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KFC advertising
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Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)
A KFC location in Harrisburg, Illinois.
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Restaurants
Genre
Fast food restaurant
Founded
Sanders Court & Café:
March 20, 1930; 87 years ago (1930-03-20)
North Corbin, Kentucky
First franchise:
September 24, 1952 (1952-09-24)
Salt Lake City, Utah
Founder
Harland Sanders
Headquarters
1441 Gardiner Lane
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Number of locations
19,952[1] (2015)
Key people
Greg Creed (Yum! Brands Chairman and CEO)[2]
Roger Eaton (Yum! COO and KFC President)[2]
Products
Fried chicken
Chicken sandwiches
Wraps
French fries
Soft drinks
Salads
Desserts
Breakfast
Revenue
US$23 billion (2013)[3]
Parent
Yum! Brands worldwide outside of China
Yum China within China
Website
www.kfc.com
This box:
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talk
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KFC has been an extensive advertiser since the establishment of the first franchise in 1952.
Founder Harland Sanders initially developed his "Colonel" persona as a low-cost marketing tool. The Colonel image is still used extensively in the chain's advertising.
The chain is well known for the "finger lickin' good" slogan, which originated in 1956.
Contents
[hide]
1 Colonel Sanders
2 Slogans
3 Logos
4 Television
4.1 United States
4.2 International
4.3 Promotional tie-ins and corporate sponsorships
4.3.1 NASCAR sponsorships
5 References
Colonel Sanders[edit]
Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his death in 1980. He made several appearances in various B movies and television programs of the period, such as What's My Line? and I've Got a Secret.[4] Jack Massey described him as "the greatest PR man I have ever known".[5] KFC franchisee & Wendy's founder Dave Thomas credited Sanders' appeal to the fact that he "stood for values that people understood and liked".[6]
Since his death Sanders has remained as a key symbol of the company; an "international symbol of hospitality".[7]
In 1994, KFC hired actor Henderson Forsythe to portray the Colonel in a television campaign entitled "The Colonel's Way".[8][9][10] The $18.4 million campaign from Young & Rubicam used black and white visuals.[11] The campaign was deemed unsuccessful and was ended.[9]
From May 1998, an animated version of the Colonel, "boisterously" voiced by Randy Quaid, was used for television advertisements.[12] KFC chief concept officer Jeff Moody said they "provide a fresh way to communicate our relevance for today's consumers".[10] The animated Colonel was dropped in 2001 in the US, and in 2002 in the UK.[13] In 2012, a UK advertisement entitled "4000 cooks" featured an actor made up to resemble Sanders.[14]
Beginning in May 2015, Darrell Hammond began playing a live-action Colonel Sanders in KFC commercials.[15][16] Three months later, KFC launched a new campaign with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign, with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor.[17] Jim Gaffigan then began playing Sanders in February 2016, with his first ads stating that Macdonald's Colonel was another impostor.[18] George Hamilton began appearing as "The Extra Crispy Colonel" in July 2016, with no transition referencing Gaffigan's Colonel.[19] Later, in September 2016, Rob Riggle began appearing as a new Colonel Sanders, the coach of the fictitious "Kentucky Buckets" football team, again with no transition.[20] In October 2016, Vincent Kartheiser appeared in another campaign as the Nashville Colonel, a younger 'Heartthrob' take on the character.[21] In January 2017, Billy Zane began appearing as a Gold Colonel Sanders to promote a new Georgia Gold flavor chicken.[22] In April 2017, KFC released a campaign featuring Rob Lowe as astronaut Colonel Sanders giving a JFK speech spoof/homage about launching the Zinger chicken sandwich into space.[23] This commercial also featured Wink Martindale. Lowe released a statement saying that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to meet Harland Sanders.[24]
KFC CMO Kevin Hochman told PRWeek, "The plan was always to rotate colonels. We always thought of it like James Bond. The actor that dons the white suit brings something of his own to the actual character."[25] Although the rotating "Real Colonel Sanders" campaigns have generated mixed reviews, analysts and company executive credit it with helping to boost sales.[26]
The ubiquity of Sanders has not prevented KFC from introducing a mascot aimed at children. "Chicky", a young animated chicken, was first introduced in Thailand in the 1990s, and has since been rolled out across a number of markets worldwide, mostly in Asia and South America.[27][28]
Slogans[edit]
Early official slogans included "North America's Hospitality Dish" (1956–1966) and "We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week" from 1957 until 1968.[29][30] The two slogans were phased out in order to concentrate on the "finger lickin' good" slogan.
The "finger lickin' good" slogan was trademarked in 1956.[31] After a local KFC television advertisement had featured Arizona franchisee Dave Harman licking his fingers in the background, a viewer phoned the station to complain.[31] The main actor in the advertisement, a KFC manager named Ken Harbough, upon hearing of this, responded: "Well, it's finger lickin' good."[31] The phrase was adopted nationally by the company by the 1960s, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the twentieth century.[31] The trademark expired in the US in 2006, and was replaced in that market with "Follow your taste" until 2010.[32] In 2011, the "finger lickin' good" slogan was dropped in favor of "So good", to be rolled out worldwide.[31] A Yum! executive said that the new slogan was more holistic, applying to staff and service, as well as food.[33] Other slogans included "It's America's Country-Good Meal" (late 1970s) and "We Do Chicken Right" (1980s).[citation needed]
"Nobody does chicken like KFC" was first introduced by KFC Australia in 1998, and has continued to be used by the company in some markets.[34]
In 2015, along with a revamp of their U.S. advertising, KFC returned to using "Finger Lickin' Good".[15] As of April 2016, KFC began using the slogan "Colonel Quality, Guaranteed."
