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Smokey and the Bandit
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Smokey and the Bandit
Promotional poster by John Solie
Directed by
Hal Needham
Produced by
Mort Engelberg
Robert L. Levy
Screenplay by
James Lee Barrett
Charles Shyer
Alan Mandel
Story by
Hal Needham
Robert L. Levy
Starring
Burt Reynolds
Sally Field
Jackie Gleason
Jerry Reed
Mike Henry
Music by
Bill Justis
Jerry Reed
Cinematography
Bobby Byrne
Edited by
Walter Hannemann
Angelo Ross
Production
company
Rastar
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
May 27, 1977 (1977-05-27)
Running time
96 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4.3 million[2]
Box office
$300 million[2]
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 American action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry. The film was the directorial debut of stuntman Hal Needham. It inspired several other trucking films, including two sequels, Smokey and the Bandit II and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3.
There was also a series of 1994 television films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit, and Bandit's Silver Angel) from original director/writer Hal Needham that were loosely based on the earlier version, with actor Brian Bloom playing Bandit. The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am, and the Dodge Stealth in the television movie. Smokey and the Bandit was the second-highest-grossing film of 1977, second only to Star Wars.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Vehicles
3.2 Legal status of Coors beer
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Reception
6 Cultural impact
6.1 Trans Am
6.2 Diablo sandwich
6.3 The Bandit Run
6.4 Mobil 1 commercial
7 Television censorship and alternative versions
8 Spinoff
9 Reboot
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette (Pat McCormick) and his son Little Enos (Paul Williams) seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States,[3] but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey" (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear–type hats worn in some states).
The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style." Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his best friend and partner Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed) to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker", a black Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.
The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Smokey whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie (Sally Field), whom he eventually nicknames "Frog" because she is "kinda cute like a frog" and "always hoppin' around". But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason), a career lawman whose handsome but slow-witted son Junior (Mike Henry) was to have been Carrie's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.
The remainder of the film is one lengthy high-speed chase, as Bandit's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive-in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV. Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman's illegal manifest.
The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only 10 minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double-or-nothing offer from Little Enos: a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos' Cadillac convertibles, passing Sheriff Justice's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.
Cast[edit]
Burt Reynolds as Bo Darville ("Bandit")
Sally Field as Carrie ("Frog")
Jerry Reed as Cledus Snow ("Snowman")
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey")
Mike Henry as Junior Justice
Pat McCormick as Big Enos Burdette
Paul Williams as Little Enos Burdette
Macon McCalman as Mr. B
Susan McIver as Hot Pants
George Reynolds as Sheriff Branford
Laura Lizer Sommers as Little Beaver
Michael Mann as Branford's Deputy
Lamar Jackson as Sugar Bear
Ronnie Gay as Georgia Trooper
Quinnon Sheffield as Alabama Trooper
Alfie Wise as Patrolman
Pat Hustis as Tow Truck Driver
Ingeborg Kjeldsen as Foxy Lady
Ben Jones as Trucker #1
Joe Klecko as Trucker #2
Hank Worden as Trucker #3
Production[edit]
Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low-budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million,[2] with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part III). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world.
Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.[4]
Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk.[2] Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man" to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.[2]
"Buford T. Justice" was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds' father, who himself was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch" used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son-of-a-bitch" that according to Reynolds he uttered quite often.
Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad-lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout. In particular the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke" (a roadside diner) wasn't in the original story, but rather was Gleason's idea.
Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.[4]
Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously (in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman). He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.
The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I-85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The rollercoaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.[5]
The film's theme song, "East Bound and Down," was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham however liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed's biggest hits and his signature number.[6]
The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi was shot on GA 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was an actual local garage owner, Berlin Wike.
The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas.[7] NWW provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom-made (size 64) sheriff's uniforms that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.
Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.
While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film itself added to the craze.[8]
Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979-1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.
Vehicles[edit]
Needham saw an advertisement for the soon-to-be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit's car, or–as Needham referred to it–a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4-door sedans would be provided for the movie.[9] The Trans Ams were actually 1976 model cars with '77 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird/Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird/Trans Am was changed to four square headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977-style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE", which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403-equipped car or a non W-72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production,[10] one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red" color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.
The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short-frame semi trucks which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38" sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold-painted Kenworth emblem on the truck's grille signifying Kenworth's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48-foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a Thermo King Refrigeration unit which was non-operational. This is obvious because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.[11]
Legal status of Coors beer[edit]
In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so sought after that someone could be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price.[12] The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28-hour deadline.[13]
Soundtrack[edit]
Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
1977 (1977)
Genre
Truck-driving country
country rock
country
rock
Length
41:11
Label
MCA Records
Producer
Sonny Burke
Singles from Smokey And The Bandit: Music from the Motion Picture
"East Bound and Down"
Released: August 1, 1977
The theme music, "East Bound and Down", was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend", which tells of some of The Bandit's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit", which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed's hit not withstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five-string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down." The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8-track through MCA Records.[14]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "The Legend" Jerry R. Hubbard 2:09
2. "Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:28
3. "West Bound And Down" Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller 2:45
4. "Foxy Lady" Bill Justis 2:51
5. "Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["smokey"] – Jackie Gleason, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 0:56
6. "Orange Blossom Special" Ervin T. Rouse 2:40
7. "The Bandit" Dick Feller 3:00
8. "March Of The Rednecks" Bill Justis 2:22
9. "If You Leave Me Tonight I'll Cry" Gerald Sanford, Hal Mooney 2:47
10. "East Bound and Down (Incidental CB Dialogue Included)" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed) Jerry R. Hubbard, Dick Feller 4:42
11. "The Bandit" Dick Feller 2:48
12. "And The Fight Played On!" Bill Justis 2:22
13. "Ma Cousin Plays Steel" Bill Justis 3:11
14. "Hot Pants Fuzz Parade" Bill Justis 4:48
15. "Incidental CB Dialogue" (Voice ["bandit"] – Burt Reynolds, Voice ["snowman"] – Jerry Reed) 1:05
16. "The Bandit (Reprise)" Dick Feller 2:17
Total length: 41:11
Reception[edit]
Smokey and the Bandit was a smash hit at the box office. With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production),[2] the film grossed $126,737,428 in North America,[15] making it the second-highest-grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.[2]
Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip-offs which followed."[16]
Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride", and goes on to explain her ill-advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.
