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Nashi (youth movement)
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Youth Democratic Anti-Fascist Movement Nashi
Nashi logo
Nashi flag
Motto
Who, if not us
Formation
15 April 2005[a]
Type
Political youth movement
Purpose
Sovereign democracy, Anti-fascism, Anti-liberalism, street protests in support of Vladimir Putin, struggle against color revolutions in Russia.[b]
Headquarters
Moscow
Membership
150,000[citation needed]
Official language
Russian
Nashi leader
Vasily Yakemenko
Main organ
Rosmolodej
Remarks
Color groups: Red, blue, green
Nashi (Russian: Молодежное демократическое aнтифашистское движение «Наши», Molodezhnoye demokraticheskoye antifashistskoye dvizhenye "Nashi" Youth Democratic Anti-Fascist Movement "Ours!") is a political youth movement in Russia,[3][4] which declares itself to be a democratic, anti-fascist, anti-'oligarchic-capitalist' movement.[5] Its creation was encouraged by senior figures in the Russian Presidential administration, and is labeled as a government organized non-governmental organization (GONGO).[6] By late 2007, it had grown in size to some 120,000 members aged between 17 and 25. On April 6, 2012, the Nashi leader announced that the current form of the movement would be dissolving in the near future, possibly to be replaced by a different organisation. He stated that Nashi had been "compromised" during the 2012 Russian presidential election.[7]
In 2008, the movement was divided into groups: Nashi-2.0, Steel, All Houses, Nasha Victory and other.[citation needed]
Western critics have compared its "deliberately cultivated resemblance to" the Soviet Komsomol[8] or the Hitler Youth[9][10][11][12] and dubbed as Putinjugend.[13][14][15][16]
Contents
[hide]
1 Foundation
2 Beliefs and goals
3 Events and incidents
4 Annual Seliger encampments
5 Criticism
5.1 Payments
6 Allegations of spying on opposition groups
7 The creation of a political party
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Foundation[edit]
Nashi members in a Russian Orthodox temple.
Vladislav Surkov giving a speech during the Fifth Congress of the Nashi Youth Movement
Nashi was officially announced on 1 March 2005 by Vasily Yakemenko the leader of the pro-Putin youth movement Walking Together. The founding conference was carried out on 15 April 2005.
Yakemenko claimed to have constituted Nashi as a movement to demonstrate against what he saw as the growing power of Nazism in Russia and to take on skinheads in street fights if necessary.[17] While officially, its funding comes from pro-government business owners,[18] it is widely reported that the group also receives direct subsidies from the Kremlin.[10] Yakememko once said to gazeta.ru that the Kremlin's support makes it possible for them to tell businessmen: "we need money for a national project".[19]
Nashi's close ties with the Kremlin have been emphasised by Vladislav Surkov (Deputy Presidential Chief of Staff during 1999-2011), who has met the movement's activists on numerous occasions, delivering speeches and holding private talks. It has been speculated that the Kremlin's primary goal was to create a paramilitary force to harass and attack Vladimir Putin's critics as "enemies of the State".[20] At one event for political education in summer 2006, the Kremlin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky told Nashi members that they "lacked brutality": "you must be prepared", he went on, "to break up fascist demonstrations and prevent with force any attempt to overthrow the constitution".[21](p174) Critics have compared Nashi to the Soviet Komsomol[8] and the Hitler Youth.[9][10][11][12]
In 2012 Yakemenko confirmed that Nashi in 2010 alone received funding of about 200 million roubles from the Russian state budget.[22]
The group's headquarters is housed in a ₤20m building in the centre of Moscow.[23]
Beliefs and goals[edit]
Children participating in Mishki (Bears), a Nashi project.
