Saint Lucia LHT
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT
Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[59]
San Marino RHT[57]
São Tomé and Príncipe RHT[57] 1928
Saudi Arabia RHT[57] LHT The Makkah Metro uses RHT.
Senegal RHT[57]
Serbia RHT[57] RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary.
Seychelles LHT[57]
Sierra Leone RHT 1971[100] Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.[101]
Singapore LHT[57] LHT Former British colony.
Slovakia RHT[57] 1939–41 RHT
Slovenia RHT[57] LHT
Solomon Islands LHT[57]
Somalia RHT 1968[102]
South Africa LHT[103][104] LHT Former British colony.
South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence.
Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT, and Madrid was LHT until 1924. The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT.[105]
Sri Lanka LHT[57] LHT Former British Colony.
Sudan RHT[57] 1973 Former British Colony.
Suriname LHT[57]
Swaziland LHT[57]
Sweden RHT[57] 3 September 1967 LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT; the tram system in Stockholm is RHT except Lidingö Line.[106] The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark.
Switzerland RHT[57] LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT.
Syria RHT[57]
Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule. The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.[107] Most metro systems use RHT.
Tajikistan RHT[57] RHT
Tanzania LHT[57]
Thailand LHT[59] LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia.
Togo RHT[57]
Tonga LHT[57]
Trinidad and Tobago LHT[108] Former British colony.
Tunisia RHT[57] LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881.
Turkey RHT[57] RHT
Turkmenistan RHT[57] RHT
Tuvalu LHT[57]
Uganda LHT[57]
Ukraine RHT 1922[97] RHT West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, already drove on the right.
Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms[109].
United Arab Emirates RHT[57] RHT
United Kingdom LHT
(Mainland UK)
RHT
(Gibraltar) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive. Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.[110] The Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945.[111] The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982.[112]
United States RHT
LHT
(U.S. Virgin Islands) RHT/LHT[113] Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT, like much of the Caribbean.
Uruguay RHT[96] 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945. A speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) was observed until 30 September for safety.
Uzbekistan RHT[57] RHT
Vanuatu RHT[114]
Venezuela RHT[57] LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT.
Vietnam RHT[57] LHT Became RHT as French Indochina.
Yemen RHT 1977[2] South Yemen, formerly the British colony of Aden, changed to RHT 1977. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued.[115] North Yemen was already RHT.
Zambia LHT[57]
Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.[116]
Traffic behaviour[edit]
LHT
RHT
Manoeuvre
LHT
RHT
Unless overtaking stay on the left right
In roundabouts traffic rotates clockwise anticlockwise
Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left
Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left
Most traffic signs are on the left right
Pedestrians crossing a two-way road look first for traffic from their right left
Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right
After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn left right
Gallery[edit]
Gibraltar is RHT (since 1929)
A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia
Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge.
Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland
See also[edit]
Hook turn
Traffic-light signalling and operation
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
References[edit]
^ Draper, Geoff (1993). "Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application". Motor Vehicle Lighting. Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 23–36.
^ a b c d e Kincaid, Peter (December 1986). The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice. Greenwood Press. pp. 50, 86–88, 99–100, 121–122, 198–202. ISBN 0-313-25249-1.
^ a b c Barta, Patrick. "Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 December 2016. (subscription required)
^ Watson, Ian. "The rule of the road, 1919-1986: A case study of standards change" (PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ "Travel Tips | US Virgin Islands". Usvitourism.vi. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
^ FAR Sec. 91.115(c): "When aircraft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are approaching head-on, or nearly so, each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear."
^ a b c d e Weingroff, Richard. "On The Right Side of the Road". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ Foerch, C; Steinmetz, H (2009). "Left-sided traffic directionality may be the safer "rule of the road" for ageing populations". Med Hypotheses. 73 (1): 20–3. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.044. PMID 19327893.
