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Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo, Ohio
City
City of Toledo
Images, from top left to right: Downtown Toledo, University Hall, Toledo Museum of Art, Lucas County Courthouse, Tony Packo's Cafe, Anthony Wayne Bridge, Fifth Third Field

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): The Glass City
Motto(s): "Laborare est Orare"

Location of Toledo within Lucas County, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528Coordinates: 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528
Country
United States
State
Ohio
County
Lucas
Founded
1833
Government
• Mayor
Wade Kapszukiewicz (D)
Area[1]
• City
84.12 sq mi (217.87 km2)
• Land
80.69 sq mi (208.99 km2)
• Water
3.43 sq mi (8.88 km2)
Elevation
614 ft (187 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• City
287,208
• Estimate (2015)[3]
279,789
• Rank
US: 72nd
• Density
3,559/sq mi (1,374.3/km2)
• Urban
507,643 (US: 80th)
• Metro
608,145 (US: 89th)
• Demonym
Toledoan
Time zone
EST (UTC−5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC−4)
ZIP Codes
Zip codes[4][show]
43601, 43603-43615, 43617, 43620, 43623, 43635, 43652, 43654, 43656-43657, 43659-43661, 43666-43667, 43681-43682, 43697, 43699
Area codes
419, 567
FIPS code
39-77000
GNIS ID
1067015[5]
Website
www.toledo.oh.gov
Toledo (/təˈliːdoʊ/) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States.[6] Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the western end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory. It was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio.
After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago. The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname: "The Glass City". It has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams.
The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census[update] was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio, after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 18th century
1.2 19th century
1.3 20th century
1.4 21st century
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Cityscape
3.1 Neighborhoods and suburbs
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 census
4.2 2000 census
4.3 Crime
5 Economy
5.1 Glass industry
5.2 Automotive industry
5.3 Green industry
6 Arts and culture
6.1 Fine art
6.2 In popular culture
7 Sports
8 Parks and recreation
9 Education
9.1 Colleges and universities
9.2 Primary and secondary schools
10 Media
11 Infrastructure
11.1 Transportation
11.1.1 Major highways
11.1.2 Mass transit
11.1.3 Airports
11.1.4 Rail transportation
11.2 Utilities
11.2.1 Water
12 Notable people
13 Sister cities
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Toledo, Ohio
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Various cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years. When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at the intersection of Fassett and Fort streets on the right bank of the Maumee River.[7] Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples.
This region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Potawatomie and Odawa). The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, in 1615.[8] The French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit, about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas.[9][10]
18th century[edit]
The area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and later. After the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War, the regional tribes allied in the Western Confederacy, fighting a series of battles in what became known as the Northwest Indian War in an effort to repulse American settlers from the country west of the Appalachians and north of the Ohio River. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, opening lands for European-American settlement.
19th century[edit]
According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.[7]
The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited period of time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan, on November 17, 1807, with William Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.[11]
Peter Navarre, frontiersman, hero of the Battle of Lake Erie
More European-American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the War of 1812, when British forces raided the area with their Indian allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as the modern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.[8] These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it.
In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal and in 1833, its Wabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time no highways had been built in the state, and it was very difficult for goods produced locally to reach the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains. During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status.[12] The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of Waterville, Maumee, and Manhattan.
The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo,
"but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving, who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'"[8]
Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee, about 10 miles to the southwest.
Among the numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833.[13] These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land in order to accomplish Indian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottokee, grandson of Pontiac, led his band from their village at the mouth of the Maumee River to Indian Territory in Kansas.[14][15]
An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie, now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon, Ohio. The strip—which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width—was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff—stabbed in the leg with a pen knife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney—and the loss of two horses, two pigs and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo.[16] In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange.[17] Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for Major Stickney.
Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo sidecut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek sidecut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844.
A 1955 Interstate planning map of Toledo
The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in ten years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.[12][18]
In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, glass manufacturers, and others. Large immigrant populations came to the area, attracted by the many factory jobs available and the city's easy accessibility. By 1880, Toledo was one of the largest cities in Ohio and it added significant infrastructure from its thriving economy.
