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Peter Minuit
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Peter Minuit, Minnetonka
Third Director of New Netherland
In office
1626–1631
Preceded by
Willem Verhulst
Succeeded by
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
Personal details
Born
1580
Wesel, Duchy of Cleves, Holy Roman Empire (modern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
Died
1638 (aged 58)
St. Christopher
Peter minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit, or Peter Minnewit (between 1580 and 1585 – August 5, 1638) was a Walloon from Wesel, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of the Duchy of Cleves. His surname means "midnight" in French.[1] He was Director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1631, and founded the Swedish colony of New Sweden in 1638.
Minuit is generally credited with orchestrating the purchase of Manhattan Island for the Dutch from the Lenape Native Americans. Manhattan later became the site of the Dutch city of New Amsterdam, and the borough of Manhattan of modern-day New York City. A common myth states that Minuit purchased Manhattan for $24 worth of trinkets; however, a letter written by Dutch merchant Peter Schaghen to directors of the Dutch East India Company stated that Manhattan was purchased "for the value of 60 guilders,"[2] an amount worth approximately $1,050 in 2015 dollars.[3] Minuit also founded the Delaware colony in the early 1600s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Career as director of New Netherland
1.3 Establishing the New Sweden colony
2 Legacy
2.1 Places named after Minuit
2.2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Notes
5 Further reading
6 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Peter Minuit was born sometime between 1580 and 1585,[4] into a Protestant family that had moved from the city of Tournai (presently part of Wallonia, Belgium) in the Southern Netherlands, to Wesel in Germany, in order to avoid Spanish Catholic colonials, who were not favorably disposed toward Protestants.[5]
His father, Johan, died in 1609 and Peter took over management of the household and his father's business. Peter Minuit had a good reputation in Wesel, attested by the fact that he was several times appointed a guardian. He also assisted the poor during the Spanish occupation of 1614–1619.[4]
Peter Minuit married Gertrude Raedts on August 20, 1613. Gertrude was from a wealthy family and she probably helped Peter Minuit establish himself as a broker. What products he dealt in is not known. That it involved diamonds is derived from a legal document, a will, drawn up in 1615, in the Dutch city of Utrecht, mentioning Peter Minnewit as a diamond cutter.[5]
By 1624, the city was in an economic decline and in 1625, he had left Wesel and like others, went to Holland. At first, Gertrude went to stay with her relatives in Cleve.[4]
Career as director of New Netherland[edit]
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1909 drawing of The Purchase of Manhattan Island
Minuit and his family joined the Dutch West India Company, probably in the mid-1620s, and was sent to New Netherland in 1625 to search for tradable goods other than the animal pelts that then were the major product coming from New Netherland. He returned in the same year, and in 1626 was appointed the new director of New Netherland, taking over from Willem Verhulst. He sailed to North America and arrived in the colony on May 4, 1626.[6]
Minuit is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsees, who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks.[7]
The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch States-General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company, Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the States-General in November 1626.[8] In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to US$23.[9] "[A] variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars," as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York.[10] Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam.[11] Based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992.[12] Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014, suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as equivalencies, the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $2,600 and $15,600 in current dollars.[1]
According to researchers at the National Library of the Netherlands,[citation needed] "The original inhabitants of the area were unfamiliar with the European notions and definitions of ownership rights. For the Indians, water, air and land could not be traded. Such exchanges would also be difficult in practical terms because many groups migrated between their summer and winter quarters. It can be concluded that both parties probably went home with totally different interpretations of the sales agreement."
A contemporary purchase of rights in nearby Staten Island, to which Minuit also was party, involved duffel cloth, iron kettles, axe heads, hoes, wampum, drilling awls, "Jew's harps", and "diverse other wares". "If similar trade goods were involved in the Manhattan arrangement", Burrows and Wallace surmise, "then the Dutch were engaged in high-end technology transfer, handing over equipment of enormous usefulness in tasks ranging from clearing land to drilling wampum."[10]
