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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Jeff Kinney
David Bowers
Based on
Hard Luck, The Long Haul and Old School
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Jason Drucker
Alicia Silverstone
Tom Everett Scott
Charlie Wright
Owen Asztalos
Narrated by
Jason Drucker
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Fox 2000 Pictures[1]
Color Force[1]
TSG Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
Running time
91 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[4]
Box office
$40.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul is a 2017 American family road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the ninth and tenth books in the series, The Long Haul and Old School, and one element based on the eighth book Hard Luck. Despite not being a reboot, the cast members from the first three films do not reprise their roles.[5]
It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and was not well reviewed by film critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Pre-production
3.3 Filming
3.4 Cultural references
4 Release
4.1 Trailer reactions
4.2 Box office
4.3 Critical response
4.4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after the previous film, while at the Corny's family restaurant, the Heffley family plans to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday. However, after Greg rescues his younger brother Manny, who got stuck inside a tube in the play area, Greg ends up in a ball pit with a diaper stuck on his hand. He subsequently becomes infamous after the people around him record him and post the footage on the internet, leading Greg to be dubbed as "Diaper Hands".
Later, at the Heffley residence, Greg learns that Player Expo is taking place not very far from Meemaw's house in Indianapolis. Greg's gaming star, Mac Digby, will be attending, and Greg hopes to meet him and get in one of his videos so he will gain popularity. He acknowledges that he will have to somehow sneak off from the road trip and attend the Expo without his parents' knowledge, however. The Heffley family hits the road, where Greg, Rodrick, Frank, and Manny's devices are immediately confiscated by Susan, who wants the road trip to be absolutely technology-free.
After arriving at a motel, Greg discreetly gets into the car and takes his phone out of the bag Susan had put it in and plans to use it. Later, when Greg and Rodrick are relaxing in the hot tub, Rodrick hears a notification from Greg's phone and discovers his plans to go to Player Expo. Greg discourages Rodrick from telling Susan, saying that they had a rock band video game tournament there that Rodrick could participate in. Liking the idea, Rodrick opts to go with Greg to the Expo.
Going to sleep, Greg is annoyed by a loud bang noise created by the Beardo siblings, who playfully crash a trolley into a wall, and storms out of the room. He confronts them but Brandi, the eldest sibling, rolls the trolley — which is meant for Greg — into their car, leaving a huge scratch. Just as Mr. Beardo comes out of his motel room, Brandi blames Greg responsible and Mr. Beardo goes after him but he manages to outrun him. Greg returns to his room, but the next morning, he actually slept next to Mr. Beardo, who chases him again, but he manages to escape from the motel with his family.
The Heffleys attend a county fair where Manny wins a pig, but Mr. Beardo and his family notices Greg and begins chasing after him but manages to outrun again. Back at the road, the Heffleys, unable to take care of the pig, drop it off at the petting zoo, much to Manny's dismay, but not before Greg reroutes the GPS to the Player Expo convention. Checking at the hotel room, Greg and Rodrick sneak out to go to Player Expo using the excuse that they are going to get a present for Meemaw. However, after Frank and Susan see their children on live TV, they go to get the boys themselves.
Greg finally sees Mac Digby participating in a video game competition. Desperate to be in one of his videos, Greg instructs Rodrick to record him going up on stage with Mac so his popularity will boost. But the attempt fails when Susan storms into the stage and inadvertently reveals that he is Diaper Hands to the public, causing them to chant at him. Susan opens up to Greg and says that all she wanted was a nice road trip that would bring the family closer together, and she accuses Greg of not caring. Greg snaps back at Susan, saying that she doesn't care about what he wants, which is why he had to sneak out to the Expo in the first place. Hurt by her son's words, Susan hands her phone to Greg because she doesn't care anymore.
On the road again, the tarp on the boat — hitched to the car — carrying the majority of their belongings flies off all across the road. The Heffleys recover their belongings but the Beardo's van pulls up and begins stealing suitcases and clothes. This causes Susan to be very upset that the trip became a disaster. Greg saw his family hit rock bottom. He encourages them to continue the trip. They found the Beardos. They get into the motel room, where the Beardos occupied, and successfully retrieve their belongings, but not before Greg and Mr. Beardo have a short but intense battle in the motel shower, which ends with Mr. Beardo slipping in the tub.
After encountering some obstacles, the Heffleys celebrate happily at Meemaw's and get their car fixed, but the radiator breaks due to the AC not being cranked up all the way. A Spanish-speaking man, Mr. Luis, who works for a towing company pulls over to assist them, but none of the Heffleys can understand him, except Manny, who speaks in fluent Spanish (thanks to the Spanish tutorial CD Susan put in during the road trip) to the man and explains their current situation.
