text:
Hoolock gibbon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hoolock gibbons[1][2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Tetrapodomorpha
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hoolock
Mootnick & Groves, 2005
Species
Hoolock hoolock
Hoolock leuconedys
Hoolock tianxing[3]
The hoolock gibbons are three primate species of genus Hoolock in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, native to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India and Southwest China.
Hoolocks are the second-largest of the gibbons, after the siamang. They reach a size of 60 to 90 cm and weigh 6 to 9 kg. The sexes are about the same size, but they differ considerably in coloration: males are black-colored with remarkable white brows, while females have a grey-brown fur, which is darker at the chest and neck. White rings around their eyes and mouths give their faces a mask-like appearance. The Oxford English Dictionary says that the name "Hoolock" is from the Assamese হলৌ (holou) or related languages.
In northeast India, the hoolock is found south of Brahmaputra and east of the Dibang Rivers.[4] Its range extends into seven states covering Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura (The seven northeastern states of India).Its the State Animal of Arunachal Pradesh [5][6]
Like the other gibbons, they are diurnal and arboreal, brachiating through the trees with their long arms. They live together in monogamous pairs, which stake out a territory. Their calls serve to locate family members and ward off other gibbons from their territory. Their diet consists mainly of fruits, insects and leaves.
Young hoolocks are born after a seven-month gestation, with milky white or buff-colored hair. After about six months, the hair of males will darken and turn black, while the female hair remains buff-colored throughout her life. After eight to 9 years, they are fully mature and their fur reaches its final coloration. Their life expectancy in the wild is about 25 years.
Classification[edit]
Western hoolock gibbon
Call of Hoolock Gibbon from Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Assam
The classification of this gibbon has changed several times in the past few years. Classically, all gibbons were classified in the genus Hylobates, with the exception of the siamang. After some studies, the genus was divided into three subgenera (including the siamang's Symphalangus), and then into four (recognizing Bunopithecus as the hoolock subgenus distinct from other gibbon subgenera). These four subgenera were elevated to full genus status. However, the type species for Bunopithecus is Bunopithecus sericus, an extinct gibbon or gibbon-like ape from Sichuan, China. Very recent investigations have shown the hoolocks are not closely related to B. sericus, so have been placed in their own genus, Hoolock. In the process, the two subspecies of hoolocks have been raised to species level.[1][2] A new subspecies has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named Mishmi Hills hoolock, Hoolock hoolock mishmiensis.[7] A further new species, Hoolock tianxing, with an estimated population of about 200 in China, was discovered in southwest China in 2017.[8]
The species of hoolock are:[2][8]
Western hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock
Eastern hoolock gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys
Skywalker hoolock gibbon, Hoolock tianxing[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mootnick, A.; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (26): 971–976. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Fan, P-F; He, K; Chen, X; Ortiz, A; Zhang, B; Zhao, C; Li, Y-Q,; Zhang, H-B; Kimock, C; Wang, W-Z; Groves, C; Turvey, S.T; Roos, C; Helgen, K.M; Jiang, X-L (2017). "Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy". American Journal of Primatology. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (9999): 1–17. doi:10.1002/ajp.22631. ISSN 1098-2345. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Choudhury, A.U. (1987) Notes on the distribution and conservation of Phayre’s leaf monkey and Hoolock gibbon in India. Tigerpaper 14(2): 2-6
Jump up ^ Choudhury, A.U. (1991) Ecology of the Hoolock gibbon, a lesser ape in the tropical forests of North-eastern India. J. Tropical Ecology 7: 147-153. Cambridge.
Jump up ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2006) The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland in Northeast India. Primate Conservation 20: 79-87
Jump up ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2013) Description of a new subspecies of Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from North East India. NL. & J. the Rhino Foundation for nature in North East Indiua 9: 49-59.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Georgia (11 January 2017). "New species of gibbon discovered in China". The Guardian.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Hoolock gibbon
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoolock hoolock.
ARKive - images and movies of the hoolock gibbon (Bunopithecus hoolock)
Hoolock gibbon photos
Hoolock gibbon songs
Gibbon Conservation Center
Hoolock gibbon photos taken in the wild
Primate Info Net Hoolock factsheet
show
v
t
e
Extant species of family Hylobatidae (Gibbons)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorrhini
Hylobates
Lar gibbon (H. lar)
Agile gibbon (H. agilis)
Bornean white-bearded gibbon (H. albibarbis)
Müeller's gibbon (H. muelleri)
Silvery gibbon (H. moloch)
Pileated gibbon (H. pileatus)
Kloss's gibbon (H. klossii)
Hoolock
Western hoolock gibbon (H. hoolock)
Eastern hoolock gibbon (H. leuconedys)
Skywalker hoolock gibbon (H. tianxing)
Symphalangus
Siamang (S. syndactylus)
Nomascus
Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon (N. annamensis)
Black crested gibbon (N. concolor)
Eastern black brested gibbon (N. nasutus)
Northern white-cheeked gibbon (N. leucogenys)
Yellow-cheeked gibbon (N. gabriellae)
Southern white-cheeked gibbon (N. siki)
Category
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q303166
Wikispecies: Hoolock
ADW: Bunopithecus_hoolock
BioLib: 607903
EoL: 2921781
Fossilworks: 158822
GBIF: 4827728
ITIS: 943871
NCBI: 325167
uBio: 112863
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoolock_gibbon&oldid=837233857"
Categories:
Hoolock
Gibbons
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Català
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Кырык мары
Лакку
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Олык марий
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Удмурт
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
22 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 15:07 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: sup

values: Hoolock Gibbon by Dr Raju Kasambe 02.JPG

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

value: span

attrs: class style

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values:
/wiki/Hoolock_hoolock
mw-redirect
Hoolock hoolock

values:
/wiki/Hoolock_leuconedys
mw-redirect
Hoolock leuconedys

values:
/wiki/Hoolock_tianxing
mw-redirect
Hoolock tianxing

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Diurnal_animal
mw-redirect
Diurnal animal

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajp.22631

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-2345

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.gibboncenter.org/
external text

values:
*_Kingdom:_Animalia
*_Phylum:_Chordata
*_Class:_Mammalia
*_Order:_Primates
*_Suborder:_Haplorrhini

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id607903

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/2921781/overview

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/4827728

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: হলৌ বান্দৰ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: উল্লুক – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlock
Houlock – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: 흰눈썹긴팔원숭이 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: हूलोक गिबन – Hindi

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גיבון הולוק – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulok
Hulok – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: ഹൂളോക്ക് ഗിബൺ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeloks
Hoeloks – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: フーロックテナガザル – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Хулоки – Russian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ஹுலக் கிப்பான் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ชะนีคิ้วขาว – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Хулок – Udmurt