The leader of the former movement Walking Together, Yakemenko, said in 2005 that the goal of the new movement, Nashi, was to put an end to the "anti-Fatherland union of oligarchs, anti-Semites, Nazis, and liberals."[b] Several Moscow newspapers suggested the goal of the group is actually a bit more specific: to eventually replace the party of power, United Russia.[24] Not all of its goals are politically motivated however. Nashi organizes voluntary work in orphanages and old people's homes, and helps restore churches and war memorials. It also pickets shops accused of selling alcohol and cigarettes to minors, and campaigns against racial intolerance.[25]
Sergei Markov, a Kremlin adviser, stated in 2005 that Nashi "[wants] Russia to be a modern, strong and free country... their ideology is clear: it is modernization of the country and preservation of its sovereignty with that."[26]
One of the movement's main goals is preventing the introduction of foreign control in Russia. Russian newspaper Moskovskij Komsomolets quoted Yakemenko as saying that "organizations in Russia are growing, on the basis of which the U.S. will create groups analogous to Serbia's Otpor!, Georgia's Kmara, or Ukraine's Pora. These groups are Eduard Limonov's National Bolshevik Party and Avant Garde Red Youth."[24] Yakemenko feared that the Russia's fate may be similar to that of Ukraine which he said "was a Russian colony and now it is an American colony."[27]
Events and incidents[edit]
A Nashi demonstration at Moscow in December 2006.
A Nashi group at "Nasha Victory" – a commemoration of the end of the Great Patriotic War at Moscow in May 2010.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and Nashi commissars at Seliger encampment in 2007
A Nashi Voluntary People's Druzhina at Surgut in 2009.
"Nasha Victory" rally – a Nashi commemoration of the end of the Great Patriotic War at Moscow in May 2010.
On June 26, 2005, with media present, Putin met with a group of Nashi members at his residence at Zavidovo, Tver Oblast. He expressed his support for the group, described as "awestruck" by his presence.[28]
In August 2005 Putin invited Yulia Gorodnicheva, an undergraduate student of Tula State University, along with other Nashi members to the meeting at Zavidovo, to be appointed to the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation,[29] but she declined Putin's appointment and on November 15, 2005, entered the second part of the chamber as a representative of Nashi. There she became a member of the Commission on Social Development.[30]
In 2006 Nashi members conducted a campaign against the Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Russia, Tony Brenton, as he attended an opposition conference called Another Russia on July 11–12. He attended along with Putin opposition leaders such as Eduard Limonov, leader of the National Bolsheviks.[31] Unnamed British officials were reported to suspect that this campaign had been co-ordinated by elements within the Russian government as a punishment for the speech given by the ambassador.[32]
In April and May 2007, Nashi members held daily protests in front of the Estonian embassy in Moscow in protest of the moving of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn to a military cemetery.[33][34] When movement members protested outside the Embassy of Estonia in Moscow in April 2007, some members were carrying signs stating "Wanted. The Ambassador of the Fascist State of eSStonia" (Russian: «Разыскивается посол фашистского государства эSSтония»), in reference to then-Ambassador of Estonia to Russia Marina Kaljurand.[35] Nashi also evoked eSStonia when they accused the Estonian state of cultivating fascism, by removing the Bronze Soldier memorial, the unsolved murder of Dmitry Ganin on Bronze Night, the arrest and detention of Mark Siryk by the Kaitsepolitseiamet on Bronze Night, and the Monument of Lihula to the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) being built.[36] In early 2008 Estonia placed some Nashi members on a European Union-wide immigration blacklist, leading Nashi to accuse the European Union of violating democratic principles that European officials often accuse Russia of violating.[37]
On 24 July 2007, Putin met with several Russian political and environmental youth organisations, including Nashi, at his residence in Zavidovo, and discussed various issues affecting Russian society. At the meeting, he stated that the United Kingdom was acting like a colonial power with a mindset stuck in the 19th or 20th centuries, due to their belief that Russia could change its constitution, allowing Andrey Lugovoy to be extradited to the UK to face charges in relation to the Alexander Litvinenko affair. He also stated, "They say we should change our Constitution – advice that I view as insulting for our country and our people. They need to change their thinking and not tell us to change our Constitution." [38][39]