The calculation of $24 also fails to recognize that the concepts of property trading and ownership held by the seventeenth-century Dutch and East Coast natives were both different from modern conceptions. Comparisons to modern land dealing distort the reality of what Minuit was trying to do. Both the Dutch and the Indians undoubtedly included intangibles along with any hard goods in their concept of the total transactional value. For Indians and Minuit alike, both sides felt they were getting far more than a mere 60 guilders.[13] For instance, the natives most certainly would have thought the trade included the value of the Dutch as potential military allies against rival Indian nations—a 'good' that could not be valued in currency alone. In addition, the value of the sale to Dutch and Indians, alike, would have included the prospect of future trade.
Minuit conducted politics in a measure of democracy in the colony during his time in New Netherland. He was highest judge in the colony, but in both civil and criminal affairs he was assisted by a council of five colonists. This advisory body would advise the director and jointly with him would develop, administer, and adjudicate a body of laws to help govern the colony. In addition there was a schout-fiscal, half-sheriff, half-attorney-general, and the customs officer.[5] During Minuit's administration, several mills were built, trade grew exponentially, and the population grew to almost 300.[citation needed]
In 1631, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) suspended Minuit from his post for reasons that are unclear, but probably for (perhaps unintentionally) abetting the landowning patroons who were engaging in illegal fur trade and otherwise enriching themselves against the interests and orders of the West India Company.[14][15] He arrived back in Europe in August 1632 to explain his actions, but was dismissed [6] and was succeeded as director by Wouter van Twiller. It is possible that Minuit had become the victim of the internal disputes over the rights that the board of directors had given to the patroons.
Establishing the New Sweden colony[edit]
In 1636 or 1637, after having lived in Cleves, Germany for several years, Minuit made arrangements with Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government to create the first Swedish colony in the New World. Located on the lower Delaware River within territory earlier claimed by the Dutch, it was called New Sweden. Minuit and his company arrived on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel at Swedes' Landing (now Wilmington, Delaware), in the spring of 1638. They constructed Fort Christina later that year, then returned to Stockholm for a second load of colonists, and made a side trip to the Caribbean on the return to pick up a shipment of tobacco for resale in Europe to make the voyage profitable. During this voyage, Minuit died during a hurricane at St. Christopher in the Caribbean. The losses suffered, such as goods, colonists, and Minuit, caused irreversible damage to Sweden's colonization attempts. Two years later, Swedish Lt. Måns Nilsson Kling, whose rank was raised to captain, replaced him as governor. Nine expeditions to the colony were carried out before the Dutch captured the colony in 1655, well after Minuit's death.[16]
Legacy[edit]
Places named after Minuit[edit]
The Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal's Peter Minuit Plaza, north of the South Ferry – Whitehall Street station (1, 2, N, R, and W trains). Following the 400th anniversary celebrations of Henry Hudson's voyage to Manhattan, a pavilion was opened there to honor the Dutch. Each night at midnight, LED lights around the pavilion's perimeter glow in honor of Minuit.[1]
A marker in Inwood Hill Park at the supposed site of the purchase of Manhattan
A granite flagstaff base in Battery Park, which depicts the historic purchase
A school and playground in East Harlem, which are named for him.[17]
An apartment building at 25 Claremont Avenue in Manhattan, which bears his name above the front entrance
The Peter Minuit Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution
A memorial on Moltkestraße in Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
In popular culture[edit]
The beginning lines of Rodgers and Hart's 1939 song "Give It Back to the Indians" recount the sale of Manhattan: "Old Peter Minuit had nothing to lose when he bought the isle of Manhattan / For twenty-six dollars and a bottle of booze, and they threw in the Bronx and Staten / Pete thought he had the best of the bargain, but the poor red man just grinned / And he grunted "ugh!" (meaning "okay" in his jargon) for he knew poor Pete was skinned."
One version of Minuit was played by Groucho Marx in the 1957 comedy film The Story of Mankind.
Minuit is mentioned on the HBO drama Boardwalk Empire, where the character Edward Bader tells a joke featuring the line, "'50 bucks?' the fella says. 'Peter Stuyvesant only paid 24 for the entire island of Manhattan!'", while Steve Buscemi's' character Enoch 'Nucky' Thompson has to correct Bader and inform him that it was in fact Peter Minuit who bought Manhattan, not Stuyvesant.
Bob Dylan mentions Minuit in his song "Hard Times in New York Town" (released on The Bootleg Series Volume 1) in the following line: Mister Hudson come a-sailing down the stream, / and old Mister Minuit paid for his dream. In the released recording of the song, however, Dylan spoonerizes "Mister Minuit" by mispronouncing his name as "Minnie Mistuit."[18] The official lyrics have the correct version of the name, except that Minuit is spelled "Minuet."[19]
