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Deliverance
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For other uses, see Deliverance (disambiguation).
Deliverance
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold
Directed by
John Boorman
Produced by
John Boorman
Screenplay by
James Dickey
Based on
Deliverance
by James Dickey
Starring
Jon Voight
Burt Reynolds
Ned Beatty
Ronny Cox
Music by
Eric Weissberg
Cinematography
Vilmos Zsigmond
Edited by
Tom Priestley
Production
company
Elmer Productions
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
July 30, 1972 (1972-07-30)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million
Box office
$46.1 million[1]
Deliverance is a 1972 American thriller film produced and directed by John Boorman, and starring Jon Voight, Burt Reynolds, Ned Beatty and Ronny Cox, with the latter two making their feature film debuts. The film is based on the 1970 novel of the same name by American author James Dickey, who has a small role in the film as the Sheriff. The screenplay was written by Dickey and an uncredited Boorman. It was a critical success, earning three Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe nominations.
Widely acclaimed as a landmark picture, the film is noted both for the music scene near the beginning, with one of the city men playing "Dueling Banjos" on guitar with a banjo-playing country boy, that sets the tone for what lies ahead—a trip into unknown and potentially dangerous wilderness—and for its visceral and notorious male rape scene. In 2008, Deliverance was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Stunts
3.3 Notorious line
4 Soundtrack and copyright dispute
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Awards and nominations
5.2.1 American Film Institute lists
6 Influence of the film
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Four Atlanta men, Lewis Medlock, Ed Gentry, Bobby Trippe and Drew Ballinger, decide to canoe down a river in the remote northern Georgia wilderness, expecting to have fun and witness the area's unspoiled nature before the fictional Cahulawassee River valley is flooded by construction of a dam. Lewis and Ed are experienced outdoorsmen, while Bobby and Drew are novices. While traveling to their launch site, the men (Bobby in particular) are condescending towards the locals, who are unimpressed by the "city boys".
Traveling in pairs, the group's two canoes are briefly separated, with Ed and Bobby getting stranded on the riverbank. They encounter a pair of local men with a shotgun, who force them into the woods at gunpoint. Ed is tied to a tree, while Bobby is forced to strip and is raped by one of the men while being forced to "squeal like a pig." As the men prepare to sexually assault Ed, Lewis sneaks up and kills the rapist with an arrow from his recurve bow while the other escapes. After a brief but heated debate between Lewis and Drew about whether to inform the authorities, the men vote to side with Lewis' recommendation to bury the dead man's body and continue on as if nothing had happened.
The four continue downriver but encounter a dangerous stretch of rapids, during which Drew suddenly falls into the water and disappears. The other three crash their canoes into rocks, which results in Lewis breaking his leg. Encouraged by Lewis, who believes Drew was shot by the rapist's partner and they are now being stalked, Ed climbs a nearby rock face with the bow while Bobby stays behind to look after Lewis. Ed hides out until the next morning when the stalker appears on the top of the cliff with a rifle; Ed clumsily shoots and kills the man, while accidentally stabbing himself with one of the spare arrows. Ed and Bobby weigh down the body in the river to ensure it will never be found, and repeat the same with Drew's body which they encounter downriver.
Upon finally reaching the small town of Aintry, they take Lewis to the hospital. The men carefully concoct a cover story for the authorities about Drew's death and disappearance being an accident, lying about their ordeal to Sheriff Bullard in order to escape a possible double murder charge. The sheriff clearly doesn't believe them, but has no evidence to arrest them and simply tells the men never to come back, to which they agree. The trio vow to keep their story of death and survival a secret for the rest of their lives. Later on, Ed awakens, startled by a nightmare in which a bloated human hand rises from the lake.
