text:
Siraj ud-Daulah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Siraj ud-Daula
Mansur-ul-Mulk (Victory of the Country)
Siraj ud-Daulah (Light of the State)
Hybut Jang (Horror in War)
Siraj ud-Daula
Nawab of Bengal
Nazim of Bihar and Orissa
Reign
9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757
Predecessor
Ali Vardi Khan
Successor
Mir Jafar
Full name
Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah
Native name
সিরাজউদ্দৌলা
Born
1733
Murshidabad, Bengal Subah
Died
2 July 1757 (aged 23–24)
Murshidabad, Company Raj
Buried
Khushbagh, Murshidabad
Spouse(s)
Lutfunnisa Begum
Issue
Qudsia Begum Sahiba
Father
Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan
Mother
Amina Begum
Religion
Shia Islam
Military career
Allegiance
Mughal Empire [1]
Service/branch
Nawab of Bengal
Rank
Nawabzada, Nawab
Battles/wars
Battle of Plassey
Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah (Persian: مرزا محمد سراج الدولہ, Bengali: মির্জা মুহম্মদ সিরাজউদ্দৌলা; 1733 – 2 July 1757), commonly known as Siraj ud-Daulah[a], was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start of British East India Company rule over Bengal and later almost all of the Indian subcontinent.
Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23. Betrayed by Mir Jafar, then commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. The forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive invaded and the administration of Bengal fell into the hands of the Company.
Contents
1 Birth and family history
2 Reign as Nawab
2.1 Black Hole of Calcutta
2.2 Conspiracy
2.3 The Battle of Plassey
3 Death
4 Critics and Legacy
4.1 Namesakes
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Birth and family history[edit]
Siraj was born to Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan and Amina Begum in 1733,[4] and soon after his birth, Siraj's maternal grandfather, was appointed the Deputy Governor of Bihar. Accordingly, he was raised at the Nawab's palace with all necessary education and training suitable for a future Nawab. Young Siraj also accompanied Alivardi on his military ventures against the Marathas in 1746. Siraj was regarded as the "fortune child" of the family. Since birth Siraj, had special affection from his grandfather. In May 1752, Alivardi Khan declared Siraj as his successor.[4] Alivardi Khan's died on 10 April 1756 at the age of eighty.[4]
Reign as Nawab[edit]
Statue of Siraj. Palashi battlefield in Nadia
A painting showing the Sang-i- dalan, Kala Masjid, the tombs all surrounded by the Motijhil Lake
(Victory of the Country), Siraj ud (Light of the State) and Hybut Jang (Horror in War). Siraj-ud-Daulah's nomination to the Nawabship aroused the jealousy and enmity of his maternal aunt, Ghaseti Begum (Mehar-un-nisa Begum), Mir Jafar and Shaukat Jung (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. Apprehending serious opposition from her, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her wealth from Motijheel Palace and placed her under confinement. The Nawab also made changes in high government positions giving them his own favourites. Mir madan was appointed Bakshi (Paymaster of the army) in place of Mir Jafar. Mohanlal was elevated to the rank of peshkar of his Dewan Khana and he exercised great influence in the administration. Eventually Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor of Purnia, who was killed in a clash.
Black Hole of Calcutta[edit]
Main article: Black Hole of Calcutta
Siraj, as the direct political disciple of his grandfather, was aware of the global British interest in colonization and hence, resented the British politico-military presence in Bengal represented by the British East India Company. He was annoyed at the company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some members of his own court in a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were mainly threefold. Firstly, that they strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval; secondly, that they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and thirdly, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled Dhaka after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives, so Siraj-ud Daulah retaliated and captured Kolkata (Shortly renamed as Alinagar) from the British in June 1756.The Nawab gathered his forces together and took Fort William. The captives were placed in the cell as a temporary holding by a local commander, but there was confusion in the Indian chain of command, and the captives were unintentionally left there overnight, and many died. A British account of the number who died may be overstated.
Sir William Meredith, during the Parliamentary inquiry into Robert Clive's actions in India, vindicated Siraj ud-Daulah of any charges surrounding the Black Hole incident: A peace was however agreed upon with Siraj ud -Dowlah, who generously condoned and pardoned the aggressive excesses of the officials and subordinates of the British East India Company, towards the authority and power of the Nawab Of Bengal, and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm that peace, formed a conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his kingdom and life.[5]
Conspiracy[edit]
The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar. His former hatred of the British returned, but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British. The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and from the west by the Marathas. Therefore, he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks. A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab. As a result, Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law, chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey, on the island of Cossimbazar 30 miles (48 km) south of Murshidabad.[6][7][8][9]
Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj, contrary to the situation under Alivardi’s reign. They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way.[10] William Watts, the Company representative at the court of Siraj, informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler. The conspirators included Mir Jafar, the paymaster of the army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund (Amir Chand), a Sikh merchant, and several officers in the army.[11] When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar, Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May. The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance. A treaty was drawn up between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them as compensation for the attack on Calcutta. On 2 May, Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar.[12][13][14][15]
Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund, but when he found out about it, he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees (£300,000). Hearing of this, Clive suggested an expedient to the Committee. He suggested that two treaties be drawn – the real one on white paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper, containing Omichund’s desired stipulation, to deceive him. The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties, but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one.[16] Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army, navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.[17][18][19][20]
