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Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
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In political studies, surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures and faults.[1][2][3]
In the 1920s, sculptor Gutzon Borglum and President Calvin Coolidge selected George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln to appear on Mount Rushmore—it later became an iconic symbol of presidential greatness.
Contents
1 General findings
2 Notable scholar surveys
2.1 Scholar survey results
3 Liberal and conservative raters
4 Excluded groups ranking approach
5 Public opinion polls
5.1 Rasmussen poll
5.2 Gallup poll
6 Public opinion polls on recent Presidents
6.1 2010 Gallup poll
6.2 Public Policy Polling
6.3 Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll
6.4 2013 Gallup poll
6.5 2014 Quinnipiac poll
6.6 2017 Quinnipiac poll
6.7 2017 Morning Consult poll
6.8 2018 Quinnipiac poll
7 Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2010
8 2017 C-SPAN Presidential Historian Survey
9 Memorability of the Presidents
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
General findings
Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and George Washington are most often listed as the three highest-rated Presidents among historians. The remaining places within the Top 10 are often rounded out by Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S Truman, Woodrow Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Andrew Jackson, and John F. Kennedy. More recent Presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in public opinion polls, but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians. The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan, Warren G. Harding, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Ulysses S. Grant, Zachary Taylor, and George W. Bush. Because William Henry Harrison (30 days) and James A. Garfield (200 days, incapacitated after 119 days) both died shortly after taking office, they are usually omitted from presidential rankings. Furthermore, Zachary Taylor died after serving as president for only 16 months, but he is usually included. In the case of these three, it is not clear if they received low rankings due to their actions as President, or because each was in office for such a limited time that it is not possible to assess them more thoroughly.
Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham noted the "dichotomous or schizoid profiles" of Presidents, which can make some hard to classify. Historian Alan Brinkley stated that "there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, Nixon)". Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon: "How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"[4]
David H. Donald, noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln, relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961, Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors. Kennedy said: "No one has a right to grade a President—even poor James Buchanan—who has not sat in his chair, examined the mail and information that came across his desk, and learned why he made his decisions".[5]
Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argues that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history and that they are "weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the White House".[6] Libertarian political commentator Ivan Eland wrote a book titled Recarving Rushmore (2008; updated 2014) in which he wrote that historians' criteria are poor in their capacity to reflect presidents' actual services to the country. In the book, Eland chose to rate 40 Presidents on the basis of whether their policies promoted prosperity, liberty and non-interventionism as well as modest executive roles for themselves—his final rankings varied significantly from those of most scholars.
Notable scholar surveys
Abraham Lincoln is often considered the greatest President for his leadership during the American Civil War and his eloquence in speeches such as the Gettysburg Address
James Buchanan is often considered the worst President for his inept leadership during the years leading up to the Civil War
The 1948 poll was conducted by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. of Harvard University.[1] The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger, who surveyed 75 historians.[7] Schlesinger's son, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., conducted another poll in 1996.[8]
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents also gives the results of the 1982 survey, a poll of 49 historians conducted by the Chicago Tribune. A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of Dwight D. Eisenhower, which rose from 22nd in 1962 to 9th in 1982.
The Siena Research Institute of Siena College conducted surveys in 1982, 1990, 1994, 2002 and 2010. The 1994 survey placed only two presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln, above 80 points and two presidents, Andrew Johnson and Warren G. Harding, below 50 points.[9][10] The 2010 Siena survey had George W. Bush plummet from the initial 2002 ranking of 23rd down to 39th.
The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1988 to 1996 by William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver and published in Rating The Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent.[11] More than 719 people took part in the poll, primarily academic historians and political scientists, although some politicians and celebrities also took part. Participants from every state were included and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and "specialists in African-American studies" as well as a few non-American historians. Poll respondents rated the Presidents in five categories (leadership qualities, accomplishments and crisis management, political skill, appointments and character and integrity) and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking.
A 2000 survey by The Wall Street Journal consisted of an "ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history, law, and political science". This poll sought to include an equal number of liberals and conservatives in the survey as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other. According to the editors, this poll included responses from more women, minorities and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll. The editors noted that the results of their poll were "remarkably similar" to the 1996 Schlesinger poll, with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy and higher ranking of President Ronald Reagan at 8th. Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three.
Another presidential poll was conducted by The Wall Street Journal in 2005, with James Lindgren of Northwestern University Law School for the Federalist Society.[12] As in the 2000 survey, the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives, adjusting the results "to give Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars equal weight". Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three, but editor James Taranto noted that Democratic-leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth-worst president of all time while Republican scholars rated him the sixth-best, giving him a split-decision rating of "average".
A 2006 Siena College poll of 744 professors reported the following results:[13]
"George W. Bush has just finished five years as President. If today were the last day of his presidency, how would you rank him? The responses were: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%"
"In your judgment, do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating?" Two-thirds (67%) responded no; less than a quarter (23%) responded yes; and 10% chose "no opinion or not applicable"
Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said: "President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists. In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do". Douglas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and director of the Siena Research Institute, stated: "In our 2002 presidential rating, with a group of experts comparable to this current poll, President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents. That was shortly after 9/11. Clearly, the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years. These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow".[13]
A 2010 Siena poll of 238 presidential scholars found that former President George W. Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence. Meanwhile, the then-current President Barack Obama was ranked 15th out of 43, with high ratings for imagination, communication ability and intelligence and a low rating for background (family, education and experience).[14][15]
The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers. The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place three times: in 2000, 2009 and 2017.[16][17][18] The most recent survey was of 91 presidential historians, surveyed by C-SPAN's Academic Advisor Team, made up of Douglas G. Brinkley, Edna Greene Medford and Richard Norton Smith. In the survey, each historian rates each President on a scale of one ("not effective") to 10 ("very effective") on presidential leadership in ten categories: Public Persuasion, Crisis Leadership, Economic Management, Moral Authority, International Relations, Administrative Skills, Relations with Congress, Vision/Setting An Agenda, Pursued Equal Justice for All and Performance Within the Context of His Times—each category is equally weighed.[19] The results of all three C-SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent. Abraham Lincoln has taken the highest ranking in each survey and George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt have always ranked in the top five while James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson and Franklin Pierce have been ranked at the bottom of all three surveys.[18]
In 2008, The Times daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own "top international and political commentators" to rank all 42 Presidents "in order of greatness".[20]
In 2011, through the agency of its United States Presidency Centre (USPC), the Institute for the Study of the Americas (located in the University of London's School of Advanced Study) released the first ever United Kingdom academic survey to rate Presidents. This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance. They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama, but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey (had he been included, he would have attained eighth place overall).[21]
In 2012, Newsweek magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best Presidents since 1900. The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama as the best since that year.[22]
A 2013 History News Network poll of 203 American historians, when asked to rate Obama's presidency on an A–F scale, gave him a B- grade. Obama, whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade, was rated most highly in the categories of communication ability, integrity and crisis management; and most poorly for his relationship with Congress, transparency and accountability.[23]
A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10.[24] APSA conducted a repeat of this poll in 2018.[25]
Scholar survey results
Within each column:[26]
Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile.
Green backgrounds indicate second quartile.
Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile.
Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.
Note: click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.
No.