In December 2007 the movement was reported to be planning to send a select group of activists to study at British universities, arguably despite its disdain for Britain and its harassment of the British ambassador in Moscow. They said: "We lag behind in knowledge and experience vital for making Russia a 21st-century world leader. British education is rated highly all over the world. The graduates of British universities are in great demand. This is because of the high quality of education and also control from the government."[40]
In March 2009 it was reported that a Nashi commisar and some associates claimed they had launched a DDOS attack on Estonia in May 2007. The attacks came after Estonia removed a World War II-era Soviet memorial from its capital, provoking protests from Moscow.[41]
On March 23, 2009, a small group of Nashi activists together with the activists of the Finnish Anti-Fascist Committee and Night Watch held a protest in Helsinki, Finland, arranged by Johan Bäckman. They denounced the publication of a new book about the Soviet occupation of Estonia by Sofi Oksanen and Imbi Paju and related seminar and saw the indictment of the occupation as an attack on Russia. Finnish historian and Russia-expert Arto Luukkanen considered the protest as an attempt by a marginal group to get publicity. Oksanen suggested that "Their message is aimed at Russians and the Russian media".[42][43]

"Nasha Army" youth military troops in Smolensk, near Belarus.
On January 18, 2010 Nashi activists held a rally near the Embassy of Ukraine in Moscow and "congratulated" Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko with his defeat in the first round of the presidential election the day before.[44]

On July 30, 2010, Ella Pamfilova, Medvedev's human right's advisor, resigned over comments she made, saying that Nashi activists had "pawned their souls to the devil" and that she "feared they might to come to power one day", causing Nashi to sue for libel. The Russian opposition commented, claiming that Nashi assaulted and intimidated its leaders.[45][46]
In December 2011 Nashi members staged large pro-Kremlin demonstrations in response to anti-Putin protests that followed the 2011 legislative election.[47]
Annual Seliger encampments[edit]
Camp Seliger
Main article: Seliger (forum)
Every summer, Nashi runs recruiting camps all across Russia. New members receive a basic military-style training, according to Yakimenko. The July 2007 annual Nashi encampment, located 200 miles outside Moscow, was attended by over 10,000 members. It involved two weeks of lectures and calisthenics. Some reports mention the use of the camp to improve the demographics of Russia,[10] where twenty tents were set up for twenty newlywed couples to sleep together.[48] In an effort to deconstruct its discredited public image in 2012, Nashi invited opposition activists to its annual encampment named "Occupy Seliger" for that year; but few opposition activists attended.[49]
Criticism[edit]
According to Edward Lucas, in The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West, Nashi is seen as Putin's version of the Soviet Komsomol.[50](p102)
Nashi has been accused of recruiting skinheads and local hooligans to intimidate rival youth groups.[25] Such activities caused Gavin Knight, in New Statesman, to draw the conclusion that "Nashi’s true function was as a personality cult for Putin whose job was intimidate, bully and harass his opponents."[51] The movement has evoked comparisons with the Hitler Youth, in the mainstream media,[9][10][11][12] to the extent that Nashi, together with other pro-Putin youth organizations, were derogatively nicknamed Putinjugend.[52][53][54][55]
Vasily Yakemenko, leader of Nashi
A Nashi advertisement was described in a Time magazine article as "reminiscent of Soviet-era propaganda with its non sequitur acceleration of hysteria". The advertisement read: "Tomorrow there will be war in Iran. The day after tomorrow Russia will be governed externally!"[56] The Boston Globe said that "movement's Brownshirt tactics certain evoke shades of Hitler Youth, as does the emphasis on physical fitness, clean living, and procreation for the Motherland".[10] Writing for the Daily Mail, Edward Lucas viewed the emergence of this and, more recently, other similar organisations, such as Young Guard of United Russia and Locals, as one of the signs of Russia under Putin "sliding into fascism, with state control of the economy, media, politics and society becoming increasingly heavy-handed".[57]
The National Bolsheviks have accused Nashi of leading attacks on their members, including one in Moscow in August 2005.[58] Liberal youth leader Ilya Yashin has also denounced Nashi as a cover for "storm brigades" that will use violence against democratic organizations and claimed that their formation is only part of Putin's fear of losing power in a manner similar to the Orange Revolution of Ukraine.[59] One young National Bolshevik, Roman Sadykhov, joined Nashi's sister organisation Young Russia (Rumol) in order to investigate its activities. He claimed that Rumol formed a group of hooligan ultras to conduct street battles against members of the opposition.[60] Their training included the construction of smoke bombs. He secretly taped meetings he had attended. At one of the meetings, Surkov said that he found the training for street combat "terrifically interesting."[21](p172)
