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Do You Know the Way to San Jose
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"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" became an international best-seller in 1968.
Single by Dionne Warwick
from the album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls
B-side
"Let Me Be Lonely"
Released
April 1968
Format
7" single
Recorded
1967 at Bell Sound Studios; engineer, Ed Smith
Genre
Soul, pop
Length
2:58
Label
Scepter SCE-12216
Songwriter(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Producer(s)
Burt Bacharach, Hal David
Dionne Warwick singles chronology
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
(1968) "Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
(1968) "Who Is Gonna Love Me"
(1968)
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
(1968) #2 "Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
(1968) #10 "Who Is Gonna Love Me"
(1968) #33
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" is a 1968 popular song written and composed for singer Dionne Warwick by Burt Bacharach. Hal David wrote the lyrics. The song was Warwick's biggest international hit to that point, selling several million copies worldwide and winning Warwick her first Grammy Award. David's lyrics tell the story of a native of San Jose, California who, having failed to break into the entertainment field in Los Angeles, is set to return to her hometown.
The song was released on the 1968 RIAA Certified Gold album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls. "Do You Know the Way to San Jose" was issued as the follow-up single to the double-sided hit "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"/ "I Say a Little Prayer" in April 1968. It became Warwick's third consecutive Top Ten song in the closing months of 1967 and into 1968, punctuating the most successful period of Warwick's recording career.
The song peaked at #8 in the UK, Ireland, and Canada. It also charted highly in France, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, Israel, Lebanon, Japan,and many other countries throughout the world. The flip-side of the single, "Let Me Be Lonely," also penned by Bacharach/David, charted in the Billboard Hot 100 as well and became one of many double-sided hits for Warwick.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Awards
3 Chart performance
4 Covers
5 In other media
6 References
7 External links
Production[edit]
Bacharach had composed the music for the song before David wrote its lyrics. David had a special interest in San Jose, having been stationed there while in the Navy.[1]
The track was the last Dionne Warwick single to be recorded at New York City's Bell Studios. It features a prominent use of bass drum, played by session musician Gary Chester. The engineer was Ed Smith, who devised the famous introduction to the tune by directly attaching a mike to the head of Chester's bass drum.
Warwick did not like "Do You Know the Way to San Jose," and she had to be convinced to record it. In a May 1983 interview with Ebony, she said: "It's a dumb song and I didn't want to sing it. But it was a hit, just like [her recent Top Ten hit] 'Heartbreaker' is. I'm happy these songs were successful, but that still doesn't change my opinion about them."[2] Though she still does not like it, the song remains one of Warwick's most popular chart selections, and she still includes it in almost every concert she performs.
Awards[edit]
Warwick won her first Grammy, the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, for "Do You Know the Way to San Jose." She told Jet in May 2002 that winning this award was the overall highlight of her career.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts
Billboard Hot
100 *** Cash Box
Top 100
Billboard
R&B
Billboard
Easy
Listening
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
IRELAND
UK
NZ
[3]
#10 *** #10 #23 #4 #15 #8 #8 #8 #20
Year-end chart (1968)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [4] 88
Covers[edit]
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" has also been recorded by Connie Francis, Rita Reys, The George Shearing Quintet, The Avalanches, The Baja Marimba Band, The Temptations and The Supremes together, Neil Diamond, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Nancy Sinatra, The Starlite Orchestra, De-Phazz, Jim O'Rourke, Bossa Rio (1970), Trijntje Oosterhuis, Paper Dolls, and the Carpenters, among others.
Non-English renderings of the song include "Le chemin pour San José" by Ginette Reno – #8 Québécois hit for the year 1968 – , "Heiß ist der Kaffee in San José" by Corry Brokken, "Snart Så Stiger Solen Upp Igen" by Siw Malmkvist and "La route du bonheur" by Liliane Saint-Pierre.
Warwick re-recorded the song as a salsa-flavored collaboration with Celia Cruz and the Pete Escovedo Orchestra for her 1998 album Dionne Sings Dionne.
