text:
Dominican Professional Baseball League
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Dominican Professional Baseball League
Sport
Baseball
Founded
1951
No. of teams
6
Country
Dominican Republic
Most recent
champion(s)
Tigres del Licey
Official website
lidom.com
The Dominican Republic Professional Baseball League (Spanish: Liga de Béisbol Profesional de la República Dominicana) or LIDOM by its acronym in Spanish, is a winter professional baseball league consisting of six teams spread across the Dominican Republic; it is the highest level of professional baseball league in the Dominican Republic. The league's players include many prospects that go on to play in Major League Baseball in the United States while also signing many current MLB veterans. The champion of LIDOM advances to play in the yearly Caribbean Series.
Each team plays a fifty-game round-robin schedule that begins at the middle of October and runs to the end of December. The top four teams engage in another round-robin schedule with 18 games per team from the end of December to the end of January; the top two teams in those standings then play a best-of-nine series for the national title. The league's champion advances to the Caribbean Series to play against the representatives from Mexico, Venezuela, Cuba and Puerto Rico.[1]
The current champion of LIDOM are the Tigres del Licey, who won the National Championship nine-game Series (5-4) versus theirs opponents Águilas Cibaeñas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Teams
1.1 Former teams
2 History
2.1 Founding teams
3 Cultural impact
3.1 Community-level impact
3.2 American hegemony inside Dominican baseball
3.3 Nationalistic answer
4 Championship history
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Teams[edit]
Team
City
Stadium
Capacity
Águilas Cibaeñas Santiago Estadio Cibao 18,077
Estrellas Orientales San Pedro de Macorís Estadio Tetelo Vargas 5,573
Gigantes del Cibao San Francisco de Macorís Estadio Julián Javier 12,000
Leones del Escogido Santo Domingo Estadio Quisqueya 11,379
Tigres del Licey Santo Domingo Estadio Quisqueya 11,379
Toros del Este La Romana Estadio Francisco Micheli 8,838
Former teams[edit]
Caimanes del Sur (San Cristóbal) 1983-1989
Delfines del Atlántico (Puerto Plata) (This team did not play and was never officially in the league)
Pollos del Cibao / Pollos Nacionales / Pollos Béisbol Club (San Francisco de Macorís) from 1999-2002, previously Gigantes del Nordeste, currently Gigantes del Cibao
History[edit]
For his close involvement in the Dominican league's establishment and early development, Pedro Miguel Caratini (born ca. 1880) has been called "the father of Dominican baseball".[2]
During the years 1930-1963, military dictator General Rafael Trujillo can be credited with furthering the sport of baseball in Dominican Republic. Trujillo encouraged many sugar refineries to create teams of cane cutting laborers to play baseball during the idle months of cultivation. Fostering high levels of competition, the organization structure continued to mature stimulating growth in the intensity and popularity of the game.[3]
In 1937, teams of the Dominican Republic signed a large amount of players from the Negro League of the United States. These players were given large salaries by Dominican men with money and political power. Among these players were baseball stars James Thomas "Cool Papa" Bell and Satchel Paige. However, these contracts exhausted team finances leading to a decline of Dominican baseball until 1950.[3]
Founding teams[edit]
In the early 1900s, four Dominican teams formed. These teams still exist today, and form the foundation of Dominican professional baseball:
Tigres del Licey (1907)
Estrellas Orientales (1911)
Leones del Escogido (1921)
Sandino, later renamed Águilas Cibaeñas (1937)
Cultural impact[edit]
Considered by both North American and Latin American players to be "the gringo's game" in the early 20th century, the sport of baseball was adopted by the Dominican Republic. These players avoided the ethnocentrism and exclusion of the major leagues of the United States, and developed their own teams.[4] This brief era of Dominican baseball history (1950-1954) is known as "beisbol romantic" or the Era of Romantic Baseball.[3] During the Romantic era, national play was revived and free of the influence of individuals outside of the country. Fandom of these teams skyrocketed and the sport of baseball became the national pastime of the Dominican Republic. From a cultural standpoint, baseball in the Dominican Republic was, despite its American origins, a local phenomenon.[3]
Community-level impact[edit]
As a cultural icon of the Haiti, baseball holds a strong presence in the country. Surrounded by impoverished neighborhoods, these baseball stadiums of the larger Dominican cities are routinely maintained. Owners of big businesses like sugar refineries funded the construction of these fields, and benefit from the games. Games in these stadiums attract major crowds and a sense of community can be observed.[5] Like their American counterparts, these "latinized" games exude free-spiritedness, social cohesion, and festivity from the fans and players alike.[6] In the Dominican Republic, baseball players are regaled as sports heroes and function as role models to their fan base. This idolization is covered by the media more so than in the United States.[3]
The Dominican Republic is a third world country plagued with poverty. In a 2010 CIA estimate, it was shown that 34.4 percent of Dominicans live below the poverty line. In addition, the CIA estimated in 2012 that unemployment of the Dominican Republic was 14.7 percent.[7] Due to the Dominican Republic's weak economy, Dominican men have very few options for employment. It is this absence of options, the storied history of the sport, and the great success of those who make it to the major leagues that make it easy for Dominican youth to view the game as economic salvation.[4] Baseball provides children living in the impoverished Dominican streets hope of a future where they can provide for themselves and their families. Because of this, children begin playing organized baseball as early as six years old,[6] and compete with others in leagues with the hopes of being recognized by baseball scouts. The roster of the Dominican team at the 2013 World Baseball Classic featured 20 MLB players; the combined salaries of these athletes amount to $104,590,000,[7] an amount that could sustain many individuals in Dominican communities.