Lord Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on 10 May 1773, during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India:
"Omichund, his confidential servant, as he thought, told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée [may be a mistranscription of Dupleix] to attack him, and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees. Finding this to be the man in whom the nawab entirely trusted, it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution. We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands. When all things were prepared, and the evening of the event was appointed, Omichund informed Mr. Watts, who was at the court of the nawab, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per cent. upon all the treasure that should be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would disclose the whole to the nawab; and that Mr. Watts, and the two other English gentlemen then at the court, should be cut off before the morning. Mr. Watts, immediately on this information, dispatched an express to me at the council. I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people, and secure success to the intended event. For this purpose we signed another treaty. The one was called the Red, the other the White treaty. This treaty was signed by every one, except admiral Watson; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it, by the conversation I had with him. As to the person who signed admiral Watson's name to the treaty, whether he did it in his presence or not, I cannot say; but this I know, that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing. This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I am fully persuaded, will agree with me, that, when the very existence of the Company was at stake, and the lives of these people so precariously situated, and so certain of being destroyed, it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain."[21][22]
The Battle of Plassey[edit]
Main article: Battle of Plassey
Robert Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, dramatized painting by Francis Hayman
A plan of the Battle of Plassey, fought on 23 June 1757 by Robert Clive against the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah of Bengal
The Battle of Plassey (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of the subcontinent, and opened the way to eventual British domination. After Siraj-ud-Daulah's conquest of Calcutta, the British sent fresh troops from Madras to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey. He had to make camp 27 miles away from Murshidabad. On 23 June 1757 Siraj-ud-Daulah called on Mir Jafar because he was saddened by the sudden fall of Mir Mardan who was a very dear companion of Siraj in battles. The Nawab asked for help from Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar advised Siraj to retreat for that day. The Nawab made the blunder in giving the order to stop the fight. Following his command, the soldiers of the Nawab were returning to their camps. At that time, Robert Clive attacked the soldiers with his army. At such a sudden attack, the army of Siraj became indisciplined and could think of no way to fight. So all fled away in such a situation. Betrayed by a conspiracy plotted by Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Krishna Chandra, Omichund etc., he lost the battle and had to escape. He went first to Murshidabad and then to Patna by boat, but was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers.
Death[edit]
Tomb of Siraj-ud-Daulah at Khushbagh
Siraj-ud-Daulah was executed on 2 July 1757 by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders from Mir Meerun, son of Mir Jafar in Namak Haram Deorhi as part of the agreement between Mir Jafar and the British East India Company.
Siraj-ud-Daulah's tomb can be found at Khushbagh, Murshidabad. It is marked with a simple but elegant one-storied mausoleum, surrounded by gardens.[23]
Critics and Legacy[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Siraj ud-Daulah is usually seen as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan for his opposition to the beginning of British rule over India.
In 1985, Sarkar wrote:[24]
After the death of Alivardii Khan, his immature grandson became the nawab of Bengal, taking the name Miirza Mohammed Siraj-Ud-Daola. In addition to his young age, he had many kinds of defects in his character and conduct.
Two Shia historians who were in favor of Mir Jafar, wrote of Siraj ud-Daulah.
Ghulam Husain Salim wrote[1]:
Owing to Siraj ud Dowla’s harshness of temper and indulgence, fear and terror had settled on the hearts of everyone to such an extent that no one among his generals of the army or the noblemen of the city was free from anxiety. Among his officers, whoever went to wait on Siraj ud Dowla despaired of life and honour, and whoever returned without being disgraced and ill-treated offered thanks to God. Siraj ud Dowla treated all the noblemen and capable generals of Alivardi Khan with ridicule and drollery, and bestowed on each some contemptuous nickname that ill-suited any of them. And whatever harsh expressions and abusive epithet came to his lips, Siraj ud Dowla uttered them unhesitatingly in the face of everyone, and no one had the boldness to breathe freely in his presence.
Ghulam Husain Tabatabai wrote [2] of Siraj ud-Daulah:
Making no distinction between vice and virtue, he carried defilement wherever he went, and, like a man alienated in his mind, he made the house of men and women of distinction the scenes of his depravity, without minding either rank or station. In a little time he became detested as Pharaoh, and people on meeting him by chance used to say, ‘God save us from him!'
Sir William Meredith, during the Parliamentary inquiry into Robert Clive's actions in India, defended the character of Siraj-ud Daulah:
"Siraj-ud-Daulah is indeed reported to have been a very wicked, and a very cruel prince; but how he deserved that character does not appear in fact. He was very young, not 20 years old when he was put to death—and the first provocation to his enmity was given by the English. It is true, that when he took Calcutta a very lamentable event happened, I mean the story of the Black Hole; but that catastrophe can never be attributed to the intention, for it was without the knowledge of the prince. I remember a similar accident happening in St. Martin's roundhouse; but it should appear very ridiculous, were I, on that account, to attribute any guilt or imputation of cruelty to the memory of the late king, in whose reign it happened. A peace was however agreed upon with Suraj-ud-Daulah; and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm that peace, formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his kingdom and his life."[5]
Namesakes[edit]
Nawab Sirajuddaula (1967), Movie [25]
Siraj ud Daula College, Karachi, Pakistan
Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Government College, Natore,[26] Bangladesh
Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah
Siraj-ud-Daula Road, Karachi [27]
Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah Road, Chittagong
Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, Kolkata, India [28]
Siraj ud-Daulah Park in Old Dhaka[29]