Luis then tows their car and Manny gives him instructions to the petting zoo where his pig is, and the two reunite. At the end, Greg explains that although the road trip wasn't perfect, he still wouldn't change a thing. He says that Manny was allowed to keep his pig as a pet, Rodrick was able to get a new van, and Dad was able to explain having time off from work to bond with family. Greg expresses excitement for where they'll be going next year, but Susan steps in to say they will be flying.
In a mid-credits scene, two girls take selfies with Greg, who they recognize as Diaper Hands.
Cast[edit]
Jason Drucker as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Alicia Silverstone as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Tom Everett Scott as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Charlie Wright as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother
Owen Asztalos as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Wyatt and Dylan Walters as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother[6]
Joshua Hoover as Mac Digby, a popular internet gamer who Greg idolizes
Chris Coppola as Mr. Beardo, the main antagonist of the film
Kimberli Lincoln as Mrs. Beardo, Mr. Beardo's wife
Mira Silverman as Brandi Beardo, Mr. Beardo's rude and spoiled daughter who blames Greg for damaging their car
Mimi Gould as Meemaw, Susan's grandmother and Greg's great-grandmother
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2012, the series' third entry, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was described as the last live action film in the franchise.[7][8] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, author Jeff Kinney and actors Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth movie, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[7][8][9]
Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[9] When describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "Dog Days most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[7]
In March 2013, Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live action film. Previously, Kinney had indicated that instead of making a live action film of the third novel, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, instead he would like to see Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. but I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
Pre-production[edit]
On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a fourth live action Diary of a Wimpy Kid film was in production, and will have a completely different cast, as many of the members from the original cast were too old and have outgrown from their roles.[citation needed] Jason Drucker and Owen Asztalos portray Greg and Rowley, with David Bowers returning as the director. Alicia Silverstone and Tom Everett Scott portray Greg's parents, Susan and Frank, and Charlie Wright portrays Greg's older brother Rodrick.[4]
Filming[edit]
Filming of The Long Haul began on September 20, 2016, in Atlanta, and concluded on November 18, 2016.
Cultural references[edit]
The film somewhat acts as a parody film, referencing two films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The film in one scene parodies the film The Birds, where the Heffley family getting mauled by seagulls. The film also parodies the film Psycho in the third act, where Greg Heffley is caught by Mr. Beardo in the shower, which Greg is stuck in, which Mr. Beardo nearly catches him, and wet mud goes down the drain. Additionally, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul also referenced a scene of the film Are We There Yet?. When Greg Heffley was in the ball pit in the start of the film, the film referenced a scene in Jingle All the Way.
Release[edit]
The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]
Trailer reactions[edit]
On February 23, 2017, a theatrical poster and teaser trailer were released, and the following month, the official trailer was released. Both trailers received negative feedback from fans for its recasting of the main characters, most notably Charlie Wright as Rodrick. To further express their outrage, the fans took to social media and started the hashtag "#NotMyRodrick" (a parody of the "#NotMyPresident" trend that followed the election of U.S. president Donald Trump), which has spawned countless online memes. Other hashtags included "#NotMyHeffleys" and "#NotMyRowley".[10]
Both trailers received significant backlash from audiences, and the official trailer received over 46 thousand dislikes, compared to only 9 thousand likes.[11]
Box office[edit]
As of August 12, 2017[update], Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul had grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada and $19.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $40,077,469 million, against a production budget of $22 million thus making the film the lowest grossing film of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[3]
In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Alien: Covenant, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,129 theaters during its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $2 million on its first day, projections were lowered to $7 million. It ended up finishing with $7.1 million, placing 6th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the franchise.[12] When the film was released in the United Kingdom, it opened on #2, behind Pirates of The Caribbean: Salazars Revenge with £1,444,092.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 66 reviews and an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With an all-new cast but the same juvenile humor, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul finds the franchise still stuck in arrested – and largely unfunny – development."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 39 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[17][18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rechtshaffen, Michael (May 15, 2017). "'Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alien: Covenant,' No. 8 in the franchise, is poised to unseat 'Guardians' at the box office". Los Angeles Times. May 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diary Of A Wimpy Kid: new film confirmed for 2017".
Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid (1 November 2016). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Movie Sneak Peek" – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Hiramine, Brie. "YIKES: 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid' Fans Are Freaking Out About the New Rodrick Heffley". J-14. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul | Official Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX". www.youtube.com. 20th Century Fox. March 16, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why 'Alien: Covenant' Lost Its Bite At The B.O. With $36.1M Opening, -34% From 'Prometheus'". Deadline.com. May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 26th May 2017 - 28th May 2017". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul DVD Release Date August 8, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Release Date, News & Reviews - Releases.com". www.releases.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
External links[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul at Tomatazos
[show]
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The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)
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Summer
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This article is about the season. For other uses, see Summer (disambiguation).