The film's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds an 81% "Fresh" rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 27 reviews.[17]
Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.[18]
Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.[19]
Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered as such in the south, and was considered more of a documentary.[20]
"Smokey and the Bandit" was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews[21]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Bandit (Bo Darville) – Nominated Hero
Cultural impact[edit]
Trans Am[edit]
After the debut of the movie the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Camaro counterpart for the first time ever.[22] Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go-kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000.[23] In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida-based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original, despite Pontiac having been discontinued by GM in 2009. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454-cid (7.4-liter) Chevrolet-sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967-69 Firebirds/Trans Ams only; the actual 1977-81 models had square headlights.[24]
Diablo sandwich[edit]
The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe-style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream.[25] Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.[26]
The Bandit Run[edit]
First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.
The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.[27]
Mobil 1 commercial[edit]
In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.[28]
Television censorship and alternative versions[edit]
When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford's often-spoken phrase "sumbitch" (a contraction of "son of a bitch"; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum". This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum" emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch", "ass", etc.) became more acceptable on TV.
The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice's dialogue. This is fitting, as Fred Flintstone was a parody of/homage to Gleason's character Ralph Kramden and The Flintstones was a parody of/homage to The Honeymooners.
In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.
The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off." His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the 'F' word would immediately require an R rating which the producers were looking to avoid. This clever self-censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience.
In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally-remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby-compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement" occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus' dog Fred's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)
Major portions of the audio 'background' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.
Some TV versions also feature a longer version of the scene where Cledus wades into the pond after Fred.[29]
Spinoff[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
A television movie was aired in 1994. The car featured was a Dodge Stealth.
Reboot[edit]
In late 2017, Universal Pictures accquires Edgar Wright to direct a reimagining/reboot of the first film, due to the summer of 2019 release.
See also[edit]
Film portal
The Bandit Run
The Cannonball Run
Hooper
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Smokey and the Bandit (A)". British Board of Film Classification. 1977-06-13. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g How "Smokey and the Bandit" Was Born. CNN Money. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "BREWING: The Beer That Won the West". Time. February 11, 1974.
^ Jump up to: a b "13 Fast Facts About Smokey and the Bandit". May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Greyhound - Lakewood Park (Atlanta, Georgia, USA)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Page not found - Movieline".
Jump up ^ Niver Western Wear Corporate Records
Jump up ^ "Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology". Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.pontiacsonline.com/JIM%20WANGERS.htm
Jump up ^ "How "Smokey and the Bandit" was born". Fortune.
Jump up ^ "BIZARRE QUESTION". Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ Author Unknown. "BREWING: The Beer That Won the West" Time. 11 February 1974. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908509,00.html
Jump up ^ Koerth-Baker, Maggie. "How the Bandit, Coors and a bunch of Makers changed the course of booze history". Boing Boing. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Various – Smokey And The Bandit (Music From The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Discogs. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Smokey and the Bandit, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard, ed. (2003). Leonard Maltin's Movie & Video Guide: 2004 Edition. Penguin.
Jump up ^ Smokey and the Bandit, Movie Reviews. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Burt Reynolds at the 2015 Macon Film Festival". Atlanta's CW69. July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Seven Quirky Lowbrow Favorite Films of Highbrow Directors - The Moveable Fest". July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rebello, Stephen. "Remembering Hal Needham and the Birth of Redneck Cinema".
Jump up ^ "Smokey and the Bandit - Film from RadioTimes". RadioTimes.
Jump up ^ "Smokey and the Bandit (1977)". IMDb. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nunez, Alex (15 December 2014). "Burt Reynolds' Bandit Trans Am sells for $450,000". Road & Track. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Hlavaty, Craig (30 March 2016). "See a "New" Vintage Bandit Trans Am Approved by Burt Reynolds Himself". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ LaGrou, Lisa (February 9, 2014). "Diablo Sandwich Recipe from CMT's Reel Eats". Oakland County Moms.
Jump up ^ "Diablo Sandwich / "Diablo & Doc" From Smokey & the Bandit, Identified!". Roadfood.com.
Jump up ^ http://thebanditrun.com/
Jump up ^ "Stewart plays off 'Smokey and the Bandit in Mobil 1 ad".