President
Political party
Schl. 1948[1]
Schl. 1962[7]
M-B 1982
CT 1982
Siena 1982
Siena 1990
Siena 1994
R-McI 1996[11]
Schl. 1996[8]
C-SPAN 2000
WSJ 2000
Siena 2002
WSJ 2005[12]
C-SPAN 2009[27]
Siena 2010[14][15]
USPC 2011[21]
APSA 2015[24]
C-SPAN 2017[28]
APSA 2018[25]
Aggr.[29]
1 George Washington Independent 02 02 03 02 04 04 04 03 02 (tie) 03 01 04 01 02 04 03 02 02 02 03
2 John Adams Federalist 09 10 09 15 10 14 12 14 11 16 13 12 13 17 17 12 15 19 14 15
3 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 05 05 04 05 02 03 05 04 04 07 04 05 04 07 05 04 05 07 05 05
4 James Madison Democratic-Republican 14 12 14 17 09 08 09 10 17 18 15 09 17 20 06 14 13 17 12 14
5 James Monroe Democratic-Republican 12 18 15 16 15 11 15 13 15 14 16 08 16 14 07 13 16 13 18 17
6 John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican 11 13 16 19 17 16 17 18 18 19 20 17 25 19 19 20 22 21 23 21
7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 06 06 07 07 13 09 11 08 05 13 06 13 10 13 14 09 09 18 15 09
8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 15 17 20 18 21 21 22 21 21 30 23 24 27 31 23 27 25 34 27 24
9 William Henry Harrison Whig – – – – 26 35 28 35 – 37 – 36 – 39 35 – 39 38 42 38
10 John Tyler Independent[30] 22 25 28 28 34 33 34 34 32 36 34 37 35 35 37 37 36 39 37 37
11 James K. Polk Democratic 10 08 (tie) 12 10 12 13 14 11 09 12 10 11 09 12 12 16 19 14 20 12
12 Zachary Taylor Whig 25 24 27 26 29 34 33 29 29 28 31 34 33 29 33 33 33 31 35 35
13 Millard Fillmore Whig 24 26 29 31 32 32 35 36 31 35 35 38 36 37 38 35 37 37 38 39
14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 27 28 31 33 35 36 37 37 33 (tie) 39 37 (tie) 39 38 40 40 39 40 41 41 40
15 James Buchanan Democratic 26 29 33 34 37 38 39 40 38 41 39 41 40 42 42 40 43 43 43 43
16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 01 01 01 01 03 02 02 01 01 01 02 02 02 01 03 02 01 01 01 01
17 Andrew Johnson Democratic[31] 19 23 32 30 38 39 40 39 37 40 36 42 37 41 43 36 41 42 40 41
18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 28 30 35 32 36 37 38 38 33 (tie) 33 32 35 29 23 26 29 28 22 21 36
19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 13 14 22 22 22 23 24 25 23 26 22 27 24 33 31 30 30 32 29 25
20 James A. Garfield Republican – – – – 25 30 26 30 – 29 – 33 – 28 27 – 31 29 34 29
21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 17 21 (tie) 23 24 24 26 27 28 26 32 26 30 26 32 25 32 32 35 31 28
22/24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 08 11 17 13 18 17 19 16 13 17 12 20 12 21 20 21 23 23 24 20
23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 21 20 26 25 31 29 30 31 19 31 27 32 30 30 34 34 29 30 32 31
25 William McKinley Republican 18 15 18 11 19 19 18 17 16 15 14 19 14 16 21 17 21 16 19 19
26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 07 07 05 04 05 05 03 05 06 04 05 03 05 04 02 05 04 04 04 04
27 William Howard Taft Republican 16 16 19 20 20 20 21 20 22 24 19 21 20 24 24 25 20 24 22 23
28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 04 04 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 06 11 06 11 09 08 06 10 11 11 07
29 Warren G. Harding Republican 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 38 37 (tie) 40 39 38 41 38 42 40 39 42
30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 23 27 30 29 30 31 36 33 30 27 25 29 23 26 29 28 27 27 28 30
31 Herbert Hoover Republican 20 19 21 21 27 28 29 24 33 (tie) 34 29 31 31 34 36 26 38 36 36 34
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 03 03 02 03 01 01 01 02 02 (tie) 02 03 01 03 03 01 01 03 03 03 02
33 Harry S. Truman Democratic – 08 (tie) 08 08 07 07 07 07 08 05 07 07 07 05 09 07 06 06 06 06
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican – 21 (tie) 11 09 11 12 08 09 10 09 09 10 08 08 10 10 07 05 07 08
35 John F. Kennedy Democratic – – 13 14 08 10 10 15 12 08 18 14 15 06 11 15 14 08 16 10
36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic – – 10 12 14 15 13 12 14 10 17 15 18 11 16 11 12 10 10 13
37 Richard Nixon Republican – – 34 35 28 25 23 32 36 25 33 26 32 27 30 23 34 28 33 33
38 Gerald Ford Republican – – 24 23 23 27 32 27 28 23 28 28 28 22 28 24 24 25 25 26
39 Jimmy Carter Democratic – – 25 27 33 24 25 19 27 22 30 25 34 25 32 18 26 26 26 27
40 Ronald Reagan Republican – – – – 16 * 22 20 26 25 11 08 16 06 10 18 08 11 09 09 16
41 George H. W. Bush Republican – – – – – 18 * 31 22 24 20 21 22 21 18 22 22 17 20 17 22
42 Bill Clinton Democratic – – – – – – 16 * 23 * 20 * 21 * 24 * 18 22 15 13 19 08 15 13 18
43 George W. Bush Republican – – – – – – – – – – – 23 * 19 * 36 39 31 35 33 30 32
44 Barack Obama Democratic – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 * – 18 * 12 08 11
45 Donald Trump Republican – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 44 * 44 *
Total in survey 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 41 39 42 40 42 43 40 43 43 44 44
* Ranking calculated before president had completed his term in office.
Note: Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States—to date he is the only person to have achieved this distinction. Because of it, the total number of people who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.
Liberal and conservative raters
The Murray-Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social and economic issues.[32] The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten Presidents (and were split over the inclusion of either Lyndon B. Johnson or Dwight D. Eisenhower) and six of the worst seven (split over Jimmy Carter or Calvin Coolidge).
Rankings by liberals and conservatives
Rank
Liberals (n = 190)
Conservatives (n = 50)
1
Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln
2
Franklin D. Roosevelt George Washington
3
George Washington Franklin D. Roosevelt
4
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson
5
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt
6
Woodrow Wilson Andrew Jackson
7
Andrew Jackson Harry S. Truman
8
Harry S. Truman Woodrow Wilson
9
Lyndon B. Johnson Dwight D. Eisenhower
10
John Adams John Adams
30
Calvin Coolidge Jimmy Carter
31
Franklin Pierce Richard Nixon
32
James Buchanan Franklin Pierce
33
Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson
34
Ulysses S. Grant James Buchanan
35
Richard Nixon Ulysses S. Grant
36
Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding
Excluded groups ranking approach
In 2002, Ron Walters, former director of the University of Maryland's African American Leadership Institute, stated that Presidents ranked by how each one balanced the interests of majority interests and the interests of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics. Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction. Walters stated there was a qualitative difference between white and African American intellectuals in evaluating presidents. In the 1996 New York Times poll by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents on differing categories of greatness. In a survey done by professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith and in their text book American Politics And The African American Quest For Universal Freedom, 44 African American political scientists and historians ranked Presidents in terms of racial attitudes and racial legislation proposed.[33] Individual presidents' attitudes, policies and perspectives were historically ranked in five categories: White Supremacist; Racist; Racially Neutral; Racially Ambivalent; Antiracist.[34]
Public opinion polls
Rasmussen poll
According to a Rasmussen poll conducted in 2007, six Presidents—George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy—were rated favorably by at least 80% of Americans.[35]
President
Favorable
Unfavorable
Net favorable
George Washington 94 2 92
Abraham Lincoln 92 4 88
Thomas Jefferson 89 4 85
Theodore Roosevelt 84 8 76
Franklin D. Roosevelt 81 12 69
John F. Kennedy 80 13 67
John Adams 74 9 65
James Madison 73 8 65
Ronald Reagan 72 22 50
Dwight D. Eisenhower 72 15 57
Harry S. Truman 70 14 56
Andrew Jackson 69 14 55
Gerald Ford 62 26 36
John Quincy Adams 59 7 52
Ulysses S. Grant 58 24 34
George H. W. Bush 57 41 16
Jimmy Carter 57 34 23
William Howard Taft 57 15 42
Woodrow Wilson 56 19 37
Bill Clinton 55 41 14
James Monroe 49 10 39
Herbert Hoover 48 34 14
Lyndon B. Johnson 45 42 3
Andrew Johnson 45 26 19
Chester A. Arthur 43 17 26
James A. Garfield 42 16 26
William McKinley 42 24 18
George W. Bush 41 59 −18
Grover Cleveland 40 26 14
Calvin Coolidge 38 31 7
Rutherford B. Hayes 38 19 19
Richard Nixon 32 60 −28
Benjamin Harrison 30 35 −5
Warren G. Harding 29 33 −4
James Buchanan 28 32 −4
James K. Polk 27 21 6
Zachary Taylor 26 18 8
Martin Van Buren 23 19 4
William Henry Harrison 21 16 5
Franklin Pierce 17 25 −8
Millard Fillmore 17 25 −8
John Tyler 9 15 −6
Gallup poll
A Gallup poll about presidential greatness taken February 2–5, 2011 asked 1,015 adults in the United States the following question: "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?".[3]
Ronald Reagan (19%)
Abraham Lincoln (14%)
Bill Clinton (13%)
John F. Kennedy (11%)
George Washington (10%)
Franklin Roosevelt (8%)
Barack Obama (5%)
Theodore Roosevelt (3%)
Harry Truman (3%)
George W. Bush (2%)
Thomas Jefferson (2%)
Jimmy Carter (1%)
Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
George H. W. Bush (1%)
Andrew Jackson (<0.5%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (<0.5%)
Richard Nixon (<0.5%)
In addition, "Other" received 1%, "None" received 1% and "No opinion" received 5%.