Minuit is mentioned in the first episode, Uno, of the AMC drama Better Call Saul. Jimmy McGill (the later titular Saul), while confronting lawyers at his brother's law firm, accuses them of being "like Peter Minuit" and suggests that they "throw in some beads and shells" to the $26,000.00 being given to his brother.
Minuit's purchase of Manhattan is mentioned in the children's novel, Double Fudge by Judy Blume.
See also[edit]
Dutch colonization of the Americas
Dutch Empire
List of colonial governors of New Jersey
List of colonial governors of New York
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nevius, James; Nevius, Michelle (2014). Footprints in New York: Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. ISBN 9780762796366.
Jump up ^ Soniak, Matt. "Was Manhattan Really Bought for $24?". MentalFloss. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php. Retrieved 17 May 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Peter Minuit", Wesel.de
^ Jump up to: a b c "Peter Minuit", New Netherlands Institute
^ Jump up to: a b "Peter Minuit" (biography), Wesel, Germany, webpage: Wesel-Minuit.
Jump up ^ Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $24 Swindle: The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn’t mind — the land wasn't theirs anyway." American Heritage, Vol. 11, no. 1 (Dec. 1959).
Jump up ^ Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription. New Netherland Institute (1626-11-07). Retrieved on 2015-02-16.
Jump up ^ Nevius, Michelle; Nevius, James (2009). Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City. Simon and Schuster. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4165-8997-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, (1999: xivff)
Jump up ^ The International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam calculates its value as 60 guilders (1626) = €678.91 (2006), equal to about $1,000 in 2006.
Jump up ^ How much would the $24 paid for Manhattan be worth in today's money?. The Straight Dope (1992-07-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ The Island at the Center of the World. Randomhouse.com (2005-04-09). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ Peter Minuit Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story. Biography.com (1940-10-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ Peter Minuit. Historyofholland.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ Bente, Friedrich, 1858-1930. American Lutheranism Volume 1: Early History of American Lutheranism: Lutheran Swedes in Delaware. Concordia: 1919, p.11.
Jump up ^ "Peter Minuit Playground", New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Jump up ^ The Annotated Bob Dylan. Reocities.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Jump up ^ Songs | The Official Bob Dylan Site Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine.. Bobdylan.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
Further reading[edit]
Arand, Tobias. Peter Minuit aus Wesel - Ein rheinischer Überseekaufmann im 17. Jahrhundert; in: Schöne Neue Welt. Rheinländer erobern Amerika, hg. v. Rheinischen Freilichtmuseum und Landesmuseum für Volkskunde in Kommern, Opladen 1981, 13-42
Weslager, C.A. (1989). A Man and his Ship: Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel. Wilmington, Delaware: Kalmar Nickel Foundation. ISBN 0-9625563-1-9.
James Nevius, Michelle Nevius (2014). Footprints in New York: Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-9636-6.
Michelle Nevius, James Nevius (2009). Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-8997-6.
Russell Shorto (2004). The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-7867-9.
Jacobs, Jaap. (2005), New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-12906-5.
Mickley, Joseph J. Some account of Willem Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware, The Historical Society of Delaware, 1881
External links[edit]
Project Gutenberg's Narrative New Netherland, edited by J. Franklin Jameson, includes a footnote about the life of Minuit, but gives an improbable birth date of 1550.
"The Canarsees", Angelfire
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace: Gotham, 1999.
Kenneth T. Jackson, ed.: Encyclopedia of New York City (1995)
Pieter (later English spelling Peter) Schaghen, "Letter on the purchase of Manhattan Island",
Arthur Elmore Bostwick (1900). "Minuit, Peter". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.
Political offices
Preceded by
Willem Verhulst Director of New Netherland
May 4, 1626–1631 Succeeded by
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
New title
new colony
Governor of New Sweden
March 29, 1638 – June 15, 1638 Succeeded by
Måns Nilsson Kling
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22936745
LCCN: n93016439
ISNI: 0000 0000 8364 4880
GND: 118734105
SUDOC: 184479487
BIBSYS: 5010398
IATH: w6bp26kp
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Minuit&oldid=814668361"
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text:
Ports in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map showing the location of airports and seaports in India
Kolkata Port Contrainer terminal
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Visakhapatnam Port, Andhra Pradesh
Kochi Port, Kerala
New Mangalore Port, Karnataka
Mundra Port, Gujarat
Haldia Port, West Bengal
