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Sabbath in seventh-day churches
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See also: Shabbat and first-day Sabbath
A Seventh-day Adventist church
The seventh-day Sabbath, observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening (exact start and ending times varying from group to group), is an important part of the beliefs and practices of seventh-day churches. These churches emphasize biblical references such as the ancient Hebrew practice of beginning a day at sundown, and the Genesis creation narrative wherein an "evening and morning" established a day, predating the giving of the Ten Commandments (thus the command to "remember" the sabbath). They hold that the Old and New Testament show no variation in the doctrine of the Sabbath on the seventh day. Saturday, or the seventh day in the weekly cycle, is the only day in all of scripture designated using the term Sabbath. The seventh day of the week is recognized as Sabbath in many languages, calendars, and doctrines, including those of Catholic,[1] Lutheran,[2] and Orthodox churches.[3] It is still observed in modern Judaism in relation to Mosaic Law. In addition, the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches uphold Sabbatarianism, observing the Sabbath on Saturday, in addition to the Lord's Day on Sunday.[4]
Catholic, Orthodox, and some Protestant denominations observe the Lord's Day on Sunday and hold that the Saturday Sabbath is no longer binding for Christians. On the other hand, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists, as well as many Episcopalians, have historically espoused the view of first-day Sabbatarianism,[5][6][7][8] describing the Sabbath as being transferred to the Lord's Day (Sunday), the first day of the week, merged with the day of Christ's resurrection, forming the Christian Sabbath.[9]
"Seventh-day Sabbatarians" are Christians who seek to reestablish the practice of some early Christians who kept the Sabbath according to normal Jewish practice. They usually believe that all humanity is obliged to keep the Ten Commandments, including the Sabbath, and that keeping all the commandments is a moral responsibility that honors, and shows love towards God as creator, sustainer, and redeemer. Christian seventh-day Sabbatarians, arising from Adventist groups in the Millerite tradition, hold beliefs similar to that tradition that the change of the sabbath was part of a Great Apostasy in the Christian faith. Some of these, most notably the Seventh-day Adventist Church, have traditionally held that the apostate church formed when the Bishop of Rome began to dominate the west and brought heathen corruption and allowed pagan idol worship and beliefs to come in, and formed the Roman Catholic Church, which teaches traditions over Scripture, and to rest from their work on Sunday, instead of Sabbath, which is not in keeping with Scripture.
The sabbath is one of the defining characteristics of seventh-day denominations, including Seventh Day Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the Seventh-Day Evangelist Church, the Church of God (7th Day) headquartered in Salem, West Virginia, the Church of God (Seventh Day) conferences, True Jesus Church, and the United Church of God, among many others.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical Sabbath
2 History
2.1 Early church
2.2 Middle Ages
2.3 Reformation
3 Modern churches
3.1 Seventh Day Baptists
3.2 Seventh-day Adventism
3.2.1 History
3.2.2 Eschatology
3.3 Armstrongism
3.4 Other groups
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Biblical Sabbath[edit]
Main articles: Biblical Sabbath and Shabbat
See also: Paul the Apostle and Judaism
The sabbath was first described in the biblical account of the seventh day of creation. Observation and remembrance of the sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments (the fourth in the Eastern Orthodox and most Protestant traditions, the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions). Most people who observe the first-day or seventh-day sabbath regard it as having been instituted as a perpetual covenant: "Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual covenant." (Exodus 31:13-17) (see also Exodus 23:12, Deuteronomy 5:13-14) This rule also applies to strangers within their gates, a sign of respect for the day during which God rested after having completed creation in six days (Genesis 2:2-3, Exodus 20:8-11).
History[edit]
Early church[edit]
See also: Sabbath in Christianity
Dr. Samuele Bacchiocchi, in his historical work From Sabbath to Sunday, documented the slow change from the original Saturday Sabbath to Sunday in the early Christian church due to pagan influence from the pagan converts, social pressure against Judaism, and also the decline of standards for the day.[10] In the change, the first day became called the 'Lords Day' as that was the name known as the sun god Baal to the pagans so they were familiar with it and put forth by the leaders in Rome to gain converts and got picked up by the Christians in Rome to differentiate themselves from the Jews, who had rebelled, and the Sabbath. According to Justin Martyr, Christians also worshiped on Sunday because it "possessed a certain mysterious import", not anything commanded by the Apostles.[11] "Seventh-day Adventists point out the role played by either the Pope, or by Roman Emperor Constantine I in the transition from Sabbath to Sunday, with Constantine's law declaring that Sunday was a day of rest for those not involved in farming work.[12]
According to R. J. Bauckham, the post-apostolic church contained diverse practices regarding the sabbath.[13]
Emperor Aurelian began a new Sun cult in 274 A.D and pagan ordinances were instituted in order to transform the old Roman idolatry and the accession of Sun-worship.[14] Emperor Constantine then enacted the first Sunday Laws, for "the venerable Day of the Sun" in 321 A.D.[15] On March 7, 321, the Roman emperor Constantine issued a decree making Sunday a day of rest from labor, stating:[16]
All judges and city people and the craftsmen shall rest upon the venerable day of the sun. Country people, however, may freely attend to the cultivation of the fields, because it frequently happens that no other days are better adapted for planting the grain in the furrows or the vines in trenches. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish.
We find a good description of this in sources such as the book Rest Days which states:[17]
"This legislation by Constantine probably bore no relation to Christianity; it appears, on the contrary, that the emperor, in his capacity of Pontifex Maximus, was only adding the day of the Sun, the worship of which was then firmly established in the Roman Empire, to the other ferial days of the sacred calendar…
What began, however, as a pagan ordinance, ended as a Christian regulation; and a long series of imperial decrees, during the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries, enjoined with increasing stringency abstinence from labour on Sunday."
Early Christian observance of both the spiritual seventh-day sabbath and a Lord's Day assembly is evidenced in Ignatius's letter to the Magnesians ca. 110.[13][18] The Pseudo-Ignatian additions amplified this point by combining weekly observance of spiritual seventh-day sabbath with the Lord's assembly.[19] If Pseudo-Ignatius dates as early as 140, its admonition must be considered important evidence on 2nd-century sabbath and Lord's Day observance.[20] According to classical sources, widespread seventh-day sabbath rest by gentile Christians was also the prevailing mode in the 3rd and 4th centuries.[21][22]
Ellen G. White states that ecumenical councils generally each pressed the sabbath down slightly lower and exalted Sunday correspondingly, and that the bishops eventually urged Constantine to syncretize the worship day in order to promote the nominal acceptance of Christianity by pagans. But "while many God-fearing Christians were gradually led to regard Sunday as possessing a degree of sacredness, they still held the [seventh-day] Sabbath."[23] Bauckham also states some church authorities continued to oppose this as a judaizing tendency.[13]
In the 4th century, Socrates Scholasticus (Church History, Book V) stated:[21]
For although almost all churches throughout the world celebrate the sacred mysteries on the sabbath of every week, yet the Christians of Alexandria and at Rome, on account of some ancient tradition, have ceased to do this. The Egyptians in the neighborhood of Alexandria, and the inhabitants of Thebaïs, hold their religious assemblies on the sabbath, but do not participate in the mysteries in the manner usual among Christians in general: for after having eaten and satisfied themselves with food of all kinds, in the evening making their offerings they partake of the mysteries.