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-udm
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolock
Hoolock – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hoolock_gibbon rootpage-Hoolock_gibbon skin-vector action-view


text:
Trinity of Carnatic music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Muthuswami Dikshitar
Tyagaraja
The Trinity of Carnatic music refer to the outstanding trio of composer-musicians of Carnatic music in the 18th century, being Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri. Prolific in composition, the Trinity of Carnatic music are known for creating a new era in the history of Carnatic music by bringing about a noticeable change in what was the existing Carnatic music tradition.[1] Compositions of the Trinity of Carnatic music are recognised as being distinct in style, and original in handling ragas.[2] All three composers were born at Thiruvarur formerly part of Thanjavur District in Tamilnadu. [3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Compositions
1.1 Ragas and talas
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Compositions[edit]
Muthuswami Dikshitar mainly composed in Sanskrit, while Tyagaraja and Syama Sastri mainly composed in Telugu.[4]
Ragas and talas[edit]
The Trinity of Carnatic music composed new ragas and talas, and had a remarkable ability to introduce innovations within the same raga.[5]
Compositions of Syama Sastri in 'apoorva' ragas like Chinthamani, and Kalagada evidence his originality and genius in discovering new forms in Carnatic music.[6] The creative ability of Syama Sastri is possibly best exampled in his concert-contest against Kesavvaya, a great Carnatic musician from Bobbili.[7] During this contest which took place at the court of the king of Thanjavur, although Kesavayya sang a rare raga followed by a tana in different jathis and gathis, Syama Sastri reproduced similar tana varieties, and to the delight of the audience, went further to introduce other varieties which were not known to Kesavvaya.[8]
See also[edit]
Indian classical music portal
List of Carnatic composers
List of Carnatic instrumentalists
List of Carnatic musicians
Tamil Trinity of Carnatic music
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ http://travel.sulekha.com/thiruvarur-a-land-of-culture-and-carnatic-music_travelogue_600372
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
Jump up ^ Panikkar (2002), p44
References[edit]
Indian classical music portal
Panikkar, K N (2002). Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India. London: Anthem Press – Wimbledon Publishing Company.

This article related to Carnatic music is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_of_Carnatic_music&oldid=806429586"
Categories:
Carnatic music stubs
Carnatic music
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2014
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
മലയാളം
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 October 2017, at 00:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

values: /wiki/Composers mw-redirect Composers

attrs: href title

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/List_of_Carnatic_musicians
mw-redirect
List of Carnatic musicians

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Trinity_of_Carnatic_music
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: കർണ്ണാടക സംഗീതത്തിലെ ത്രിമൂർത്തികൾ – Malayalam

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Trinity_of_Carnatic_music rootpage-Trinity_of_Carnatic_music vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Constitutional court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Austrian Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof VfGH), the oldest constitutional court in the world, resided in the building of the former Böhmische Hofkanzlei (English: Bohemian Court Chancellery), Judenplatz 11 in Vienna until 2012.
Hall for plenary sessions of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic in the building of the former Moravian Parliament in Brno
Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) in Karlsruhe
A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
In 1919 the First Austrian Republic established the first dedicated constitutional court, the Constitutional Court of Austria, which however existed in name only until 10 October 1920, when the country's new constitution came into effect, upon which the court gained the power to review the laws of Austria's federal states.[1] The Czechoslovakian Constitution of 1920, which came into effect on 2 February 1920, was the first to provide for a dedicated court for judicial review of parliamentary laws, but the court did not convene until November 1921.
The list in this article is of countries that have a separate constitutional court. Many countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their general court system, with the final decision-making power resting in the supreme court. Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called "constitutional courts". For example, the Supreme Court of the United States has been called the world's oldest constitutional court[2] because it was one of the earliest courts in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison), even though it is not a separate constitutional court, hearing as it does cases not touching on the Constitution.
Prior to 1919, the United States, Canada and Australia had adopted the concept of judicial review by their courts following shared principles of their similar common law legal systems, which they, in turn, had inherited from British legal practice. (The United Kingdom itself does not have a codified constitution to be reviewed by such a court.) The Parthenopean Republic constitution of 1799, written by Mario Pagano, envisaged such a body ("eforato"), but lasted only 6 months.[3]
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, established in 1991
List[edit]
See also: List of supreme courts by country
Countries with separate constitutional courts include:
Albania
Angola[4]
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Burma
Chad
Chile
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Croatia
Czech Republic
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
France
Georgia
Germany
Guatemala
Hungary
Indonesia
Iran
Italy
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Republic of Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Mongolia
Nepal
Niger
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Syria
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Thailand
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Zambia
Zimbabwe
See also[edit]
Constitution
Constitutional Body
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics
Judiciary
Jurisprudence
Rule of law
Rule According to Higher Law
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitutional Court of Austria - History Archived 2012-08-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (September 17, 2008). "U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mauro Lenci, The battle over "democracy". In Oddens, Joris; Rutjes, Mart; Jacobs, Erik (2015-05-01). The political culture of the sister republics, 1794-1806: France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789048522415.
Jump up ^ http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_court&oldid=858827753"
Categories:
Constitutional courts
Courts by type
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Italiano
Қазақша
Lietuvių
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Walon
中文
27 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 September 2018, at 21:48 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: i

values: Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Austria
mw-redirect
Constitutional Court of Austria

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values: Constitutional Court of Angola (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belgium
mw-redirect
Constitutional Court of Belgium

values: Constitutional Court of Benin (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Burma
mw-redirect
Constitutional Tribunal of Burma

values: Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/Croatian_Constitutional_Court
mw-redirect
Croatian Constitutional Court

values: Constitutional Court of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France
mw-redirect
Constitutional Council of France

values:
/wiki/Indonesian_Constitutional_Court
mw-redirect
Indonesian Constitutional Court

values: Constitutional Court of Jordan (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Council (Lebanon) (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania

values: Constitutional Court of Luxembourg (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Republic of Macedonia (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Malta (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Nepal (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Niger
mw-redirect
Constitutional Court of Niger

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Uganda
mw-redirect
Constitutional Court of Uganda

values: Constitutional Court of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Zambia (page does not exist)

values: Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values: Constitutional Body (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law
mw-redirect
Rule According to Higher Law

values:
nofollow
http://www.tribunalconstitucional.ao/
external free

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_court
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: محكمة دستورية – Arabic

values: Конституционен съд – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Põhiseaduslikkuse järelevalve kohus – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Συνταγματικό δικαστήριο – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: دادگاه قانون اساسی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 헌법재판소 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Սահմանադրական դատարան – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: संविधानी अदालत – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Конституциялық Сот – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: संवैधानिक अदालत – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Конституционный суд – Russian

values: Уставни суд – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: அரசியல் யாப்பு நீதிமன்றம் – Tamil

values: ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Конституційний суд – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Constitutional_court rootpage-Constitutional_court skin-vector action-view