India has a coastline spanning 7516.6 kilometres, forming one of the biggest peninsulas in the world. According to the Ministry of Shipping, around 95 per cent of India's trading by volume and 70 per cent by value is done through maritime transport. It is serviced by 12 major ports, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports. The total 200 non-major ports are in the following States:- Maharashtra (48); Gujarat (42); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10); Kerala (17); Andhra Pradesh (12); Odisha (13); Goa (5); West Bengal (1); Daman and Diu (2); Lakshadweep (10); Pondicherry (2); and Andaman & Nicobar (23).[1]
Government of India plans to modernise these ports and has approved a project called Sagarmala.[2] The ports and shipping industry in India plays a vital role in sustaining growth in the country’s trade and commerce. The Indian Government has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100 per cent under the automatic route for port and harbour construction and maintenance projects. The government has also initiated National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP), an initiative to develop the maritime sector with a planned outlay of US$ 11.8 billion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification of ports
2 Shipping
3 Cargo handled
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Classification of ports[edit]
Indian government has a federal structure, and according to its constitution, maritime transport is to be administered by both the Central and the State governments. While the central government's shipping ministry administers the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased manner, a good proportion of them involving public–private partnership.
Shipping[edit]
Major ports handled over 74% of all cargo traffic in 2007. All major ports, except one Ennore Port are government administered, but private sector participation in ports has increased. There are also 7 shipyards under the control of the central government of India, 2 shipyards controlled by state governments, and 19 privately owned shipyards.
As of 2000, there were 102 shipping companies operating in India, of which five were privately owned and based in India and one was owned by Shipping Corporation of India. There were 639 government-owned ships, including 91 oil tankers, 79 dry cargo bulk carriers, and 10 cellular container vessels. Indian-flagged vessels carried about 15 percent of overseas cargo at Indian ports for financial year 2003.
Cargo handled[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017)
The following table gives the detailed data about the major ports of India[3] (Source: Indian Ports Association):
Kandla Port, Gujarat
Port of Quilon - The oldest and second largest port in Kerala, situated at Kollam city
Name
Cargo Handled
(FY2013-14)
Vessel Traffic
(FY2013-14)
Container Traffic
million tonnes
% Increase
(over previous FY)
% Increase
(over previous FY)
'000 TEUs
% Increase
(over previous FY)
Kandla 87.00 -7.06% ↓ 2,734 0.74% ↑ 29 -75.42% ↓
Paradip 68.00 20.25% ↑ 1,279 -4.96% ↓ 9 -30.77% ↓
JNPT 62.37 -3.32% ↓ 2,588 -11.25% ↓ 4,161 -2.30% ↓
Mumbai 59.19 1.98% ↑ 1,949 -5.25% ↓ 41 -14.58% ↓
Visakhapatnam 58.50 -0.91% ↓ 2,066 -16.36% ↓ 263 6.48% ↑
Chennai 51.11 -4.30% ↓ 1,928 -5.63% ↓ 1,468 -4.68% ↓
Kolkata 41.39 3.65% ↑ 3,155 -0.91% ↓ 563 -6.17% ↓
Mangalore 39.37 6.29% ↑ 1,096 -5.11% ↓ 50 4.17% ↑
Tuticorin 28.64 1.35% ↑ 1,292 -13.40% ↓ 508 6.72% ↑
Ennore
(corporate port renamed
to Kamarajar Port)
27.34 -52.85% ↓ 475 23.38% ↑ -- --
Krishnapatnam Port[4] 36.11 ↑ 1060 ↑ -- --
Kochi 20.89 5.25% ↑ 1,367 -1.09% ↓ 351 --
Mormugao 11.74 -33.65% ↓ 473 39.75% ↑ 22 10.00% ↑
All Indian Ports 555.50 1.78% ↑ 20,402 -6.95% ↓ 7,465 -3.10% ↓
Name
Cargo Handled
(FY2014-15)
Vessel Traffic
(FY2014-15)
Container Traffic
million tonnes
% Increase
(over previous FY)
% Increase
(over previous FY)
'000 TEUs
% Increase
(over previous FY)
Kandla 92.50 6.31% ↑ 2,734 0.74% ↑ 29 -75.42% ↓
Paradip 71.01 4.42% ↑ 1,279 -4.96% ↓ 9 -30.77% ↓
JNPT 63.80 2.36% ↑ 2,588 -11.25% ↓ 4,161 -2.30% ↓
Mumbai 61.66 4.18% ↑ 1,949 -5.25% ↓ 41 -14.58% ↓
Visakhapatnam 58.00 -0.85% ↓ 2,066 -16.36% ↓ 263 6.48% ↑
Chennai 52.54 2.81% ↑ 1,928 -5.63% ↓ 1,468 -4.68% ↓
Kolkata 46.29 11.86% ↑ 3,155 -0.91% ↓ 563 -6.17% ↓
Krishnapatnam Port 40.72[5] 60% ↑ 961[4] ↑ 92 ↑
Mangalore 36.57 -7.11% ↓ 1,096 -5.11% ↓ 50 4.17% ↑
Tuticorin 32.41 13.17% ↑ 1,292 -13.40% ↓ 508 6.72% ↑
Ennore (corporate) 30.25 10.66% ↑ 475 23.38% ↑ -- --
Kochi 21.60 3.39% ↑ 1,367 -1.09% ↓ 351 4.78% ↑
Mormugao 14.71 25.32% ↑ 473 39.75% ↑ 22 10.00% ↑
All Ports 581.34 4.65% ↑ 20,402 -6.95% ↓ 7,465 -3.10% ↓
See also[edit]
Sagar Mala project
Ports in Andhra Pradesh
Ports in Karnataka
Ports in Kerala
Ports in West Bengal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://business.gov.in/Industry_services/ports.php. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Cabinet gives 'in principle' nod to concept of Sagarmala project". Economic Times, Times of India. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Operational Details". Indian Ports Association. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official port website - statistics".
Jump up ^ "TheHindu".
External links[edit]
Indian Port List - Best Major 12
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Troy: Fall of a City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the miniseries. For the 2004 film, see Troy (film).
Troy: Fall of a City
Genre
Drama
Historical fiction
Fantasy
Screenplay by