Cast[edit]
Jon Voight as Ed Gentry
Burt Reynolds as Lewis Medlock
Ned Beatty as Bobby Trippe
Ronny Cox as Drew Ballinger
Ed Ramey as the Old Man
Billy Redden as Lonnie, AKA the Banjo Boy
Bill McKinney as Mountain Man
Herbert 'Cowboy' Coward as Toothless Man
James Dickey as Sheriff Bullard
Macon McCalman as Deputy Sheriff Arthur Queen
Belinda Beatty as Mrs. Martha Gentry
Charley Boorman as Charlie Gentry, Ed and Martha's son
Production[edit]
Deliverance was shot primarily in Rabun County in northeastern Georgia. The canoe scenes were filmed in the Tallulah Gorge southeast of Clayton and on the Chattooga River. This river divides the northeastern corner of Georgia from the northwestern corner of South Carolina. Additional scenes were shot in Salem, South Carolina.
A scene was also shot at the Mount Carmel Baptist Church cemetery. This site has since been flooded and lies 130 feet under the surface of Lake Jocassee, on the border between Oconee and Pickens counties in South Carolina.[2][3] The dam shown under construction is Jocassee Dam.
During the filming of the canoe scene, author James Dickey showed up inebriated and got into a bitter argument with producer-director John Boorman, who had rewritten Dickey's script. They allegedly had a brief fistfight in which Boorman's nose was broken and four of his teeth shattered.[4] Dickey was thrown off the set, but no charges were filed against him. The two reconciled and became good friends, and Boorman gave Dickey a cameo role as the sheriff at the end of the film.
The inspiration for the Cahulawassee River was the Coosawattee River, which was dammed in the 1970s and contained several dangerous whitewater rapids before being flooded by Carters Lake.[5]
Casting[edit]
Dickey initially wanted Sam Peckinpah to direct the film.[4] Dickey also wanted Gene Hackman to portray Ed Gentry whereas Boorman wanted Lee Marvin to play the role.[4] Boorman also wanted Marlon Brando to play Lewis Medlock.[4] Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of Ed.[4] Both Donald Sutherland and Charlton Heston turned down the role of Lewis.[4] Other actors who were attached to the project included Robert Redford, Henry Fonda, George C. Scott and Warren Beatty.[4]
Stunts[edit]
The film is infamous for cutting costs by not insuring the production and having the actors do their own stunts (most notably, Jon Voight climbed the cliff himself). In one scene, the stunt coordinator decided that a scene showing a canoe with a dummy of Burt Reynolds in it looked phony; he said it looked "like a canoe with a dummy in it". Reynolds requested to have the scene re-shot with himself in the canoe rather than the dummy. After shooting the scene, Reynolds, coughing up river water and nursing a broken coccyx, asked how the scene looked. The director responded, "like a canoe with a dummy in it."
Regarding the courage of the four main actors in the movie doing their own stunts without insurance protection, Dickey was quoted as saying all of them "had more guts than a burglar". In a nod to their stunt-performing audacity, early in the movie Lewis says, "Insurance? I've never been insured in my life. I don't believe in insurance. There's no risk."
Notorious line[edit]
Several people have been credited with the now-famous line including the phrase "squeal like a pig". Ned Beatty said he thought of it while he and actor McKinney were improvising the scene.[6]
James Dickey's son, Christopher Dickey, in his memoir about the film production, Summer of Deliverance, said that one of the crewmen suggested that Beatty's character, Bobby, "squeal like a pig," to add some backwoods horror to the scene and make it more shocking.[page needed] According to Boorman's running commentary on the home media releases, the studio wanted the scene shot two ways, one of which would be acceptable for TV. Boorman did not want to do this. He decided that the phrase "squeal like a pig," suggested by Frank Rickman, a Clayton native, was a good replacement for the dialogue in the script.
Soundtrack and copyright dispute[edit]
The film's soundtrack brought new attention to the musical work "Dueling Banjos", which had been recorded numerous times since 1955. Only Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandel were originally credited for the piece. The songwriter and producer Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, who wrote the original piece, "Feudin' Banjos" (1955), and recorded it with five-string banjo player Don Reno, filed a lawsuit for songwriting credit and a percentage of royalties. He was awarded both in a landmark copyright infringement case.[7] Smith asked Warner Bros. to include his name on the official soundtrack listing, but reportedly asked to be omitted from the movie credits because he found the film offensive.[8]
No credit was given for the film score. The film has a number of sparse, brooding passages of music scattered throughout, including several played on a synthesizer. Some prints of the movie omit much of this extra music.