Toledo c. 1905
20th century[edit]
Toledo continued to expand in population and industry into the early 20th century. Because of its dependence on manufacturing, the city was hit hard by the Great Depression. Many large-scale WPA projects were constructed to reemploy citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art.
In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Toledo's population as 94.8% white and 5.2% black.[19] The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in the second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs. In addition, suburbanization and highway development drew more established, middle-class people out of center cities for newer housing.
By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy. The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare.
21st century[edit]
Various redevelopment projects have sought to draw residents back to the city. One popular family destination since 2002 is Fifth Third Field, a minor-league baseball park ranked among the best venues by Baseball America[20] and others. The multi-purpose Huntington Center, opened in 2009, hosts the Toledo Walleye ECHL ice hockey team[21] and the Toledo Crush of the Legends Football League.[22] It also is the site of live performances of musicians and World Wrestling Entertainment.
Geography[edit]
Toledo is located at 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528 (41.665682, −83.575337).[23] The city has a total area of 84.12 square miles (217.87 km2), of which 80.69 square miles (208.99 km2) is land and 3.43 square miles (8.88 km2) is water.[1]
The city straddles the Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of Maumee Bay, the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the Great Black Swamp, giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region, an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km2).[24]
Toledo is within about four hours' driving time of many large cities, including Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis, and Chicago.
Climate[edit]
Toledo, as with much of the Great Lakes region, has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly. And in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and moisture to the city.
Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 73.5 °F (23.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 16.5 days.[25] Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with a January mean temperature of 25.5 °F (−3.6 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 6.2 nights.[25] The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall.[26] About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than the Snow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936.
[hide]Climate data for Toledo, Ohio (Toledo Express Airport), 1981−2010 normals,[a] extremes 1871−present[b]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
71
(22) 71
(22) 85
(29) 89
(32) 96
(36) 104
(40) 105
(41) 103
(39) 100
(38) 92
(33) 80
(27) 70
(21) 105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
53.1
(11.7) 56.9
(13.8) 71.5
(21.9) 81.2
(27.3) 87.0
(30.6) 93.4
(34.1) 94.3
(34.6) 92.2
(33.4) 89.4
(31.9) 80.9
(27.2) 68.8
(20.4) 55.9
(13.3) 95.8
(35.4)
Average high °F (°C)
32.6
(0.3) 36.0
(2.2) 46.9
(8.3) 60.1
(15.6) 71.0
(21.7) 80.7
(27.1) 84.5
(29.2) 82.2
(27.9) 75.4
(24.1) 62.8
(17.1) 49.7
(9.8) 36.4
(2.4) 60.0
(15.6)
Average low °F (°C)
18.4
(−7.6) 20.6
(−6.3) 28.3
(−2.1) 38.7
(3.7) 48.5
(9.2) 58.3
(14.6) 62.4
(16.9) 60.9
(16.1) 52.8
(11.6) 41.8
(5.4) 33.2
(0.7) 23.1
(−4.9) 40.7
(4.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−2.8
(−19.3) 1.6
(−16.9) 9.7
(−12.4) 23.1
(−4.9) 34.4
(1.3) 43.7
(6.5) 49.8
(9.9) 48.3
(9.1) 37.3
(2.9) 27.2
(−2.7) 17.9
(−7.8) 2.7
(−16.3) −7
(−22)
Record low °F (°C)
−20
(−29) −19
(−28) −10
(−23) 8
(−13) 25
(−4) 32
(0) 40
(4) 34
(1) 26
(−3) 15
(−9) 2
(−17) −19
(−28) −20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.05
(52.1) 2.07
(52.6) 2.48
(63) 3.19
(81) 3.58
(90.9) 3.57
(90.7) 3.23
(82) 3.15
(80) 2.78
(70.6) 2.60
(66) 2.86
(72.6) 2.68
(68.1) 34.24
(869.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
