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James (band)
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James
Origin
Whalley Range, Manchester, England
Genres
Indie pop[1]
alternative rock[2]
Years active
1982–2001, 2007–present
Labels
Factory
Sire
Rough Trade
Fontana
Mercury
Sanctuary
Decca
Cooking Vinyl
BMG
Website
wearejames.com
Members
Jim Glennie
Tim Booth
David Baynton-Power
Saul Davies
Mark Hunter
Andy Diagram
Adrian Oxaal
Past members
Paul Gilbertson
Gavan Whelan
Larry Gott
Michael Kulas
Ron Yeadon
Deborah Knox-Hewson
James is an English rock band from Manchester, which was formed in 1982 and enjoyed popularity throughout the 1990s. The band's best-known singles include "Come Home", "Sit Down", "She's a Star" and "Laid", which also became a hit on American college radio.[3]
Following the departure of lead singer Tim Booth in 2001, the band became inactive, but reunited in January 2007 and has gone on to produce a further six albums. James's hit single "Come Home" was voted the greatest ever Manchester anthem in a radio poll. Live performance has continually remained a central part of the band's output.[4] As of 2010, the band had sold more than 25 million albums worldwide.[5]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Formation and early releases: 1982–1987
1.2 Line-up changes and success: 1988–1992
1.3 Subsequent releases: 1993–1999
1.4 New direction and break-up: 2000–2006
1.5 Reunion: 2007–present
2 Members
2.1 Current members
2.2 Former members
2.3 Timeline
3 Awards and nominations
4 Discography
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Tim Booth at Haldern Pop 2013
Larry Gott
Jim Glennie
Saul Davies
Mark Hunter
Dave Baynton-Power
Andy Diagram
Formation and early releases: 1982–1987[edit]
James was formed in 1982 in Whalley Range, Manchester, when Paul Gilbertson persuaded his friend Jim Glennie to buy a bass guitar and form a band with him. Their line-up solidified when Gavan Whelan joined on drums. They played a string of gigs under the names Venereal and the Diseases and later, Volume Distortion, before settling on the name of Model Team International, then shortened to Model Team. They performed mostly improvised material derived from jam sessions, supporting the Fall at an early gig at Manchester Polytechnic. Vocalists and other musicians drifted rapidly in and out of their line-up, until the band encountered Tim Booth at a student disco. Gilbertson invited him to the band's scout hut in Withington to join the band as a dancer; he was soon promoted to lead singer. After a brief period under the name Tribal Outlook, the band renamed themselves James in August 1982. A gig at the Haçienda caught the attention of Tony Wilson of Factory Records. He offered James an album deal with Factory, but the band, by now a settled live act, were worried about tarnishing their material in the studio and settled instead for a three-track EP. Their debut release, the Jimone EP, was recorded at Strawberry Studios, Stockport, in August 1983 and released on Factory Records in September.[3] It led to the band providing the support for The Smiths between February and April 1985 on the Meat is Murder tour.[6] The Smiths covered James' 'What's The World' track during this tour.
Although they were now being touted as the 'next big thing', several complex issues slowed their progress. Gilbertson's drug problems presented the band with no choice but to ask him to leave. Booth and Glennie had joined a sect named Lifewave that imposed many restrictions on their lifestyle and threatened the band's stability.[7] The band's second EP, James II, was released over a year after the first and accompanied by a feature on the cover of the NME, Gilbertson having been replaced by the band's guitar tutor Larry Gott. The first two EPs would later be collected as Village Fire.[3] Reviews were once again positive, and Factory were eager for James to record an album with it, but the band believed Factory were purely image-based and left the label, striking a deal with Sire Records.
Their third release, the Sit Down EP (no relation to the song of that name) came out in February 1986, and was followed by their debut album, Stutter in July of that year.[3] The album reached number 68 in the UK Albums Chart.[3] Low on money and lacking coverage and promotion, the band recorded their second album, Strip-mine, attempting a more conventional song structure in an attempt to please Sire. The album almost went unreleased, but after undergoing a slight remix to sound more radio-friendly, Sire released the album in September 1988, over a year after it had been initially completed. However the album only reached number 90.[3] After finding a clause for ending their contract, the band left Sire.
James had by this point earned themselves a reputation as a live act and had built a solid fanbase. Sales of James T-shirts were particularly successful in Manchester even before they reached the Top 40. James financed the production of a live album One Man Clapping with a bank loan and the help of Rough Trade Records.[3] The album went to number 1 in the indie charts, reinvigorating media interest in the band.
Line-up changes and success: 1988–1992[edit]
In November 1988, drummer Whelan became involved in an on-stage fight with Booth[8] and was asked to leave the band. He was replaced by David Baynton-Power a few months later. During the following year James greatly expanded their lineup and sound palette by hiring three new members — guitarist-violinist-percussionist Saul Davies (who Gott recruited from an amateur blues night), keyboard player Mark Hunter and onetime Diagram Brothers/ Dislocation Dance / The Cotton Singers Pale Fountains trumpeter/percussionist Andy Diagram (the latter a noted avant-garde musician).[3] This new seven-piece line-up went into the studio to record the third James album.
New singles "Sit Down" and "Come Home" became strong hits in the independent charts, and the latter featured on the compilation album Happy Daze. The album Gold Mother was intended to be released on Rough Trade but the owner of the label, Geoff Travis, believed James could only reach an audience of 20,000 to 30,000. The band believed they had more potential than this and bought the rights to the album from Rough Trade. A successful winter tour in 1989 attracted a deal with Fontana Records,[3] and the band ended a difficult decade on an optimistic note.