Boorman was given a gold record for the "Dueling Banjos" hit single; this was later stolen from his house by the Dublin gangster Martin Cahill. Boorman recreated this scene in The General (1998), his biographical film about Cahill.[9]
Reception[edit]
Deliverance was a box office success in the United States, becoming the fifth-highest grossing film of 1972 after grossing a domestic total of over $46 million.[1] The film's financial success continued the following year, when it went on to earn $18 million in North American "distributor rentals" (receipts).[10]
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016)
Deliverance was well received by critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1972.[11][12][13][14] The film is in the top tier of films on the critical review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, with a 93% "fresh" rating, [15] despite scoring only 50% based on the six "top critic" reviews.
Not all reviews were positive. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said:
Dickey, who wrote the original novel and the screenplay, lards this plot with a lot of significance -- universal, local, whatever happens to be on the market. He is clearly under the impression that he is telling us something about the nature of man, and particularly civilized man's ability to survive primitive challenges[…] But I don't think it works that way.[…] What the movie totally fails at, however, is its attempt to make some kind of significant statement about its action.[…] [W]hat James Dickey has given us here is a fantasy about violence, not a realistic consideration of it.[…] It's possible to consider civilized men in a confrontation with the wilderness without throwing in rapes, cowboy-and-Indian stunts and pure exploitative sensationalism.[16]
The instrumental piece, "Dueling Banjos," won the 1974 Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance. The film was selected by The New York Times as one of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made, while the viewers of Channel 4 in the United Kingdom voted it #45 in a list of The 100 Greatest Films.
Reynolds later called it "the best film I've ever been in."[17] However, he admitted that the rape scene went "too far."[18]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Nominated
Academy Award for Best Picture
Academy Award for Best Director — John Boorman
Academy Award for Best Film Editing — Tom Priestley
New York Film Critics Circle for Best Film and Best Director
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture — John Boorman
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama — Jon Voight
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song — Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, Eric Weissberg, and Steve Mandel
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay — James Dickey
American Film Institute lists[edit]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—Nominated[19]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#15
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"I bet you can squeal like a pig."—Nominated[20]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—Nominated[21]
Influence of the film[edit]
Governor Jimmy Carter established a state film commission to encourage production companies to film in Georgia. The state has "become one of the top five production destinations in the U.S."[22]
The canoes used in the film were displayed at the former Burt Reynolds Museum, located at 100 North U.S. Highway 1, in Jupiter, Florida. One of the canoes used (and signed by Ronny Cox) is on display in the Tallulah Falls Railroad Museum, Dillard, Georgia.
Following the film, tourism increased to Rabun County by the tens of thousands. By 2012, tourism was the largest source of revenue in the county.[22] Jon Voight's stunt double for this film, Claude Terry, later purchased equipment used in the movie from Warner Brothers. He founded what is now the oldest whitewater rafting adventure company on the Chattooga River, Southeastern Expeditions.[23] By 2012 rafting had developed as a $20 million industry in the region.[22]
People have built vacation and second homes around the area's lakes.[22]
In June 2012, Rabun County held a Chattooga River Festival to encourage preservation of the river and its environment. It noted the 40th anniversary of the filming of Deliverance in the area, which aroused controversy.[22]
In 2012, producer Cory Welles and director Kevin Walker decided to make the documentary, The Deliverance of Rabun County, to explore the effects of the landmark film on people in the county. They heard a wide range of opinions, particularly resentment at how the country people were portrayed. Others are pragmatic and look at the benefits of increased tourism and related businesses.[22]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1972
Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Deliverance, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Simon, Anna (2009-02-20). "Cable network to detail history of Lake Jocassee". The Greenville News. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
Jump up ^ Heldenfels, Rich (2009-11-05). "Body double plays banjo". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lyttleton, Oliver (30 July 2012). "5 Things You Might Not Know About 'Deliverance,' Released 40 Years Ago Today". IndieWire. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Roper, Daniel M. "The Story of the Coosawattee River Gorge". North Georgia Journal (Summer 1995). Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Burger, Mark. (2006, March 19). "BEATTY GIVEN MASTER OF CINEMA AWARD; CHARACTER ACTOR IS A VETERAN OF MORE THAN 200 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTIONS", Winston-Salem Journal, Page B1
"Regarding his debut film, Deliverance (1972), in which his character undergoes an unforgettably vivid sexual assault, Beatty said: 'The whole "squeal like a pig" thing ... came from guess who.' As the audience laughed, he theatrically put his head in his hands and silently pointed to himself, before elaborating how director Boorman encouraged him to improvise the scene with his onscreen tormentor, Bill McKinney."
