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Billie Burke
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Billie Burke
Billie Burke in 1933
Born
Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke
(1884-08-07)August 7, 1884
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Died
May 14, 1970(1970-05-14) (aged 85)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1903–1960
Spouse(s)
Florenz Ziegfeld
(m. 1914; d. 1932)
Children
Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson
Mary William Ethelbert Appleton "Billie" Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, on radio, early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz (1939).
Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series. Her high-pitched, wavering, aristocratic voice was her trademark, which made her a frequent choice to play dim-witted, spoiled society types.
Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., of Ziegfeld Follies fame, from 1914 until his death in 1932.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Radio and television
3 Personal life
4 Legacy
5 Performance career
6 Radio
7 Broadway
8 Filmography
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Early life[edit]
Billie Burke was born Mary Burke, the daughter of William "Billy" Burke and Blanche (née Beatty; 1844–1921), in Washington, D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father, who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus. Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End. In 1903, she began acting on stage, making her debut in London in The School Girl.[1] Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic (1903) and The Blue Moon (1904). She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies.
Career[edit]
Billie Burke in the Broadway production of Arthur Wing Pinero's The "Mind the Paint" Girl (1912)
Burke with daughter Patricia (1917)
Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot,[2] Suzanne,[3] The Runaway, The "Mind-the-Paint" Girl, and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913, along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero's The Amazons. There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld, marrying him in 1914. Two years later they had a daughter, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916–2008).[4]
Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy (1915). Her success was phenomenal, and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time. She followed her first feature with the 15-part serial Gloria's Romance (1916), another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle. By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans, rivaling Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle. Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies, similar in theme to The "Mind-the-Paint" Girl, her most successful American play. The star's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability, and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns, furs and jewelry, her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences. Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl (1917), The Mysterious Miss Terry, Let's Get a Divorce (1918), Good Gracious, Annabelle (1919), Away Goes Prudence (1920) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920).
The actress's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s. During this time, much of her wardrobe (on screen and off) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile (in private life Lady Duff Gordon), whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities.
Despite her success in film, Burke eventually returned to the stage, appearing in Caesar's Wife (1919), The Intimate Strangers (1921), The Marquise (1927) and The Happy Husband (1928). When the family's investments were wiped out in the Wall Street Crash the following year, she resumed screen acting to aid her husband.
Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932, when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement, which was directed by George Cukor. She played Katharine Hepburn's mother in the film, which was Hepburn's debut. Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film's production, she resumed acting shortly after his funeral.
Billie Burke as Glinda with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. (1939)
In 1933, Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan, a scatterbrained high-society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight, directed by George Cukor, co-starring with Lionel Barrymore, Marie Dressler, John Barrymore, Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery. The movie was a great success and revitalized her career and she subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals, typecast as a ditzy, fluffy and feather-brained upper-class matron with her high-pitched voice.
In 1936, MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld (The Great Ziegfeld), a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress (Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld's common-law wife, Anna Held). William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke, which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself, but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part of her younger self, despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise.
In 1937, Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films, about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts (played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett), in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper. Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live (1938) resulted in her only Oscar nomination. In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North, in the musical The Wizard of Oz (1939), directed by Victor Fleming, which starred Judy Garland. She had previously worked with Garland in the film, Everybody Sing, in which she played Judy's histrionically hysterical actress-mother. Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind (1939), but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews, a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a "Billie Burke-ish manner" with "the same zany feeling".[5] Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride (1950) and Father's Little Dividend (1951), both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy, Joan Bennett, and Elizabeth Taylor.
Burke wrote two autobiographies, both with Cameron Van Shippe, With a Feather on My Nose (Appleton 1949) and With Powder on My Nose (Coward McCann, 1959).
Radio and television[edit]
Burke joined the cast of Eddie Cantor's radio show in 1948
.
On CBS Radio, The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3, 1943 until September 21, 1946. Sponsored by Listerine, this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year. Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived "in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane," she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood. She worked often in early television, appearing in the short-lived sitcom Doc Corkle (1952). She was a guest star on several TV and radio series, including Duffy's Tavern.