^ "Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters". Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ a b c Anderson, Charles (2003). Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays. Haworth Information Press. pp. 2–3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Walters, Bryn. "Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire" (PDF). ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology. Autumn 1998 (Six): 8–9. ISSN 1363-7967. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
^ a b Hamer, Mike. "Left is right on the road". New Scientist (20 December 1986/1 January 1987): 16–18. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
^ Why We Drive on the Right of the Road, ''Popular Science Monthly'', Vol.126, No.1, (January 1935), p.37. Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
^ "An Act Establishing the Law of the Road". Massachusetts General Court. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ Vasold, Manfred (2010). "Obacht! Linksverkehr" (PDF). Kultur & Technik. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ "Seventy-five years of driving on the right". Radio Prague. 18 March 2014.
^ "Högertrafik" (in Swedish). vardo.aland.fi. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
^ Réalités, Issues 200-205, Société d'études et publications économiques, 1967, page 95
^ TIME (15 September 1967). "Sweden: Switch to the Right". TIME. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Mieszkowski, Katharine (14 August 2009). "Salon News: Whose side of the road are you on?". Salon.com. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ 45 ár frá hægri umferð, Morgunblaðið, 26 May 2013 English translation
^ Tom Geoghegan (7 September 2009). "Could the UK drive on the right?". BBC News Magazine. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
^ "Layout of Grade Separated Junctions" (PDF). The Highways Agency. 2006: 4.9ff.
^ "The Unique World of Burmese Driving". a minor diversion. 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
^ a b Bryant, Nick (7 September 2009). "Samoan cars ready to switch sides". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ a b Askin, Pauline (7 September 2009). "Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left". Reuters. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ Dyer, Gwynne (1 September 2009). "Right-to-life plea fails to sway Samoan court in road appeal". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^ Dobie, Michael (6 September 2009). "Samoa drivers brace for left turn". BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
^ "Samoan drivers change from right-hand side of the road to the left". Heraldsun.com.au. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Jackson, Cherelle (25 July 2008). "Samoa announces driving switch date". Nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Plaza Mayor de Manila, by José Honorato Lozano (1815/21(?)-1885), in the album Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes, published 1847. Collection of the Biblioteca Nacional de España.
^ "ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES- YEAR 1903". YouTube. March 6, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ "Manila - Castillian Memoirs 1930s". YouTube. April 19, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ "Manila, Queen of the Pacific 1938". YouTube. May 6, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ Goupal, Lou (June 26, 2013). "Manila Nostalgia: Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation". YouTube. Manila Nostalgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017. Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942.
^ Tadeo, Patrick Everett (March 10, 2015). "How the Philippines became a left-hand-drive country". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b "Executive Order No. 34, s. 1945". www.officialgazzete.gov.ph.
^ "Rwanda wants to drive on the left". Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ "East Africa: Rwanda Looks to the Left". allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Bari, Dr Mahabubul (29 July 2014). "The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda". European Transport Research Review. 6 (4): 439–453. doi:10.1007/s12544-014-0144-2. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Right-hand-drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads, The East African, March 13, 2015
^ Tumwebaze, Peterson (9 September 2014). "Govt okays importation of RHD trucks, to decide on other vehicle categories in October". The New Times. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Jennings, Ken. "What Happens When Left-Hand Roads Meet Right-Hand Roads". Conde Nast Traveler. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