Siraj-ud-Doula Hall, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University[30]
Nawab Siraj Ud-Daulah college, Kushtia
Siraj-ud-Daula Road, Kushtia[31]
Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah Hospita[32]
Nawab Siraj ud Daulah Road Narayanganj
See also[edit]
Nawabs of Bengal
List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal
History of Bangladesh
History of India
Shia Islam in India
Battle of Chandannagar
Siraj ud Daula College
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Other spellings exist including the corruption "Sir Roger Dowler"[2] which is also used in phrases such as "Sir Roger Dowler method" referring to early non-systematic and distorting Romanisation schemes for Devanagari script.[3]
^ Riyazu-s-salatin, A History of Bengal - a reference to Siraj-Ud-Daul's character may be found[33]
^ The Seir Mutaqherin, Vol 2 - a discussion of Sirj-Ud-Daulah's character[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rai, R. History. FK Publications. p. 44. ISBN 9788187139690.
Jump up ^ Abram Smythe Palmer. Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Or Meaning, by False Derivation Or Mistaken Analogy. G. Bell and Sons, 1882. p. 557.
Jump up ^ Francis Henry Skrine. Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic society, etc. Longmans, Green, and Co., 1901. p. 205.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sushil Chaudhury and KM Mohsin (2012), "Sirajuddaula", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal, Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
^ Jump up to: a b Cobbett, William; Hansard, Thomas Curson (1813). The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. T.C. Hansard. pp. 449–.
Jump up ^ Harrington, p. 25
Jump up ^ Mahon, p. 337
Jump up ^ (Orme 1861, p. 145)
Jump up ^ Malleson, pp. 48–49
Jump up ^ Bengal, v.1, p. clxxxi
Jump up ^ Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv
Jump up ^ Malleson, pp. 49–51
Jump up ^ Harrington, pp. 25–29
Jump up ^ Mahon, pp. 338–339
Jump up ^ (Orme 1861, pp. 147–149)
Jump up ^ Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxvi–clxxxix
Jump up ^ (Orme 1861, pp. 150–161)
Jump up ^ Harrington, p. 29
Jump up ^ Mahon, pp. 339–341
Jump up ^ Bengal, v.1, pp. cxcii–cxciii
Jump up ^ The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803, Volume 17. p. 876.
Jump up ^ The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle, Volume 43. pp. 630–631.
Jump up ^ Basu, Saurab. "Trip Taken from June – 10th to 12th - 2006". Murshidabad – The Land of the Legendary ‘Siraj-ud-dullah’ Unveiled. History of Bengal. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1996). Shabda Cayanika, Part 1 (First English ed.). Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications. ISBN 81-7252-027-1.
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249836/
Jump up ^ http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=4&id=641601&date=2017-02-11
Jump up ^ https://pakistan-streets.openalfa.com/streets/siraj-ud-daula-road-karachi
Jump up ^ http://indiaplacesmap.com/West-Bengal/Places/Nawab-Siraj-Ud-Daulah-Sarani-1116122
Jump up ^ http://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/95429/6-suspected-Huji-operatives-held-in-Dhaka
Jump up ^ http://sau-bd.weebly.com/siraj-ud-doula-hall.html
Jump up ^ http://www.bgicinsure.com/?page_id=101
Jump up ^ http://www.thedailystar.net/city/4-hospitals-fined-two-them-asked-shut-158440
Jump up ^ http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=64[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://erga.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07501022&ct=28[permanent dead link]
Akhsaykumar Moitrayo, Sirajuddaula, Calcutta 1898
BK Gupta, Sirajuddaulah and the East India Company, 1756–57, Leiden, 1962
Kalikankar Datta, Sirajuddaulah, Calcutta 1971
Orme, R. (1861), A history of the military transactions of the British nation in Indostan: from the year MDCCXLV; to which is prefixed A dissertation on the establishments made by Mahomedan conquerors in Indostan, 2
External links[edit]
Siraj in Murshidabad
Siraj ud-Daulah
Born: 1733 Died: 2 July 1757
Preceded by
Alivardi Khan Nawab of Bengal
9 April 1756 – 2 June 1757 Succeeded by
Mir Jafar
hide
v
t
e
Bengal Nobility
Topics
History of Bengal
Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 and 1888
East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950
Sovereign Rulers
Middle kingdoms of India (3rd century BC-1279)
Sultanate of Bengal (1342-1576)
Mughal emperors (1576-1707)
Nawabs of Bengal (1717-1880)
Nawabs of Murshidabad (1882-1969)
British Raj (1880-1857)
Emperor of India (1857-1948)
Nawabs of Bengal
Murshid Quli Khan (1717–1727)
Sarfaraz Khan (1727–1727)
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan (1727–1739)
Sarfaraz Khan (1739–1740)
Alivardi Khan (1740–1756)
Siraj ud-Daulah (1756–1757)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan (1757–1760)
Mir Qasim (1760–1763)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan (1763–1765)
Najmuddin Ali Khan (1765–1766)
Najabat Ali Khan (1766–1770)
Ashraf Ali Khan (1770)
Mubarak Ali Khan (1770–1793)
Baber Ali Khan (1793–1810)
Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan (1810–1821)
Ahmad Ali Khan (1821–1824)
Mubarak Ali Khan II (1824–1838)
Mansur Ali Khan (1838–1880)
Nawabs of Murshidabad
Hassan Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur (1882–1906)
Wasif Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur (1906–1959)
Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur (1959–1969)
Zamindars of Bengal
Bhawal Estate
Burdwan Raj
Bohmong Circle
Chakma Raj
Nawabs of Dhaka
Dighapatia Raj
Dinajpur Raj
Gayen Estate of Dhanyakuria
Gouripur Raj
Homnabad-Pashchimgaon Estate
Kandi Raj
Kirtipasha Raj
Lalgola Raj
Mong Circle
Muktagacha Raj
Nadia Raj
Padamdi Nawab Estate
Panchkot Raj
Prithimpassa Raj
Puthia Raj
Natore Raj
Rajshahi Raj
Ramgopalpur Raj
Ratanpur Nawab Estate
Singranatore family
Susanga Raj
Teota Estate (See: Parbati Sankar Roy Choudhury and Raja Shyama Sankar Roy Choudhury)
Uttarpara Raj
Establishments
and Heirlooms
Hazarduari Palace
Uttara Gano Bhaban
Ahsan Manzil
Israt Manzil Palace
Tajhat Palace
Natore Palace
Bhawal Estate
University of Dacca
Varendra Research Society
Varendra Research Museum
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Gole Afroz College
Rahmat Iqbal College
Rose Garden Palace
Ghughudanga Palace
Moyez Manzil Palace
Puthia Temple Complex
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 7859 1956
LCCN: n84029362
VIAF: 3866754
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siraj_ud-Daulah&oldid=866450606"
Categories:
1733 births
1757 deaths
Nawabs of Bengal
Mughal Empire people
18th-century Indian monarchs
18th-century rulers
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use Indian English from June 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from June 2017
Articles containing Persian-language text
Articles containing Bengali-language text
NPOV disputes from February 2018
All NPOV disputes
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Беларуская
Català
Esperanto
Français
हिन्दी
Italiano
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Українська
اردو
中文
13 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 12:17 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #99BADD; color: #000000;