On television, Burke starred in her own talk show, At Home With Billie Burke, which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952. She was one of the first female talk show hosts, after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice (1949–50) and Fashions on Parade (1948–49) which both included some talk show segments.[6][7][8]
Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage. She starred in two short-lived productions: This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X. Although she got good reviews, the plays did not. She appeared in several plays in California as well, although her mind became clouded, and she had trouble remembering lines. In the late 1950s, her failing memory led to her retirement from show business, although her explanation for that was, "Acting just wasn't any fun anymore."
Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge (1960), a Western directed by John Ford.
Personal life[edit]
Memorial statue at Burke's grave in Kensico Cemetery
Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. Burke resided in Beverly Hills, California.[9] She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14, 1970,[10] at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, Westchester County, New York.
Legacy[edit]
For many years, Burke's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York's Ziegfeld Theatre, but it vanished after renovations. However, an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl (Sir Arthur Wing Pinero) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan.
For her contributions to the film industry, Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard.[11]
On November 4, 2015, a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her.[12]
Performance career[edit]
Radio[edit]
Burke early in her career
The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air – 1932
Doubting Thomas - 1935
Good News of 1939 – 1938
The Rudy Vallee Hour – 1939
The Gulf Screen Guild Theater – 1939
The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show – 1940–41
The Pepsodent Show – 1941
The Billie Burke Show – 1943–1946
Duffy's Tavern – 1944
The Sealtest Village Store – 1944
Mail Call – 1944
The Charlie McCarthy Show – 1944–47
Tribute to Ethel Barrymore – 1945
The Rudy Vallee Show – 1945
Show Stoppers – 1946
The Danny Kaye Show – 1946
WOR 25th Anniversary – 1947
Your Movietown Radio Theatre – 1948
The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show – 1948
Family Theater – 1948–52
This Is Show Business – CBS-TV, 1949
The Martin and Lewis Show – 1949
The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel – 1949
Stagestruck – 1954
Biography in Sound – 1955–56
Broadway[edit]
Burke in the February 1920 issue of Vanity Fair in a portrait by Adolf de Meyer
Burke with Shelley Hull in The Land of Promise, 1913.
My Wife – 1907
Love Watches – 1908
Mrs. Dot – 1910
Suzanne – 1910
The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard – 1911
The Runaway – 1911
The Amazons – 1913
The Land of Promise – 1913
Jerry – 1914
The Rescuing Angel – 1917
A Marriage of Convenience – 1918
Caesar's Wife – 1919
The Intimate Strangers – 1921
Rose Briar – 1922
Annie Dear – 1924
The Marquise – 1927
The Happy Husband – 1928
Family Affairs – 1929
The Truth Game – 1930
Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 – 1934
Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 – 1936
This Rock – 1943
Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 – 1943
Mrs. January and Mr. X – 1944
Filmography[edit]
Silent
Our Mutual Girl (1914) as Herself
Peggy (1916) as Peggy Cameron
Gloria's Romance (1916) as Gloria Stafford
The Mysterious Miss Terry (1917) as Mavis Terry
Arms and the Girl (1917) as Ruth Sherwood
The Land of Promise (1917) as Nora Marsh
Eve's Daughter (1918) as Irene Simpson-Bates
Let's Get a Divorce (1918) as Mme. Cyprienne Marcey
In Pursuit of Polly (1918) as Polly Marsden
The Make-Believe Wife (1918) as Phyllis Ashbrook
Good Gracious, Annabelle (1919) as Annabelle Leigh
The Misleading Widow (1919) as Betty Taradine
Sadie Love (1919) as Sadie Love
Wanted: A Husband (1919) as Amanda Darcy Cole
Away Goes Prudence (1920) as Prudence Thorne
The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920) as Belle Johnson
The Education of Elizabeth (1921) as Elizabeth Banks
Sound
Glorifying the American Girl (1929) as Herself (uncredited)
A Bill of Divorcement (1932) as Margaret
Christopher Strong (1933) as Lady Strong - His Wife
Dinner at Eight (1933) as Millicent Jordan
Only Yesterday (1933) as Julia Warren
Where Sinners Meet (1934) as Eustasia
Finishing School (1934) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff
We're Rich Again (1934) as Mrs. Linda Page
Forsaking All Others (1934) as Aunt Paula
Society Doctor (1935) as Mrs. Crane
After Office Hours (1935) as Mrs. Norwood
Becky Sharp (1935) as Lady Bareacres
Doubting Thomas (1935) as Paula Brown