Some argue that the perception of baseball as economic salvation is in reality detrimental to the youth of the Dominican Republic. For each time a Dominican succeeds, it intensifies the efforts of thousands of other Dominicans, motivating them to give up on education, concentrate solely on training for baseball, and ultimately fail at being signed overseas.[6]
American hegemony inside Dominican baseball[edit]
After Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba and the subsequent U.S. blockade, scouts of the majors turned their sights towards the Dominican Republic.[3] Posed with the opportunity to acquire quality talent at a reasonable price, major league teams established "working relationships" with Dominican professional teams.[4] Since the 1950s, all 30 MLB franchises have established baseball training academies in the Dominican Republic [7] that are tasked by their respective teams to condition and prepare young Dominican prospects for a chance at further developing in the United States. Having produced many successful athletes from these academies, these academies undercut the reliance of U.S. teams on Dominican baseball organizations. This shift in relations where players can forego playing for professional Dominican teams have resulted in the underdevelopment of Dominican baseball, where Dominican teams cannot offer competitive deals to these young athletes so the quality of Dominican baseball leagues diminish.[4]
Nationalistic answer[edit]
As the United States has made its cultural presence in the Dominican Republic, Dominicans have fostered cultural resistance towards the hegemonic process. For Third World cultures, an antidote for this oppression is nationalism, which promotes culture and curbs overvaluation of the foreign nation that is influencing the subordinate culture. For the Dominicans, baseball plays this crucial role of resistance. This nationalism is indoctrinated in the print media of the country. Sports pages take the voice of the pro-Dominican/anti-American nationalist by focusing on the successes of the Dominican player, not the MLB team that they play for.[4] Dominican players engulfed in the MLB system have also been observed to demonstrate cultural resistance in other ways. "Foot dragging" by Dominican athletes playing underneath American managers have occurred where the players throw games in order to defame their manager. Other occasions of players resisting American hegemony include the refusal to respond to interviews in English while in the Dominican Republic.[4] Many Dominican players return during the winter to play winter baseball as a way of showing gratitude to their fans. These fans, hailing from the same villages and towns as these professional athletes, cheer for these hometown heroes no matter what team they play for. This fan base is perceived by these returning athletes as a more appreciative audience than they experience in the United States.[3][6]
Championship history[edit]
Season
Champion
Manager
Runner-up
1922 Leones del Escogido Luis Alfau Tigres del Licey
1923 Incomplete season
1924 Tigres del Licey Charles A. Dore Leones del Escogido
1929 Tigres del Licey Charles A. Dore Leones del Escogido
1936 Estrellas Orientales Enrique Mejía Tigres del Licey
1937 Dragones de Ciudad Trujillo Lázaro Salazar Aguilas Cibaeñas
LIDOM
Season
Champion
Manager
Runner-up
1951 Tigres del Licey Félix Delgado Leones del Escogido
1952 Águilas Cibaeñas Rodolfo Fernández Tigres del Licey
1953 Tigres del Licey Oscar Rodríguez Águilas Cibaeñas
1954 Estrellas Orientales Ramón Bragaña Tigres del Licey
1955-56 Leones del Escogido Frank Genovese Águilas Cibaeñas
1956-57 Leones del Escogido Red Davis Tigres del Licey
1957-58 Leones del Escogido Salty Parker Estrellas Orientales
1958-59 Tigres del Licey Joe Schultz Leones del Escogido
1959-60 Leones del Escogido Pete Reiser Estrellas Orientales
1960-61 Leones del Escogido Pepe Lucas Águilas Cibaeñas
1961-62 Incomplete season
1962-63 No season
1963-64 Tigres del Licey Vernon Benson Águilas Cibaeñas
1964-65 Águilas Cibaeñas Al Widmar Leones del Escogido
1965-66 No season
1966-67 Águilas Cibaeñas Pete Peterson Leones del Escogido
1967-68 Estrellas Orientales Tony Pacheco Leones del Escogido
1968-69 Leones del Escogido Andy Gilbert Estrellas Orientales
1969-70 Tigres del Licey Billy Muffett Águilas Cibaeñas
1970-71 Tigres del Licey Fred Hatfield Leones del Escogido
1971-72 Águilas Cibaeñas Ozzie Virgil Tigres del Licey
1972-73 Tigres del Licey Tom Lasorda Estrellas Orientales
1973-74 Tigres del Licey Tom Lasorda Águilas Cibaeñas
1974-75 Águilas Cibaeñas Al Widmar Estrellas Orientales
1975-76 Águilas Cibaeñas Tim Murtaugh Tigres del Licey
1976-77 Tigres del Licey Buck Rodgers Águilas Cibaeñas
1977-78 Águilas Cibaeñas Johnny Lipon Tigres del Licey
1978-79 Águilas Cibaeñas Johnny Lipon Leones del Escogido
1979-80 Tigres del Licey Del Crandall Estrellas Orientales
1980-81 Leones del Escogido Felipe Rojas Alou Águilas Cibaeñas
1981-82 Leones del Escogido Felipe Rojas Alou Estrellas Orientales
1982-83 Tigres del Licey Manny Mota Águilas Cibaeñas
1983-84 Tigres del Licey Manny Mota Águilas Cibaeñas
1984-85 Tigres del Licey Terry Collins Azucareros del Este
1985-86 Águilas Cibaeñas Winston Llenas Tigres del Licey
1986-87 Águilas Cibaeñas Winston Llenas Estrellas Orientales
1987-88 Leones del Escogido Phil Regan Estrellas Orientales
1988-89 Leones del Escogido Phil Regan Tigres del Licey
1989-90 Leones del Escogido Felipe Rojas Alou Águilas Cibaeñas
1990-91 Tigres del Licey John Roseboro Leones del Escogido
1991-92 Leones del Escogido Felipe Rojas Alou Estrellas Orientales
1992-93 Águilas Cibaeñas Miguel Diloné Azucareros del Este
1993-94 Tigres del Licey Casey Parsons Águilas Cibaeñas
1994-95 Azucareros del Este Art Howe Águilas Cibaeñas
1995-96 Águilas Cibaeñas Terry Francona Estrellas Orientales