David Farr
Nancy Harris
Mika Watkins
Joe Barton
Directed by
Owen Harris
Mark Brozel
Starring
Louis Hunter
Aimee-Ffion Edwards
Bella Dayne
David Threlfall
Frances O'Connor
Tom Weston-Jones
Joseph Mawle
Chloe Pirrie
Johnny Harris
David Gyasi
Jonas Armstrong
Alfred Enoch
Hakeem Kae-Kazim
Composer(s)
Robin Coudert
Country of origin
United Kingdom
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
1
No. of episodes
8
Production
Executive producer(s)
Derek Wax
David Farr
Producer(s)
Barney Reisz
Production location(s)
South Africa
Running time
56 minutes
Production company(s)
BBC
Kudos
Wild Mercury
Netflix
Distributor
Endemol Shine Group
Release
Original network
BBC One (UK)
Netflix (international)
Picture format
2:1 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) – present
External links
BBC website
Troy: Fall of a City is a British-American miniseries based on the Trojan War and the love affair between Paris and Helen. The show tells the story of the 10 year siege of Troy, set in the 13th century BC. The series was commissioned by BBC One and is a co-production between BBC One and Netflix, with BBC One airing the show on 17 February 2018 in the United Kingdom, and Netflix streaming the show internationally outside the UK.[1][2]
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Episodes
4.1 Series 1 (2018)
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The story of the 10 year siege of Troy by the Greeks is told after the young prince of Troy, Paris, has an affair with Helen of Troy, the wife of the Greek king.
Cast[edit]
Louis Hunter as Paris[3]
Bella Dayne as Helen of Troy[3]
David Threlfall as Priam[3]
Frances O'Connor as Hecuba[3]
Tom Weston-Jones as Hector[3]
Joseph Mawle as Odysseus[3]
Chloe Pirrie as Andromache[3]
Johnny Harris as Agamemnon[3]
David Gyasi as Achilles[3]
Jonas Armstrong as Menelaus[3]
Alfred Enoch as Aeneas[3]
Aimee-Ffion Edwards as Cassandra[3]
Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Zeus[4]
Chris Fisher as Deiphobus[5]
Christiaan Schoombie as Troilus[5]
Alex Lanipekun as Pandarus[5]
Jonathan Pienaar as Litos[5]
David Avery as Xanthias
Lex King as Aphrodite
Amy Louise Wilson as Briseis
Inge Beckmann as Hera
Shamilla Miller as Athena
Diarmaid Murtagh as Hermes
Thando Hopa as Artemis
Nina Milner as Penthesilea[6]
Grace Hogg-Robinson as Hermione
Jovan Muthray as Kaidas
Production[edit]
The series was filmed in Cape Town and consists of eight episodes.[7] It is written by David Farr, Nancy Harris, Mika Watkins, and Joe Barton, and directed by Owen Harris and Mark Brozel.[3]
Episodes[edit]
Series 1 (2018)[edit]
No. in
series
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions)
1
"Black Blood" Owen Harris David Farr 17 February 2018 (2018-02-17) 3.2 Million[8]
2
"Conditions" Owen Harris David Farr 24 February 2018 (2018-02-24) N/A
3
"Siege" Owen Harris Nancy Harris 3 March 2018 (2018-03-03) N/A
4
"Spoils of War" Mark Brozel Mika Watkins 10 March 2018 (2018-03-10) 1.6 Million
5
"Hunted" Mark Brozel David Farr 17 March 2018 (2018-03-17) N/A
6
"Battle on the Beach" Mark Brozel Joe Barton 24 March 2018 (2018-03-24) N/A
7
"Twelve Days" John Strickland David Farr 31 March 2018 (2018-03-31) N/A
8
"Offering" John Strickland David Farr 7 April 2018 (2018-04-07) N/A
Reception[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 12 reviews, and an average rating of 5.67/10.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netflix Boards BBC Drama 'Troy' From 'Night Manager' Writer". Hollywood Reporter. March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Invests Nearly $2 Billion in European Productions, Promises More". Variety. March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "'Troy: Fall Of A City': Bella Dayne, Louis Hunter & More Join BBC/Netflix Epic". Deadline. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Stewart (2017-07-19). "Hakeem Kae-Kazim to Play Zeus in BBC and Netflix Series 'Troy' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Troy: Fall of a City - Episode 1 - Credits". BBC One. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Troy: Fall of a City - Characters - Other Trojans Loyal to Troy". BBC One. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "David Threlfall and Frances O'Connor to star in BBC and Netflix's Troy: Fall of a City". Deadline. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, Lucy. "ANNOYED WITH TROY Troy: Fall of a City flops as just 1.6m tune in to BBC's £16million bonkbuster". The Sun. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Troy: Fall of a City: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandago. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Troy: Fall of a City
Troy: Fall of a City on IMDb
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Belgium has had a rich history of state awards since its creation in 1830. The list below provides a pictorial index.
Contents
[hide]
1 Orders
1.1 Order of Leopold
1.2 Order of the Crown
1.3 Order of Leopold II
1.4 Order of the African Star
1.5 Royal Order of the Lion
2 War medals and decorations
2.1 Belgian Revolution (1830–31)
2.2 Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)
2.3 World War I (1914–18)
2.4 World War II (1940–45)
2.5 Korean War (1950–53)
3 Current awards
3.1 Military medals and decorations
3.2 Civilian medals and decorations
4 Commemorative medals
5 Belgian Red Cross
6 References
7 External links
Orders[edit]
Order of Leopold[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold

Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de Léopold

Grootlint in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11

Military Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold

Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de Léopold, division militaire

Grootlint in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Commander of the Order of Leopold

Commandeur de l'Ordre de Léopold

Commandeur in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Military Commander of the Order of Leopold

Commandeur de l'Ordre de Léopold, division militaire

Commandeur in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Officer of the Order of Leopold

Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold

Officier in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Military Officer of the Order of Leopold

Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold, division militaire

Officier in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Knight of the Order of Leopold

Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold

Ridder in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Military Knight of the Order of Leopold

Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold, division militaire

Ridder in de Leopoldsorde 1832-07-11
Order of the Crown[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Commander of the Order of the Crown

Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Commandeur in de Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Officer of the Order of the Crown

Officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Officier in de Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Knight of the Order of the Crown

Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Ridder in de Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Golden Palms of the Order of the Crown

Palmes d'Or de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Gouden Palmen der Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Silver Palms of the Order of the Crown

Palmes d'Argent de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Zilveren Palmen der Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Gold Medal of the Order of the Crown

Médaille d'Or de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Gouden Medaille der Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Silver Medal of the Order of the Crown

Médaille d'Argent de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Zilveren Medaille der Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Bronze Medal of the Order of the Crown

Médaille de Bronze de l'Ordre de la Couronne

Bronzen Medaille der Kroonorde 1897-10-15
--
1898-06-25
Order of Leopold II[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Commander of the Order of Leopold II

Commandeur de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Commandeur in de Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Officer of the Order of Leopold II

Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Officier in de Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Knight of the Order of Leopold II

Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Ridder in de Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Gold Medal of the Order of Leopold II

Médaille d'Or de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Gouden Medaille der Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Silver Medal of the Order of Leopold II

Médaille d'Argent de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Zilveren Medaille der Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Bronze Medal of the Order of Leopold II

Médaille de Bronze de l'Ordre de Léopold II

Bronzen Medaille der Orde van Leopold II 1900-08-24
Order of the African Star[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Commander of the Order of the African Star

Commandeur de Ordre de l'Étoile Africaine

Commandeur in de Orde van de Afrikaanse Ster 1888-12-30
Royal Order of the Lion[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Commander of the Royal Order of the Lion

Commandeur de l'Ordre Royal du Lion

Commandeur in de Orde van de Leeuw 1891-04-09
Officer of the Royal Order of the Lion

Officier de l'Ordre Royal du Lion

Officier in de Orde van de Leeuw 1891-04-09
Knight of the Royal Order of the Lion

Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal du Lion

Ridder in de Orde van de Leeuw 1891-04-09
Medal of the Royal Order of the Lion

Médaille de l'Ordre Royal du Lion

Medaille der Orde van de Leeuw 1891-04-09
War medals and decorations[edit]
Belgian Revolution (1830–31)[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Civic Guard Merit Medal

Médaille du Mérite de la Garde Civique 1830-11-19
1830 Star of Honour

Étoile d'Honneur 1830

1831-01-14
Iron Cross

Croix de Fer

IJzeren Kruis 1833-10-08
1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross

Croix Commémorative des Volontaires de 1830

Herinneringskruis voor de Vrijwilligers van 1830 1878-04-20
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
1870-71 Commemorative Medal

Médaille Commémorative 1870–71

Herinneringsmedaille 1870–71 1911-05-20
World War I (1914–18)[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
War Cross

Croix de guerre

Oorlogskruis 1915-10-25
Yser Medal

Médaille de l'Yser

Medaille van de IJzer 1918-10-18
Yser Cross

Croix de l'Yser

Kruis van de IJzer 1934-02-05
Fire Cross

Croix du Feu

Vuurkruis 1934-02-06
Volunteer Combatant's Medal

Médaille du Combattant Volontaire 1914–1918

Medaille van de Vrijwillige Strijder 1914–1918 1930-06-17
Maritime Decoration 1914–1918

Décoration Maritime 1914–1918

Maritime Decoratie 1914–1918 1918-11-19
1914-1918 Commemorative War Medal

Médaille Commémorative de la Guerre 1914–1918

Oorlogsherinnerinsmedaille 1914–1918 1919-07-21
1914-1917 African Campaigns Commemorative Medal

Médaille Commémorative des Campagnes d'Afrique 1914–1917

Herinneringsmedaille van de Afrikaanse Veldtochten 1914–1917 1917-02-21
Liège Medal

Médaille de Liège

Medaille van Luik 1920-04-01
Political Prisoner's Medal 1914-1918

Médaille du Prisonnier Politique 1914–1918

Medaille van de Politieke Gevangene 1914–1918 1930-12-26
Deportees' Cross 1914-1918

Croix des Déportés 1914–1918

Weggevoerdenkruis 1914–1918 1922-11-17
King Albert Medal

Médaille du Roi Albert

Koning Albert Medaille 1919-04-01
Queen Elisabeth Medal

Médaille de la Reine Elisabeth

Koningin Elisabeth Medaille 1915-09-15
Commemorative Medal of the National Committee for Aid and Food

Médaille Commémorative du Comité National de Secours et d’Alimentation

Herinneringsmedaille van het Nationaal Steun- en Voedselvoorzieningkomitee 1919-05-31
Inter-Allied Victory Medal 1914–1918

Médaille Interalliée de la Victoire 1914–1918

Intergeallieerde Overwinningsmedaille 1914–1918 1919-07-15
1914–1918 Medal for National Restoration

Médaille de la Restauration Nationale 1914–1918

Medaille van de Nationale Herstelling 1914–1918 1928-05-22
Civic Decoration 1914–1918

Décoration Civique 1914–1918

Burgerlijke Decoratie 1914–1918 1915-05-18
World War II (1940–45)[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
War Cross

Croix de guerre

Oorlogskruis 1940-07-20
Maritime Medal 1940-1945

Médaille Maritime 1940–1945

Maritieme Medaille 1940–1945 1941-07-17
1940-1945 Military Combatant's Medal

Médaille du Combattant Militaire de la Guerre 1940–1945

Medaille van de Militaire Strijder 1940–1945 1967-12-19
Volunteer's Medal 1940-1945

Médaille du Volontaire 1940–1945

Medaille van de Oorlogsvrijwilliger 1940–1945 1945-02-16
1940-1945 African War Medal

Médaille de la Guerre Africaine 1940–1945

Afrikaanse Oorlogsmedaille 1940–1945 1947-01-30
1940–1945 Colonial War Effort Medal