She Couldn't Take It (1935) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke
A Feather in Her Hat (1935) as Julia Trent Anders
Splendor (1935) as Clarissa
My American Wife (1936) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon
Piccadilly Jim (1936) as Eugenia Willis, Nesta's Sister
Craig's Wife (1936) as Mrs. Frazier
Parnell (1937) as Clara Wood
Topper (1937) as Mrs. Topper
The Bride Wore Red (1937) as Contessa di Meina
Navy Blue and Gold (1937) as Mrs. Alyce Gates
Everybody Sing (1938) as Diana Bellaire
Merrily We Live (1938) as Mrs. Kilbourne
The Young in Heart (1938) as Marmy Carleton
Topper Takes a Trip (1939) as Mrs. Topper
Zenobia (1939) as Mrs. Tibbett
Bridal Suite (1939) as Mrs. McGill
The Wizard of Oz (1939) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North
Eternally Yours (1939) as Aunt Abby
Remember? (1939) as Mrs. Bronson
The Ghost Comes Home (1940) as Cora Adams
And One Was Beautiful (1940) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer
Irene (1940) as Mrs. Vincent
The Captain Is a Lady (1940) as Blossy Stort
Dulcy (1940) as Eleanor Forbes
Hullabaloo (1940) as Penny Merriweather
The Wild Man of Borneo (1941) as Bernice Marshall
Topper Returns (1941) as Mrs. Topper
One Night in Lisbon (1941) as Catherine Enfilden
The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) as Daisy Stanley
What's Cookin'? (1942) as Agatha Courtney
In This Our Life (1942) as Lavinia Timberlake
They All Kissed the Bride (1942) as Mrs. Drew
Girl Trouble (1942) as Mrs. Rowland
Hi Diddle Diddle (1943) as Liza Prescott
So's Your Uncle (1943) as Aunt Minerva
You're a Lucky Fellow, Mr. Smith (1943) as Aunt Harriet Crandall
Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) as Mrs. Laura Chandler
Swing Out, Sister (1945) as Jessica Mariman
The Cheaters (1945) as Clara Pidgeon
Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright
The Bachelor's Daughters (1946) as Molly Burns
Billie Gets Her Man (1948) as Billie Baxter
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) as Mrs. Livingston Belney
And Baby Makes Three (1949) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher
The Boy from Indiana (1950) as Zelda Bagley
Father of the Bride (1950) as Doris Dunstan
Three Husbands (1950) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker
Father's Little Dividend (1951) as Doris Dunstan
Small Town Girl (1953) as Mrs. Livingston
The Young Philadelphians (1959) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen
Sergeant Rutledge (1960) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate (Her Final Film Role)
Pepe (1960) as Herself (Cameo)
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Academy of Music/Riviera Theatre
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The School Girl a Hit". The New York Times, May 10, 1903, accessed February 20, 2011
Jump up ^ Mrs. Ziegfeld: The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Hampton's magazine, Volume 26, Page 362.
Jump up ^ "Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario". Jazz News. April 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Steve (2014). The Making of Gone With the Wind. University of Texas Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-292-76126-1.
Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, Various issues, 1951-52.
Jump up ^ Paley Center For Media recording.
Jump up ^ Radice, Michael L. Glinda's Ruby Slippers, Manuscript Draft, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitchell Owens, Legendary Hollywood Stars at Home, Architectural Digest
Jump up ^ Obituary Variety, May 20, 1970.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame - Billie Burke". walkoffame.com. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billie Burke.
Billie Burke on IMDb
Billie Burke at the Internet Broadway Database
AllMovie.com
Billie Burke still photos from several Billie plays and lost Billie silent films Univ. of Washington Sayre collection
Billie Burke photos Univ. of Louisville Macauley Collection
Flo Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Papers, 1907-1984, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Billie Burke Digital Image Gallery, Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Billie Burke Collection[permanent dead link], held by the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University
Literature on Billie Burke
Billie Burke at Find a Grave
Billie Burke with one of her motorcars, a Rolls-Royce
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WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 6067937
BNE: XX4792312
BNF: cb139302489 (data)
GND: 136289819
ISNI: 0000 0001 1631 6948
LCCN: n85151807
MusicBrainz: 73123cdd-d609-44a9-b39a-087a9111f36c
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Burke&oldid=854541417"
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Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the road route, see Lewis and Clark Trail.