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube[dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Smokey and the Bandit
Smokey and the Bandit on IMDb
Smokey and the Bandit at AllMovie
Smokey and the Bandit at the TCM Movie Database
Smokey and the Bandit at the American Film Institute Catalog
Smokey and the Bandit at Box Office Mojo
Smokey and the Bandit at Rotten Tomatoes
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Films directed by Hal Needham
Smokey and the Bandit (1977)
Hooper (1978)
The Villain (1979)
Death Car on the Freeway (1979)
Smokey and the Bandit II (1980)
The Cannonball Run (1981)
Megaforce (1982)
Stroker Ace (1983)
Cannonball Run II (1984)
Rad (1986)
Body Slam (1987)
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text:
Timeline of the telephone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the timeline of the smart phone, see Smartphone.
This timeline of the telephone covers landline, radio, and cellular telephony technologies and provides many important dates in the history of the telephone.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of telephony.
Contents
[hide]
1 Up to 1875
2 1876 to 1878
3 1879 to 1919
4 1920 to 1969
5 1970 to 1999
6 2000 to present
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Up to 1875[edit]
Innocenzo Manzetti
Antonio Meucci
Charles Bourseul
Johann Philipp Reis
Elisha Gray
Thomas Edison
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Augustus Watson
Tivadar Puskás
Emile Berliner
Charles Sumner Tainter
Theodore Newton Vail
1667: Robert Hooke creates an acoustic string telephone that conveys sounds over a taut extended wire by mechanical vibrations.[1][2]
1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first suggests the idea of an electric "speaking telegraph", or telephone.
1849: Antonio Meucci demonstrates a communicating device to individuals in Havana. It is disputed if this is an electromagnetic telephone, but is said to involve direct transmission of electricity into the user's body.
1854: Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-and-break telephone transmitter and receiver in L'Illustration, (Paris) but does not construct a working instrument.
1854: Meucci demonstrates an electric voice-operated device in New York, but it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
1860: Johann Philipp Reis of Germany demonstrates a make-and-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul and a knitting-needle receiver. Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
1861: Johann Philipp Reis transfers voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet with his Reis telephone. To prove that speech can be recognized successfully at the receiving end, he uses the phrase "The horse does not eat cucumber salad" as an example because this phrase is hard to understand acoustically in German.
1864: In an attempt to give his musical automaton a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'speaking telegraph'. He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
1865: Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important." If he reads Meucci's offer of collaboration, Manzetti does not respond.
1871: Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to file a patent application)[3] for a Sound Telegraph, but it does not describe an electromagnetic telephone.
1872: Elisha Gray founds the Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
1872: Professor Vanderwyde demonstrates Reis's telephone in New York.
July 1873: Thomas Edison notes varying resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, and builds a rheostat based on the principle but abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
May 1874: Gray invents an electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm.
July 1874: Alexander Graham Bell conceives the theoretical concept for the telephone while vacationing at his parents' farm near Brantford, Canada. Alexander Melville Bell records notes of his son's conversation in his personal journal.
29 December 1874: Gray demonstrates his musical tones device and transmits "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois.
4 May 1875: Bell conceives of using varying resistance in a wire conducting electric current to create a varying current amplitude.[4]
2 June 1875: Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "indistinct but voice-like sounds" but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and, in November, builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it.
1876 to 1878[edit]
11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but he did not make one.
14 February 1876, about 9:30 am: Gray or his lawyer brings Gray's patent caveat for the telephone to the Washington, D.C. Patent Office (a caveat was a notice of intention to file a patent application. It was like a patent application, but without a request for examination, for the purpose of notifying the patent office of a possible invention in process).
14 February 1876, about 11:30 am: Bell's lawyer brings to the same patent office Bell's patent application for the telephone. Bell's lawyer requests that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
14 February 1876, about 1:30 pm: Approximately two hours later Elisha Gray's patent caveat is registered in the cash blotter. Although his caveat was not a full application, Gray could have converted it into a patent application and contested Bell's priority, but did not do so because of advice from his lawyer and his involvement with acoustic telegraphy. The result was that the patent was awarded to Bell.[5]
7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. Patent, No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
10 March 1876: Bell first successfully transmits speech, saying "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter as described in Gray's caveat, and Bell's own electromagnetic receiver.
16 May 1876: Thomas Edison files first patent application for acoustic telegraphy for which U.S. patent 182,996 was granted October 10, 1876.
25 June 1876: Bell exhibits his telephone at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where it draws enthusiastic reactions from Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil and Lord Kelvin, attracting the attention of the press and resulting in the first announcements of the invention to the general public.
10 August 1876: Alexander Graham Bell makes the world's first long-distance telephone call, over a distance of about 6 miles, between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, Canada.
1876: Hungarian Tivadar Puskas invents the telephone switchboard exchange (later working with Edison).
9 October 1876: Bell makes the first two-way long-distance telephone call between Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.
October 1876: Edison tests his first carbon microphone.
1877: The first experimental Telephone Exchange in Boston.