^ "Hong Kong 2006 – Transport – Cross-Boundary Traffic". Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ "Takutu bridge opens to traffic". Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ "Nearside (dictionary definition)". Dictionary.reverso.net. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ Miller, Wayne (2015). Car Crazy: The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age. PublicAffairs. p. 279. ISBN 9781610395526. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ LHD Specialist: Location of the Steering Wheel Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Hinchliffe, Mark. "How to mount your motorbike". Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ a b "MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE". Motorcycle Test Tips. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ "S.I. No. 5/2003 - Road Traffic (Construction and Use of Vehicles) Regulations 2003". Irish Statute Book. 42. (1). Retrieved 6 November 2017. where a side–car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle, the side–car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; "Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation". MAG Ireland. Irish Motorcyclists Association. 9 Feb 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^ "The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 - Section 93". UK Government. 25 June 1986. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
^ a b c "UN Regulation 112, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps"" (PDF).
^ "UNECE Homepage" (PDF). www.unece.org.
^ "Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for 'four-star' Australian crash test result". Retrieved 5 November 2017.
^ L. R. Reddy (2002). Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?. APH Publishing. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee "Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country". Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ "10 de Junio: Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial". Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ a b c d e f "Right-Hand Traffic versus Left-Hand Traffic". The Basement Geographer. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ New Scientist, Volume 112, IPC Magazines, 1986, page 18
^ http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/
^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports, Times of India Press, 1968, page 158
^ "História". Touring Club do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 January 2017. ""Já na década de 1920 (...) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão-inglesa" (Translation: In the 1920s (...) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left-hand traffic.)
^ "Decreto 18.323/1928" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 January 2017. "Art. 31. São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos: a) conservar sua direita, trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada, e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario." (Translation: article 31: The common obligations to vehicle drivers are; a) Keep to the right, driving the closest as possible to the roadside, letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic.) , the first nationwide traffic legislation, cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country.
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ
^ a b c Nkwame, Marc (27 July 2013). "Burundi, Rwanda to start driving on the left". DailyNews Online. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ "Cambodia bans right-hand drive cars". BBC News. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
^ "Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920" (PDF). The British Columbia Road Runner. March 1966. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Griffin, Kevin (1 January 2016). "Week In History: Switching from the left was the right thing to do". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ Smith, Ivan. "Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides". History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia, 1899-1949. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Dyer, Gwynne (30 August 2009). "A triumph for left over right". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Baedeker, Karl (1900). "Austria, including Hungary, Transylvania, Dalmatia and Bosnia". p. xiii-xiv. Retrieved 28 July 2017. In Styria, Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, Carniola, Croatia, and Hungary we keep to the left, and pass to the right in overtaking; in Carinthia, Tyrol, and the Austrian Littoral (Adriatic coast: Trieste, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and Dalmatia) we keep to the right and overtake to the left. Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road, so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them, keep to the left.
^ ";Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side? (Why do some countries drive on the right side?)". videnskab.dk. Retrieved 31 Aug 2014.
^ "Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland". aland.net.
^ 'Left is right on the road', Mick Hamer New Scientist, 25 December 1986 – 1 January 1987 No 1540/1541, p.16.
^ https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html