Jump up ^ "Country guitarist Arthur Smith dies". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Terence McArdle (6 April 2014). "Arthur Smith, guitarist who wrote 'Guitar Boogie' and 'Duelin' Banjos,' dies at 93". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Artistic reunion brings Martin Cahill to life". The Irish Echo. May 27 – June 2, 1998. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Films of 1973", Variety, 9 January 1974 p 19
Jump up ^ "Greatest Films of 1972". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ "The Best Movies of 1972 by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Best Films of the 1970s". Cinepad.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ IMDb: Year: 1972
Jump up ^ "Deliverance". Retrieved Sep 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Deliverance." Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ Workaholic Burt Reynolds sets up his next task: Light comedy Siskel, Gene. Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file) [Chicago, Ill] 28 Nov 1976: e2.
Jump up ^ "Reynolds: 'Deliverance Rape Scene Went Too Far'". Contactmusic.com. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cory Welles, "40 years later, 'Deliverance' causes mixed feelings in Georgia", Marketplace, 22 August 2012, accessed 27 August 2014
Jump up ^ Southeastern Expeditions. Retrieved 8/19/2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Deliverance
Deliverance on IMDb
Deliverance at the TCM Movie Database
Deliverance at Box Office Mojo
Deliverance at Rotten Tomatoes
Weekend in Aintry! James Dickey and The Making of Deliverance
Pictures of some deleted scenes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by John Boorman
Catch Us If You Can (1965)
Point Blank (1967)
Hell in the Pacific (1968)
Leo the Last (1970)
Deliverance (1972)
Zardoz (1974)
Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977)
Excalibur (1981)
The Emerald Forest (1985)
Hope and Glory (1987)
Where the Heart Is (1990)
I Dreamt I Woke Up (1991)
Two Nudes Bathing (1995)
Beyond Rangoon (1995)
Lee Marvin: A Personal Portrait by John Boorman (1998)
The General (1998)
The Tailor of Panama (2001)
In My Country (2004)
The Tiger's Tail (2006)
Queen and Country (2014)
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California Proposition 187
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Proposition 187
Results
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%
Yes 5,063,537 7001589300000000000♠58.93%
No 3,529,432 7001410700000000000♠41.07%
Valid votes 8,592,969 7001965400000000000♠96.54%
Invalid or blank votes 307,667 7000346000000000000♠3.46%
Total votes 8,900,636 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 14,723,784 7001604500000000000♠60.45%
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Source: 1994 Statement of Vote
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v
t
e
California Proposition 187 (also known as the Save Our State (SOS) initiative) was a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a state-run citizenship screening system and prohibit illegal aliens from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in the State of California. Voters passed the proposed law at a referendum on November 8, 1994. The law was challenged in a legal suit and found unconstitutional by a federal district court. In 1999, Governor Gray Davis halted state appeals of this ruling.