11.6
(29.5) 9.4
(23.9) 5.7
(14.5) 1.3
(3.3) 0.1
(0.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.5) 1.9
(4.8) 7.4
(18.8) 37.6
(95.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
12.7 10.2 11.8 12.0 12.0 10.2 9.8 9.2 9.7 10.0 11.4 13.1 132.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
9.3 7.3 4.9 1.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 7.9 33.4
Average relative humidity (%)
74.2 72.9 70.5 66.2 66.3 69.0 71.8 75.6 76.2 72.5 75.6 78.6 72.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
126.0 142.2 183.7 213.7 265.9 288.2 299.3 263.7 220.3 180.4 106.5 90.2 2,380.1
Percent possible sunshine
43 48 50 53 59 63 65 62 59 52 36 32 53
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[27][25][28][26]
Cityscape[edit]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Toledo, Ohio
Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the Maumee River
Neighborhoods and suburbs[edit]
Toledo Metropolitan Area
Main article: Neighborhoods in Toledo, Ohio
The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian, Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Beverly
Birmingham
DeVeaux
Crossgates
Five Points
Downtown
East Toledo
Franklin Park
Garfield
Glendale-Heatherdowns (Byrne-Heatherdowns Village)
Harvard Terrace
Library Village
North Towne
Old Orchard
Old West End
Old South End
Old Town
ONE Village (includes the Polish International Village, Vistula, & North River)
ONYX (includes historic Kuschwantz and Lenk's Hill neighborhoods)
Ottawa
Point Place
Reynolds Corners
Roosevelt
Scott Park
Secor Gardens(includes the University of Toledo)
Southwyck
Wernert's Corner
Trilby
University Hills
Uptown
Warehouse District
Warren Sherman
Westgate
Westmoreland
According to the US Census Bureau, the Toledo Metropolitan Area covers four Ohio counties and one Michigan county, which combines with other micropolitan areas and counties for a combined statistical area. Some of what are now considered its suburbs in Ohio include: Bowling Green, Holland, Lake Township, Maumee, Millbury, Monclova Township, Northwood, Oregon, Ottawa Hills, Perrysburg, Rossford, Springfield Township, Sylvania, Walbridge, Waterville, Whitehouse, and Washington Township. Bedford Township, Michigan including the communities of Lambertville, Michigan, Temperance, Michigan, and Erie Township, Michigan are Toledo's Michigan suburbs, just above the city over the state line in Monroe County.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1840 1,222 —
1850 3,829 213.3%
1860 13,768 259.6%
1870 31,584 129.4%
1880 50,137 58.7%
1890 81,434 62.4%
1900 131,822 61.9%
1910 168,497 27.8%
1920 243,164 44.3%
1930 290,718 19.6%
1940 282,349 −2.9%
1950 303,616 7.5%
1960 318,003 4.7%
1970 383,818 20.7%
1980 354,635 −7.6%
1990 332,943 −6.1%
2000 313,619 −5.8%
2010 287,208 −8.4%
Est. 2016 278,508 [29] −3.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
[hide]Racial composition
2010[31]
2000[19]
1990[19]
1970[19]
1940[19]
White 64.8% 70.2% 77.0% 85.7% 94.8%
—Non-Hispanic 61.4% Unk 75.1% 84.0%[32] n/a
Black or African American 27.2% 23.5% 19.7% 13.8% 5.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 7.4% 5.5% 4.0% 1.9%[32] n/a
Asian 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.2% −
Map of racial distribution in Toledo, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Latino of any race or Other (yellow)
As of the 2010 census, the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 651,429 and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron.[33] The larger Toledo-Fremont Combined Statistical Area had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over 1 million residents.
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000,[34] which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970.
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km2). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.8% White, 27.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 2.6% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010,[35] down from 84% in 1970.[19]
There were 119,730 households of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant.