value: i

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal
mw-redirect
Nawab of Bengal

values:
/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa
mw-redirect
Bihar and Orissa

values:
/wiki/Ali_Vardi_Khan
mw-redirect
Ali Vardi Khan

values:
/wiki/Company_Raj
mw-redirect
Company Raj

values:
/wiki/British_East_India_Company
mw-redirect
British East India Company

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Motijheel_Palace
mw-redirect
Motijheel Palace

values:
/wiki/Fort_William_(India)
mw-redirect
Fort William (India)

values: A plan depicting the positions and movements of the opposing armies in the Battle of Plassey

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values: Ghulam Husain Tabatabai (page does not exist)

values: Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Government College (page does not exist)

values: Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah Road (page does not exist)

values: Siraj ud-Daulah Park (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal
mw-redirect
Nawabs of Bengal

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249836/
external free

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.bgicinsure.com/?page_id=101

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bengal
mw-redirect
Sultanate of Bengal

values:
/wiki/Nawabs_of_Murshidabad
mw-redirect
Nawabs of Murshidabad

values:
/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj_family
mw-redirect
Rajshahi Raj family

values:
/wiki/Uttara_Gano_Bhaban
mw-redirect
Uttara Gano Bhaban

values:
/wiki/Natore_Palace
mw-redirect
Natore Palace

values:
/wiki/University_of_Dacca
mw-redirect
University of Dacca

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000078591956

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/3866754

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use Indian English from June 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles containing Persian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Bengali-language text

values: Category:NPOV disputes from February 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: সিরাজউদ্দৌলা – Bangla

values: Сірадж уд-Даўла – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: सिराजुद्दौला – Hindi

values: ಸಿರಾಜುದ್ದೌಲ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values: സിറാജ് ഉദ് ദൗള – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: シラージュ・ウッダウラ – Japanese

values: ਸਿਰਾਜ-ਉਦ-ਦੌਲਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: Сирадж уд-Даула – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சிராச் உத் தவ்லா – Tamil

values: ชีราช อุดดอลา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Сірадж-уд-Даула – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: سراج الدولہ – Urdu

values: 西拉杰·乌德·达乌拉 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Siraj_ud-Daulah rootpage-Siraj_ud-Daulah skin-vector action-view


text:
Be Like Mike
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Michael Jordan in 1997
"Be Like Mike" is a Gatorade commercial featuring American professional basketball player Michael Jordan that originally aired in 1992.
After seeing an early cut of the commercial, just featuring highlights of Jordan dunking, advertising executive Bernie Pitzel was disappointed. Pitzel came up with an idea to use the song "I Wanna Be Like You" from the 1967 film The Jungle Book, though Disney asked for more money in licensing to use it than Gatorade was willing to pay.[1][2]
Pitzel wrote the lyrics to "Be Like Mike" inspired by The Jungle Book song, and put it to a tune by Ira Antelis and Steve Shafer.[3] "If we had used music from The Jungle Book," Antelis told journalist Darren Rovell, "the advertisement would have been forgotten."[1]
In 2015, as part of its 50th anniversary celebrations, Gatorade re-aired a digitally remastered version of the commercial during NBA All-Star Weekend. The updated version ends by displaying the hashtag #BeLikeMike.[4] For the 25th anniversary of the commercial's release in 2017, Gatorade and Air Jordan collaborated to release the "Be Like Mike" collection. This collection included shoes, clothes, and accessories that featured Gatorade branding.[5]
See also[edit]
"Hey Kid, Catch!", Coca-Cola advertisement featuring football player "Mean" Joe Greene
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rovell, Darren (August 9, 2016). "Famed 'Be Like Mike' Gatorade ad debuted 25 years ago". ESPN. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Foss, Mike (March 18, 2015). "Gatorade brings 'Be Like Mike' campaign back from the '90s with 3 new commercials". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Evans, Gavin (May 6, 2016). "'Be Like Mike': The Story Behind Michael Jordan's Iconic Gatorade Commercial Song". Complex. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nudd, Tim (February 12, 2015). "Gatorade Digitally Remastered 'Be Like Mike' After 23 Years, and Damn Does It Hold Up: Classic spot looks like new". Adweek. Prometheus Global Media. ISSN 0199-2864. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stearns, Alia (December 20, 2017). "Be Like Mike With The Gatorade-Inspired Air Jordan 1 OG Collection". Uproxx. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
hide
v
t
e
Michael Jordan
Main
Career achievements
The Shot
Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals
1982 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game
Air Jordan (Jumpman)
Jordan Rules
Family
James R. Jordan Sr. (father)
Jeffrey Jordan (son)
Marcus Jordan (son)
Films
Space Jam
Michael Jordan: An American Hero
Michael Jordan to the Max
Like Mike
Video games
Jordan vs. Bird: One on One
Michael Jordan in Flight
Michael Jordan: Chaos in the Windy City
Space Jam
NBA 2K11
NBA 2K12
Other
Michael Jordan statue
The Jordan Rules
"Jam"
Michael Jordan's Restaurant
Michael Jordan's Steakhouse
Crying Jordan
Be Like Mike
ProStars
When Nothing Else Matters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_Like_Mike&oldid=817908495"
Categories:
1992 in American television
1992 works
American television commercials
Gatorade
Hashtags
Michael Jordan
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 31 December 2017, at 07:32 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-2864

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of career achievements by Michael Jordan

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Be_Like_Mike
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Be_Like_Mike rootpage-Be_Like_Mike skin-vector action-view


