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Coming to America
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This article is about the 1988 film. For other uses, see Coming to America (disambiguation).
Coming to America
Theatrical release poster illustrated by Drew Struzan
Directed by
John Landis
Produced by
George Folsey, Jr.
Robert D. Wachs
Screenplay by
David Sheffield
Barry W. Blaustein
Story by
Eddie Murphy
Starring
Eddie Murphy
Arsenio Hall
James Earl Jones
John Amos
Madge Sinclair
Shari Headley
Music by
Nile Rodgers
Cinematography
Sol Negrin
Woody Omens
Edited by
Malcolm Campbell
George Folsey, Jr.
Production
company
Eddie Murphy Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
June 29, 1988 (1988-06-29)
Running time
117 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$39 million
Box office
$288,752,301[1]
Coming to America is a 1988 American romantic comedy film directed by John Landis and based on a story originally created by Eddie Murphy, who also starred in the lead role. The film also co-stars Arsenio Hall, James Earl Jones, Shari Headley, and John Amos. The film was released in the United States on June 29, 1988. Eddie Murphy plays Akeem Joffer, the crown prince of the fictional African nation of Zamunda, who comes to the United States in the hopes of finding a woman he can marry.
In 1989, a pilot for a planned spin-off TV show was made, although this was never picked up for a series.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Reception
4.3 Awards
4.4 Lawsuit
5 Soundtrack
6 Legacy
6.1 Television pilot
6.2 Movie remakes
6.3 Influences in music
7 Planned sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot
In the fictional African nation of Zamunda, crown prince Akeem lives a pampered life, but he wishes to do more for himself. When his parents, King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon, present him with an arranged bride-to-be, Akeem takes action. Seeking an independent woman who loves him for himself, not his social status, Akeem and his best friend/personal aide, Semmi, travel to the New York City borough of Queens and rent a squalid tenement in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students. Beginning their search for Akeem's bride, they end up invited by some locals to a rally that is raising money for the inner city. During the rally, Akeem encounters Lisa McDowell, who possesses all the qualities he is looking for, and upon his insistence he and Semmi get entry-level jobs working at the local fast food restaurant called McDowell's — an obvious ripoff of McDonald's — owned by widower Cleo McDowell, Lisa's father.
Akeem's attempts to win Lisa's love are complicated by Lisa's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend, Darryl Jenks (Eriq La Salle), whose father owns Soul Glo (a Jheri curl–like hairstyling aid). After Darryl announces their engagement — without Lisa's consent — to their families, she starts dating Akeem, who claims that he comes from a family of poor goat herders. Meanwhile, although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live, Semmi is not comfortable with living in such meager conditions. After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted when Semmi furnishes their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries, Akeem confiscates his money and donates it to two homeless men. Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for more money, prompting Akeem's parents to travel to Queens and expose his identity as a prince.
Mr. McDowell, initially disapproving of Akeem as he did not want to see his daughter with a poor man, is ecstatic that he is actually an extremely wealthy prince. Lisa, however, becomes angry and confused that Akeem lied to her about his identity. Akeem explains that he wanted her to love him for who, not what he is, even offering to renounce his throne; but Lisa, still hurt and angry, refuses to marry him. Despondent, Akeem resigns himself to the arranged marriage, but as they leave, King Jaffe is reprimanded by Queen Aeoleon for clinging to out-dated traditions instead of thinking of his son's happiness.
At the wedding procession, a still-heartbroken Akeem waits at the altar as his veiled bride-to-be makes her way down the aisle, but when Akeem lifts the veil to kiss her, he finds Lisa in the wedding gown. Following the ceremony, they ride happily in a carriage to the cheers of Zamundans. Witnessing such splendor, Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her. Akeem offers again to abdicate if she doesn't want this life, but Lisa playfully declines.
Cast
Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer, the prince of Zamunda; Randy Watson, a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate.[3] Eddie Murphy also plays Saul, the Jewish barbershop customer, as well as Clarence, the owner of the barber shop.[4][5]
Arsenio Hall as Semmi, Akeem's friend; Reverend Brown;[6] Morris the barber; and an unattractive clubgoer.[7][8]
James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem's father and King of Zamunda.[9]
John Amos as Cleo McDowell, Akeem's employer and Lisa's father.
Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon, Akeem's mother and the Queen of Zamunda.
Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell, Cleo's oldest daughter and Akeem's love interest.
Paul Bates as Oha, a royal servant.
Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks, Lisa's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with.