In the 5th century, Sozomen (Ecclesiastical History, Book VII), referencing Socrates Scholasticus, added to his description:[22]
Assemblies are not held in all churches on the same time or manner. The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria. There are several cities and villages in Egypt where, contrary to the usage established elsewhere, the people meet together on Sabbath evenings, and, although they have dined previously, partake of the mysteries.
Middle Ages[edit]
See also: Sabbath in Christianity § Africa
The "Sabbath in Africa Study Group" (SIA), founded by Charles E. Bradford in 1991,[24] holds that the sabbath has existed in Africa since the beginning of recorded history.[25][26] Taddesse Tamrat has argued that this practice predates Saint Ewostatewos's advocacy of observing both Saturday and Sunday as days of sabbath, which led to his eventual exile from Ethiopia around 1337.[27] Emperor Zara Yaqob convened a synod at Tegulet in 1450 to discuss the sabbath question.[28][29][30]
In Bohemia, as much as one quarter of the population kept seventh-day the sabbath in 1310. This practice continued until at least the 16th century, when Erasmus wrote about the practice.[31]
The Unitarian Church condemned Sabbatarianism as innovation (forbidden by the Transylvanian law on religious toleration) in 1618. The last Sabbatarian congregation in Transylvania disappeared in the 19th century and the remaining Sabbatarians, who were known as "Somrei Sabat" (the Hungarian transliteration of the Hebrew words for "Sabbath observers") joined the existing Jewish communities, into which they were eventually absorbed. Sabbatarianism also expanded into Russia, where its adherents were called Subbotniks, and, from there, the movement expanded into other countries. Some of the Russian Subbotniks maintained a Christian identity doctrinally, while others formally converted to Judaism and assimilated within the Jewish communities of Russia. Some of the latter, however, who had become Jewish, although they and their descendants practiced Judaism and had not practiced Christianity for nearly two centuries, still retained a distinct identity as ethnic Russian converts to Judaism until later.[citation needed]
A small number of the anti-Trinitarian Socinian churches of Eastern Europe and the Netherlands adopted the seventh day as the day of worship and rest.
Reformation[edit]
Sects such as the Waldenses, Albigenses, and Leonists appear to have retained sabbath observance in Europe during the Middle Ages. A report of an inquisition, before which were brought some Waldenses of Moravia in the middle of the 15th century, declares that among the Waldenses "not a few indeed celebrate the Sabbath with the Jews."[32] The Taiping Rebellion kept the sabbath in China. The Goa Inquisition attacked Sabbatarian Saint Thomas Christians.
At the time of the Protestant Reformation some Anabaptists, such as Oswald Glaidt, argued that the seventh day should be observed as the sabbath and that Sunday sabbath was an invention of the Pope.[33]
Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was revived in 17th-century England. Early advocates included the Elizabethan Seventh-Day Men, the Traskites (after John Traske, 1586–1636), and Thomas Brabourne. The majority of seventh-day Sabbatarians were part of the Seventh Day Baptist church and experienced harsh opposition from Anglican authorities and Puritans. The first Seventh Day Baptist church in the United States was established in Rhode Island in 1671.[33]
Modern churches[edit]
Seventh Day Baptists[edit]
Seventh Day Baptists are Christian Baptists who observe seventh-day Sabbath. The Seventh Day Baptist World Federation today represents over 50,000 Baptists in 22 countries.
It is the oldest modern Sabbatarian denomination. The first recorded Seventh Day Baptist meeting was held at The Mill Yard Church in London in 1651[34] under the leadership of Peter Chamberlen the third.
Seventh-day Adventism[edit]
See also: Biblical law in Seventh-day Adventism
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is the largest modern seventh-day Sabbatarian denomination, with 18,778,626 members as of June 30, 2015 [35] and holds the sabbath as one of the Pillars of Adventism.[36] Seventh-day Adventism grew out of the Millerite movement in the 1840s, and a few of its founders (Cyrus Farnsworth, Frederick Wheeler, a Methodist minister and Joseph Bates, a sea captain)were convinced in 1844-1845 of the importance of Sabbatarianism under the influence of Rachel Oakes Preston, a young Seventh Day Baptist laywoman living in Washington, New Hampshire and a published article in early 1845 on the topic (Hope of Israel) by Thomas M. Preble, pastor of the Free Will Baptist congregation in Nashua, New Hampshire.
Seventh-day Adventists observe the sabbath from Friday evening to Saturday evening.[37] In places where the sun does not appear or does not set for several months, such as northern Scandinavia, the tendency is to regard an arbitrary time such as 6 p.m. as "sunset". During the sabbath, Adventists avoid secular work and business, although medical relief and humanitarian work is accepted. Though there are cultural variations, most Adventists also avoid activities such as shopping, sport, and certain forms of entertainment. Adventists typically gather for church services on Saturday morning. Some also gather on Friday evening to welcome in the sabbath hours (sometimes called "vespers" or "opening Sabbath"), and some similarly gather at "closing Sabbath".
Traditionally, Seventh-day Adventists hold that the Ten Commandments (including the fourth commandment concerning the sabbath) are part of the moral law of God, not abrogated by the teachings of Jesus Christ, which apply equally to Christians.[38] This was a common Christian understanding[39] before the Sabbatarian controversy led Sunday-keepers to adopt a more radical antinomian position. Adventists have traditionally distinguished between "moral law" and "ceremonial law", arguing that moral law continues to bind Christians, while events predicted by the ceremonial law were fulfilled by Christ's death on the cross.
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
"Sabbatarian Adventists" emerged between 1845 and 1849 from within the Adventist movement of William Miller, later to become the Seventh-day Adventists. Frederick Wheeler[40] began keeping the seventh day as the sabbath after personally studying the issue in March 1844 following a conversation with Rachel Preston, according to his later report.[41] He is reputed to be the first ordained Adventist minister to preach in support of the sabbath. Several members of the church in Washington, New Hampshire, to whom he occasionally ministered, also followed his decision, forming the first Sabbatarian Adventist church.[42] These included William Farnsworth[43] and his brother Cyrus.[44] T. M. Preble soon accepted it from either Wheeler, Oakes, or someone else at the church. These events preceded the Great Disappointment, which followed shortly after, when Jesus did not return as Millerites expected on October 22, 1844.
Preble was the first Millerite to promote the sabbath in print form, through the February 28, 1845, issue of the Adventist Hope of Israel in Portland, Maine. In March he published his sabbath views in tract form as A Tract, Showing that the Seventh Day Should be Observed as the Sabbath, Instead of the First Day; "According to the Commandment".[45] This tract led to the conversion of John Nevins Andrews and other Adventist families in Paris, Maine, as well as the 1845 conversion of Joseph Bates, who became the foremost proponent of the sabbath among this group. These men in turn convinced James Springer White, Ellen Harmon (later White), and Hiram Edson of New Hampshire.[46] Preble is known to have kept seventh-day sabbath until mid-1847. He later repudiated the sabbath and opposed the Seventh-day Adventists, authoring The First-Day Sabbath.