1996-97 Águilas Cibaeñas Mike Quade Leones del Escogido
1997-98 Águilas Cibaeñas Tony Peña Tigres del Licey
1998-99 Tigres del Licey Dave Jauss Leones del Escogido
1999-00 Águilas Cibaeñas Tony Peña Estrellas Orientales
2000-01 Águilas Cibaeñas Félix Fermín Leones del Escogido
2001-02 Tigres del Licey Bob Geren Águilas Cibaeñas
2002-03 Águilas Cibaeñas Félix Fermín Leones del Escogido
2003-04 Tigres del Licey Manny Acta Gigantes del Cibao
2004-05 Águilas Cibaeñas Félix Fermín Tigres del Licey
2005-06 Tigres del Licey Rafael Landestoy Águilas Cibaeñas
2006-07 Águilas Cibaeñas Félix Fermín Tigres del Licey
2007-08 Águilas Cibaeñas Félix Fermín Tigres del Licey*
2008-09 Tigres del Licey José Offerman Gigantes del Cibao
2009-10 Leones del Escogido Ken Oberkfell Gigantes del Cibao
2010-11 Toros del Este Dean Treanor Estrellas Orientales
2011-12 Leones del Escogido Ken Oberkfell Águilas Cibaeñas
2012-13 Leones del Escogido Audo Vicente Águilas Cibaeñas
2013-14 Tigres del Licey Jose Offerman Leones del Escogido
2014-15 Gigantes del Cibao Audo Vicente Estrellas Orientales
2015-16 Leones del Escogido Luis Rojas Tigres del Licey
2016-17 Tigres del Licey Audo Vicente Águilas Cibaeñas
Won Caribbean Series
*Two Dominican teams participated in the Serie del Caribe in 2008
Team
Championships
Tigres del Licey 22 (2)*
Águilas Cibaeñas 20
Leones del Escogido 16 (1)*
Estrellas Orientales 2 (1)*
Toros del Este 2
Gigantes del Cibao 1
Caimanes del Sur 0
Dragones de Ciudad Trujillo 0 (1)*
*Championships won before LIDOM (1951)
See also[edit]
Baseball awards § Dominican Republic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ HISTORIA DE LA SERIE DEL CARIBE Archived February 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed on 2011-01-12.
Jump up ^ Van Hyning, Thomas E.; Valero, Eduardo (1995). Puerto Rico's Winter League: A History of Major League Baseball's Launching Pad. McFarland. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Klein, Alan. "Baseball as Underdevelopment: The Political-Economy of Sport in the Dominican Republic". Northwestern University, 1989
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Klein, Alan. "Culture, Politics, and Baseball in the Dominican Republic". Latin American Perspectives, 1995
Jump up ^ Gordon, Dan. "Winter League Escapades: Dispatches from Ballparks in the Dominican Republic". University of Nebraska Press, 2001
^ Jump up to: a b c d Klein, Alan. "American Hegemony, Dominican Resistance, and Baseball". Dialectical Anthropology, 1988
^ Jump up to: a b c Jessop, Alicia (March 19, 2013). "The Secrets Behind The Dominican Republic's Success In The World Baseball Classic And MLB". Forbes. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
External links[edit]
About Dominican Republic Baseball
[show]
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Tigres del Licey (Santo Domingo)
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text:
List of states and union territories of India by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage
v
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India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories.[1] As of 2011, with an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China. India occupies 2.4% of the world's land surface area and is home to 17.5% of the world's population.[2] After the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan Plateau are the most densely populated regions of India. The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Census of India
2 States and union territories (by population)
3 Notes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Census of India[edit]
Population density map of India.
The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first occurring in 1951.[4] The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.[5]
The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India.[6] During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent.[6] Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent, followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.[7]
India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas.[8] Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more.[2] India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[9] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population.[10][11] On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration.[12] The five states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half (47.90 percent) of the total Indian population.[6]
While the national average for sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011,[6] the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in child sex ratio, the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0–6 years.[6] States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in child sex ratio.[6] National child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011.[6] Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures, after Telangana formally took birth on 2 June 2014.[13]
States and union territories (by population)[edit]
The total geographical area of India is 3,287,240 square kilometres (1,269,210 sq mi)α.[2] Population density is rounded to the nearest integer.
As per provisional census data of 2011, the total population of India is: 1,210,193,422.[6]
Rank
State or union territory
Population (2011 Census)[14]
(% of population of India)[15]
Decadal growth (2001–2011)
Rural pop.[16]
(%)
Urban pop.[16]
(%)
Area[17]
Density
Sex ratio
1 Uttar Pradesh 7008207281477000000♠207,281,477
(16.49%) 20.1% 7008155111022000000♠155,111,022
(77.72%) 7007444704550000000♠44,470,455
(22.28%) 7011240928000000000♠240,928 km2 (93,023 sq mi) 6996828000000000000♠828/km2 (2,140/sq mi) 908
2 Maharashtra 7008112372972000000♠112,372,972