The song has been recorded on various Burt Bacharach tribute albums, including by Medeski Martin & Wood on Great Jewish Music: Burt Bacharach (1997), by both Yazz and Dionne Warwick (separately) on Tribute to Burt Bacharach & Hal David (2002), by Trijntje Oosterhuis on The Look of Love (2006), and by Kahimi Karie on All Kinds of People ~Love Burt Bacharach~ (2010).
In 1977, Maureen McCormick, Geri Reischl & Susan Olsen performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.
In other media[edit]
During the early and mid-1990s, San Jose-based KNTV used the first notes of the song in its news theme.
In 1968 through 1969, the Chrysler-Dodge Corporation used the tune to promote the Dodge Challenger and Charger in television commercials airing in the USA and Canada.
In the film The Scout, the character played by Brendan Fraser listens to the song on headphones while flying and disturbs other flyers by singing it off-key.
The song was one of many California related songs played throughout "Sunshine Plaza" in the original Disney California Adventure.[5]
The song opens and closes the pilot episode of Helix, in each case playing over tense scenes featuring Peter Farragut. The song appears again in the opener of Helix Season 2 when Julia arrives to the island.
The song was parodied on an episode of MadTV entitled "Ebay".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dominic, Serene (2003). Burt Bacharach, song by song: the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans. New York City: Schirmer Trade Books. p. 190. ISBN 0-8256-7280-5.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (May 1983). "Dionne Wardwick Speaks Out for Strong Black Women". Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company: 100. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. 1968-08-23. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1968/Top 100 Songs of 1968". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sunshine Plaza". Theme Park Music. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Dionne Warwick
Discography
Studio albums
Presenting Dionne Warwick (1963)
Anyone Who Had a Heart (1964)
Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964)
The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick (1965)
Here I Am (1965)
Here Where There Is Love (1966)
On Stage and in the Movies (1967)
The Windows of the World (1967)
Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls (1968)
Promises, Promises (1968)
Soulful (1969)
I'll Never Fall in Love Again (1970)
Very Dionne (1970)
Dionne (1979)
No Night So Long (1980)
Friends in Love (1982)
Heartbreaker (1982)
How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye (1983)
Finder of Lost Loves (1985)
Friends (1985)
Reservations for Two (1987)
Friends Can Be Lovers (1993)
My Friends & Me (2006)
Live albums
Dionne Warwick in Paris (1966)
Hot! Live and Otherwise (1981)
Christmas in Vienna II (1993)
Compilation albums
The Love Collection (2008)
Singles
"Don't Make Me Over"
"Wishin' and Hopin'"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"Walk On By"
"You'll Never Get to Heaven (If You Break My Heart)"
"A House Is Not a Home"
"Reach Out for Me"
"Who Can I Turn To?"
"Are You There (With Another Girl)"
"Message to Michael"
"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself"
"Alfie"
"The Windows of the World"
"I Say a Little Prayer"
"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me"
"This Girl's in Love with You"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Make It Easy on Yourself"
"The Good Life"
"Then Came You"
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
"I'll Never Love This Way Again"
"Déjà Vu"
"After You"
"No Night So Long"
"Easy Love"
"Heartbreaker"
"All the Love in the World"
"Run to Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"Love Power"
"It's All Over"
"What the World Needs Now Is Love"
Book
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Categories:
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Viral envelope
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Schematic of a Cytomegalovirus
Some viruses (e.g. influenza and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.[1] The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
The cell from which the virus itself buds will often die or be weakened and shed more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.