"Summers" redirects here. For other uses, see Summers (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sumer.
A field during summer in Belgium
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Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling after spring and before autumn. At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to climate, tradition and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
Contents
1 Summer timing
2 Weather
3 Holidays
3.1 School breaks
3.2 Public holidays
4 Activities
5 See also
6 References
Summer timing[edit]
From an astronomical view, the equinoxes and solstices would be the middle of the respective seasons,[1][2] but sometimes astronomical summer is defined as starting at the solstice, the time of maximal insolation, or on the traditional date of June 21. A variable seasonal lag means that the meteorological center of the season, which is based on average temperature patterns, occurs several weeks after the time of maximal insolation.[3] The meteorological convention is to define summer as comprising the months of June, July, and August in the northern hemisphere and the months of December, January, and February in the southern hemisphere.[4][5] Under meteorological definitions, all seasons are arbitrarily set to start at the beginning of a calendar month and end at the end of a month.[4] This meteorological definition of summer also aligns with the commonly viewed notion of summer as the season with the longest (and warmest) days of the year, in which daylight predominates. The meteorological reckoning of seasons is used in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Russia and Japan. It is also used by many in the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the summer months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are June, July and August. However, according to the Irish Calendar, summer begins on 1 May and ends on 1 August. School textbooks in Ireland follow the cultural norm of summer commencing on 1 May rather than the meteorological definition of 1 June.
Days continue to lengthen from equinox to solstice and summer days progressively shorten after the solstice, so meteorological summer encompasses the build-up to the longest day and a diminishing thereafter, with summer having many more hours of daylight than spring. Reckoning by hours of daylight alone, summer solstice marks the midpoint, not the beginning, of the seasons. Midsummer takes place over the shortest night of the year, which is the summer solstice, or on a nearby date that varies with tradition.
Where a seasonal lag of half a season or more is common, reckoning based on astronomical markers is shifted half a season.[6] By this method, in North America, summer is the period from the summer solstice (usually 20 or 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere) to the autumn equinox.[7][8][9]
Reckoning by cultural festivals, the summer season in the United States is traditionally regarded as beginning on Memorial Day (the last Monday in May) and ending on Labor Day (the first Monday in September), more closely in line with the meteorological definition for the parts of the country that have four-season weather. The similar Canadian tradition starts summer on Victoria Day one week prior (although summer conditions vary widely across Canada's expansive territory) and ends, as in the United States, on Labour Day.
In Chinese astronomy, summer starts on or around 5 May, with the jiéqì (solar term) known as lìxià (立夏), i.e. "establishment of summer", and it ends on or around 6 August.
In southern and southeast Asia, where the monsoon occurs, summer is more generally defined as lasting from March, April, May and June, the warmest time of the year, ending with the onset of the monsoon rains.[citation needed]
Because the temperature lag is shorter in the oceanic temperate southern hemisphere,[10] most countries in this region use the meteorological definition with summer starting on 1 December and ending on the last day of February.[11][12]
Weather[edit]
Wet season thunderstorm at night in Darwin, Australia.
See also: Hail, Tropical cyclone, and Wet season
Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather. In the Mediterranean regions, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in Eastern Asia because of the Monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime.[13] Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds, it is known as a monsoon.[14]
Image of Hurricane Lester from late August 1992.
In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November.[15] The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic.[16] The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.[15] In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone season runs from 1 November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.[15][17]
Thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada runs in the spring through summer. These storms can produce hail, strong winds and tornadoes, usually during the afternoon and evening.
Holidays[edit]
School breaks[edit]
Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for summer break, although dates vary. In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in Memorial Day weekend, while colleges finish in early May, although some schools get out on the last or second last Thursday in May. In England and Wales, school ends in mid-July and resumes again in early September; in Scotland, the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mid- to late-August. Similarly, in Canada the summer holiday starts on the last or second-last Friday in June and ends in late August or on the first Monday of September, with the exception of when that date falls before Labour Day, in which case, ends on the second Monday of the month. In Russia the summer holiday begins at the end of May and ends on August 31. In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of Christmas and New Year's Day. School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in early December and end in early February, with dates varying between states. In India, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid June. In Cameroon and Nigeria, schools usually finish for summer vacation in mid-July, and resume in the later weeks of September or the first week of October.