text:
Parliament of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the current debate on a devolved English legislature, see Devolved English parliament.
Parliament of England
Royal coat of arms of England, 1558–1603
Type
Type
Unicameral
(1215–1341 / 1649–1657)
Bicameral
(1341–1649 / 1657–1707)1
Houses
Upper house:
House of Lords
(1341–1649 / 1660–1707)
House of Peers
(1657–1660)
Lower house:
House of Commons
(1341–1707)
History
Established
15 June 1215
(Lords only)
20 January 1265
(Lords and elected Commons)
Disbanded
1 May 1707
Preceded by
Curia Regis
Succeeded by
Parliament of Great Britain
Leadership
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
William Cowper1
Since 1705
Speaker of the House of Commons
John Smith1
Since 1705
Elections
House of Lords voting system
Ennoblement by the Sovereign or inheritance of an English peerage
House of Commons voting system
First past the post with limited suffrage1
Meeting place
Palace of Westminster, Westminster, London
Footnotes
1Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707.
See also: Parliament of Scotland,
Parliament of Ireland
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England, existing from the early 13th century until 1707, when it became the Parliament of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament.
Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688, the supremacy of Parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority. The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Parliament in the reign of Henry III
1.2 The emergence of parliament as an institution
1.3 King, Lords and Commons
1.4 Rebellion and revolution
1.5 Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement
1.6 Union: the Parliament of Great Britain
2 Places where Parliament has been held other than London
3 Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
Under a monarchical system of government, monarchs usually must consult and seek a measure of acceptance for their policies if they are to enjoy the broad cooperation of their subjects. Early kings of England had no standing army or police, and so depended on the support of powerful subjects. The monarchy had agents in every part of the country. However, under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy. The former had economic and military power bases of their own through major ownership of land and the feudal obligations of their tenants (some of whom held lands on condition of military service). The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of religious law courts.
In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the senior clergy on major decisions, post-Norman Conquest English monarchs called Great Councils. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, the pillars of the feudal system. When this system of consultation and consent broke down, it often became impossible for government to function effectively. The most prominent instances of this prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons. Becket, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170, was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church. John, who was king from 1199 to 1216, aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215. John's refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war (see First Barons' War).
The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England. The term (French parlement or Latin parlamentum) came into use during the early 13th century, when it shifted from the more general meaning of "an occasion for speaking." It first appears in official documents in the 1230s. As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, it is widely believed that the early parliaments had a judicial as well as a legislative function.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary. A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance.[1]
Initially, parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes. Following the Magna Carta this became a convention. This was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III. Leading peers and clergy governed on Henry's behalf until he came of age, giving them a taste for power that they would prove unwilling to relinquish. Among other things, they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king.
Parliament in the reign of Henry III[edit]
Once the reign of John ended and Henry III took full control of the government, leading peers became increasingly concerned with his style of government, specifically his unwillingness to consult them on decisions he took, and his seeming patronisation of his foreign relatives over his native subjects. Henry's support of a disastrous papal invasion of Sicily was the last straw. In 1258, seven leading barons forced Henry to swear to uphold the Provisions of Oxford, superseded, the following year, by the Provisions of Westminster. This effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons, and providing for a thrice-yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance. Parliament assembled six times between June 1258 and April 1262, most notably at Oxford in 1258.
The French-born nobleman Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, emerged as the leader of this characteristically English rebellion. In the following years, those supporting Montfort and those supporting the king grew more hostile to each other. Henry obtained a papal bull in 1263 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies. At the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by Montfort's army. However, many of the peers who had initially supported Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal. His support amongst the nobility rapidly declined. So in 1264, Montfort summoned the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation. The archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but the representation of the boroughs was unprecedented. This was purely a move to consolidate Montfort's position as the legitimate governor of the kingdom, since he had captured Henry and his son Prince Edward (later Edward I) at the Battle of Lewes.
A parliament consisting of representatives of the realm was the logical way for Montfort to establish his authority. In calling this parliament, in a bid to gain popular support, he summoned knights and burgesses from the emerging landed gentry class, thus turning to his advantage the fact that most of the nobility had abandoned his movement. This parliament was summoned on 14 December 1264. It first met on 20 January 1265 in Westminster Hall[1] and was dissolved on 15 February 1265. It is not certain who actually attended this parliament. Nonetheless, Montfort's scheme was formally adopted by Edward I in the so-called "Model Parliament" of 1295. The attendance at parliament of knights and burgesses historically became known as the summoning of "the Commons", a term derived from the Norman French word "commune", literally translated as the "community of the realm".
Following Edward's escape from captivity, Montfort was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Henry's authority was restored and the Provisions of Oxford were forgotten, but this was nonetheless a turning point in the history of the Parliament of England. Although he was not obliged by statute to do so, Henry summoned the Commons to parliament three times between September 1268 and April 1270. However, this was not a significant turning point in the history of parliamentary democracy. Subsequently, very little is known about how representatives were selected because, at this time, being sent to parliament was not a prestigious undertaking. But Montfort's decision to summon knights of the shires and burgesses to his parliament did mark the irreversible emergence of the landed gentry as a force in politics. From then on, monarchs could not ignore them, which explains Henry's decision to summon the Commons to several of his post-1265 parliaments.
Even though many peers who had supported the Provisions of Oxford remained active in English public life throughout Henry's reign, the conditions they had laid down for regular parliaments were largely forgotten, as if to symbolise the historical development of the English Parliament via convention rather than statutes and written constitutions.
The emergence of parliament as an institution[edit]
A 16th-century depiction of Edward's parliament
During the reign of Edward I, which began in 1272, the role of Parliament in the government of the English kingdom increased due to Edward's determination to unite England, Wales and Scotland under his rule by force. He was also keen to unite his subjects in order to restore his authority and not face rebellion as was his father's fate. Edward therefore encouraged all sectors of society to submit petitions to parliament detailing their grievances in order for them to be resolved. This seemingly gave all of Edward's subjects a potential role in government and this helped Edward assert his authority. Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285, with the assistance of Robert Burnell, codified the existing law in England.
As the number of petitions being submitted to parliament increased, they came to be dealt with, and often ignored, more and more by ministers of the Crown so as not to block the passage of government business through parliament. However the emergence of petitioning is significant because it is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. Submitting a petition to parliament is a tradition that continues to this day in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and in most Commonwealth realms.
These developments symbolise the fact that parliament and government were by no means the same thing by this point. If monarchs were going to impose their will on their kingdom, they would have to control parliament rather than be subservient to it.
From Edward's reign onwards, the authority of the English Parliament would depend on the strength or weakness of the incumbent monarch. When the king or queen was strong he or she would wield enough influence to pass their legislation through parliament without much trouble. Some strong monarchs even bypassed it completely, although this was not often possible in the case of financial legislation due to the post-Magna Carta convention of parliament granting taxes. When weak monarchs governed, parliament often became the centre of opposition against them. Subsequently, the composition of parliaments in this period varied depending on the decisions that needed to be taken in them. The nobility and senior clergy were always summoned. From 1265 onwards, when the monarch needed to raise money through taxes, it was usual for knights and burgesses to be summoned too. However, when the king was merely seeking advice, he often only summoned the nobility and the clergy, sometimes with and sometimes without the knights of the shires. On some occasions the Commons were summoned and sent home again once the monarch was finished with them, allowing parliament to continue without them. It was not until the mid-14th century that summoning representatives of the shires and the boroughs became the norm for all parliaments.
One of the moments that marked the emergence of parliament as a true institution in England was the deposition of Edward II. Even though it is debatable whether Edward II was deposed in parliament or by parliament, this remarkable sequence of events consolidated the importance of parliament in the English unwritten constitution. Parliament was also crucial in establishing the legitimacy of the king who replaced Edward II: his son Edward III.