Contents
[hide]
1 Enveloped examples
1.1 DNA viruses
1.2 RNA viruses
1.3 Retroviruses
2 Nonenveloped examples
2.1 DNA viruses
2.2 RNA viruses
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Enveloped examples[edit]
Classes of enveloped viruses that contain human pathogens:
DNA viruses[edit]
Herpesviruses
Poxviruses
Hepadnaviruses
RNA viruses[edit]
Flavivirus
Togavirus
Coronavirus
Hepatitis D
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxovirus
Rhabdovirus[2]
Bunyavirus
Filovirus
Retroviruses[edit]
Retroviruses
Nonenveloped examples[edit]
Classes of nonenveloped viruses that contain human pathogens:
DNA viruses[edit]
Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
RNA viruses[edit]
Picornaviridae
See also[edit]
Bacterial capsule
Cell envelope
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CHAPTER #11: VIRUSES". Retrieved 2008-11-07.
Jump up ^ "The Rabies Virus". CDC. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
External links[edit]
"Virus Structure". Molecular Expressions: Images from the Microscope. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
[show]
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Viral envelope
Capsid
Viral protein
Viral life cycle
Viral entry
Viral replication
Viral shedding
Virus latency
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Genetics
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Antigenic shift
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text:
Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Hail, Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star" is a Marian hymn written by Father John Lingard (1771–1851), a Catholic priest and historian who, through the works of William Cobbett, helped to smooth the passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act in England. Lingard is also credited with translating the carol "The Snow Lay on the Ground" from the traditional Irish.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Nautical imagery
3 Lyrics
4 Tolkien
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Loosely based on the medieval Latin plainchant Ave Maris Stella, the hymn is generally sung to the modified traditional English melody Stella. This melody, was published in 1851 by Henri Frederick Hemy in his "Easy Hymn Tunes for Catholic Schools". The name Stella comes from the village of that name near Newcastle-upon-Tyne where Hemy was the organist in a local church.[1][2] According to one account, after playing the organ for evening benediction on Sunday at Stella, he called into the (old) Board Inn at the foot of Stella Lane with some companions and seated at the piano first played his rendition of the tune.[3]
J. Vincent HIgginson described it as "one of the oldest English vernacular hymns commonly found in Catholic hymnals."[4]
Nautical imagery[edit]
A ship was an early Christian symbol. The word "nave", used to describe the main body of a church, is from the medieval Latin navis meaning "ship", possibly with some reference to the "Ship of St. Peter" or the Ark of Noah.[5] Catherine of Siena described the Church as a ship.[6] The image was transferred to the individual travelling on life's stormy or tempestuous seas.[4] This motif is also found in the first stanza of Mother dear, O pray for me.[7]Christ calmed the storm when traveling by boat with his apostles (Matthew 8: 23-27) and walked on the water and calmed the storm. Also St Peter walked on the water with the help of Jesus. (Matthew 14: 22-33) Besides many of the apostles were fishermen and Christ made St Peter and St Andrew the fisher of men. (Matthew 4: 18-22).
Lyrics[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star
(For complete lyrics see wikisource.)
Hail, Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star,
Guide of the wanderer here below,
Thrown on life's surge, we claim thy care,
Save us from peril and from woe.

Mother of Christ, Star of the sea
Pray for the wanderer, pray for me.
Tolkien[edit]
Much has been written of the influence of Tolkien's Catholicism on the imagery he employs. In his legendarium, Varda, also known as Elbereth, is one of the Valar and the highest of the "guardians". Peter Kreeft sees her as one of the clearest reflections of Roman Catholic Marian devotion in Tolkien's work.[8] both Marjorie Burns and Stratford Caldecott, among others, see in the Elvish hymn A Elbereth Gilthoniel an echo of the Marian hymn, Hail Queen of Heaven.[9] According to Caldecott, "Tolkien would have been familiar with one of the most popular Catholic hymns from his childhood, the tone and mood of which are markedly close to those of Tolkien’s song to Elbereth."[10]
O Elbereth! Gilthoniel!