Public opinion polls on recent Presidents
These polls evaluate recent Presidents only.
2010 Gallup poll
A Gallup poll taken on November 19–21, 2010 asked 1,037 Americans to say, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former Presidents, whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office.[36]
John F. Kennedy (85% approval/10% disapproval)
Ronald Reagan (74% approval/24% disapproval)
Bill Clinton (69% approval/30% disapproval)
George H. W. Bush (64% approval/34% disapproval)
Gerald Ford (61% approval/26% disapproval)
Jimmy Carter (52% approval/42% disapproval)
Lyndon B. Johnson (49% approval/36% disapproval)
George W. Bush (47% approval/51% disapproval)
Richard Nixon (29% approval/65% disapproval)
Public Policy Polling
A Public Policy Polling poll taken between September 8–11, 2011 asked 665 American voters, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office.[37]
John F. Kennedy (74% favorability/15% unfavorability)
Ronald Reagan (60% favorability/30% unfavorability)
Bill Clinton (62% favorability/34% unfavorability)
George H. W. Bush (53% favorability/35% unfavorability)
Gerald Ford (45% favorability/26% unfavorability)
Jimmy Carter (45% favorability/43% unfavorability)
Lyndon B. Johnson (36% favorability/39% unfavorability)
George W. Bush (41% favorability/51% unfavorability)
Richard Nixon (19% favorability/62% unfavorability)
Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll
A Vision Critical/Angus Reid Public Opinion poll taken on February 18–19, 2011 asked 1,010 respondents about 11 former Presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad President.[38]
John F. Kennedy (80% approval/6% disapproval)
Ronald Reagan (72% approval/16% disapproval)
Bill Clinton (65% approval/24% disapproval)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (61% approval/6% disapproval)
Harry S. Truman (57% approval/7% disapproval)
Jimmy Carter (47% approval/28% disapproval)
George H. W. Bush (44% approval/38% disapproval)
Barack Obama (41% approval/33% disapproval)
Gerald Ford (37% approval/25% disapproval)
Lyndon B. Johnson (33% approval/27% disapproval)
George W. Bush (30% approval/55% disapproval)
Richard Nixon (24% approval/54% disapproval)
2013 Gallup poll
A Gallup poll taken November 7–10, 2013 asked 1,039 adults in the United States the following question: "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history—as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?".[39]
Gallup poll 2013
President
Outstanding
Above average
Average
Below average
Poor
No opinion
Weighted average[40]
Dwight D. Eisenhower
10% 39% 36% 2% 1% 12% 3.63
John F. Kennedy
18% 56% 19% 2% 1% 4% 3.92
Lyndon B. Johnson
4% 16% 46% 14% 8% 12% 2.93
Richard Nixon
2% 13% 27% 29% 23% 6% 2.38
Gerald Ford
2% 14% 56% 15% 5% 8% 2.92
Jimmy Carter
4% 19% 37% 20% 15% 6% 2.76
Ronald Reagan
19% 42% 27% 6% 4% 2% 3.67
George H. W. Bush
3% 24% 48% 12% 10% 2% 2.98
Bill Clinton
11% 44% 29% 9% 6% 1% 3.45
George W. Bush
3% 18% 36% 20% 23% 1% 2.58
Barack Obama
6% 22% 31% 18% 22% 1% 2.72
2014 Quinnipiac poll
A Quinnipiac University poll taken June 24–30, 2014, asked 1,446 registered voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II.[41]
Best President since World War II:
Ronald Reagan (35%)
Bill Clinton (18%)
John F. Kennedy (15%)
Barack Obama (8%)
Dwight Eisenhower (5%)
Harry S. Truman (4%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
George H. W. Bush (tie) (3%)
Jimmy Carter (2%)
Richard Nixon (tie) (1%)
Gerald Ford (tie) (1%)
George W. Bush (tie) (1%)
Worst President since World War II:
Barack Obama (33%)
George W. Bush (28%)
Richard Nixon (13%)
Jimmy Carter (8%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (3%)
Ronald Reagan (tie) (3%)
Bill Clinton (tie) (3%)
Gerald Ford (tie) (2%)
George H. W. Bush (tie) (2%)
Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
2017 Quinnipiac poll
Four years later, a Quinnipiac University poll taken January 20–25, 2017 asked 1,190 voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II.[42]
Best President since World War II:
Ronald Reagan (30%)
Barack Obama (29%)
John F. Kennedy (12%)
Bill Clinton (9%)
Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (3%)
George W. Bush (tie) (3%)
Harry Truman (tie) (2%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (2%)
Jimmy Carter (tie) (2%)
George H.W. Bush (tie) (2%)
Richard Nixon (tie) (<1%)
Gerald R. Ford (tie) (<1%)
Worst President since World War II:
Richard Nixon (24%)
Barack Obama (23%)
George W. Bush (22%)
Jimmy Carter (10%)
Ronald Reagan (5%)
Bill Clinton (4%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (3%)
George H.W. Bush (2%)
Gerald R. Ford (1%)
Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (<1%)
John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
2017 Morning Consult poll
Including for the first time President Donald Trump, a Morning Consult poll taken February 9–10, 2017 asked 1,791 registered voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II.[43][44]
Best President since World War II:
Ronald Reagan (26%)
Barack Obama (20%)
John F. Kennedy (17%)
Bill Clinton (9%)
Donald Trump (6%)
George W. Bush (tie) (2%)
Harry Truman (tie) (2%)
Jimmy Carter (tie) (2%)
George H.W. Bush (tie) (2%)
Richard Nixon (tie) (1%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (1%)
Gerald R. Ford (<1%)
Worst President since World War II:
Donald Trump (26%)
Barack Obama (25%)
Richard Nixon (13%)
George W. Bush (7%)
Bill Clinton (6%)
Jimmy Carter (5%)
George H.W. Bush (3%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (2%)
Ronald Reagan (tie) (1%)
Gerald R. Ford (tie) (1%)
Harry S. Truman (tie) (1%)
John F. Kennedy (<1%)
2018 Quinnipiac poll
A Quinnipiac University poll taken March 3–5, 2018 asked 1,122 voters in the United States who they thought were the best and worst Presidents since World War II.[45]
Best President since World War II:
Ronald Reagan (28%)
Barack Obama (24%)
John F. Kennedy (tie) (10%)
Bill Clinton (tie) (10%)
Donald Trump (7%)
Dwight Eisenhower (4%)
Harry Truman (tie) (3%)
Jimmy Carter (tie) (3%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (2%)
George H.W. Bush (tie) (1%)
Richard Nixon (tie) (1%)
George W. Bush (tie) (1%)
Gerald R. Ford (<1%)
Worst President since World War II:
Donald Trump (41%)
Barack Obama (21%)
Richard Nixon (10%)
Jimmy Carter (8%)
George W. Bush (6%)
Bill Clinton (4%)
Lyndon B. Johnson (tie) (2%)
Ronald Reagan (tie) (2%)
Gerald R. Ford (1%)
Harry S. Truman (tie) (<1%)
Dwight Eisenhower (tie) (<1%)
John F. Kennedy (tie) (<1%)
George H.W. Bush (tie) (<1%)
Siena College Research Institute, Presidential Expert Poll of 2010
Abbreviations
Bg = Background
PL = Party leadership
CAb = Communication ability
RC = Relations with Congress
CAp = Court appointments
HE = Handling of economy
L = Luck
AC = Ability to compromise
WR = Willing to take risks
EAp = Executive appointments
OA = Overall ability
Im = Imagination
DA = Domestic accomplishments
Int = Integrity
EAb = Executive ability
FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments
LA = Leadership ability
IQ = Intelligence
AM = Avoid crucial mistakes
EV = Experts' view
O = Overall
Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile.