Nashi has been accused of being a group of "football hooligans and racist skinheads" preaching hostility of certain races traditionally targeted by Russian nationalists- such as Chechens, Georgians, Armenians, Azeris, Circassians, Uzbeks, Jews, Poles, etc.[61][62]
British journalists Peter Oborne and James Jones examined the activity of Nashi in a documentary produced for Channel 4's foreign affairs series Unreported World. They described it as a movement originally created to prevent the emergence of a colour revolution-style movement in Russia. They claimed that some members of Nashi are explicitly racist, and met with Russian journalist Oleg Kashin, who alleged that Nashi members were most likely responsible for a severe beating he received in late 2010 after writing an article critical of a business associate of Vladimir Putin. Kashin was beaten with iron bars, and was in a coma for three days due to the assault, in which he received two broken legs and a broken jaw, as well as a severed finger. Oborne and Jones accused Nashi of fostering a cult of personality around Putin, redolent of historical leaders such as Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Joseph Stalin.[63]
Payments[edit]
In an article published in The Guardian in December 2011, mention was made of reports that some Nashi members were being paid to attend rallies.[23] This was based on a Moscow Times report saying that a journalist overheard a demonstrator telling another that he only participated in a particular rally because he had been paid 500 rubles,[64] and on a Time article that quoted pro-Kremlin activists as saying that free meals at McDonald's were one of their main rewards for attending the rallies.[65]
Allegations of spying on opposition groups[edit]
Fifth Nashi Congress in 2010.
In early February 2009, Anna Bukovskaya, a St. Petersburg Nashi activist, publicly claimed[66] that from January 2008 until February 2009 she had coordinated a group of 30 young people (not Nashi members) who had been tasked to infiltrate branches of the banned National Bolshevik Party, Yabloko's youth wing and United Civil Front in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh and six other cities. Bukovskaya said that the agents were to inform her, and she, in turn, passed the information to senior Nashi official Dmitry Golubyatnikov, who was allegedly in contact with "Surkov's people" in the Kremlin. The agents, who were paid 20,000 rubles ($550) per month, provided information on planned and past events together with pictures and personal information on activists and leaders, including their contact numbers. On February 3, 2009, Bukovskaya told Youth Yabloko, which she had joined six weeks prior, that she was being paid to monitor their activities and to handle people in other opposition groups.[66][67]
The creation of a political party[edit]
In May 2012 the leader of Nashi, Yakemenko, announced his intention to establish the parallel "Smart Russia" political party.[68][69] It was established at the Nashi Congress that month and Nashi Commissar Nikita Borovikov (ru) was elected as the Smart Russia political party chairman. The Smart Russia political party was officially registered in June 2012.[70]
See also[edit]
Nashism
Nashi (1991)
StopHam (organization)
Young Guard of United Russia
Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Organized 1 March 2005 with a manifesto dated 15 April 2005.[1](p2)[2]
^ Jump up to: a b According to its 2005 founding manifesto, the goals of its ideological socio-patriotic movement are to create a feeling of historical responsibility about Russian destiny. Its objectives are: to preserve the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Russia from internal civil war caused by Russian ethnic and religious division, and from external economic management caused by Russian stagnation; to change the thinking of the political, economic and administrative elite into a modern optimistic and patriotic belief in the future; and, to form a functioning civil society from the current Russian despondency, parasitism, apathy, and inability to self-organize.[2]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Manifesto of the youth movement Nashi " Манифест молодежного движения «НАШИ» [Manifest molodezhnogo dvizheniya «NASHI»]. nashi.su. Moscow, RU: The youth movement Nashi. 2005-04-18. Archived from the original on 2005-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ Franchetti, Mark (2007-09-02). Written at Moscow. "Putin's youth brigade targets Britain". timesonline.co.uk. London: News International Group. The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 2008-08-13.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Oliver (2007-10-08). Written at Moscow. "Babes 'n arms". thesun.co.uk. London: News Group Newspapers Limited. The Sun. Sergei Markov, one of its architects, said: 'The idea was to create an ideology based on a total devotion to the president'.