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Location
IL, MO, KS, IA, NE, SD, ND, MT, ID, OR, and WA, USA
Nearest city
Omaha, NE
Coordinates
41°0′0″N 96°0′0″W / 41.00000°N 96.00000°W / 41.00000; -96.00000Coordinates: 41°0′0″N 96°0′0″W / 41.00000°N 96.00000°W / 41.00000; -96.00000
Established
November 10, 1978
Visitors
250,000 (in 2004)
Administrator
National Park Service
Website
www.nps.gov/lecl
The Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail is a route across the United States commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 to 1806. It is part of the National Trails System of the United States. It extends for some 3,700 miles (6,000 km) from Wood River, Illinois, to the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon.
The trail is administered by the National Park Service, but sites along the trail are managed by federal land management agencies, state, local, tribal, and private organizations. The trail is not a hiking trail, but provides opportunities for hiking, boating and horseback riding at many locations along the route. The trail is the second longest of the 23 National Scenic and National Historic Trails. Beginning at the Camp Dubois recreation in Illinois, it passes through portions of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
Contents
[hide]
1 Headquarters and visitor center
2 History
3 References
4 External links
Headquarters and visitor center[edit]
National Park Service Midwest Regional Headquarters on the Downtown Omaha riverfront
The official headquarters for the trail is located at the National Park Service Midwest Regional Headquarters, in Omaha, Nebraska. The visitor center features exhibits about the explorers and their historic trip, as well as information about sites along the trail.
History[edit]
Omaha and Council Bluffs on the trail
In 1948 the National Park Service proposed a "Lewis and Clark Tourway" along the Missouri River from St. Louis to Three Forks, Montana. Later, Jay "Ding" Darling proposed the development of the expedition route as a recreational trail. Following a 1966 report by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, the National Trails System Act of 1968 listed the route for study as a possible National Scenic Trail. Finally in 1978 the law was amended by the National Parks and Recreation Act to provide for a new category of trail, National Historic Trails, one of which was to be the Lewis and Clark trail.[1] From 2003 to 2006, the National Park Service commemorated the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with the Corps of Discovery II traveling exhibit.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lewis and Clark Trail Foundation Document
Jump up ^ NPS: Summary History of Corps II
Bassman, John H. (2009). A navigation companion for the Lewis & Clark Trail. Volume 1, History, camp locations and daily summaries of expedition activities. United States: John H. Bassman.
National Park Service (1978). Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Comprehensive Plan for Management and Use. United States: United States Department of the Interior.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail.
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail (National Park Service)
Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation
Lewis and Clark Trust
lewisandclarktrail.org
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Gerund
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with the Gerundive.
A gerund (/ˈdʒɛrənd, -ʌnd/[1] abbreviated GER) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages, most often, but not exclusively, one that functions as a noun. In English it is a type of verbal noun, one that retains properties of a verb, such as being modifiable by an adverb and being able to take a direct object. The term "-ing form" is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar made a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern, linguistically informed grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
Contents
1 Traditional use of the term
2 Latin gerund
2.1 Form
2.2 Function
3 Gerunds in various languages
4 Gerunds in English
4.1 Formation
4.2 Examples of use
4.3 Distinction from other uses of the -ing form
4.4 Roles of "gerund" clauses in a sentence
4.5 "Gerund" clauses with a specified subject
4.6 Verb patterns classified as "gerund" use
4.6.1 Verbs followed by "gerund" pattern
4.6.1.1 Pattern 4a: I remember seeing her
4.6.1.2 Pattern 5a: She kept coming
4.6.1.3 Pattern 4b: I remember her coming.
4.6.1.4 Pattern 5b: We kept her coming
4.6.1.5 Pattern 6a: She ended up coming
4.6.1.6 Pattern 6b: She wasted time coming
4.6.2 Verbs followed by either "gerund" or to-infinitive pattern
4.6.2.1 Patterns 4a and 3a: I remember seeing her and She remembered to come
4.6.2.2 Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b: I remember coming, She remembered to come, I remember her coming and I reminded her to come
4.6.2.3 Patterns 4a and 3b: I remember coming and I reminded her to come
4.6.2.4 Patterns 4b and 3b: I remember her coming and I reminded her to come
4.6.2.5 Patterns 5a and 3a: She kept coming and She remembered to come
4.6.3 Verbs followed by either "gerund" or bare infinitive pattern
4.6.3.1 Patterns 4b and 2: I remember her coming and I saw her come
4.7 Borrowings of English -ing forms in other languages
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Traditional use of the term[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Latin gerund, in a restricted set of syntactic contexts, denotes the sense of the verb in isolation after certain prepositions, and in certain uses of the genitive, dative, and ablative cases. It is very rarely combined with dependent sentence elements such as Object. To express such concepts, the construction with the adjectival gerundive is preferred. By contrast, the term gerund has been used in the grammatical description of other languages to label verbal nouns used in a wide range of syntactic contexts and with a full range of clause elements.