text:
African literature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
African literature is literature of or from Africa and includes oral literature (or "orature", in the term coined by Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu).[1]
As George Joseph notes in his chapter on African literature in Understanding Contemporary Africa, whereas European views of literature often stressed a separation of art and content, African awareness is inclusive:
"Literature" can also simply an artistic use of words for the sake of art alone. [...]Traditionally, Africans do not radically separate art from teaching. Rather than write or sing for beauty in itself, African writers, taking their cue from oral literature, use beauty to help communicate important truths and information to society. Indeed, an object is considered beautiful because of the truths it reveals and the communities it helps to build.[2]
Contents
1 Oral literature
2 Precolonial literature
3 Colonial African literature
4 Postcolonial African literature
5 Contemporary developments
6 Literature published in Africa
7 Notable novels by African writers
8 Notable African poets
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Oral literature[edit]
Oral literature (or orature) may be in prose or verse. The prose is often mythological or historical and can include tales of the trickster character. Storytellers in Africa sometimes use call-and-response techniques to tell their stories. Poetry, often sung, includes: narrative epic, occupational verse, ritual verse, praise poems of rulers and other prominent people. Praise singers, bards sometimes known as "griots", tell their stories with music.[3] Also recited, often sung, are love songs, work songs, children's songs, along with epigrams, proverbs and riddles.
Precolonial literature[edit]
Examples of pre-colonial African literature are numerous. Oral literature of west Africa includes the "Epic of Sundiata" composed in medieval Mali, and the older "Epic of Dinga" from the old Ghana Empire. In Ethiopia, there is a substantial literature written in Ge'ez going back at least to the fourth century AD; the best-known work in this tradition is the Kebra Negast, or "Book of Kings." One popular form of traditional African folktale is the "trickster" story, in which a small animal uses its wits to survive encounters with larger creatures. Examples of animal tricksters include Anansi, a spider in the folklore of the Ashanti people of Ghana; Ijàpá, a tortoise in Yoruba folklore of Nigeria; and Sungura, a hare found in central and East African folklore.[4] Other works in written form are abundant, namely in north Africa, the Sahel regions of west Africa and on the Swahili coast. From Timbuktu alone, there are an estimated 300,000 or more manuscripts tucked away in various libraries and private collections,[5] mostly written in Arabic but some in the native languages (namely Fula and Songhai).[6] Many were written at the famous University of Timbuktu. The material covers a wide array of topics, including astronomy, poetry, law, history, faith, politics, and philosophy.[7] Swahili literature similarly, draws inspiration from Islamic teachings but developed under indigenous circumstances. One of the most renowned and earliest pieces of Swahili literature being Utendi wa Tambuka or "The Story of Tambuka".
In Islamic times, North Africans such as Ibn Khaldun attained great distinction within Arabic literature. Medieval north Africa boasted universities such as those of Fes and Cairo, with copious amounts of literature to supplement them.
Colonial African literature[edit]
The African works best known in the West from the periods of colonization and the slave trade are primarily slave narratives, such as Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789).
In the colonial period, Africans exposed to Western languages began to write in those tongues. In 1911, Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (also known as Ekra-Agiman) of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) published what is probably the first African novel written in English, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation.[8] Although the work moves between fiction and political advocacy, its publication and positive reviews in the Western press mark a watershed moment in African literature.
During this period, African plays written in English began to emerge. Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa published the first English-language African play, The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator in 1935. In 1962, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o of Kenya wrote the first East African drama, The Black Hermit, a cautionary tale about "tribalism" (discrimination between African tribes).
Among the first pieces of African literature to receive significant worldwide critical acclaim was Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe. Published in 1958, late in the colonial era, Things Fall Apart analyzed the effect of colonialism on traditional African society.[9]
African literature in the late colonial period (between the end of World War I and independence) increasingly showed themes of liberation, independence, and (among Africans in French-controlled territories) négritude. One of the leaders of the négritude movement, the poet and eventual President of Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor, published in 1948 the first anthology of French-language poetry written by Africans, Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy Poetry in the French Language), featuring a preface by the French existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre.[10]
For many writers this emphasis was not restricted to their publishing. Many, indeed, suffered deeply and directly: censured for casting aside his artistic responsibilities in order to participate actively in warfare, Christopher Okigbo was killed in battle for Biafra against the Nigerian movement of the 1960s' civil war; Mongane Wally Serote was detained under South Africa's Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967 between 1969 and 1970, and subsequently released without ever having stood trial; in London in 1970, his countryman Arthur Norje committed suicide; Malawi's Jack Mapanje was incarcerated with neither charge nor trial because of an off-hand remark at a university pub; and, in 1995, Ken Saro-Wiwa was hanged by the Nigerian junta.
Postcolonial African literature[edit]
With liberation and increased literacy since most African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, African literature has grown dramatically in quantity and in recognition, with numerous African works appearing in Western academic curricula and on "best of" lists compiled at the end of the 20th century. African writers in this period wrote both in Western languages (notably English, French, and Portuguese) and in traditional African languages such as Hausa.
Ali A. Mazrui and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa's past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity.[11] Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. Female writers are today far better represented in published African literature than they were prior to independence.
In 1986, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in literature. Previously, Algerian-born Albert Camus had been awarded the 1957 prize.
Contemporary developments[edit]
There is a lot of literary production in Africa since the beginning of the current decade (2010), even though readers do not always follow in large numbers.[12] One can also notice the appearance of certain writings that break with the academic style.[13] In addition, the shortage of literary critics can be explored on the continent nowadays.[14] Literary events seem to be very fashionable, including literary awards, some of which can be distinguished by their original concepts. The case of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations is quite illustrative.[15]
Literature published in Africa[edit]
Inaugurated in 1980 and running till 2009, the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa was presented for the outstanding work of the year published in Africa.[16]
Notable novels by African writers[edit]
Peter Abrahams (South Africa): Mine Boy, This Island Now, A Wreath for Udomo
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria): Arrow of God, No Longer At Ease, Things Fall Apart, A Man of the People, Anthills of the Savannah
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Nigeria): Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sun
Fadhy Mtanga (Tanzania): Kizungumkuti, Huba, Fungate
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola): Rainy Season, Creole, The Book of Chameleons, My Father's Wives
Mohammed Naseehu Ali (Ghana): The Prophet of Zongo Street
Germano Almeida (Cape Verde): O dia das calças roladas, The Last Will and Testament of Senhor da Silva Araújo
Elechi Amadi (Nigeria): The Concubine, The Great Ponds, Sunset in Biafra
Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana): The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Two Thousand Seasons
Sefi Atta (Nigeria): Everything Good Will Come
Ayesha Harruna Attah (Ghana): Harmattan Rain
Mariama Bâ (Senegal): Une si longue lettre (So Long a Letter)
Nadifa Mohamed(Somalia) Black Mamba Boy, The Orchard of Lost Souls
Chris Barnard (South Africa): Bundu, Mahala
Mongo Beti (Cameroon): The Poor Christ of Bomba
Andre Brink (South Africa): 'n Droe Wit Seisoen (A Dry White Season), Gerugte van Reen (Rumours of Rain)
J. M. Coetzee (South Africa): Disgrace, Life & Times of Michael K
Mia Couto (Mozambique): Terra Sonâmbula (A Sleepwalking Land)
Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (Mozambique): Ualalapi
Luís Bernardo Honwana (Mozambique): Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos, We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories
Tsitsi Dangarembga (Zimbabwe): Nervous Conditions
Mohammed Dib (Algeria): La grande maison
E. K. M. Dido (South Africa): 'n Stringetjie Blou Krale (A String of Blue Beads), Die Storie van Monica Peters (The Story of Monica Peters)
Assia Djebar (Algeria): Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde
K. Sello Duiker (South Africa): Thirteen Cents, The Quiet Violence of Dreams
Buchi Emecheta (Nigeria): The Bride Price, The Joys of Motherhood
Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa (Nigeria): Ogboju odẹ ninu igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons)
Nuruddin Farah (Somalia): From a Crooked Rib, Maps, Sweet and Sour Milk
Athol Fugard (South Africa): Tsotsi
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa): Burger's Daughter, The Conservationist, July's People
Alex La Guma (South Africa): In the Fog of the Seasons' End, The Stone-Country, Time of the Butcherbird, A Walk in the Night
Bessie Head (Botswana): When Rain Clouds Gather, Maru, A Question of Power
Moses Isegawa (Uganda): Abyssinian Chronicles
Rayda Jacobs (South Africa): The Slave Book, Eyes of the Sky, Confessions of a Gambler