Gold Mother was released in June 1990, just as the 'Madchester' movement, with its wave of popular Manchester-based indie bands, focused public attention on James and won them mainstream recognition.[3] Singles "How Was It for You", the remixed "Come Home" and "Lose Control" all made the Top 40, and the band's newfound success was re-affirmed when they played two sell-out dates at the Manchester G-Mex at the end of the year. In March 1991, when the popularity of "Sit Down" led to a re-recorded version being released as a single, reaching number 2 in the UK Singles Chart.[3] Gold Mother was re-released to include "Sit Down" and previous single "Lose Control", and the album sold ten times more copies than Travis originally predicted. The song became one of the biggest-selling singles of the year.
The band members spent the rest of the year recording their next album, Seven, which was released in February 1992.[3] It reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart (its lead single, "Sound", had followed "Sit Down" into the top 10 a few months earlier) and earned the band some recognition in the US as they embarked on their first Stateside tour. The band's activities culminated in a sell-out show to 30,000 people at the Alton Towers theme park in July, broadcast live on BBC Radio 1, following which Andy Diagram left the group.
Subsequent releases: 1993–1999[edit]
In 1993 James were invited on an acoustic tour of the US supporting Neil Young at a series of natural outdoor venues in the autumn. They returned to England refreshed and ready to record their new album with Brian Eno, who they had originally approached to produce Stutter but who had been unavailable at the time. Eno set about bringing out the ambience in James' music, and took them through a recording process that the band later described as a "journey of self-discovery". The process resulted in not one but two albums: the 'song' album, Laid, and the experimental Wah Wah, which showcased the band's improvised jams recorded on the spot, then mixed by Eno.[3] Booth's vocals were then added to the results.
Laid was released in September 1993 to positive reviews. As well as being a success in the UK, the album also broke the band in the US, shipping over 600,000 copies and charting at number 72 in the Billboard 200,[3] propelled by the popularity of its risqué title track on US college radio. The band spent most of 1994 touring the States. Wah Wah was eventually released in September 1994 to a lukewarm reception.
The recording of the follow-up album faced difficulties from the start. Two key members of the James organisation resigned — guitarist and key composer Larry Gott (who left the group in order to spend more time with his family) and manager Martine McDonagh (who had had a sometimes fraught romantic relationship with Booth, resulting in a son called Ben). Booth announced that he also wished to take a break in order to record an album with Angelo Badalamenti. At around the same time, there was the discovery of a £250,000 tax bill owed by the band.
Determined to continue despite the setbacks, the band set up studio in Baynton-Power's house. Former Sharkboy guitarist Adrian Oxaal was drafted in to replace Gott on guitar,[3] while Booth returned periodically from the States to add his vocals. 1996 saw the release of Booth's album with Badalamenti (Booth and the Bad Angel). The new James album, Whiplash, followed in February 1997. The album proved a successful comeback, reaching the UK top 10 as did the single "She's a Star".[3]
The band toured to promote the album, recruiting new member Michael Kulas while in the States, on rhythm guitar. Booth suffered a neck injury while dancing on stage in the US, resulting in a series of tour dates being cancelled as he underwent emergency surgery, and the band being offered a place instead on the Lollapalooza tour. In March 1998, a greatest hits album, The Best Of, was released, compiling all the band's hits since their signing to Fontana. The album reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart,[3] and sell-out tours throughout the year followed.
The band then returned to the studio to begin work on their next album, Millionaires, which was released in October 1999. The album did not reach the phenomenal sales level predicted, but still entered the UK Album charts at number 2,[3] and sold over 150,000 copies.
New direction and break-up: 2000–2006[edit]
After the disappointing performance of Millionaires the band chose to start anew in their approach to their next album, working with Eno once again. They spent most of 2000 recording the album; writing the songs, then performing them live before actually recording them. They embarked on a small-scale tour in the autumn of that year on which their set lists consisted almost entirely of new material. The album, Pleased To Meet You, was released in July 2001. The album's artwork featured a composite image of the faces of all the band members to create a new person. The album reached only number 11, the lowest position for a James studio album since their signing to Fontana.
Shortly after its release, James reached the end of their contract, and Tim Booth announced he was leaving the band to concentrate on other projects of his own. They played a farewell tour of the UK at the end of the year. Their final hometown gig, at the Manchester Evening News arena on 7 December, was recorded for a live CD and DVD, Getting Away With It... Live. Past members Larry Gott and Andy Diagram rejoined them for the tour, and Brian Eno also joined them onstage at London's Wembley Arena during the tour. The albums Gold Mother, Laid, and Whiplash (each containing bonus tracks) were re-released by Mercury Records the following year, as well as a B-sides compilation entitled B-Sides Ultra.
A planned compilation of material from the band's Factory and Sire years was announced in 2001, but the album, Strange Dancing, was never released. The first two James albums, Stutter and Strip-mine, were re-pressed in June 2007, but without any additional rarities.
Booth continued as a solo artist in 2004 with the release of his solo album Bone, co-written and produced by Lee Muddy Baker.
A new compilation album, The Collection was released in late 2004, and Seven – The Live Concert (a DVD version of a previously released video) in 2005.
Reunion: 2007–present[edit]
In January 2007 singer Tim Booth's personal website announced that "Tim will be rejoining James in early 2007 for a series of live shows to be announced very soon".[9] At the same time, James' old website was replaced by a new domain holder at wearejames.com. The site confirmed the line-up as that which recorded the album Laid: Booth, Gott, Glennie, Davies, Hunter and Baynton-Power. Booth confirmed in interviews that he became convinced to rejoin the band after meeting up with Glennie and Gott the previous November for a jamming session, out of which new songs were born.