^ Hillger, Don; Toth, Garry. "Right-Hand/Left-Hand Driving Customs". Colorado State University. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Phil Bartle. "Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community, Society, History, Culture; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle, PhD". Cec.vcn.bc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
^ hadi anto (26 July 2016). "indonesia train compilation" – via YouTube.
^ "Sight for sure eyes, Honest John's Agony Column". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
^ Nick Georgano, ed. (2000). "Lancia". The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (Vol. 2: G-O ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 867. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.
^ "Why Does Japan Drive On The Left". 2pass.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
^ Andrew H. Malcolm (5 July 1978). "U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned". The New York Times. p. A2.
^ "Customs Services Department – Frequently Asked Questions". KRA. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
^ "Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 8 May 2013.
^ "Photo of All Change. Swop Over Point for the Traffic !". Panoramio. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ a b Mozambique: memoirs of a revolution, John Paul, Penguin, 1975, page 41
^ Myanmar’s car market set to take new direction, Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa, Financial Times, 2 January 2017
^ Peter van Ammelrooy. "De Claim links rijden" (in Dutch). Volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
^ "De geschiedenis van het linksrijden". Engelfriet.net. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
^ The Laws of South West Africa, Volume 2, J. Meibert, 1961
^ "2.1 "Keeping Left" – Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 – New Zealand Legislation". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
^ THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STEERING CONVERSION OF VEHICLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT HAND DRIVE, Federal Road Safety Commission
^ "Travel advice by country, Oman". Foreign & Commonwealth Office (fco.gov.uk). Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars, Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1943
^ a b "Paraguay Decree 6956 of 25 January 1945". Glin.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
^ a b "Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska – autobusy, tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe – History of the Cracow tram network". Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
^ "Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars". Russia behind the headlines. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Peter. "Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards". Rwanda Transport. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ The Rising Sun: A History of the All People's Congress Party of Sierra Leone, A.P.C. Secretariat, 1982, page 396
^ Sierra Leone Bans Right-Hand Vehicles as Hazards, Voice of America, Nina de Vries, 17 September 2013
^ "Somalia – Visa service and travel information". Travcour. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
^ "Road Rules". SACarRental.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ "Driving in South Africa Information". drivesouthafrica.co.za. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Moya, Aurora. "Metro de Madrid, 1919–1989. Setenta años de historia", Chapter 1
^ Taplin, Michael (1995). Light Rail in Europe. Capital Transport. pp. 126, 128. ISBN 1-85414-180-5.
^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan (1946). "違警罰法 (Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences)". Retrieved 14 August 2012. [permanent dead link]
^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide, Kathleen O'Donnell, Stassi Pefkaros, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2000, page 53
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI
^ Colonial Reports, Annual, Volumes 1480-1499, 1930, page 76
^ The Channel Islands War: 1940-1945, Peter King, Hale, 1991, page 31
^ Tobar, Hector (1 April 2002). "'82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy, Hope". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
^ "Which side of the road do they drive on?". brianlucas.ca.
^ "RHD/LHD Country Guide". toyota-gib.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ "South Yemen – Postage stamps – 1977". stampworld.com.
^ Left-hand vehicles to stay, NewsDay, 30 January 2014
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left- and right-hand traffic.
Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides (browser-based), also available as a Google Earth placemarks file (requires Google Earth)
The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción, Paraguay
v
t
e
Traffic law and safety
Rules of the road
All-way stop
Assured Clear Distance Ahead
Australian Road Rules
Boulevard rule
Green Cross Code
Move over law
New Zealand Road Code
Overtaking
Right- and left-hand traffic
Right-of-way
School bus traffic stop laws
Traffic code
Turn on red
Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
Road user guides
Driver's manual
The Highway Code
The Highway Code (Malta)
Road Users' Code
Rules of the Road (Ireland)
Enforcement
Breathalyzer
Camera
Enforcement
Red light
Highway patrol/State police
Parking enforcement
Road traffic control
Textalyzer
Traffic court
Traffic guard
Traffic stop
Traffic ticket
Warning
Speed limit
Advisory speed limit
Assured Clear Distance Ahead
National Maximum Speed Law
School zone
Speed limit enforcement
Speed limits by country
Category: Speed limits by country
Moving violations
Driving under the influence
Canada
United States
Distracted driving
Mobile phones and driving
Texting while driving
Reckless driving
Street racing
Tailgating
Vehicular homicide
Wrong-way driving
Driver licensing
Commercial driver's license
European driving licence
Graduated driver licensing
Inter-American Driving Permit
International Driving Permit
Learner's permit
Point system
Driving licences by country
List of countries by minimum driving age
Traffic violations reciprocity
Commercial Driver's License Information System
Driver License Agreement
Driver License Compact
Non-Resident Violator Compact
Parking
Alternate-side parking
Decriminalised parking enforcement
Disabled parking permit
Double parking
Parking chair
Parking violation
Wheel clamp
Car safety
Seat belt laws
Click It or Ticket
Clunk Click Every Trip
Road safety
Tachograph
Digital tachograph
Drivers' working hours (Europe)
Epilepsy and driving
Hours of service (US)
"How's my driving?" sign
Old age and driving
Sleep deprived driving
Slow moving vehicle
Vision Zero
v
t
e
Streets and roadways
Types of road
Limited-access
Freeway / Motorway
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
Elevated highway
By country
Brazil
China
Croatia
Czech Republic
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Italy
Pakistan
Portugal
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Main roads
Arterial road
Collector road
County highway
Express-collector setup
Farm-to-market road
Highway
Link road
Two-lane expressway
2+1 road
2+2 road
Parkway
Super two
Trunk road
Highway systems by country
Local roads
Alley
Backroad
Bicycle boulevard
Boulevard
Country lane
Dead end
Driveway
Frontage road
Green lane
Main street
Primitive road
Road
Side road
Single carriageway
Single-track road
Street
Sunken lane
Other terms
Channelization
Concurrency
Detour
Hierarchy of roads
Private highway
Route number
Special route
Business route
Street hierarchy
Toll road
Road junctions
Interchanges
(grade-separated)
Cloverleaf
Diamond
Free-flow
Directional T
Diverging diamond
Parclo
Raindrop
Roundabout
Single-point urban (SPUI)
Stack
Three-level diamond
Trumpet
Intersections
(at-grade)
3-way junction
Bowtie
Box junction
Continuous flow
Hook turn
Jughandle
Michigan left
Offset T-intersection
Protected intersection
Quadrant roadway
Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
Roundabout
Seagull intersection
Split intersection
Superstreet
Texas U-turn
Traffic circle
Turnaround
Surfaces
Asphalt concrete
Bioasphalt
Brick
Chipseal
Cobblestone
Concrete
Reinforced concrete
Corduroy
Crocodile cracking
Crushed stone
Diamond grinding of pavement
Dirt
Full depth recycling
Glassphalt
Gravel
Ice
Macadam
Pavement milling
Permeable
Plank
Rubberized asphalt
Sealcoat
Sett
Stamped asphalt
Tarmac
Texture
Road hazards
Aquaplaning
Black ice
Bleeding
Crosswind
Dead Man's Curve
Expansion joint
Fog
Ford
Hairpin turn
Level crossing
Manhole cover
Oil spill
Oversize load
Pothole
Road debris
Road slipperiness
Road train
Roadkill
Rockfall
Rut
Speed bump
Storm drain
Washboarding
Washout
Whiteout
Space and time allocation
Barrier transfer machine
Bicycle lane
Climbing lane
Complete streets
Contraflow lane
Contraflow lane reversal
High-occupancy toll lane
High-occupancy vehicle lane
Lane
Living street
Managed lane
Median / Central reservation
Motorcycle lane
Passing lane
Pedestrian crossing
Pedestrian zone
Refuge island
Reversible lane
Road diet
Road verge
Runaway truck ramp
Shared space
Sidewalk / Pavement
Shoulder
Street running railway
Traffic calming
Traffic directionality
Traffic island
Traffic lanes
Traffic signal preemption
Unused highway
Wide outside lane
Woonerf
Demarcation
Bollard
Botts' dots
Cable barrier
Cat's eye (road)
Concrete step barrier
Constant-slope barrier
Curb
F-Shape barrier
Guard rail
Jersey barrier
Kassel kerb
Noise barrier
Raised pavement marker
Road surface marking
Rumble strip
Traffic barrier
Traffic cone
Structures
Bridge
Causeway
Overpass / Flyover
Underpass / Tunnel
Glossary of road transport terms
Road types by features
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left-_and_right-hand_traffic&oldid=816208592"
Categories:
Chirality
Driving
Lists of countries
Road transport
Rules of the road
Traffic law
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from January 2014
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kurdî
Magyar
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پښتو
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 23:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