The cast also includes: Frankie Faison[10] as Mr. Townsend, Akeem and Semmi's landlord in Queens; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi, Akeem's arranged wife, and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi, her father; Louie Anderson as Maurice, a McDowell's employee; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell, Cleo's youngest daughter and Lisa's sister; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber; Vondie Curtis-Hall as the Basketball game vendor; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem's Zamundan attendants, and Clint Smith as Sweets. Ruben Santiago-Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively (for the latter, he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut). Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as, respectively, Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis' 1983 Murphy-starring comedy film Trading Places.[11] A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene. The Dukes' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi's limo.[citation needed]
Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles, which, following the success of this film, became a Murphy staple.[12] Hall plays Reverend Brown, who introduces Randy Watson (Murphy).[13] Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively, who engage in debate with Saul, the old Jewish man (Murphy). Hall also plays a woman (credited as Extremely Ugly Girl) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi.
Production
Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis. The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places (1983); however, Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies: "The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great. The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world... But I still think he's wonderful in the movie."[14]
"We had a tussling confrontation… We didn't come to blows. Personalities didn't mesh. I grabbed him, and he thought I was playing. So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away. But I wasn't kidding. He was doing some silly shit that made me mad. He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid, but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America. And I hired him to direct the movie! I was gonna direct Coming to America myself, but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked-up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial. I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places, so I'd give him a shot… I was going out of my way to help this guy, and he fucked me over. Now he's got a hit picture on his resumé, a movie that made over $200 million, as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked-up movies – which is where I'd rather see him be right now (laughs)." – Eddie Murphy[15]
Despite the experience, Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III.
South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence (the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight). The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube; however, the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006.
Landis' calling card/easter egg, "See You Next Wednesday", appears on a science-fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train.
A promotional song for the film, also titled "Coming to America", was written and performed by The System.
Release
Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film, after initial negative reactions to a press screening in New York.[16]
Box office
Released on June 29, 1988, by Paramount Pictures in the United States, it was a commercial box-office success, both domestically and worldwide.[17][18] The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens, for a five-day total of $28,409,497. The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301.[19] It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third-highest-grossing film at the United States box office.[20]
It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven-week run. It opened on September 2 in West Germany, where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens. It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447.
Reception
Coming To America received positive reviews upon release. Review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 68%, based on reviews from 37 critics.[21]
Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a "hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale" and bemoans, "That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this."[22] Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing, calling it a "possibly funny idea" but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready. Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat, and the film instead goes for broad slapstick.[23] Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film. Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance, and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script.[24]
Awards
The film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker,[25] who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy's and Arsenio Hall's multiple supporting characters.[26]
Lawsuit
The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit, which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film's producers on the grounds that the film's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich, despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit. Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald, and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead, but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985. In 1987, Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy.[27][28] Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages. The parties later settled the case out-of-court prior to an appeal going to trial.[29]
Soundtrack
Coming to America: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
July 1988
Genre
Pop
Length
40:16
Label
Atco Records
Singles from Coming to America
"Coming to America"
"Come into My Life"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Better Late Than Never"
The soundtrack to the film was released on LP, cassette and CD. The songs "Coming to America" by The System, "Better Late Than Never" by The Cover Girls and "Come into My Life" by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album. "That's The Way It Is" by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK, prior to the film's release, in February 1988, and became a top ten hit. It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film's release.
Side A
"Coming to America" — The System (3:49)
"Better Late Than Never" — The Cover Girls (4:02)
"All Dressed Up (Ready to Hit the Town)" — Chico DeBarge (4:50)
"I Like It Like That" — Michael Rodgers (4:01)
"That's the Way It Is" — Mel and Kim (3:25)
Side B
"Addicted to You" — LeVert (3:54)
"Comin' Correct" — J.J. Fad (3:56)
"Livin' the Good Life" — Sister Sledge (3:46)
"Transparent" — Nona Hendryx (3:50)
"Come into My Life" — Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito (4:39)
Legacy
Television pilot
A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS, following the film's success, starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq, and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha. The pilot went unsold, but was televised on July 4, 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series.[30][2]
Movie remakes
A Tamil movie, My Dear Marthandan, was produced based on the plot of Coming to America. A Hong Kong movie, The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon, also has the same plot.
Influences in music
The melody heard in the bathroom scene, where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants, was sampled in Snoop Dogg's 2006 song "That's That" featuring R. Kelly; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman's voice saying "the royal penis is clean your highness", a line taken from the same scene. Also, the music videos for Busta Rhymes' 1997 single "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and Action Bronson's 2015 single "Baby Blue" are loosely based on the film. The song "Coming 2 America" by Ludacris from the album Word of Mouf features samples[31] and lyrics[32] referencing the film.