The initial five dates of the tour were expanded to seven on the day tickets went on sale (26 January) due to high demand; the whole tour had sold out by close of business. The tour took place during late April 2007, and was followed later in the year by more live shows, including festival appearances at T in the Park and V Festival. The band also appeared at Summercase, Barcelona's top music concert in Spain during July 2007. Andy Diagram also rejoined the band as trumpet player during the festival tour. April saw the release of a new compilation album, Fresh as a Daisy — The Singles, accompanied by a DVD compilation of all the band's promo videos.
The new album Hey Ma was released on 7 April 2008, peaking at number 10 on the UK album charts, and a three-week tour to promote the album commenced on 10 April 2008. An arena tour of the UK called "We Are Sound" followed in December, on which two new songs ("Porcupine" and "Look Away") were previewed as tasters for a new studio album. A live album with a selection of songs recorded during the 2008 spring tour was exclusively sold at the merchandise stalls of the "We Are Sound" tour. Live in 2008 was limited to 5000 copies.
The band announced plans to release two mini-albums by April 2010. The Night Before was released on 19 April, although its follow-up, The Morning After, was released later than expected, on 2 August 2010. Following the release of The Night Before, the band embarked on a UK tour, the Mirrorball Tour, premièring songs from the album. Another UK tour took place in December. Both this tour and the US release of both mini-albums together as a 2-CD set called The Morning After The Night Before. A 19-date North American tour began in September to promote the combined album as well as showcase the songs before the UK tour.
At the beginning of 2011, Tim Booth announced that he was working on some new solo material, although James remained active, participating in the Lollapalooza festival in Chile. The band appeared at The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 13 and 20 April in Indio, California and Hard Rock Calling 2011 on 24 June in Hyde Park, London, where they were joined by Kaiser Chiefs and headline act The Killers. Towards the end of 2011, James signalled a departure from their previous touring style, with the announcement of a series of dates in October and November of that year including an orchestra and a choir.[10] This short, ten date tour saw James performing their back catalogue accompanied by the Orchestra of the Swan[11] and the Manchester Consort Choir.
They played at Kendal Calling Festival 2012[12] and toured again in 2013.
James' first new album in six years La Petite Mort was released on 2 June 2014[13] along with a promo single "Moving On". In July 2014, the band headlined on the Castle Stage for Camp Bestival at Lulworth Castle in Dorset and announced a ten date UK tour starting on 10 November, preceded by an 11 October headlining of the entertainment at the Rugby League Super League grand final at Old Trafford, performing a set before the game and in the half time show.
They toured again in 2015, playing some shows without Larry Gott, who was taking a break from touring on these occasions. Adrian Oxaal re-joined the band for the duration of the tour, and remains in the band to date; keyboard technician Ron Yeadon, formerly of Unkle Bob, also appeared on stage, singing backing vocals; he later joined the band as a backing vocalist. In 2016, the album Girl at the End of the World was released, with an accompanying tour – building up to the band's planned appearance opening 2016's Glastonbury Festival (the Other Stage) and later taking a top spot at the On Blackheath festival in September.
In May 2018, James released a 4 song EP entitled Better Than That that reached number 1 of the Vinyl Singles Chart[14] and embarked on a sold-out UK tour to promote it. During this tour, they also previewed a few songs from their following album, Living in Extraordinary Times, released on 3 August 2018. Percussionist and backing vocalist Deborah Knox-Hewson joined the band during the tour, replacing Ron Yeadon. She left the band shortly after the album's release.
Members[edit]
Current members[edit]
Jim Glennie - bass guitar, backing vocals (1982–2001, 2007–present)
Tim Booth - lead vocals (1982–2001, 2007–present)
Adrian Oxaal - lead guitar (1995–2001, 2015–present)
David Baynton-Power - drums (1988–2001, 2007–present)
Saul Davies - rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, violin, percussion, backing vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present)
Mark Hunter - keyboards, piano (1989–2001, 2007–present)
Andy Diagram - trumpet, percussion, backing vocals (1989–1992, 2001, 2007–present)
Former members[edit]
Paul Gilbertson - lead guitar (1982–1985)
Gavan Whelan - drums (1982–1988)
Michael Kulas - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–2001)
Larry Gott - lead guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboard, flute, backing vocals (1985–1995, 2001, 2007–2015)
Ron Yeadon - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2014–2017)
Deborah Knox-Hewson - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2018)
Timeline[edit]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Awards
Work
Category
Result
1991 Silver Clef Award Themselves Best Newcomer Won
1992 Ivor Novello Awards "Sit Down" Best Contemporary Song Nominated
2012 Lunas del Auditorio Themselves Best Foreign Rock Artist Nominated
2014 UK Music Video Awards "Moving On" Best Animation Won
Best Rock/Indie Video - UK Nominated
AIM Independent Music Awards Independent Video of the Year Nominated
Ibiza Music Video Festival Best Visual Effects Nominated
2015 Berlin Music Video Awards "All I'm Saying" Best Animation Nominated
Discography[edit]
Main article: James discography
Studio albums
Album title
Year
Notes
Stutter 1986
Stripmine 1988
Gold Mother 1990 Released in the US as James (1991)
Seven 1992
Laid 1993
Wah Wah 1994
Whiplash 1997
Millionaires 1999
Pleased to Meet You 2001
Hey Ma 2008
The Night Before 2010 Released in the US as The Morning After the Night Before (2010)
The Morning After 2010
La Petite Mort 2014
Girl at the End of the World 2016
Living in Extraordinary Times 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David Roberts (2005). British Hit Singles and Albums. Guinness World Records. p. 26. ISBN 1-904994-00-8.