values: siteNotice mw-body-content

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: span

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CC0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #204A87; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

attrs: href title

values: List of countries with left-hand traffic

values: Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory
mw-redirect
British Overseas Territory

values:
/wiki/Light_rail_vehicle
mw-redirect
Light rail vehicle

values:
/wiki/Rapid_Transit
mw-redirect
Rapid Transit

values:
/wiki/Stockholm_Metro
mw-redirect
Stockholm Metro

values:
/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metro
mw-redirect
Buenos Aires Metro

values: Presidencies and provinces of British India

values:
/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire
mw-redirect
Austro-Hungarian Empire

values: Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia

values:
/wiki/The_People%27s_Party_(Samoa)
mw-redirect
The People's Party (Samoa)

values: Edit section: Road vehicle configurations

values: Edit section: Headlamps and other lighting equipment

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Motor_scooter
mw-redirect
Motor scooter

values: Edit section: Worldwide distribution by country

values:
/wiki/Twi_language
mw-redirect
Twi language

values:
/wiki/German_South-West_Africa
mw-redirect
German South-West Africa

values:
/wiki/South-West_Africa
mw-redirect
South-West Africa

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sormovskaya_line
mw-redirect
Sormovskaya line

values:
/wiki/Makkah_Metro
mw-redirect
Makkah Metro

values:
/wiki/Bilbao_Metro
mw-redirect
Bilbao Metro

values: Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

values: German occupation of the Channel Islands

values:
/wiki/Postage_stamps
mw-redirect
Postage stamps

values:
/wiki/Lotus_Bridge
mw-redirect
Lotus Bridge

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.usvitourism.vi/travel_tips

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2009.01.044

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19327893

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1363-7967

values:
nofollow
external text
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8239048.stm

values:
/wiki/The_East_African
mw-redirect
The East African

values:
nofollow
external text
http://chartsbin.com/view/edr

values:
nofollow
http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/
external free

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.touring.com.br/historia.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cec.vcn.bc.ca/rdi/kw-trv.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.2pass.co.uk/japan.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://frsc.gov.ng/sed.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/#trains

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tramz.com/py/as.html

values:
/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead
mw-redirect
Assured Clear Distance Ahead

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values: Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States

values: List of countries by minimum driving age

values: Commercial Driver's License Information System

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Limited-access roads by country

values:
/wiki/Raindrop_interchange
mw-redirect
Raindrop interchange

values:
/wiki/Bicycle_lane
mw-redirect
Bicycle lane

values:
/wiki/Traffic_lanes
mw-redirect
Traffic lanes

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012

values: Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]

values:
/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic
View the content page [c]
c

values:
/wiki/Talk:Left-_and_right-hand_traffic
discussion
Discussion about the content page [t]
t

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [u]
u

values:
/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
A list of all special pages [q]
q

values: Link to connected data repository item [g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جهة السير – Arabic

values: ট্রাফিক পদ্ধতি নির্দেশনা – Bangla

values: Vasak- ja parempoolne liiklus – Estonian

values: Πλευρά οδήγησης – Greek

values: جهت رانندگی در کشورهای مختلف – Persian

values: Promet lijevom i desnom stranom – Croatian

values: כיוון תנועה – Hebrew

values: Jobb és bal oldali közlekedés – Hungarian

values: مرور يمين او شمال – Egyptian Arabic

values: Pemanduan di sebelah kanan atau kiri – Malay

values: ښي لاسی او کيڼ لاسی ترافيک – Pashto

values: Левостороннее и правостороннее движение – Russian

values: Right- and left-hand traffic – Simple English

values: لایەنی لێخوڕین – Central Kurdish

values: Promet lijevom i desnom stranom – Serbo-Croatian

values: ระบบจราจรซ้ายมือและขวามือ – Thai

values: Лівосторонній рух – Ukrainian

values: دائیں اور بائیں ہاتھ ٹریفک – Urdu

values: Giao thông bên phải và bên trái – Vietnamese

values: רעכטס און לינקס פארקער – Yiddish

values: Ìwakọ̀ lọ́wọ́ ọtún àti lọ́wọ́ òsì – Yoruba

values: 道路通行方向 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Left-_and_right-hand_traffic rootpage-Left-_and_right-hand_traffic skin-vector action-view


text:
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on the
Bible
Canons and books
[show]
Tanakh
Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim
Christian biblical canons
Old Testament (OT)
New Testament (NT)
Deuterocanon
Antilegomena
Chapters and verses
Apocrypha
Jewish
OT
NT
Authorship and development
[show]
Authorship
Dating
Hebrew canon
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Documentary hypothesis
Mosaic authorship
Pauline epistles
Petrine epistles
Johannine works
Translations and manuscripts
[show]
Samaritan Torah
Dead Sea scrolls
Masoretic Text
Targumim
Peshitta
Septuagint
Vulgate
Gothic Bible
Vetus Latina
Luther Bible
English Bibles
Biblical studies[show]
Archeology
Artifacts
Dating