In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the House of Commons, collectively known as the Houses of Parliament.
The authority of parliament grew under Edward III; it was established that no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign. This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years' War and needed finances. During his conduct of the war, Edward tried to circumvent parliament as much as possible, which caused this edict to be passed.
The Commons came to act with increasing boldness during this period. During the Good Parliament (1376), the Presiding Officer of the lower chamber, Sir Peter de la Mare, complained of heavy taxes, demanded an accounting of the royal expenditures, and criticised the king's management of the military. The Commons even proceeded to impeach some of the king's ministers. The bold Speaker was imprisoned, but was soon released after the death of Edward III. During the reign of the next monarch, Richard II, the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown. They insisted that they could not only control taxation, but also public expenditure. Despite such gains in authority, however, the Commons still remained much less powerful than the House of Lords and the Crown.
This period also saw the introduction of a franchise which limited the number of people who could vote in elections for the House of Commons. From 1430 onwards, the franchise was limited to Forty Shilling Freeholders, that is men who owned freehold property worth forty shillings or more. The Parliament of England legislated the new uniform county franchise, in the statute 8 Hen. 6, c. 7. The Chronological Table of the Statutes does not mention such a 1430 law, as it was included in the Consolidated Statutes as a recital in the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (10 Hen. 6, c. 2), which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty shilling freehold in that county to be a voter there.
King, Lords and Commons[edit]
During the reign of the Tudor monarchs the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created. The Tudor monarchy was powerful, and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all. However the Tudor monarchs were astute enough to realise that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions, mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent. Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it.
By the time Henry Tudor (Henry VII) came to the throne in 1485 the monarch was not a member of either the Upper Chamber or the Lower Chamber. Consequently, the monarch would have to make his or her feelings known to Parliament through his or her supporters in both houses. Proceedings were regulated by the presiding officer in either chamber. From the 1540s the presiding officer in the House of Commons became formally known as the "Speaker", having previously been referred to as the "prolocutor" or "parlour" (a semi-official position, often nominated by the monarch, that had existed ever since Peter de Montfort had acted as the presiding officer of the Oxford Parliament of 1258). This was not an enviable job. When the House of Commons was unhappy it was the Speaker who had to deliver this news to the monarch. This began the tradition whereby the Speaker of the House of Commons is dragged to the Speaker's Chair by other members once elected.
A member of either chamber could present a "bill" to parliament. Bills supported by the monarch were often proposed by members of the Privy Council who sat in parliament. In order for a bill to become law it would have to be approved by a majority of both Houses of Parliament before it passed to the monarch for royal assent or veto. The royal veto was applied several times during the 16th and 17th centuries and it is still the right of the monarch of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms to veto legislation today, although it has not been exercised since 1707 (today such exercise would presumably precipitate a constitutional crisis).
When a bill was enacted into law, this process gave it the approval of each estate of the realm: the King, Lords, and Commons. In reality, this was not a democratic process. The Parliament of England was far from being a democratically representative institution in this period. It was possible to assemble the entire peerage and senior clergy of the realm in one place to form the estate of the Upper Chamber. However, the voting franchise for the House of Commons was small; some historians estimate that it was as little as three per cent of the adult male population; and there was no secret ballot. This meant that elections could be controlled by local grandees, because in many boroughs a majority of voters were in some way dependent on a powerful individual, or else could be bought by money or concessions. If these grandees were supporters of the incumbent monarch, this gave the Crown and its ministers considerable influence over the business of parliament. Many of the men elected to parliament did not relish the prospect of having to act in the interests of others. So a law was enacted, still on the statute book today, whereby it became unlawful for members of the House of Commons to resign their seat unless they were granted a position directly within the patronage of the monarchy (today this latter restriction leads to a legal fiction allowing de facto resignation despite the prohibition, but nevertheless it is a resignation which needs the permission of the Crown). However, it must be emphasised that while several elections to parliament in this period were in some way corrupt by modern standards, many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates, even though the ballot was not secret.
It was in this period that the Palace of Westminster was established as the seat of the English Parliament. In 1548, the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown, St Stephen's Chapel. This had been a royal chapel. It was made into a debating chamber after Henry VIII became the last monarch to use the Palace of Westminster as a place of residence and following the suppression of the college there. This room became the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834, although the interior was altered several times up until then. The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England. While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber, the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel, simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of the House of Commons utilised when they were granted use of St Stephen's Chapel. This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left. It is said that the Speaker's chair was placed in front of the chapel's altar. As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do so, even when it had been taken away, thus then bowing to the Chair, as is still the custom today.[citation needed]
The numbers of the Lords Spiritual diminished under Henry VIII, who commanded the Dissolution of the Monasteries, thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House. For the first time, the Lords Temporal were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual. Currently, the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and twenty-one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese.
The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–42 annexed Wales as part of England and this brought Welsh representatives into the Parliament of England, first elected in 1542.
Rebellion and revolution[edit]
Parliaments of England
1604–1705
Parliament
Date
Blessed Parliament 1604
Addled Parliament 1614
3rd Parliament of King James I 1621
Happy Parliament 1624
Useless Parliament 1625
2nd Parliament of King Charles I 1626
3rd Parliament of King Charles I 1628
Short Parliament 1640 Apr
Long Parliament (1) 1640 Nov
Oxford Parliament 1644
Long Parliament (2) 1645
Rump Parliament (1) 1648
Barebone's Parliament 1653
First Protectorate Parliament 1654
Second Protectorate Parliament 1656
Third Protectorate Parliament 1659
Rump Parliament (2) 1659
Long Parliament (3) 1660
Convention Parliament 1660
Cavalier Parliament 1661
Habeas Corpus Parliament 1679
Exclusion Bill Parliament 1680
Oxford Parliament 1681
Loyal Parliament 1685
Convention Parliament 1689
2nd Parliament of William and Mary 1690
3rd Parliament of King William III 1695
4th Parliament of King William III 1698
5th Parliament of King William III 1701
6th Parliament of King William III 1701 Dec
1st Parliament of Queen Anne 1702
2nd Parliament of Queen Anne 1705
List of Parliaments of England
v
t
e
Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs. But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century. When the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I, died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I, founding the Stuart monarchy.
In 1628, alarmed by the arbitrary exercise of royal power, the House of Commons submitted to Charles I the Petition of Right, demanding the restoration of their liberties. Though he accepted the petition, Charles later dissolved parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after the financial disaster of the Scottish Bishops' Wars (1639–1640) that he was forced to recall Parliament so that they could authorise new taxes. This resulted in the calling of the assemblies known historically as the Short Parliament of 1640 and the Long Parliament, which sat with several breaks and in various forms between 1640 and 1660.
The Long Parliament was characterised by the growing number of critics of the king who sat in it. The most prominent of these critics in the House of Commons was John Pym. Tensions between the king and his parliament reached boiling point in January 1642 when Charles entered the House of Commons and tried, unsuccessfully, to arrest Pym and four other members for their alleged treason. The five members had been tipped off about this, and by the time Charles came into the chamber with a group of soldiers they had disappeared. Charles was further humiliated when he asked the Speaker, William Lenthall, to give their whereabouts, which Lenthall famously refused to do.
From then on relations between the king and his parliament deteriorated further. When trouble started to brew in Ireland, both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there. It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other, leading to the English Civil War which began with the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642: those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians (or Roundheads).
Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy. This change was symbolised in the execution of Charles I in January 1649. It is somewhat ironic that this event was not instigated by the elected representatives of the realm. In Pride's Purge of December 1648, the New Model Army (which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance) purged Parliament of members that did not support them. The remaining "Rump Parliament", as it was later referred to by critics, enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason. This trial, the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion, led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11-year republic. The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653, when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament. Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653, commonly known as Barebone's Parliament, followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658, the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral.