Planned sequel
In early 2017, an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film. Kevin Misher was named as producer, and Sheffield and Blaustein, the original screenwriters, were also attached to the project. However, a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined.[33][34] According to several public accounts, Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook, but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it.[33]
References
Jump up ^ "Coming to America (1988)". Box Office Mojo.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reminder: A terrible 'Coming to America' TV pilot happened in 1989". Splinter News. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Top10films.co.uk
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Movieclips.com Archived 2014-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Daniel Carlson (5 May 2009). "Is it Just Me, or Does Every Woman in New York Have a Severe Emotional Problem?". pajiba.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Nutty Professor credits". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013. "Vampire in Brooklyn credits". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013. "Norbit credits". imbd.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Randy Watson is introduced as having played "Joe the Policeman" in the "What's Going Down" episode of That's My Mama.[verification needed]
Jump up ^ "The Collider Interview: John Landis, Part II". Collider. February 9, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Zehme, Bill (August 24, 1989). "Eddie Murphy: the Rolling Stone interview". Rolling Stone: 52, 57.
Jump up ^ "Indiewire Blog". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina (1988-07-26). "WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : 'Rabbit' and 'America' Battle for Dollars". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (1989-01-05). "Roger Rabbit' Hops to Box-Office Top; 'Coming to America' Hits 2nd". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Coming to America". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "1988 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Coming to America". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster.
Jump up ^ Benson, Sheila (1988-06-29). "Spare Fare in Eddie Murphy's 'America'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (1988-06-29). "Review/Film; African Prince in Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Youtube".
Jump up ^ "The 61st Academy Awards | 1989". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ Coming to America (1988), retrieved 2018-02-22
Jump up ^ Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp. and the Future of Net Profit — retrieved May 2015
Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum,The Myth of Moral Justice: Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What's Right page 182.
Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum wrote, "In 1995, the syndicated columnist Art Buchwald prevailed after a seven-year legal battle against Paramount Pictures, claiming that he had submitted the idea, and the original script, for the Eddie Murphy film, Coming to America, without ever being properly compensated or acknowledged for his efforts. The trial court eventually agreed with Buchwald, although the damage award that he received was considerably less than what he had sought, and even less than what he eventually had to pay out in legal fees." --The Myth of Moral Justice: Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What's Right page 182.
Jump up ^ "`Outtakes' - `Coming To America' The TV Series". Deseret News. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris's 'Coming 2 America' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris - Coming 2 America Lyrics | MetroLyrics". www.metrolyrics.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Coming to America' sequel makes headway as Paramount hires original writers to pen script". DailyMail. 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ "A 'Coming to America' Sequel Is in the Works With the Original Writers". US Magazine. 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
External links
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Atrioventricular node
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Atrioventricular node
Image showing the conduction system of the heart. The AV node is labelled 2.
Details
System
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Artery
Atrioventricular nodal branch
Identifiers
Latin
Nodus atrioventricularis
Acronym(s)
AV node
MeSH
D001283
TA
A12.1.06.004
FMA
9478
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The atrioventricular node, or AV node is a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects the atria and ventricles.[1] The AV node lies at the lower back section of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. The AV node is quite compact (~1 x 3 x 5 mm).[2]
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Location
1.2 Blood supply
1.3 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
Location[edit]
The AV node lies at the lower back section of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. The AV node is quite compact (~1 x 3 x 5 mm).[3] It is located at the center of Koch's triangle—a triangle enclosed by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, the coronary sinus, and the membranous part of the interatrial septum.[4]
Blood supply[edit]
The blood supply of the AV node is from the atrioventricular nodal branch. The origin of this artery is most commonly (about 90% of hearts) a branch of the right coronary artery, with the remainder originating from the left circumflex artery.[5][6][7] This is associated with the dominance of the coronary artery circulation. In right-dominant individuals the blood supply is from the right coronary artery while in left dominant individuals it originates from the left circumflex artery.
Development[edit]
BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein) cell signaling plays a key role in diverse aspects of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. (BMPs) are multifunctional signaling molecules critical for the development of AV node. BMP influences AV node development through Alk3 receptor (Activin receptor-like kinase 3). Abnormalities seen in BMP and Alk3 are associated with some cardiovascular diseases like Ebstein’s anomaly and AV conduction disease.[8]
Function[edit]
Isolated heart conduction system showing atrioventricular node
The AV node receives two inputs from the right atrium: posteriorly, via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly, via the interatrial septum.[9]
Contraction of heart muscle cells requires depolarization and repolarization of their cell membranes. Movement of ions across cell membranes causes these events. The cardiac conduction system (and AV node part of it) coordinates myocyte mechanical activity. A wave of excitation spreads out from the sinoatrial node through the atria along specialized conduction channels. This activates the AV node.[1] The atrioventricular node delays impulses by approximately 0.09s. This delay in the cardiac pulse is extremely important: It ensures that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before the ventricles contract.[10]
This also protects the ventricles from excessively fast rate response to atrial arrhythmias (see below).[11]
AV conduction during normal cardiac rhythm occurs through two different pathways:
the first “pathway” has a slow conduction velocity but shorter refractory period
the second “pathway” has a faster conduction velocity but longer refractory period.[12]
An important property that is unique to the AV node is decremental conduction,[13] in which the more frequently the node is stimulated the slower it conducts. This is the property of the AV node that prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
The AV node's normal intrinsic firing rate without stimulation (such as that from the SA node) is 40-60 times/minute.[14] This property is important because loss of the conduction system before the AV node should still result in pacing of the ventricles by the — slower — pacemaking ability of the AV node.