We still remember, we who dwell
In this far land beneath the trees,
Thy Starlight on the Western seas.[10]
See also[edit]
Ave Maris Stella
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hymnary.org: Stella
Jump up ^ St. Mary & St. Thomas Aquinas, Stella:The Hymn
Jump up ^ "Stella Hymn", The Parish of St. Mary and St. Thomas Aquinas, Stella
^ Jump up to: a b Budwey, Stephanie. Sing of Mary: Giving Voice to Marian Theology and Devotion, Liturgical Press, 2014 ISBN 9780814682937
Jump up ^ Cram, Ralph Adams. "Nave." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 April 2016
Jump up ^ Wiseman, Denis Vincent O.P., "Mary in the Life and Thought of Catherine of Siena", Marian Library Studies, n.s.27, 2005-2006
Jump up ^ Mother dear, O pray for me", Hymnary
Jump up ^ Peter Kreeft, The Philosophy of Tolkien: The Worldview Behind The Lord of the Rings (2005), p. 75, citing Letters (ed. 1981) no. 213, p. 288, San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 2005, ISBN 9781586170257
Jump up ^ Burns, Marjorie. "Saintly and Distant Mothers", Kerry, Paul E., The Ring and the Cross: Christianity and The Lord of the Rings, p. 251, Rowman & Littlefield, 2011 ISBN 9781611470642
^ Jump up to: a b Caldecott, Stratford. "The Lord & Lady of the Rings", Touchstone, January/February 2002
External links[edit]
Sheet Music at Hymnary
St. Charles' Choir rendition
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Spider anatomy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Basic characteristics of arachnids include four pairs of legs (1) and a body divided into two segments: the cephalothorax (2) and the abdomen (3).
The ventral side of a brown widow spider. The epigastric plates and furrow are visible, as well as the hourglass marking on the underside of the abdomen, which is a characteristic feature of widow spiders.
The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.
Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 External anatomy
1.1 Cephalothorax
1.1.1 Appendages
1.1.2 Eyes, vision, and sense organs
1.2 Pedicel
1.3 Abdomen
1.3.1 Spinnerets
2 Internal anatomy
2.1 Circulation
2.2 Breathing
2.3 Digestion
3 Reproductive system
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
External anatomy[edit]
The underside and head of a female spider
Spiders, unlike insects, have only two main body parts (tagmata) instead of three: a fused head and thorax (called a cephalothorax or prosoma) and an abdomen (also called an opisthosoma). The exception to this rule are the assassin spiders (family Archaeidae), whose cephalothorax is divided into two parts by an elongated "neck". In the majority of spiders, the abdomen is not externally segmented. The exception is the Liphistiidae, a basal family, which retains this more primitive character; hence they are sometimes called segmented spiders. The abdomen and cephalothorax are connected by a thin waist called the pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders have an endoskeleton in addition to their exoskeleton.[2]
Cephalothorax[edit]
The cephalothorax, also called prosoma, is composed of two primary surfaces: a dorsal carapace and a ventral sternum. Most external appendages on the spider are attached to the cephalothorax, including the eyes, chelicerae and other mouthparts, pedipalps and legs.
Like other arachnids, spiders are unable to chew their food, so they have a mouth part shaped like a short drinking straw that they use to suck up the liquefied insides of their prey. However, they are able to eat their own silk to recycle proteins needed in the production of new spider webs.[3] Some spiders, such as the dewdrop spiders (Argyrodes), even eat the silk of other spider species.[4]
Appendages[edit]
Spiders typically have eight walking legs (insects have six). They do not have antennae; the pair of appendages in front of the legs are the pedipalps (or just palps). Spiders' legs are made up of seven segments. Starting from the body end, these are the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. The tip of the tarsus bears claws, which vary in number and size. Spiders that spin webs typically have three claws, the middle one being small; hunting spiders typically have only two claws. Since they do not have antennae, spiders use specialised and sensitive setae on their legs to pick up scent, sounds, vibrations and air currents.[citation needed]
The pedipalps have only six segments: the metatarsus is missing. In adult males, the tarsus of each palp is modified to carry an elaborate and often species-specific structure used for mating (variously called a palpal bulb, palpal organ or copulatory bulb).[5] The basal segments of the pedipalps, the coxae, next to the mouth, are modified to assist with feeding, and are termed maxillae, although they are not homologous with the maxillae of mandibulate arthropods. In mesothele and mygalomorph spiders, the maxillae are only slightly modified; in araneomorph spiders, the anterior edge is often saw-like and is used in cutting up prey.[6]