Bates proposed an 1846 meeting among the believers in New Hampshire and Port Gibson, which took place at Edson's farm, where Edson and other Port Gibson believers readily accepted the sabbath message and forged an alliance with Bates, White, and Harmon. Between April 1848 and December 1850, 22 sabbath conferences in New York and New England allowed White, Bates, Edson, and Stephen Pierce to reach conclusions about doctrinal issues.[47]
Also in 1846, a pamphlet written by Bates created widespread interest in the sabbath. Bates, White, Harmon, Edson, Wheeler, and S. W. Rhodes led the promotion of the sabbath, partly through regular publications.[48] Present Truth magazine was largely devoted to the sabbath at first.[49] J. N. Andrews was the first Adventist to write a book-length defense of the sabbath, first published in 1861. Two of Andrews' books include Testimony of the Fathers of the First Three Centuries Concerning the Sabbath and the First Day[50] and History of the Sabbath.[51]
Eschatology[edit]
See also: Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
The pioneers of the church have traditionally taught that the seventh-day sabbath will be a test, leading to the sealing of God's people during the end times, though there is little consensus about how this will play out. The church has clearly taught that there will be an international Sunday law enforced by a coalition of religious and secular authorities, and that all who do not observe it will be persecuted, imprisoned or martyred. This is taken from the church's interpretation, following Ellen G. White, of Daniel 7:25, Revelation 13:15, Revelation 7, Ezekiel 20:12-20, and Exodus 31:13. Where the subject of persecution appeared in prophecy, it was thought to be about the sabbath. Some early Adventists were jailed for working on Sunday, in violation of various local blue laws that legislated Sunday as a day of rest. It was expected that a universal Sunday law would soon be enforced, as a sign of the end times, however, with the signs of the times being steadily fulfilled, the possibility of such an event happening in this current generation is inevitable.
Armstrongism[edit]
Main article: Armstrongism
Seventh-day Sabbatarianism was a key feature of the former Worldwide Church of God, founded by Herbert W. Armstrong, and its various descendant movements. Armstrong, who began the Radio Church of God, was in 1931 ordained by the Oregon Conference of the Church of God (Seventh Day), an Adventist group, and began serving a congregation in Eugene, Oregon. The broadcast was essentially a condensed church service on the air, with hymn singing featured along with Armstrong's message, and was the launching point for what would become the Worldwide Church of God.
Other groups[edit]
The True Jesus Church supports the seventh-day sabbath, and it has approximately 2 million members worldwide. Initial founder Ling-Sheng Zhang accepted the sabbath after studying Seventh-day Adventist theology, and co-founder Paul Wei was originally a Seventh-day Adventist. An American missionary named Berntsen, who was from a sabbath-keeping Church of God, was also influential among the founders.
Other minor Sabbatarian churches include:
The Seventh-day Remnant Church[52]
Church of God (7th Day), headquartered in Salem, West Virginia.
Church of God (Seventh Day)
Logos Apostolic Church of God, in the UK, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Sudan[53]
Sabbath Rest Advent Church
House of Yahweh 7th Day, headquartered in Clyde, Texas.
Assembly of Yahweh 7th Day, formed in Holt, Michigan.
Assemblies of Yahweh, headquartered in Bethel, Pennsylvania.
Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement, formed as the result of a schism within the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Europe during World War I over the position its European church leaders took on Sabbath observance and in committing Seventh-day Adventist Church members to the bearing of arms in military service for Germany in the war.[54]
See also[edit]
Seventh-day Adventist Church portal
Christianity portal
International Date Line as affecting calculations of series of days for travellers and resident Sabbath-keepers
Christian views on the Old Covenant
Messianic Judaism
Sabbath in Christianity
Sabbath Rest Advent Church
The Seventh-day Remnant Church
Sherbert v. Verner
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1913, retrieved June 28, 2015
Jump up ^ Fakes, Dennis R. (1994). Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy. CSS Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 9781556735967.
Jump up ^ Canon of Holy Saturday, Kontakion: "Exceeding blessed is this Sabbath, on which Christ has slumbered, to rise on the third day."
Jump up ^ Binns, John (November 28, 2016). The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia: A History. I.B.Tauris. p. 81. ISBN 9781786720375. The king presided, overruled the bishops who were committed to the more usual position that Sunday only was a holy day, and decreed that the Sabbatarian teaching of the northern monks became the position of the church.
Jump up ^ Roth, Randolph A. (April 25, 2002). The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780521317733. Except for the strong support of Episcopalians in Windsor and Woodstock, the Sabbatarians found their appeal limited almost exclusively to Congregationalists and Presbyterians, some of whom did not fear state action on religious matters of interdenominational concern.
Jump up ^ Heyck, Thomas (September 27, 2013). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From 1688 to 1914. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 9781134415205. Yet the degree of overlap between the middle class and nonconformity-Baptists, Congregregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, Quakers, Presbyterians, and Unitarians-was substantial. ... Most nonconformist denominations ...frowned on drink, dancing, and the theater, and they promoted Sabbatarianism (the policy of prohibiting trade and public recreation on Sundays).
Jump up ^ Vugt, William E. Van (2006). British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700-1900. Kent State University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780873388436. As predominantly Methodists and other nonconformists, British immigrants were pietists, committed to conversion and the reform of society. They did not separate religion from civil government, bur rather integrated right belief with right behavior. Therefore they embraced reform movements, most notably temperance and abolitionism, as well as Sabbatarian laws.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Glen; Carey, Hilary M. (March 3, 2016). Methodism in Australia: A History. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 9781317097099. Sabbatarianism: For the non-Anglican Protestants of colonial Queensland (Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists), desecration of the Sabbath was one of the great sins of the late nineteenth century.
Jump up ^ Williamson, G. I. (1978). The Westminster Confession of Faith for Study Classes. Presbyterian and Reformed. pp. 170, 173.
Jump up ^ http://www.biblicalperspectives.com/books/sabbath_to_sunday/
Jump up ^ Justin, Dialogue With Trypho 24, ANF, 1:206.
Jump up ^ From Sabbath to Sunday: A Historical Investigation of the Rise of Sunday Observance in Early Christianity
^ Jump up to: a b c Bauckham, R. J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 252–98. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1.
Jump up ^ Franz Cumont, Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans (reprint; New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1960), pp. 55, 56
Jump up ^ Source: Codex Justinianus, lib. 3, tit. 12, 3; trans. in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Vol. 3 (5th ed.; New York: Scribner, 1902), p. 380, note 1.
Jump up ^ Ayer, Joseph Cullen (1913). A Source Book for Ancient Church History. 2.1.1.59g. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 284–5.