Tahar Ben Jelloun (Morocco): The Sacred Night, The Sand Child, This Blinding Absence of Light
Cheikh Hamidou Kane (Senegal): L'Aventure Ambiguë
Yasmina Khadra (Algeria): The Swallows of Kabul
Camara Laye (Guinea): The African Child (L'Enfant noir), The Radiance of the King
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt): The Beginning and the End, Cairo Trilogy, Children of Gebelawi, Midaq Alley
Charles Mangua (Kenya): A Tail in the Mouth
Sarah Ladipo Manyika (Nigeria): In Dependence
Dambudzo Marechera (Zimbabwe): The House of Hunger
Dalene Matthee (South Africa): Kringe in 'n bos (Circles in a Forest)
Zakes Mda (South Africa): Ways of Dying, The Heart of Redness
Thomas Mofolo (South Africa/Lesotho): Chaka
Bai Tamia Moore (Liberia): Murder in the Cassava Patch
Meja Mwangi (Kenya): Carcase for Hounds, Going Down River Road, Kill Me Quick
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya): A Grain of Wheat, Matigari, Petals of Blood, Weep Not, Child, Wizard of the Crow
Lewis Nkosi (South Africa): Mandela's Ego, Mating Birds, Underground People
Flora Nwapa (Nigeria): Efuru, Idu, One is Enough, Never Again, Women are Different
Nnedi Okorafor (Nigeria): Zahrah the Windseeker
Ben Okri (Nigeria): The Famished Road
Deon Opperman (South Africa): Donkerland (Dark Land), Kruispad (Crossroad), Hartland (Heartland)
Yambo Ouologuem (Mali): Le Devoir de Violence
Alan Paton (South Africa): Cry, The Beloved Country
Pepetela (Angola) : Muana Puó, Mayombe, A Gloriosa Família
Sol Plaatje (South Africa): Mhudi
Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt) : Woman at Point Zero
Tayeb Salih (Sudan): Season of Migration to the North
Wilton Sankawulo (Liberia): Birds Are Singing
Karel Schoeman (South Africa): n Ander Land (Another Country), Na die Geliefde Land (Promised Land)
Olive Schreiner (South Africa): The Story of an African Farm
Benjamin Sehene (Rwanda): Le Feu sous la Soutane (Fire under the Cassock)
Ousmane Sembène (Senegal): Xala, The Black Docker (Le Docker Noir), God's Bits of Wood (Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu), The Last of the Empire (Le dernier de l'Empire), Tribal Scars (Voltaïque)
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria): The Interpreters, Seasons of Anomy,
Amos Tutuola (Nigeria): The Palm Wine Drinkard, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle, Feather Woman of the Jungle, he Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town, Ajaiyi and his Inherited Poverty
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa): Triomf (Triumph)
Yvonne Vera (Zimbabwe): Butterfly Burning
José Luandino Vieira (Angola): Luanda
Joseph Jeffrey Walters (Liberia): Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess (1891)
Birhanu Zerihun (Ethiopia): Ye'imba debdabbéwoch ("Tearful Letters")
Notable African poets[edit]
Abu-el-Qasim-el-Chebbi (Tunisia)
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana)
Georges Andriamanantena (Rado) (Madagascar)
Jared Angira (Kenya)
Kofi Anyidoho (Ghana)
Kofi Awoonor (Ghana)
Fadhy Mtanga (Tanzania)
Sahlesillasse Birhanemariam (Ethiopia)
Breyten Breytenbach (South Africa)
Dennis Brutus (South Africa)
Glynn Burridge (Seychelles)
Abena Busia (Ghana)
John Pepper Clark (Nigeria)
José Craveirinha (Mozambique)
Viriato Clemente da Cruz (Angola)
Getinet Eniyew ( Ethiopia)
Tsegaye Gebremedhin (Ethiopia)
Abbe Gubenga (Ethiopia)
Hadraawi (Somalia)
Ingrid Jonker (South Africa)
Jonathan Kariara (Kenya)
Joseph Kariuki (Kenya)
Susan Kiguli (Uganda)
Ahmadou Kourouma (Ivory Coast)
Antjie Krog (South Africa)
Jack Mapanje (Malawi)
Eugene Marais (South Africa)
Don Mattera (South Africa)
Bai Tamia Moore(Liberia)
Togara Muzanenhamo (Zimbabwe)
K. Moses Nagbe (Liberia)
Arthur Nortje (South Africa)
Gabriel Okara (Nigeria)
Nii Parkes (Ghana)
Christopher Okigbo (Nigeria)
Ben Okri (Nigeria)
Okot P'Bitek (Uganda)
Lenrie Peters (Gambia)
Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (Madagascar)
Jacques Rabemananjara (Madagascar)
Elie Rajaonarison (Madagascar)
Ny Avana Ramanantoanina (Madagascar)
Pierre Randrianarisoa (Madagascar)
Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (Dox) (Madagascar)
David Rubadiri (Malawi, Uganda)
Tijan Sallah (Gambia)
Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)
Debede Seyfu (Ethiopia)
Bewketu Seyoum (Ethiopia)
Warsan Shire
Adam Small (South Africa)
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
Véronique Tadjo (Ivory Coast)
Arménio Vieira (Cape Verde)
Dagnachew Werku (Ethiopia)
Patricia Jabbeh Wesley (Liberia)
See also[edit]
Literature portal
Grand Prix of Literary Associations
List of African writers
Literature by country
African cinema
Poetry in Africa
Nigerian literature
International Research Confederacy on African Literature and Culture
African-American literature
Asian literature
European literature
Oceanian literature
Latin-American literature
Liberian literature
References[edit]
Jump up ^ George, Joseph, "African Literature", in Gordon and Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa (1996), ch. 14, p. 303.
Jump up ^ Joseph (1996), p. 304.
Jump up ^ "African literature" at info-please.
Jump up ^ African Literature - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Timbuktu Manuscripts Project Description" (PDF). uio.no. January 1, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Matthias Schulz and Anwen Roberts (August 1, 2008). "The Rush to Save Timbuktu's Crumbling Manuscripts". spiegel.de. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ancient Manuscripts from the Desert Libraries of Timbuktu | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". Loc.gov. July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Newell, Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: 'How to Play the Game of Life' , Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2002, p. 135, ch. 7, "Ethical Fiction: J.E. Casely Hayford's Ethiopia Unbound".
Jump up ^ Elizabeth, Marie (March 22, 2013). "Humble beginnings of Chinua Achebe's 'Things Fall Apart'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leopold Senghor - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ali A. Mazrui et al. "The development of modern literature since 1935" as ch. 19 of UNESCO's General History of Africa, vol. VIII, pp. 564f. Collaborating with Ali A. Mazrui on this chapter were Mario Pinto de Andrade, M'hamed Alaoui Abdalaoui, Daniel P. Kunene and Jan Vansina.
Jump up ^ "La littérature africaine est en mouvement" (African literature is on the move): Africultures.com
Jump up ^ This article compares the "rebellious" style of a young author (Eric Mendi) with the more classical style of Alain Mabanckou: Jeuneafrique.com
Jump up ^ African Literature: Between Genuises Affluence and Critism Shortage: Camer.be
Jump up ^ This prize receives books in three languages (Spanish, English and French), the books are proposed to the Jury by literary associations: Bellanaija.com
Jump up ^ Mary Jay, "25 Years of the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa: an historic overview", The African Book Publishing Record, Volume 32, Issue 2, pp. 116–118, ISSN (Print) 0306-0322, DOI: 10.1515/ABPR.2006.116, January 2008.
Bibliography[edit]
Werku, Dagnachew, The Thirteenth Sun, 1968.
Berhanemariam, Sahlesillasse, The Warrior King, 1974.
Alain Ricard (1987). "Museum, Mausoleum, or Market: The Concept of National Literature". Research in African Literatures. 18. JSTOR 4618186.
Mineke Schipper (1987). "National Literatures and Literary History". Research in African Literatures. 18. JSTOR 4618185.
Busby, Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present, Random House, 1992.
Mazrui, Ali A. (ed.), General History of Africa, vol. VIII, UNESCO, 1993, ch. 19, Ali A. Mazrui et al., "The development of modern literature since 1935".
Gordon, April A. and Gordon, Donald L., Understanding Contemporary Africa, London: Lynne Rienner, 1996, ch. 12, George Joseph, "African Literature".
Gikandi, Simon (ed.), Encyclopedia of African Literature, London: Routledge, 2003.
Irele, Abiola, and Simon Gikandi (eds),The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature, 2 vols, Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Table of contents
Shamim, Amna. Gynocentric Contours of the Male Imagination: A Study of the Novels of Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o. New Delhi: Idea Publishing, 2017. ISBN 9788193326978
External links[edit]
Things We Inherited: Voices from Africa Cordite Poetry Review
New African Literature resource
The Africa_(Bookshelf) at Project Gutenberg
African Literature Association
African Literature Reviews
"(Literature)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
show
v
t
e
African Literature
Sovereign states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States with limited
recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies and
other territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
show
v
t
e
Africa articles
History
Chronology
Antiquity
North Africa
Archaeology
Pre-colonial kingdoms
Bantu expansion
Arab conquest
Exploration
European colonisation
Slavery
Atlantic
Arab
Scramble for Africa
Decolonisation
By topic
Economy
Empires
Historiography
Military
conflicts
By region
Central
East
North
South
West
Geography
Countries and territories
Highest points
Impact craters
Islands
Natural history
Regions
Central
East
North
South
West
Rivers
Politics
African Union
Elections
Heads of government
Heads of state
Human rights
LGBT rights
Linguistic rights
Religious rights
Women's rights
International organisations
Pan-African Parliament
Pan-Africanism
Politics
parties
United States of Africa
Economy
Central banks and currencies
Countries by GDP (nominal)
Countries by GDP (PPP)
Countries by HDI
Education
Internet
Millionaires
Natural resources
Poverty
Renewable energy
Stock exchanges
Society
Caste systems
Etiquette
Health
Circumcision
Infrastructure
Languages
Philosophy
Culture
Architecture
Art
contemporary
Cinema
films
film festivals
Cuisine
Literature
writers by country
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Music
musicians
guitarists
Religion
Irreligion
World Heritage Sites
Sport
African Cricket Association
African Games
Afro-Asian Games
Australian-rules football
Confederation of African Football
Africa Cup of Nations
FIBA Africa
Rugby Africa
Africa Cup
Stadiums by capacity
Tour d'Afrique
Demographics
Countries by population
density
Emigration
Ethnic groups
HIV/AIDS
Urbanization
cities
metropolitan areas
Youth in Africa
By year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Authority control
BNF: cb11932257g (data)
LCCN: sh85001733
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_literature&oldid=853112216"
Categories:
Arts in Africa
African literature
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
አማርኛ
العربية
Asturianu
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
Հայերեն
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Italiano
ქართული
Kiswahili
Magyar
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Türkmençe
Winaray
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 August 2018, at 14:24 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Occupational_verse
mw-redirect
Occupational verse