Jump up ^ Johnson, David, ed. (2005-04-15). "Russia: new youth movement intends to eliminate 'regime of oligarchic capitalism'". cdi.org. Excerpts from the Johnson's Russia List e-mail newsletter. Washington, DC: Center for Defense Information. INTERFAX. Archived from the original on 2005-04-19.
Jump up ^ Naim, Moises (2009-10-13). "What is a GONGO?". foreignpolicy.com. FP Group of Graham Holdings Company. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Gazeta.ru: dvizheniye "Nashi" likvidiruyetsya" Газета.Ру: Движение "Наши" ликвидируется [Gazeta.ru: movement 'Nashi' liquidated]. grani.ru (in Russian). ООО "Флавус". 2012-04-06. Archived from the original on 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Whipple, Tom (2006-12-09). "Disturbing echo of youth group that lauds Putin". The Times. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Young, Cathy (2007-08-10). "Putin's young 'brownshirts'". Op-Ed. boston.com. Boston: The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06.
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Jump up ^ Harding, Luke (2011). Mafia state: how one reporter became an enemy of the brutal new Russia. London: Guardian Books. ISBN 9780852652473.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Robert A.; Strukov, Vlad (2010). "Nashi". Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation. Historical dictionaries of Europe. 78. Scarecrow Press. pp. 401–402. ISBN 9780810874602.
Jump up ^ "New Russian movement to smash up skinheads". english.pravda.ru. Moscow, RU. 2005-03-05. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
Jump up ^ Lipman, Masha (2005-07-25). "Preempting politics in Russia". washingtonpost.com. Washington, DC: The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-01-29.
Jump up ^ Buribayev, Aidar (2005-10-02). "Political kinder-surprise" Политический киндер-сюрприз [Politicheskiy kinder-syurpriz]. Газета (in Russian) (186) (published 2005-10-03). Archived from the original on 2006-03-13.
Jump up ^ The Kremlin has a new weapon in its war on real or imagined enemies, from opponents at home to foreign revolutionaries. By Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova Newsweek International May 28, 2007
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Jump up ^ Yakemenko, Vasily (2012-01-17). Пока не загорятся здания [Poka ne zagoryatsya zdaniya]. Lenta.ru (Interview) (in Russian). Interview with Ilya Azar. ООО «Лента.Ру». Archived from the original on 2012-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, James (2011-12-08). "Putin's youth movement provides a sinister backdrop to Russia's protests". Opinion. guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Corwin, Julie (2005-03-02). "Analysis: walking with Putin". rferl.org. Washington, DC: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2008-12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b The Kremlin's new commissars by Tim Whewell, BBC News.
Jump up ^ "'Reporters without borders' urged Condoleezza Rice to raise the issue of freedom of speech in Russia during meeting with Vladimir Putin" «Репортеры без границ» призвали Кондолизу Райс поднять во время встречи с Владимиром Путиным вопрос о свободе слова в России [«Reportery bez granits» prizvali Kondolizu Rays podnyat vo vremya vstrechi s Vladimirom Putinym vopros o svobode slova v Rossii]. svoboda.org (in Russian). Washington, DC: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Radio Svoboda. 2005-04-19. Archived from the original on 2005-12-22.
