text:
Dennis Haskins
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Dennis Haskins
Actor Dennis Haskins in web series "Acting School Academy"
Born
(1950-11-18) November 18, 1950 (age 67)
Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1981—Present
Spouse(s)
Dianne Haskins (divorced)
Children
Dustin Haskins
Dennis Haskins (born November 18, 1950) is an American actor known for his role as principal Richard Belding in the teen sitcom Saved by the Bell, which ran from 1989 to 1993 on NBC. He then went on to star in Saved by the Bell: The New Class, which aired from 1993 to 2000. He also portrayed the role as a regular in Good Morning, Miss Bliss.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Music and other media
4 Awards
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
He was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Haskins is an alumnus of Our Lady of Perpetual Help as well as Notre Dame High School in Chattanooga and of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. He played basketball at UTC after failing to make the team at the University of Tennessee. He was also a member of the cheerleading squad. Haskins is a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity. Dennis Haskins currently splits his time between Los Angeles and Winthrop, Massachusetts.
Before breaking into acting, Haskins was a contestant on the TV game shows Press Your Luck and Scrabble. In recent years, he has been lobbying to become a cast member on ABC's Dancing With The Stars.[1]
Career[edit]
Haskins started his role as Mr. Belding in 1988's Good Morning, Miss Bliss on the Disney Channel. After a year the show was retooled as Saved by the Bell on NBC, with Haskins being the only adult member of the regular cast. Known for the catchphrase "Hey, hey, hey, what is going on here?", he continued the role on the spinoff Saved by the Bell: The New Class until 2000.[2] He had a brief cameo as himself in the 2006 film Boys & Girls Guide To Getting Down.
On February 4, 2015, Haskins reunited with Mark-Paul Gosselaar, Elizabeth Berkley, Mario Lopez and Tiffani Thiessen on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they appeared in a Saved by the Bell sketch with Fallon.[3][4][5]
Music and other media[edit]
On August 31, 2009, Haskins released his first music album called "Karaoke With Your Favorite Principal Dennis." [6][7] On the album, he sings everything from “Piano Man” to “Mustang Sally”, the latter being a duet with Hulk Hogan's daughter Brooke Hogan. The CD was recorded in the summer of 2009 at Mikron Studios in South Pittsburg, Tennessee, with Mike Headrick. Cody McCarver produced the project, and Mike Yarworth financed it.[8] More recently, in 2011, Haskins appeared in the video for "See You In Shell" by experimental metalcore band I Wrestled a Bear Once, which parodied Saved By the Bell and films by John Hughes.
Haskins is also a fan of professional wrestling and WWE. He has appeared in multiple episodes of Z! True Long Island Story, a YouTube series by WWE professional wrestler Zack Ryder. He is also friends with Los Angeles Dodgers pitching coach Rick Honeycutt.
On November 16, 2013, Haskins appeared at the Venetian in Las Vegas, Nevada. He served as a guest speaker for the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation's Team Challenge Pasta Dinner the night before the Las Vegas Rock 'n Roll Marathon. Over 1,000 people were in attendance for the Team Challenge event, and the program has raised nearly $50 million to date. Haskins became involved with the organization after his doctor approached him and asked him to speak at the event.
On July 14, 2016, Haskins performed on stage with 90s themed band, Saved By the 90s, in Toldeo, Ohio at a Toledo Mud Hens minor league baseball game. He was joined by his relative from the UK Charlotte Teece, who performed a version of 'Cry Me A River' and danced an Irish jig.
Haskins appears in the music video for Dirty Head's "Vacation". [9]
Awards[edit]
Haskins was honored with The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga’s Most Distinguished Alumni of 2000 award and has a regional high school academic decathlon name after him, The Dennis Haskins Open, now in its eleventh year.[10]
Haskins threw out the first pitch at the Asheville Tourists minor league baseball game on May 3, 2014.