The secret recipe is regularly identified with the phrase "eleven herbs and spices," the amount and identification of which remain a trade secret. The catchphrase was used for an Easter egg pun on KFC's Twitter account, which follows eleven other accounts: six persons named Herb, and the five members of the Spice Girls.[35]
Logos[edit]
The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a "Kentucky Fried Chicken" typeface and a logo of the Colonel.[36] It was designed by the Lippincott & Margulies corporate identity agency.[36] Lippincott & Margulies were hired to redesign it in 1978, and used a similar typeface and a slightly different Sanders logo.[36] The "KFC" acronym logo was designed by Schechter & Luth of New York and was introduced in 1991, and the Colonel's face logo was switched from brown to blue ink.[37]
Landor redesigned the logo in 1997, with a new image of the Colonel. The new Colonel image was more thinly lined, less cartoonish and a more realistic representation of Sanders. In 2006, the Colonel logo was updated by Tesser of San Francisco, replacing his white suit with an apron, bolder colors and a better defined visage.[38] According to Gregg Dedrick, president of KFC's US division, the change, "communicates to customers the realness of Colonel Sanders and the fact that he was a chef".[38]
Television[edit]
United States[edit]
KFC Yum! Center in Louisville, Kentucky
KFC began to advertise nationwide from 1966, with a US television budget of US$4 million.[39] In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns, the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co-op was established, giving franchisees 10 votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns. In 1968, the budget was increased to US$9 million (around US$60 million in 2013).[40]
In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett.[41] John Hughes, later to become a filmmaker, worked as a copywriter on the account.[42] A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the "Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.[41]
By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US.[43] Young & Rubicam (Y&R) was KFC's agency of record in the US from 1976 until December 2000.[44] The tagline from 1976 to 1981 was: "It's nice to feel so good about a meal".[45] It was chosen because KFC had identified consumer guilt as its core marketing obstacle.[46] Meanwhile, KFC hired the Mingo-Jones agency to target African American audiences.[47] Mingo-Jones coined the "We do chicken right" slogan, which was later adopted across the whole chain from 1981 until 1991.[48] From 1991 to 1994, the television campaign focused on the fictional town of Lake Edna.[49] When he took over the CEO role at KFC, David C. Novak ended the campaign, which he derided as "hokey". The campaign was replaced by one with the tagline, "Everybody needs a little KFC", which Novak credited with helping to boost sales at the company.[50]
BBDO took over the KFC US account in December 2000. Its first campaign, featuring Jason Alexander, debuted on television in July 2001. It ran until May 2003 with the tagline, "There's fast food. Then there's KFC."[51] In September 2003, BBDO was replaced by Foote, Cone & Belding.[52] Its first campaign aired in November, but was pulled after less than a month following complaints from the National Advertising Division and the Center for Science in the Public Interest that it advertised the health benefits of eating fried chicken.[53]
International[edit]
In 1994, Ogilvy & Mather became KFC's international agency of record.[54] From 1997 to 1999, Ogilvy & Mather used celebrities such as Ivana Trump, Tara Palmer-Tomkinson and Ulrika Jonsson to endorse KFC products in television advertisements in the UK.[55] After this campaign, the agency simply adapted Y&R's American campaigns, such as the animated Colonel, for a British audience.[13] In late 2002, BBH was appointed KFC's UK agency. In 2003, the "Soul Food" campaign was launched, aiming to capture the young urban market with 1960s and 70s African-American music. By 2005, this was believed to have been a failure, and KFC UK's marketing director left the company amid speculation that the US head office was unhappy with the campaign.[56] In 2012, it was determined that a 2005 advert in the Soul Food campaign, featuring people talking and singing with their mouths full, had been the most complained-about advert in the fifty-year history of the Advertising Standards Authority. The complaints were not upheld at the time.[57] Marketing subsequently moved towards a more family-orientated line.[56]
Promotional tie-ins and corporate sponsorships[edit]
In 2013, WPP's BrandZ valued the brand at US$10 billion.[58]
Between November 1998 and January 2000, KFC US teamed with Nintendo, Game Freak and 4 Kids Entertainment in a Pokémon tie-in. Pokémon themed promotional days were held, Pokémon Beanie Babies were sold, and Pokémon toys were given away free with children's meals.[59] In 1999, PepsiCo signed a $2 billion agreement with Lucasfilm in order to market Star Wars themed meals in its KFC and Pizza Hut chains.[60]
Since 2010, KFC has sponsored the KFC Yum! Center in Louisville. In Australia, KFC has sponsored the Big Bash League Twenty20 cricket tournament and Twenty20 international matches since 2003.[61]
NASCAR sponsorships[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
KFC has marketed with NASCAR, sponsoring several cars on a limited basis throughout the years.
KFC's first appearance in NASCAR was in 1997 Cup competition with Darrell Waltrip Motorsports, as part of a one-race attempt for Rich Bickle and the #26 in the 1997 Brickyard 400.
Several years later in 2004, KFC sponsored Dale Earnhardt Inc.'s #8 for some Busch races with Martin Truex, Jr. and a Busch race at Daytona International Speedway with Dale Earnhardt, Jr..
KFC stayed out of NASCAR for several years, returning to sponsor Front Row Motorsports for limited races in 2014 and 2015. KFC was seen on the #34 of David Ragan both years, and on the #35 of Cole Whitt in 2015 only.
In 2016, KFC moved to Roush-Fenway Racing to sponsor the #16 of Greg Biffle, again for a limited number of races.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Restaurant counts" (PDF). Yum! Brands. p. 111. Retrieved September 1, 2016. As of year end 2015, KFC had 5,003 units in China, 372 units in India and 14,577 units within the KFC Division.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yum! Brands: Senior Officers". Yum! Brands. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Iconic Global Brand (PDF). Louisville: Yum! Brands. 2014. p. 98. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Coomes, Steve (March 11, 2014). "John Y. Brown Jr.: Colonel's sale of KFC 50 years ago changed restaurant industry forever". Insider Louiseville. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cooking up Profits, Southern Style. Business Week. June 24, 1967. p. 180.
Jump up ^ Thomas, R. David (October 1, 1992). Dave's Way: A New Approach to Old-Fashioned Success. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-425-13501-3. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ President and Fellows of Harvard College (1994). PepsioCo's Restaurants. Boston: Harvard Business School. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas (April 20, 2006). "Henderson Forsythe, 88, Character Actor, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "KFC creates animated Colonel for new ads". Augusta Chronicle. Georgia. Associated Press. September 4, 1998. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Modern Day Marketing Challenge" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 4, 1998.
Jump up ^ "KFC's legendary Colonel Sanders rides again". Brandweek. 35 (22). May 30, 1994. p. 4. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. (Abstract only)
Jump up ^ Howard, Theresa (September 28, 1998). "New Products : KFC, with Pepsi, Mulls Putting New 'Colonel' on Proprietary Beverage". Brandweek. (Via HighBeam)
^ Jump up to: a b White, Jeremy (January 18, 2002). "KFC seeks a modern identity beyond the animated Colonel". Campaign. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ 4000 cooks on YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b "KFC Pays Homage To The Legacy Of Colonel Sanders With New Brand Look, Voice" (Press release). KFC via PRNewswire. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ La Monica, Paul R. "KFC is bringing back Colonel Sanders". CNN. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "KFC has 'Last Comic Standing' judge Norm Macdonald as new Colonel - Business Insider". Business Insider. August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Lauren (February 6, 2016). "KFC Swaps Out Norm Macdonald for Jim Gaffigan as Its Latest 'Real' Colonel". Adweek. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Moran, Victoria (June 23, 2016). "KFC Brings in an Extra-Bronzed George Hamilton to Play Extra Crispy Colonel". Advertising Age. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Kate (September 8, 2016). "Watch Rob Riggle as KFC's newest Colonel Sanders". The Kansas City Star.
Jump up ^ Collman, Ashley (October 11, 2016). "Vincent Kartheiser is the new 'heartthrob' Colonel Sanders for KFC". Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ Wohl, Jessica (January 25, 2017). "See the Spot: KFC's Latest Celebrity Colonel Goes for the Gold". Advertising Age. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rob Lowe as astronaut Col Sanders in JFK homage advert, KFC (April 21, 2017), KFC | Announcement | Zinger, retrieved April 21, 2017
Jump up ^ "KFC Explores The Final Frontier With Colonel Rob Lowe". PR Newswire. April 21, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CMO Q&A: How KFC's Colonel Sanders reboot 'broke the Internet' - twice". January 27, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "KFC just revealed the newest star of its polarizing Colonel Sanders ads". Business Insider. February 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Brian (November 26, 2001). "What Do KFC and Pizza Hut Conjure Up Abroad?". Fortune. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Liu, Warren (September 26, 2008). KFC in China: Secret Recipe for Success. Wiley. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-470-82384-2. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "North America's Hospitality Dish". Trademarkia. KFC Corporation. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dukes, Terry (2000). "KFC: The Animated Colonel Campaign". Institute of Practitioners in Advertising. WARC [World Advertising Center].