Historicity
Internal consistency

People
Places
Names
Novum Testamentum Graece
Documentary hypothesis
Synoptic problem
NT textual categories
Biblical criticism
Historical
Textual
Source
Form
Redaction
Canonical
Interpretation[hide]
Hermeneutics
Pesher
Midrash
Pardes
Allegorical interpretation
Literalism
Prophecy
Inspiration
Humor
Violence
Alcohol
Ethics
Slavery
Women
Muhammad
Homosexuality
Death penalty
Perspectives[show]
Gnostic
Islamic
Qur'anic
Inerrancy
Infallibility
Criticism of the Bible
Outline of Bible-related topics
Bible book Bible portal
v
t
e
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible is an interpretive method (exegesis) that assumes that the Bible has various levels of meaning and tends to focus on the spiritual sense, which includes the allegorical sense, the moral (or tropological) sense, and the anagogical sense) as opposed to the literal sense. It is sometimes referred to as the quadriga, a reference to the Roman chariot that was drawn by four horses.
Allegorical interpretation has its origins in both Greek thought and the rabbinical schools of Judaism. In the Middle Ages, it was used by Bible commentators of Christianity.[1]
Contents
1 Four types
2 Antiquity
3 New Testament
4 Middle Ages
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
Four types[edit]
Christian allegorical map of The Journey of Life, or an Accurate Map of the Roads, Counties, Towns &c. in the Ways to Happiness & Misery, 1775
Scriptural interpretation is sometimes referred to as the Quadriga, a reference to the Roman chariot that was pulled by four horses abreast. The four horses are symbolic of the four submethods of Scriptural interpretation:
Literal interpretation: explanation of the meaning of events for historical purposes from a neutral perspective by trying to understand the text in the culture and time it was written, and location and language it was composed in. That is, since the 19th century, usually ascertained using the higher critical methods like source criticism and form criticism. In many modern seminaries and universities, the literal meaning is usually focused on to a nearly complete abandonment of the spiritual methods, as is very obvious when comparing commentary from a Douay Rheims or Confraternity or Knox Bible with a New Jerusalem, New RSV or NABRE.[2]
Anagogic interpretation: dealing with the future events of Christian history (eschatology) as well as heaven, purgatory, hell, the last judgement, the General Resurrection and second Advent of Christ, etc. (prophecies).[3]
Typological interpretation: connecting the events of the Old Testament with the New Testament, particularly drawing allegorical connections between the events of Christ’s life with the stories of the Old Testament. Also, a passage speaks directly to someone such as when Francis of Assisi heard the passage to sell all he had. It can also typologically point to the Blessed Virgin Mary, who is the ark which held the Word of God; Judith, who slew a tyrant is a Marian type; the burning bush, which contains the fire of God but was not consumed, as Mary held the Second Person of the Trinity in her womb but was not burnt up.[4]
Tropological (or moral) interpretation: "the moral of the story," or how one should act now. Many of Jesus' parables and the Book of Proverbs and other wisdom books are packed with tropological meaning[5]
A Latin rhyme designed to help scholars remember the four interpretations survives from the Middle Ages:
Litera gesta docet, Quid credas allegoria,
Moralis quid agas, Quo tendas anagogia.[6]
The rhyme is roughly translated:
The literal teaches what God and our ancestors did,
The allegory is where our faith and belief is hid,
The moral meaning gives us the rule of daily life,
The anagogy shows us where we end our strife.[6]
Antiquity[edit]
Origen, in his Treatise on First Principles, recommends for the Old and New Testaments to be interpreted allegorically at three levels, the "flesh," the "soul," and the "spirit." He states that many of the events recounted in the Scriptures, if they are interpreted in the literal, or fleshly, sense, are impossible or nonsensical. They must be interpreted allegorically to be understood. Some passages have parts that are literally true and parts that are literally impossible. Then, "the reader must endeavor to grasp the entire meaning, connecting by an intellectual process the account of what is literally impossible with the parts that are not impossible but historically true, these being interpreted allegorically in common with the part which, so far as the letter goes, did not happen at all."[7]
New Testament[edit]