Filmography[edit]
The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985) (TV series)...Elmo Smith/Charlie Watkins/Moss
Magnum PI: Autumn Warrior (1986) (TV series)...Del Haynes
Good Morning, Miss Bliss (1987) (TV series)... Mr. Richard Belding
Hiroshima Maiden (1988) (TV)... Hal Latimer
Saved by the Bell (1989) (TV series)... Principal Richard Belding
The Image (1990) (TV)... Steven Fish
Eyewitness to Murder (1991)... Dr. Baldwin
Saved by the Bell: Hawaiian Style (1992) (TV)... Mr. Richard Belding
Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993) (TV series, guest)... Mr. Richard Belding
Saved by the Bell: The New Class (1993) (TV series)... Principal Richard Belding
Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas (1994) (TV)... Mr. Richard Belding
Figure It Out: Family Style (1998)... Himself (panelist)
The Boy with the X-Ray Eyes (1999)... Boyd Russell
18 (2001)... Laura's Dad
Max Keeble's Big Move (2001)... Mr. Kohls
The Stoneman (2002)... Dean Hendricks
An Ordinary Killer (2002)... Ronald Smith
Dismembered (2003)
Going Down (2003)... Uncle Frank
Red Water (2003) (TV)... Captain Dale Landry
Tangy Guacamole (2003)... Toss Honeycut
An Ordinary Killer (2004)... Ronald Smith
Dead End Road (2004)... Mr. Makepiece
JAG (2004) (TV Series)... Airport Security S-1
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005)... Coach Murray
Wild Michigan (2005)... Sheriff Folgar
The Treasure of Painted Forest (2005)... Sheriff Thomas
The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down (2006)... Himself
Revamped (2007) (V) ... Satanist #2
Sweep The Leg (2007)... Pizza Store owner/dad
Ratko: The Dictator's Son (2008) ... Dean Sitlong
Ocean of Pearls (2008) ... Dr. Shultz
Robot Chicken (TV series) (V) ... Jigsaw / Mr. Belding
Private High Musical (2008)... Mr. Johnson
Stacy's Mom (2008) ... Professor Wood
Creative Differences (2008) ... Tom
The Legend of Awesomest Maximus (2008) ... Father Jay
Acting School Academy (Web Series) (2009)... Martin DeWitt
Men Of A Certain Age (TV Series) (2010)... Terry's Landlord
See You In Shell, Music Video by iwrestledabearonce (2010)
Neighborhood Watch (Web Series) (2010)... Principal Gibbous
Z! True Long Island Story (Web Series) (2011-2013)... Himself/Mr. Belding
Victorious (TV Series) (2012)... Mr. Belding
Mad Men (TV Series) (2012)... Cool Whip Test kitchen scientist
How I Met Your Mother (TV Series)... Judge #2
The JBL and Cole Show (Web Series) (2013)... Himself
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014) ... Snake Oil Salesman
Up on the Wooftop (2015)... Santa Claus
Hot in Cleveland (2015)… Reverend Bower
The Tonight Show (2015)... Mr. Richard Belding
Holly, Jingles and Clyde (2017) ... Santa Claus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dennis Haskins". Dennis Haskins. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Haskins: Timing to blame for 'Saved by the Bell' reunion delay". Today.com. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Watch a Glorious Saved by the Bell Reunion Courtesy of Jimmy Fallon". Time (magazine). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Fallon assembled the cast of 'Saved by The Bell' for an epic reunion". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Fallon reunites most of the 'Saved by the Bell' cast". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Dennis Haskins. "Karaoke With Your Favorite Principal Dennis". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Haskins on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Haskins (dennishaskins) on Myspace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ Five Seven Music (13 July 2017). "Dirty Heads - Vacation (Official Video)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Haskins". Dennis Haskins. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
External links[edit]
Dennis Haskins Website
Dennis Haskins on IMDb
Dennis Haskins at The New York Times
2003 Interview with Dennis Haskins
Review of a college performance by Haskins.
Dennis Haskins' karaoke album at Lucky Voice Blog
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Haskins&oldid=802525338"
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Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2011)
Mark Sloan
Grey's Anatomy character
Eric Dane as Mark Sloan
First appearance
"Yesterday" (2.18)
February 19, 2006
(as guest star)
"Sometimes a Fantasy" (3.03)
October 5, 2006
(as series regular)
Last appearance
"Remember the Time" (9.02)
October 4, 2012
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Eric Dane
Information
Full name
Mark Everett Sloan
Nickname(s)
McSteamy
Prettier
Occupation
Attending plastic surgeon and ENT at Seattle Grace Hospital and later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital
Title
Chief of Plastic Surgery
M.D.
F.A.C.S.
Family
Sloan Riley (daughter)
Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres (daughter)
Grandson (via Sloan) baby with Addison (aborted)
Significant other(s)
Lexie Grey (girlfriend, soulmate deceased)
Addison Montgomery
Callie Torres
Teddy Altman
Reed Adamson (deceased)
Amelia Shepherd
Julia Canner
Nancy Shepherd
Mark Everett Sloan,[1] M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional character from ABC's medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by Eric Dane. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, the character was introduced in season two as Dr. Derek Shepherd's best friend who acted as the catalyst for the end of Shepherd's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife, Dr. Addison Montgomery. Soon after moving to Seattle Grace Hospital as an attending specializing in plastic surgery to reconcile with Derek, Mark earned the nickname “McSteamy” for his good looks by the female interns. Mark's focal storyline in the series involved his romantic relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey.[2] Both he and Lexie sustained life-threatening injuries after an aviation accident in the eighth season finale, which resulted in their deaths. Seattle Grace is later renamed Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Mark first appears in season two, introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). In his first appearance, he flirts with Meredith Grey, and Derek punches him in the face. Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife, Addison (Kate Walsh) while they were living in New York. Mark travels to Seattle, intent on convincing Addison to return with him, but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship. Mark returns during season three at Addison's drunken behest, but she again rejects him once sober. Undeterred, Mark sells his successful private practice (which he previously shared with Derek) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital. During Meredith's morphine rampage, Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek's friendship back. It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek's sisters. Mark has a brief fling with Addison's friend, orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), and develops a friendship with Derek's girlfriend, intern Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). It is revealed that after Derek left New York, Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months, during which she conceived and aborted his child. Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over. Mark enters into a sixty-day abstinence pact with Addison, agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time, Addison will give their relationship another chance. Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles.