The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0/km²). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 per square mile (669.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White, 23.5% African American, 0.3% Native American,1.0% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of the population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), American (3.9%), Italian (3.0%), Hungarian, (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), and Arab (1.2%).[36]
In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,546, and the median income for a family was $41,175. Males had a median income of $35,407 versus $25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
Crime[edit]
In 2013, the city was ranked 89 of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America.[37]
In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208.[38] In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 murders, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were a combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate.[39] According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US.[40]
Economy[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One SeaGate, the tallest building in Toledo, is the location of Fifth-Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.
PNC Bank Building, formerly the Ohio Bank Building. Built in 1932, it is the 3rd tallest in Toledo.
Before the industrial revolution, Toledo was important as a port city on the Great Lakes. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk,[41] which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.
The University of Toledo is influential in the city, contributing to the prominence of healthcare as the city's biggest employer. The metro area contains four Fortune 500 companies: Dana Holding Corporation, Owens Corning, The Andersons, and Owens Illinois. HCR Manor Care is a Fortune 1000 company headquartered in Toledo. One SeaGate is the location of Fifth-Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.
Glass industry[edit]
Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of glass manufacturing, including windows, bottles, windshields, construction materials, and glass art, of which the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, Libbey Glass, Pilkington North America (formerly Libbey-Owens-Ford), and Therma-Tru have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other offshoots and spinoffs of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giant Johns Manville's two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey-Owens-Ford.
Automotive industry[edit]
Several Fortune 500 automotive-related companies had their headquarters in Toledo, including Electric AutoLite, Sheller-Globe Corporation, Champion Spark Plug, Questor, and Dana Holding Corporation. Only the latter still operates as an independent entity.
Faurecia Exhaust Systems, a $2 billion subsidiary of France's Faurecia SA, is in Toledo.
Toledo is the Jeep headquarters and has two production facilities dubbed the Toledo Complex, one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. During World War II, the city's industries produced important products for the military, particularly the Willys Jeep.[42] Willys-Overland was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953.
Industrial restructuring and loss of jobs caused the city to adopt new strategies to retain its industrial companies. It offered tax incentives to DaimlerChrysler to expand its Jeep plant. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of that action. In 2006, the city won the case by a unanimous ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno.
Green industry[edit]
Belying its rust belt history, the city saw growth in "green jobs" related to solar energy in the 2000s.[43] The University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University received Ohio grants for solar energy research.[44] Xunlight and First Solar opened plants in Toledo and the surrounding area.[45]
Arts and culture[edit]
Fine art[edit]
Greek revival façade of the Monroe Street entrance, Toledo Museum of Art
The Stranahan Theater is a concert hall located on the city's south side. The Toledo Opera has been presenting grand opera in the city since 1959. Its home is the historic Valentine Theatre Downtown. The Toledo Repertoire Theatre was created in 1933 and performs both Broadway hits and lesser-known original works. The Collingwood Arts Center is housed in a 1905 building designed by architect E. O. Fallis in the "Flemish Gothic" style. The parlor is used to showcase art exhibitions while the second and third floor rooms are rented to local artists.
The Toledo Museum of Art is located in a Greek Revival building. The Peristyle is the concert hall in Greek Revival style in its East Wing; it is the home of the Toledo Symphony Orchestra, and hosts many international orchestras as well. The Museum's Center for Visual Arts addition was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in the 21st century. In addition, the museum's new Glass Pavilion across Monroe Street opened in August 2006. Toledo was the first city in Ohio to adopt a One Percent for Art program and, as such, boasts many examples of public, outdoor art.[46] A number of walking tours have been set up to explore these works, which include large sculptures, environmental structures, and murals by more than 40 artists, such as Alice Adams, Pierre Clerk, Dale Eldred, Penelope Jencks, Hans Van De Bovenkamp, Jerry Peart, and Athena Tacha.[47] The Ballet Theatre of Toledo provides an opportunity for area students to study ballet and perform their art.[48]
In popular culture[edit]
John Denver recorded "Saturday Night In Toledo, Ohio," composed by Randy Sparks. He wrote it in 1967 after arriving in Toledo with his group and finding no nightlife at 10 p.m.[49] After Denver performed the song on The Tonight Show, Toledo residents objected. In response, the City Fathers recorded a song entitled "We're Strong For Toledo". Ultimately the controversy was such that John Denver cancelled a concert in Toledo shortly thereafter. But when he returned for a 1980 concert, he set a one-show attendance record at the venue, Centennial Hall, and sang the song to the approval of the crowd.[50]
Toledo is the hometown of Corporal (later Sergeant) Maxwell Klinger in the long-running 1970s television series M*A*S*H. Actor Jamie Farr was from there, and writers gave his character the same home town, with frequent lines about the city during various episodes.