Eyes, vision, and sense organs[edit]
Multiple eyes of a jumping spider
Spiders have up to eight eyes, each with a single lens rather than multiple units as in the compound eyes of insects. The specific arrangement of the eyes is one of the features used in classifying different species. Most species of the Haplogynae have six eyes, although some have eight (Plectreuridae), four (e.g., Tetrablemma) or even two (most Caponiidae). Sometimes one pair of eyes is better developed than the rest, or even, in some cave species, there are no eyes at all. Several families of hunting spiders, such as jumping spiders and wolf spiders, have fair to excellent vision. The main pair of eyes in jumping spiders even sees in color.[7]
Net-casting spiders of genus Deinopis have their posterior median eyes enlarged into large forward-facing compound lenses. These eyes have a wide field of view and are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls. This is despite the fact that they lack a tapetum lucidum; instead, each night a large area of light sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.[8]
However, most spiders that lurk on flowers, webs, and other fixed locations waiting for prey tend to have very poor eyesight; instead they possess an extreme sensitivity to vibrations, which aids in prey capture. Vibration sensitive spiders can sense vibrations from such various mediums as the water surface, the soil or their silk threads. Changes in the air pressure can also be detected in search of prey.
Pedicel[edit]
The cephalothorax is joined to the abdomen by a thin flexible pedicel. This allows a spider to move its abdomen in all directions, and thus, for example, to spin silk without moving the cephalothorax. This waist is actually the last segment (somite) of the cephalothorax (the pregenital somite) and is lost in most other members of the Arachnida (in scorpions it is only detectable in the embryos).
Abdomen[edit]
The abdomen is also known as the opisthosoma. On the ventral side of the abdomen are two hardened plates covering the book lungs. These are called the epigastric plates. A fold, known as the epigastric furrow, separates the region of the book lungs and epigyne from the more posterior part of the abdomen. In the middle of this furrow is the opening of the oviduct (in females) and at either end are the lung slits.[9]
Spinnerets[edit]
Further information: Spider silk
The abdomen has no appendages except from one to four (usually three) modified pairs of movable telescoping organs called spinnerets, which produce silk. Originally, the common ancestor of spiders had four pairs of spinnerets, with two pairs on the tenth body segment and two pairs on the eleventh body segment, located in the middle on the ventral side of the abdomen. The suborder Mesothelae is unique in having only two types of silk glands – thought to be the ancestral condition. All other spiders have the spinnerets further towards the posterior end of the body where they form a small cluster, and the anterior central spinnerets on the tenth segment are lost or reduced (suborder Mygalomorphae), or modified into a specialised and flattened plate called the cribellum (suborder Araneomorphae). The cribellum (usually separated into a left and a right half) produces a thread made up of hundreds to thousands of very fine dry silk fibers (about 10 nm thick) around a few thicker core fibers, which then are combed into a woolly structure by using a group of specialized hairs (setae) on their fourth pair of legs. It is suspected their woolly silk is charged with static electricity, causing its fine fibres to attach to trapped prey. Once all araneomorph (modern) spiders had a cribellum, but today it only remains in the cribellate spiders (although it is sometimes missing even here), which are widespread around the world. Often, this plate lacks the ability to produce silk, and is then called the colulus; an organ that zoologists have not identified a function for. The colulus is reduced or absent in most species. The cribellate spiders were the first spiders to build specialized prey catching webs, later evolving into groups that used the spinnerets solely to make webs, instead using silk threads dotted with droplets of a sticky liquid (like pearls on a necklace) to capture small arthropods, and a few large species even small bats and birds. Other spiders do not build webs at all, but have become active hunters, like the highly successful jumping spiders.