Mark supports Derek when Meredith comes close to dying after drowning, and the two are able to rekindle their friendship. It is eventually revealed that he and Derek grew up together and that he, having lost his mother as a child and emotionally neglected by his father, considered Derek's mother as his maternal figure. As he was an only child and Derek was the only son, they became close friends and he was Derek's best man at the latter's wedding to Addison. He also forms a friendship with Callie, and develops an attraction to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith). Erica does not reciprocate his feelings, and he is supportive of Callie when she and Erica have a brief relationship. When Addison shows up at Seattle Grace for a case, Mark attempts to sleep with Addison again but she refuses. The nurses later start a club against him called Nurses United Against Mark Sloan. After a string of unresolved sexual tension on his part, Mark then finds himself seduced by Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), despite Derek's request that he keep their relationship platonic even before their relationship had begun. They begin a sexual relationship, which Lexie halts until he is willing to publicly admit to being her partner. Mark eventually agrees and tells Derek, who attacks him. Animosity exists between them for several episodes, before they once more repair their friendship. Mark and Lexie's relationship becomes increasingly serious. He meets her father, Thatcher (Jeff Perry); and at the end of season five, asks her to move in with him. Though Lexie initially declines, he remains committed to their relationship, and she agrees early in season six.
Mark discovers that he has an 18-year-old daughter, Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin), who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother. Mark permits her to move in with him, which angers Lexie. When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her, she puts an end to their relationship. Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy, so Mark takes her to LA to be treated. He and Addison once again sleep together, but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he doesn't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together, but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship. When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption, Mark and Callie offer to raise it together. Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle, leaving Mark distraught. He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague, Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son. She reconsiders having the baby adopted, but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what, gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington.
In the sixth-season finale, a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital. Mark helps Lexie save Alex, her new boyfriend. In the aftermath of the shooting, Lexie has a nervous breakdown and Mark has her committed to the psychiatric unit. Their friendship is strained, however Lexie softens towards him when she learns that he is still in love with her. As Lexie goes to talk to Mark about him still being in love with her, she sees Mark entering his apartment with Derek's sister Amelia kissing her and ultimately having sex with her. When Callie's girlfriend, pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), breaks up with her, she and Mark have a drunken one-night stand. Shortly thereafter, he reconciles with Lexie, but is delighted when Callie discovers she is pregnant with his child. Lexie, however, is dismayed by the news and leaves Mark.
Mark asks Dr. Jackson Avery to find out how Lexie's doing, but Jackson lies to Mark that he wasn't able to find it out, and he (Jackson) starts dating Lexie shortly after that. In the meanwhile, Callie and Mark's daughter is born. Mark later gives Jackson and Lexie his blessing, and tells Lexie he will let her go; Lexie replies that she is still in love with him, but right now she needs Jackson to be happy. After giving Jackson a hard time, Mark finally acknowledges his surgery skills and decides to teach him, although he still evidences feelings towards Lexie, while he shows his own parenting skills with Sofia. He also starts getting along better with Arizona. After a long time without dating, Mark finally embarks on a relationship with Julia. This makes Lexie jealous, which leads to her and Jackson breaking up. Lexie struggles to tell Mark how she feels but finally admits it leaving him torn between her and Julia. In the season 8 finale, Mark, Lexie, Derek, Meredith, Cristina, and Arizona are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise, Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins, crushing Lexie under debris. After trying and failing to save her, Mark holds a dying Lexie by the hand, telling her that he has and will always love her. He and the remaining surviving crash victims are left stranded in the woods, mourning Lexie and fighting to stay alive.