The Kenny Rogers 1977 hit song "Lucille" was written by Hal Bynum and inspired by his trip to Toledo in 1975.[51]
Toledo is mentioned in the song "Our Song" by Yes from their 1983 album 90125. According to Yes drummer Alan White, Toledo was especially memorable for a sweltering-hot 1977 show the group did at Toledo Sports Arena.[52]
The season 1 episode of the Warner Bros television series Supernatural "Bloody Mary" was set in Toledo.[53]
Toledo is the setting for the 2010 television comedy Melissa & Joey, with the first-named character being a city councilwoman.[54]
Sports[edit]
Looking onto Fifth Third Field
Huntington Center
Auto Racing – Toledo Speedway is a local auto racetrack that features, among other events, stock car racing and concerts. The Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) has its headquarters in Toledo.
Baseball – The Toledo Mud Hens are one of Minor League Baseball's oldest teams, having first played in 1896. They play at Fifth Third Field which was completed in 2002. They have won one American Association title and three International League titles. The Mud Hens are the Triple-A affiliate of the MLB Detroit Tigers.
Golf – Inverness Club is a golf club in Toledo. It is known for hosting six major USGA events, most recently the 1993 PGA Championship. The U.S. Senior Open took place there in 2003 and 2011. Highland Meadows Golf Club has been home to the LPGA's Marathon Classic in the nearby suburb of Sylvania since 1984 (yearly except for 1986 and 2011).
Hockey – The Toledo Walleye are an ECHL hockey team that began play at the Huntington Center in 2009. The Walleye are an affiliate of the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League, and the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL. Toledo has a rich history of pro hockey, which includes 11 championships between four teams in the International Hockey League and ECHL.
Football – The Toledo Reign are a women's full-contact tackle football team in the Women's Football Alliance. Established in 2003, the Reign plays regular season games from April through June. The inactive Toledo Crush of the Legends Football League played at the Huntington Center in 2014. The team had relocated from Cleveland, where it played from 2011 to 2013.[55] The Toledo Maroons played in the Ohio League from 1902 until 1921 and the NFL from 1922 until 1923 before moving to Kenosha, Wisconsin.[56]
Roller Derby – The Glass City Rollers is a full member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association. The league was formed in 2007 and became a full member of the WFTDA in 2012. Their bouts are held at the International Boxing Club in the suburb of Oregon.
Parks and recreation[edit]
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The Toledo Zoo pedestrian bridge
The Toledo Zoo was the first zoo to feature a hippoquarium-style exhibit. In 2014 it was ranked as the #1 zoo in the country by USA Today.[57]
The National Museum of the Great Lakes (NMGL) is located in the Marina District, downstream from downtown Toledo.[58]
Adjacent to the NMGL, the Col. James M. Schoonmaker is a former Cleveland-Cliffs lake freighter open to the public as a museum. Moored in the Maumee River, the ship was recently repainted in the original Shenango Furnace fleet colors and, on 1 July 2011, rechristened with her original name.[58]
The R. A. Stranahan Arboretum is a 47-acre (190,000 m2) arboretum maintained by the University of Toledo.
Tony Packo's Cafe is located in the Hungarian neighborhood on the east side of Toledo known as Birmingham; it features hundreds of hot dog buns signed by celebrities.[59]
The Toledo Metroparks system includes over 10,000 acres (40 km2) of land, and features the University/Parks Bicycle Trail and the Toledo Botanical Garden.