Jump up ^ Source: Hutton Webster, Rest Days, pp. 122, 123, 270. Copyright 1916 by The Macmillan Company, New York
Jump up ^ Ignatius. "Epistle to the Magnesians". 9. Early Christian Writings.
Jump up ^ Ignatius. "Epistle to the Magnesians". 9. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness .... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner, rejoicing in meditation on the law, not in relaxation of the body, admiring the workmanship of God, and not eating things prepared the day before, nor using lukewarm drinks, and walking within a prescribed space, nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them. And after the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of Christ keep the Lord's [Day, Dominicam] as a festival, the resurrection-day, the queen and chief of all the days.
Jump up ^ Guy, Fritz. "The Lord's Day" in the Letter of Ignatius to the Magnesians. La Sierra College.
^ Jump up to: a b Socrates Scholasticus. "Church History, Book V".
^ Jump up to: a b Sozomen. "Ecclesiastical History, Book VII".
Jump up ^ White, Ellen G. The Great Controversy. p. 53.
Jump up ^ "Sabbath in Africa Project".
Jump up ^ Bradford, Charles E. Sabbath Roots: The African Connection. Ministerial Association of Seventh-day Adventists. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Reviewed in Adventist Review http://www.adventistreview.org/2000-05/story1-1.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Sabbath observance rooted in Africa, says Adventist historian". Adventist News Network.
Jump up ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 206f
Jump up ^ Hastings, Adrian (1994). The Church in Africa: 1450–1950. Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Perry, Frederic (1899). The Redemption of Africa: A Story of Civilization. Revell.
Jump up ^ Geddes, Michael (1894). Church History of Ethiopia. pp. 87–8.
Jump up ^ Cox, Robert (1864). The Literature of the Sabbath Question. 2. Maclachlan and Stewart. pp. 201–2.
Jump up ^ von Doellinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz (1890). Beitrage zur Sektengeschichte des Mittelalters [Reports on the History of the Sects of the Middle Ages] (2d ed.). Munich. p. 661.
^ Jump up to: a b Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant Tradition". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 311–42. ISBN 978-1-57910-307-1.
Jump up ^ Brackney, William H. Baptists in North America: An Historical Perspective. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 1405118644.
Jump up ^ "Seventh-day Adventist Church Yearbook 2016" (PDF). Office of Archives, Statistics and Research. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fundamental Belief #20
Jump up ^ "Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Beliefs, #20".
Jump up ^ "Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Beliefs #19".
Jump up ^ The seventh of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England states, "Although the law given from God by Moses, as touching ceremonies and rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral."
Jump up ^ "Frederick Wheeler 1811-1910". whiteestate.org. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Light Bearers. Probably in the early spring of 1844.
Jump up ^ Edward G. Fortmiller, Email: ef24w at fortmiller.us (February 4, 2004). "Washington NH: History". Tagnet.org. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ William Farnsworth short biography, William Farnsworth short stories from life
Jump up ^ Edward G. Fortmiller, Email: ef24w at fortmiller.us. "Cyrus K. Farnsworth". Tagnet.org. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Sabbath Tract by T.M. Preble". Aloha.net. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Light Bearers to the Remnant
Jump up ^ Neufield, D. (1976). Sabbath Conferences. pp. 1255–6.
Jump up ^ Mead, Frank S.; Hill, Samuel S.; Atwood, Craig D. "Seventh-day Adventists". Handbook of Denominations in the United States (12th ed.). Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 270–3.
Jump up ^ "General Conference Archives". Adventistarchives.org. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Testimony of the Fathers of the First Three Centuries Concerning the Sabbath and the First Day". Giveshare.org. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ [1] DjVu, [2] HTML
Jump up ^ "Seventh-day Remnant". Sdrvoice.org. 2013-07-10. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Logos Apostolic Church Of God". Logosapostolic.org. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Holger Teubert, "The History of the So called ‘Reform Movement’ of the Seventh-day Adventists," unpublished Manuscript, 9.
Further reading[edit]
Tonstad, Sigve K. The Lost Meaning of the Seventh Day. Andrews University Press. ISBN 9781883925659.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Elihu on the Sabbath
Sabbath articles from the Biblical Research Institute
"Sabbath and the New Covenant" by Roy Gane
An Exegetical Overview of Col. 2:13-17: With Implications for SDA Understanding by Jon Paulien
Guidelines for Sabbath Observance, document voted by the General Conference Session of 1990
Sabbath articles as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI; see also Sabbath articles in the ASDAL guide)
Sabbath Truth
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Kang the Conqueror
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Kang the Conqueror
Cover of Uncanny Avengers #12 (Sep. 2013)
Art by John Cassaday.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
As Rama-Tut:
Fantastic Four #19 (Oct. 1963)
As Kang:
The Avengers #8 (Sep. 1964)
Created by
Stan Lee (writer)
Jack Kirby (artist)
In-story information
Alter ego
Nathaniel Richards
Team affiliations
Council of Kangs
Cross-Time Kangs
Notable aliases
Iron Lad, Rama-Tut, Victor Timely, Scarlet Centurion, Immortus
Abilities
Expert historical scholar
Master physicist, engineer, technician, hand to hand combatant and tactician
Genius-level intellect
Resistance to radiation
Access to advanced technology via "time-ship"
Slowed aging via time travel
Wears highly advanced battle armor that grants:
Enhanced strength
Energy, hologram and force-field projection
30 day supply of air and food
Ability to control other forms of technology
As Rama-Tut:
Use of "ultra-diode" ray-gun
Kang the Conqueror is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. In 2009, Kang was ranked as IGN's 65th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Resurrection
2.2 New Empire
2.3 Realm of Kings
2.4 The Apocalypse Twins
2.5 Uncanny Inhumans
2.6 All-New, All-Different Marvel
2.7 Avengers (2016 series)
3 Powers and abilities
4 Other versions
4.1 Spider-Ham
4.2 X-Men/Star Trek
4.3 Heroes Reborn
4.4 Ultimate Marvel
5 In other media
5.1 Television
5.2 Film
5.3 Video games
5.4 Music
6 References
7 External links
Publication history[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)
Kang first appears in The Avengers #8 (Sep. 1964), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby.