Thus, English grammar uses gerund to mean an -ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers. This is not a normal use for a Latin gerund. Moreover, the clause may function within a sentence as subject or object, which is impossible for a Latin gerund.
Playing on computers is fun. (-ing clause as Subject)
I like playing on computers (-ing clause as Object)
The contrast with the Latin gerund is also clear when the clause consists of a single word.
Computing is fun. ("gerund" as Subject)
I like computing ("gerund" as Object)
Latin never uses the gerund in this way, since the infinitive is available.[2]
Traditional English grammar distinguishes non-finite clauses used as above from adverbial use, adjective-like modification of nouns, and use in finite progressive (continuous) forms
Playing on computers, they whiled the day away.
The boys playing on computers are my nephews.
They are always playing on computers.
In these uses playing is traditionally labelled a participle.
Traditional grammar also distinguishes -ing forms with exclusively noun properties as in
I work in that building contrast "gerund" I like building things
That is a good painting contrast "gerund" I like painting pictures
Her writing is good contrast "gerund" I like writing novels
The objection to the term gerund in English grammar is that -ing forms are frequently used in ways that do not conform to the clear-cut three-way distinction made by traditional grammar into gerunds, participles and nouns.
Latin gerund[edit]
Further information: Latin syntax § The gerund, and Latin conjugation § Gerund
Form[edit]
The Latin gerund is a form of the verb. It is composed of:
the infectum stem (the stem used to form Present and Imperfect tense forms)
a vowel appropriate to the verb class or conjugation of the verb
the suffix -nd-
a nominal Inflectional ending
For example,
laud- -a- -nd- -um, -ī, -ō First conjugation laudandum 'the act of praising'
mon- -e- -nd- -um, -ī, -ō Second conjugation monendum 'the act of warning'
leg- -e- -nd- -um, -ī, -ō Third conjugation legendum 'the act of reading'
capi- -e- -nd- -um, -ī, -ō Third conjugation capiendum 'the act of taking'
audi- -e- -nd- -um, -ī, -ō Fourth conjugation audiendum 'the act of hearing'
Related gerundive forms are composed in a similar way with adjectival inflexional endings.
Function[edit]
The four inflections are used for a limited range of grammatical functions[3]
Case
Function
Example
Translation
Notes
Nominative Subject no example infinitive used
Accusative Object no example infinitive used
After preposition canes alere ad venandum[4] 'to rear dogs for hunting' after ad, in, ob and occasionally other prepositions
Genitive Modifying abstract noun pugnandi tempus 'time for (lit. of) fighting' nouns include occasio, tempus, causa, gratia
Dative Expressing purpose auscultando operam dare 'apply effort to listening' after verbs e.g. studeo, operam dare and adjectives e.g. natus, optimus
Ablative Instrumental pugnando cepimus 'we took by fighting' became undistinguishable from participle use, thus providing the gerundio forms in Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, which are used instead of forms derived from Latin present participles
These functions could be fulfilled by other abstract nouns derived from verbs such as vẽnãtiõ 'hunting'. Gerunds are distinct in two ways.
Every Latin verb can regularly form a gerund
A gerund may function syntactically in the same way as a finite verb. Typically the gerund of a finite verb may be followed by a direct object e.g. ad discernendum vocis verbis figuras 'for discerning figures of speech', hominem investigando opera dabo 'I will devote effort to investigating the man'.
However, this was a rare construction. Writers generally preferred the gerundive construction e.g. res evertendae reipublicae 'matters concerning the overthrow of the state' (literally 'of the state being overthrown').
When people first wrote grammars of languages such as English, and based them on works of Latin grammar, they adopted the term gerund to label non-finite verb forms with these two properties.