Jump up ^ Sexton, Paul (14 August 2004). "Back Bone". Billboard. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 492–493. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
Jump up ^ "Indie band James reform for tour". BBC News. 24 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Alex Rendon (16 September 2010). "Manchester Rock Great James Returns to South Florida After 13 Years Away". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "James History". Oneofthethree.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "James: Stutter". Music Arcades. 2006-04-10. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Gavan Whelan Music Videos". Ovguide.com. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Tim Booth personal webpage - archived". Archive.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 2017-03-01. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "James announce UK tour with choir and orchestra – ticket details | News". Nme.com. 2011-06-30. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Orchestra of the Swan". Orchestra of the Swan. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ "James: Sit Down live". Kendalcalling.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "James Official Online Store : Merch, Music, Downloads & Clothing". James.tmstor.es. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Official Vinyl Singles Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
Works cited
Stuart Maconie: Folklore, Virgin Books, 2000 (ISBN 0-7535-0494-4).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James (band).
Official website
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James
Jim Glennie
Tim Booth
Larry Gott
David Baynton-Power
Saul Davies
Mark Hunter
Andy Diagram
Paul Gilbertson
Adrian Oxaal
Michael Kulas
Studio albums
Stutter
Strip-mine
Gold Mother
Seven
Laid
Wah Wah
Whiplash
Millionaires
Pleased to Meet You
Hey Ma
The Night Before
The Morning After
La Petite Mort
Girl at the End of the World
Living in Extraordinary Times
Singles
"Chain Mail"
"So Many Ways"
"What For"
"Sit Down"
"Come Home"
"Sound"
"Born of Frustration"
"Laid"
"She's a Star"
"Waltzing Along"
"Destiny Calling"
"Runaground"
"I Know What I'm Here For"
EPs
Jimone
James II
Village Fire
Live albums
One Man Clapping
Getting Away with It... Live
Live in 2008
Compilations
The Best Of
B-Sides Ultra
The Collection
Fresh as a Daisy - The Singles
Related articles
Discography
Booth and the Bad Angel
Booth and the Bad Angel (album)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13943121x (data)
GND: 4685733-3
LCCN: n92076240
MusicBrainz: a2accb58-6099-4cb5-a3c8-f6332f364db5
SUDOC: 157474216
VIAF: 102840429
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_(band)&oldid=866488637"
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Game Over, Man!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Game Over, Man!
Film release poster
Directed by
Kyle Newacheck
Produced by
Adam DeVine
Anders Holm
Blake Anderson
Kyle Newacheck
Seth Rogen
Evan Goldberg
James Weaver
Scott Rudin
Eli Bush
Isaac Horne
Screenplay by
Anders Holm
Story by
Anders Holm
Kyle Newacheck
Adam DeVine
Blake Anderson
Starring
Adam DeVine
Anders Holm
Blake Anderson
Utkarsh Ambudkar
Aya Cash
Neal McDonough
Daniel Stern
Jamie Demetriou
Rhona Mitra
Sam Richardson
Steve Howey
Music by
Steve Jablonsky
Cinematography
Grant Smith
Edited by
Evan Henke
Production
company
Mail Order Company
Point Grey Pictures
Scott Rudin Productions
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Game Over, Man! is a 2018 American action comedy film directed by Kyle Newacheck, written by Anders Holm, and starring Adam DeVine, Holm, and Blake Anderson, all of whom previously collaborated on the sitcom Workaholics. The film follows three down-on-their-luck housekeepers who must save the day when the Los Angeles party they are at gets taken hostage. It was released on March 23, 2018 on Netflix.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Premiere
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Three friends who work as housekeepers at a luxury hotel in Los Angeles are on the verge of getting their video game financed when their potential benefactor is taken hostage by terrorists in a Die Hard-type scenario. The trio are then forced into rising to the occasion to save the lives of every hostage in the building.
Cast[edit]
Adam DeVine as Alexxx
Anders Holm as Darren
Blake Anderson as Joel
Utkarsh Ambudkar as Bae Awadi
Aya Cash as Cassie
Neal McDonough as Conrad
Daniel Stern as Mitch
Jamie Demetriou as Mr. Ahmad
Rhona Mitra as Erma
Sam Richardson as Donald
Steve Howey as Rich
Mac Brandt as Jared
Geno Segers as Sal
Roe Hartrampf as Alan
Several celebrities have cameo appearances as themselves, including Shaggy, Sugar Lyn Beard, Fred Armisen, Joel McHale, Flying Lotus, Steve-O, Donald Faison, Action Bronson, Chris Pontius, and Mark Cuban. Jillian Bell and King Bach also make brief appearances.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On June 9, 2016, Netflix announced that they were producing Game Over, Man! with producers including Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, and James Weaver via their Point Grey banner; and Scott Rudin and Eli Bush via Scott Rudin Productions. Also producing are Adam DeVine, Anders Holm, Blake Anderson, and Kyle Newacheck, who collectively form the comedy group Mail Order Comedy, as well as Isaac Horne of Avalon Management.[1][2]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On May 8, 2017, Netflix released the teaser trailer for the film and announced the release date as April 20, 2018.[3] On January 4, 2018, Netflix released the first full-length trailer and announced that the release date had been moved up to March 23, 2018.[4]
Premiere[edit]
The film held its official premiere on March 21, 2018 at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles, California.[5][6]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Game Over, Man! has been met with a generally negative response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 9% approval rating with an average rating of 3.6 out of 10 based on 11 reviews.[7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 32 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8]