Médaille de l'Effort de Guerre Colonial 1940–1945

Medaille voor de Koloniale Oorlogsinspanning 1940–1945 1947-01-30
Commemorative Medal of the Ethiopian Campaign

Médaille Commémorative de la Campagne d'Ethiopie

Herinneringsmedaille van de Ethiopische Veldtocht 1947-01-01
Resistance Medal

Médaille de la Résistance

Medaille van de Weerstand 1946-02-16
Civilian Resistance Medal

Médaille du Résistant Civil

Burgerlijke Weerstandsmedaille 1951-03-21
Civilian Disobedience Medal

Médaille du Réfractaire

Werkweigeraarsmedaille 1951-02-12
Political Prisoner's Cross 1940-1945

Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945

Het Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945 1947-11-13
Prisoner of War Medal 1940-1945

Médaille du Prisonnier de Guerre 1940–1945

Krijgsgevangenenmedaille 1940–1945 1945-02-16
Escapees' Cross 1940–1945

Croix des Évadés 1940–1945

Kruis der Ontsnapten 1940–1945 1944-02-25
Medal for Resistance against Nazism in the Annexed Territories

Médaille du Résistant contre le Nazisme dans les Territoires Annexées

Medaille voor Weerstand tegen het Nazisme in de Geannexeerde Gebieden 1990-04-12
Medal of the Recruiting Centers 1940

Médaille des Centres de Recrutement 1940

Medaille van de Recruteringscentra van het Belgisch Leger 1940 1990-04-12
Commemorative Medal of the War 1940-1945

Médaille Commémorative de la Guerre 1940–45

De Herinneringsmedaille van de Oorlog 1940–1945 1945-02-16
Medal of Belgian Gratitude 1940–1945

Médaille de la Reconnaissance Belge 1940–1945

Erkentelijkheidsmedaille 1940–1945 1945-08-01
Civic Decoration 1940–1945

Décoration Civique 1940–1945

Burgerlijke Decoratie 1940–1945 1944-07-21
Korean War (1950–53)[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Foreign Operational Theatres Commemorative Medal with clasp "Corée-Korea"

Médaille Commémorative des Théatres d'Opérations Extérieurs avec barette "Corée-Korea"

Herinneringsmedaille voor Buitenlandse Operaties met "Corée-Korea" gesp 1951-09-26
War Volunteer's Medal

Médaille du Volontaire de Guerre

Medaille van de Oorlogsvrijwilliger 1952-04-07
Volunteer Combatant's War Medal

Médaille du Volontaire de Guerre Combattant

Medaille van de Oorlogsvrijwillige Strijder 1952-04-08
Current awards[edit]
Military medals and decorations[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Military Decoration for Exceptional Service or Acts of Courage or Devotion

Décoration militaire pour service exceptionnel ou acte de courage ou de dévouement

Militair ereteken voor buitengewone dienst of voor daad van moed of toewijding 1873-12-23
Military Cross

Croix Militaire

Militaire Kruis 1885-02-11
Military Decoration

Décoration militaire

Militair Ereteken 1873-12-23
War Cross

Croix de guerre

Oorlogskruis 1954-04-03
Cross of Honour for Military Service Abroad

Croix d'Honneur pour Service Militaire à l'Étranger

Erekruis voor Militaire Dienst in het Buitenland 1997-06-16
Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations

Médaille commémorative pour opérations humanitaires armées

Herinneringsmedaille voor Gewapende Humanitaire Operaties 1987-09-11
Medal for Services Rendered

Médaille pour Services Rendus

Medaille voor Bewezen Diensten 1988-04-18
Commemorative Medal for Foreign Operations or Missions

Médaille Commémorative pour Missions ou Opérations à l'Étranger

Herinneringsmedaille voor buitenlandse opdrachten of operaties 1993-05-13
Meritorious service medal

Médaille du Mérite

Medaille van verdienste 2005-02-23
Commemorative Medal for the "European March of Remembrance and Friendship"

Médaille commémorative de la "Marche Européenne du Souvenir et de l'Amitié"

Herinneringsmedaille van de "Europese Mars van de Herdenking en de Vriendschap" 1967
"Four Days of the Yser" Commemorative Medal

Médaille commémorative des "Quatre jours de l'Yser"

Herinneringsmedaille van de "Vierdaagse van de IJzer" 1967
--
1972
Civilian medals and decorations[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Civic Decoration for exceptional acts of bravery, devotion or humanity

Décoration Civique pour acts de courage, dévouement et humanité

Burgerlijke Ereteken voor moedige daad, toewijding en menslievendheid 1867-07-21
Civic Decoration for service in the administration

Décoration Civique pour service dans l'Administration

Burgerlijke Ereteken 1867-07-21
Labour Decoration

Décoration du Travail

Decoratie voor Arbeid 1847-11-07
Decoration for Mutuality

Décoration des Mutualités

Decoratie voor Mutualiteiten 1889-08-02
Honour Badge of Labour

Insigne d'Honneur du Travail

Ereteken van de Arbeid 1948-11-12
Commemorative medals[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Commemorative Decoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Creation of the Railroads 1834–1884