20 January 1877: Edison "first [succeeds] in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure-sensitive varying resistance under the pressure of a diaphragm.[6]
30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. Patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
4 March 1877: Emile Berliner invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on Reis' Telephone, and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
April 1877: A telephone line connects the workshop of Charles Williams, Jr., located in Boston, to his house in Somerville, Massachusetts at 109 Court Street in Boston, where Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson had previously experimented with their telephone. The telephones became No. 1 and 2 in the Bell Telephone Company.[7]
27 April 1877: Edison files telephone patent applications. U.S. patents (Nos. 474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of Alexander Graham Bell, Emile Berliner, Elisha Gray, Amos Dolbear, J.W. McDonagh, G.B. Richmond, W.L.W. Voeker, J.H. Irwin and Francis Blake Jr.[8] Edison's carbon granules transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver are used, with improvements, by the Bell system for many decades thereafter.[9]
4 June 1877: Emile Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
9 July 1877: The Bell Telephone Company, a common law joint-stock company, is organized by Alexander Graham Bell's future father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer who becomes its first president.
6 October 1877: the Scientific American publishes the invention from Bell - at that time still without a ringer.
25 October 1877: the article in the Scientific American is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin
12 November 1877: The first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin[10] using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices build by Siemens.
1 December 1877: Western Union enters the telephone business using Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.
28 January 1878: The first commercial North American telephone exchange is opened in New Haven, Connecticut.
4 February 1878: Edison demonstrates the telephone between Menlo Park, New Jersey and Philadelphia, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi).
14 June 1878: The Telephone Company (Bell's Patents) Ltd. is registered in London. Opened in London on 21 August 1879, it is Europe's first telephone exchange, followed a couple of weeks later by one in Manchester.[11]
12 September 1878: the Bell Telephone Company sues Western Union for infringing Bell's patents.
1878: The first Australian telephone trials were made between Semaphore and Kapunda (and later Adelaide and Port Adelaide) in South Australia.[12]
1879 to 1919[edit]
Early months of 1879: The Bell Telephone Company is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
17 February 1879: Bell Telephone merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. Theodore Vail takes over operations.
1879: Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's that saves the Bell company from extinction.
2 August 1879: The Edison Telephone Company of London Ltd, registered. Opened in London 6 September 1879.
10 September 1879: Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial.).
1879: The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) of Brussels, Belgium was founded by Bell Telephone Company president Gardiner Greene Hubbard, initially to sell imported telephones and switchboards in Continental Europe.[13][14] International Bell rapidly evolved into an important European telephone service provider and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.
19 February 1880: The photophone, also called a radiophone, is invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter at Bell's Volta Laboratory.[15][16] The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light.
20 March 1880: National Bell Telephone merges with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company.
1 April 1880: world's first wireless telephone call on Bell and Tainter's photophone (distant precursor to fiber-optic communications) from the Franklin School in Washington, D.C. to the window of Bell's laboratory, 213 meters away.[17][18]
1 July 1881: The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.[19]
11 October 1881: The Sydney telephone exchange opened with 12 subscribers.
1882: A telephone company—an American Bell Telephone Company affiliate—is set up in Mexico City.
14 May 1883: The Adelaide exchange was opened, with 48 subscribers.[12]
7 September 1883: The Port Adelaide exchange was opened, with 21 subscribers.[12]
4 September 1884: Opening of telephone service between New York and Boston (235 miles).[20]
3 March 1885: The American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) is incorporated as the long-distance division of American Bell Telephone Company. It will become the head of the Bell System on the last day of 1899.
1886: Gilliland's Automatic circuit changer is put into service between Worcester and Leicester featuring the first operator dialing allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
1887: Tivadar Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard, that had an epochal significance in the further development of telephone exchange.[21]
13 January 1887: the Government of the United States moves to annul the master patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. The case, known as the 'Government Case', is later dropped after it was revealed that the U.S. Attorney General, Augustus Hill Garland had been given millions of dollars of stock in the company trying to unseat Bell's telephone patent.
1888: Telephone patent court cases are confirmed by the Supreme Court, see The Telephone Cases
1889: AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
2 November 1889: A.G. Smith patents a telegraph switch which provides for trunks between groups of selectors allowing for the first time, fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
10 March 1891: Almon Strowger patents the Strowger switch the first Automatic telephone exchange.
30 October 1891: The independent Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company is formed.
3 May 1892: Thomas Edison awarded patents for the carbon microphone based on applications lodged in 1877.
18 October 1892: Opening of telephone service between New York and Chicago (950 miles).[20]
3 November 1892: The first Strowger switch goes into operation in LaPorte, Indiana with 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
30 January 1894: The second fundamental Bell patent for the telephone expire; Independent telephone companies established, and independent manufacturing companies (Stromberg-Carlson in 1894 and Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company in 1897).
30 December 1899: American Bell Telephone Company is purchased by its own long-distance subsidiary, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) to bypass state regulations limiting capitalization. AT&T assumes leadership role of the Bell System.
25 December 1900: John W. Atkins, the manager at International Ocean Telegraph Company (IOTC), a subsidiary of Western Union Telegraph Company made the first international telephone call over telegraph cable at 09:55am from his office in Key West to Havana, Cuba.[22] Atkins was reported in the Florida Times Union and Citizen as saying, "For a long time there was no sound, except the roar heard at night sometimes, caused by electric light current." He continued calling Cuba and finally came back the words, clear and distinct: "I don't understand you."[23]
27 February 1901: United States Court of Appeal declares void Emile Berliner's patent for a telephone transmitter used by the Bell telephone system
1902: The first Australian interstate calls between Mt Gambier and Nelson.[12]
26 February 1914: Boston-Washington underground cable commenced commercial service.[20]
16 January 1915: The first automatic Panel exchange was installed at the Mulberry Central Office in Newark, New Jersey; but was a semi-automatic system using non-dial telephones.