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Momen Putrym, Goldie (February 21, 2010). "So Good? KFC Drops Famous Catchphrase". Sky News. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "IT'S FINGER LICKIN' GOOD — Reviews & Brand Information — KFC Corporation Louisville, TX — Serial Number: 72209171". Trademarkia. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, John (April 6, 2011). "Profile: Jennelle Tilling, vice-president of marketing, UK and Ireland at KFC". PR Week. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Thornton, Phil (May 31, 1998). "True lies". The Sun Herald (Sydney, Australia).
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sophie (October 20, 2017). "SPICE UP YOUR LIFE KFC only follows 11 people on Twitter… and the reason why is pure genius". The Sun (UK). Retrieved October 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogers, Ian. "The Mystery of the Colonel". Grey Not Grey. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Koeppel, Dan (September 3, 1990). "The Feathers Are Really Flying At Kentucky Fried". Adweek.
^ Jump up to: a b Lovan, Dylan T. (November 13, 2006). "Colonel Sanders gets a makeover in new KFC logo". The Associated Press State & Local Wire.
Jump up ^ Rood, George (January 5, 1969). "Accidental Competitor in Chicken Game Is Winner". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Carey, Bill (September 30, 2005). Master of the Big Board: The Life, Times And Businesses of Jack Massey. Cumberland House Publishing. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-58182-471-1. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Darden, Robert (January 1, 2004). Secret Recipe: Why Kfc Is Still Cooking After 50 Years. Tapestry Press. pp. 12, 57–58, 101, 159, 175, 211. ISBN 978-1-930819-33-7.
Jump up ^ Birkenes, Robert (August 13, 2009). "Before He Became a Film Legend, John Hughes Was an Adman". Ad Age. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Georgescu, Peter (July 2005). The Source of Success: Five Enduring Principles at the Heart of Real Leadership. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7879-8133-4. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Stuart (May 19, 1992). "KFC's Very Real Problems May Be Solved in Lake Edna". New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Poultry and Egg Marketing. Poultry & Egg News, Incorporated. 1979. p. vii. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas J. (2004). Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction. Manchester University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7190-6853-9. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Delaney, Tom (June 3, 1985). "KFC Cooks Up New $80-Mil. Media Plan". Adweek.
Jump up ^ Dougherty, Phillip H. (June 28, 1982). "Minority Marketing". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Stuart (May 19, 1992). "KFC's Very Real Problems May Be Solved in Lake Edna". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ David Novak; John Boswell. The Education of an Accidental CEO: My Journey from the Trailer Park to the Corner Office. Crown Publishing Group. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-307-40565-4.
Jump up ^ Sampey, Kathleen (June 23, 2003). "KFC Drops Alexander". Adweek. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Day, Sherri (September 18, 2003). "KFC Dismisses BBDO Worldwide". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Trevor (February 24, 2004). "KFC Won't Be 'Eating Healthy' in Future". Adweek. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Warneford, Penny (November 28, 1994). "Going Global". Adweek.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Patrick (January 22, 1997). "KFC". Marketing Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "KFC revives 'Finger Lickin' Good' strapline in press ads". Marketing Week. April 14, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "KFC advert is the most complained-about campaign of all time", The Independent, 2012-05-30"
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands 2013" (PDF). BrandZ. WPP. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris (August 11, 1998). "KFC Serves Up Steaming Hot Pokemon". Gamespot. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sherwin, Adam (April 10, 1999). "The returns of the Jedi". The Times.
Jump up ^ "Commercial Partners". Cricket Australia. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
[hide]
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KFC
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Colonel Sanders (founder)
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Kentucky Fried Cruelty
PETA satirical browser games
Big Bash League (BBL)
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Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Do You Remember the First Time?"
The Vampire Diaries episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 7
Directed by
Darren Genet
Written by
Rebecca Sonnenshine
Production code
2J7857
Original air date
November 13, 2014
Guest appearance(s)
Colin Ferguson (Tripp Fell)
Penelope Mitchell (Liv Parker)
Marguerite MacIntyre (Liz Forbes)
Chris Brochu (Luke Parker)
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe (Jo Laughlin-Parker)
Marco James (Liam Davis)
Chris Wood (Kai Parker)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get" Next →
"Fade Into You"
The Vampire Diaries (season 6)
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes
"Do You Remember the First Time?" is the 7th episode of the sixth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series' 118th episode overall. "Do You Remember the First Time?" was originally aired on November 13, 2014, on The CW. The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Darren Genet.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Feature music
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Elena, after everyone continues to convince her that she had once loved damon decides to run through the magic free, mystic falls border. So she does, and she gets glimpses of her and Damon but never fully remembers yet that she loves him. Damon pulls her back across the line and she asks about a kiss in the rain. He continues to try to get her to remember.
Feature music[edit]
In the episode "Do You Remember the First Time?" we can hear the songs:[1]
"Another Love" by Tom Odell
"The Hardest Part" by Nina Nesbitt
"MSK" by Yellowcard
"Belong" by Cary Brothers
"Two Weeks" by Grizzly Bear
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
In its original American broadcast, "Do You Remember the First Time?" was watched by 1.54 million; slightly down by 0.05 from the previous episode.[2]
Reviews[edit]
"Do You Remember the First Time?" received positive reviews.