Décoration Commémorative du 50ème Anniversaire de la Création des Chemins de Fer 1834–1884

Commemorative Decoratie van de 50e Verjaardag van de Stichting van de Spoorwegen 1834–1884 1884-04-30
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Leopold II 1865–1909

Médaille Commémorative du Règne du Roi Léopold II 1865–1909

Herinneringsmedaille aan de Regeerperiode van Leopold II 1865–1909 1905-07-21
Commemorative Decoration for the 75th Anniversary of the Telegraph Service 1846-1921

Décoration commémorative du 75ème anniversaire des Services Télégraphiques 1846–1921

Herinneringsdecoratie van de 75ste verjaardag van de Telegraphische Diensten 1846–1921 1921-10-20
Commemorative Decoration for the 75th Anniversary of the issue of the first postal stamp in Belgium and the 50th Anniversary of Belgium's participation in the Universal Postal Union 1849–1924

Décoration commémorative du 75ème anniversaire de l'emission du premier timbre-poste en Belgique et 50ème anniversaire de la participation de la Belgiqie à l'Union Postale Universelle 1849–1924

Herinneringsmedaille van de 75ste verjaardag van de eerste postzegeluitgifte en de 50ste verjaardag van België als lid van de wereldpostvereniging 1849–1924 1924-05-02
Centenary of National Independence Commemorative Medal 1830–1930

Médaille Commémorative du Centenaire de l'Indépendance Nationale 1830–1930

Herinneringsmedaille van 100 Jaars de Onafhankelijkheid 1830–1930 1930-07-20
Commemorative Medal for the Centenary of the Telegraphic Service 1846–1946

Médaille Commémorative du Centenaire du Service Télégraphique 1846–1946

Herinneringsmedaille van de 100ste Verjaardag van de Telegraphische Diensten 1846–1946 1946-03-09
Commemorative Decoration for the 100th Anniversary of the issue of the first postal stamp in Belgium and the 75th Anniversary of Belgium's participation in the Universal Postal Union 1849–1949

Décoration commémorative du 100ème anniversaire de l'émission du premier timbre-poste en Belgique et du 75ème anniversaire de la participation de la Belgique à l'Union Postale Universelle 1849–1949

Herinneringsmedaille van de 100ste verjaardag van de eerste postzegeluitgifte en de 75ste verjaardag van België als lid van de wereldpostvereniging 1849–1949 1949-05-02
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Albert I 1909–1934

Médaille Commémorative du Règne du Roi Albert I 1909–1934

Herinneringsmedaille aan de Regeerperiode van Albert I 1909–1934 1962-02-17
Belgian Red Cross[edit]
Award Name (English/French/Dutch) Inception Date
Order of the Belgian Red Cross

Ordre de la Croix Rouge Belge

Orde van het Belgische Rode Kruis 1880
Blood Donour's Medal

Médaille de Donneur de Sang

Bloeddonor Medaille
1940–1945 Cross of Honour of the Belgian Red Cross

Croix d’Honneur de la Croix Rouge Belge 1940–1945

Erekruis van het Belgische Rode Kruis 1940–1945
1940–1945 Belgian Red Cross Decoration

Décoration de la Croix Rouge Belge 1940–1945

Ereteken van het Belgische Rode Kruis 1940–1945
References[edit]
Quinot H., 1950, Recueil illustré des décorations belges et congolaises, 4e Edition. (Hasselt)
Cornet R., 1982, Recueil des dispositions légales et réglementaires régissant les ordres nationaux belges. 2e Ed. N.pl., (Brussels)
Borné A.C., 1985, Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830–1985 (Brussels)
Van Hoorebeke, 2007, P., 175 Ans de l'Ordre de Léopold et les Ordres Nationaux Belges (MRA Brussels)
André Borné, 1982, Honneur au travail: Distinctions honorifiques pour les travailleurs 1830–1980, (Brussels)
External links[edit]
page on diplomatie.belgium.be
Belgian Air Force awards site (In French)
Belgian National Orders (In French)
[show]
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium
Current orders
Order of Leopold
Order of the Crown
Order of Leopold II
Formerly awarded orders (dormant)
Order of the African Star
Service Star
Royal Order of the Lion
Pre 1914 war medals and decorations
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Commemorative Medal of the National Committee for Aid and Food
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1940–1945 Military Combatant's Medal
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1940–1945 African War Medal
1940–1945 Colonial War Effort Medal
Abyssinian Campaigns Commemorative Medal
Resistance Medal 1940–1945
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Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945
Prisoner of War Medal 1940–1945
Escapees' Cross 1940–1945
Medal for Resistance against Nazism in the Annexed Territories
Medal of the Recruiting Centers 1940
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"Four Days of the Yser" Commemorative Medal
Current civilian awards
Civic Decoration
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Decoration for Mutuality
Commemorative medals
Commemorative Decoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Creation of the Railroads
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Leopold II
Commemorative Medal for the 75th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service
Centenary of National Independence Commemorative Medal
Commemorative Medal for the Centenary of the Telegraphic Service
Commemorative Medal for the 100th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Albert I
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1940-1945 African War Medal

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Awards and decorations of Armenia

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values: Liste der belgischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen – German

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