Jump up ^ Coalson, Robert (2005-03-07). "Analysis: running against Washington". rferl.org. Washington, DC: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
Jump up ^ Putin Plays Host to 56 Nashi Youth by Stephen Boykewich. The Moscow Times, #3217, July 27, 2005.
Jump up ^ Виноградов, Михаил; Ждакаев, Сергей; Ильичев, Георгий (2005-08-30). "Activist of 'Nashi' will become a Civic Chamber member" Активистка 'Наших' станет членом Общественной палаты [Aktivistka 'Nashikh' stanet chlenom Obshchestvennoy palaty]. izvestiya.ru (in Russian). Izvestia. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
Jump up ^ Городничева Юлия Михайловна [Gorodnicheva Yuliya Mikhaylovna]. oprf.ru (in Russian). Moscow: Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Jump up ^ Russian youths 'hound UK envoy', BBC News, December 8, 2006.
Jump up ^ Russian regime is accused of intimidating British interests, The Times, 2006-12-09.
Jump up ^ Estonia closes Moscow consulate, citing security, RIA Novosti, April 28, 2007
Jump up ^ EU protests over Russian attacks on ambassadors. by Ian Traynor The Guardian May 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Boronov, Alexander; Shevchuk, Mikhail (21 June 2007). Между прокремлевскими движениями посеяли рознь (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Kommersant. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Липецк: Господин Лавров, скажите: "НЕТ" Эssтонскому беспределу!" (in Russian). Nashi. 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
Jump up ^ Estonia Bans Travel for Kremlin Youth Group New York Times
Jump up ^ Putin Lashes Out at Nashi Gathering by David Nowak, The St. Petersburg Times, Issue #1292 (58), 2007-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Выдержки из стенографического отчета о встрече с представителями молодежных организаций России". Zavidovo, Tver Oblast: President of Russia. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-28. English translation Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Putin's youth head to British universities. By Will Stewart telegraph.co.uk Dec 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clover, Charles (2009-03-11). Written at Moscow. "Kremlin-backed group behind Estonia cyber blitz". London: Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Culture". Hs.fi. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Home". Hs.fi. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Nashi mocks 'Orange' policy in rally near Ukraine's embassy". kyivpost.com. Kyiv, UA: Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 2010-01-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/07/30/1753615/russian-official-resigns-over.html. Retrieved August 9, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
Jump up ^ Odynova, Alexandra (2009-10-06). "Kremlin advisers warn Nashi youth". themoscowtimes.com. Moscow, RU: The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 2009-10-08. Retrieved 2016-01-30. The Kremlin's human rights council said Nashi was in violation of Articles 23, 24, 25, 27 and 29 of the Constitution.
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Jump up ^ Lucas, Edward (2014). The new cold war: Putin's Russia and the threat to the West (3rd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 102–105,. ISBN 9781137472618.
Jump up ^ The alarming spread of fascism in Putin’s Russia. by Gavin Knight New Statesman 24 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Eesti Päevaleht 26 July 2007: HEIKI SUURKASK: Kiri Eesti ainsatele fašistidele by Heiki Suurkask
Jump up ^ Eesti Päevaleht 29 January 2008 12:00: Eesti tugev löök "Hitlerjugendi" vastu, edited by Ravil Khair Al-Din
Jump up ^ Juku-Kalle Raid: Našid ja vašid, published in Delfi 18 September 2007 16:55
Jump up ^ Putin’s Pariah by Andrew Meier, The New York Times
Jump up ^ "A Tsar Is Born - TIME". Time.
Jump up ^ Sex for the motherland: Russian youths encouraged to procreate at camp. By Edward Lucas, Daily Mail 29th July 2007.