Green backgrounds indicate second quartile.
Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile.
Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.
Source:[46]
Seq.
President
Political party
Bg
PL
CAb
RC
CAp
HE
L
AC
WR
EAp
OA
Im
DA
Int
EAb
FPA
LA
IQ
AM
EV
O
1 George Washington Independent 7 18 12 3 3 4 1 3 4 1 4 9 4 2 2 3 1 12 1 3 4
2 John Adams Federalist 4 29 18 26 10 13 23 32 16 15 13 17 22 3 19 12 20 7 15 12 17
3 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 1 4 6 4 6 16 6 11 8 5 5 3 6 14 5 7 6 1 6 5 5
4 James Madison Democratic-Republican 3 10 11 9 7 12 17 7 15 9 6 8 12 5 14 20 17 2 10 8 6
5 James Monroe Democratic-Republican 9 12 15 8 14 9 9 8 17 8 16 16 8 10 11 2 13 15 7 9 7
6 John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican 2 34 20 35 16 14 30 29 23 13 15 11 18 4 21 16 26 5 20 21 19
7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 30 2 10 14 27 28 4 38 5 19 12 13 14 23 6 19 5 23 12 13 14
8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 16 13 23 19 24 38 33 13 32 25 24 24 27 29 23 25 27 22 27 24 23
9 William Henry Harrison Whig 24 30 25 31 33 27 42 35 30 24 37 35 36 30 33 39 24 31 33 34 35
10 John Tyler Independent[30] 33 42 39 42 39 31 22 39 26 34 35 29 34 33 37 35 36 33 32 36 37
11 James K. Polk Democratic 17 9 13 12 21 15 7 23 7 16 17 14 11 24 9 8 10 20 9 11 12
12 Zachary Taylor Whig 37 35 28 37 37 24 36 34 28 28 34 27 37 21 31 34 25 37 25 33 33
13 Millard Fillmore Whig 40 41 40 38 35 33 25 25 37 35 38 36 35 36 38 33 39 39 30 35 38
14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 38 37 37 41 40 34 35 36 38 38 39 39 39 38 40 40 40 38 35 40 40
15 James Buchanan Democratic 23 40 41 40 42 41 40 41 43 39 42 42 43 40 42 41 43 40 41 43 42
16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 28 6 2 6 4 5 13 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 3 2 1 3
17 Andrew Johnson National Union[31] 42 43 43 43 43 37 39 43 34 42 41 41 42 37 41 38 42 41 42 42 43
18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 26 28 24 22 25 29 21 22 22 40 28 26 26 27 34 24 21 29 31 31 26
19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 29 33 30 29 29 26 19 18 33 33 33 32 33 28 30 30 32 30 24 29 31
20 James A. Garfield Republican 20 22 22 24 32 23 41 27 31 29 25 28 25 25 26 31 23 26 22 27 27
21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 41 31 32 27 28 19 14 21 27 26 30 25 20 32 27 26 28 32 17 26 25
22/24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 19 16 17 15 17 22 20 19 24 18 20 22 17 19 17 21 19 25 14 19 20
23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 39 32 34 28 30 35 29 30 39 36 36 34 32 31 35 28 34 35 23 32 34
25 William McKinley Republican 21 14 19 11 23 18 24 20 21 20 21 23 19 22 18 15 18 27 11 20 21
26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 6 7 3 5 1 2 2 12 1 4 3 1 2 6 4 4 4 6 3 4 2
27 William Howard Taft Republican 14 36 29 30 18 20 32 24 36 22 23 30 21 18 25 23 31 18 28 23 24
28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 8 8 9 16 8 8 15 37 9 10 8 5 9 11 10 10 12 4 29 10 8
29 Warren G. Harding Republican 43 38 36 34 36 39 37 26 40 43 43 43 40 42 43 37 41 43 39 41 41
30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 25 24 38 21 26 30 12 28 41 30 32 37 31 17 28 32 33 28 19 28 29
31 Herbert Hoover Republican 10 26 31 33 19 43 43 40 42 32 26 38 41 13 29 36 37 14 40 38 36
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 5 1 1 2 2 1 5 2 3 3 2 4 3 16 3 1 3 10 4 2 1
33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 35 15 14 20 15 6 11 15 6 7 7 15 7 8 8 6 9 17 8 6 9
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 12 17 21 10 9 11 8 5 20 17 11 20 13 9 7 9 7 19 5 7 10
35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 13 19 4 13 12 7 27 6 10 6 14 7 15 35 13 17 11 11 16 14 11
36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 15 3 16 1 5 10 28 9 12 12 9 12 5 34 12 43 15 21 37 16 16
37 Richard Nixon Republican 18 20 26 36 38 25 34 33 14 37 22 19 24 43 24 11 29 16 43 37 30
38 Gerald Ford Republican 27 25 35 17 22 36 31 17 35 23 31 33 30 15 32 27 30 34 26 25 28
39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 31 39 27 39 20 40 38 31 25 21 29 21 29 7 36 29 35 13 36 30 32
40 Ronald Reagan Republican 34 5 5 7 31 21 3 14 11 31 19 18 23 26 20 13 8 36 13 17 18
41 George H. W. Bush Republican 11 27 33 23 34 32 26 16 29 27 27 31 28 20 22 14 22 24 18 22 22
42 Bill Clinton Democratic 22 11 8 25 11 3 10 4 18 11 10 10 10 41 15 18 14 9 34 15 13
43 George W. Bush Republican 36 23 42 32 41 42 18 42 19 41 40 40 38 39 39 42 38 42 38 39 39
44 Barack Obama Democratic 32 21 7 18 13 17 16 10 13 14 18 6 16 12 16 22 16 8 21 18 15
Seq.
President
Political party
Bg
PL
CAb
RC
CAp
HE
L
AC
WR
EAp
OA
Im
DA
Int
EAb
FPA
LA
IQ
AM
EV
O
2017 C-SPAN Presidential Historian Survey
Abbreviations
PP = Public persuasion
CL = Crisis leadership
EM = Economic management
MA = Moral authority
IR = International relations
AS = Administrative skills
RC = Relations with Congress
VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda
PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all
PCT = Performance within context of times
O = Overall
Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile.
Green backgrounds indicate second quartile.
Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile.
Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.
Source:[47]
Seq.