(9.28%) 16.0% 7007615454410000000♠61,545,441
(54.77%) 7007508275310000000♠50,827,531
(45.23%) 7011307713000000000♠307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi) 6996365000000000000♠365/km2 (950/sq mi) 946
3 Bihar 7008103804637000000♠103,804,637
(8.58%) 25.1% 7007920750280000000♠92,075,028
(88.70%) 7007117296090000000♠11,729,609
(11.30%) 7010941630000000000♠94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi) 6997110199999999999♠1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi) 916
4 West Bengal 7007913477360000000♠91,347,736
(7.55%) 13.9% 7007622136760000000♠62,213,676
(68.11%) 7007291340600000000♠29,134,060
(31.89%) 7010887520000000000♠88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi) 6997102900000000000♠1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi) 947
5 Madhya Pradesh 7007725975650000000♠72,597,565
(6.00%) 20.3% 7007525378990000000♠52,537,899
(72.37%) 7007200596660000000♠20,059,666
(27.63%) 7011308245000000000♠308,245 km2 (119,014 sq mi) 6996236000000000000♠236/km2 (610/sq mi) 931
6 Tamil Nadu 7007721389580000000♠72,138,958
(5.96%) 15.6% 7007371892290000000♠37,189,229
(51.55%) 7007349497290000000♠34,949,729
(48.45%) 7011130058000000000♠130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) 6996554999999999999♠555/km2 (1,440/sq mi) 995
7 Rajasthan 7007686210120000000♠68,621,012
(5.67%) 21.4% 7007515402360000000♠51,540,236
(75.11%) 7007170807760000000♠17,080,776
(24.89%) 7011342239000000000♠342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi) 6996200999999999999♠201/km2 (520/sq mi) 926
8 Karnataka 7007611307040000000♠61,130,704
(5.05%) 15.7% 7007375525290000000♠37,552,529
(61.43%) 7007235781750000000♠23,578,175
(38.57%) 7011191791000000000♠191,791 km2 (74,051 sq mi) 6996319000000000000♠319/km2 (830/sq mi) 968
9 Gujarat 7007603836280000000♠60,383,628
(5.00%) 19.2% 7007346708170000000♠34,670,817
(57.42%) 7007257128110000000♠25,712,811
(42.58%) 7011196024000000000♠196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi) 6996308000000000000♠308/km2 (800/sq mi) 918
10 Andhra Pradesh 7007493867990000000♠49,386,799
(4.08%) 11.1% 7007347763890000000♠34,776,389
(70.42%) 7007146104100000000♠14,610,410
(29.58%) 7011162968000000000♠162,968 km2 (62,922 sq mi) 6996303000000000000♠303/km2 (780/sq mi) 993
11 Odisha 7007419473580000000♠41,947,358
(3.47%) 14.0% 7007349512340000000♠34,951,234
(83.32%) 7006699612400000000♠6,996,124
(16.68%) 7011155707000000000♠155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi) 6996268999999999999♠269/km2 (700/sq mi) 978
12 Telangana 7007352867570000000♠35,286,757
(2.97%) 17.87% 7007215853130000000♠21,585,313
(61.33%) 7007136086650000000♠13,608,665
(38.66%) 7011114840000000000♠114,840 km2 (44,340 sq mi) 6996307000000000000♠307/km2 (800/sq mi) 988
13 Kerala 7007333876770000000♠33,387,677
(2.76%) 4.9% 7007174455060000000♠17,445,506
(52.28%) 7007159321710000000♠15,932,171
(47.72%) 7010388630000000000♠38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) 6996859000000000000♠859/km2 (2,220/sq mi) 1,084
14 Jharkhand 7007329662380000000♠32,966,238
(2.72%) 22.3% 7007250369460000000♠25,036,946
(75.95%) 7006792929200000000♠7,929,292
(24.05%) 7010797140000000000♠79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi) 6996414000000000000♠414/km2 (1,070/sq mi) 947
15 Assam 7007311692720000000♠31,169,272
(2.58%) 16.9% 7007267805260000000♠26,780,526
(85.92%) 7006438875600000000♠4,388,756
(14.08%) 7010784380000000000♠78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi) 6996397000000000000♠397/km2 (1,030/sq mi) 954
16 Punjab 7007277042360000000♠27,704,236
(2.30%) 13.7% 7007173168000000000♠17,316,800
(62.51%) 7007103874360000000♠10,387,436
(37.49%) 7010503620000000000♠50,362 km2 (19,445 sq mi) 6996549999999999999♠550/km2 (1,400/sq mi) 893
17 Chhattisgarh 7007255401960000000♠25,540,196
(2.11%) 22.6% 7007196036580000000♠19,603,658
(76.76%) 7006593653800000000♠5,936,538
(23.24%) 7011135191000000000♠135,191 km2 (52,198 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 991
18 Haryana 7007253530810000000♠25,353,081
(2.09%) 19.9% 7007165314930000000♠16,531,493
(75.75%) 7006882158800000000♠8,821,588
(24.25%) 7010442120000000000♠44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi) 6996573000000000000♠573/km2 (1,480/sq mi) 877
19 Jammu and Kashmir 7007125489260000000♠12,548,926
(1.04%) 23.7% 7006913482000000000♠9,134,820
(72.79%) 7006341410600000000♠3,414,106
(27.21%) 7011222236000000000♠222,236 km2 (85,806 sq mi) 6995570000000000000♠57/km2 (150/sq mi) 883
20 Uttarakhand 7007101167520000000♠10,116,752
(0.84%) 19.2% 7006702558300000000♠7,025,583
(69.45%) 7006309116900000000♠3,091,169
(30.55%) 7010534830000000000♠53,483 km2 (20,650 sq mi) 6996189000000000000♠189/km2 (490/sq mi) 963
21 Himachal Pradesh 7006686460200000000♠6,864,602
(0.57%) 12.8% 7006616780500000000♠6,167,805
(89.96%) 7005688704000000000♠688,704
(10.04%) 7010556730000000000♠55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 6996122999999999999♠123/km2 (320/sq mi) 974
22 Tripura 7006367103200000000♠3,671,032
(0.30%) 14.7% 7006271005100000000♠2,710,051
(73.82%) 7005960981000000000♠960,981
(26.18%) 7010104860000000000♠10,486 km2 (4,049 sq mi) 6996350000000000000♠350/km2 (910/sq mi) 961
23 Meghalaya 7006296400700000000♠2,964,007
(0.24%) 27.8% 7006236897100000000♠2,368,971
(79.92%) 7005595036000000000♠595,036
(20.08%) 7010224290000000000♠22,429 km2 (8,660 sq mi) 6996131999999999999♠132/km2 (340/sq mi) 986
24 Manipurβ 7006272175600000000♠2,721,756
(0.22%) 18.7% 7006189962400000000♠1,899,624
(79.79%) 7005822132000000000♠822,132
(20.21%) 7010223270000000000♠22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 6996122000000000000♠122/km2 (320/sq mi) 987
25 Nagaland 7006198060200000000♠1,980,602
(0.16%) -0.5% 7006140686100000000♠1,406,861
(71.03%) 7005573741000000000♠573,741