25 January 1915: First transcontinental telephone call (3600 miles), with Thomas Augustus Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco receiving a call from Alexander Graham Bell at 15 Dey Street in New York City, facilitated by a newly invented vacuum tube amplifier.[24]
21 October 1915: First transmission of speech across the Atlantic Ocean by radiotelephone from Arlington, Va. to Paris, France.[20]
1919: The first rotary dial telephones in the Bell System installed in Norfolk, Virginia. Telephones that lacked dials and touch-tone pads were no longer made by the Bell System after 1978.[citation needed]
1919: AT&T conducts more than 4,000 measurements of people's heads to gauge the best dimensions of standard headsets so that callers' lips would be near the microphone when holding handsets up to their ears.[25]
1920 to 1969[edit]
16 July 1920: World's first radiotelephone service commences public service between Los Angeles, Calif. and Santa Catalina Island.[20]
11 April 1921: Opening of deep sea cable from Key West, Fla., to Havana, Cuba (115 miles).[20]
22 December 1923: Opening of second transcontinental telephone line via a southern route.[20]
7 March 1926: First transatlantic telephone call, from London to New York.[26]
7 January 1927: Transatlantic telephone service inaugurated for commercial service (3500 miles).[20]
17 January 1927: Opening of third transcontinental telephone line via a northern route.[20]
7 April 1927: world's first videophone call via an electro-mechanical AT&T unit, from Washington, D.C. to New York City, by then-Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover.[27][28]
8 December 1929: Opening of commercial ship-to-shore telephone service.[20]
3 April 1930: Opening of transoceanic telephone service to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and subsequently to all other South American countries.[20]
25 April 1935: First telephone call around the world by wire and radio.[20]
1937: The Western Electric type 302 telephone becomes available for service in the United States.
8 December 1937: Opening of fourth transcontinental telephone line.[20]
1941: Multi-frequency dialing introduced for operators in Baltimore, Maryland
1942: Telephone production is halted at Western Electric until 1945 for civilian distribution due to the retooling of factories for military equipment during WWII.
1946: National Numbering Plan (area codes)
1946: first commercial mobile phone call
1946: Bell Labs develops the germanium point-contact transistor
1947: December, W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for provisioning of mobile telephone service.
1948: Phil Porter, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed that cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas pointing in 3 directions.
1950: The Western Electric Type 500 telephone becomes available in the United States after announcement in 1949.
30 June 1948: First public demonstration of the transistor by Bell Telephone Laboratories.[20]
10 November 1951: Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) first offered on trial basis at Englewood, New Jersey, to 11 selected major cities across the United States; this service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s
1955: the laying of trans-Atlantic cable TAT-1 began - 36 circuits, later increased to 48 by reducing the bandwidth from 4 kHz to 3 kHz
1958: Modems used for direct connection via voice phone lines
1960: Bell Labs conducts extensive field trial of an electronic central office in Morris, Illinois, known at the Morris System.
1960's: Bell Labs developed the electronics for cellular phones
1961: Initiation of Touch-Tone service trials
1962: T-1 service in Skokie, Illinois
1963, November 18: AT&T commences the first subscriber Touch-Tone service in the towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania, using push-button telephones that replaced rotary dial instruments.
1965 (May 31): The world's first electronic switching system commences commercial service in Succasunna, New Jersey in form of the 1ESS.
1965: first geosynchronous communications satellite - 240 circuits or one TV signal
1970 to 1999[edit]
1970: ESS-2 electronic switch.
1970: modular telephone cords and jacks introduced .
1970: Amos E. Joel, Jr. of Bell Labs invented the "call handoff" system for "cellular mobile communication system" (patent granted 1972).
1971: AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular phone service to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
3 April 1973: Motorola employee Martin Cooper placed the first hand-held cell phone call to Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype.
1973: packet switched voice connections over ARPANET with Network Voice Protocol (NVP).
1976: Kazuo Hashimoto invented Caller ID
1978: Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
1978: World's first NMT phone call in Tampere, Finland.[29]
1979: VoIP - NVP running on top of early versions of IP
1981: The world's first fully automatic mobile phone system NMT is started in Sweden and Norway.
1981: BT introduces the British Telephone Sockets system.
1982: FCC approved AT&T proposal for AMPS and allocated frequencies in the 824-894 MHz band.
1982: Caller ID patented by Carolyn Doughty, Bell Labs
1983: last manual telephone switchboard in Maine is retired
1984: AT&T completes the divestiture of its local operating companies. This forms a new AT&T (long distance service and equipment sales) and the Baby Bells.
1987: ADSL introduced
1988: First transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8, carrying 40,000 circuits
1990: analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS.
1991: the GSM mobile phone network is started in Finland, with the first phone call in Tampere.[29]
1993: Telecom Relay Service available for the disabled
1994: The IBM Simon becomes the first smartphone on the market.