Paul the Apostle's Letter to the Galatians, in the New Testament, interprets the story of Sarah and Hagar (Genesis 16:1-6) allegorically (Galatians 4:21-24). Paul treats Hagar's son Ishmael as an allegorical representation of the fleshly children of Abraham and Sarah's son Isaac as an allegorical representation of the spiritual children of Abraham, the "children of the promise."
Middle Ages[edit]
People of the Middle Ages shaped their ideas and institutions from drawing on the cultural legacies of the ancient world.[8] They did not see the break between themselves and their predecessors that today's observers see; they saw continuity with themselves and the ancient world by using allegory to bring together the gaps.[8] The use of allegorical interpretation in the Middle Ages began as a Christian method for studying the differences between the two Testaments (tropological interpretation).[8] Christian scholars believed both Testaments were equally inspired divinely by God and sought to understand the differences between Old Testament and New Testament laws.[9]
Medieval scholars believed the Old Testament to serve as an allegory of New Testament events, such as the story of Jonah and the whale, which represents Jesus' death and resurrection.[8] According to the Old Testament Book of Jonah, a prophet spent three days in the belly of a fish. Medieval scholars believed this was an allegory (using the typological interpretation) of Jesus' death and his being in the tomb for three days before he rose from the dead.
Another popular allegorical work studied in the Middle Ages comes from Plato's The Republic.[10] In the story, commonly known as the Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all their lives facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire and begin to ascribe forms to the shadows.[11]
See also[edit]
Aesthetic interpretation
Demythologization
Hermeneutics
Pardes (Jewish exegesis)
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephan A. Barney (1989). "Allegory". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol-1. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
Jump up ^ Glucksberg, Sam (2001-07-26). Understanding Figurative Language from Metaphor to Idioms: From Metaphor to Idioms. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195111095.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online, S.V. "Anagogical Interpretation", Accessed March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hyde, Virginia (1992). The Risen Adam: D.H. Lawrence’s Revisionist Typology. ISBN 0271028459.
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). “Scriptural Tropology”. Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company.
^ Jump up to: a b Grant, Robert M. (1963). A Short History of Biblical Interpretation. New York. ISBN 0800617622
Jump up ^ On First Principles, in Readings in World Christian History (2013), p. 75
^ Jump up to: a b c d William R. Cook and Ronald B. Herzman (2001). Discovering the Middle Ages. The Teaching Company. ISBN 1-56585-701-1
Jump up ^ http://biologos.org/questions/early-interpretations-of-genesis
Jump up ^ Stephan A. Barney (1989). “Allegory.” Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol-1. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
Jump up ^ Watt, Stephen (1997), "Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7)", Plato: Republic, London: Wordsworth Editions, pp. pages xiv–xvi, ISBN 1-85326-483-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible&oldid=838799994"
Categories:
Biblical exegesis
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 April 2018, at 10:54 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

value: tr

value: th

values:
/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg
image
The Malmesbury Bible

value: li

value: ul

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: List of artifacts in biblical archaeology

values: List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Rabbinical_school
mw-redirect
Rabbinical school

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Moral_of_the_story
mw-redirect
Moral of the story

values:
/wiki/Letter_to_the_Galatians
mw-redirect
Letter to the Galatians

values:
/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)
mw-redirect
The Republic (Plato)

values: q:Special:Search/Allegorical interpretation of the Bible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 알레고리 성경해석 – Korean

values: Interpretação alegórica da Bíblia – Portuguese

values: Библейский аллегоризм – Russian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriga
Quadriga – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: Квадриґа (теологія) – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible rootpage-Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible skin-vector action-view