Passage of Proposition 187 reflected state residents' concerns about illegal immigration into the United States. Opponents believed the law was discriminatory against illegal immigrants of Hispanic or Asian origin; supporters maintained that their concerns were economic: that the state could not afford to provide social services for so many people who had entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas.[1][2] Republicans' embrace of Proposition 187 has been cited as a key factor for the decline of the Republican Party in California.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and passage
2 Key elements of Proposition 187
3 Opposition
4 Legal challenges
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Background and passage[edit]
In 1994, California had an estimated 1.3 million illegal immigrants, which included approximately 308,000 children. Residents were increasingly concerned about the costs of providing services to the families of illegal immigrants.[4]
The Republican assemblyman Dick Mountjoy of Monrovia introduced Proposition 187 to the state legislature as the "Save Our State" (SOS) initiative. It gained enough signatures to be placed on the ballot as a referendum vote during the general election on November 8, 1994. Originally one of several immigration reform bills placed before the California legislature in the early 1990s, polls surveying community responses showed that Proposition 187 began with widespread support - a 37-point lead in July 1994, and 62-29% lead among likely voters by September 1994.[5] Proponents of the bill estimated that California spent $3 billion per year on services for illegal immigrants, about half of which provided education to children of illegal immigrants.[6]
Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican, was a prominent supporter of Proposition 187, which ultimately became a key issue during his 1994 re-election campaign against Democratic opponent Kathleen Brown. After facing record low approval ratings during his first term, Wilson trailed Brown in opinion polls by more than 20% early during the gubernatorial campaign. Commentators considered his aggressive support of the Proposition 187 as crucial to his re-election.[7]
In the days leading up to the election, Wilson said that he would require all state and local government employees to report suspected illegal immigrants to the Attorney General's Office if Proposition 187 passed. State Attorney General Dan Lungren, also running for re-election, agreed to enforce emergency regulations to implement the law immediately after the election.
During the United States Senate election in California, 1994 campaign, the incumbent Senator Dianne Feinstein and Republican challenger Michael Huffington both adopted tough policies against illegal immigration. The candidates each revealed that they had previously hired illegal immigrants for housekeeping and childcare. Unlike Feinstein, Huffington had hired a housekeeper who was an illegal immigrant after the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which made it illegal to knowingly hire illegal immigrants. Feinstein was narrowly re-elected.[8]
President Bill Clinton urged Californians to reject Proposition 187 as an impediment to federal policy on immigration. After stating that "it is not wrong for you [Californians] to want to reduce illegal immigration," Clinton asked voters to allow the federal government to "keep working on what we're doing."[8]
In the days leading up to the referendum vote, Latino students organized large protests of Proposition 187 across the state, including a mass boycott of high schools. Their protests often included waving the Mexican flag, a controversial symbol that was described by opponents as counterproductive.[8]
On November 8, 1994, California voters approved the proposition by a wide margin: 59% to 41%.[9] According to the Los Angeles Times exit polls, 63% of non-Hispanic white voters and 23% of Latino voters voted for Proposition 187; African-American and ethnic Asian voters split their voting equally for and against the law. Although non-Hispanic whites comprised 57% of California's population at the time, they comprised 81% of voters in the 1994 general election. Latinos totaled 8% of voters, although they comprised 26% of the state's population.
Among those who voted on the initiative, 78% of Republicans and 62% of Independents voted for it, while 64% of Democrats opposed it.[10]
Section 1 of Proposition 187 provides this introduction:
The People of California find and declare as follows:
That they have suffered and are suffering economic hardship caused by the presence of illegal immigrants in this state. That they have suffered and are suffering personal injury and damage caused by the criminal conduct of illegal immigrants in this state. That they have a right to the protection of their government from any person or persons entering this country unlawfully.
Key elements of Proposition 187[edit]
Proposition 187 included the following key elements:[5]
All law enforcement agents who suspect that a person who has been arrested is in violation of immigration laws must investigate the detainee's immigration status, and if they find evidence of illegality they must report it to the attorney general of California, and to the federal Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They must also notify the detainee of his or her apparent status as an alien.
Local governments are prohibited from preventing or limiting the fulfillment of this requirement.
If government agents suspect anyone applying for benefits of being illegal immigrants, the agents must report their suspicions in writing to the appropriate enforcement authorities.
A person shall not receive any public social services until he or she has been verified as a United States citizen or as a lawfully admitted alien.
A person shall not receive any health care services from a publicly funded health care facility until he or she meets the requirements above.