Fictional character biography[edit]
Nathaniel Richards, a scholar born in the 30th century, becomes fascinated with history and discovers the time travel technology created by Victor von Doom.[2] Richards then travels back in time to ancient Egypt c. 2950 B.C., aboard a Sphinx-shaped timeship, to become the Pharaoh Rama-Tut, with intentions of claiming En Sabah Nur—the mutant destined to become Apocalypse—as his heir.[3] Though briefly blinded in a crash, a radioactive herb restores his sight after frightening the Egyptians by firing his ray-gun.[clarification needed] Richards' rule lasts for a time, until his defeat by time-displaced heroes from the 20th century, the Fantastic Four, who had traveled back in time (with some help from a time-traveling Doctor Strange[4] and Khonshu[5]). The Fantastic Four are placed under mind-control by Rama Tut's Ultra-Diode Ray; he makes Susan Storm his Queen, puts Ben Grimm to work on the ship, plants Reed Richards as a lookout for his armies, and makes Johnny Storm his court jester. The four of them escape in the Sphinx, while Tut flees back into time, and an explosive device destroys the Sphinx.[6] He eventually returns to rule in ancient Egypt, and encounters the time-traveling West Coast Avengers.[7]
Embittered by this defeat, he travels forward to the 20th century and meets his ancestor Doctor Doom, adrift in space near Jupiter. He returns him to Earth. They suggest they might be the same being, but at different points in time, so will not attack the Fantastic Four together, as they claim if one is defeated, the other will be unable to exist.[8] Richards then tries to return to the 31st century, but instead finds himself one thousand years further in the future due to an energy failure. This world is inhabited by warring factions that do not understand the technology created by their more advanced ancestors. Kang designs an armor based on Doom's using 40th century technology, and again travels to the 20th century, thus creating an alternate timeline: Earth-689. Calling himself the Scarlet Centurion, he manipulates the Avengers from this timeline — the original team — into apprehending all heroes and villains (following their first encounter with the Space Phantom). The Centurion transports the Avengers from Earth-616 to his timeline, hoping that they will defeat their Earth-689 equivalents, and can then be disposed of. They are able to force the Centurion from this timeline, after which Uatu the Watcher reveals that he is Kang. He battles the Squadron Supreme on an alternate Earth.[9] The Centurion returns to his home century, and reinvents himself as Kang the Conqueror. Using the resources at his disposal he establishes an empire. But this world is dying, and so he decides to take over an earlier, more fertile Earth.
On Kang's first foray into the 20th century where he expects to meet Doctor Doom, he attempts to conquer this time period and meets the superhero team the Avengers, he reveals how he returned and battles them. He traps the Avengers in his ship using a tractor beam, although Wasp and Rick Jones escape. He says the world has 24 hours to surrender to him. The Teen Brigade pretends they want to help Kang, but drop an energy cylinder to delay him after they gain access to his ship. Thor is freed, and he then frees the other members. The Wasp gets Giant-Man a weapon that wrecks Kang's battlesuit and his missiles. Kang releases radiation that beings from the year 4000 are immune to, but Thor uses his hammer to absorb the rays and send them back at Kang, which not even his immunity can stand, after which he is forced to escape to another time.[10] Kang is furious and swears vengeance. He creates a Spider-Man robot while Iron Man is briefly away from the Avengers. The robot lures the Avengers to a temple with a nerve gas to weaken them by claiming the Masters of Evil have kidnapped Iron Man and taken him to the temple and battles them to a stalemate. However the real Spider-Man had found out about the robot with his spider-sense and destroys the robot after deactivating it during an aerial battle. The Avengers realize Kang was behind this.[11]
Kang returns, attempting to win the hand of Princess Ravonna of a puppet kingdom, by demonstrating his power to her father by battling the Avengers, whom he kidnaps using a time machine he disguises as part of their mansion. The Scarlet Witch uses her power to break out of giant jars they are imprisoned in. She pulls a lever to free the others. However they are paralyzed by a device of Kang, though Quicksilver evades it with his speed. Captain America reveals himself to Kang outside the mansion, so he is sent to the future. The Avengers reform and attack Kang, who gives a signal to his army. His men attack the kingdom and finally get to the Avengers, who are defeated. Later after one of his commanders, Baltog, rebels when Kang refuses to execute Ravonna he frees the Avengers to fight with him. They get the support of a group of citizens and break into the armory. The rebellion succeeds, and Baltog is captured by Quicksilver. Kang then transports the Avengers back to their own time. However, Ravonna is mortally wounded by Baltrog, when she leaps in front of the blast meant for Kang, realizing she loved him. Baltrog is then executed, while Kang laments Ravonna.[12] Kang was unable to revive her, so kept her body in stasis.
Later he came from the 25th century and after defeating and imprisoning Merlin, he attempted to take over King Arthur's Court and change history by attacking the rest of the world. He defeated King Arthur and many of his knights, sending them into exile. But Uatu the Watcher sent the Human Torch and the Thing back in time. They battled his army, and the Torch released Merlin. After his army was turned against him by Merlin, Kang was forced to flee. The Watcher then sent the two heroes back to their own time.[13] In an encounter with Thor while utilizing his Growing Man to test it, Kang's disguised time travel vehicle is destroyed by Mjolnir as he attempts to get back to his own time period.[14] Kang returns and enters into a wager with the cosmic entity Grandmaster in hopes of restoring life to Ravonna, and uses the Avengers as his pawns against the Grandmaster's newly created champions, the Squadron Sinister.[15] This first round ends in a stalemate thanks to the intervention of the Black Knight, as he assists Goliath in defeating his opponent when the Avengers were meant to defeat the Squadron on their own. In a second round, the Grandmaster transferred three Avengers (the Vision, the Black Panther and Yellowjacket) to Paris in 1941, while the Grandmaster summoned the Sub-Mariner, Captain America and the android Human Torch from that period as his unwitting pawns to battle the Avengers. When the Avengers won the battle, the Grandmaster returned the Torch, Sub-Mariner and Captain America to where they had been and returned the Avengers to Kang's citadel. Since Kang won only one round of the game, he did not win the power of life and death to save Ravonna and defeat the Avengers, but had to choose one or the other, so he requested the power of death to kill the Avengers. Since the Black Knight was not a member of the Avengers, he was not vulnerable to Kang's powers and was thus able to defeat him. The Grandmaster removed the power of death and revived the Avengers.[16] Kang later has a brief encounter with the Hulk, whom he utilizes in a scheme to change Earth during World War I, as he is unable to enter 1917 due to a time-storm. Kang attempts to trick the Hulk into killing his own ancestor by stopping the Phantom Eagle destroying a cannon that was about to attack the Allies—and thus potentially negate the formation of the Avengers. The Hulk stops the Eagle, but he accidentally destroys the cannon himself, and when Kang tries to keep the Hulk in 1917, he is hurled into the 'limbo between the millennium'.[17]
Later Kang tried to invade the 23rd Century, the time period of Zarrko, and tries to capture the Avengers once more. Spider-Man and Iron Man are taken forward by Zarrko so he can get into Kang's facility. Zarrko then sends back three devices which will reverse the natural state of humanity all over the World except for an American nuclear base, making it easy for him to steal weapons from there, with which he can defeat Kang and rule his time. This scheme is foiled by Spider-Man and the Human Torch. With the help of the Inhumans Spider-Man returns to the 23rd Century and defeats the two villains.[18]