(28.97%) 7010165790000000000♠16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 6996119000000000000♠119/km2 (310/sq mi) 931
26 Goa 7006145772300000000♠1,457,723
(0.12%) 8.2% 7005551414000000000♠551,414
(37.83%) 7005906309000000000♠906,309
(62.17%) 7009370200000000000♠3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) 6996394000000000000♠394/km2 (1,020/sq mi) 968
27 Arunachal Pradesh 7006138261100000000♠1,382,611
(0.11%) 25.9% 7006106916500000000♠1,069,165
(77.33%) 7005313446000000000♠313,446
(22.67%) 7010837430000000000♠83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 6995170000000000000♠17/km2 (44/sq mi) 920
28 Mizoram 7006109101400000000♠1,091,014
(0.09%) 22.8% 7005529037000000000♠529,037
(48.49%) 7005561997000000000♠561,997
(51.51%) 7010210810000000000♠21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi) 6995519999999999999♠52/km2 (130/sq mi) 975
29 Sikkim 7005607688000000000♠607,688
(0.05%) 12.4% 7005455962000000000♠455,962
(75.03%) 7005151726000000000♠151,726
(24.97%) 7009709600000000000♠7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi) 6995859999999999999♠86/km2 (220/sq mi) 889
7001300000000000000♠NCT Delhi 7007189800000000000♠18,980,000
(1.38%) 21% 7005419319000000000♠419,319
(2.50%) 7007163339160000000♠16,333,916
(97.50%) 7009148400000000000♠1,484 km2 (573 sq mi) 6998112970000000000♠11,297/km2 (29,260/sq mi) 866
7001310000000000000♠UT1 Puducherry 7006124446400000000♠1,244,464
(0.10%) 27.7% 7005394341000000000♠394,341
(31.69%) 7005850123000000000♠850,123
(68.31%) 7008479000000000000♠479 km2 (185 sq mi) 6997259800000000000♠2,598/km2 (6,730/sq mi) 1,038
7001320000000000000♠UT2 Chandigarh 7006105545000000000♠1,055,450
(0.09%) 17.1% 7004290040000000000♠29,004
(2.75%) 7006102568200000000♠1,025,682
(97.25%) 7008114000000000000♠114 km2 (44 sq mi) 6997925200000000000♠9,252/km2 (23,960/sq mi) 818
7001330000000000000♠UT3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 7005379944000000000♠379,944
(0.03%) 6.7% 7005244411000000000♠244,411
(64.33%) 7005135533000000000♠135,533
(35.67%) 7009824900000000000♠8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi) 6995460000000000000♠46/km2 (120/sq mi) 878
7001340000000000000♠UT4 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 7005342853000000000♠342,853
(0.03%) 55.5% 7005183024000000000♠183,024
(53.38%) 7005159829000000000♠159,829
(46.62%) 7008491000000000000♠491 km2 (190 sq mi) 6996698000000000000♠698/km2 (1,810/sq mi) 775
7001350000000000000♠UT5 Daman and Diu 7005242911000000000♠242,911
(0.02%) 53.5% 7004603310000000000♠60,331
(24.84%) 7005182580000000000♠182,580
(75.16%) 7008112000000000000♠112 km2 (43 sq mi) 6997216900000000000♠2,169/km2 (5,620/sq mi) 618
7001360000000000000♠UT6 Lakshadweep 7004644290000000000♠64,429
(0.01%) 6.2% 7004141210000000000♠14,121
(21.92%) 7004503080000000000♠50,308
(78.08%) 7007320000000000000♠32 km2 (12 sq mi) 6997201300000000000♠2,013/km2 (5,210/sq mi) 946
Total India 1,210,193,422
(100%) 17.64% 833,087,662
(68.84%) 377,105,760
(31.16%) 3,287,240 km2 (1,269,210 sq mi) 382/km2 (990/sq mi) 943
Notes[edit]
For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan (78,114 km2) and China (42,735 km2).[18][19]
This includes 120,849 square kilometres (46,660 sq mi) of territory controlled by Pakistan, but claimed by India along with Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley, territories administered by the People's Republic of China.
^β Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata, and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur.
See also[edit]
Demographics of India
List of country subdivisions by population
List of metropolitan areas in India
List of states and union territories of India by area
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "India at a Glance: Profile". Government of India. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Area and Population". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ "India - General Profile, Land Use Classification and Land Use Pattern" (PDF). National Informatics Centre (NIC). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Census Organisation of India". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Brief history of census". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "India Census 2011, Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf
Jump up ^ "Urban Agglomerations (UAs) & towns". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Shinde, Swati (13 Sep 2008). "Migration rate to city will dip". Times of India. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Develop towns to stop migration to urban areas: economist". Chennai, India: Hindu. Dec 3, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Migration". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
Jump up ^ T-party: India's 29th state Telangana is born
Jump up ^ "List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011". 2011 Census of India. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001" (PDF). Government of India (2001). Census of India. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Provisional Population Totals". Government of India (2011). Census of India. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Area of India/state/district". Government of India (2001). Census of India. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
Jump up ^ "J&K 2011 Population density census" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Religion PCA 2011 J&K census".
2011 Indian Census
External links[edit]
Official website of Census of India
Census of India - Density of population
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Hispaniola
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"San Domingo", "Haiti (island)", and "Hayti (island)" redirect here. For other uses, see San Domingo (disambiguation), Haiti (disambiguation), and Hayti (disambiguation).