A public elementary or secondary school shall not admit or permit the attendance of any child until he or she meets the requirements above.
By 1996, each school district shall verify the legal status of each child enrolled within the district and the legal status of each parent or guardian of each child.
A child who is in violation of the requirements above shall not continue to attend the school 90 days from the date of notice to the attorney general and INS.
The attorney general must keep records on all such cases and make them available to any other government entity that wishes to inspect them.
The manufacture, distribution, sale, or use of false citizenship or residency documents is a state felony punishable by imprisonment or fine.
Opposition[edit]
Protesters of Proposition 187 in Fresno, California in 1994
The bill passed with 59% in favor and 41% against at a 60% turnout. After the bill's passage, activists on campuses, churches, and ethnic communities in California and across the country rallied to express opposition to Proposition 187. Critics argued that the bill was xenophobic and discriminated against ethnic minorities, especially those of Latino origin. Others were fearful that the costs of a state-run citizenship screening system and the potential loss of federal funds would off-set any savings of denying public benefits to unlawful residents.[11] The day after the law was approved, an alliance of Latino and civil rights groups, including Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and American Civil Liberties Union, filed lawsuits against the measure in state court.[12] Multiple local governments outside California, including the city of Denver, Colorado, threatened to boycott the state altogether. Latino organizations announced that they would not hold conventions in California and urged a boycott by their members and supporters of Disneyland, a major tourist attraction.[13]
Proposition 187 was widely supported by conservatives. However, some prominent conservatives, including former Congressman and Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp, former Secretary of Education William Bennett, and unsuccessful Republican gubernatorial candidate Ron Unz, publicly opposed the initiative.[14][15]
Due to Proposition 187's statutes requiring children and their parents or legal guardians to prove their legal status, the California State Parent-Teacher Association joined in opposing the bill.[16] The Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Gray Davis, who succeeded Wilson, campaigned against Proposition 187. On October 16, 1994, three weeks before Proposition 187 was passed, more than 70,000 people marched in downtown Los Angeles against the measure.[17]
The Mexican president, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, decried the law as xenophobic and harmful to the human rights of migrant laborers. One week after the bill was approved, Salinas proposed cross-border discussions to develop a "guest worker" program that would permit non-resident Mexicans to work legally in the United States.[18] Such a program had been in place during World War II.
Legal challenges[edit]
The constitutionality of Proposition 187 was challenged by several lawsuits. On November 11, 1994, three days after the bill's passage, Federal Judge W. Matthew Byrne issued a temporary restraining order against institution of the measure, which was filed by State Attorney General Dan Lungren.[19] After Judge Mariana Pfaelzer issued a permanent injunction of Proposition 187 in December 1994, blocking all provisions except those dealing with higher education and false documents, multiple cases were consolidated and brought before the federal court. In November 1997, Pfaelzer found the law to be unconstitutional on the basis that it infringed on the federal government's exclusive jurisdiction over matters relating to immigration.[20] Pfaelzer also explained that Proposition 187's effect on the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, the Congressional overhaul of the American welfare system, proved that the bill was a "scheme" to regulate immigration:
"California is powerless to enact its own legislative scheme to regulate immigration. It is likewise powerless to enact its own legislative scheme to regulate alien access to public benefits."[21]
Governor Wilson appealed the ruling, which brought the case to the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. But in 1999, the newly elected Democratic Governor Gray Davis had the case brought before mediation.[22] His administration withdrew the appeal before the courts in July 1999, effectively killing the law.[23]
California repealed the unenforceable sections of Proposition 187 in 2014.[24] In September 2014, California passed Bill SB 396 that removes passages from Prop. 187 from California's education, health and safety, and welfare codes, as a symbolic act after the repeal of Prop.187.[25]
Legacy[edit]