Several months later Kang reappears, seeking the Celestial Madonna for a mate, whom he believes is on Earth. The discovery that it is the Avenger Mantis leads to another confrontation with the Avengers. The Avengers are aided by a futuristic version of Rama-Tut, who had returned to ancient Egypt in his old age and ruled for ten years, and then placed himself in suspended animation to revive in the 20th Century. This Rama-Tut has abandoned his identity as Kang and seeks to counsel and change his younger, conquering self. While Kang is foiled in his quest for the Celestial Madonna, Rama-Tut is unable to prevent the accidental death of the Avenger the Swordsman.[19] As Kang escapes, the Avenger Hawkeye chooses to pursue him (courtesy of Doom's time-travel machine), which results in a final battle in the Old West in 1871. Aided by the futuristic Rama-Tut once more—who has evolved after a journey to Limbo and a study of time into Immortus[20]—Hawkeye, Thor, and ally Moondragon confront Kang, with the help of the Two-Gun Kid. In trying to defeat Thor, Kang draws on an excessive amount of energy and destroys himself.[21]
Resurrection[edit]
Years later the Hulk has an encounter in the future with Kang's still-devoted minions,[22] and the Beyonder plucks a living Kang from his timeline to participate on the villains' side in the first of the Secret Wars, during which Doom describes Kang as "my future-Earth counterpart".[23] He was revealed as a possible descendant of Nathaniel Richards from the 31st Century of an alternate Earth.[24] It was then revealed that while the original Kang was dead, his constant time-traveling had caused the creation of a number of other flawed "Kangs", and so the three stable versions of the villain form a council to eliminate the others and stop a proliferation of still more of their number from Limbo. The first Kang to reach Limbo had been drawn there after his time-travel vehicle was destroyed by Thor. He found the fortress of Immortus and the remains of Immortus, causing him to take the devices used by the Lord of Limbo for viewing different time periods. He realized his creation of alternate realities after he took Ravonna from the moment before her death to Limbo, and then saw he had created an alternate reality in which he was slain. He destroys thousands of Kangs from many realities, with two other cunning divergents who with him form the Council of Kangs, though he is really plotting to destroy them. When one of the divergents finds out more about the first Kang, he is destroyed. The Avengers are drawn into the conflict by Kang trying to use them to destroy another Kang, and they are all captured and held under a paralysis ray while Kang explains his history to them. However Hercules overloaded the system when he tried to use his great strength to break free, allowing the Avengers to escape. The other Kang is delayed by Ravonna, who tells him if he truly loves her he must not kill his other version, but despite his love for her he still goes after the other Kang. He is destroyed when he tries to fire a weapon at Kang that had been tampered with. Once again with the help of Immortus the Avengers triumph. Immortus reveals he was behind these events and caused the temporal difficulties that sent Kang into the 20th and 41st Century, along with faking his death. Now most of the Kangs have been destroyed, with only one "Prime" Kang remaining, who falls into nothingness in Limbo after being driven insane while trying to absorb the memories of the Kangs that were destroyed when Immortus tells him these make him Lord of Limbo. Immortus then sent the Avengers back to their own timeline.[25]
Another Kang was later revealed to have survived, and is invited to join the Crosstime Kang Corps (or, the "Council of Cross-Time Kangs"), which consists of a group of various aliens posing as Kang, searching for a Celestial "Ultimate Weapon". This version of Kang calls himself "Fred" (by his own admission a humorous nod to Fred Flintstone, with a prehistoric name being appropriate for a time-traveler) and has a brief encounter with the Avengers while trying to stop the female space-pirate Nebula from interfering with a timeline.[26] The Prime Kang then attempts to manipulate the Avengers from a time vortex [27] and later encounters the Fantastic Four in a bid to capture Mantis and use her to defeat a Celestial and defeat the other Kangs,[28] while "Fred" is incinerated by a Nebula-possessed Human Torch during a later battle with the Fantastic Four in the timestream.[29]
Kang first battles the Avengers on the cover of Avengers #8 (Sep. 1964). Art by Jack Kirby.
Immortus reappears and reveals in a battle with the Avengers West Coast that he desires to be master of all time and plans to use the Avenger the Scarlet Witch as a nexus in order to control time. Immortus' plan is foiled when a group of beings called the Time Keepers—who charged Immortus with responsibility for the period of time from 3000 BC to AD 4000—appear and use him as the nexus point to stabilize the damage done to the timestream by his interference.[30] Prime Kang then makes a brief appearance as an ally of Dr. Doom when the latter tries to steal the Infinity Gems.[31]
New Empire[edit]
The Prime Kang then appears and takes the android Avenger the Vision prisoner, and battles both the Avengers and a new foe—Terminatrix—who is revealed to be Kang's old lover Ravonna. Kang is critically injured when he intercepts a blow from Thor's hammer Mjolnir that was meant for Ravonna, who is distraught over his sacrifice and teleports away with him.[32] Terminatrix then places Prime Kang in stasis to heal and assumes control of his empire. However, she finds the empire under attack by a chronal being called Alioth, and is forced to summon the Avengers to assist. Terminatrix also revives Kang, who assists the Avengers in defeating Alioth, but not before allowing the entity to kill the entire Crosstime Kang Corps.[33]
A recovered Prime Kang later aids the Avengers and their companion Rick Jones against another scheme implemented by his future self, Immortus, who is now allied with the Time Keepers, Kang seeking to reject his destiny as Immortus. When Immortus betrays the Time Keepers they kill him, and are in turn killed by Kang, though not before resurrecting Immortus by "splitting him off" from Kang. This then allows Kang to be free of Immortus as he has now fulfilled his destiny of becoming Immortus without being trapped by it.[34] After some months Prime Kang embarks on an ambitious scheme (the Kang War) to conquer the Earth, this time aided by a son, Marcus, who now uses the alias of the Scarlet Centurion. Kang first promises any who aid him on Earth a place in his new order, which puts Earth's defenses and the Avengers under strain as they fight off villain after villain. Kang then takes control of Earth's defense system, and after destroying the city of Washington and killing millions, forces a surrender. The Avengers continue to battle the forces of Kang's new empire, and eventually he is defeated by Captain America in personal combat. Although imprisoned, Kang is freed by his son Marcus, who is revealed to be only one of a series of clones. Kang then reveals that he is aware of Marcus' betrayal (Marcus fell in love with and aided the Avenger Warbird in defeating the Master of the World, thus indirectly aiding in his father's defeat as control of the Master's technology allowed the Avengers to defeat Kang) and kills him before retreating from Earth.[35]
Some time later, the hero Iron Lad is revealed to be an adolescent version of Kang who learned of his future history when Kang tried to prevent a childhood hospitalization. Attempting to escape his destiny, the young Kang stole his future self's advanced armor and travelled back to the past, forming the Young Avengers based on a security protocol acquired from the databanks of the now-dead Vision when he was unable to contact the now-disassembled Avengers to help him stop Kang. However, when his attempt to reject his destiny results in him killing Kang, the resulting destruction caused by the changes in history forces Iron Lad to return to his time and undo the damage by becoming Kang.[36]