Stephanie Flasher from TV After Dark gave a B+ rating to the episode saying that it was a nice one, especially for the fans of Damon and Elena. "Bittersweet trip down the couple's history and an epic rain kiss. Finally, Caroline and Stefan have the feelings conversation and Alaric gets his groove back now that he's a human again. And the music was good."[3]
Rebecca Jane Stokes of Den of Geek rated the episode with 4/5 saying that it was a sweet episode and that Stefan finally found out about Caroline's feelings. "The show did what it does best this week. It married romance and longing with the deliberate if piecemeal doling out of key plot points."[4]
Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation rated the episode with 7.9/10 saying that the episode "forced Damon and Elena to explore the new status of their relationship in another slow drawn out episode. However, it was made interesting by not relying on flashbacks, but let them be in the moment."[5]
Sara Ditta of Next Projection rated the episode with 7.2/10 saying that the episode "satisfied because of its tempered tone. The drama wasn’t taken overboard, and viewers could relate to each of our main characters who tried to grasp on to friendships and relationships that had already fallen apart."[6]
Leigh Raines from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 3.5. "All in all, a decent episode, with minor developments but not enough."[7]
Caroline Preece of Den of Geek gave a good review to the episode saying that the show has improved greatly since it stopped paying attention only to Damon and Elena's relationship. "The Damon/Elena storyline is still a frustrating mess, but it’s also not the only thing on the show anymore – and that gives viewers no longer interested in Elena’s love life a reason to come back. Just that simple thing is what fans have been asking for and, now that we have it, it’s glorious."[8]
Lindsay Sperling from We Got This Covered gave a mixed review to the episode saying that this episode was the first filler one for season six. "This season of The Vampire Diaries is arguably already better than the last two combined, but there’s a limit to the amount of Elena and Damon drama that fans should have to endure. Either let them be together, or let them move on. [...] There were a few notable plot twists in [the episode] despite the overwhelming feeling that nothing really happened to move the story along."[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7: "Do You Remember the First Time?" Music". TV Fanatic. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Flasher, Stephanie (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries 6×07 "Do You Remember the First Time?" REVIEW". TV After Dark. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stokes, Rebecca Jane (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: Do You Remember The First Time? Review". Den of Geek. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dominique, Ashley (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries: "Do You Remember The First Time" Review". Geeked Out Nation. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ditta, Sara (November 14, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries, "Do You Remember The First Time?" (6.7) – TV Review". Next Projection. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raines, Leigh (November 13, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7 Review: Do You Remember the First Time?". TV Fanatic. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Preece, Caroline (November 18, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries season 6 episode 7 review: Do You Remember The First Time?". Den of Geek. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Lindsay (November 13, 2014). "The Vampire Diaries Review: "Do You Remember The First Time?" (Season 6, Episode 7)". We Got This Covered. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
External links[edit]
List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb
Afterbuzz's discussion about "Do You Remember the First Time?" on YouTube
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"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
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"Rescue Me"
"Resident Evil"
"Man on Fire"
"What Lies Beneath"
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Season 6
"I'll Remember"
"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
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text:
Picts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pict" redirects here. For other uses, see Pict (disambiguation).
The Aberlemno Serpent Stone, Class I Pictish stone with Pictish symbols, showing (top to bottom) the serpent, the double disc and Z-rod and the mirror and comb
Silver plaque from the Norrie's Law hoard, Fife, with double disc and Z-rod symbol
The Picts were a tribal confederation of peoples who lived in what is today eastern and northern Scotland during the Late Iron Age and Early Medieval periods. They are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celtic. Where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from the geographical distribution of brochs, Brittonic place name elements, and Pictish stones. The name Picts appears in written records from Late Antiquity to the 10th century, when they are thought to have merged with the Gaels. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and spoke the now-extinct Pictish language, which is thought to have been closely related to the Celtic Brittonic language spoken by the Britons who lived to the south of them.[1]
Picts are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians or on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also called Pictavia by some sources, gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Alba then expanded, absorbing the Brittonic kingdom of Strathclyde and Northumbrian Lothian, and by the 11th century the Pictish identity had been subsumed into the "Scots" amalgamation of peoples.
Pictish society was typical of many Iron Age societies in northern Europe, having "wide connections and parallels" with neighbouring groups.[2] Archaeology gives some impression of the society of the Picts. While very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since the late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, saints' lives such as that of Columba by Adomnán, and various Irish annals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Kings and kingdoms
4 Society
5 Religion
6 Art
7 Language
8 Legacy
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Etymology[edit]
What the Picts called themselves is unknown.[nb 1] The Latin word Picti first occurs in a panegyric written by Eumenius in AD 297 and is taken to mean "painted or tattooed people" (from Latin pingere "to paint";[3] pictus, "painted", cf. Greek "πυκτίς" pyktis, "picture"[4]). As Sally M. Foster noted, "Much ink has been spilt over what the ancient writers meant by Picts, but it seems to be a generic term for people living north of the Forth–Clyde isthmus who raided the Roman Empire."[5]
Their Old English name[6] gave the modern Scots form Pechts and the Welsh word Ffichti.[citation needed] In writings from Ireland, the name Cruthin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (Modern Irish: Cruithne) was used to refer both to the Picts and to another group of people who lived alongside the Ulaid in eastern Ulster.[7] It is generally accepted that this is derived from *Qritani, which is the Goidelic/Q-Celtic version of the Britonnic/P-Celtic *Pritani.[8] From this came Britanni, the Roman name for those now called the Britons.[7][8][9] It has been suggested that Cruthin referred to all Britons not conquered by the Romans—those who lived outside Roman Britannia, north of Hadrian's Wall.[9]
History[edit]
The so-called Daniel Stone, cross slab fragment found at Rosemarkie, Easter Ross
A Pictish confederation was formed in Late Antiquity from a number of tribes—how and why is not known. Some scholars have speculated that it was partly in response to the growth of the Roman Empire.[10]
Pictland had previously been described by Roman writers and geographers as the home of the Caledonii.[11] These Romans also used other names to refer to tribes living in that area, including Verturiones, Taexali and Venicones.[12] But they may have heard these other names only second- or third-hand, from speakers of Brittonic or Gaulish languages, who may have used different names for the same group or groups.[13]
Pictish recorded history begins in the Dark Ages. At that time, the Gaels of Dál Riata controlled what is now Argyll, as part of a kingdom straddling the sea between Britain and Ireland. The Angles of Bernicia, which merged with Deira to form Northumbria, overwhelmed the adjacent British kingdoms, and for much of the 7th century Northumbria was the most powerful kingdom in Britain.[14] The Picts were probably tributary to Northumbria until the reign of Bridei mac Beli, when, in 685, the Anglians suffered a defeat at the Battle of Dun Nechtain that halted their northward expansion. The Northumbrians continued to dominate southern Scotland for the remainder of the Pictish period.
The Whitecleuch Chain, high status Pictish silver chain, one of ten known to exist, dating from between 400 and 800 AD
Dál Riata was subject to the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa during his reign (729–761), and though it had its own kings beginning in the 760s, does not appear to have recovered its political independence from the Picts.[15] A later Pictish king, Caustantín mac Fergusa (793–820), placed his son Domnall on the throne of Dál Riata (811–835).[16] Pictish attempts to achieve a similar dominance over the Britons of Alt Clut (Dumbarton) were not successful.[17]
The Viking Age brought great changes in Britain and Ireland, no less in Scotland than elsewhere, conquering and settling the islands and various mainland areas, including Caithness, Sutherland and Galloway. In the middle of the 9th century Ketil Flatnose is said to have founded the Kingdom of the Isles, governing many of these territories, and by the end of that century the Vikings had destroyed the Kingdom of Northumbria, greatly weakened the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and founded the Kingdom of York. In a major battle in 839, the Vikings killed the King of Fortriu, Eógan mac Óengusa, the King of Dál Riata Áed mac Boanta, and many others.[18] In the aftermath, in the 840s, Cínaed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) became king of the Picts.[citation needed]
During the reign of Cínaed's grandson, Caustantín mac Áeda (900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the Kingdom of Alba rather than the Kingdom of the Picts, but it is not known whether this was because a new kingdom was established or Alba was simply a closer approximation of the Pictish name for the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of Gaelicisation (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly underway during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of northern Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten.[19] Later, the idea of Picts as a tribe was revived in myth and legend.[20]
Kings and kingdoms[edit]
See also: List of Kings of the Picts
Approximate location of Pictish kingdoms, based on the information given here
The early history of Pictland is unclear. In later periods multiple kings existed, ruling over separate kingdoms, with one king, sometimes two, more or less dominating their lesser neighbours.[21] De Situ Albanie, a late document, the Pictish Chronicle, the Duan Albanach, along with Irish legends, have been used to argue the existence of seven Pictish kingdoms. These are as follows; those in bold are known to have had kings, or are otherwise attested in the Pictish period:
Cait, or Cat, situated in modern Caithness and Sutherland
Ce, situated in modern Mar and Buchan
Circinn, perhaps situated in modern Angus and the Mearns[22]
Fib, the modern Fife, now known as 'the Kingdom of Fife'
Fidach, location unknown, but possibly near Inverness[23][24][25]
Fotla, modern Atholl (Ath-Fotla)[26]
Fortriu, cognate with the Verturiones of the Romans; recently shown to be centred on Moray[27]
More small kingdoms may have existed. Some evidence suggests that a Pictish kingdom also existed in Orkney.[28] De Situ Albanie is not the most reliable of sources, and the number of kingdoms, one for each of the seven sons of Cruithne, the eponymous founder of the Picts, may well be grounds enough for disbelief.[29] Regardless of the exact number of kingdoms and their names, the Pictish nation was not a united one.