Noting a rapid increase in the number of Latinos voting in California elections, some analysts cite Wilson and the Republican Party's embrace of Proposition 187 as a cause of the subsequent failure of the party to win statewide elections.[26][27] A 2006 study published in the American Journal of Political Science found that Republican support of Proposition 187 and two later state ballot initiatives—Proposition 209 in 1996, which ended affirmative action at governmental institutions, and Proposition 227 in 1998, which limited bilingual education in public schools—shifted both white and Latino voters in California away from identifying with the Republican Party and toward the Democratic Party.[3] The authors of the study said that the "results raise serious questions about the long-term efficacy of racially divisive strategies for electoral gain."[3] Studies published in 2001 and 2011 also show that Proposition 187 mobilized hispanic voters for the Democratic Party.[28][29] However, a 2018 study questioned the conventional wisdom that Proposition 187 led to an abrupt realignment in Latino voters' political preferences.[30] Former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, an immigrant himself, is the only Republican to win a California gubernatorial, senatorial, or presidential election since 1994.[citation needed]
Conservative group Eagle Forum instead argues that immigration, whether legal or not, made California's electorate more liberal.[31] Fred Bauer of National Review concurs, adding that Democrats have usually controlled both branches of the California state legislature since the 1960s and that the Democratic Party has had consistently strong support among both white and Hispanic voters in California.[32] Bill Whalen, a former aide to Wilson, in an article for Forbes, noted that Proposition 187 was popular among voters and that Republican struggles in California are partly due to women gradually moving away from the party for other reasons, particularly reproductive rights.[33] Whalen also cited Schwarzenegger's reelection as governor in 2006, in which he won 39% of the votes cast by Latinos, as evidence that Proposition 187 did not harm Republicans' chances of being elected in California.[33] Writing after Schwarzenegger's 2003 recall election victory, Debra J. Saunders of The Weekly Standard noted that he won the election despite voting for Proposition 187, which other publications had claimed would seriously jeopardize his bid.[34]
Between 1995 and 2004 the following states passed similar ballot initiatives or laws: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma and Texas.[35]
During Donald Trump's 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, his use of "anti-immigrant tactics"[36] drew comparisons from media members to Wilson and California Proposition 187.[36][37] Seema Mehta of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Many have had a visceral reaction to Trump's proposals that include deporting 11 million people and building an enormous border wall. Protests greet Trump whenever he holds rallies in California."[37] Emily Cadei of Newsweek asserted that this tactic and its subsequent backlash could have far-reaching implications for the Republican Party, writing, "as Wilson and California’s Republicans discovered, it could lose them not just Latinos but a generation of voters for elections to come."[36]
See also[edit]
California portal
1990s portal
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
Gallegly amendment
California Proposition 209
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ENRIQUEZ, SAM (October 19, 1994). "Jewish Coalition Opposes Prop. 187". Los Angeles Times. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Bock, Alan W. (October 2, 1994). "Sorting through facts and fiction of immigration". Orange County Register. Santa Ana, Calif. p. J.01.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowler, Shaun; Nicholson, Stephen P.; Segura, Gary M. (2006). "Earthquakes and Aftershocks: Race, Direct Democracy, and Partisan Change" (PDF). American Political Science Review: 146–159 – via UCmerced.edu.
Jump up ^ Margolis, Jeffrey R. "Closing the Doors to the Land of Opportunity: The Constitutional Controversy Surrounding Proposition 187", The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Vol 26, No. 2: pp. 368-369
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy H. Martis (1994). "#187 Illegal immigrants. Ineligibility for public services. Verification and Reporting". California Voter Foundation. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Margolis, p. 369
Jump up ^ DECKER, CATHLEEN; WEINTRAUB, DANIEL M. (November 10, 1994). "Wilson Savors Win; Democrats Assess Damage". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, Philip. "Proposition 187 in California", International Migration Review, Vol 29, No. 1: pp. 258-259
Jump up ^ "1994 General election results" Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Save Our State (SOS) Website
Jump up ^ California Opinion Index: "A summary analysis of Voting in the 1994 General Election", Field Poll Online
Jump up ^ Suarez-Orozco, Marcelo M. "California Dreaming: Proposition 187 and the Cultural Psychology of Racial and Ethnic Exclusion", Anthropology & Education, Vol 27. No 2. p. 161
Jump up ^ McDonnell, Patrick J. (July 29, 1999). "Davis Won't Appeal Prop. 187 Ruling, Ending Court Battles". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Suarez-Orozco, p. 161
Jump up ^ Matthew Miller (July 19, 1999). "Ron Unz's Improbable Assault on the Powers That Be in California". New Republic. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Martin, p. 260.
