text:
Prairie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation).
Prairie, Badlands National Park, South Dakota, USA, is in the mixed grasslands region containing some species of tall grass and some of short grass
Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type. Temperate grassland regions include the Pampas of Argentina, southern Brazil and Uruguay as well as the steppes of Eurasia. Lands typically referred to as "prairie" tend to be in North America. The term encompasses the area referred to as the Interior Lowlands of Canada, the United States, and Mexico, which includes all of the Great Plains as well as the wetter, somewhat hillier land to the east.
In the U.S., the area is constituted by most or all of the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, and sizable parts of the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and western and southern Minnesota. The Central Valley of California is also a prairie. The Canadian Prairies occupy vast areas of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Formation
2.1 Fertility
3 Geographical regions
3.1 Wet
3.2 Mesic
3.3 Dry
4 Environmental history
4.1 Bison hunting
4.2 Farming and ranching
4.3 Biofuels
5 Preservation
5.1 Virgin prairies
5.2 Prairie garden
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
Approximate regional types of prairie in the United States
Shortgrass prairie
Mixed grass prairie
Tallgrass prairie
According to Theodore Roosevelt:
“ We have taken into our language the word prairie, because when our backwoodsmen first reached the land [in the Midwest] and saw the great natural meadows of long grass—sights unknown to the gloomy forests wherein they had always dwelt—they knew not what to call them, and borrowed the term already in use among the French inhabitants.[1] ”
Prairie is the French word for meadow, but the ultimate root is the Latin pratum (same meaning).
Formation[edit]
Tallgrass prairie flora (Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie)
The formation of the North American Prairies started with the upwelling of the Rocky Mountains near Alberta. The mountains created a rain shadow that resulted in lower precipitation rates downwind, creating an environment which most tree species will not tolerate.[citation needed]
The parent material of most prairie soil was distributed during the last glacial advance that began about 110,000 years ago. The glaciers expanding southward scraped the landscape, picking up geologic material and leveling the terrain. As the glaciers retreated about 10,000 years ago, it deposited this material in the form of till. Wind based loess deposits also form an important parent material for prairie soils.[2]
Tallgrass Prairie evolved over tens of thousands of years with the disturbances of grazing and fire. Native ungulates such as bison, elk, and white-tailed deer, roamed the expansive, diverse, plentiful grassland before European colonization of the Americas.[3] For 10,000-20,000 years native people used fire annually as a tool to assist in hunting, transportation and safety.[4] Evidence of ignition sources of fire in the tallgrass prairie are overwhelmingly human as opposed to lightning.[5] Humans, and grazing animals, were active participants in the process of prairie formation and the establishment of the diversity of graminoid and forbs species. Fire has the effect on prairies of removing trees, clearing dead plant matter, and changing the availability of certain nutrients in the soil from the ash produced. Fire kills the vascular tissue of trees, but not prairie, as up to 75% (depending on the species) of the total plant biomass is below the soil surface and will re-grow from its deep (up to 6 feet) roots. Without disturbance, trees will encroach on a grassland, cast shade, which suppresses the understory. Prairie and widely spaced oak trees evolved to coexist in the oak savanna ecosystem.[6]
Fertility[edit]
In spite of long recurrent droughts and occasional torrential rains, the grasslands of the Great Plains were not subject to great soil erosion. The root systems of native prairie grasses firmly held the soil in place to prevent run-off of soil. When the plant died, the fungi, bacteria returned its nutrients to the soil.
These deep roots also helped native prairie plants reach water in even the driest conditions. The native grasses suffered much less damage from dry conditions than the farm crops currently grown.[dubious – discuss]
Geographical regions[edit]
Prairie grasses
Prairie in North America is usually split into three groups: wet, mesic, and dry.[7] They are generally characterized by tallgrass prairie, mixed, or shortgrass prairie, depending on the quality of soil and rainfall.
Wet[edit]
In wet prairies the soil is usually very moist, including during most of the growing season, because of poor water drainage. The resulting stagnant water is conducive to the formation of bogs and fens. Wet prairies have excellent farming soil. The average precipitation amount is 10- 30 inches a year.[citation needed]
Mesic[edit]
Mesic prairie /ˈmiːzɪk/ has good drainage, but good soil during the growing season. This type of prairie is the most often converted for agricultural usage, consequently it is one of the more endangered types of prairie.[citation needed]