Map showing the approximate areas of the kingdom of Fortriu and neighbours c. 800, and the kingdom of Alba c. 900
For most of Pictish recorded history the kingdom of Fortriu appears dominant, so much so that king of Fortriu and king of the Picts may mean one and the same thing in the annals. This was previously thought to lie in the area around Perth and southern Strathearn; however, recent work has convinced those working in the field that Moray (a name referring to a very much larger area in the High Middle Ages than the county of Moray) was the core of Fortriu.[30]
The Picts are often said to have practised matrilineal kingship succession on the basis of Irish legends and a statement in Bede's history.[31][32] The kings of the Picts when Bede was writing were Bridei and Nechtan, sons of Der Ilei, who indeed claimed the throne through their mother Der Ilei, daughter of an earlier Pictish king.[33]
In Ireland, kings were expected to come from among those who had a great-grandfather who had been king.[34] Kingly fathers were not frequently succeeded by their sons, not because the Picts practised matrilineal succession, but because they were usually followed by their own brothers or cousins, more likely to be experienced men with the authority and the support necessary to be king.[35] This was similar to tanistry.
The nature of kingship changed considerably during the centuries of Pictish history. While earlier kings had to be successful war leaders to maintain their authority, kingship became rather less personalised and more institutionalised during this time. Bureaucratic kingship was still far in the future when Pictland became Alba, but the support of the church, and the apparent ability of a small number of families to control the kingship for much of the period from the later 7th century onwards, provided a considerable degree of continuity. In much the same period, the Picts' neighbours in Dál Riata and Northumbria faced considerable difficulties, as the stability of succession and rule that previously benefited them ended.[36]
The later Mormaers are thought to have originated in Pictish times, and to have been copied from, or inspired by, Northumbrian usages.[37] It is unclear whether the Mormaers were originally former kings, royal officials, or local nobles, or some combination of these. Likewise, the Pictish shires and thanages, traces of which are found in later times, are thought to have been adopted from their southern neighbours.[38]
Society[edit]
The harpist on the Dupplin Cross, Scotland, c. 800 AD
The archaeological record provides evidence of the material culture of the Picts. It tells of a society not readily distinguishable from its British, Gaelic, or Anglo-Saxon neighbours.[39] Although analogy and knowledge of other so-called 'Celtic' societies (a term they never used for themselves) may be a useful guide, these extended across a very large area. Relying on knowledge of pre-Roman Gaul, or 13th century Ireland, as a guide to the Picts of the 6th century may be misleading if analogy is pursued too far.
As with most peoples in the north of Europe in Late Antiquity, the Picts were farmers living in small communities. Cattle and horses were an obvious sign of wealth and prestige, sheep and pigs were kept in large numbers, and place names suggest that transhumance was common. Animals were small by later standards, although horses from Britain were imported into Ireland as breed-stock to enlarge native horses. From Irish sources it appears that the élite engaged in competitive cattle-breeding for size, and this may have been the case in Pictland also. Carvings show hunting with dogs, and also, unlike in Ireland, with falcons. Cereal crops included wheat, barley, oats and rye. Vegetables included kale, cabbage, onions and leeks, peas and beans and turnips, and some types no longer common, such as skirret. Plants such as wild garlic, nettles and watercress may have been gathered in the wild. The pastoral economy meant that hides and leather were readily available. Wool was the main source of fibres for clothing, and flax was also common, although it is not clear if they grew it for fibres, for oil, or as a foodstuff. Fish, shellfish, seals, and whales were exploited along coasts and rivers. The importance of domesticated animals suggests that meat and milk products were a major part of the diet of ordinary people, while the élite would have eaten a diet rich in meat from farming and hunting.[40]
No Pictish counterparts to the areas of denser settlement around important fortresses in Gaul and southern Britain, or any other significant urban settlements, are known. Larger, but not large, settlements existed around royal forts, such as at Burghead Fort, or associated with religious foundations.[41] No towns are known in Scotland until the 12th century.[42]
The technology of everyday life is not well recorded, but archaeological evidence shows it to have been similar to that in Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. Recently evidence has been found of watermills in Pictland.[43] Kilns were used for drying kernels of wheat or barley, not otherwise easy in the changeable, temperate climate.[44]
Reconstructed crannóg on Loch Tay
The early Picts are associated with piracy and raiding along the coasts of Roman Britain. Even in the Late Middle Ages, the line between traders and pirates was unclear, so that Pictish pirates were probably merchants on other occasions. It is generally assumed that trade collapsed with the Roman Empire, but this is to overstate the case. There is only limited evidence of long-distance trade with Pictland, but tableware and storage vessels from Gaul, probably transported up the Irish Sea, have been found. This trade may have been controlled from Dunadd in Dál Riata, where such goods appear to have been common. While long-distance travel was unusual in Pictish times, it was far from unknown as stories of missionaries, travelling clerics and exiles show.[45]
Brochs are popularly associated with the Picts. Although these were built earlier in the Iron Age, with construction ending around 100 AD, they remained in use into and beyond the Pictish period.[46] Crannóg, which may originate in Neolithic Scotland, may have been rebuilt, and some were still in use in the time of the Picts.[47] The most common sort of buildings would have been roundhouses and rectangular timbered halls.[48] While many churches were built in wood, from the early 8th century, if not earlier, some were built in stone.[49]
The Picts are often said to have tattooed themselves, but evidence for this is limited. Naturalistic depictions of Pictish nobles, hunters and warriors, male and female, without obvious tattoos, are found on monumental stones. These stones include inscriptions in Latin and ogham script, not all of which have been deciphered. The well known Pictish symbols found on standing stones and other artifacts, have defied attempts at translation over the centuries. Pictish art can be classed as 'Celtic' (a term not coined till the 1850s), and later as Insular.[50] Irish poets portrayed their Pictish counterparts as very much like themselves.[51]
Religion[edit]
Main article: Christianisation of Scotland
An early 20th century depiction of Saint Columba's miracle at the gate of King Bridei's fortress, described in Adomnán's late 7th century Vita Columbae
Animal head from St Ninian's Isle Treasure
Early Pictish religion is presumed to have resembled Celtic polytheism in general, although only place names remain from the pre-Christian era. When the Pictish elite converted to Christianity is uncertain, but traditions place Saint Palladius in Pictland after he left Ireland, and link Abernethy with Saint Brigid of Kildare.[52] Saint Patrick refers to "apostate Picts", while the poem Y Gododdin does not remark on the Picts as pagans.[53] Bede wrote that Saint Ninian (confused by some with Saint Finnian of Moville, who died c. 589), had converted the southern Picts.[54] Recent archaeological work at Portmahomack places the foundation of the monastery there, an area once assumed to be among the last converted, in the late 6th century.[55] This is contemporary with Bridei mac Maelchon and Columba, but the process of establishing Christianity throughout Pictland will have extended over a much longer period.