President
Political party
PP
CL
EM
MA
IR
AS
RC
VSA
PEJ
PCT
O
1 George Washington Independent 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 13 1 2
2 John Adams Federalist 22 17 15 11 13 21 24 20 15 19 19
3 Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican 8 13 13 6 11 7 5 5 17 6 7
4 James Madison Democratic-Republican 18 19 19 9 22 17 13 18 18 16 17
5 James Monroe Democratic-Republican 17 14 18 16 7 11 9 14 25 11 13
6 John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican 33 23 17 12 15 18 32 15 9 22 21
7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 7 10 26 20 20 23 21 10 38 13 18
8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 30 35 40 33 26 26 28 33 30 33 34
9 William Henry Harrison Whig 28 38 38 31 42 40 38 36 37 38 38
10 John Tyler Independent[30] 39 36 39 37 28 38 41 37 41 36 39
11 James K. Polk Democratic 13 9 14 27 16 9 11 11 36 12 14
12 Zachary Taylor Whig 27 28 28 28 30 35 35 30 34 30 31
13 Millard Fillmore Whig 40 34 34 36 34 36 36 39 39 37 37
14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 41 41 41 39 40 39 40 41 42 41 41
15 James Buchanan Democratic 43 43 42 43 43 41 42 43 43 43 43
16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 1 1 2 1
17 Andrew Johnson National Union[31] 42 42 37 41 39 43 43 42 40 42 42
18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 19 21 27 19 19 37 20 23 10 21 22
19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 29 30 25 32 33 29 30 32 32 28 32
20 James A. Garfield Republican 21 31 29 22 36 32 27 25 20 27 29
21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 37 32 31 35 35 28 29 34 27 32 35
22/24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 20 22 24 26 23 22 22 21 31 23 23
23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 32 33 32 30 27 30 26 31 24 31 30
25 William McKinley Republican 16 16 11 18 17 13 10 17 26 18 16
26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 2 5 4 5 4 4 7 4 11 4 4
27 William Howard Taft Republican 31 26 20 25 21 12 23 28 22 24 24
28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 11 11 9 8 12 8 16 7 35 10 11
29 Warren G. Harding Republican 36 39 35 40 37 42 34 40 33 40 40
30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 24 29 22 21 29 25 18 29 29 26 27
31 Herbert Hoover Republican 38 40 43 29 31 14 31 38 28 39 36
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 8 3 3
33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 14 4 10 10 5 10 14 13 4 5 6
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 12 6 6 4 6 5 6 16 12 7 5
35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 6 7 7 15 14 16 12 9 7 9 8
36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 15 20 12 24 38 6 1 8 2 14 10
37 Richard Nixon Republican 26 27 23 42 10 24 37 24 21 34 28
38 Gerald Ford Republican 34 24 30 23 25 27 19 35 14 25 25
39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 35 37 33 14 32 31 33 22 5 29 26
40 Ronald Reagan Republican 5 8 16 13 9 33 8 6 23 8 9
41 George H. W. Bush Republican 23 12 21 17 8 16 15 27 16 20 20
42 Bill Clinton Democratic 9 18 3 38 18 20 17 19 6 17 15
43 George W. Bush Republican 25 25 36 34 41 34 25 26 19 35 33
44 Barack Obama Democratic 10 15 8 7 24 19 39 12 3 15 12
Seq.
President
Political party
PP
CL
EM
MA
IR
AS
RC
VSA
PEJ
PCT
O
Memorability of the Presidents
In November 2014, Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal Science asking research subjects to name as many Presidents as possible.[48][49] They reported data from three generations as well as from an online survey conducted in 2014. The percentage of participants in the online survey sample who could name each President was the following:
Barack Obama (100%)
Bill Clinton (96%)
George W. Bush or George H. W. Bush (95%)
George Washington (94%)
Abraham Lincoln (88%)
John F. Kennedy (83%)
Richard Nixon (82%)
Jimmy Carter (79%)
Thomas Jefferson (72%)
Ronald Reagan (66%)
Gerald Ford (62%)
Franklin D. Roosevelt or Theodore Roosevelt (60%)
John Adams or John Quincy Adams (56%)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (54%)
Harry S. Truman (50%)
Andrew Jackson (47%)
Herbert Hoover (42%)
Andrew Johnson or Lyndon B. Johnson (41%)
William Howard Taft (39%)
James Madison (38%)
Ulysses S. Grant (38%)
James Monroe (30%)
Woodrow Wilson (29%)
Calvin Coolidge (22%)
James A. Garfield (19%)
James K. Polk (17%)
Warren G. Harding (16%)
William McKinley (15%)
John Tyler (12%)
James Buchanan (12%)
Grover Cleveland (11%)
William Henry Harrison or Benjamin Harrison (11%)
Martin Van Buren (11%)
Rutherford B. Hayes (10%)
Zachary Taylor (10%)
Millard Fillmore (8%)
Franklin Pierce (7%)
Chester A. Arthur (7%)
See also
Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany
Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia
Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada
Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
The Greatest American
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Maranell, Gary M. (June 1970). "The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls". The Journal of American History. 57 (1): 104–113. JSTOR 1900552.
Jump up ^ William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver. Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.
^ Jump up to: a b "Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President". Gallup.com. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Skidmore. 2001.
Jump up ^ Donald, David H. Lincoln. 1995. p. 13.
Jump up ^ Zelizer (February 21, 2011). "What's wrong with presidential rankings". CNN Opinion.
^ Jump up to: a b Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians". The New York Times. July 1962. pp. 12–13, 40–41, 43.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Historians Give Good Grades to Clinton Presidency in Siena College Survey". January 11, 1995. Archived June 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ "FDR America's Greatest President". August 19, 2002. Archived February 10, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.
^ Jump up to: a b "Presidential Leadership; The Rankings". Wall Street Journal Online. September 12, 2005. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Experts: Bush Presidency Is A Failure; Little Chance To Improve Ranking". Archived May 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Siena Research Institute. May 1, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents" Archived July 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Siena Research Institute. July 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, G. Scott (July 1, 2010). "Clean sweep for the Roosevelts". Business First of Buffalo. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "C-SPAN Releases Second Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership". C-SPAN. February 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Historians Survey 2017". C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "C-SPAN Releases Third Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership". C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2017". C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Jeremy; Hines, Nico (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. London. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Iwan Morgan. "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis". Retrieved October 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos)". The Daily Beast. September 24, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ HNN Staff (September 8, 2013). "Historians Give Barack Obama a B-". History News Network. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Brandon Rottinghaus (February 13, 2015). "Measuring Obama against the great presidents". The Brookings Institution.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?". The New York Times. February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these into the first two and last two quartiles, respectively. When splitting an odd number of values, the median was included in the upper half.
Jump up ^ "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Historians Survey 2017". C-SPAN. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aggregate of all polls up to and including APSA 2018 by ranking each president's ratio of favourable to total pairwise comparisons, excluding ties.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.
^ Jump up to: a b c Johnson was a former War Democrat elected on the National Union ticket as Lincoln's vice president, but by 1868 the National Union Party disbanded.
Jump up ^ Murray and Blessing. p. 135.
Jump up ^ Walters (July 8, 2002)."Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?". History News Network.
Jump up ^ Walton Jr., Hanes; Smith, Robert C. (2000). American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. pp. 201–202.
Jump up ^ "Washington, Lincoln Most Popular Presidents: Nixon, Bush Least Popular - Rasmussen Reports™". Rasmussenreports.com. July 4, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest". Gallup. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents". September 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans". Angus Reid Public Opinion. Archived August 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President". Gallup. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ The weights were 5 for "Outstanding", 4 for "Above Average", 3 for "Average", 2 for "Below Average" and 1 for "Poor".
Jump up ^ "National (US) Poll – July 2, 2014 – Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better". Quinnipiac University.
Jump up ^ "Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years". Quinnipiac University.
Jump up ^ "Morning Consult National Tracking Poll February 09–10,2017". Politico.
Jump up ^ "Poll: Trump and Obama Are America's Worst Presidents Since World War II". Morning Consult.