In the ninth-season premiere, it is discovered that Mark is on life support due to the extensive injuries he sustained in the plane crash and, as determined by his will, the machines would be turned off if he showed no signs of waking within 30 days. Flashbacks of some moments in Mark's life showcased him being videotaped as he was extending his congratulations to newlyweds Callie and Arizona. At the end of the speech, he declares that Lexie was the one he wanted to grow old and dance with in their granddaughter's wedding. At 5:00 that day, with Derek and Callie keeping vigil at his bedside, the machines were turned off, and Mark Sloan died shortly thereafter. The following episode reveals that he had a surge of good health upon his return to Seattle Grace before ultimately succumbing to his injuries. His 'surge' allowed him enough energy to advise his protégé Jackson, 'when you love someone, tell them', which is believed to be a reflection on the major obstacle of his failed relationship with Lexie. During this momentary energy, Mark also took the opportunity to make a clean break with his girlfriend, Julia, stating that the situation was not fair to her as he had always loved only Lexie. Following his death, Shonda Rhimes muses regarding Mark and Lexie's relationship: '...he and Lexie get to be together in a way. Their love remains true.”[1] Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital is later renamed Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital in tribute to Lexie and Mark.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2011)
Dane auditioned for the role during the casting of the pilot and ultimately received the role, which was only later introduced in the show.[3] He initially appeared as a guest-star in the episode "Yesterday" of the second season, becoming a series regular from the third season episode "Sometimes a Fantasy", first broadcast in October 2006.[4] Casting director Linda Lowy gave the insight: "You can't forget about McSteamy. We cast (Dane) for one episode, and I think the women across the nation went kind of crazy. Everyone was talking about him, so we decided to make him a regular."[5] In July 2012, TVLine announced Dane would leave the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season. Rhimes said she and Dane decided to end Mark's storyline after much discussion. She added: "It was a thing that Eric had been thinking about for a while, but it felt like the right time to him."[6][7] However, E! Online reported that Rhimes had been forced by the network to reduce the cast for budget reasons and that Dane had not asked to leave the series.[8]
Characterization[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2013)
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) characterized Sloan as "charming", "confident", "smug", "smarmy", and "great with his hands".[9] Shonda Rhimes said of the character: "Mark, the original bad boy, is struggling with his own demons. He brings a healthy serving of mystery and potential conflict to Seattle Grace."[10] Actress Kate Walsh said: "He's the guy you shouldn't go out with but you can't help yourself."[10] Carolina Paiz, one of the writers of the series, wrote: "he can be impertinent and evil and demeaning."[11]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2011)
Mark Sloan's relationship with Chyler Leigh's Lexie Grey has been well received by critics and fans alike, with Chris Monfette of IGN writing: "Sloan's honest relationship with Lexie helped to make both characters infinitely more interesting and mature."[12]
His role in the episode "In the Midnight Hour" from the fifth season was well received by Debbie Chang of BuddyTV who wrote, "Mark (Eric Dane) is pretty freaking awesome in this episode. He's lascivious as all heck, but he's showing some compassion." His scenes with Shepherd were described as "fun."[13] Victor Balta of Today listed their friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[14] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[15][16][17][18] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[19]
His bromance with Jackson Avery was also well received. Janalen Samson of BuddyTV wrote: "Eric Dane has always shown a facility for sly, deft comedy and these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems. I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades.[20] Writing for TV Fanatic, Courtney Morrison commented: "Sloan has brought the GA comedy scale up a bit with his bromances and mentoring Jackson.[21] The pairing was listed in Zap2it's 25 Top Bromances of 2012.[22] Los Angeles Times TV columnist, Carina Mackenzie, described his scenes with Torres as "always perfectly sharp."[23]
At the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Dane was part of the Grey's Anatomy cast awarded the "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" accolade, for which they were also nominated the following year.[24][25]
References[edit]
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b "'Grey's Anatomy' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary: 'I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere' -- EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) Bio - Grey's Anatomy". ABC. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marsi, Steve (February 22, 2007). "Q & A With Eric Dane". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann (April 4, 2006). "Dr. McSteamy scrubs in as cast regular". USA Today. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (May 6, 2009). "Casting chemistry keeps 'Grey's' fresh". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 26, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy Exclusive: Eric Dane Checks Out!". TVLine. Mail.com Media. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (July 28, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane's exit, teases unique season opener". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (September 27, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy: Why Did [Spoiler Alert] Have to Die? Insiders Spill Scoop". E!. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) Bio". Grey's Anatomy. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Marsi, Steve (November 15, 2006). "Eric Dane, Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide". TV Fanatic. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Paiz, Carolina (November 30, 2006). "Carolina Paiz on "Don't Stand So Close To Me"". Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Monfette, Chris (May 29, 2009). "Grey's Anatomy: Season 5 Review". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chang, Debbie (November 20, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy: Episode 5.9 "In the Midnight Hour" Recap (Page 2/4)". BuddyTV. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Balta, Victor. "How adorable! TV's best bromances". Today.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Rachel. "TV's Best Bromances". About.com. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best TV Bromances #15 McDreamy and McSteamy". BuddyTV. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hottest TV bromances". Cosmopolitan. July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Kim (January 28, 2013). "Top 14 TV Bromances — I Love You, Man! (PHOTOS)". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Perigard, Mark (July 27, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' drops another doc". Boston Herald. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Samson, Janalen (February 9, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' Fan Columnist: Love Is All You Need". BuddyTV. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Courtney (November 18, 2011). "Grey's Anatomy Midseason Report Card: B+". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Zap2it's 25 Top Bromances of 2012". Zap2it. December 19, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Carina (March 12, 2010). "'Grey's Anatomy': Love is in the air for Bailey". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nominations announced for the 14th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards" (Press release). Screen Actors Guild. December 20, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
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"Mark Sloan's Character Journey". ABC. 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
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Boston Massacre
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This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the baseball event nicknamed the "Boston Massacre", see Yankees – Red Sox rivalry.