Hispaniola
La Española (Spanish)
Hispaniola (French)
Ispayola (Haitian Creole)
View from Hispaniola
Geography
Location
Caribbean
Coordinates
19°N 71°W / 19°N 71°W / 19; -71Coordinates: 19°N 71°W / 19°N 71°W / 19; -71
Archipelago
Greater Antilles
Area
76,192 km2 (29,418 sq mi)
Area rank
22nd
Coastline
3,059 km (1,900.8 mi)
Highest elevation
3,175 m (10,417 ft)[1]
Highest point
Pico Duarte
Administration
Dominican Republic
Largest settlement
Santo Domingo
Haiti
Largest settlement
Port-au-Prince
Demographics
Population
21,396,000[2] (2014)
Pop. density
280.8 /km2 (727.3 /sq mi)
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española; Latin and French: Hispaniola; Haitian Creole: Ispayola; Taíno: Haiti)[3][4] is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; the eleventh most populous island in the world.
The 76,192-square-kilometre (29,418 sq mi) island is divided between two sovereign nations, the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km2, 18,705 sq mi), and Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km2, 10,710 sq mi). The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France (Saint-Martin) and the Netherlands (Sint Maarten).
Hispaniola is the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493.[5][6]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Post-Columbian
2 Geography
2.1 Fauna
2.2 Flora
2.3 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Ethnic composition
4 Economics
5 Precious metals
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early map of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, c. 1639.
See also: Colony of Santo Domingo, Colony of Saint-Domingue, History of Haiti, and History of the Dominican Republic
Etymology[edit]
The island was called by various names by its native people, the Taíno Amerindians. No known Taíno texts exist, hence, historical evidence for those names comes to us through three European historians: the Italian Pietro Martyr d‘Anghiera, and the Spaniards Bartolomé de las Casas and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Fernández de Oviedo and de las Casas both recorded that the island was called Quizqueia (supposedly "Mother of all Lands") by the Taíno. D'Anghiera added another name, Haiti ("Mountainous Land"), but later research shows that the word does not seem to derive from the original Arawak Taíno language.[3] (Quisqueya is today mostly used in the Dominican Republic.) Although the Taínos' use of Quizqueia is verified, and the name was used by all three historians, evidence suggests that it probably was the Taíno name of the whole island, and for a region (now known as Los Haitises) in the northeastern section of the present-day Dominican Republic.
When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it Insula Hispana in Latin[7] and La Isla Española in Spanish,[8] with both meaning "the Spanish island". De las Casas shortened the name to "Española", and when d‘Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin, he rendered its name as Hispaniola.[8] In the oldest documented map of the island, created by Andrés de Morales, Los Haitises is labeled Montes de Haití ("Haiti Mountains"), and de las Casas apparently named the whole island Haiti on the basis of that particular region,[4] as d'Anghiera states that the name of one part was given to the whole island.[3]
Due to Taíno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as Haiti, Hayti, Santo Domingo, St. Domingue, or San Domingo. The colonial terms Saint-Domingue and Santo Domingo are sometimes still applied to the whole island, though these names refer, respectively, to the colonies that became Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[9] Since Anghiera's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name "Hispaniola" became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by Harry Shepard Knapp, obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the National Geographic Society.[10]
The name Haïti was adopted by Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1804, as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by Haiti in February 1822.[11][12]
Post-Columbian[edit]
Columbus landing on Hispaniola
Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, where his flagship, the Santa Maria, sank after running aground on December 25. A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad, on the north coast of present-day Puerto Plata. On his return the following year,[13] following the destruction of La Navidad by the local population, Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present-day Dominican Republic, La Isabela.
The island was inhabited by the Taíno, one of the indigenous Arawak peoples. The Taino were at first tolerant of Columbus and his crew, and helped him to construct La Navidad on what is now Môle-Saint-Nicolas, Haiti, in December 1492. European colonization of the island began in earnest the following year, when 1,300 men arrived from Spain under the watch of Bartolomeo Columbus. In 1496 the town of Nueva Isabela was founded. After being destroyed by a hurricane, it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called Santo Domingo. It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas.
Chiefdoms of Hispaniola
Several 16th century writers estimated the 1492 population of Hispaniola at over 1 million people.[14] Twentieth-century estimates of the figure range from 60,000 to 8,000,000, but center around the 500,000 to 1,000,000 range.[14] Harsh enslavement by Spanish colonists, as well as redirection of food supplies and labor towards the colonists, had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility over the first quarter century.[15] Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hyeronimite priests observed that the search for gold and agrarian enslavement through the encomienda system were depressing population.[15] Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate consistent with a 3.5% annual population decline. Just 14,000 Taínos survived in 1517.[16] In 1503 the colony began to import African slaves, believing them more capable of performing physical labor.[citation needed]
The first documented outbreak of smallpox, previously an Eastern hemisphere disease, on Hispaniola occurred in December 1518 among enslaved African miners.[15][17] Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date, but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak.[15] The natives had no immunity to European diseases, including smallpox.[18][19] By May 1519, as many as one-third of the remaining Taínos had died.[17]
Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane on his second voyage to the island. Molasses was the chief product. Diego Colon's plantation had 40 African slaves in 1522. By 1526, 19 mills were in operation from Azua to Santo Domingo.[20]:224
In 1574, a census taken of the Greater Antilles reported 1,000 Spaniards and 12,000 African slaves on Hispaniola.[21]
As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas (Spanish Main), its interest in Hispaniola waned, and the colony’s population grew slowly. By the early 17th century, the island and its smaller neighbors (notably Tortuga) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates. In 1606, the government of Philip III ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to avoid interaction with pirates. Rather than secure the island, his action meant that French, English and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the abandoned north and west coasts of the island.
French map of Hispaniola by Nicolas de Fer
In 1665, French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King Louis XIV. The French colony was given the name Saint-Domingue. In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France.[22][23] Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles," it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies, with a system of human enslavement used to grow and harvest sugar cane, during a time when demand for sugar was high in Europe. Slavery kept prices low and profit was maximized at the expense of human lives. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe.
With the treaty of Peace of Basel, revolutionary France emerged as a major European power. In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel (July 22), Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, later to become the Dominican Republic. French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory.