Kang established a small, quiet town called Timely in northern Illinois around 1910, as a private retreat from the daily stresses of the Empire, where he occasionally resides as mayor Victor Timely.[volume & issue needed] It was during one of his vacation times that he took an interest in a young visiting college graduate named Phineas Horton, providing Horton with some insights during their talks which led him to eventually create the original Human Torch.[volume & issue needed]
Realm of Kings[edit]
Kang came to assist the Guardians of the Galaxy when they barely halted the spread of the space-time tear referred to as the Fault. He informs them that Adam Warlock has become Magus.[37]
The Apocalypse Twins[edit]
Kang later returns to kidnap Eiman and Uriel, the twin children of Archangel and Ichisumi.[38]
During the Age of Ultron storyline, Kang the Conqueror brings the Apocalypse Twins from concentration camps to his palace in AD 4145. They are then dispatched on a mission to murder Colonel America at the time when history was altered by Wolverine and the Invisible Woman. The Apocalypse Twins' mission fails, but they succeed in killing that reality's Havok and Rogue who became the first lives they ever took. As punishment for their failure, Kang the Conqueror sends the Twins back to the concentration camps.[39]
Kang travels the multi-verse and recruits Stryfe, Earth-X Venom (May "Mayday" Parker), Doom 2099, Iron Man 2020, Ahab, Magistrate Braddock, and Abomination Deathlok to save the multi-verse and possibly restore the universes that have already been erased.[40] He appears to the remaining members of the Avengers Unity Squad after Earth has been destroyed by a Celestial leaving only the mutants, offering to help them save Earth by projecting their minds back into their past selves so that they can defeat the Celestial that attacked Earth,[41] but subsequently attempts to steal its power for himself,[42] requiring Sunfire and Havok to put themselves at risk by absorbing some of his energy themselves so that they can force him to expend his stolen power.[43]
Uncanny Inhumans[edit]
Before the Inhuman king Black Bolt destroys the city of Attilan to release Terrigen Mist throughout the world, he sends his son Ahura away to be fostered by Kang. Black Bolt later travels here, and releases a small amount of Terrigen Mist to activate Ahura's terrigenesis, which will reveal his Inhuman ability. While Ahura is going through the change, Black Bolt asks Kang to save Ahura from the coming end of all things, but at the price of Kang keeping Ahura in his care forever, even if they are to survive. Black Bolt agrees, and Kang takes Ahura away. In the final pages of the comic this takes place in, it is revealed that Kang will play a major role in The Uncanny Inhumans comic.[44]
All-New, All-Different Marvel[edit]
While taunting the Inhumans' efforts to find Ahura,[45] another Kang emerges under the alias of "Mister Gryphon", the owner of the new Avengers Tower, claiming that Kang has become splintered into various alternate versions of himself as part of recent temporal disruptions. With this version of Kang confined to the present, he mounts a massive assault on the Avengers with the aid of Equinox—temporally replicated so that multiple future versions of him are assisting his present self—and the reprogrammed Vision, intending to use Mjolnir's ability to travel in time to return to his era. Despite this, he is defeated when Iron Man manages to reboot Vision's software, while Spider-Man is able to identify the earliest version of Equinox present and knock him out, leaving Kang to be defeated by the temporal paradox when Thor travels back from a few days in the future and strikes the present version of Mjolnir with the version she acquired in the future.[46]
Avengers (2016 series)[edit]
When the Vision attempts to defeat Kang by abducting his infant self and taking him to another point in time, Kang, split into increasingly divergent versions of himself by the fractured state of time, decides to 'counter-attack' by attacking various Avengers in their infant states. However, a possible future version of Kang saves key Avengers from his past self's attack by bringing them into Limbo until Hercules - the only Avenger immune to Kang's current plan of attack as nobody knows exactly where and when he was born - acquires an amulet from a former Fate that will protect him from Kang's assault. During a battle inside a temple in Vietnam, Wasp is sent by Vision to place baby Kang back to where he belonged. After that, Captain America devises a plan to defeat Kang. It's later revealed that Kang is now afraid of the Avengers, who are defeating every version of himself and will find him shortly. He then captures the Avengers and begins to erase them completely until he's defeated.[47]
Powers and abilities[edit]
Kang has no superhuman abilities, but is an extraordinary genius, an expert historical scholar, a master physicist (specializing in time-travel), engineer, and technician. Courtesy of 40th century technology, he has mastered combat and tactics, and is thoroughly versed in the principles of time travel. Kang wears highly advanced battle armor that enhances his strength; is capable of energy, hologram and force-field projection, has a 30-day supply of air and food, and the ability to control other forms of technology. It is made from alloys found in the 40th century. Via his "time-ship", Kang has access to technology from any century, and he once claimed his ship alone could destroy the Moon.[volume & issue needed] He is also far more resistant to radiation than humans from the present.
As Rama-Tut, he used an "ultra-diode" ray-gun that was able to sap the wills of human beings. At a high-frequency, it is able to weaken superhuman beings and prevent use of their super powers. They can be freed from its effects if the gun is fired at them a second time.
Other versions[edit]
Spider-Ham[edit]
In the Spider-Ham reality, Kang the Conqueror is depicted as a kangaroo named Kangaroo the Conqueror.[48]
X-Men/Star Trek[edit]
In the X-Men/Star Trek crossover Second Contact, an alternate universe version of Kang disrupts a number of timelines, and is defeated by the combined effort of the mutant X-Men and the crew of the Enterprise-E.[49] His timehooks — the means the two teams used to travel in time — later draw the X-Men into the Enterprise's timeline when the hook the Enterprise used becomes exposed to verteron particles, creating a link to the other hook due to Nightcrawler being similarly infused with verteron particles when he teleports.[volume & issue needed]
Heroes Reborn[edit]
In the Heroes Reborn universe created by Franklin Richards, Kang and his lover Mantis travelled to the modern era on Counter-Earth in order to battle the greatest heroes of all time, the recently formed Avengers. Kang wished to utterly defeat them as a token of love to Mantis.[volume & issue needed]
Kang's assault on Avengers Island led to the capture of all the Avengers, with Kang taking Thor's hammer, Captain America's shield, Swordsman's swords, Hawkeye's bow and arrows and the android Vision as his trophies. However, Thor freed himself and his fellow Avengers and easily bested Kang in a rematch, forcing the villain to flee the scene, after ejecting the severely damaged Vision from his ship.[volume & issue needed]
Kang and Mantis hid out in Peru where they plotted to get revenge against the Avengers. This plot would never come to fruition as Kang and Mantis were absorbed into Loki in his bid to take over the Earth.[volume & issue needed] Loki was ultimately defeated and while many of the super-beings that he absorbed were seen active following the battle, Kang's ultimate fate was not depicted.[50][51]
Ultimate Marvel[edit]
A female version of Kang appears in the Ultimate universe, claiming that she has a plan to prevent the destruction of Earth. She recruits Quicksilver, the Hulk and Reed Richards as part of a plan to steal the Infinity Gauntlets, and destroys the Triskelion in the process.[52] Kang eventually reveals her identity as Sue Storm.[53]
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Rama-Tut appeared in the 1967 Fantastic Four cartoon series, voiced by Mike Road.[citation needed] He was seen in his self-titled episode "Rama-Tut".