For the 2013 terrorist attack, see Boston Marathon bombing.
Boston Massacre
Part of the American Revolution
This famous depiction of the event was engraved by Paul Revere (copied from an engraving by Henry Pelham), colored by Christian Remick, and printed by Benjamin Edes. The Old State House is depicted in the background.[1]
Location
Boston, Massachusetts, British America
(now State Street, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.)
Coordinates
42°21′32″N 71°03′26″W / 42.35879°N 71.05717°W / 42.35879; -71.05717Coordinates: 42°21′32″N 71°03′26″W / 42.35879°N 71.05717°W / 42.35879; -71.05717
Date
March 5, 1770; 247 years ago (1770-03-05)
Attack type
Massacre
Weapons
Flintlock muskets
Deaths
5
Non-fatal injuries
6
Perpetrators
British Army infantrymen
This article is part of a series about the
American Revolution
1765–1783
Origins[show]
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Acts
Stamp Act 1765
Declaratory Act
No taxation without representation
Townshend Acts
Tea Act
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Revolutionary War[show]
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Intelligence
Treaty of Paris
Costs
Declaration of Independence[show]
Continental Congress
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United States Constitution[show]
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Republicanism
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The Boston Massacre, known as the Incident on King Street by the British,[2] was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed people while under attack by a mob. The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots, such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, to encourage rebellion against the British authorities.[3][4][5] British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs, stones and snowballs. They fired into the crowd, without orders, instantly killing three people and wounding others. Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident.
The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry, but the crowd re-formed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder. Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams, six of the soldiers were acquitted, while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences. The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand. Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event, notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere (shown at top-right), further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Incident
3 Aftermath
3.1 Investigation
3.2 Propaganda battle
3.3 Trial
4 Legacy
4.1 Contribution to American Revolution
4.2 Commemorations
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background
Main article: American Revolution
View of the Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts, the seat of British colonial government from 1713 to 1776. The Boston Massacre took place in front of the balcony, and the site is now marked by a cobblestone circle in the square (photo 2009)
Massacre Site
Boston, the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and an important shipping town, was a major center of resistance to unpopular acts of taxation by the British Parliament in the 1760s.[6] In 1768, the Townshend Acts were placed upon the colonists, by which a variety of common items that were manufactured in Britain and exported to the colonies were subjected to import tariffs. Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies.[6] The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House also sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement,[6] and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods.[7]
In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also ordered Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter. The house refused to comply.[8]
Boston's chief customs officer, Charles Paxton, wrote to Hillsborough, asking for military support because "the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the Stamp Act."[9] Commodore Samuel Hood responded by sending the fifty-gun warship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[10] On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians, already angry because the captain of Romney had been impressing local sailors, began to riot.[11] Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection.[12]
Daniel Calfe declares, that on Saturday evening the 3d of March, a camp-woman, wife to James McDeed, a grenadier of the 29th, came into his father's shop, and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks, and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it, the woman said, "the soldiers were in the right;" adding, "that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people's blood."
—Excerpt from A Short Narrative, suggesting the soldiers were contemplating violence against the colonists[13]
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief, North America, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston".[14] On October 1, 1768, the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston.[15] Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the 14th and the 29th Regiments of Foot remained.[16]
The Journal of Occurrences, an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers while troops were stationed in Boston, feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts of the events. Tensions rose markedly after Christopher Seider, "a young lad about eleven Years of Age", was killed by a customs employee on February 22, 1770.[16] Seider's death was glorified in the Boston Gazette, and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston. The killing and subsequent propaganda inflamed tensions, with gangs of colonists looking for soldiers to harass, and soldiers also on occasion looking for confrontation.[17]
Incident
This 19th-century lithograph is a variation of Revere's famous engraving. Produced soon before the American Civil War, this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks, who had by then become an important symbol for abolitionists. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, circa 1856)[18]
On the evening of March 5, Private Hugh White, a British soldier, stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street, today known as State Street. A young wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer, Captain-Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick's master. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult.[19] Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer. Garrick exchanged insults with Private White. Then, after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger, the officer left his post, challenged the boy, and struck him on the side of the head with his musket. As Garrick cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, began to argue with White. This attracted a larger crowd.[20] Henry Knox, a 19-year-old bookseller (who would later serve as a general in the revolution), came upon the scene and warned White, "if he fired he must die for it."[19]
An 1868 print by Alonzo Chappel, showing a more chaotic scene contrary to most earlier representations.