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Jump up ^ Barabanov, Ilia (2007-12-24). "Thousands of young people patrolled the streets of Moscow ..." Тысячи молодых людей патрулировали улицы Москвы ... [Tysyachi molodykh lyudey patrulirovali ulitsy Moskvy ...]. The New Times. 2007 (46). Moscow. OCLC 645632975. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07.
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Jump up ^ Oborne, Peter; Jones, James (29 October 2011). "Unreported World: Vlad's Army - Putin's brave new world". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "250 Held in 2nd Night of Vote Protests". The Moscow Times. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Empire Strikes Back: Putin Sends in the Storm Troopers". Time. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nashi Activist Tells of Snooping for Kremlin". The Moscow Times. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Шпионаши". Novaya gazeta. 16 February 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
Jump up ^ Novikova, Irina; Garbuznyak, Alina (2012-05-18). "From Nashi make 'smart' " Из "Наших" сделают "умных" [Iz "Nashikh" sdelayut "umnykh"]. mn.ru. Московские новости. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Yakimenko announced creation of a party for the 'people of the future' " Якеменко объявил о создании партии для "людей будущего" [Yakemenko obyavil o sozdanii partii dlya "lyudey budushchego"]. ria.ru. РИА Новости. 2012-05-21. Archived from the original on 2012-06-24. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Political party 'Smart Russia' " Политическая партия "Умная Россия" [Politicheskaya partiya "Umnaya Rossiya"]. Moscow: The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. 2012-06-27. Archived from the original on 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Further reading[edit]
Atwal, Maya, and Edwin Bacon. "The youth movement Nashi: contentious politics, civil society, and party politics." East European Politics 28.3 (2012): 256-266.
Wales, Oscar. "Skinheads and Nashi: What are the reasons for the rise of nationalism amongst Russian youth in the post-Soviet period?." Slovo 28.2 (2016): 106-130.
Yapici, Merve Irem. "What Role Did Nashi Play in Russian Internal Politics and Foreign Policy: A Formulator or an Implementer." Review International Law and Politics 12 (2016): 101+.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nashi.
Last version of defunct official site: nashi.su at the Wayback Machine (archived February 21, 2015) (in Russian)
website group STEEL (in Russian)
Last version of defunct "Our shared victory" site: 41-45.su at the Wayback Machine (archived July 3, 2015) (in Russian)
Time Magazine's photo essay on Putin's patriotic youth camp
New York Times Video: The Putin Generation
"Putin's Kiss" - a documentary focusing on Nashi member Masha Drokova and opposition journalist Oleg Kashin
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text:
Laetiporus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Laetiporus
L. sulphureus in Belgium
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Fomitopsidaceae
Genus: Laetiporus
Murr. (1904)
Type species
Laetiporus speciosus
Battarra ex Murrill (1904)
Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially Laetiporus sulphureus, are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because many think they taste like chicken. The name "chicken of the woods" is not to be confused with the edible polypore, Maitake (Grifola frondosa) known as "hen of the woods", or with Lyophyllum decastes, known as the "fried chicken mushroom". The name Laetiporus means "with bright pores".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Phylogenetics
3 Edibility
4 Species
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
Laetiporus sp. from Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats, India
Individual "shelves" range from 5 cm to 25 cm (2"-10" inches) across. These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments (hyphae). The mushroom grows in large brackets - some have been found that weigh over 45 kg (100 pounds). It is most commonly found on wounds of trees, mostly oak, though it is also frequently found on eucalyptus, yew, sweet chestnut, and willow, as well as conifers in some species. Laetiporus species produce brown rot in the host on which they grow.
Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist, rubbery, sulphur-yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips. Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk like, mildly pungent, and are often dotted with beetle or slug/woodlouse holes. Similar species include Laetiporus gilbertsonii (fluorescent pink, more amorphous) and L. coniferica (common in the western United States, especially on red fir trees).[2] Edibility traits for the different species have not been well documented, although all are generally considered edible with caution.[citation needed]
The sulphur shelf mushroom sometimes comes back year after year when the weather suits its sporulation preferences. From late spring to early autumn, the sulphur shelf thrives, making it a boon to mushroom hunters and a bane to those concerned about the health of their trees. This fungus causes a brown cubical rot and embrittlement which in later stages ends in the collapse of the host tree, as it can no longer flex and bend in the wind.[citation needed]
Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus cincinnatus) in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York on October 5, 2012.
Phylogenetics[edit]
L. cincinnatus, Ohio, US
Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade: sulphureus clade I contains white-pored L. sulphureus isolates, while sulphureus clade II contains yellow-pored L. sulphureus isolates.[3]
In addition, phylogenetic clades have been identified from Japan, Hawaii, South America, Europe, and South Africa.[4]
Edibility[edit]
The mushroom can be prepared in most ways that one can prepare chicken meat. It can also be used as a substitute for chicken in a vegetarian diet. Additionally, it can be frozen for long periods of time and retain its edibility. In certain parts of Germany and North America, it is considered a delicacy.
L. sulphureus prepared dish
In some cases eating the mushroom "causes mild reactions . . . for example, "swollen lips" or in rare cases "nausea, vomiting, dizziness and disorientation" to those who are sensitive.[5] This is believed to be due to a number of factors that range from very bad allergies to the mushroom's protein, to toxins absorbed by the mushroom from the wood it grows on (for example, eucalyptus or cedar or yew) to simply eating specimens that have decayed past their prime. As such, many field guides request that those who eat Laetiporus exercise caution by only eating fresh, young brackets and begin with small quantities to see how well it sits in their stomach.
Laetiporus sulphureus has a potent ability to inhibit staph bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), as well as moderate ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis.[6]
Species[edit]
Laetiporus ailaoshanensis[7]
Laetiporus baudonii
Laetiporus caribensis
Laetiporus cincinnatus
Laetiporus conifericola
Laetiporus cremeiporus
Laetiporus gilbertsonii
Laetiporus huroniensis
Laetiporus miniatus
Laetiporus montanus
Laetiporus persicinus
Laetiporus portentosus
Laetiporus sulphureus
Laetiporus versisporus
Laetiporus zonatus[7]
See also[edit]
List of meat substitutes
Food portal
Fungi portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith, Alexander H.; Smith Weber, Nancy (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. University of Michigan Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7.
Jump up ^ Burdsall, Jr., Harold H.; Banik, Mark T. (2001). "The genus Laetiporus in North America" (PDF). Harvard Papers in Botany. 6 (1): 43–55.
Jump up ^ Lindner DL, Banik MT (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Laetiporus and other brown rot polypore genera in North America". Mycologia. 100 (3): 417–30. doi:10.3852/07-124R2. PMID 18751549.
Jump up ^ Banik, Mark T., Lindner, Daniel L., Ota, Yuko, Hattori, Tsutomu (2010). "Relationships among North American and Japanese Laetiporus isolates inferred from molecular phylogenetics and single-spore incompatibility reactions". Mycologia. 102 (4): 911–917. doi:10.3852/09-044. PMID 20648757. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Michael W. Beug. "Poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms". Retrieved Feb 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, del Val AG, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF (Aug 2000). "Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 78 (2): 129–39. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021. PMID 11204765.
^ Jump up to: a b Song, Jie; Chen, yuanyuan; Cui, Baokai (2014). "Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) from southwestern China". Mycologia. 106 (5): 1039–1050. doi:10.3852/13-402. PMID 24987130.
External links[edit]
Media related to Laetiporus at Wikimedia Commons
Mushroom-Collecting.com - Laetiporus
Description of mushroom and key characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laetiporus&oldid=807711455"
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Brown rot fungus
Edible fungi
Meat substitutes
Laetiporus
Polyporales genera
Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill
Fungi described in 1904
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