1995: Caller ID implemented nationally in USA
1999: creation of the Asterisk Private branch exchange
2000 to present[edit]
11 June 2002: Antonio Meucci is recognized for "...his work in the invention of the telephone" (but not "...for inventing the telephone") by the United States House of Representatives, in United States HRes. 269.[30]
21 June 2002: The Parliament of Canada responds by passing a motion unanimously 10 days later recognizing Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone.[31][32]
2005: Mink, Louisiana finally receives traditional landline telephone service (one of the last in the United States).[33]
See also[edit]
Bell Telephone Memorial, a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone
History of the telephone
History of mobile phones
Invention of the telephone
Push-button telephone
Telephone
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ McVeigh, Daniel P. An Early History of the Telephone: 1664-1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Acoustic Inventions (archived from the original on 18 Jun 2013), Columbia University website. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Giles, Arthur (editor). County Directory of Scotland (for 1901-1904): Twelfth Issue: Telephone (Scottish Post Office Directories), Edinburgh: R. Grant & Son, 1902, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Text of Meucci's Caveat, pages 16-18.
Jump up ^ Bruce (1990), pages 144-145.
Jump up ^ Hounshell, David A. 1975. "Elisha Gray and the Telephone: On the Disadvantages of Being an Expert", Technology and Culture, 1975, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 133–161.
Jump up ^ Josephson, p. 143.
Jump up ^ John Lossing, Woodrow Wilson. Harpers' Encyclopædia Of United States From 458 A. D. To 1905, Harper & Brothers, 1905. Original from Pennsylvania State University, Digitized: June 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Edison, Thomas A. 1880. The Speaking Telephone Interferences, Evidence for Thomas A. Edison. Vol. 1 (jpg image), [cited 21 April 2006].
Jump up ^ Josephson, p. 146.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Early Manchester Telephone Exchanges
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Development of Telephone". The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). Adelaide, SA: National Library of Australia. 21 June 1933. p. 5. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Jump up ^ StowgerNet Museum. BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies, StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Bob's Old Phones. European Bell and Western Electric Phones, Bob's Old Phones website. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, pg. 336
Jump up ^ Jones, Newell. First 'Radio' Built by San Diego Resident Partner of Inventor of Telephone: Keeps Notebook of Experiences With Bell, San Diego Evening Tribune, July 31, 1937. Retrieved from the University of San Diego History Department website, November 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, pg.338
Jump up ^ Carson 2007, pg.76-78
Jump up ^ http://www.famousdaily.com/history/worlds-first-international-telephone-call.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The Magic of Communication. Bell Telephone System. October 1953.
Jump up ^ Francis S. Wagner: Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization - Page 68
Jump up ^ http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/KeyWest/index2.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/a-centenary-of-christmas-phone-calls-1.57637
Jump up ^ The New York Times article, January 26, 1915
Jump up ^ Feldman, David (1989). When Do Fish Sleep? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. p. 15. ISBN 0-06-016161-2.
Jump up ^ Young, Peter (1991). Person to person: the international impact of the telephone. Granta Editions. p. 285. ISBN 0-906782-62-7.
Jump up ^ 2-Way Television in Phoning Tested, New York Times, April 10th, 1930, pg.25 (subscription);
Jump up ^ Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch, The New York Time, April 8, 1927, pg.20 (subscription)
^ Jump up to: a b Finland
Jump up ^ United States House Resolution 269.
Jump up ^ "House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript". Hansard of the Government of Canada, June 21, 2002, pg.1620 / cumulative pg.13006, time mark: 1205. Retrieved: April 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fox, Jim, "Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes", The Globe and Mail, 2002-08-17.
Jump up ^ Small LA town gets phone service for first time on Mon, WISTV.com website, February 1, 2005.
Bibliography[edit]
Bourseul, Charles (1854), Transmission électrique de la parole, Paris: L'Illustration, August 26, 1854.(in French)
Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone, London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
Coe, Lewis (1995), The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History, North Carolina: McFarland, 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
Baker, Burton H. (2000), The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone, Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
Josephson, Matthew (1992), Edison: A Biography, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-54806-5
Bruce, Robert V. (1990), Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8014-9691-8
Farley, Tom (2007), "The Cell-Phone Revolution", Invention & Technology, Winter 2007, vol. 22:3, pages 8–19.
External links[edit]
Telephone Early Patents and Caveats
Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro at Project Gutenberg
Library of Congress essay on first transatlantic telephone call.
American Treasures of the Library of Congress, Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pages 40-41 (image 22)
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Only the Brave (2017 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Only the Brave
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joseph Kosinski[1]
Produced by
Lorenzo di Bonaventura
Thad Luckinbill
Trent Luckinbill
Michael Menchel
Dawn Ostroff
Molly Smith
Jeremy Steckler
Written by
Ken Nolan
Eric Warren Singer
Based on
GQ article No Exit
by Sean Flynn
Starring
Josh Brolin
Miles Teller
Jeff Bridges
James Badge Dale
Taylor Kitsch
Jennifer Connelly
Music by
Joseph Trapanese
Cinematography
Claudio Miranda
Edited by
Billy Fox
Production
company
Black Label Media[2]
Di Bonaventura Pictures[2]
Condé Nast Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
(United States)
Summit Entertainment
(International)
Release date
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) (Los Angeles)
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) (United States)
Running time
133 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$38 million[4]
Box office
$23.5 million[4]
Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer, based on the GQ article "No Exit" by Sean Flynn. The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots,[1] an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013, and is dedicated in their memory. It features an ensemble cast, including Josh Brolin, Miles Teller, Jeff Bridges, Taylor Kitsch, James Badge Dale, Jennifer Connelly, Alex Russell, Ben Hardy, Thad Luckinbill, Geoff Stults and Scott Haze .