Kang the Conqueror appeared in The Avengers: United They Stand, voiced by Ken Kramer.[citation needed] He was seen in his self-titled episode "Kang". During the 41st century, Kang was a cruel tyrant who oppressed billions. Eventually, a revolution started and Kang and his forces were defeated with Kang being imprisoned within dimensions with only an obelisk to free Kang. After Kang is accidentally freed he attempts to reclaim the obelisk and battles the Avengers. He rabidly ages New Yorkers and Tigra and attacks Avengers mansion. Ultimately, Ant-Man tricks Kang into taking a bomb attached to the obelisk. The explosion leaves Kang permanently trapped in his prison.
Rama-Tut has a non-voiced cameo appearance in X-Men: Evolution as part of Apocalypse's origins.[citation needed]
Kang the Conqueror appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Jonathan Adams.[54] He appears in the episodes "Meet Captain America", "The Man Who Stole Tomorrow", "Come the Conqueror", "The Kang Dynasty", "Welcome to the Kree Empire", and "New Avengers". Kang travels back as his era is being erased from existence, he realizes Captain America is connected to an event that will leave Earth devastated. Kang attempts to conquer the present, hoping to save Earth, but is captured by the Avengers and imprisoned.
Kang the Conqueror appears in Avengers: Ultron Revolution,[55] voiced by Steven Blum.[citation needed] In the episode "The Conqueror", his future technology ends up the hands of various villains (like Whiplash and A.I.M.). When Iron Man accidentally ends up in Kang's time, Iron Man had a brief struggle with Kang before they end up back in the Avengers' time. Kang finds that A.I.M. has been harvesting his technology and takes control of A.I.M. present before disappearing. Kang later returned with his ship Damocles as the Avengers worked to prevent Damocles from firing a mega cannon that would annihilate Manhattan. Although the Avengers disable the cannon, Kang takes Damocles back to the 30th Century alongside most of the Avengers. In the episode "Into the Future", the Avengers meet an elderly Thor, a future Black Widow, and several rebels who help fight Kang and his Kangbots. When Kang plans to use his device to travel to other worlds, Captain America grabs onto him as they both end up in World War II and then the Jurassic Period where their fight is interrupted by an Allosaurus. Afterwards, Captain America takes the time-travel device, leaving Kang stranded in the Jurassic Period. While angered that he was thwarted by the Avengers, Kang states that this setback will give him time to prepare. In the two-part episode "Avengers No More," Kang appears as a member of the second incarnation of the Cabal which also consists of Leader, Arnim Zola, Enchantress, and Executioner where they assist Leader in his plot to build the Static Expander with the stolen Arc Reactor prototype and Vibranium from the Wakandan Consulate in order to scatter the Avengers across time and space.
Film[edit]
In May 2015, Guardians of the Galaxy director James Gunn revealed that 20th Century Fox held the film rights for the character.[56]
Video games[edit]
Kang the Conqueror is featured as a boss in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. He can also be unlocked as a playable character.
Kang the Conqueror is featured as a boss and antagonist in Kabam's Marvel: Contest of Champions.
Kang the Conqueror will be featured as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2,[57] voiced by Peter Serafinowicz.[58]
Music[edit]
The band Ookla the Mok devoted a song to Kang on their 2013 album "vs. Evil".[59]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kang the Conqueror is number 65, IGN.
Jump up ^ Mentioned in Avengers #11 (Dec. 1964)
Jump up ^ The Rise of Apocalypse #1–4 (Oct. 1996 – Jan. 1997)
Jump up ^ Doctor Strange Vol. 2 #53
Jump up ^ West Coast Avengers Vol. 2 #20-23
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four #19 (Sep. 1963)
Jump up ^ West Coast Avengers #22 (Jul. 1987)
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four Annual #2
Jump up ^ Avengers Annual #2 (September 1968)
Jump up ^ Avengers #8 (Sep. 1964)
Jump up ^ Avengers #11 (Dec. 1964)
Jump up ^ Avengers #23–24 (Dec. 1965 – Jan. 1966)
Jump up ^ Strange Tales #134
Jump up ^ Thor #140 (May 1967)
Jump up ^ Avengers #69–71 (Oct. 1969 – Dec. 1969)
Jump up ^ Avengers #71 (Dec. 1969)
Jump up ^ Hulk #135 (Jan. 1971)
Jump up ^ Marvel Team-Up #9–11 (May. 1972 – Jul. 1973)
Jump up ^ Avengers #129, 131–132 (Nov. 1974) and Avengers Giant-Size #2 (1974)
Jump up ^ Thor #282
Jump up ^ Avengers #141–143 (Nov. 1975 – Jan. 1976)
Jump up ^ Hulk #286 (Aug. 1983)
Jump up ^ Secret Wars #1–12 (May 1984 – April 1985)
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four #273
Jump up ^ Avengers #267 - 269 (May - Jul. 1986)
Jump up ^ Avengers #291–297 (May – Nov. 1998)
Jump up ^ Avengers #300 (Feb. 1999)
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four #323–325 (Feb. – Apr. 1989)
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four #337–341 (Feb. – Jun. 1990)
Jump up ^ Avengers West Coast #48 - 62 (Sep. 1989 - Sep. 1990)
Jump up ^ Infinity War #1 - 6 (Jun. - Nov. 1992)
Jump up ^ Captain America Annual #11; Thor Annual #17; Fantastic Four Annual #26 and Avengers Annual #21 (all 1992)
Jump up ^ The Terminatrix Objective #1–4 (Sep. – Dec. 1993)
Jump up ^ Avengers Forever # 1 - 12 (Dec. 1998 - Dec. 99)
Jump up ^ Avengers #41–55 (Jun. 2001 – Aug. 2002); Avengers Annual 2001
Jump up ^ Young Avengers #1–6 (2006)
Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy #19
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #5
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #8AU
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #14
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #19
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #21
Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers #22
Jump up ^ The Uncanny Inhumans #0
Jump up ^ The Uncanny Inhumans #1
Jump up ^ All-New, All-Different Avengers #6
Jump up ^ The Avengers Vol. 7 #1-6 (2016)
Jump up ^ Peter Porker, The Spectacular Spider-Ham #15 (May 1987)
Jump up ^ Second Contact (1998)
Jump up ^ Avengers Vol. 2 #2
Jump up ^ Avengers Vol. 2 #8
Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics: Ultimates #25
Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics: Ultimates #29
Jump up ^ "Twitter / Christopher Yost: @VenomMelendez Maria Hill". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
Jump up ^ Ching, Albert (1 June 2015). "'Ultimate Spider-Man' And 'Avengers' Renewed On Disney XD With New Titles". ComicBookResources.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lovett, Jamie (May 29, 2015). "Guardians Of The Galaxy Director Clarifies Who Owns Kang And The Shi'ar". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 coming to PC, PS4, Switch, Xbox One". Polygon. 15 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ https://itun.es/us/fEa-K?i=620234714
External links[edit]
Kang the Conqueror and Rama-Tut at Marvel.com
A Brief History of Kang
Immortus at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
Cassandra Richards/Warlord at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
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