On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone in architectural design representative of the International style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US.
The Imagination Station hands-on science museum (formerly COSI Toledo), is located downtown.
The Toledo Lucas County Public Library was 4-star rated for 2009 by the Library Journal, and it is sixth among the biggest-spending libraries in the United States.[60]
Toledo has the University Bike and Walking Trail, which is 6.3 miles (10.1 km). This trail goes northwest from The University of Toledo to Sylvania, Ohio.[61]
Hollywood Casino Toledo opened on May 29, 2012.
Education[edit]
Colleges and universities[edit]
These higher education institutions operate campuses in Toledo:
The University of Toledo[62]
University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences[62]
Davis College[62]
Mercy College of Ohio[62]
Owens Community College (Perrysburg Township)
Lincoln College of Technology
Toledo Academy of Beauty
Toledo Professional Skills Institute[62]
Herzing University
Tiffin University (Toledo Campus)
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
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Toledo Public Schools operates public schools within much of the city limits, along with the Washington Local School District in northern Toledo. Toledo is also home to several public charter schools including two Imagine Schools. Additionally, several private and parochial primary and secondary schools are present within the Toledo area. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo operates Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools. Private high schools in Toledo include Maumee Valley Country Day School, Central Catholic High School, St. Francis de Sales High School, St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy, Notre Dame Academy, St. Ursula Academy (Ottawa Hills), Cardinal Stritch Catholic High School (Oregon), the Toledo Islamic Academy, Freedom Christian Academy, Toledo Christian Schools, Emmanuel Christian, the David S. Stone Hebrew Academy (Sylvania), Monclova Christian Academy, and Apostolic Christian Academy.
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Toledo, Ohio
The eleven-county Northwest Ohio/Toledo/Fremont media market includes over 1 million residents.[citation needed] The Blade, a daily newspaper founded in 1835, is the primary newspaper in Toledo. The front page claims that it is "One of America's Great Newspapers." The city's arts and entertainment weekly is the Toledo City Paper. In March 2005, the weekly newspaper Toledo Free Press began publication, and it has a focus on news and sports. Other weeklies include the West Toledo Herald, El Tiempo, La Prensa, Sojourner's Truth, and Toledo Journal. Toledo Tales provides satire and parody of life in the Glass City. The Toledo Journal is an African-American owned newspaper. It is published weekly, and normally focuses on African-American issues.
Eight television stations are in Toledo. They are: 11 WTOL – CBS, 13 WTVG – ABC, 13.2 - WTVG - CW, 24 WNWO-TV – NBC, 30 WGTE-TV – PBS, 36 WUPW – Fox, 38 W38DH – HSN, 40 WLMB – FN, and 48 (Over-the-air Only) and 58 (Cable Only, per the "My 58" moniker) WMNT-CD – My Network TV. 27 WBGU – PBS in Bowling Green is also viewable. Toledoans can also watch the adjacent Detroit and Ann Arbor market stations, both over-the air and on cable. There are also fourteen radio stations licensed in Toledo.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Major highways[edit]
The Veterans' Glass City Skyway
The Anthony Wayne Bridge
Three major interstate highways run through Toledo. Interstate 75 (I-75) travels north-south and provides a direct route to Detroit and Cincinnati. The Ohio Turnpike carries east-west traffic on I-80/90. The Turnpike serves Toledo via exits 52, 59, 64, 71, and 81. The Turnpike connects Toledo to Chicago in the west and Cleveland in the east.