Pictland was not solely influenced by Iona and Ireland. It also had ties to churches in Northumbria, as seen in the reign of Nechtan mac Der Ilei. The reported expulsion of Ionan monks and clergy by Nechtan in 717 may have been related to the controversy over the dating of Easter, and the manner of tonsure, where Nechtan appears to have supported the Roman usages, but may equally have been intended to increase royal power over the church.[56] Nonetheless, the evidence of place names suggests a wide area of Ionan influence in Pictland.[57] Likewise, the Cáin Adomnáin (Law of Adomnán, Lex Innocentium) counts Nechtan's brother Bridei among its guarantors.
The importance of monastic centres in Pictland was not, perhaps, as great as in Ireland. In areas that have been studied, such as Strathspey and Perthshire, it appears that the parochial structure of the High Middle Ages existed in early medieval times. Among the major religious sites of eastern Pictland were Portmahomack, Cennrígmonaid (later St Andrews), Dunkeld, Abernethy and Rosemarkie. It appears that these are associated with Pictish kings, which argues for a considerable degree of royal patronage and control of the church.[58] Portmahomack in particular has been the subject of recent excavation and research, published by Martin Carver.[59]
The cult of Saints was, as throughout Christian lands, of great importance in later Pictland. While kings might patronise great Saints, such as Saint Peter in the case of Nechtan, and perhaps Saint Andrew in the case of the second Óengus mac Fergusa, many lesser Saints, some now obscure, were important. The Pictish Saint Drostan appears to have had a wide following in the north in earlier times, although he was all but forgotten by the 12th century. Saint Serf of Culross was associated with Nechtan's brother Bridei.[60] It appears, as is well known in later times, that noble kin groups had their own patron saints, and their own churches or abbeys.[61]
Art[edit]
The Rogart brooch, National Museums of Scotland, FC2. Pictish penannular brooch, 8th century, silver with gilding and glass. Classified as Fowler H3 type.[62]
The Aberlemno Kirkyard Stone, Class II Pictish stone
Pictish art appears on stones, metalwork and small objects of stone and bone. It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic Early Medieval development of La Tène style with increasing influences from the Insular art of 7th and 8th century Ireland and Northumbria, and then Anglo-Saxon and Irish art as the Early Medieval period continues. The most conspicuous survivals are the many Pictish stones that are located all over Pictland, from Inverness to Lanarkshire. An illustrated catalogue of these stones was produced by J. Romilly Allen as part of The Early Church Monuments of Scotland, with lists of their symbols and patterns. The symbols and patterns consist of animals including the Pictish Beast, the "rectangle", the "mirror and comb", "double-disc and Z-rod" and the "crescent and V-rod", among many others. There are also bosses and lenses with pelta and spiral designs. The patterns are curvilinear with hatchings. The so-called cross-slabs are carved with Pictish symbols, Insular-derived interlace and Christian imagery, though interpretation is often difficult due to wear and obscurity. Several of the Christian images carved on various stones, such as David the harpist, Daniel and the lion, or scenes of St Paul and St Anthony meeting in the desert, have been influenced by the Insular manuscript tradition.[63][64]
Pictish metalwork is found throughout Pictland (modern-day Scotland) and also further south; the Picts appeared to have a considerable amount of silver available, probably from raiding further south, or the payment of subsidies to keep them from doing so. The very large hoard of late Roman hacksilver found at Traprain Law may have originated in either way. The largest hoard of early Pictish metalwork was found in 1819 at Norrie's Law in Fife, but unfortunately much was dispersed and melted down (Scots law on treasure finds has always been unhelpful to preservation). Two famous 7th century silver and enamel plaques from the hoard, one shown above, have a "Z-rod", one of the Pictish symbols, in a particularly well-preserved and elegant form; unfortunately few comparable pieces have survived.[65] Over ten heavy silver chains, some over 0.5m long, have been found from this period; the double-linked Whitecleuch Chain is one of only two that have a penannular ring, with symbol decoration including enamel, which shows how these were probably used as "choker" necklaces.[66]
In the 8th and 9th centuries, after Christianization, the Pictish elite adopted a particular form of the Celtic brooch from Ireland, preferring true penannular brooches with lobed terminals. Some older Irish pseudo-penannular brooches were adapted to the Pictish style, for example the Breadalbane Brooch (British Museum). The St Ninian's Isle Treasure contains the best collection of Pictish forms. Other characteristics of Pictish metalwork are dotted backgrounds or designs and animal forms influenced by Insular art. The 8th century Monymusk Reliquary has elements of Pictish and Irish style.[67]
Language[edit]
Main article: Pictish language
The Pictish language is extinct. Evidence is limited to place names, the names of people found on monuments, and the contemporary records. The evidence of place-names and personal names argues strongly that the Picts spoke Insular Celtic languages related to the more southerly Brittonic languages.[68] A number of Ogham inscriptions have been argued to be unidentifiable as Celtic, and on this basis, it has been suggested that non-Celtic languages were also in use.[69]
The absence of surviving written material in Pictish—if the ambiguous "Pictish inscriptions" in the Ogham script are discounted—does not indicate a pre-literate society. The church certainly required literacy in Latin, and could not function without copyists to produce liturgical documents. Pictish iconography shows books being read, and carried, and its naturalistic style gives every reason to suppose that such images were of real life. Literacy was not widespread, but among the senior clergy, and in monasteries, it would have been common enough.[70]
Place-names often allow us to deduce the existence of historic Pictish settlements in Scotland. Those prefixed with the Brittonic prefixes "Aber-", "Lhan-", or "Pit-" (=? "peth", a thing) are claimed to indicate regions inhabited by Picts in the past (for example: Aberdeen, Lhanbryde, Pitmedden, etc.). Some of these, such as "Pit-" (portion, share), may have been formed after Pictish times, and may refer to previous "shires" or "thanages".[71]
The evidence of place-names may also reveal the advance of Gaelic into Pictland. As noted, Atholl, meaning New Ireland, is attested in the early 8th century. This may be an indication of the advance of Gaelic. Fortriu also contains place-names suggesting Gaelic settlement, or Gaelic influences.[72] A pre-Gaelic interpretation of the name as Athfocla meaning 'north pass' or 'north way', as in gateway to Moray, suggests that the Gaelic Athfotla may be a Gaelic misreading of the minuscule c for t.[73]
Legacy[edit]
Medieval Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the Picts[74] and traced their principal royal families—the Houses of Aberffraw and Dinefwr—to Cunedda Wledig, said to have invaded northern Wales from Lothian.