Although it is easy to dismiss the English Republic of 1649-60 as nothing more than a Cromwellian military dictatorship, the events that took place in this decade were hugely important in determining the future of parliament. First, it was during the sitting of the first Rump Parliament that members of the House of Commons became known as "MPs" (Members of Parliament). Second, Cromwell gave a huge degree of freedom to his parliaments, although royalists were barred from sitting in all but a handful of cases. His vision of parliament appears to have been largely based on the example of the Elizabethan parliaments. However, he underestimated the extent to which Elizabeth I and her ministers had directly and indirectly influenced the decision-making process of her parliaments. He was thus always surprised when they became troublesome. He ended up dissolving each parliament that he convened. Yet it is worth noting that the structure of the second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1658 was almost identical to the parliamentary structure consolidated in the Glorious Revolution Settlement of 1689.
In 1653 Cromwell had been made head of state with the title Lord Protector of the Realm. The Second Protectorate Parliament offered him the crown. Cromwell rejected this offer, but the governmental structure embodied in the final version of the Humble Petition and Advice was a basis for all future parliaments. It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber, a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber, and a constitutional monarchy, subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation, as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree, assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council. Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England. In 1657 he had the Parliament of Scotland unified with the English Parliament.
In terms of the evolution of parliament as an institution, by far the most important development during the republic was the sitting of the Rump Parliament between 1649 and 1653. This proved that parliament could survive without a monarchy and a House of Lords if it wanted to. Future English monarchs would never forget this. Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons. Even to this day, a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sent to Buckingham Palace as a ceremonial hostage during the State Opening of Parliament, in order to ensure the safe return of the sovereign from a potentially hostile parliament. During the ceremony the monarch sits on the throne in the House of Lords and signals for the Lord Great Chamberlain to summon the House of Commons to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Great Chamberlain then raises his wand of office to signal to the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, who has been waiting in the central lobby. Black Rod turns and, escorted by the doorkeeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police, approaches the doors to the chamber of the Commons. The doors are slammed in his face – symbolising the right of the Commons to debate without the presence of the Queen's representative. He then strikes three times with his staff (the Black Rod), and he is admitted.
Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement[edit]
The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of parliament. The new status of parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658, his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector, summoning the Third Protectorate Parliament in the process. When this parliament was dissolved following pressure from the army in April 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees. This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general John Lambert, leading to the formation of the Committee of Safety, dominated by Lambert and his supporters. When the breakaway forces of George Monck invaded England from Scotland where they had been stationed—without Lambert's supporters putting up a fight—Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed Pride's Purge by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament. They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections, which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small. This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists. This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords. Charles II returned to England as king in May 1660. The Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh.
The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy. In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681. Charles took a big gamble by doing this. He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642. However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war. Parliament disbanded without a fight. Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip.
Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother James II. During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England, despite his private Catholic sympathies. James was openly Catholic. He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices. This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom. They invited William of Orange,[2] a Protestant who had married Mary, daughter of James II and Anne Hyde to invade England and claim the throne. William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers (11,000 foot and 4000 horse)[3] and landed at Brixham in southwest England in November, 1688. When many Protestant officers, including James's close adviser, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defected from the English army to William's invasion force, James fled the country. Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his son (James Francis Edward Stuart). Mary refused the offer, and instead William and Mary ruled jointly, with both having the right to rule alone on the other's death. As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King—called the Glorious Revolution—Parliament was able to have the 1689 Bill of Rights enacted. Later the 1701 Act of Settlement was approved. These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history. These events marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of parliament.
Union: the Parliament of Great Britain[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Great Britain
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, Acts of Parliament passed in the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament. The Parliament of Great Britain later became the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801 when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed through the Act of Union 1800.
Places where Parliament has been held other than London[edit]
York, various
Lincoln, various
Oxford, 1258 (Mad Parliament), 1681
Kenilworth, 1266
Acton Burnell Castle, 1283[4]
Shrewsbury, 1283 (trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd), 1397 ('Great' Parliament)
Lincoln, 1301
Carlisle, 1307
Northampton 1328
New Sarum (Salisbury), 1330
Winchester, 1332, 1449
Leicester, 1414 (Fire and Faggot Parliament), 1426 (Parliament of Bats)
Reading Abbey, 1453
Coventry, 1459 (Parliament of Devils)
Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles[edit]
Two European cities, both annexed from and later ceded to the Kingdom of France were represented in the Parliament as borough constituencies while they were English possessions:
Calais, between 1372 and 1558.
Tournai between 1513 and 1519. (Now in Belgium.)
See also[edit]
History of democracy
History of local government in England
List of Parliaments of England
List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483
List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1485–1601
List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1603–1641
Witenagemot
Magnum Concilium
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Brief Chronology of the House of Commons", Factsheet G3, General Series, August 2010, House of Commons Information Office
Jump up ^ Wouter Troost, William III the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography (2004) ISBN 0-7546-5071-5 p 191
Jump up ^ Troost, pp 204–205
Jump up ^ Virtual Shropshire Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Sources[edit]
Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords, 19th ed.
Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. vol 1 online; vol 2 online
Maddicott, John. The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. ISBN 0-19-958550-4.
Paul Brand. "Review of Maddicott, John Robert, _The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327_." in H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. September, 2011. online
Sayles, G. O. The King's Parliament of England (1974), brief survey
"Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of England.
Birth of the English Parliament. UK Parliament
Parliament and People. British Library
Origins and growth of Parliament. National Archives
Parliament of England
Preceded by
Curia Regis
1066–c. 1215 Parliament of England
c. 1215–1707 Succeeded by
Parliament of Great Britain
1707–1801
show
v
t
e
Kingdom of England
History
Timeline
Anglo-Saxon England
Heptarchy
Kingdom of England
Norman conquest
Anglo-Normans
The Anarchy
Angevin Empire
England in the Late Middle Ages
Economy in the Middle Ages
Wars of the Roses
Tudor period
English Reformation
Elizabethan era
English Renaissance
Stuart period
Union of the Crowns
Gunpowder Plot
Jacobean era
Civil War
Interregnum
Commonwealth of England
The Protectorate
Restoration
Popish Plot
Glorious Revolution
Union with Scotland
Overseas possessions
Maritime history
Royal Houses
Wessex
Knýtlinga
Normandy
Angevin
Plantagenet
Lancaster
York
Tudor
Stuart
Orange-Nassau
Politics
Law
Witenagemot
Curia regis
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
Monarchy
Council of State
Lord Protector
Peerage
Privy Council
Ministries
Secretary of State
Governance
Elizabethan
Star Chamber
Whigs
Tories
Acts of Parliament: to 1483
1485–1601
1603–1641
1642–1660
1660–1699
1700–1706
Military
Anglo-Saxon military
Warfare
English Army
New Model Army
Royal Navy
Ships
History
Geography
Counties
Islands
Places
Towns
Castles
Palaces
Demographics
English language
English people
list
Culture
Religion
Church of England
Cuisine
Folklore
Morris dance
Country dance
Architecture
Anglo-Saxon
English Gothic
Tudor
Elizabethan
Jacobean
Queen Anne
Georgian
Symbols
National flag (list)
Heraldry
Coat of arms
College of Arms
Royal badges
Royal supporters
Royal standards
Crown Jewels
Tudor rose
Oak tree
St George
St George's Day
Articles on the history of England
show
v
t
e
Parliament of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=848967662"
Categories:
Parliament of England
1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
Defunct bicameral legislatures
Historical legislatures
Westminster system parliaments
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use British English from December 2010
Use dmy dates from December 2010
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
Македонски
मराठी
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
中文
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 July 2018, at 15:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Montfort%27s_Parliament
mw-redirect
Montfort's Parliament