In addition, there are two auxiliary interstate highways in the area. Interstate 475 is a 20-mile bypass that begins in Perrysburg and ends in west Toledo, meeting I-75 at both ends. It is cosigned with US 23 for its first 13 miles. Interstate 280 is a spur that connects the Ohio Turnpike to I-75 through east and central Toledo. The Veterans' Glass City Skyway is part of this route, which was the most expensive ODOT project ever at its completion. This 400-foot (120 m) tall bridge includes a glass covered pylon, which lights up at night, adding a distinctive feature to Toledo's skyline.[63] The Anthony Wayne Bridge, a 3,215-foot (980 m) suspension bridge crossing the Maumee River, has been a staple of Toledo's skyline for more than 70 years. It is locally known as the "High-Level Bridge."
Mass transit[edit]
Local bus service is provided by the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority; commonly shortened to TARTA. Toledo area Paratransit Services; TARPS are used for the disabled. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines whose station is located at Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza which it shares with Amtrak. Megabus also provides daily trips to Ann Arbor, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. Toledo has various cab companies within its city limits and other ones that surround the metro.
Airports[edit]
Toledo Express Airport, located in the suburbs of Monclova and Swanton Townships, is the primary airport that serves the city. Additionally, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is 45 miles north. Toledo Executive Airport (formerly Metcalf Field) is a general aviation airport southeast of Toledo near the I-280 and Ohio SR 795 interchange. Toledo Suburban Airport is another general aviation airport located in Lambertville, MI just north of the state border.
Rail transportation[edit]
Toledo had a streetcar system and interurban railways[64] linking it to other nearby towns but these are no longer in existence.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Toledo and other major cities under the Capitol Limited and the Lake Shore Limited. Both lines stop at Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza, which was built as Central Union Terminal by the New York Central Railroad—along its Water Level Route—in 1950. Of the seven Ohio stations served by Amtrak, Toledo was the busiest in fiscal year 2011, boarding or detraining 66,413 passengers.[65]
Freight rail service in Toledo is operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, Ann Arbor Railroad, and Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. All except the Wheeling have local terminals; the Wheeling operates into Toledo from the east through trackage rights on Norfolk Southern to connect with the Ann Arbor and CN railroads.
Utilities[edit]
Water[edit]
The Division of Water Treatment filters an average of 80 million gallons of water per day for 500,000 people in the greater Toledo Metropolitan area.[66] The Division of Water Distribution serves 136,000 metered accounts and 10,000 fire hydrants and maintains more than 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of water mains.[67]
In August 2014, two samples from a water treatment plant toxin test showed signs of microcystis. Roughly 400,000, including residents of Toledo and several surrounding communities in Ohio and Michigan were affected by the water contamination. Residents were told not to use, drink, cook with, or boil any tap water on the evening of August 1, 2014.[68] The Ohio National Guard delivered water and food to residents living in contaminated areas. As of 3 August 2014[update], no one had reported being sick and the governor had declared a state of emergency in three counties.[69][70] The ban was lifted on August 4.[71]
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Toledo, Ohio
Sister cities[edit]
Toledo linked with Toledo, Spain as sister cities in 1931, creating the first Sister Cities relationship in North America. In total Toledo has twelve sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):[72]
Beqaa Valley, Lebanon
Coimbatore, India
Csongrad County, Hungary
Delmenhorst, Germany
Hyderabad, Pakistan
Londrina, Brazil
Poznań, Poland[73]
Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
Szeged, Hungary
Tanga, Tanzania
Toledo, Spain
Toyohashi, Japan
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Ohio portal
Auto-Lite strike
Baseball parks of Toledo, Ohio
Glassmen Drum and Bugle Corps, Drum Corps International World Class Drum and Bugle Corps
Greater Toledo
Outbreak of green-blue algae in Lake Erie
Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo
Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority, local bus transportation
Toledo City League, high school sports league
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Toledo were kept at downtown from January 1871 to January 1943, Toledo Municipal Airport from February 1943 to December 1945, Metcalf Field from January 1946 to 11 January 1955, and at Toledo Express Airport since 12 January 1955. For more information, see ThreadEx.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Writers' Project (1940). The Ohio Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 9781603540346.