Internal anatomy[edit]
Circulation[edit]
Spiders, like most arthropods, have an open circulatory system, i.e., they do not have true blood, or veins to convey it. Rather, their bodies are filled with haemolymph, which is pumped through arteries by a heart into spaces called sinuses surrounding their internal organs. The haemolymph contains hemocyanin, a respiratory protein similar in function to hemoglobin. Hemocyanin contains two copper atoms, tinting the haemolymph with a faint blue color.[10]
The heart is located in the abdomen a short distance within the middle line of the dorsal body-wall, and above the intestine. Unlike in insects, the heart is not divided into chambers, but consists of a simple tube. The aorta, which supplies haemolymph to the cephalothorax, extends from the anterior end of the heart. Smaller arteries extend from sides and posterior end of the heart. A thin-walled sac, known as the pericardium, completely surrounds the heart.[11]
Breathing[edit]
Spider book lungs (cross section)
Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based either on book lungs or on tracheae. Mesothele and mygalomorph spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. This system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and migrated posterior close to the spinnerets.
Among smaller araneomorph spiders there are species in which the anterior pair of book lungs have also evolved into tracheae, or are simply reduced or missing. In a very few species the book lungs have developed deep channels, apparently signs of evolution into tracheae. Some very small spiders in moist and sheltered habitats do not have any breathing organs at all, as gas exchange occurs directly through their body surface. In the tracheal system oxygen interchange is much more efficient, enabling cursorial hunting (hunting involving extended pursuit) and other advanced characteristics, such as having a smaller heart and the ability to live in drier habitats.
Digestion[edit]
Argiope aurantia feeding on silk-wrapped grasshopper.
Digestion is carried out internally and externally. Spiders do not have powerful chelicerae, but secrete digestive fluids into their prey from a series of ducts perforating their chelicerae. The coxal glands are excretory organs that lie in the prosoma, and open to the outside at the coxae of the walking legs. In primitive spiders, such as the Mesothelae and the Mygalomorphae, two pairs of coxal glands open onto the posterior side of the first and third coxae. They release a fluid only during feeding and play an important role in ion and water balance.[12] Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking the partially digested fluids out. Other spiders with more powerfully built chelicerae masticate the entire body of their prey and leave behind only a relatively small amount of indigestible materials. Spiders consume only liquid foods. Many spiders will store prey temporarily. Web weaving spiders that have made a shroud of silk to quiet their envenomed prey's death struggles will generally leave them in these shrouds and then consume them at their leisure.
Reproductive system[edit]
Almost all spiders reproduce sexually. They are unusual in that they do not transfer sperm directly, for example via a penis. Instead the males transfer it to specialized structures (palpal bulbs) on the pedipalps and then meander about to search for a mate.[13] These palps are then introduced into the female's epigyne. This was first described in 1678 by Martin Lister. In 1843 it was revealed that males build a nuptial web into which they deposit a drop of semen, which is then taken up by the copulatory apparatus (the palpal bulb) in the pedipalp. The structure of the copulatory apparatus varies significantly between males of different species. While the widened palpal tarsus of the southern house spider, Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae), only forms a simple bulb containing the coiled blind duct, members of the genus Argiope have a highly complex structure.
See also[edit]
Glossary of spider terms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reiskind, J. (1965). "The Taxonomic Problem of Sexual Dimorphism in Spiders and a Synonymy in Myrmecotypus (Araneae, Clubionidae)". Psyche. 72 (4): 279–281. doi:10.1155/1965/17894.
Jump up ^ Foelix (1996), p. 37.
Jump up ^ "Spider Silk". UK: School of Chemistry – Bristol University. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Miyashita, Tadashi; Yasunori Maezono; Aya Shimazaki (March 2004). "Silk feeding as an alternative foraging tactic in a kleptoparasitic spider under seasonally changing environments". Journal of Zoology. 262 (3): 225–229. doi:10.1017/S0952836903004540. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Roberts (1995), pp. 12–16.
Jump up ^ Foelix (1996), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Peaslee, Alan & Wilson, Graeme (May 1989). "Spectral sensitivity in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 164 (3): 359–363. doi:10.1007/BF00612995. PMID 2709341.