Dry[edit]
Dry prairie has somewhat wet to very dry soil during the growing season because of good drainage in the soil. Often, this prairie can be found on uplands or slopes. Dry soil usually doesn't get much vegetation due to lack of rain.[8] This is the dominant biome in the Southern Canadian agricultural and climatic region known as Palliser's Triangle. Once thought to be completely unarable, the Triangle is now one of the most important agricultural regions in Canada thanks to advances in irrigation technology. In addition to its very high local importance to Canada, Palliser's Triangle is now also one of the most important sources of wheat in the world as a result of these improved methods of watering wheat fields (along with the rest of the Southern prairie provinces which also grow wheat, canola and many other grains). Despite these advances in farming technology, the area is still very prone to extended periods of drought which can be disastrous for the industry if it is significantly prolonged.[9] An infamous example of this is the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, which also hit much of the United States great plains ecoregion - contributing greatly to the Great Depression.[9]
Environmental history[edit]
Bison hunting[edit]
Main articles: plains tribes and bison hunting
Nomadic hunting has been the main human activity on the prairies for the majority of the archaeological record. This once included many now-extinct species of megafauna.
After the other extinction, the main hunted animal on the prairies was the plains bison. Using loud noises and waving large signals, Native peoples would drive bison in fenced pens called (buffalo pounds) to be killed with bows and arrows or spears, or drive them off a cliff (called a buffalo jump), to kill or injure the bison en masse. The introduction of the horse and the gun greatly expanded the killing power of the plains Natives. This was followed by the policy of indiscriminate killing by European Americans and Canadians and caused a dramatic drop in bison numbers from millions to a few hundred in a century's time, and almost caused their extinction.
Farming and ranching[edit]
Prairie Homestead, Milepost 213 on I-29, South Dakota (May 2010).
The very dense soil plagued the first settlers who were using wooden plows, which were more suitable for loose forest soil. On the prairie the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois blacksmith named John Deere who developed a steel moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots, making the fertile soils ready for farming.
The tallgrass prairie has been converted into one of the most intensive crop producing areas in North America. Less than one tenth of one percent (<0.09%) of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains.[10] States formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie such as Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils and are included in the Corn Belt. As an example of this land use intensity, Illinois and Iowa for the United States, rank 49th and 50th out of 50 states in total uncultivated land remaining.[citation needed]
Drier shortgrass prairies were once used mostly for open-range ranching. But the development of the barbed wire in the 1870s and improved irrigation techniques, means that this region has mostly been converted to cropland and small fenced pasture as well.
Biofuels[edit]
Main article: Biofuel
Research, by David Tilman, ecologist at the University of Minnesota, suggests that "biofuels made from high-diversity mixtures of prairie plants can reduce global warming by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Even when grown on infertile soils, they can provide a substantial portion of global energy needs, and leave fertile land for food production."[11] Unlike corn and soybeans which are both directly and indirectly major food crops, including livestock feed, prairie grasses are not used for human consumption. Prairie grasses can be grown in infertile soil, eliminating the cost of adding nutrients to the soil. Tilman and his colleagues estimate that prairie grass biofuels would yield 51 percent more energy per acre than ethanol from corn grown on fertile land.[11] Some plants commonly used are lupine, big bluestem (turkey foot), blazing star, switchgrass, and prairie clover.
Preservation[edit]
Because rich and thick topsoil made the land well suited for agricultural use, only 1% of tallgrass prairie remains in the U.S. today.[12] Short grass prairie is more abundant.
Significant preserved areas of prairie include:
Alderville Black Oak Savanna; Rice Lake, Ontario[13]
American Prairie Foundation (American Prairie Reserve), Phillips and Blaine counties, Montana
Ceresco Prairie Conservancy, Ripon College, Wisconsin
Clymer Meadow Preserve, Hunt County, Texas
Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, Alberta and Saskatchewan
Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan
Hoosier Prairie, Lake County, Indiana
Jennings Environmental Education Center, Pennsylvania
Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, Okeechobee County, Florida
Konza Prairie, Manhattan, Kansas
Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, in Will County, Illinois
Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa
Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska
Ojibway prairie in Windsor, Ontario.[14]
Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, Alachua County, Florida
Richard Bong State Recreation Area, in Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Tallgrass Aspen Parkland, Manitoba & Minnesota
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas
Tallgrass Prairie Preserve 32,000 acres (130 km2), Oklahoma
University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin
Zumwalt Prairie, Wallowa County, Oregon
Virgin prairies[edit]
Virgin prairie refers to prairie land that has never been plowed. Small virgin prairies exist in the American Midwestern states and in Canada. Restored prairie refers to a prairie that has been reseeded after plowing or other disturbance.
Prairie garden[edit]
A prairie garden is a garden primarily consisting of plants from a prairie.
See also[edit]
Aspen parkland
Buffalo Commons
Coastal plain
Coastal prairie
Dust Bowl
Field
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Flood-meadow
Grassland
Heath
Meadow
North American Prairies Province - grassland floristic province
Outback
Pampas
Pasture
Plain
Prairie madness
Prairie restoration
Puszta
Rangeland
Savanna
Shortgrass prairie
Steppe
Switchgrass
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands - a terrestrial biome
Tallgrass prairie
Veld
Water-meadow
Wet meadow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1889). The Winning of the West: Volume I. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Hole, F.D.; G. Nielsen (1968). "Soil genesis under prairie". Proceedings of a symposium on prairie and prairie restoration.
Jump up ^ Dinsmore, James and Muller, Mark. (Illustrator) A Country So Full of Game: The Story of Wildlife in Iowa Burr Oak Series. April 1994.
Jump up ^ William J. McShea (Editor), William M. Healy (Editor) Oak Forest Ecosystems: Ecology and Management for Wildlife The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1 edition (October 21, 2003)
Jump up ^ Abrams, Marc D. Native Americans as active and passive promoters of mast and fruit trees in the eastern USA The Holocene, Vol. 18, No. 7, 1123-1137 (2008)
Jump up ^ Thompson, Janette R. Prairies, Forests, and Wetlands: The Restoration of Natural Landscape Communities in Iowa Burr Oak Series. University Of Iowa Press; 1 edition (June 1, 1992)
Jump up ^ "Prairie Types Guide by Prairie Frontier". www.prairiefrontier.com.
Jump up ^ "Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drought in Palliser's Triangle". Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carl Kurtz. Iowa's Wild Places: An Exploration With Carl Kurtz (Iowa Heritage Collection) Iowa State Press; 1st edition (July 30, 1996)
^ Jump up to: a b David Tilman. "Mixed Prairie Grasses Better Source of Biofuel Than Corn Ethanol and Soybean Biodiesel". National Science Foundation (NSF). Retrieved December 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ Robison, Roy; Donald B. White; Mary H. Meyer (1995). "Plants in Prairie Communities". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Alderville First Nation Black Oak Savanna". www.aldervillesavanna.ca.
Jump up ^ "Ojibway Prairie Complex - Parks & Recreation - City of Windsor". www.ojibway.ca.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Prairie.
The Prairie Enthusiasts – grassland protection and restoration in the upper Midwest
Prairie Plains Resource Institute
The Native Prairies Association of Texas
Importance of fire within the prairie
Missouri Prairie Foundation
America’s Grasslands Documentary produced by Prairie Public Television
[hide]
v
t
e
Phytogeography: Vegetation classification
Physiognomy
Forests, woodlands, arboretum
Shrublands, scrubs, thickets, fruticetum
Dwarf-shrubland, subshrublands, dwarf-scrubs, suffruticetum
Herbaceous communities, grasslands, steppes, prairies, herbetum
Savannas, parklands
Scarcely vegetated areas, desert vegetation
Latitude
Tropical
Subtropical
Temperate
Subpolar
Polar
Climatic
regime
Pluvial, rainy, ombrophilous
Cloudy
Seasonal
Drought
Altitude
Montane
Submontane
Lowland
Coastal
Leaves
Loss of leaves
Deciduous, caducifolious
Semi-deciduous, semicaducifolious
Evergreen, perennifolious
Leaf hardness
Sclerophyll, stiff leaves
Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
Leaf form
Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
Latifolious, broad-leaved
Substrate
Terrestrial vegetation
Aquatic vegetation
Riparian
Mangrove
Swampy
See also
Biogeographic realms
Biomes
Floristic kingdoms
Plant habits
Plant life-forms
Vegetation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie&oldid=814376345"
Categories:
Prairies
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from June 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Italiano
עברית
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 December 2017, at 12:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Prairie_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Prairie (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Tall_grass_prairie
mw-redirect
Tall grass prairie