As the evening progressed, the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous. Church bells were rung, which usually signified a fire, bringing more people out. Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White, led by a mixed-race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks, throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon. White, who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House, sought assistance. Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston, the officer of the watch.[21][22] According to his report, Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot, with fixed bayonets, to relieve White.[23][24] The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms, Hugh Montgomery, John Carroll, William McCauley, William Warren, and Matthew Kilroy. Accompanied by Preston, they pushed their way through the crowd. En route, Henry Knox, again trying to reduce tensions, warned Preston, "For God's sake, take care of your men. If they fire, you must die." [clarification needed] Captain Preston responded "I am aware of it."[25] When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs, the soldiers loaded their muskets, and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation. Preston shouted at the crowd, estimated to number between three and four hundred, to disperse.[26]
Boston Massacre grave marker in the Granary Burying Ground
The crowd continued to press around the soldiers, taunting them by yelling, "Fire!", by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them.[27] Richard Palmes, a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel, came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers' weapons were loaded. Preston assured him they were, but that they would not fire unless he ordered it, and (according to his own deposition) that he was unlikely to do so, since he was standing in front of them. A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery, knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket. He recovered his weapon, and was thought to angrily shout "Damn you, fire!", then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given. Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery, hitting his arm, and then at Preston. He narrowly missed Preston's head, striking him on the arm instead.[27]
There was a pause of uncertain length (eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes), after which the soldiers fired into the crowd. Rather than a disciplined volley (Preston gave no orders to fire), a ragged series of shots was fired, which hit eleven men.[28] Three Americans—ropemaker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks—died instantly.[29] Samuel Maverick, an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen,[30] was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd, and died a few hours later, in the early morning of the next day. An Irish immigrant, Patrick Carr, died two weeks later.[29] Christopher Monk, another apprentice, was one of those seriously wounded in the attack.[31] Although he recovered to some extent, he was crippled and eventually died in 1780, purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier.[32][33]
The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house, but continued to grow in nearby streets.[34] Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment, which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house.[35] Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson was summoned to the scene, and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house. From its balcony he was able to minimally restore order, promising there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed.[36]
Aftermath
Investigation
Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair, and by morning, Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested.[37] In a meeting of the governor's council held late the morning after the shootings, Boston's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island,[36] while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair. The governor's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal, with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move. Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple, commander of the troops, did not offer to move them.[38] The town meeting, however, became more restive when it learned of this. Under an imminent threat of further violence, the council changed its position, and unanimously ("under duress", according to Hutchinson's report) agreed to request the troops' removal.[39] Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that, had the troops not been removed, "that they would probably be destroyed by the people — should it be called rebellion, should it incur the loss of our charter, or be the consequence what it would."[40] This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town.[40] The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later, with the 29th following shortly after.[41] The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8; Patrick Carr, the fifth and final victim, died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17.[42]
Mr. John Gillespie, in his deposition, (No. 104) declares that, as he was going to the south end of the town, to meet some friends at a public house, he met several people in the streets in parties [armed with clubs], to the number, as he thinks, of forty or fifty persons; and that while he was sitting with his friends there, several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times, and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner. [...] About half an hour after eight the bells rung, which [Gillespie] and his company took to be for fire; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob. Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home, and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him, of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks, and some with other weapons. At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire-engines, as if there had been a fire in the town. But they were soon told that there was no fire, but that the people were going to fight the soldiers, upon which they immediately quitted the fire-engines, and swore they would go to their assistance. All this happened before the soldiers near the custom-house fired their muskets, which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock; and it [shows] that the inhabitants had formed, and were preparing to execute, a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening.
—Excerpt from A Fair Account, suggesting the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers[43]
On March 27 the eight soldiers, Captain Preston, and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots, were all indicted for murder.[44] Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents. General Gage, convinced the troops were doing more harm than good, ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May.[45] Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year.[46]
Propaganda battle
In the days and weeks following the incident, a propaganda battle was waged between Boston's radicals and supporters of the government. Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories, which were principally published in London in a bid to influence opinion there. The Boston Gazette's version of events, for example, characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to "quell a Spirit of Liberty", and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city.[47]
Henry Pelham's engraving copied by Paul Revere
A young Boston artist, Henry Pelham, half-brother of the celebrated portrait painter John Singleton Copley, depicted the event. Silversmith and engraver Paul Revere closely copied Pelham's image, and is often credited as its originator. In order to further public outrage, the engraving contained several inflammatory details. Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire, and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office, which is labeled "Butcher's Hall."[48] Artist Christian Remick hand-colored some prints.[1] Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face, matching descriptions of Attucks; others show no victim as a person of color. The image was published in the Boston Gazette, circulating widely, and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda. The image of bright red "lobster backs" and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England.[49]
Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives. A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre, published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting, was principally written by James Bowdoin, a member of the governor's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy, along with Samuel Pemberton, and Joseph Warren.[50] It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful, law-abiding inhabitants, and was, according to historian Neal Langley York, probably the most influential description of the event.[51] The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event, and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm.[52] In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool, city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet, but sent copies to other colonies and to London, where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route.[53] A second pamphlet, Additional Observations on the Short Narrative, furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials (one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson's gathered depositions to London) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties.[54]
The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston.[55] Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers, its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws. It also blamed the city's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event, and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers.[56] However, as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London, it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there.[55]
Trial
John Adams defended the soldiers six of whom were acquitted
The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently. As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre, nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister, who caused them to be sent here. But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies.