In a negative review, Glenn Kenny of The New York Times said, "This almost laugh-free comedy...is distinguished by a relentless level of outrageous yet strangely listless vulgarity."[9] In a similarly negative review, Variety's Monica Castillo said "Game Over, Man! is a movie with few original ideas, plenty of tropes, and not enough love for the Bill Paxton Aliens character who made its eponymous catchphrase popular."[10] Indiewire's David Ehrlich was more mixed saying, "Game Over, Man! becomes to Workaholics what Keanu was to Key & Peele — a sporadically funny riff on a formula that worked much better in small doses. You know it’s a Netflix joint, because it almost feels designed to be half-watched in the background; an overly loud piece of muzak."[11] In a somewhat positive review, Michael Rechtshaffen of the Los Angeles Times said "The guys occasionally over-reach for irreverence, director and fellow Workaholics veteran Kyle Newacheck mainly succeeds in delivering the most defiantly outrageous farce since Borat."[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (June 9, 2016). "'Workaholics' Creators, Seth Rogen Team for Action Comedy 'Game Over, Man!' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (June 9, 2016). "'Workaholics' Creators Team With Seth Rogen for Netflix's 'Game Over, Man!'". Collider. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dry, Jude (May 8, 2017). "'Game Over, Man!' Teaser: Netflix Comedy From 'Workaholics' Crew Fires Up For 4/20 — Watch". IndieWire. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (January 4, 2018). "'Game Over, Man!' Trailer Reveals New Netflix Movie Starring the 'Workaholics' Dudes". Collider. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Movie Premieres". Westwood Village. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Greggs, Gina (March 22, 2018). "Celeb Snaps! Hottest Star Sightings — Thursday, March 22, 2018 Celebuzz!". Celebuzz. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Man! (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Man! Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kenny, Glenn (March 22, 2018). "Review: 'Game Over, Man!' Is Far From Pitch Perfect". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Castillo, Monica (March 23, 2018). "Film Review: 'Game Over, Man!'". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (March 23, 2018). "'Game Over, Man!' Review: The 'Workaholics' Team Reunites for a Drug-Addled Riff on 'Die Hard'". IndieWire. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael (March 22, 2018). "The 'Workaholics' crew reunites for raunchy Netflix comedy 'Game Over, Man!'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
External links[edit]
Game Over, Man! on IMDb
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text:
Dynasties in Chinese history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Approximate territories occupied by the various dynasties and states throughout the history of China
History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BC
Xia dynasty c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC
Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
Zhou dynasty c. 1046 – 256 BC
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States
IMPERIAL
Qin dynasty 221–206 BC
Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD
Western Han
Xin dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265–420
Western Jin
Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms
Northern and Southern dynasties
420–589
Sui dynasty 581–618
Tang dynasty 618–907
(Second Zhou dynasty 690–705)
Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms
907–960 Liao dynasty
907–1125
Song dynasty
960–1279
Northern Song Western Xia
Southern Song Jin
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Ming dynasty 1368–1644
Qing dynasty 1644–1912
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic of China 1949–present
Related articles [show]
Chinese historiography
Timeline of Chinese history
Dynasties in Chinese history
Linguistic history
Art history
Economic history
Education history
Science and technology history
Legal history
Media history
Military history
Naval history
view
talk
edit
The following is a chronology of the dynasties in Chinese History.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Dynasties of China
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
Background[edit]
It is not usual for a dynasty to transition so smoothly into another, as is depicted in history timelines, since dynasties were often established before the overthrow of an existing reign, or continued for a time after they had been defeated. For example, the conventional date 1645 marks the year in which the Qing dynasty armies replaced the preceding Ming dynasty according to the dynastic cycle. However, the Qing dynasty was established in 1636 (or even 1616, albeit under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China. It is therefore inaccurate to assume China changed suddenly and all at once in the year 1645.
In addition, China was divided for short periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by different groups. At times like these, there was not any single dynasty ruling a unified China. As a case in point, there is much dispute about times in and after the Western Zhou period. In the Chinese historiographical tradition, each new dynasty would write the history of the dynasty which preceded it. This cycle was disrupted, however, when the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty in favor of a republic. Even an attempt by Republicans to draft the history of the Qing was disrupted by the Chinese Civil War, which resulted in the division of China into the People's Republic of China on mainland China and the Republic of China on Taiwan.[1]
Dynasties of China[edit]
Dynasty
Rulers
Ruling house or clan of houses
From
To
Term
Name
Chinese
(Traditional
/Simplified)
Pinyin
Meaning
Confederacy dynasties
Xia dynasty 夏 Xià Tribe name (list) Sì (姒) 2070 BC 1600 BC 470 years
Shang dynasty 商 Shāng Toponym (list) Zǐ (子) 1600 BC 1046 BC 554 years
Western Zhou dynasty 8 西周 Xī Zhōu Toponym (list) Jī (姬) 1046 BC 771 BC 554 years