See also[edit]
Caledonians
Duan Albanach
Fortriu
Kings of the Picts
Mormaer
Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
Painted pebbles
Pictish stones
Picts in fantasy
Picts in literature and popular culture
Prehistoric Scotland
St Andrews Sarcophagus
Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
List of Celtic tribes
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ It has been proposed that they called themselves albidosi, a name found in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba during the reign of Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, but this idea has been disputed. See: Broun, "Alba", p. 258, note 95; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 177–181.
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Katherine Forsyth, Language in Pictland. The case against non-Indo-European Pictisch, Studia Hamelina 2, Utrecht 1997
Jump up ^ Foster 1996. p. 17.
Jump up ^ pingo, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ πυκτίς, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ Foster 1996. p. 11.
Jump up ^ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has pihtas and pehtas.
^ Jump up to: a b Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí. A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 213.
^ Jump up to: a b Chadwick, Hector Munro. Early Scotland: the Picts, the Scots & the Welsh of southern Scotland. CUP Archive, 1949. Page 66-80.
^ Jump up to: a b Dunbavin, Paul. Picts and ancient Britons: an exploration of Pictish origins. Third Millennium Publishing, 1998. Page 3.
Jump up ^ See the discussion of the creation of the Frankish Confederacy in Geary, Before France, chapter 2.
Jump up ^ e.g. by Tacitus, Ptolemy, and as the Dicalydonii by Ammianus Marcellinus. Ptolemy called the sea to the west of Scotland the Oceanus Duecaledonius.
Jump up ^ e.g. Ptolemy, Ammianus Marcellinus.
Jump up ^ Caledonii is attested from a grave marker in Roman Britain.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria.
Jump up ^ Broun, "Pictish Kings", attempts to reconstruct the confused late history of Dál Riata. The silence in the Irish Annals is ignored by Bannerman in "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba".
Jump up ^ According to Broun, "Pictish Kings"--but the history of Dál Riata after that is obscure.
Jump up ^ Cf. the failed attempts by Óengus mac Fergusa.
Jump up ^ Annals of Ulster (s.a. 839): "The (Vikings) won a battle against the men of Fortriu, and Eóganán son of Aengus, Bran son of Óengus, Aed son of Boanta, and others almost innumerable fell there."
Jump up ^ Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.
Jump up ^ For example, Pechs, and perhaps Pixies. However, Sally Foster quotes John Toland in 1726: "they are apt all over Scotland to make everything Pictish whose origin they do not know." The same could be said of the Picts in myth.
Jump up ^ Broun, "Kingship", for Ireland see, e.g. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, and more generally Ó Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland.
Jump up ^ Forsyth, "Lost Pictish Source", Watson, Celtic Place Names, pp. 108–109.
Jump up ^ Scotland in the Middle Ages#Minor kingdoms
Jump up ^ earls of moray. Irvinemclean.com (2010-12-15). Retrieved on 2014-06-20.
Jump up ^ earls of ross. Irvinemclean.com (2011-04-22). Retrieved on 2014-06-20.
Jump up ^ Bruford, "What happened to the Caledonians", Watson, Celtic Place Names, pp. 108–113.
Jump up ^ Woolf, "Dun Nechtain"; Yorke, Conversion, p. 47. Compare earlier works such as Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Adomnán, "Life of Columba", editor's notes on pp. 342–343.
Jump up ^ Broun, "Seven Kingdoms".
Jump up ^ Woolf, "Dun Nechtain".
Jump up ^ Bede, I, c. 1
Jump up ^ The Female Royal Line: matrilineal succession amongst the Picts?
Jump up ^ Clancy, "Nechtan".
Jump up ^ Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, pp. 35–41, 122–123, also pp. 108, 287, stating that derbfhine was practised by the cruithni in Ireland.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, p. 35, "Elder for kin, worth for rulership, wisdom for the church." See also Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 32–34, Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p. 67ff.
Jump up ^ Broun, "Kingship", Broun, "Pictish Kings"; for Dál Riata, Broun, "Dál Riata", for a more positive view Sharpe, "The thriving of Dalriada"; for Northumbria, Higham, Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 144–149.
Jump up ^ Woolf, "Nobility".
Jump up ^ Barrow, "Pre-Feudal Scotland", Woolf, "Nobility".
Jump up ^ See, e.g. Campbell, Saints and Sea-kings for the Gaels of Dál Riata, Lowe, Angels, Fools and Tyrants for Britons and Anglians.
Jump up ^ Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 49–61. Fergus Kelly, Early Irish Farming: a study based mainly on the law-texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD (School of Celtic Studies/DAIS, Dublin, 2000. ISBN 1-85500-180-2) provides an extensive review of farming in Ireland in the middle Pictish period.
Jump up ^ The interior of the fort at Burghead was some 12 acres (5 hectares) in size, see Driscoll, "Burghead"; for Verlamion (later Roman Verulamium), a southern British settlement on a very much larger scale, see e.g. Pryor, Britain AD, pp. 64–70.
Jump up ^ Dennison, "Urban settlement: medieval".
Jump up ^ Carver (2008)
Jump up ^ Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ Trade, see Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 65–68; seafaring in general, e.g. Haywood, Dark Age Naval Power, Rodger, Safeguard of the Sea.
Jump up ^ Armit, Towers In The North, chapter 7.
Jump up ^ Crone, "Crannogs and Chronologies", PSAS, vol. 123, pp. 245–254.
Jump up ^ Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 52–61.
Jump up ^ See Clancy, "Nechtan", Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, p. 89.
Jump up ^ For art in general see Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 26–28, Laing & Laing, p. 89ff., Ritchie, "Picto-Celtic Culture".
Jump up ^ Forsyth, "Evidence of a lost Pictish Source", pp. 27–28.
Jump up ^ Clancy, "'Nennian recension'", pp. 95–96, Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 82–83.
Jump up ^ Markus, "Conversion to Christianity".
Jump up ^ Bede, III, 4. For the identities of Ninian/Finnian see Yorke, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Mentioned by Foster, but more information is available from the Tarbat Discovery Programme: see under External links.
Jump up ^ Bede, IV, cc. 21–22, Clancy, "Church institutions", Clancy, "Nechtan".
Jump up ^ Taylor, "Iona abbots".
Jump up ^ Clancy, "Church institutions", Markus, "Religious life".
Jump up ^ See Carver, Portmahomack.
Jump up ^ Clancy, "Cult of Saints", Clancy, "Nechtan", Taylor, "Iona abbots"
Jump up ^ Markus, "Religious life".
Jump up ^ Youngs, no. 111, with a plate showing the decoration much better; Laing, 310
Jump up ^ Henderson, Isabel, "The 'David Cycle' in Pictish Art". Early Medieval Sculpture. Ed. J.Higgitt. Oxford, 1986. pp. 87–113.
Jump up ^ "The Meeting of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony: Visual and Literary Uses of a Eucharistic Motif". Keimelia. Eds. P. Wallace and G. M. Niocaill. Galway, 1989. pp. 1–58.