values:
/wiki/Praise_poems
mw-redirect
Praise poems

values:
/wiki/Children%27s_songs
mw-redirect
Children's songs

values:
/wiki/Kebra_Negast
mw-redirect
Kebra Negast

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Songhai_languages
mw-redirect
Songhai languages

values: Edit section: Colonial African literature

values:
/wiki/Slave_narratives
mw-redirect
Slave narratives

values: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

values:
/wiki/Gold_Coast_(Africa)
mw-redirect
Gold Coast (Africa)

values: The Girl Who Killed to Save: Nongqawuse the Liberator (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Terrorism_Act_No_83_of_1967
mw-redirect
Terrorism Act No 83 of 1967

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Norje
mw-redirect
Arthur Norje

values: Edit section: Postcolonial African literature

values:
/wiki/Ali_A._Mazrui
mw-redirect
Ali A. Mazrui

values:
/wiki/Literary_awards
mw-redirect
Literary awards

values: Edit section: Literature published in Africa

values: Edit section: Notable novels by African writers

values:
/wiki/No_Longer_At_Ease
mw-redirect
No Longer At Ease

values:
/wiki/Purple_Hibiscus
mw-redirect
Purple Hibiscus

values:
/wiki/Une_si_longue_lettre
mw-redirect
Une si longue lettre

values:
/wiki/Chris_Barnard
mw-redirect
Chris Barnard

values: The Poor Christ of Bomba (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Andre_Brink
mw-redirect
Andre Brink

values:
/wiki/Disgrace_(novel)
mw-redirect
Disgrace (novel)

values:
/wiki/Terra_Son%C3%A2mbula
mw-redirect
Terra Sonâmbula

values:
/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Bernardo_Honwana
mw-redirect
Luís Bernardo Honwana

values: Nós Matamos O Cão-Tinhoso e Outros Contos (page does not exist)

values: 'n Stringetjie Blou Krale (page does not exist)

values: Die Storie van Monica Peters (page does not exist)

values: Les Enfants du Nouveau Monde (page does not exist)

values: The Quiet Violence of Dreams (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Olorunfemi_Fagunwa
mw-redirect
Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa

values: Sweet and Sour Milk (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Night
mw-redirect
A Walk in the Night

values: When Rain Clouds Gather (page does not exist)

values: The Radiance of the King (page does not exist)

values: A Tail in the Mouth (page does not exist)

values: The Heart of Redness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Bai_Tamia_Moore
mw-redirect
Bai Tamia Moore

values:
/wiki/Going_Down_River_Road
mw-redirect
Going Down River Road

values:
/wiki/Mandela%27s_Ego
mw-redirect
Mandela's Ego

values:
/wiki/Mating_Birds
mw-redirect
Mating Birds

values:
/wiki/Underground_People
mw-redirect
Underground People

values: Never Again (novel) (page does not exist)

values: Women are Different (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cry,_The_Beloved_Country
mw-redirect
Cry, The Beloved Country

values:
/wiki/Wilton_Sankawulo
mw-redirect
Wilton Sankawulo

values: Na die Geliefde Land (page does not exist)

values: Le Feu sous la Soutane (page does not exist)

values: The Last of the Empire (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Seasons_of_Anomy
mw-redirect
Seasons of Anomy

values:
/wiki/The_Palm_Wine_Drinkard
mw-redirect
The Palm Wine Drinkard

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Jeffrey_Walters
mw-redirect
Joseph Jeffrey Walters