Clinical significance[edit]
Atrioventricular conduction disease (AV block) describes impairment of the electrical continuity between the atria and ventricles. It occurs when the atrial depolarization fail to reach the ventricles or is conducted with an abnormally long delay. It can result from an injury or be a genetically inherited disorder.[15]
Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia.[12]
Cystic tumour of atrioventricular nodal region (CTAVN) CTAVN is of endodermal origin and occurs exclusively in the area of the AV node, tricuspid valve, and interatrial septum.[16]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Junctional rhythm
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gray, Huon H.; Keith D. Dawkins; Iain A. Simpson; John M. Morgan (2002). Lecture Notes on Cardiology. Boston: Blackwell Science. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-86542-864-5.
Jump up ^ Full Size Picture triangle of-Koch.jpg. Retrieved on 2008-12-22
Jump up ^ Full Size Picture triangle of-Koch.jpg. Retrieved on 2008-12-22
Jump up ^ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17e” Section 3: Disorders of Rhythm Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Van der Hauwaert LG, Stroobandt R, Verhaeghe L (October 1972). "Arterial blood supply of the atrioventricular node and main bundle". British Heart Journal. 34 (10): 1045–51. doi:10.1136/hrt.34.10.1045. PMC 458545. PMID 5086972.
Jump up ^ Pejković, B.; Krajnc, I.; Anderhuber, F.; Kosutić, D. (2008). "Anatomical aspects of the arterial blood supply to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the human heart". The Journal of international medical research. 36 (4): 691–698. doi:10.1177/147323000803600410. PMID 18652764.
Jump up ^ Saremi, F.; Abolhoda, A.; Ashikyan, O.; Milliken, J. C.; Narula, J.; Gurudevan, S. V.; Kaushal, K.; Raney, A. (2007). "Arterial Supply to Sinuatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes: Imaging with Multidetector CT". Radiology. 246 (1): 99–107, discussion 108–9. doi:10.1148/radiol.2461070030. PMID 18024438.
Jump up ^ Stroud DM, Gaussin V, Burch JB, et al. (November 2007). "Abnormal Conduction and Morphology in the Atrioventricular Node of Mice With Atrioventricular Canal–Targeted Deletion of Alk3/Bmpr1a Receptor". Circulation. 116 (22): 2535–43. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696583. PMC 2947829. PMID 17998461.
Jump up ^ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Asinger RW, et al. (October 2001). "ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 38 (4): 1231–66. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01587-X. PMID 11583910.
Jump up ^ Campbell, N., & Reece, J. (2002). Biology. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings[page needed]
Jump up ^ Gray, Huon H.; Keith D. Dawkins; Iain A. Simpson; John M. Morgan (2002). Lecture Notes on Cardiology. Boston: Blackwell Science. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-86542-864-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray, Huon H.; Keith D. Dawkins; Iain A. Simpson; John M. Morgan (2002). Lecture Notes on Cardiology. Boston: Blackwell Science. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-86542-864-5.
Jump up ^ Patterson E, Scherlag BJ (October 2002). "Decremental conduction in the posterior and anterior AV nodal inputs". Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology. 7 (2): 137–48. doi:10.1023/A:1020833604423. PMID 12397223.
Jump up ^ Guyton, Arthur C.; John E. Hall (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 120. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
Jump up ^ Benson DW (October 2004). "Genetics of atrioventricular conduction disease in humans". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 280 (2): 934–9. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20099. PMID 15372490.
Jump up ^ Sharma G, Linden MD, Schultz DS, Inamdar KV (January 2009). "Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node: an unexpected finding in an explanted heart". Cardiovascular Pathology. 19 (3): e75–8. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2008.10.011. PMID 19144541.
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 20:06-02 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The conduction system of the heart."
thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (thoraxheartinternalner)
https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080346/http://www.healthyheart.nhs.uk/heart_works/heart03.shtml
hide
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
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