European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers, as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century. When the French Revolution abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4, 1794, it was a European first,[24] and when Napoleon reimposed slavery in 1802 it led to a major upheaval by the emancipated black slaves.
Thousands of the French troops sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery succumbed to yellow fever during the summer months, and more than half of the French army died because of disease.[25] After the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803, the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of independent Haiti in early 1804. France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo. In 1805, Haitian troops of General Henri Christophe tried to conquer all of Hispaniola. They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca, killing most of their residents, but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to return to Haiti, leaving the eastern Spanish side of the island in French hands. In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and, with the aid of the United Kingdom (Spain's ally) returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control.
Fearing the influence of a society that had successfully fought and won against their enslavers, the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti, the second republic in the western hemisphere. France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property, and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades.[26] It became one of the poorest countries in the Americas, while the Dominican Republic [26] gradually has developed into the largest economy of Central America and the Caribbean.
Geography[edit]
See also: Geography of Haiti and Geography of the Dominican Republic
Topographic map of Hispaniola
Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba), with an area of 76,192 square kilometers (29,418 sq mi), 48,440 square kilometers (18,700 sq mi)[27] of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers (10,710 sq mi)[6] under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion.
The island of Cuba lies 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the northwest across the Windward Passage; 190 km to the southwest lies Jamaica, separated by the Jamaica Channel. Puerto Rico lies 130 km east of Hispaniola across the Mona Passage. The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands lie to the north. Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse.
Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the Greater Antilles.
The island has five major mountain ranges: The Central Range, known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central, spans the central part of the island, extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti, where it is known as the Massif du Nord. This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles, Pico Duarte at 3,098 meters (10,164 ft) above sea level. The Cordillera Septentrional runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic, extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the Samaná Peninsula. The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the Cibao Valley and the Atlantic coastal plains, which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental, in the eastern part of the country.[28]
The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, and continues northwest into Haiti, parallel to the Cordillera Central, as the Montagnes Noires, Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau. The Plateau Central lies between the Massif du Nord and the Montagnes Noires, and the Plaine de l‘Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux, opening westward toward the Gulf of Gonâve, the largest gulf of the Antilles.[28]
The southern range begins in the southwestern most Dominican Republic as the Sierra de Bahoruco, and extends west into Haiti as the Massif de la Selle and the Massif de la Hotte, which form the mountainous spine of Haiti’s southern peninsula. Pic de la Selle is the highest peak in the southern range, the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti, at 2,680 meters (8,790 ft) above sea level. A depression runs parallel to the southern range, between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux-Sierra de Neiba. It is known as the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac in Haiti, and Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince lies at its western end. The depression is home to a chain of salt lakes, including Lake Azuei in Haiti and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic.[28]
The island has four distinct ecoregions. The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center-north of the island. The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic.[citation needed]
Fauna[edit]
There are many bird species in Hispaniola, and the island's amphibian species are also diverse.
Flora[edit]
The island has four distinct ecoregions. The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center-north of the island. The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic.
Satellite image depicting the border between Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right)
In Haiti, deforestation has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule.
Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of charcoal as fuel for cooking. Recent in-depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude an accurate estimate of approximately 30% tree cover,[29] a stark decrease in the 60% forest cover in 1925. Despite recent in-depth studies, the notoriously unsubstantiated 2% forest cover estimate has been widely circulated in media and in discourse concerning the country.[30] Despite the drastic underestimation of Haiti's forest cover, the country has been significantly deforested over the last 50 years, resulting in the desertification of portions of the Haitian territory.
In the Dominican Republic the forest cover has increased. In 2003 the Dominican forest cover had been reduced to 32% of the territory, but in 2011 the trend towards reducing reverts to increase forest cover by eight percentage points to stand at nearly 40% of territory. The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and private organizations for the purpose, and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness on the Dominican people of the importance of forests for their welfare and in other forms of life on the island.[31]
Climate[edit]
Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic
Owing to its mountainous topography, Hispaniola’s climate shows considerable variation over short distances, and is the most varied of all the Antilles.[32]
Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season, the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast trade winds. As in Jamaica and Cuba, these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains, and create a distinct rain shadow on the southern coast, where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) of rainfall, and have semi-arid climates. Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres (24 in) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti’s northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac. In these regions, moreover, there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October, and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come.[33]
Les Cayes, Sud, Haiti
On the northern coast, in contrast, rainfall may peak between December and February, though some rain falls in all months of the year. Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres (67 to 79 in) on the northern coastal lowlands;[32] there is probably much more in the Cordillera Septentrional, though no data exist.
The interior of Hispaniola, along with the southeastern coast centred around Santo Domingo, typically receives around 1,400 millimetres (55 in) per year, with a distinct wet season from May to October. Usually, this wet season has two peaks: one around May, the other around the hurricane season. In the interior highlands, rainfall is much greater, around 3,100 millimetres (120 in) per year, but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands.
As is usual for tropical islands, variations of temperature are much less marked than rainfall variations, and depend only on altitude. Lowland Hispaniola is generally oppressively hot and humid, with temperatures averaging 28 °C (82 °F). with high humidity during the daytime, and around 20 °C (68 °F) at night. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall steadily, so that frosts occur during the dry season on the highest peaks, where maxima are no higher than 18 °C (64 °F).
Demographics[edit]
The Dominican Republic is a Hispanophone nation of approximately 10 million people. Spanish is spoken by all Dominicans as a primary language. Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant religion.
Haiti is a Francophone nation of roughly 10 million people. Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority, virtually the entire population speaks Haitian Creole, one of several French-derived creole languages. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion, practiced by more than half the population, although in some cases in combination with Haitian Vodou faith. Another 25% of the populace belong to Protestant churches.[34] Haiti emerged as the first Black republic[35] in the world.
Ethnic composition[edit]
The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% mulatto,[36] 16% white and 11% black. Descendants of early Spanish settlers and of black slaves from West Africa constitute the two main racial strains.
The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95% black, 5% white and mulatto.