values: Guanya Pau: A Story of an African Princess

values: Ye'imba debdabbéwoch (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: Abu-el-Qasim-el-Chebbi (page does not exist)

values: Georges Andriamanantena (Rado) (page does not exist)

values: Sahlesillasse Birhanemariam (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/John_Pepper_Clark
mw-redirect
John Pepper Clark

values:
/wiki/Viriato_Clemente_da_Cruz
mw-redirect
Viriato Clemente da Cruz

values: Tsegaye Gebremedhin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Susan_Kiguli
mw-redirect
Susan Kiguli

values:
/wiki/Eugene_Marais
mw-redirect
Eugene Marais

values:
/wiki/Okot_P%27Bitek
mw-redirect
Okot P'Bitek

values: Pierre Randrianarisoa (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/List_of_African_writers
mw-redirect
List of African writers

values:
/wiki/African_cinema
mw-redirect
African cinema

values:
/wiki/European_literature
mw-redirect
European literature

values:
/wiki/Latin-American_literature
mw-redirect
Latin-American literature

values: Liberian literature (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mali/
external text

values:
/wiki/Mario_Pinto_de_Andrade
mw-redirect
Mario Pinto de Andrade

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4618186

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4618185

values:
/wiki/Gikandi,_Simon
mw-redirect
Gikandi, Simon

values:
nofollow
http://www.africanwriter.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.africanlit.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.african-literature.net

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Algeria
mw-redirect
Literature of Algeria

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Angola
mw-redirect
Literature of Angola

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Benin
mw-redirect
Literature of Benin

values: Literature of Botswana (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Literature of Burkina Faso

values: Literature of Burundi (page does not exist)

values: Literature of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Chad
mw-redirect
Literature of Chad

values: Literature of the Comoros (page does not exist)

values: Literature of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)

values: Literature of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Literature of Egypt

values: Literature of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Eritrea
mw-redirect
Literature of Eritrea

values: Literature of Ethiopia (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Gabon (page does not exist)

values: Literature of the Gambia (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Ghana (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Guinea (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Kenya
mw-redirect
Literature of Kenya

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Lesotho
mw-redirect
Literature of Lesotho

values: Literature of Liberia (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Libya
mw-redirect
Literature of Libya

values: Literature of Malawi (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Mali (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Mauritania (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Mauritius
mw-redirect
Literature of Mauritius

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Morocco
mw-redirect
Literature of Morocco

values: Literature of Mozambique (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Namibia (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Niger (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Literature of Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Rwanda
mw-redirect
Literature of Rwanda

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Senegal
mw-redirect
Literature of Senegal

values: Literature of Seychelles (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Somalia
mw-redirect
Literature of Somalia

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_South_Africa
mw-redirect
Literature of South Africa

values: Literature of South Sudan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Sudan
mw-redirect
Literature of Sudan

values: Literature of Swaziland (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Tanzania (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Togo (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Tunisia
mw-redirect
Literature of Tunisia

values: Literature of Uganda (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Zambia (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Zimbabwe (page does not exist)

values: Literature of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_Somaliland
mw-redirect
Literature of Somaliland

values: Literature of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Ceuta (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Melilla (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Madeira (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Mayotte (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literature_of_R%C3%A9union
mw-redirect
Literature of Réunion

values: Literature of Saint Helena (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Ascension Island (page does not exist)

values: Literature of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa
mw-redirect
Ancient history of Africa

values:
/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_North_Africa
mw-redirect
Arab conquest of North Africa

values:
/wiki/Exploration_of_Africa
mw-redirect
Exploration of Africa

values:
/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa
mw-redirect
History of Central Africa

values:
/wiki/History_of_East_Africa
mw-redirect
History of East Africa

values:
/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa
mw-redirect
History of Southern Africa

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

values: List of African countries by highest point

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Africa
mw-redirect
Politics of Africa

values: List of linguistic rights in African constitutions

values:
/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa
mw-redirect
Freedom of religion in Africa

values: List of central banks and currencies of Africa

values: List of African countries by GDP (nominal)

values: List of African countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/List_of_African_millionaires
mw-redirect
List of African millionaires

values: List of African countries by population density

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/African_literature
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: የአፍሪካ ሥነፅሁፍ – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: أدب أفريقي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: Աֆրիկյան գրականություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: আফ্রিকার সাহিত্য – Bishnupriya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values: აფრიკული ლიტერატურა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Африканская литература – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-African_literature rootpage-African_literature skin-vector action-view