values:
/wiki/Curia_Regis
mw-redirect
Curia Regis

values: List of Speakers of the House of Commons of England

values: John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)

values:
/wiki/Voting_system
mw-redirect
Voting system

values:
/wiki/First_past_the_post
mw-redirect
First past the post

values:
/wiki/William_of_Normandy
mw-redirect
William of Normandy

values:
/wiki/John_of_England
mw-redirect
John of England

values:
/wiki/English_monarchy
mw-redirect
English monarchy

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_monarch
mw-redirect
Constitutional monarch

values:
/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707
mw-redirect
Act of Union 1707

values:
/wiki/Feudal_system
mw-redirect
Feudal system

values:
/wiki/King_John_of_England
mw-redirect
King John of England

values: Edit section: Parliament in the reign of Henry III

values: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester

values: Edit section: The emergence of parliament as an institution

values:
/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament
mw-redirect
Houses of Parliament

values:
/wiki/Forty_Shilling_Freeholders
mw-redirect
Forty Shilling Freeholders

values:
/wiki/Tudor_dynasty
mw-redirect
Tudor dynasty

values:
/wiki/Privy_Council
mw-redirect
Privy Council

values: Resignation from the British House of Commons

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1604

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1614

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1621

values:
/wiki/Happy_Parliament
mw-redirect
Happy Parliament

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1624

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1625

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1626

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1628

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1640 (April)

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1640 (November)

values: List of MPs in the English parliament in 1645 and after

values: List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648

values: List of MPs nominated to the English parliament in 1653

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1654

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1656

values: List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1659

values: List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1660

values: List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661

values: List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1689

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values: Template:Parliaments of England 1601–1689

values: Template talk:Parliaments of England 1601–1689

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:auto;

values:
/wiki/Five_members
mw-redirect
Five members

values:
/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Black_Rod
mw-redirect
Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod

values: Edit section: Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement

values:
/wiki/English_Restoration
mw-redirect
English Restoration

values:
/wiki/Grandee_(New_Model_Army)
mw-redirect
Grandee (New Model Army)

values:
/wiki/George_Monck
mw-redirect
George Monck

values: Edit section: Union: the Parliament of Great Britain

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Union_1707
mw-redirect
Treaty of Union 1707

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800
mw-redirect
Act of Union 1800

values: Edit section: Places where Parliament has been held other than London

values:
/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire
mw-redirect
Lincoln, Lincolnshire

values: Great Parliament (1397) (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles

values:
/wiki/Borough_constituency
mw-redirect
Borough constituency

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1485–1601

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1603–1641

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England
mw-redirect
Anglo-Norman England

values:
/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England
mw-redirect
House of Lords of England

values: List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1660–1699

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1700–1706

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Europe
mw-redirect
Parliament of Europe

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Andorra
mw-redirect
Parliament of Andorra

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Armenia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Armenia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Austria
mw-redirect
Parliament of Austria

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Azerbaijan
mw-redirect
Parliament of Azerbaijan

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Belarus
mw-redirect
Parliament of Belarus

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Belgium
mw-redirect
Parliament of Belgium

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Parliament of Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Parliament of Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Denmark
mw-redirect
Parliament of Denmark

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Estonia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Estonia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_France
mw-redirect
Parliament of France

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia_(country)
mw-redirect
Parliament of Georgia (country)

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Germany
mw-redirect
Parliament of Germany

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Greece
mw-redirect
Parliament of Greece

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Hungary
mw-redirect
Parliament of Hungary

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Iceland
mw-redirect
Parliament of Iceland

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy
mw-redirect
Parliament of Italy

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Latvia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Latvia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Liechtenstein
mw-redirect
Parliament of Liechtenstein

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Lithuania
mw-redirect
Parliament of Lithuania

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Luxembourg
mw-redirect
Parliament of Luxembourg

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova
mw-redirect
Parliament of Moldova

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Monaco
mw-redirect
Parliament of Monaco

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Netherlands
mw-redirect
Parliament of the Netherlands

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway
mw-redirect
Parliament of Norway

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Portugal
mw-redirect
Parliament of Portugal

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Russia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_San_Marino
mw-redirect
Parliament of San Marino

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Serbia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Slovakia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Slovakia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Slovenia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Slovenia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Spain
mw-redirect
Parliament of Spain

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden
mw-redirect
Parliament of Sweden

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Switzerland
mw-redirect
Parliament of Switzerland

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Parliament of Turkey

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Ukraine
mw-redirect
Parliament of Ukraine

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Vatican_City
mw-redirect
Parliament of Vatican City

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Abkhazia
mw-redirect
Parliament of Abkhazia

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Kosovo
mw-redirect
Parliament of Kosovo

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Parliament of Northern Cyprus

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Transnistria
mw-redirect
Parliament of Transnistria

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Faroe_Islands
mw-redirect
Parliament of the Faroe Islands

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Gibraltar
mw-redirect
Parliament of Gibraltar

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Parliament of Guernsey

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Isle_of_Man
mw-redirect
Parliament of the Isle of Man

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Jersey
mw-redirect
Parliament of Jersey

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_Svalbard
mw-redirect
Parliament of Svalbard

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_the_European_Union
mw-redirect
Parliament of the European Union

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use British English from December 2010

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2010

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Parliament_of_England
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: برلمان إنجلترا – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Парламент на Англия – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: Парламент на Англија – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: इंग्लडची संसद – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Det engelske parlamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Парламент Англии – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Парламент Енглеске – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: รัฐสภาอังกฤษ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Парламент Англії – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Parliament_of_England rootpage-Parliament_of_England skin-vector action-view