Economics[edit]
The island has the largest economy in the Greater Antilles, however most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic, the Dominican economy being nearly 800% larger than the Haitian economy.
The estimated annual per capita income is US$1,300 in Haiti and US$8,200 in Dominican Republic.[37]
The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and Dominican Republic makes its border the higher contrast of all western land borders and is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the highest migration issues in the Americas.[38]
Geologic map of Hispaniola. Mzb are Mesozoic amphibolites and associated metasedimentary rocks, Ki are Cretaceous plutons, Kv are Cretaceous volcanic rocks, uK are Upper Cretaceous marine strata, Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, K are Cretaceous marine strata, IT are Eocene and/or Paleocene marine strata, uT are Post-Eocene marine strata, T are Tertiary marine strata, V are volcanic rocks, and Q are Quaternary alluvium. The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo Thrust fault.
Precious metals[edit]
Christopher Columbus, noting "the land and trees resembled those of Spain, and that the sailors caught in their nets many fish like those of Spain...named it Espanola on Sunday, December 9th." One of the first inhabitants he came across on this island was "a girl wearing only a gold nose plug." Columbus later learned that the "land of gold was farther east." Soon the Tainos were trading pieces of gold for hawk's bells with their cacique declaring the gold came from Cibao. Traveling further east from Navidad, Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River, which he named Rio de Oro because its "sands abound in gold dust."[39]
On Columbus' return during his second voyage he learned it was the cacique Caonabo, "lord of the mines", who had massacred his settlement at Navidad. While Columbus established a new settlement at La Isabela on Jan. 1494, he sent Alonso de Ojeda and 15 men to search for the "mines of Cibao." After a six-day journey, Ojeda came across an area "very rich in gold", in which the "Indians took gold out of a brook...and many other streams in that province." Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494. He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomas, present day Janico, with Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men.[39]:119,122–126
On 24 March 1495, Columbus with his ally Guacanagarix, embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo, capturing him and his family while "killing many Indians and capturing others." Afterwards, "every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk's bell of gold dust."[39]:149–150
Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay discovered large gold nuggets on the lower Haina River in 1496. These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines. Then, in 1499, the first major discovery of gold was made in the cordillera central, which led to a mining boom. By 1501, Columbus' cousin Giovanni Colombo, had discovered gold near Buenaventura, the deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas. Two major mining areas resulted, one along San Cristobal-Buenaventura, and another in Cibao within the La Vega-Cotuy-Bonao triangle, while Santiago de los Caballeros, Concepcion, and Bonao became mining towns. The gold rush of 1500–1508 ensued.[20]
Ferdinand "ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown." Thus, Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504, as pit mines became royal mines, though placers were open to private prospectors. Furthermore, Ferdinand wanted the "best Indians" working his royal mines, and kept 967 in the San Cristobal mining area supervised by salaried miners.[20]:68,71,78,125–127
Under Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres' governorship, the Indians were made to work in the gold mines, "where they were grossly overworked, mistreated, and underfed," according to Pons. By 1503, the Spanish Crown legalized the distribution of Indians to work the mines as part of the encomienda system. According to Pons, "Once the Indians entered the mines, hunger and disease literally wiped them out." By 1508 the Indian population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000, and by 1514, only 26,334 remained. About half were located in the mining towns of Concepcion, Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Buenaventura. The repartimiento of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists, coupled with the exhaustion of the mines. In 1516, a smallpox epidemic killed an additional 8,000, of the remaining 11,000 Indians, in one month. By 1519, according to Pons, "Both the gold economy and the Indian population became extinct at the same time."[40][20]:191–192
However, writing in 1860, Courtney observed, the island is "one immense gold field", of which the early Spaniards had "scarcely began to be developed." Additionally, "The gold is still found in the Cibao regions as of old."[41] By 1919, Condit and Ross noted "the greater part of the Republic is covered by concessions granted by the government for mining minerals of diverse sorts." Besides gold, these minerals included silver, manganese, copper, magnetite, iron and nickel.[42]
Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits (VMS) around Maimón. To the northeast, the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state-owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991. In 2009, Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation, formed by Barrick Gold and Goldcorp, started open-pit mining operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits. The mined ore is processed with gold cyanidation. Pyrite and sphalerite are the main sulfide minerals found in the 120 m thick volcanic conglomerates and agglomerates, which constitute the world's second largest sulphidation gold deposit.[43]
Between Bonao and Maimon, Falconbridge Dominicana has been mining nickel laterites since 1971. The Cerro de Maimon copper/gold open-pit mine southeast of Maimon has been operated by Perilya since 2006. Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores, while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores. Processing is via froth flotation and cyanidation. The ore is located in the VMS Early Cretaceous Maimon Formation. Goethite enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30 m thick oxide cap. Below that cap is a supergene zone containing pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization.[44]
See also[edit]
Casa de Contratación
Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
Geography of the Dominican Republic
Geography of Haiti
List of divided islands
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Jump up ^ IMF – PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití
^ Jump up to: a b c Columbus, Ferdinand (1959). The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand. New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University. pp. 76–77, 83, 87.
Jump up ^ Pons, Frank (1995). The Dominican Republic, A National History. New Rochelle: Hispaniola Books. pp. 33–37. ISBN 1885509014.
Jump up ^ Courtney, W.S. (1860). The Gold Fields of St. Domingo. New York: Anson P. Norton. pp. 123–125.
Jump up ^ Condit, D. Dale; Ross, Clyde P. (1921). Economic Geology, Chapter X, in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic. Washington: United States Geological Survey. p. 228.
Jump up ^ "Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine, Dominican Republic". mining-technology.com. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cerro de Maimon". Perilya.com. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hispaniola.
Look up hispaniola in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hispaniola.
Google maps
Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico from 1639
Champlin, Jr., John D. (1880). "Hayti". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (9th ed.).
The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress contains primary materials on Hispaniola.
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GND: 4094983-7
VIAF: 242111207
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