Jump up ^ "QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents". Siena College. July 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "All Presidents - C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2017". C-SPAN. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (November 28, 2014), "Forgetting the Presidents", Science, 346 (6213): 1106–1109, Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1106R, doi:10.1126/science.1259627, PMID 25430768
Jump up ^ Carey, Benedict (November 27, 2014). "Study on Cultural Memory Confirms: Chester A. Arthur, We Hardly Knew Ye". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
Further reading
Bailey, Thomas A. (1966). Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present. New York: Appleton-Century. → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian.
Bose, Meena; Landis Mark (2003). The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Ratings. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1590337948. → A collection of essays by presidential scholars.
DeGregorio, William A. (1993). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (4. ed., rev., expanded, and up-dated ed.). New York: Barricade Books. ISBN 0942637925. → Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys.
Eland, Ivan (2009). Recarving Rushmore: Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty. Oakland, California: Independent Institute. ISBN 1598130226.
Faber, Charles; Faber, Richard (2000). The American Presidents Ranked by Performance. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Co. ISBN 0786407654.
Felzenberg, Alvin S. (1997). "There You Go Again: Liberal Historians and the New York Times Deny Ronald Reagan His Due". Policy Review. 82: 51–54. ISSN 0146-5945.
Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor: The Best & the Worst Big-City Leaders. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271018763.
Merry, Robert W. Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians (2012).
Miller, Nathan (1998). Star-Spangled Men America's Ten Worst Presidents. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0684836106.
Murray, Robert K.; Blessing, Tim H. (1994). Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan (2., updated ed.). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271010894.
Nichols, Curt (2012). "The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 42 (2): 275–299. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03966.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
Pfiffner, James P. (2003). "Ranking the Presidents: Continuity and Volatility" (PDF). White House Studies. 3: 23. ISSN 1535-4768.
Ridings, William J., Jr.; McIver, Stuart B. (1997). Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing. ISBN 0806517999.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (1997). "Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton". Political Science Quarterly. 112 (2): 179–190. doi:10.2307/2657937. JSTOR 2657937.
Skidmore, Max J. (2004). Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Co. ISBN 0786418206.
Skidmore, Max J. (2001). "Ranking and Evaluating Presidents: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt". White House Studies. 1 (4): 495–505. ISSN 1535-4768.
Taranto, James; Leo, Leonard (2004). Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House. New York: Wall Street Journal Books. ISBN 0743254333. → For Federalist Society surveys.
Vedder, Richard; Gallaway, Lowell (2001). "Rating Presidential Performance". In Denson, John V. (ed.). Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 0945466293. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
External links
"Ranking Presidents: Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis?". 2001 column by John Dean.
"List of presidential rankings". Historians rank the 42 men who have held the office. AP via MSNBC. February 16, 2009 poll.
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The Hunt for Red October (film)
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The Hunt for Red October
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John McTiernan
Produced by
Mace Neufeld
Screenplay by
Larry Ferguson
Donald E. Stewart
Based on
The Hunt for Red October
by Tom Clancy
Starring
Sean Connery
Alec Baldwin
Scott Glenn
James Earl Jones
Sam Neill
Music by
Basil Poledouris
Cinematography
Jan de Bont
Edited by
Dennis Virkler
John Wright
Production
companies
Mace Neufeld Productions
Nina Saxon Film Design
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
March 2, 1990 (1990-03-02) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Russian
Budget
$30 million[2]
Box office
$200.5 million
The Hunt for Red October is a 1990 American espionage thriller film produced by Mace Neufeld, directed by John McTiernan, that stars Sean Connery, Alec Baldwin, Scott Glenn, James Earl Jones, and Sam Neill. The film is based on Tom Clancy's 1984 bestselling novel of the same name.
The story is set during the late Cold War era and involves a rogue Soviet naval captain who wishes to defect to the United States with his officers and the Soviet Navy's newest and most advanced nuclear missile submarine. An American CIA analyst correctly deduces his motive and must prove his theory to the U.S. Navy before a violent confrontation between the Soviet and the American navies spirals out of control.
The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, and Nina Saxon Film Design. Theatrically, it was commercially distributed by Paramount Pictures and by the Paramount Home Entertainment division for home media markets. Following its wide theatrical release, the film was nominated for and won a number of accolades. At the 63rd Academy Awards, the film was honored with the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, along with nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing. On June 12, 1990, the original soundtrack, composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris, was released by MCA Records.
The Hunt for Red October received mostly positive reviews from critics and was the 6th top-grossing film of the year, generating $122 million in North America and more than $200 million worldwide in box office business. The film was the first in a series involving the fictional character Jack Ryan, played additionally by Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, Chris Pine, and John Krasinski.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In November 1984, Soviet submarine captain Marko Ramius commands Red October, a new Typhoon-class nuclear missile submarine with a stealth "caterpillar drive", rendering it undetectable to passive sonar. Ramius leaves port to conduct exercises with attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, commanded by his former student Captain Tupolev. Once at sea, Ramius secretly kills political officer Ivan Putin and relays false orders that they are to conduct missile drills off America's east coast. At the same time, American attack submarine USS Dallas, tasked with identifying and shadowing Soviet subs as they leave port, detects Red October as it begins its mission, but immediately loses track of it once the caterpillar drive is engaged.
The next morning, CIA analyst and former Marine, Jack Ryan, after consulting with Vice Admiral James Greer, briefs government officials on Red October and the threat it poses. The U.S. fears Ramius plans an unauthorized nuclear strike. They also learn that the bulk of the Soviet Navy has been deployed to the Atlantic to find and sink the renegade vessel. In the briefing, Ryan hypothesizes that Ramius instead plans to defect. He is ordered to rendezvous with the Dallas - still searching for Red October since their initial detection of it - to prove his theory. Meanwhile, Tupolev, though unable to track Red October, guesses his former mentor's route and sets a course to intercept. The Soviet fleet's intentions are unknown to the U.S., although their orders are to sink Red October.
Due to the actions of an unknown saboteur, Red October's caterpillar drive fails during risky maneuvers through a narrow undersea canyon. Petty Officer Jones, a sonar technician aboard Dallas, has discovered a way to detect Red October using underwater acoustics, and plots an intercept course. Ryan arranges a hazardous mid-ocean rendezvous to board Dallas, where he attempts to persuade its captain, Commander Bart Mancuso, to contact Ramius and determine his intentions.
The Soviet ambassador informs the U.S. government that Ramius is a renegade, and asks for help in sinking Red October. That order is sent to the U.S. fleet, including Dallas, which has found the Soviet submarine. Ryan, however, is convinced that Ramius plans to defect with his officers and convinces Mancuso to contact Ramius and offer assistance. Ramius, stunned that the Americans correctly guessed his plan, accepts. He then stages a nuclear reactor "emergency", ordering his crew to abandon ship. After a U.S. frigate is spotted, Ramius submerges. Meanwhile, Ryan, Mancuso, and Jones come aboard via a rescue sub, at which point Ramius requests asylum for himself and his officers.
Red October is suddenly attacked by V. K. Konovalov, which has tracked them across the Atlantic. As the two Soviet subs maneuver, one of Red October's cooks, Loginov, an undercover KGB agent and the secret saboteur, opens fire. He fatally wounds first officer Vasily Borodin before retreating to the nuclear missile bay, pursued by Ryan and Ramius. Loginov shoots Ramius, wounding him, but Ryan kills Loginov before he can detonate a missile. Meanwhile, Red October makes evasive maneuvers with a diversion provided by Dallas, causing V. K. Konovalov to be destroyed by its own fired torpedo. The crew of Red October, now rescued, watch the explosion from the deck of the U.S. frigate; unaware of the second Soviet submarine, they believe that Ramius has sacrificed himself and scuttled Red October to avoid being boarded.