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^ Jump up to: a b "WMO Climate Normals for TOLEDO/EXPRESS, OH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: OH TOLEDO EXPRESS AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b From 15% sample
Jump up ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Toledo, OH Metro Area". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thousands added to Toledo census count". The Blade. Toledo. January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000 - Toledo city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Ramsey, Duane (July 30, 2009). "State awards solar research grant to UT, BGSU". Toledo Free Press. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Swicord, Jeff (July 28, 2009). "Old US Industrial Town Looking Forward to a Green Future". Voice of America. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lane, Tahree; Smith, Ryan E. (January 20, 2008). "Public art effort expands as Toledo program takes on change in 30th year". The Blade. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Toledo Sculpture Tours" (PDF). Arts Commission of Greater Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ballet Theatre of Toledo". Destination Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barhite, Brandi (December 26, 2008). "'Saturday Night In Toledo' author changes his tune". Toledo Free Press. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night in Toledo, Ohio". Toledo History Box. August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reindl, J. C. (March 22, 2010). "Music fades, curtain closes on once-hot Toledo night spot". The Blade. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kisiel, Ralph (March 1, 1984). "Sweltering Night Keeps City Fresh in the Memory of Yes". The Blade. p. 2. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Supernatural: "Bloody Mary" Review - IGN". Au.ign.com. 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Jump up ^ Baird, Kirk (August 26, 2010). "TV series 'Melissa & Joey' is set in Toledo, but city lacks starring role". The Blade. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, Julie (December 17, 2013). "Cleveland Losing its Lingerie Sporting Football Team the Crush to Toledo". The Cleveland Leader. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1] Toledo Maroons Franchise Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ "Best US Zoo Winners: 2014 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards". 10Best.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Great Lakes Historical Society: Museum". The Great Lakes Historical Society. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "History of Tony Packo's: The Real Story". Tony Packo's. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Curry Lance, Keith; Lyons, Ray (November 15, 2009). "America's Star Libraries: Who's In, Who's Out". Library Journal. New York. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "University/Parks Trail". Metroparks of the Toledo Area. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Colleges and Universities in Toledo, Ohio". MyCollegeOptions.org. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ohio DOT endorses design for Maumee River crossing". Civil Engineering. 70 (9): 12. September 2000. Retrieved August 4, 2014 – via Transportation Research Board.
Jump up ^ Patch, David (May 27, 2007). "Toledo was hub of interurban 100 years ago". The Blade. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2011: State of Ohio" (PDF). Amtrak. December 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Division of Water Treatment". City of Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Division of Water Distribution". City of Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Henry, Tom (August 3, 2014). "Water crisis grips hundreds of thousands in Toledo area, state of emergency declared". The Blade. Toledo. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Capelouto, Susanna; Morgenstein, Mark (August 3, 2014). "400,000 in Toledo, Ohio, water scare await test results". CNN. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Queally, James (August 2, 2014). "Toxic Ohio tap water tested as 500,000 residents wait". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Karimi, Faith; Morgenstein, Mark (August 4, 2014). "'Our water is safe,' Toledo mayor says in lifting ban". CNN. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interactive City Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Poznań - Miasta partnerskie". 1998–2013 Urząd Miasta Poznania (in Polish). City of Poznań. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Bloom, Matthew (Spring 2010). "Symbiotic Growth in the Swamp: Toledo and Northwest Ohio, 1860–1900". Northwest Ohio History. 77 (2): 85–104.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutToledo, Ohioat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official website
Greater Toledo Convention and Visitors Bureau
Toledo, Ohio, 1876 from the World Digital Library
[show]
Places adjacent to Toledo, Ohio
Whiteford Township Bedford Township Erie Township
Washington Township
Sylvania Township, Ottawa Hills
Springfield Township
Toledo
Oregon
Monclova Township Maumee, Perrysburg Township Rossford, Northwood
[show]
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Toledo, Ohio
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County seat: Toledo
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display: none;

values: Толедо (Огайо) – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Толедо (Огайо) – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: टॉलिडो – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Толидо – Russian

values: Толидо – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
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values: Толидо – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ٹولیڈو، اوہائیو – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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