Eastern Zhou dynasty 東周 / 东周 Dōng Zhōu Toponym (list) Jī (姬) 1056 BC 256 BC 800 years
Spring and Autumn period 春秋 Chūn Qiū As English 770 BC 476 BC 295 years
Warring States period 戰國 / 战国 Zhàn Guó As English 476 BC 221 BC 255 years
Imperial dynasties
Qin dynasty 秦 Qín Toponym (list) Yíng (嬴) 221 BC 207 BC 14 years
Western Han dynasty 西漢 / 西汉 Xī Hàn Toponym (list) Liú (劉) 206 BC or 202 BC AD 9 215 years
Xin dynasty 新 Xīn "New" (list) Wáng (王) AD 9 AD 23 14 years
Eastern Han dynasty 東漢 / 东汉 Dōng Hàn Toponym (list) Liú (劉) AD 25 AD 220 195 years
Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国 Sān Guó As English (list) Cáo (曹)
Liú (劉 / 刘)
Sūn (孫 / 孙) AD 220 AD 280 60 years
Western Jin dynasty 西晉 / 西晋 Xī Jìn Toponym (list) Sīmǎ (司馬) AD 265 AD 317 52 years
Eastern Jin dynasty 東晉 / 东晋 Dōng Jìn Toponym (list) Sīmǎ (司馬) AD 317 AD 420 103 years
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝 Nán Běi Cháo As English (list) various AD 420 AD 589 169 years
Sui dynasty 隋 Suí Ducal title
(随 homophone) (list) Yáng (楊) AD 581 AD 618 38 years
Tang dynasty 唐 Táng Ducal title (list) Lǐ (李) AD 618 AD 907 289 years
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國
/ 五代十国
Wǔ Dài Shí Guó As English (list) various AD 907 AD 960 53 years
Kingdom of Dali 大理國
/ 大理国
Dà Lǐ Guó Toponym (list) Duan (段) AD 937 AD 1253 316 years
Northern Song dynasty 北宋 Běi Sòng Toponym (list) Zhào (趙) AD 960 AD 1127 167 years
Southern Song dynasty 南宋 Nán Sòng Toponym (list) Zhào (趙) AD 1127 AD 1279 152 years
Liao dynasty 遼 / 辽 Liáo "Vast" or "Iron"
(Khitan homophone) (list) Yelü ( ; 耶律) AD 907 or 916 AD 1125 209 years
Jin dynasty 金 Jīn "Gold" (list) Wanggiya
( ; 完顏) AD 1115 AD 1234 119 years
Western Xia 西夏 Xī Xià Toponym (list) Li (𘝾; 李) AD 1038 AD 1227 189 years
Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽 Xī Liáo "Vast" or "Iron"
(Khitan homophone) (list) Yelü ( ; 耶律) AD 1124 AD 1218 94 years
Yuan dynasty 元 Yuán "Great" or "Primacy" (list) Borjigin
(ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ; 孛兒只斤) AD 1271 AD 1368 98 years
Ming dynasty 明 Míng "Bright" (list) Zhū (朱) AD 1368 AD 1644 276 years
Qing dynasty 清 Qīng "Pure" (list) Aisin Gioro
(ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ; 愛新覺羅) AD 1616 or 1636 AD 1912 268 years
Timeline graph
See also[edit]
This article contains Tangut text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tangut characters.
History of Imperial China portal
China portal
Monarchy portal
History of China
Conquest dynasties
Timeline of Chinese history
List of Chinese monarchs
List of recipients of tribute from China
List of tributaries of Imperial China
Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
Dynastic cycle
Republic of China (1912-1949)
People's Republic of China
Yuan Shikai - claimed to be emperor of China from December 1915 to March 1916 as the Hongxian Emperor.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chiang Kai-shek and retrocession". Taiwan: China Post. November 5, 2012. p. 2. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Sources[edit]
China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, 188-89; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dynasties of China.
Columbia University. Dynasties song
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynasties_in_Chinese_history&oldid=817990164"
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Richmond in the American Civil War
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View of Richmond above the Canal Basin, after the Evacuation Fire of 1865
Lithograph depicting the Evacuation Fire (Currier & Ives, 1865)
Richmond, Virginia, served as the capital of the Confederate States of America for almost the whole of the American Civil War. Not only was Richmond the seat of political power for the Confederacy, it served as a vital source of munitions, armament, weapons, supplies, and manpower for the Confederate States Army and Confederate States Navy, and as such would have been defended at all costs regardless of its political status. The city was less than 100 miles (160 km) from the Union capital in Washington, D.C..
Due to its symbolic and strategic importance to the Confederate war effort, it was the target of numerous attempts by the Union Army to seize possession of the capital, most notably during the Peninsula Campaign of 1862 and the Overland Campaign of 1864. Its proximity to the fighting would lead to it becoming a center of hospitals and military prisons. The city finally fell to Union forces on April 3, 1865, with large portions of the city destroyed by fires set during the evacuation.
In the aftermath of the war, numerous monuments, memorials, and museums were erected in the city.
Contents
[hide]
1 Strategic and symbolic significance
1.1 Capital of the Confederacy
1.2 Industrial center
2 Peninsula Campaign
2.1 Seven Days Battles
3 Mid-war years
4 Evacuation and capture of Richmond
5 Legacy
6 In popular culture
7 Notes
8 Further reading
8.1 Primary sources
9 External links
Strategic and symbolic significance[edit]
Virginia State Capitol, used as the Confederate Capitol. To the left is the Customs House, used by the Confederate Department of the Treasury and the offices of the President and Vice-President.
In the 1860 United States Census, Richmond was the 25th largest urban area in the United States, with a population of 37,910.[1][2] The city had been the capital of Virginia since 1780.
Capital of the Confederacy[edit]
The Confederate States of America was formed in early 1861 from the first states to secede from the Union. Montgomery, Alabama, was selected as the Confederate capital.
After the Confederate Army fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War, additional states seceded. Virginia voted to secede from the Union on April 17, 1861, and existed briefly thereafter as an independent republic before joining the Confederacy on June 19, 1861. However, on May 8, 1861, in the Confederate Capital City of Montgomery, Alabama, the decision was made to name the City of Richmond, Virginia as the new Capital of the Confederacy. Shortly thereafter, in recognition of Virginia's strategic importance, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.