text:
Johnny B. Goode
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the posthumous live album by Jimi Hendrix, see Johnny B. Goode (album).
"Johnny B. Goode"
Single by Chuck Berry
B-side
"Around & Around"
Released
March 31, 1958 (1958-03-31)
Format
45 rpm record
78 rpm record
Recorded
January 6, 1958
Studio
Chess, Chicago
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
2:41
Label
Chess
Songwriter(s)
Chuck Berry
Producer(s)
Little "Bongo" Kraus
Chuck Berry singles chronology
"Sweet Little Sixteen"
(1958) "Johnny B. Goode"
(1958) "Beautiful Delilah"
(1958)
Audio sample
file
help
"Johnny B. Goode" is a 1958 rock-and-roll song written and first recorded by Chuck Berry. The song was a major hit among both black and white audiences, peaking at number two on Billboard magazine's Hot R&B Sides chart and number eight on its Hot 100 chart.[1]
"Johnny B. Goode" is considered one of the most recognizable songs in the history of popular music. Credited as "the first rock & roll hit about rock & roll stardom",[2] it has been recorded by many other artists and has received several honors and accolades. The song is also ranked seventh on Rolling Stone's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and recording
1.1 Personnel
2 Chart history
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Legacy
3.1 Accolades
4 Cover versions
5 References
Composition and recording[edit]
Written by Berry in 1955, the song is about an illiterate "country boy" from the New Orleans area, who plays a guitar "just like ringing a bell," and who might one day have his "name in lights."[4] Berry acknowledged that the song is partly autobiographical and that the original lyrics referred to Johnny as a "colored boy", but he changed it to "country boy" to ensure radio play.[5] As well as suggesting that the guitar player is good, the title hints at autobiographic elements, because Berry was born at 2520 Goode Avenue, in St. Louis.[4] The song was initially inspired by Johnnie Johnson, the regular piano player in Berry's band,[6][7] but developed into a song mainly about Berry himself. Johnson played on many other recordings by Berry, but Lafayette Leake played the piano on this song.[4]
The opening guitar riff of "Johnny B. Goode" is essentially a note-for-note copy of the opening single-note solo on Louis Jordan's "Ain't That Just Like a Woman" (1946), played by guitarist Carl Hogan.[8] Neither the guitar intro nor the solo are played at once. Berry played the introductory parts together with the rhythm guitar and later overdubbed the solo runs.[9]
Berry wrote four more songs involving the character Johnny B. Goode, "Bye Bye Johnny", "Go Go Go", "Johnny B. Blues" and "Lady B. Goode"; and titled an album, and the nearly 19-minute instrumental title track from it, as "Concerto in B. Goode".
Personnel[edit]
Chuck Berry – vocals, guitars[4]
Lafayette Leake – piano[4]
Willie Dixon – double bass[4]
Fred Below – drums[4]
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1958)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 8
US Billboard Hot R&B Sides[11] 2
US Cash Box Top 100[12] 11
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[13] 9
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1958)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100 [14] 73
Legacy[edit]
The Voyager Golden Record contains "Johnny B. Goode" among various musical pieces from many cultures.
In The Guardian, Joe Queenan wrote that "Johnny B. Goode" is "probably the first song ever written about how much money a musician could make by playing the guitar," and argued that "no song in the history of rock'n'roll more jubilantly celebrates the downmarket socioeconomic roots of the genre."[15] In Billboard, Jason Upshutz stated that the song was "the first rock-star origin story", and that it featured "a swagger and showmanship that had not yet invaded radio."[16]
When Chuck Berry was inducted during the first Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony on January 23, 1986, he performed "Johnny B. Goode" and "Rock and Roll Music", backed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band.[17] The Hall of Fame included these songs and "Maybellene" in their list of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.[18] It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999, for its influence as a rock and roll single.[19]
The song was used in one of the main scenes of the 1973 coming-of-age comedy-drama American Graffiti[20] and was featured in the 1985 time-travel film Back to the Future.
Accolades[edit]
List
Publisher
Rank
Year of publication
500 Greatest Songs of All Time Rolling Stone 7 2010
100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Q 42 2005
100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time Rolling Stone 1 2008
Top 3000 Songs Acclaimed Music 6 N/A
500 Songs That Shaped Rock Rock and Roll Hall of Fame N/A 1995
50 Greatest Guitar Solos Guitar World 12 2009
Cover versions[edit]
The song has been recorded by a wide variety of artists in different genres.
The Beatles recorded a version of the song on January 7, 1964, at the Playhouse Theatre in London for the BBC radio show Saturday Club. The Beatles' version featured John Lennon on vocals and rhythm guitar, Paul McCartney on bass guitar, George Harrison on lead guitar, and Ringo Starr on drums.[21] Chuck Berry was a favorite of the band members. They previously and subsequently recorded versions of other songs by Berry, including "Roll Over Beethoven", released on the album With the Beatles in 1963, and "Rock and Roll Music", released on Beatles for Sale in 1964, along with several others that subsequently were released on Live at the BBC.[21]
Country musician Buck Owens's version of "Johnny B. Goode" topped Billboard magazine's Hot Country Sides chart in 1969.[22]
Jimi Hendrix had a posthumous hit with "Johnny B. Goode", which peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart in 1972[23] and number 13 on the New Zealand Top 50 in 1986.[24]
Leif Garrett released a version of the song on his 1977 album, Leif Garrett.[25]
Peter Tosh's version of the song peaked at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100,[26] number 48 on the UK Singles Chart,[27] number 10 in the Netherlands, and number 29 in New Zealand in 1983.[28]
Judas Priest's version reached number 64 on the UK Singles Chart in 1988.[23]
John Denver recorded a version on his self-titled album.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 42. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 7. Chuck Berry, 'Johnny B. Goode'". April 7, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Taylor, Timothy D. (2000). "Chapter 7 – His Name Was in Lights: Chuck Berry's 'Johnny B. Goode'". In Middleton, Richard. Reading Pop: Approaches to Textual Analysis in Popular Music. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–167, 177. ISBN 0-19-816611-7.
Jump up ^ "Johnny B. Goode : Rolling Stone". rollingstone.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Johnson". Blues Music Now. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ratliff, Ben (April 14, 2005). "Johnnie Johnson, 80, Dies; Inspired 'Johnny B. Goode'". New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Miller, James (1999). Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977. Simon & Schuster. p. 104. ISBN 0-684-80873-0.
Jump up ^ Dietmar Rudolph. "Johnny B. Goode take 3 isn't - I mean take 3 - The Chuck Berry Collectors Blog". Crlf.de. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Charts & Awards: Chuck Berry – Billboard Singles". AllMusic. Rovi. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, May 31, 1958
Jump up ^ "Chuck Berry Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Queenan, Joe (June 21, 2007). "The story of Johnny B Goode". The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Upshutz, Jason (March 18, 2017). "How Chuck Berry's 'Johnny B. Goode' Helped Define 'Back to the Future'". Billboard. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barker, Derek (2009). Liner notes to Bruce Springsteen's Jukebox: The Songs that Inspired the Man [CD]. Chrome Dreams.
Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll by Artists (A-C)". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame – Past Recipients (Letter J)". The Grammy Awards. United States: National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 50 greatest film soundtracks". The Guardian. March 18, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Beatles Bible: Johnny B Goode". Retrieved May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts & Awards: Buck Owens – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. United States: Rovi Corporation. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Johnny B. Goode - Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Johnny B. Goode" by Jimi Hendrix" (ASP). New Zealand Top 50 Singles. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Leif Garrett, Leif Garrett". Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts & Awards: Peter Tosh – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Rovi. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Peter Tosh: Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Johnny B. Goode" by Peter Tosh" (ASP). australian-charts. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
Preceded by
"I Love You More Today"
by Conway Twitty Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
(Buck Owens and the Buckaroos version)
July 26 – August 2, 1969 Succeeded by
"All I Have to Offer You (Is Me)"
by Charley Pride
[show]
v
t
e
Chuck Berry
Studio albums
After School Session (1957)
One Dozen Berrys (1958)
Chuck Berry Is on Top (1959)
Rockin' at the Hops (1960)
New Juke Box Hits (1961)
Two Great Guitars (with Bo Diddley) (1964)
St. Louis to Liverpool (1964)
Chuck Berry in London (1965)
Fresh Berry's (1965)
Chuck Berry's Golden Hits (1967)
Chuck Berry in Memphis (1967)
From St. Louie to Frisco (1968)
Concerto in "B Goode" (1969)
Back Home (1970)
San Francisco Dues (1971)
The London Chuck Berry Sessions (1972) (Side 1)
Bio (1973)
Chuck Berry (1975)
Rock It (1979)
Chuck (2017)
Live albums
Chuck Berry on Stage (1963)
Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (1967)
The London Chuck Berry Sessions (1972) (Side 2)
Chuck Berry Live in Concert (1978)
Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987)
Live! (2000)
Live on Stage (2000)
Chuck Berry – In Concert (2002)
Compilations
Rock, Rock, Rock (1956)
Chuck Berry Twist (1962)
Chuck Berry's Golden Decade (1967, 1973, 1974)
The Great Twenty-Eight (1982)
The Chess Box (1988)
The Anthology (2000)
Volume 2 (1995)
Hit singles
"Maybellene" / "Wee Wee Hours" (1955)
"Roll Over Beethoven" / "Drifting Heart" (1956)
"Too Much Monkey Business" / "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" (1956)
"School Days" / "Deep Feeling" (1957)
"Rock and Roll Music" / "Blue Feeling"
"Sweet Little Sixteen" / "Reelin' and Rockin'" (1958)
"Johnny B. Goode" / "Around and Around" (1958)
"Almost Grown" / "Little Queenie" (1959)
"Back in the U.S.A." / "Memphis, Tennessee" (1959)
"Nadine" (1964)
"No Particular Place to Go" (1964)
"My Ding-a-Ling" (1972)
Other articles
Discography
Chuck Berry House
Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Buck Owens
Studio albums
Buck Owens
Buck Owens
Buck Owens Sings Harlan Howard
You're for Me
On the Bandstand
Buck Owens Sings Tommy Collins
Together Again
I Don't Care
I've Got a Tiger by the Tail
Before You Go
Roll Out the Red Carpet
Dust on Mother's Bible
Open Up Your Heart
Your Tender Loving Care
It Takes People Like You
Sweet Rosie Jones
Holiday albums
Christmas with Buck Owens
Christmas Shopping
Live albums
Carnegie Hall Concert
In Japan!
Compilation albums
The Fabulous Country Music Sound of Buck Owens
The Best of Buck Owens
Best of Buck Owens, Vol. 2
21 #1 Hits: The Ultimate Collection
Notable singles
"Under Your Spell Again"
"Above and Beyond"
"Excuse Me (I Think I've Got a Heartache)"
"Foolin' Around"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Act Naturally"
"Love's Gonna Live Here"
"My Heart Skips a Beat"
"I Don't Care (Just as Long as You Love Me)"
"I've Got a Tiger By the Tail"
"Before You Go"
"Only You (Can Break My Heart)"
"Buckaroo"
"Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy"
"Waitin' in Your Welfare Line"
"Think of Me"
"Open Up Your Heart"
"Where Does the Good Times Go"
"Sam's Place"
"Your Tender Loving Care"
"How Long Will My Baby Be Gone"
"Who's Gonna Mow Your Grass"
"Johnny B. Goode"
"Tall Dark Stranger"
"Big in Vegas"
"Bridge Over Troubled Water"
"Rollin' in My Sweet Baby's Arms"
"Made in Japan"
Collaboration singles
"Love Is Strange"
Guest singles
"Streets of Bakersfield"
B-side singles
"Loose Talk"
"Together Again
Related articles
Discography
Capitol Records
Dwight Sings Buck
[show]
v
t
e
Judas Priest
Ian Hill
Glenn Tipton
Rob Halford
Scott Travis
Richie Faulkner
K. K. Downing
Tim "Ripper" Owens
Dave Holland
Les Binks
Alan Moore
John Hinch
Al Atkins
Studio albums
Rocka Rolla
Sad Wings of Destiny
Sin After Sin
Stained Class
Killing Machine
British Steel
Point of Entry
Screaming for Vengeance
Defenders of the Faith
Turbo
Ram It Down
Painkiller
Jugulator
Demolition
Angel of Retribution
Nostradamus
Redeemer of Souls
Firepower
Live albums
Unleashed in the East
Priest...Live!
Priest, Live and Rare
'98 Live Meltdown
Live in London
A Touch of Evil: Live
British Steel: 30th Anniversary Live
Battle Cry
Compilations
The Best of Judas Priest
Hero, Hero
Metal Works '73–'93
The Best of Judas Priest: Living After Midnight
Genocide
Metalogy
The Essential Judas Priest
Single Cuts
The Chosen Few
Videos
Live in London
Electric Eye
Rising in the East
Live Vengeance '82
Epitaph
Battle Cry
Singles
"Rocka Rolla"
"The Ripper"
"Diamonds and Rust"
"Better by You, Better than Me"
"Take On the World"
"Evening Star"
"Rock Forever"
"Living After Midnight"
"Breaking the Law"
"United"
"Heading Out to the Highway"
"You've Got Another Thing Comin'"
"Electric Eye"
"The Green Manalishi (With the Two Prong Crown)"
"Freewheel Burning"
"Some Heads Are Gonna Roll"
"Turbo Lover"
"Locked In"
"Parental Guidance"
"Ram It Down"
"Johnny B. Goode"
"Painkiller"
"A Touch of Evil"
"Bullet Train"
"Revolution"
Other songs
"Run of the Mill"
"Victim of Changes"
"Dreamer Deceiver"
"Dissident Aggressor"
"Exciter"
"Beyond the Realms of Death"
"Burn in Hell"
"Judas Rising"
Tours and concerts
Judas Priest Tour
The Return of the Priest Tour
Whiskey Woman Tour
Rocka Rolla Tour
Sad Wings of Destiny Tour
Sin After Sin Tour
Stained Class Tour
X Certificate Tour
Hell Bent for Leather Tour
Unleashed in the East Tour
British Steel Tour
World Wide Blitz Tour
World Vengeance Tour
Metal Conqueror Tour
Fuel for Life Tour
Mercenaries of Metal Tour
Painkiller Tour
Operation Rock & Roll
Reunited Tour
Retribution Tour
Nostradamus World Tour
Metal Masters Tour
Epitaph World Tour
Redeemer of Souls Tour
Related articles
Discography
Members
A Tribute to Judas Priest: Legends of Metal
Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest
A Tribute to the Priest
Book:Judas Priest
Category:Judas Priest
Portal:Heavy metal
[show]
v
t
e
Dion DiMucci
Albums
Born to Be with You
Streetheart
Singles
"Lonely Teenager"
"Runaround Sue"
"The Wanderer"
"Lovers Who Wander"
"Little Diane"
"Love Came to Me"
"Ruby Baby"
"Come Go with Me"
"Donna the Prima Donna"
"Drip Drop"
"I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man"
"Shout"
"Johnny B. Goode"
"Abraham, Martin and John"
"Purple Haze"
"And the Night Stood Still"
"Sea Cruise"
Book:Dion DiMucci
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_B._Goode&oldid=809892743"
Categories:
1958 songs
1958 singles
1969 singles
1972 singles
1979 singles
1983 singles
1988 singles
Songs written by Chuck Berry
Chuck Berry songs
The Beatles songs
Buck Owens songs
Jimi Hendrix songs
Leif Garrett songs
Judas Priest songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Chess Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Recorded music characters
Songs about music
Songs about New Orleans
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2012
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs
Singlechart called without song
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Sicilianu
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 November 2017, at 04:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: Chuck berry - johnny b goode - record label.jpg