Jump up ^ Youngs, 26–28; Poor image of 19th-century illustration
Jump up ^ Youngs, 28
Jump up ^ Youngs, 109–113
Jump up ^ Forsyth, Language in Pictland, Price "Pictish", Taylor, "Place names", Watson, Celtic Place Names. For K.H. Jackson's views, see "The Language of the Picts" in Wainwright (ed.) The Problem of the Picts.
Jump up ^ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
Jump up ^ Forsyth, "Literacy in Pictland".
Jump up ^ For place names in general, see Watson, Celtic Place Names; Nicolaisen, Scottish Place Names, pp 156–246. For shires and thanages see Barrow, "Pre-Feudal Scotland".
Jump up ^ Watson, Celtic Place Names, pp. 225–233.
Jump up ^ James E. Fraser, The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol.1 - From Caledonia To Pictland, Edinburgh University Press(2009) ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1.
Jump up ^ The statement Nid oedhynt y Picteit onyd yr hen Gymry ("The Picts were none other than the old Cymry", i.e., Welsh) is recorded in Peniarth MS. 118. Op. cit. Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Law. "Introduction". Oxford Univ., 1909. Accessed 30 Jan 2013.
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Foster, Sally M. (1996). Picts, Gaels and Scots. London: B.T. Batsford/Historic Scotland. ISBN 978-0-7134-7486-2.
Adomnán, Life of St Columba, tr. & ed. Richard Sharpe. Penguin, London, 1995. ISBN 0-14-044462-9
Armit, Ian, Towers In The North: The Brochs Of Scotland Tempus, Stroud, 2002. ISBN 0-7524-1932-3
Bannerman, John, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and the Scotland. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-567-08682-8
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Broun, Dauvit, "Dál Riata" in Lynch (2001).
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Broun, Dauvit, "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally M. Foster (ed.), The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections. Four Courts, Dublin, 1998. ISBN 1-85182-414-6
Broun, Dauvit (2007), Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III., Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2360-0
Broun, Dauvit, "The Seven Kingdoms in De situ Albanie: A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba" in E.J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era. John Donald, Edinburgh, 2005. ISBN 0-85976-608-X
Bruford, Alan, "What happened to the Caledonians ?" in Cowan & McDonald (2005).
Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973. ISBN 0-7134-5882-8
Campbell, Ewan, Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-86241-874-7
Carver, M.O.H. (2008), Portmahomack: monastery of the Picts, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2442-3, retrieved February 6, 2010
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Church institutions: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Ireland: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Nechtan son of Derile" in Lynch (2001).
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the Historia Brittonum and the Libor Bretnach in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Fourt Courts, Dublin, 2000. ISBN 1-85182-516-9
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Columba, Adomnán and the Cult of Saints in Scotland" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
Cowan, E. J., "Economy: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
Cowan, E. J., "The Invention of Celtic Scotland" in Cowan & McDonald (2005).
Crone, B. A., "Crannogs and Chronologies", PSAS, vol. 123 (1993), pp. 245–254.
Cummins, W. A., The Age of the Picts. Sutton, Stroud, 1998. ISBN 0-7509-1608-7
Dennison, Patricia, "Urban settlement: to 1750" in Lynch (2001).
Driscoll, Stephen T., "Burghead" in Lynch (2001).
Dyer, Christopher, Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520. Penguin, London, 2003. ISBN 0-14-025951-1
Forsyth, Katherine, Language in Pictland : the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish' (Studia Hameliana no. 2). De Keltische Draak, Utrecht, 1997. ISBN 90-802785-5-6
Forsyth, Katherine, "Literacy in Pictland" in Huw Pryce (ed.), Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1998.
Forsyth, Katherine, "Evidence of a lost Pictish Source in the Historia Regum Anglorum of Symeon of Durham", with an appendix by John T. Koch, in Taylor (2000).
Forsyth, Katherine, "Picts" in Lynch (2001).
Forsyth, Katherine, "Origins: Scotland to 1100" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History, Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-820615-1
Foster, Sally M., Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Batsford, London, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8874-3
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Haywood, John, Dark Age Naval Power. Anglo-Saxon Books, Hockwold-cum-Wilton, 1999. ISBN 1-898281-22-X
Henderson, Isabel, "Primus inter pares: the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture" in Foster (1999).
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Jackson, Kenneth H., "The Pictish Language" in F.T. Wainwright (ed.), The Problem of the Picts. Nelson, Edinburgh, 1955. Reprinted Melven Press, Perth, 1980. ISBN 0-906664-07-1
Laing, Lloyd & Jenny Lloyd, The Picts and the Scots. Sutton, Stroud, 2001. ISBN 0-7509-2873-5
Lowe, Chris, Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland. Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-86241-875-5
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Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Religious life: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Conversion to Christianity" in Lynch (2001).
Nicolaisen, W.F.H., Scottish Place-Names. John Donald, Edinburgh, 2001. ISBN 0-85976-556-3
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200. Longman, London, 1995. ISBN 0-582-01565-0
Oram, Richard, "Rural society: medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Price, Glanville, "Pictish" in Glanville Price (ed.), Languages in Britain & Ireland. Blackwell, Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-631-21581-6
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Ritchie, Anna, "Culture: Picto-Celtic" in Lynch (2001).
Rodger, N.A.M., The Safeguard of the Sea. A Naval History of Great Britain, volume one 660–1649. Harper Collins, London, 1997. ISBN 0-00-638840-X
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Sharpe, Richard, "The thriving of Dalriada" in Taylor (2000).
Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh, 1984. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
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Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1234-3
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Yorke, Barbara, The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society c.600–800. Longman, London, 2006. ISBN 0-582-77292-3
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Further reading[edit]
James E. Fraser, The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol.1 - From Caledonia To Pictland, Edinburgh University Press(2009) ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1
Fraser Hunter, Beyond the Edge of Empire: Caledonians, Picts and Romans, Groam House Museum, Rosemarkie (2007) ISBN 978-0-9540999-2-3
Alex Woolf, The New Edinburgh History Of Scotland Vol.2 - From Pictland To Alba, Edinburgh University Press,(2007) ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5
Benjamin Hudson: The Picts. Wiley Blackwell, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4051-8678-0 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-118-60202-7 (paperback)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Picts.
Glasgow University ePrints server, including Katherine Forsyth's
Language in Pictland (pdf) and
Literacy in Pictland (pdf)
The language of the Picts, article by Paul Kavanagh, 2012-02-04
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach, Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
Scotland Royalty
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell
Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its Continuation (pdf), at CCEL, translated by A.M. Sellar.
Annales Cambriae (translated) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (PSAS) through 1999 (pdf).
Tarbat Discovery Programme with reports on excavations at Portmahomack.
SPNS the Scottish Place-Name Society (Comann Ainmean-Áite na h-Alba), including commentary on and extracts from Watson's The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland.
The Picts and Scots in history
Historic Scotland website on Pictish stones
Ancient Scotland: Caledonia and Pictavia
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Pictos – Asturian
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Pikted – Breton
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Pictes – Catalan
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Pictiaid – Welsh
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Piktere – Danish
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Pikten – German
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Piktid – Estonian
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Piktoj – Esperanto
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Pikto – Basque
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