Jump up ^ "How spiders see the world". Australian Museum. 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ Comstock (1920), pp. 128–132.
Jump up ^ Foelix (1996), pp. 53–60.
Jump up ^ Comstock (1920), pp. 148–152.
Jump up ^ Foelix (1996), p. 52.
Jump up ^ Baez, E. C. & J. W. Abalos (1963). "On Spermatic Transmission in Spiders". Psyche. 70 (4): 197–207. doi:10.1155/1963/93732.
Bibliography[edit]
Comstock, John Henry (1920) [First published 1912]. The Spider Book. Doubleday, Page & Company.
Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Foelix, Rainer F. (2011). Biology of Spiders (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973482-5.
Roberts, Michael J. (1995). Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-219981-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spider anatomy.
"Atlas of Entelegynae". California Academy of Sciences.
Levi, H. W. (1965). "Techniques for the study of spider genitalia" (PDF). Psyche. 72 (2): 152–158. doi:10.1155/1965/94978.
Eberhard, W.G. & Huber, B.A. (2010). "Spider genitalia: precise maneouvers with a numb structure in a complex lock" (PDF). In Leonard, Janet L. & Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex. The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
Theraphosidae Belgium, anatomy of bird eaters
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text:
First white child
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The birth of the first white child is a widely used concept to mark the establishment of a European colony in the New World, especially in the historiography of the United States. In Texas, the birth of the first white child is recorded in local histories on the county level.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Americas
1.1 Continental United States
1.2 British colonies
1.3 Canada
2 Oceania
2.1 Australia
2.2 New Zealand
2.3 Fiji
3 Africa
3.1 Rhodesia
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Americas[edit]
A 1937 United States stamp honoring Virginia Dare
Snorri Thorfinnsson (probably born between 1005 and 1013) was the son of Thorfinnur Karlsefni and Gudrídur Þorbjarnardottir. Generally known to his contemporaries as Snorri Gudrídsson, as his mother outlived his father, was born in Vinland, making him the first European documented to be born in North America.
Continental United States[edit]
Martín de Argüelles, Jr., born in the Spanish colony of St. Augustine, Florida, was the first white child known to be born in what is now the continental United States.[2] Born in 1566, his father was a hidalgo and one of the expeditioners who went to New Spain with Captain General Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, is also the oldest continuously occupied European-founded city anywhere in the United States excluding Puerto Rico.[3]
British colonies[edit]
Virginia Dare, born in 1587 at the Roanoke Colony, was the first child born in North America to English parents, and her memory was celebrated in the British colonies. Peregrine White, born aboard the Mayflower at Provincetown Harbor in 1620, was the first Pilgrim birth.[3] Sarah Rapelje, born on June 6, 1625, was the first white child born in New Netherland in what is now New York state.[4][5] Born in 1659, Kristian Gaapstörm was the first white child born in New Sweden.
Canada[edit]
Hélène Desportes is often cited as the first white child born in New France, in what would later be Canada. She was born probably 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Françoise Langlois, although there is some disagreement about whether she was born in Quebec or before her family arrived on the continent in 1614. Hélène's maternal aunt was the mother of Eustache Martin, born in October 1621 in Quebec to Abraham Martin and Marguerite Langlois.[6]
Jonathan Guy, the son of Newfoundland settler Nicholas Guy, was the first child born to Anglophone parents in Canada, and one of the first born in any part of North America within a permanent settlement. He was born on 27 March 1613 in Cuper's Cove, a settlement that has been continuously occupied since 1610 and where his family remained long after his birth[7]
At Port Royal, Acadia in 1636, Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau, who had arrived on the passenger ship Saint Jehan along with 78 other migrants, were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia. The first-born child was Mathieu Martin. In part because of this distinction, Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneur of Cobequid (1699).[8]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Seebaer van Nieuwelant (born 27 July 1623), son of Willemtgen and Willem Janszoon, was born south of Dirk Hartog Island, in present-day Western Australia. His father, not to be confused with the earlier Dutch explorer of the same name, was a midshipman from Amsterdam. He and his wife were aboard the Leijden, commanded by Claes Hermanszoon, which was charting the coast at the time. Their son's name in Dutch meant "sea-born (or sea-birth) of new land".[9]
New Zealand[edit]
The first European birth in New Zealand was Thomas Holloway King at the Rangihoua Bay settlement on February 21, 1815.[10][11]
Fiji[edit]
Novelist Joan Lindsay states [12]that her mother-in-law, Janey Lindsay, was the first white child to be born in Fiji. She was born Jane Elizabeth Williams to the missionary Thomas Williams, and became the matriarch of an artistic family, including Daryl Lindsay (born 1889).