Ryan and Ramius, their subterfuge complete, navigate Red October to the Penobscot River in Maine. Ramius admits that the reason he defected was that after he was handed the plans for Red October, a nuclear war first strike weapon, he concluded that he could never support such an action. From atop the submarine's sail deck, Ramius, pleased to have made it to America, offers Ryan a quote from Christopher Columbus. Ryan nods in agreement and offers in return, "Welcome to the New World, sir".
Cast[edit]
Sean Connery as Captain 1st Rank Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius, Commanding Officer of Red October
Alec Baldwin as Jack Ryan, CIA intelligence analyst, author, Professor of Naval History at the United States Naval Academy
Scott Glenn as Commander Bart Mancuso, Commanding Officer of USS Dallas
Sam Neill as Captain 2nd Rank Vasily Borodin, Executive Officer of Red October
James Earl Jones as Vice Admiral James Greer, CIA Deputy Director - Intelligence (DDI)
Jeffrey Jones as Skip Tyler, a former submarine commander who identifies Red October's propulsion system
Joss Ackland as Ambassador Andrei Lysenko, Soviet Ambassador to the United States
Richard Jordan as Dr. Jeffrey Pelt, National Security Advisor
Tim Curry as Dr. Yevgeniy Petrov, Medical Officer on board Red October
Peter Firth as Senior Lieutenant Ivan Putin, Political Officer of Red October
Ronald Guttman as Senior Lieutenant Melekhin, Chief Engineer of Red October
Stellan Skarsgård as Captain 2nd Rank Viktor Tupolev, Commanding Officer of V.K. Konovalov
Fred Dalton Thompson as Rear Admiral (Lower Half) Joshua Painter, Commander of the Enterprise Carrier Battle Group
Courtney B. Vance as Sonar Technician Submarines Second Class (SS) Ronald Jones, Sonar operator of USS Dallas
Michael Welden as Captain-Lieutenant Gregoriy Kamarov, Navigator of Red October
Anthony Peck as Lieutenant Commander "Tommy" Thompson, Executive Officer of USS Dallas
Daniel Davis as Captain Charlie Davenport, Commanding Officer of USS Enterprise
Tomas Arana as Cook's Assistant Igor Loginov, Red October's cook, also a KGB agent
Peter Zinner as Admiral Yuri Ilyich Padorin, Chief Political Officer of the Soviet Navy
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Producer Mace Neufeld optioned Tom Clancy's novel after reading galley proofs in February 1985. Despite the book becoming a best seller, no Hollywood studio was interested because of its content. Neufeld said, "I read some of the reports from the other studios, and the story was too complicated to understand".[3] After a year and a half he finally got a high-level executive at Paramount Pictures to read Clancy's novel and agree to develop it into a film.
Screenwriters Larry Ferguson and Donald Stewart worked on the screenplay while Neufeld approached the U.S. Navy for approval. They feared top secret information or technology might be revealed. However, several admirals liked Clancy's book and reasoned that the film could do for submariners what Top Gun did for the Navy's jet fighter pilots.[3] Captain Michael Sherman, director of the Navy's western regional information office in Los Angeles, suggested changes to the script that would present the Navy in a positive light.[4]
The Navy gave the filmmakers access to several Los Angeles-class submarines, allowing them to photograph unclassified sections of both Chicago and Portsmouth to use in set and prop design. Louisville was used for the scene in which Baldwin is dropped from a helicopter to the submarine. Key cast and crew members rode along in subs, including Alec Baldwin and Scott Glenn, who took an overnight trip aboard the Salt Lake City commanded by then Commander Thomas B. Fargo. Glenn based his portrayal of Commander Bart Mancuso on Fargo.[3]
Casting[edit]
Some of the principal cast had previous military service which they drew on for their roles. Sean Connery had served in the Royal Navy, Scott Glenn in the United States Marine Corps and James Earl Jones in the United States Army. Baldwin and Glenn spent time on a Los Angeles-class submarine. Baldwin was trained to drive an attack submarine.[5] Some extras portraying the Dallas crew were serving submariners, including the pilot of the DSRV, Lt Cmdr George Billy, commander of the DSRV. Submariners from San Diego were cast as extras because it was easier to hire them than to train actors. Crew from USS La Jolla, including Lt Mark Draxton, took leave to participate in filming. According to an article in Sea Classics, at least two sailors from the Atlantic Fleet-based Dallas took leave and participated in the Pacific Fleet-supported filming. The crew of Houston called their month-long filming schedule the "Hunt for Red Ops." Houston made more than 40 emergency surfacing "blows" for rehearsal and for the cameras.[3]
Baldwin was approached in December 1988, but was not told for what role. Klaus Maria Brandauer was cast as Soviet sub commander Marko Ramius but two weeks into filming he quit due to a prior commitment.[3] The producers faxed the script to Sean Connery who, at first, declined because the script seemed implausible in portraying the Soviet Union as an ambitious naval power. He was missing the first page which set the story before Gorbachev's coming to power, when the events of the book would have seemed more plausible.[6] He arrived in L.A. on a Friday and was supposed to start filming on Monday but he requested a day to rehearse.[7] Principal photography began on April 3, 1989 with a $30 million budget.[7] The Navy lent the film crew Houston, Enterprise, two frigates (Wadsworth and Reuben James), helicopters, and a dry-dock crew.[4]
Filmmaker John Milius revised some of the film's script, writing a few speeches for Sean Connery and all of his Russian dialogue.[8] He was asked to rewrite the whole film but was only required to do the Russian sequences.[9] Rather than choosing between the realism of Russian dialog with subtitles, or the audience-friendly use of English (with or without Russian accents), the filmmakers compromised with a deliberate conceit. The film begins with the actors speaking Russian with English subtitles. But in an early scene, actor Peter Firth casually switches in mid-sentence to speaking in English on the word "Armageddon", which is the same spoken word in both languages. After that point, all the Soviets' dialogue is communicated in English. Connery continued using the Russian accent for the rest of the motion picture. Only towards the end of the film, at the beginning of the scene in which the Soviet and American submariners meet, do some of the actors speak in Russian again.