—  John Adams, on the third anniversary of the massacre[57]
The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause. After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him, Preston sent a request to John Adams, pleading for him to work on the case. Adams, who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office, agreed to help, in the interest of ensuring a fair trial.[58] Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment, and by Robert Auchmuty, a Loyalist.[59] They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers, whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool, and Paul Revere, who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible.[60][61] Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine, hired by the town of Boston, handled the prosecution.[62] Preston was tried separately in late October 1770. He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire.[63]
The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27, 1770.[64] Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British. He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob, which he called "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs [i.e. sailors]",[65] they had the legal right to fight back, and so were innocent. If they were provoked but not endangered, he argued, they were at most guilty of manslaughter.[66]
The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one-half hours' deliberation. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd. The jury's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd, but should have delayed firing.[67] Patrick Carr, the fifth victim, corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor. The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by invoking Benefit of clergy, which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court.[68]
The four civilians were tried on December 13.[69] The principal prosecution witness, a servant of one of the accused, made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses. In the face of this weak testimony, as well as waning public interest, the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard. The civilians were all acquitted, and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury, whipped, and banished from the province.[70]
Legacy
Contribution to American Revolution
The Boston Massacre is considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority.
Howard Zinn argues that Boston was full of class anger. He reports that in 1763, the Boston Gazette published that "a few persons in power" were promoting political projects "for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble."[71]
John Adams wrote that the "foundation of American independence was laid" on March 5, 1770, and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual commemorations (Massacre Day) of the event to fulminate against British rule.[72] Christopher Monk, the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780, was paraded before the crowds as a reminder of British hostility.[33]
Later events, such as the Boston Tea Party, further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies. Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution, and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are (according to historian Neil Langley York) somewhat tenuous,[73] it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed.[74][75]
Commemorations
Massacre memorial on the Boston Common
See also: Massacre Day and Freedom Trail
The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell, an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War.[76] Partly because of this activism, artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim's skin to black (which in Revere's original engraving was white) to emphasize Attucks' claimed martyrdom.[77] In 1888, a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre, and the five victims, along with Christopher Seider, were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground.[78]
The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5[79] under the auspices of the Bostonian Society.[80][81] The Old State House, the massacre site, and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, connecting sites important in the city's revolutionary-era history.[78]
See also
Boston portal
List of massacres in Massachusetts
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
References
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride, 24.
Jump up ^ Antal, "7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution", 40.
Jump up ^ The Boston Massacre
Jump up ^ The American Past: A Survey of American History; Joseph Conlin P. 133
Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda. Martin J. Manning Page 33
^ Jump up to: a b c Knollenberg, Growth, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey, From Loyalist to Founding Father, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, p. 56.
Jump up ^ Triber, A True Republican, p. 66.
Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Triber, A True Republican, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey, From Loyalist to Founding Father, p. 93.
Jump up ^ A Short Narrative, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, 75.
Jump up ^ Knollenberg, Growth, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b Knollenberg, Growth, pp. 76–78.
Jump up ^ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, pp. 208–210.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, The Hub, p. 56.
^ Jump up to: a b Allison, The Boston Massacre, 11.
Jump up ^ Zobel, The Boston Massacre, pp. 185–86.
Jump up ^ Allison, The Boston Massacre, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Archer, As if an Enemy's Country, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Archer, As if an Enemy's Country, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, 195.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, 198–200.
^ Jump up to: a b A Short Narrative, 11.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, 191.
Jump up ^ Archer, As If an Enemy's Country, 196.
Jump up ^ Allison, The Boston Massacre, x.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Origins of the American Revolution, p. 395.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 201.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b Bailyn, Ordeal, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 205.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 63.
Jump up ^ Bailyn, Ordeal, p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b Bailyn, Ordeal, p. 161.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 64.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 66.
Jump up ^ A Fair Account, pp. 14–15
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", pp. 59–60.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 228.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 229.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 68.
Jump up ^ Triber, A True Republican, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Ross, Jane (April 1975). "Paul Revere – Patriot Engraver". Early American Life: 34–37.