Public holidays[edit]
A wide range of public holidays fall during summer, including:
Memorial Day (United States) or Victoria Day (Canada) through Labor Day
Independence Day (Jordan) (25 May)
Bank holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Festa della Repubblica, Italian national day and republic day (2 June)
National Day of Sweden (6 June) and Midsummer, sometimes referred to as the "alternative National Day"
Canada Day (1 July)
Independence Day (United States) (4 July)
Bastille Day, National Day of France (14 July)
Belgian National Day (21 July)
Ólavsøka, Faroe Islands (29 July)
Swiss National Day (1 August)
Independence Day (Pakistan) (14 August)
Independence Day (India) (15 August)
Australia Day (26 January)
Activities[edit]
Hotels and tourists along the Atlantic Ocean shoreline in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in summer
People generally take advantage of the high temperatures by spending more time outdoors during summer. Activities such as travelling to the beach and picnics occur during the summer months. Sports such as association football, basketball, American football, volleyball, skateboarding, baseball, softball, cricket, tennis and golf are played. Water sports also occur. These include water skiing, wake boarding, swimming, surfing, tubing and water polo. The modern Olympics have been held during the summer months every four years since 1896. The 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney, however, were held during the Australian Spring.
Summer is normally a low point in television viewing, and television schedules generally reflect this by not scheduling new episodes of their most popular shows between the end of May sweeps and the beginning of the television season in September, instead scheduling low-cost reality television shows and burning off commitments to already-cancelled series. There is an exception to this with children's television. Many television shows made for children and are popular with children are released during the summer months, especially on children's cable channels such as the Disney Channel in the United States, as children are off school. Disney Channel, for example, ends its preschool programming earlier in the day for older school age children in the summer months while it reverts to the original scheduling as the new school year begins. Conversely, the music and film industries generally experience higher returns during the summer than other times of the year and market their summer hits accordingly. Summer is most popular for animated movies to be released theatrically in movie theaters.[citation needed]
With most school-age children and college students (except those attending summer school) on summer vacation during the summer months, especially in the United States, travel and vacationing traditionally peaks during the summer, with the volume of travel in a typical summer weekend rivaled only by Thanksgiving. Teenagers and college students often take summer jobs in industries that cater to recreation. Business activity for the recreation, tourism, restaurant, and retail industries peak during the summer months as well as the holiday season.
Children cycling during summer
Barefoot skiing
Fig trees bear fruit when summer is near
Using a personal cooling device in summer
See also[edit]
Summer Olympic Games
References[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Summer
Look up summer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Summer.
Jump up ^ Ball, Sir Robert S (1900). Elements of Astronomy. London: The MacMillan Company. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4400-5323-8. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Heck, Andre (2006). Organizations and strategies in Astronomy. 7. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 1-4020-5300-2. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Cecil Adams (11 March 1983). "Is it true summer in Ireland starts May 1?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Meteorological Glossary. London: HMSO. p. 260. ISBN 0-11-400363-7.
Jump up ^ "Professor Paul Hardaker answers questions on meteorological forecasting" Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. Royal Geographical Society.
Jump up ^ Driscol, D. M.; Rice, P. B.; Fong, J. M. Y. (1994). "Spatial variation of climatic aspects of temperature: Interdiurnal variability and lag". International Journal of Climatology. 14 (9): 1001. Bibcode:1994IJCli..14.1001D. doi:10.1002/joc.3370140905.
Jump up ^ "First day of summer worth celebrating". JSOnline. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Father's Day is first day of summer". Fox11online.com. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Summer Solstice - from Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy". Scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
Jump up ^ Gabler, Robert E.; Petersen, James F.; Trapasso, L. Michael; Sack, Dorothy (2008). Physical Geography. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning. p. 107. ISBN 0495555061.