Africa[edit]
Rhodesia[edit]
Nada Burnham (May 1894 – May 19, 1896), daughter of the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, was the first white child born in Bulawayo and died of fever and starvation during the Siege of Bulawayo in the Second Matabele War.[13][14] She was buried in the Pioneer Cemetery, plot #144, in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).[15] Nada is the Zulu word for lily and she was named after the heroine in Sir H. Rider Haggard’s Zulu tale, Nada the Lily (1892). Three of Haggard's books are posthumously dedicated to her: The Wizard (1896), Elissa: The Doom of Zimbabwe (1899), and Black Heart and White Heart: A Zulu Idyll (1900).[16][17] Haggard's dedication reads: To the Memory of the Child: Nada Burnham, who "bound all to her" and, while her father cut his way through the hordes of the Ingobo Regiment, perished of the hardships of war at Buluwayo on 19 May 1896, I dedicate these tales—and more particularly the last, that of a Faith which triumphed over savagery and death.[16]
The first white baby born in Rhodesia was named Unwin Moffat. He was the son of the missionary John Smith Moffat & his wife Emily, nee Unwin. The child was born on the 18th of December 1858. The Moffats had eleven children between 1858 and 1871. One of their sons, Howard Unwin Moffat, became premier of S. Rhodesia in 1927.
See also[edit]
Emilio Palma, first human to be born on the continent of Antarctica.
King's Daughters
Órfãs do Rei
Casquette girl
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cox, Mike. July 2003. "First Whites". Accessed August 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Time. "First Native White". Accessed August 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Word, Ron. July 30, 2007. "St. Augustine celebrates 442nd birthday". Accessed August 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Colonial Ancestors. "This Day in Colonial Times – June". Accessed August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Decoursey, William. "Bill Decoursey's notes on old Dutch families". Accessed August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "Hélène Desportes". Accessed August 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cell, Gillian T. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 1979. "Nicholas Guy". Accessed September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, N. 1600-1650. "Fish, Fur and Folk", in Buckner, P. and Reid J. (eds), The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History, Toronto University Press. 1994. p. 193
Jump up ^ From the journal of the Leijden (or Leyden): "On the 27th do. WILLEMTGEN JANSZ., wedded wife Of WILLEM JANSZ. of Amsterdam, midshipman, was delivered of a son, who got the name of SEEBAER VAN NIEUWELANT." J. E. Heeres (1899). The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765, p. 49. Accessed via Project Gutenberg, 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 1814 Hansen family tree Accessed November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ancestry.com record for Thomas King Accessed November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lindsay, Joan (1962). Time Without Clocks. F. W. Cheshire Pty Ltd. p.82
Jump up ^ West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. illustrated by Robert Baden-Powell. Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
Jump up ^ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Doubleday, Page & company. OCLC 407686.
Jump up ^ Lott, J. "Jack" P. (March 1977). "Major F. R. Burnham, D.S.O.". Rhodesiana Magazine. 36. ISSN 0556-9605.
^ Jump up to: a b Haggard, H. Rider (1926). The Days of My Life Volume II. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Rider Haggard's Tribute". Atlanta Constitution. November 21, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179.
Further reading[edit]
Mollie, Gillen. 1989. A Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. ISBN 0-908120-69-9
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