Principal photography began in New Mexico in June 2016. Only the Brave was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 20, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at the cast and the film's touching tribute to its subjects.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 The Granite Mountain Hotshots
2.2 Others
3 Production
3.1 Music
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
A drama based on the elite crew of firefighters battling the Yarnell Hill Fire, a wildfire in Yarnell, Arizona in June 2013.
Cast[edit]
The Granite Mountain Hotshots[edit]
Josh Brolin as Eric "Supe" Marsh, Amanda’s husband
Miles Teller as Brendan "Donut" McDonough
James Badge Dale as Jesse Steed
Alex Russell as Andrew Ashcraft
Scott Foxx as Travis Carter
Dylan Kenin as Robert Caldwell
Ryan Busch as Dustin DeFord
Sam Quinn as Grant McKee
Taylor Kitsch as Chris MacKenzie
Kenny Miller as Sean Misner
Thad Luckinbill as Scott Norris
Ben Hardy as Wade Parker
Nicholas Jenks as John Percin, Jr.
Jake Picking as Anthony "Baby-G" Rose
Matthew Van Wettering as Joe Thurston
Geoff Stults as Travis Turbyfill
Ryan Jason Cook as William Warneke
Scott Haze as Clayton Whitted
Michael McNulty as Kevin Woyjeck
Brandon Bunch as Garret Zuppiger
Others[edit]
Jennifer Connelly as Amanda Marsh, Eric’s wife
Jeff Bridges as Duane Steinbrink, Marvel’s husband
Andie MacDowell as Marvel Steinbrink, Duane's wife
Natalie Hall as Natalie Johnson
Rachel Singer as Mrs. McDonough, Brendan's mother
Brytnee Ratledge as Juliann Ashcraft
Pell James as Claire Caldwell
Jenny Gabrielle as Desiree Steed
Barbie Robertson as Marsena Thurston
Jade Kammerman as Stephanie Turbyfill
Production[edit]
On March 1, 2016, Josh Brolin and Miles Teller joined the cast of the film.[6] Jeff Bridges and Taylor Kitsch later also joined the cast.[7] The film was produced under the working title Granite Mountain.
Principal photography on the film began in New Mexico on June 13, 2016. Filming took place at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos.[8][9][10]
Music[edit]
Joseph Trapanese composed the film's score. Dierks Bentley released a single called "Hold The Light", featuring S. Carey. The single and the music video was released on October 6, 2017.[11]
Release[edit]
Only the Brave, originally titled Granite Mountain, was released on October 20, 2017, by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label. Before that the film was set a release date for September 22, 2017, but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the U.S. distribution rights change to Columbia Pictures.[12] Summit Entertainment will retain international rights in select countries for the film.[13] The trailer came out on July 19, and the film was retitled Only the Brave.[14]
Home media[edit]
Only The Brave was released digitally on January 23, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on February 6, 2018.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Only the Brave grossed $18.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $4.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $23.1 million, against a production budget of $38 million.[4]
In the United States and Canada, Only the Brave was released alongside Boo 2! A Madea Halloween, The Snowman and Geostorm, and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,575 theaters in its opening weekend.[15] It made $305,000 from Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $6 million, finishing 5th at the box office.[16] In its second week the film dropped 42.5% to $3.4 million, finishing 7th.[17]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Only the Brave's impressive veteran cast and affecting fact-based story add up to a no-frills drama that's just as stolidly powerful as the real-life heroes it honors."[18] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Bilge Ebiri of Village Voice wrote, "Only the Brave is a visually splendid, spellbinding, and surreal movie that also happens to be an emotionally shattering, over-the-top ugly-cry for the ages."[20] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "an engaging account of a tragic real-life story."[21]
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying: "The blending of practical effects and CGI is impressive, and we come to understand the risks these men are taking, but some of the techniques and approaches they take remain a mystery, up to and through the climactic fire. Not that we need a manual to understand these men were working-class, everyday heroes."[22] Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment, also praised the film, saying, "Only the Brave is without question the best firefighter film since Backdraft and one that pays tribute to the brave men that sacrificed their own lives to protect thousands of others."[23]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Visual Effects Society Awards February 13, 2018 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Eric Barba, Dione Wood, Matthew Lane, Georg Kaltenbrunner, Michael Meinardus Nominated [24]
Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Georg Kaltenbrunner, Thomas Bevan, Philipp Zaufel, Himanshu Joshi for "Fire and Smoke" Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Charliedavid Page (18 November 2017). "SWITCH. | Film review: Only The Brave - True story of tragedy handled with respect and authenticity". SWITCH. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Film releases". Variety Insight. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Only The Brave (2017)". British Board of Film Classification.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Only the Brave (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (October 19, 2017). "Only the Brave Is a Powerful Tribute". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 1, 2016). "Josh Brolin and Miles Teller to Star in Firefighter Action Movie 'No Exit' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (May 20, 2016). "Jeff Bridges, Taylor Kitsch Join Josh Brolin-Miles Teller Firefighter Film (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Higdon, Marissa (June 10, 2016). ""Granite Mountain" starring Josh Brolin tells the story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots - Albuquerque Business First". Albuquerque Business First. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goodykoontz, Bill (June 9, 2016). "'Granite Mountain,' movie version of fallen Yarnell firefighters' story, to begin production". AZCentral. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Granite Mountain" to Film in New Mexico". krwg.org. June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dierks Bentley ft. S. Carey Hold The Light (From "Only The Brave" Soundtrack) (Official Video)". Vevo.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (June 7, 2016). "Lionsgate Dates 'Granite Mountain', 'Wonder' & 'How To Be A Latin Lover' For 2017". Deadline. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (April 24, 2017). "'Sicario' Sequel, 'Granite Mountain' Move From Lionsgate to Sony". Variety. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (July 19, 2017). "'Only the Brave': First Trailer Has Josh Brolin Leading an Elite Team of Firefighters". Collider. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 18, 2017). "Boo 2!' To Shut Down Expensive 'Geostorm' In Crowded Weekend – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro. "'Boo 2! A Madea Halloween' Reaps $21M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O." Deadline.com. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro. "Horror Has Few Scares At B.O. As 'Jigsaw' Dulls To $16M+, 'Suburbicon' Condemned With D- CinemaScore". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Only the Brave (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Only the Brave reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Only the Brave" Is One Big, Manly, Beautiful Ugly-Cry". Village Voice. October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Only the Brave': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (October 18, 2017). "'Only the Brave' lays out the humanity of its firefighting heroes". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Only The Brave' Review: Bravery Done Right". We Live Entertainment. October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
External links[edit]
Only the Brave on IMDb
[hide]
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Films directed by Joseph Kosinski
Tron: Legacy (2010)
Oblivion (2013)
Only the Brave (2017)
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Salt Shaker (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Salt Shaker"
Single by The Ying Yang Twins featuring Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz
from the album Me & My Brother
A-side
"F**k That H**"
Released
October 27, 2003
Format
CD single, Digital download
Recorded
2003
Genre
Dirty rap, crunk
Length
4:00
Songwriter(s)
Deongelo Holmes, Eric Jackson, Michael A Jones, Craig Love, Jonathan Smith
Producer(s)
Lil Jon
Ying Yang Twins singles chronology
"Naggin"
(2003) "Salt Shaker"
(2003) "What Happnin!"
(2004)
"Naggin"
(2003) "Salt Shaker"
(2003) "What Happnin!"
(2004)
"Salt Shaker" is a crunk music song released by rap group The Ying Yang Twins featuring Lil Jon and The East Side Boyz. It was released on their third studio album, Me & My Brother (2003). The song was released as the album's only single. It reached the top 10 in the United States, reaching #9.[1]
In the United States, "Salt Shaker" has become the biggest hit of The Ying Yang Twins' career, debuting in the top 10 at #9 on February 14, 2004 and staying there for two weeks.
The official remix featured Lil Jon and The East Side Boyz, Murphy Lee, Fat Joe & Juvenile. There is an official extended remix that the above artists and additional verses by Fatman Scoop, Jacki-O, B.G., & Pitbull. There is also a remix on DJ Drama's Gangsta Grillz X with Big Boi & Snoop Dogg.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 9
U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks 2
U.S. Mainstream Top 40 38
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot R&B Songs 1944 to 2004. Record Research, Inc.
[show]
v
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Ying Yang Twins
Studio albums
Thug Walkin'
Alley: The Return of the Ying Yang Twins
Me & My Brother
U.S.A. (United State of Atlanta)
Chemically Imbalanced
Ying Yang Forever
Remix albums
My Brother & Me
U.S.A. Still United
Mixtapes
The Official Work
Singles
"Salt Shaker"
"Wait (The Whisper Song)"
"Badd"
"Shake"
"Dangerous"
Featured singles
"Get Low"
"Ms. New Booty"
"Git It"
"Bojangles (Remix)"
"Tell Daddy"
Related Articles
Discography
[show]
v
t
e
Lil Jon
Studio albums
Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album
We Still Crunk!!
Put Yo Hood Up
Kings of Crunk
Part II
Crunk Juice
Crunk Rock
Score
MTV VMA Score 2005
Singles
"Get Low"
"What U Gon' Do"
"Real Nigga Roll Call"
"Lovers & Friends"
"Snap Yo Fingers"
"Act a Fool"
"I Do"
"Give It All U Got"
"Ms. Chocolate"
"Hey"
"Turn Down for What"
"Bend Ova"
"Take It Off"
Featured singles
"Damn!"
"Salt Shaker"
"Shake That Monkey"
"Come Get Some"
"Yeah!"
"Culo"
"Let's Go"
"Real Gangstaz"
"That's Nasty"
"Toma"
"Girlfight"
"Okay"
"Bojangles (Remix)"
"Go to Church"
"Gangsta Gangsta"
"The Anthem"
"Get Buck in Here"
"Krazy"
"Let Me See the Booty"
"Patron Tequila"
"Shots"
"Do You Remember"
"Watagatapitusberry"
"Turbulence"
"Hard White (Up in the Club)"
"Bobble"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
BME Recordings
Crunk Energy Drink
The Celebrity Apprentice 4

This 2000s hip hop single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_Shaker_(song)&oldid=794929980"
Categories:
2004 singles
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