The Great Seal of the Confederate States of America, adopted April 30, 1863, features a depiction of George Washington based on the Virginia Washington Monument adjacent to the Confederate Capitol building.
Richmond remained the capital of the Confederacy until April 2, 1865, at which point the government evacuated and was re-established, albeit briefly, in Danville, Virginia.[3]
Industrial center[edit]
The Tredegar Iron Works (1865)
Positioned on the Fall Line along the James River, the city had ready access to an ample supply of hydropower to run mills and factories.
The Tredegar Iron Works, sprawling along the James River, supplied high-quality munitions to Confederacy during the war. The company also manufactured railroad steam locomotives in the same period. Tredegar is also credited with the production of approximately 10,000 artillery pieces during the war which was about half of the South's total domestic production of artillery between the war years of 1861–1865. The foundry made the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia (the former USS Merrimack), which fought the first battle between ironclad warships in March 1862. The Tredegar works were adjacent to the Richmond Arsenal, which was recommissioned in the lead-up to the war. On Brown's Island, the Confederate States Laboratory was established to consolidate explosives production to an isolated setting in the eventuality of an accidental explosion.
Numerous smaller factories in Richmond produced tents, uniforms, harnesses and leather goods, swords and bayonets, and other war material. As the war progressed, the city's warehouses became the supply and logistical center for much of the Confederate forces within the Eastern Theater.
Richmond was also a transportation hub. It was the terminus of five railroads: the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, the Virginia Central Railroad, the Richmond and York River Railroad, the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, and the Richmond and Danville Railroad, as well as the James River and Kanawha Canal, together with a seaport with access to the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. At the fall of Richmond in April 1865, all but the Richmond and Danville Railroad and the canal had effectively been cut off by Union forces.
Peninsula Campaign[edit]
In the late spring of 1862, a large Federal army under Major General George B. McClellan landed on the Virginia Peninsula. McClellan, who had enjoyed early publicity from a series of successes in western Virginia, was assigned the task of seizing and occupying Richmond. His military maneuvers and the resulting battles and engagements became collectively known as the Peninsula Campaign, culminating in the Seven Days Battles.
McClellan's starting base was the Union-held Fort Monroe at the eastern tip of the Peninsula. Efforts to take Richmond by the James River were successfully blocked by Confederate defenses at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff on May 15, about eight miles downstream from Richmond. The Union Army advance was halted shortly outside of the city at the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1, 1862 (near the site of what is now Richmond International Airport).
Seven Days Battles[edit]
Main article: Seven Days Battles
Over a period of seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, Richmond's defensive line of batteries and fortifications set up under General Robert E. Lee, a daring ride around the Union Army by Confederate cavalry under General J.E.B. Stuart, and an unexpected appearance of General Stonewall Jackson's famous "foot cavalry" combined to unnerve the ever-cautious McClellan, and he initiated a Union retreat before Richmond.
Even as other portions of the South were already falling, the failure of the Peninsula Campaign to take Richmond led to almost three more years of warfare between the states.
Mid-war years[edit]
Libby Prison in 1865, viewed from Dock Street
As a result of its proximity to the battlefields of the Eastern Theater and its high level of defense, the city processed many casualties of both sides: as home to numerous hospitals (the largest such being Chimborazo Hospital), prisons (notably Libby Prison, Castle Thunder, and Belle Isle), and various cemeteries.
On March 13, 1863, the Confederate Laboratory on Brown's Island was rocked by an explosion that killed dozens of workers.
Bread riots in Richmond
On April 2, 1863, the city was beset by a large bread riot as housewives could no longer afford very high food prices and broke into stores. The riot was organized by Mary Jackson, a huckster and the mother of a soldier.[4] The militia was called out to end the riot.[5]
The Confederacy hit its high-water mark at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Subsequent campaigning in the balance of the year failed to bring about a decisive battle, and Richmond residents settled down to the winter of 1863–64 mostly still optimistic about the Confederacy's fortunes.
One of the Civil War's most daring prison breaks, the Libby Prison Escape, took place in February 1864 when more than 100 Federal captives escaped and fled into the night. Fewer than half were recaptured, with the majority reaching Union lines and safety. The city was shaken shortly thereafter by the March 2, 1864 Dahlgren Affair, a failed Union raid on the city.
Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign resulted in Robert E. Lee's Confederate army retiring to the vicinity of Richmond and Petersburg, where they checked Grant's progress.
Richmond skyline after the Evacuation Fire, viewed from across the James. The burnt-out Mayo Bridge is in the foreground
Evacuation and capture of Richmond[edit]
Map of Richmond during the war; areas burnt during the evacuation in red
After a long siege, Grant captured Petersburg and Richmond in early April 1865. As the fall of Petersburg became imminent, on Evacuation Sunday (April 2), President Davis, his Cabinet, and the Confederate defenders abandoned Richmond and fled south on the last open railroad line, the Richmond and Danville.
The retreating soldiers were under orders to set fire to bridges, the armory, and warehouses with supplies as they left. The fire in the largely abandoned city spread out of control, and large parts of Richmond were destroyed, reaching to the very edge of Capitol Square mostly unchecked. The conflagration was not completely extinguished until the mayor and other civilians went to the Union lines east of Richmond on New Market Road (now State Route 5) and surrendered the city the next day. Union troops put out the raging fires in the city. The event became known as the Evacuation Fire. The occupation was overseen by General Godfrey Weitzel and later General Edward Ord.
President Lincoln, who had been visiting General Grant and staying nearby at City Point, toured the fallen city (April 4–7) by foot and carriage with his young son Tad, and visited the former White House of the Confederacy and the Virginia State Capitol.