Jump up ^ Walett, pp. 330–33.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 70.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 72.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", pp. 73–74.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 77.
^ Jump up to: a b York, "Rival Truths", p. 74.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 75.
Jump up ^ Adams and Butterfield, Diary, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 220.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, pp. 220–21.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 268.
Jump up ^ Cumming, The Fate of a Nation, p. 24.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 81.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, pp. 243–65.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 269.
Jump up ^ Zinn, A People's History of the United States, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 291.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, p. 294.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, pp. 285–86, 298.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 84.
Jump up ^ York, "Rival Truths", p. 85.
Jump up ^ Zinn 1980.
Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, pp. 301–02.
Jump up ^ York, The Boston Massacre, pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Woods, Exploring American History, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Wheeler et al, Discovering the American Past, pp. 101–02.
Jump up ^ Nell et al, William Cooper Nell, 515.
Jump up ^ Fitz, Karsten (2005). "Commemorating Crispus Attucks: Visual Memory and the Representations of the Boston Massacre, 1770–1857". American Studies (Volume 50, No. 3): 463–484. JSTOR 41158169.
^ Jump up to: a b York, The Boston Massacre, p. 46.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Massacre". The Freedom Trail Foundation. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Massacre Reenactment Registration". Bostonian Society. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Young, p. 20
Sources
A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston. London: B. White. 1770. OCLC 535966548. Original printing of the governor's account.
A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre. London: W. Bingley. 1770. OCLC 510892519. Original printing of the colonists' account.
Adams, John (1962). Butterfield, L. H., ed. Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. OCLC 19993300.
Allison, Robert J. (2006). The Boston Massacre. Beverly, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-933212-10-4. OCLC 66392877.
Archer, Richard (2010). As if an Enemy's Country: the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538247-1. OCLC 313664751.
Bailyn, Bernard (1974). The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-64160-0. OCLC 6825524.
Cumming, William P.; Rankin, Hugh F. (1975). The Fate of a Nation: The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes. New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-1644-9. OCLC 1510269.
Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508847-2. OCLC 263430392.
Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975). Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-917110-3. OCLC 1416300.
Middlekauff, Robert (2007). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516247-9. OCLC 496757346.
Miller, John (1959). Origins of the American Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804705936. OCLC 180556929.
Nell, William Cooper; Wesley, Dorothy Porter; Uzelac, Constance Porter (2002). William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832–1874. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. ISBN 978-1-57478-019-2. OCLC 50673509.
O'Connor, Thomas H (2001). The Hub: Boston Past and Present. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-474-5. OCLC 248309644.
Ross, Betsy McCaughey; McCaughey, Elizabeth P. (1980). From Loyalist to Founding Father: the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04506-3. OCLC 479827879.
Triber, Jayne (1998). A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-139-7. OCLC 171052850.
Walett, Francis (September 1950). "James Bowdoin, Patriot Propagandist". The New England Quarterly (Volume 23, No. 3). JSTOR 361420.
Wheeler, William Bruce; Becker, Susan Becker; Glover, Lorri (2011). Discovering the American Past: A Look at the Evidence: To 1877. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-79984-9. OCLC 664324291.
Woods, Thomas (2008). Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877. New York: Associated University Press. ISBN 978-0-7614-7746-4. OCLC 302384920.
York, Neil Longley (2009). "Rival Truths, Political Accommodation, and the Boston 'Massacre'". Massachusetts Historical Review (Volume 11): 57–95. JSTOR 40345980.
York, Neil Longley (2010). The Boston Massacre: a History with Documents. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-87348-2. OCLC 695944958.
Young, Alfred (Spring 2003). "Revolution in Boston? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail" (PDF). The Public Historian (Volume 25, No. 2): 17–41.
Zinn, Howard (1980). A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019448-2. OCLC 42420960.
Zobel, Hiller B (1970). The Boston Massacre. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31483-0. OCLC 243696768.
Further reading
Reid, John Phillip (1974). "A Lawyer Acquitted: John Adams and the Boston Massacre". American Journal of Legal History (Volume 18, No. 3): 189–207. ISSN 0002-9319.
Ritter, Kurt W (1977). "Confrontation as Moral Drama: the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective". Southern Speech Communication Journal (Volume 42, No. 1): 114–136. ISSN 0361-8269.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Massacre.
Library resources about
Boston Massacre
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Texts on Wikisource:
"Boston Massacre, The". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Boston Massacre". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Boston Massacre". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
An oration delivered April 2d, 1771, at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston (1771) by James Lovell
The Boston Massacre Historical Society
Boston National Historical Park Official Website
Adams’ Argument for the Defense at the trial of the soldiers, at Founders Online website. (Retrieved 10 December 2017.)
Massachusetts Historical Society Massacre Exhibit
Boston Massacre investigative game by the Bostonian Society, stagers of the annual reenactment
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