Jump up ^ Williams, Jack (22 February 2005). "Answers: When do the seasons begin". Usatoday.Com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bureau of Meteorology - Home Page". Bom.gov.au. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Charles Darwin University (2009). Characteristics of tropical savannas. Archived 17 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Charles Darwin University. Retrieved on 27 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Monsoon. Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. "Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ McAdie, Colin (10 May 2007). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Southeastern Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Oceans" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 10 March 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
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BNE: XX527189
BNF: cb120689034 (data)
GND: 4136980-4
LCCN: sh85130432
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White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa
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White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa is a collection of essays by Nobel-laureate J. M. Coetzee, originally published in 1988, and in 2007 was reprinted, with a new introduction, by Pentz Publishers. (The ISBN for this edition is 978090270006). "Since it first appeared in 1988, JM Coetzee's first volume of criticism has emerged as an indispensable reference in the study of South African literature. In the seven essays comprising the collection, he reads a range of texts, in various genres, which represent the endeavours of white writers to come to terms with the South African landscape and their tenuous place within it. The seven essays concern a wide range of works written in both English and Afrikaans, including the nineteenth-century travel writing of William Burchell, which compares the landscapes of England and South Africa, always to the latter's detriment, is discussed in relation to subsequent engagements by Thomas Pringle, WEG Louw, WC Scully and Roy Campbell. In addition to landscape, land ownership and pastoralist ideologies, the studies address the versions of race developed, implicitly or explicitly, in writings by authors as diverse as Pauline Smith, Mikro, Alan Paton and Gertrude Millin."[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ CM van den Heever, as cited in Amazon
[1]
[2]
[3]
hide
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Works by J. M. Coetzee
Novels
Dusklands (1974)
In the Heart of the Country (1977)
Waiting for the Barbarians (1980)
Life & Times of Michael K (1983)
Foe (1986)
Age of Iron (1990)
The Master of Petersburg (1994)
The Lives of Animals (1999)
Disgrace (1999)
Elizabeth Costello (2003)
The Nobel Lecture in Literature, 2003: "He and His Man" (2004)
Slow Man (2005)
Diary of a Bad Year (2007)
The Childhood of Jesus (2013)
The Schooldays of Jesus (2016)
"Autrebiography"
Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life (1997)
Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II (2002)
Summertime (2009)
Criticism and letters
Truth in Autobiography (1984)
White Writing: On the Culture of Letters in South Africa (1988)
Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews (1992)
Giving Offense: Essays on Censorship (1996)
Stranger Shores: Literary Essays, 1986–1999 (2001)
Inner Workings: Literary Essays, 2000–2005 (2007)
Here and Now: Letters, 2008–2011 (2013)
Adaptations
Dust (film, 1985)
The Lives of Animals (TV film, 2002)
Waiting for the Barbarians (opera, 2006)
Disgrace (film, 2008)
Slow Man (opera, 2014)
This article about an essay or essay collection is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Writing:_On_the_Culture_of_Letters_in_South_Africa&oldid=801231908"
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1988 books
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text:
Stratified squamous epithelium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Stratified squamous epithelium
H&E stain of biopsy of normal esophagus showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium.
Section of the human skin showing the stratified squamous epithelial surface, referred to as the epidermis. The layer of keratin here is named the stratum corneum.
Identifiers
Code
р
TH
H2.00.02.0.02025, H2.00.02.0.02030
FMA
45563
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
This article is one of a series on
Epithelia
Squamous epithelial cell
Simple
Stratified
Columnar epithelial cell
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Cuboidal epithelial cell
Simple
Stratified
Specialised epithelia
Olfactory
Respiratory
Intestinal
Transitional
Germinal
female
male
Other
Table of epithelia of human organs
v
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A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal.[1] There are no intercellular spaces. This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Keratinization
1.1 Non-keratinized
1.2 Keratinized
2 Gallery
3 References
Keratinization[edit]
Non-keratinized[edit]
Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out.
Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include cornea (see also corneal epithelium), lining mucosa of oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, ectocervix, foreskin and the internal portion of the lips.
Even non-keratinized surfaces, consisting as they do of keratinocytes, have a minor superficial keratinized layer of varying thickness, depending on the age of the epithelium and the damage it has experienced.
Keratinized[edit]
Keratinized surfaces are protected from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in the stratum granulosum. Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include epidermis of the palm of the hand and sole of the foot,[3] and the masticatory mucosa. Skin is also covered with stratified squamous epithelium.
Gallery[edit]
Epithelium
Micrograph of normal stratified squamous epithelium (right of image) and the metaplasic epithelium of Barrett's esophagus (left of image). Alcian blue stain.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan. Introduction to the Human Body. The Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 84. ISBN 978-0470-59892-4. [referring to stratified squamous epithelium] Description: Two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer and several layers deep to it are squamous; those in the deep layers vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar.
Jump up ^ Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections 7th Edition. Pearson. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-321-88418-3.
Jump up ^ Pratt, Rebecca. "Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Keratinized)". AnatomyOne. Amirsys, Inc. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
[hide]
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Epithelial tissue
Cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Types
Simple squamous epithelium
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Urothelium
Glands
Types
Mechanism
Merocrine
Eccrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Sebaceous
Meibomian
Shape
Tubular gland
Alveolar gland
Secretion
Serous glands
Mucous glands
Components
Myoepithelial cell
Serous demilune
Ducts:
Interlobar
Interlobular
Intralobular
Striated
Intercalated
Acinus/Lobe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratified_squamous_epithelium&oldid=805544118"
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