About one week after the evacuation of Richmond, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9 ending the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. Within the same week, on the evening of April 14, President Lincoln was assassinated in Washington D.C. by the Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
Damage from the Evacuation Fire
Remains of a locomotive of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad
Damage near the Armory. Albumen print, 1865
Ruins of the Gallego Mills
Ruins in the commercial district
Exchange Bank in Richmond
Legacy[edit]
The Jefferson Davis Monument, located at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Davis Avenue in Richmond
Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery is the final burial place of many Civil War notables, including Jefferson Davis, Stuart, former U.S. President and Confederate Congressman John Tyler, Virginia Governors and Confederate Generals Henry A. Wise and William "Extra Billy" Smith, Tredegar Iron Works owner and Confederate Brigadier General Joseph Reid Anderson, and Major Generals George Pickett, Fitzhugh Lee, Henry Heth, and John Imboden. A large, stone pyramid dominates the Confederate Soldiers' section, where over 18,000 (many of whom are unknown) Confederates are buried.
War dead were also buried at Oakwood Cemetery, Shockoe Hill Cemetery, and the Cemetery for Hebrew Confederate Soldiers section of the Hebrew Cemetery. Numerous Union dead who were buried at these sites were re-interred after the war to several national cemeteries outside of the city.
The city has a number of markers and monuments commemorating the Civil War and the city's role in the Confederacy. Monument Avenue was laid out in 1887, with a series of monuments at various intersections honoring the city's Confederate heroes. Included (east to west) were J.E.B. Stuart, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and Matthew F. Maury.
The Richmond National Battlefield Park, a unit of the National Park Service, maintains several battlefields from the Peninsula Campaign and subsequent actions. A driving tour through Civil War sites in Richmond and its surrounding counties is maintained by Virginia Civil War Trails. The White House of the Confederacy (part of the private, non-profit Museum of the Confederacy) has been fully restored to its wartime appearance and is open for daily tours. Immediately next door to the White House, the internationally renowned Museum of the Confederacy houses the largest comprehensive collection of artifacts and personal effects relating to the Confederacy. Other museums include the Virginia Historical Society. A statue of Lincoln, commemorating his visit to the former Confederate capitol, was unveiled in 2003, causing controversy.[6]
In popular culture[edit]
The Charlie Daniels Band song, "Trudy", compares the taking of Richmond by Grant with the narrator saying that he was "raking in chips like Grant took Richmond" in a poker game.
Robbie Robertson / The Band wrote 'The night they drove old Dixie down'. One lyric refers to, '...by May the 10th (1865) Richmond had fell, it was a time I remember oh so well'. On May 10, 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, fleeing Richmond and having dissolved the Confederate government, was captured by Union forces in Irwinville, Georgia. [7]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990 (Population Division Working Paper No. 27)". Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. p. Table 9. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ By comparison, the population of Washington, D.C. was 61,122 in the 1860 census
Jump up ^ Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. Signet Classics, 2002. ISBN 0-451-52849-2.
Jump up ^ "Bread or Blood: The Richmond Bread Riot - Hungry History". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
Jump up ^ Michael B. Chesson, "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92#2 (1984): 131-175. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Moser, Bob (Summer 2003). "Conflicts Arise over Lincoln Statue in Richmond, Va., Cemetery". Southern Poverty Law Center: Intelligence Report.
Jump up ^ Ballard, Michael B., A Long Shadow: Jefferson Davis and the Final Days of the Confederacy, pp. 97-116, University of Georgia Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8203-1941-4
Further reading[edit]
Berler, Anne Karen. "Unconquerable Defiance": Richmond Newspapers and Confederate Defeat, 1864-1865. (MA Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007). online, bibliography on pages 81 – 87.
Bill, Alfred Hoyt. The Beleaguered City: Richmond, 1861-1865 (1946).
Calcutt, Rebecca Barbour. Richmond's Wartime Hospitals (Pelican Publishing, 2005).
Chesson, Michael B. "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92#2 (1984): 131-175. in JSTOR
Furgurson, Ernest B. Ashes of glory: Richmond at war (1996).
Greene, A. Wilson. Civil War Petersburg: Confederate City in the Crucible of War (U of Virginia Press, 2006).
Harwell, Richard Barksdale. "Civil War Theater: The Richmond Stage." Civil War History (1955) 1#3 pp: 295-304. online
Lankford, Nelson. Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital (2002).
Thomas, Emory M. The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital (LSU Press, 1998).
Stout, Harry S., and Christopher Grasso. "Civil War, Religion, and Communications: The Case of Richmond." in by Randall M. Miller and Harry S. Stout, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (1998) pp: 313-59.
Takagi, Midori. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond Virginia, 1782–1865 (University of Virginia Press, 2000).
Titus, Katherine R. "The Richmond Bread Riot of 1863: Class, Race, and Gender in the Urban Confederacy" The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 2#6 (2011) pp 86–146 online
Wright, Mike. City Under Siege: Richmond in the Civil War (Rowman & Littlefield, 1995)
Primary sources[edit]
Wixson, Neal E. ed. From Civility to Survival: Richmond Ladies During the Civil War: The Ladies reveal their wartime private thoughts and struggles in compelling diaries and emotional memories (iUniverse, 2012).
Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut's Civil War (Yale University Press, 1981), Pulitzer Prize.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richmond in the American Civil War.
Richmond in the Civil War
Richmond During the Civil War in Encyclopedia Virginia
Virginia Historical Society exhibition, The Story of Virginia: Becoming Confederates
CivilWarTraveler.com – Richmond
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values: Richmond nella guerra di secessione americana – Italian

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