values:
/wiki/Short_grass_prairie
mw-redirect
Short grass prairie

value: b

values: Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00FF00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00C000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2014)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values:
/wiki/Great_plains
mw-redirect
Great plains

values:
/wiki/Plains_tribes
mw-redirect
Plains tribes

values:
/wiki/Buffalo_pounds
mw-redirect
Buffalo pounds

values:
/wiki/Grain_Belt#Corn_Belt
mw-redirect
Grain Belt

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)

values:
/wiki/Big_bluestem
mw-redirect
Big bluestem

values:
/wiki/Prairie_clover
mw-redirect
Prairie clover

values: Ceresco Prairie Conservancy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Hunt_County
mw-redirect
Hunt County

values:
/wiki/Okeechobee_County
mw-redirect
Okeechobee County

values:
/wiki/Konza_Prairie
mw-redirect
Konza Prairie

values:
/wiki/Nine-Mile_Prairie
mw-redirect
Nine-Mile Prairie

values:
/wiki/Paynes_Prairie
mw-redirect
Paynes Prairie

values:
/wiki/Alachua_County
mw-redirect
Alachua County

values: University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum

values:
/wiki/Coastal_prairie_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Coastal prairie (disambiguation)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/David_Tilman
mw-redirect
David Tilman

values:
nofollow
http://www.aldervillesavanna.ca/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ojibway.ca/complex.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Prairie

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.theprairieenthusiasts.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prairieplains.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.texasprairie.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.moprairie.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Desert_vegetation
mw-redirect
Desert vegetation

values:
/wiki/Terrestrial_vegetation
mw-redirect
Terrestrial vegetation

values:
/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation
mw-redirect
Aquatic vegetation

values:
/wiki/Floristic_kingdom
mw-redirect
Floristic kingdom

values:
/wiki/Plant_habit
mw-redirect
Plant habit

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prairie
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Prairie&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: سهوب البراري – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preri
Preri – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerija
Prerija – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeria
Preeria – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerio
Prerio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: مرغزار – Persian

values: Պրերիաներ – Armenian

values: प्रेरी – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerija
Prerija – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prato
Prato – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values: פרריה – Hebrew

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preri
Preri – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values: Прерия – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prataria
Prataria – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerija
Prerija – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie
Prairie – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: ပရေရီမြက်ခင်းပြင် – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie
Prairie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preria
Preria – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradaria
Pradaria – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerie
Prerie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Прерия – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerija
Prerija – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Прерија – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerija
Prerija – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeria
Preeria – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prairie rootpage-Prairie skin-vector action-view