Jump up ^ Suarez-Orozco, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times (October 17, 1994). "70,000 March Against Immigration Bill". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin, p. 261.
Jump up ^ "Why Proposition 187 Won't Work". The New York Times. November 20, 1994. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Patrick J. Mcdonnell (November 15, 1997). "Prop. 187 Found Unconstitutional by Federal Judge". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "California: Proposition 187 Unconstitutional". Migration News. 4. 1997 – via migration.ucdavis.edu.
Jump up ^ Dave Lesher and Dan Morain (April 16, 1999). "Davis Asks Court to Mediate on Prop. 187". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Patrick J. Mcdonnell (July 29, 1999). "Davis Won't Appeal Prop. 187 Ruling, Ending Court Battles". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ McGreevy, Patrick (September 15, 2014). "Gov. Brown signs bill repealing unenforceable parts of Prop. 187". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ McGreevy/Willon. "Brown Signs Bill Cutting Language on Undocumented Immigrants". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Raoul Lowery Contreras (August 16, 2002). "The death of the California GOP". calnews.com. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Prop 187 Effect: How the California GOP lost their way and implications for 2014 and beyond". Latino Decisions. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dyck, Joshua J.; Johnson, Gregg B.; Wasson, Jesse T. (2012-05-01). "A Blue Tide in the Golden State: Ballot Propositions, Population Change, and Party Identification in California". American Politics Research. 40 (3): 450–475. doi:10.1177/1532673X11427948. ISSN 1532-673X.
Jump up ^ Pantoja, Adrian D.; Ramirez, Ricardo; Segura, Gary M. (2001-12-01). "Citizens by Choice, Voters by Necessity: Patterns in Political Mobilization by Naturalized Latinos". Political Research Quarterly. 54 (4): 729–750. doi:10.1177/106591290105400403. ISSN 1065-9129.
Jump up ^ Hui, Iris; Sears, David O. (2018-03-01). "Reexamining the Effect of Racial Propositions on Latinos' Partisanship in California". Political Behavior. 40 (1): 149–174. doi:10.1007/s11109-017-9400-1. ISSN 0190-9320.
Jump up ^ Eagle Forum (2014-12-06). "How Mass (Legal) Immigration Dooms a Conservative Republican Party". Retrieved September 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pete Wilson Did Not Make California Turn Blue: Unraveling a Myth". National Review. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Whalen, Bill. "Blaming The California GOP's Woes On Pete Wilson? Nice Tale, But Not The Whole Story". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Debra J. (2003-10-20). "Pete Wilson's Vindication". Weekly Standard. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 19, 2004). "Down on the Downtrodden". Time. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b c Cadei, Emily (2016-07-05). "The California Roots of Trumpism". Newsweek. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Mehta, Seema. "California Latino Republicans see Prop. 187's ghost in Trump's campaign". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
California Proposition 187 (1994)
Balin, Bryan J. "State Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows: An Analysis: The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Washington DC 20036, USAState Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows". March 2008. [Discusses the effeciveness of California Proposition 187.]
Mailman, Stanley. "California's Proposition 187 and Its Lessons". New York Law Journal, January 3, 1995. Accessed December 17, 2008.
Wilson, Pete. "Illegal Immigration: Past, Present and Future": Remarks of Pete Wilson, Former Governor of California, Monday, June 12, 2006, 4:00 p.m. Hudson Institute (Washington, DC), December 12, 2006. Federal News Service. Accessed December 17, 2008. [Transcript of interview with Wilson about California Proposition 187.]
Lowry, Rich. "Working for Arnold: A Conversation with Schwarzenegger co-chairman Pete Wilson". National Review Online, August 19, 2003. Archived by the Internet Archive.
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