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/45_rpm_record
mw-redirect
45 rpm record

values:
/wiki/78_rpm_record
mw-redirect
78 rpm record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values: Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)

values:
/wiki/Concerto_in_B._Goode
mw-redirect
Concerto in B. Goode

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Cash Box (magazine)

values:
/wiki/Hot_Rock_Songs
mw-redirect
Hot Rock Songs

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award
mw-redirect
Grammy Hall of Fame Award

values:
/wiki/Saturday_Club_(BBC_radio)
mw-redirect
Saturday Club (BBC radio)

values:
/wiki/Record_Research
mw-redirect
Record Research

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bluesmusicnow.com/jj20.html

values:
/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
mw-redirect
Rovi Corporation

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Chuck_Berry
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Rock_It_(album)
mw-redirect
Rock It (album)

values: Live at the Fillmore Auditorium (Chuck Berry album)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Buck_Owens
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: Roll Out the Red Carpet (Buck Owens album)

values:
/wiki/Christmas_with_Buck_Owens
mw-redirect
Christmas with Buck Owens

values: Carnegie Hall Concert (Buck Owens album)

values: Twenty-one Number One Hits: The Ultimate Collection

values: Excuse Me (I Think I've Got a Heartache)

values: I Don't Care (Just as Long as You Love Me)

values:
/wiki/Bridge_Over_Troubled_Water_(song)
mw-redirect
Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Judas_Priest
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: A Tribute to Judas Priest: Legends of Metal

values: Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest

values:
Dion_DiMucci
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: Category:Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles

values: Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: جانی بی. گود – Persian

values: 約翰尼·B·古德 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Johnny_B_Goode rootpage-Johnny_B_Goode vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view