Filming[edit]
Filming in submarines was impractical. Instead, five soundstages on the Paramount backlot were used. Two 50-square-foot (4.6 m2) platforms housing mock-ups of Red October and Dallas were built, standing on hydraulic gimbals that simulated the sub's movements. Connery recalled, "It was very claustrophobic. There were 62 people in a very confined space, 45 feet above the stage floor. It got very hot on the sets, and I'm also prone to sea sickness. The set would tilt to 45 degrees. Very disturbing." The veteran actor shot for four weeks and the rest of the production shot for additional months on location in Port Angeles, Washington and the waters off Los Angeles.[4]
USS Reuben James, where a number of flight deck scenes were filmed
Made before sophisticated CGI became the norm in filmmaking, the film's opening sequence featured a long pull-out reveal of the immense titular Typhoon-class sub. It included a nearly full-scale, above-the-water-line mockup of the sub, constructed from two barges welded together. Each country's submarine had its own background color: Soviet submarines, such as Red October and V.K. Konovalov, had interiors in black with silver trim. American ships, such as Dallas and Enterprise, had grey interiors. However, during one scene when Dallas goes to a higher alert status it was flooded with red light. Early filming was aboard USS Reuben James in the area of the Juan de Fuca Strait and Puget Sound in March 1989. The ship operated out of U.S. Coast Guard Station Port Angeles. The SH-60B detachment from the Battlecats of HSL-43 operated out of NAS Whidbey Island, after being displaced by the filmcrew. Most underwater scenes were filmed using smoke with a model sub connected to 12 cables, giving precise, smooth control for turns. Computer effects, in their infancy, created bubbles and other effects such as particulates in the water.[citation needed]
By March 1990, just before the film's theatrical release, the Soviet Parliament removed the Communist Party from government, effectively ending the Cold War. Set during this period, there were concerns that with its end, the film would be irrelevant but Neufeld felt that it "never really represented a major problem". To compensate for the change in the Soviet Union's political climate, an on-screen crawl appears at the beginning of the film stating that it takes place in 1984 during the Cold War. Tony Seiniger designed the film's poster and drew inspiration from Soviet poster art, utilizing bold red, white and black graphics. According to him, the whole ad campaign was designed to have a "techno-suspense quality to it". The idea was to play up the thriller aspects and downplay the political elements.[7]
The film caused a minor sensation in the black projects submarine warfare technology community.[10][11] In one scene, where USS Dallas is chasing Red October through the submarine canyon, the crew can be heard calling out that they have various "milligal anomalies". This essentially revealed the use of gravimetry as a method of silent navigation in US submarines. Thought to be a billion dollar black project, the development of a full-tensor gravity gradiometer by Bell Aerospace was a classified technology at the time. It was thought to be deployed on only a few Ohio-class submarines after it was first developed in 1973. Bell Aerospace later sold the technology to Bell Geospace for oil exploration purposes.[12] The last Typhoon-class submarine was officially laid down in 1986, under the name TK-210, but according to sources was never finished and scrapped in 1990.[13]
Music[edit]
The Hunt for Red October (Music from the Motion Picture)
Film score by Basil Poledouris
Released
June 12, 1990
Length
29:48
Label
MCA Records
Jack Ryan soundtrack chronology
The Hunt for Red October (Music from the Motion Picture)
(1990) Patriot Games
(1992)
The musical score of The Hunt for Red October was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris. A soundtrack album composed of ten melodies was released on June 12, 1990.[14] The album is missing some of the musical moments present in the film, including the scene where the crew of Red October sings the Soviet national hymn. The soundtrack is limited due to the fact that it was originally compiled to fit the Compact Cassette. Later, it was remastered for the CD. An expanded version was released in late 2013 by Intrada Records. It features 40 additional minutes of the score, including the until then unreleased end titles.[15]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Hunt for Red October opened in 1,225 theaters on March 2, 1990, grossing $17 million on its opening weekend, more than half its budget. The film opened at number one at the U.S. box office and remained there for three weeks.[16] Its opening was the 20th biggest weekend of all time and the biggest non-summer, non-Thanksgiving weekend to date.[17]
The film went on to gross $122,012,643 in North America with a worldwide total of $200,512,643.[16]
Critical response[edit]
As of September 2018[update], the film held an 87% rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 67 critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, The Hunt for Red October received a score of 58 based on 17 reviews.[18] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[19]
Roger Ebert called the film "a skillful, efficient film that involves us in the clever and deceptive game being played",[20] while Gene Siskel commented on the film's technical achievement and Baldwin's convincing portrayal of Jack Ryan. Nick Schager, for Slant magazine's review, noted, "The Hunt for Red October is a thrilling edge-of-your-seat trifle that has admirably withstood the test of time".[21] In contrast, Newsweek's David Ansen wrote, "But it's at the gut level that Red October disappoints. This smoother, impressively mounted machine is curiously ungripping. Like an overfilled kettle, it takes far too long to come to a boil".[22] Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, opined that "the characters, like the lethal hardware, are simply functions of the plot, which in this case seems to be a lot more complex than it really is".[23]
Accolades[edit]
The Hunt for Red October was nominated and won several awards in 1991. In addition, the film was also nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.[24]
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1991 63rd Academy Awards[25] Best Sound Editing Cecelia Hall, George Watters II Won
Best Sound Mixing Richard Bryce Goodman, Richard Overton, Kevin F. Cleary, Don J. Bassman Nominated
Best Film Editing Dennis Virkler, John Wright Nominated
1991 44th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Sean Connery Nominated
Best Production Design Terence Marsh Nominated
Best Sound Cecelia Hall, George Watters II, Richard Bryce Goodman, Don J. Bassman Nominated
1991 BMI Film Music Awards BMI Film Music Award Basil Poledouris Won
1991 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing – ADR ———— Won
See also[edit]
United States portal
Soviet Union portal
Cold War portal
Film portal
1980s portal
1990 in film
Video games based on the motion picture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Huntsman for Red October (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. March 15, 1990. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Hunt for Red October". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thomas, Bob (March 2, 1990). "High-Tech Novel Took Five Years to Reach Screen". Associated Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c Donohue, Cathryn (March 2, 1990). "Red October Surfaces as a Movie". The Washington Times.
Jump up ^ Scott, Walter. "5 Things You Didn't Know About Alec Baldwin". Parade. Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Bob. "Submarine thriller surfaces with Connery in command". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kilday, Gregg (March 2, 1990). "Reds Sail Into the Sunset". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Plume, Ken (May 7, 2003). "An Interview with John Milius". IGN. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Segaloff, Nat, "John Milius: The Good Fights", Backstory 4: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 1970s and 1980s, Ed. Patrick McGilligan, Uni of California 2006 p 308
Jump up ^ "Hunt for Red October Article" (PDF). 53. CIA. Summer 2009. p. 24. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Gravity Gradiometry Article". Scientific American. June 1998. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Bell gradiometer history". BellGeospace. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2002, ISBN 5-8172-0069-4
Jump up ^ McDonald, Steven. "The Hunt for Red October [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] – Overview". AllMusic. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hunt for Red October, The". Intrada Records. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Hunt for Red October". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "'Hunt' turns up b.o. records in bow; best non-Thanksgiving, non-summer debut". Variety. March 7, 1990. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "The Hunt for Red October". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (March 2, 1990). "The Hunt for Red October". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
Jump up ^ Schaer, Nick (2003). "The Hunt for Red October". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (March 2, 1990). "The Hunt for Red October". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ "Reviews/Film; Connery as Captain of a Renegade Soviet Sub". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees
Jump up ^ "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Hunt for Red October (film)
Official website
The Hunt for Red October on IMDb
The Hunt for Red October at the TCM Movie Database
The Hunt for Red October at AllMovie
The Hunt for Red October at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Hunt for Red October at Rotten Tomatoes
The Hunt for Red October at Box Office Mojo
"The Hunt for Red October". Paramount Pictures – via YouTube.
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Tom Clancy bibliography
Novels
by Tom Clancy
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
Patriot Games (1987)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
Clear and Present Danger (1989)
The Sum of All Fears (1991)
Without Remorse (1993)
Debt of Honor (1994)
Executive Orders (1996)
Rainbow Six (1998)
The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
Red Rabbit (2002)
The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)
Dead or Alive (2010)
Locked On (2011)
Threat Vector (2012)
Command Authority (2013)
by Mark Greaney
Support and Defend (2014)
Full Force and Effect (2014)
Commander in Chief (2015)
True Faith and Allegiance (2016)
by Grant Blackwood
Under Fire (2015)
Duty and Honor (2016)
by Mike Maden
Point of Contact (2017)
Line of Sight (2018)
by Marc Cameron
Power and Empire (2017)
Oath of Office (2018)
Film series
The Hunt for Red October (1990)
Patriot Games (1992)
Clear and Present Danger (1994)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
Television series
Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan (2018)
Video games
The Hunt for Red October (1987)
The Hunt for Red October (1990, Amiga)
The Hunt for Red October (1991, NES)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
Characters
Jack Ryan
John Clark
Red October
show
v
t
e
Films directed by John McTiernan
Nomads (1986)
Predator (1987)
Die Hard (1988)
The Hunt for Red October (1990)
Medicine Man (1992)
Last Action Hero (1993)
Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995)
The 13th Warrior (1999)
The Thomas Crown Affair (1999)
Rollerball (2002)
Basic (2003)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2003007981
VIAF: 221764025
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(film)&oldid=866486698"
Categories:
1990 films
1990s spy films
1990s thriller films
American films
American political thriller films
American spy films
Cold War submarine films
English-language films
Films scored by Basil Poledouris
Films based on American novels
Films based on military novels
Films based on works by Tom Clancy
Films directed by John McTiernan
Films set in 1984
Films set in Maine
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