Gerunds in various languages[edit]
Meanings of the term gerund as used in relation to various languages are listed below.
Latin has the non-finite gerundium, formed with in -andum, -endum and noun inflexions. It is the syntactic equivalent to a noun, except in the nominative and accusative cases, which use the infinitive. In particular the ablative case forms (-ando, -endo) were used adverbially. Latin grammars written in English use the form gerund.[5] See the section above for further detail.
Several Romance languages have inherited the form, but without case inflections. They use it in primarily in an adverbial function, comparably to the Latin ablative use. The same form may be used in an adjectival function and to express progressive aspect meaning. These languages do not use the term present participle. Grammars of these languages written in English may use the form gerund.
Italian gerundio: stem form + -ando or -endo
Spanish gerundio: stem form + -ando or -iendo
Portuguese gerúndio: stem form + -ando, -endo or -indo
Romanian gerunziu: stem form + -ând or -ind
Catalan and French have inherited not the gerund form but the Latin present participle form in -nt.
Catalan gerundi: stem form + -ant or -ent
French stem form + -ant. French grammar maintains a distinction between:
participe présent when the form is used adjectivally, and may be inflected for gender and number.
gérondif when the form is used adverbially, without inflection, generally after the preposition en. In Modern French, the gérondif cannot be used to express progressive meaning.
Grammars of French written in English may use the forms gerundive and present participle.
In the earliest stages of the West Germanic languages, the infinitive was inflected after a preposition. These dative and, more rarely, genitive case forms are sometimes called gerundium or gerund or West Germanic gerund.[6][7]
Old English to berenne (to bear) dative of beran
Old High German zi beranne dative of beran
Old Saxon berannia dative of beran
Old Frisian beranne
The modern continental successor languages German and Dutch have preserved a few vestiges of these forms, which are sometimes termed gerundium.
Frisian preserves the original distinction, e.g. West Frisian freegje ("ask") - te freegjen
English has no vestige of the West Germanic gerund. Traditional grammar uses the term gerund for the -ing form of a verb when it is used as a noun (for example, the verb reading in the sentence "I enjoy reading.").[8] See the sections below for further detail.
In Dutch, it translates either the term "gerundium" or the description "zelfstandig gebruikte, verbogen onbepaalde wijs van het werkwoord". The infinitive form of the verb is used as gerund, e.g. Zwemmen is gezond.
Since Afrikaans has by and large lost explicit morphological marking of the infinitive form of the verb, verb stems are used as gerunds, e.g. Swem is gesond.
In Arabic, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the masdar form (Arabic: المصدر). This form ends in a tanwin and is generally the equivalent of the -ing ending in English.
In Persian, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the ism-masdar form (Persian: اسم مصدر).
In Hebrew, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive following the infinitival prefix (also called the infinitival construct).
In Hungarian, it practically refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are -ás (adás, giving), -és (kérés, asking).
In Japanese, it designates verb and verbals adjective forms in dictionary form paired with the referral particle no, which turns the verbal into a concept or property noun, or also can refer to the -te form of a verb.
In Korean, it refers to the word '것'('thing') modified by the adjective form of the verb.
In Bulgarian, it translates the term деепричастие (deepriʧastije). It refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -йки (-jki) to the verb form, like ходи (hodi, he/she/it walks) - ходейки (hodejki, while walking)
In Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -јќи (-jki) to the verb form, like in јаде (jade, he eats) — јадејќи (jadejki, while eating).
In Turkish, it refers to a large number of verb endings subject to vowel harmony and sometimes used in conjunction with postpositions. Turkish gerunds may act as an adverb or constitute a part of an (adverbial) clause.
In Polish, it refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are -anie (pływanie, swimming), -enie (jedzenie, eating).
In Russian, it translates the term деепричастие (deepriʧastije) an adverbial participle formed with the suffixes -я (-ja) Present; -в (-v) or -вши (-vʃi) Past.
In other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to English or Latin.
Gerunds in English[edit]
In traditional grammars of English, the term gerund labels an important use of the form of the verb ending in -ing (for details of its formation and spelling, see English verbs). Other important uses are termed participle (used adjectivally or adverbially), and as a pure verbal noun.
An -ing form is termed gerund when it behaves as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object); but the resulting clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) functions as a noun within the larger sentence.
For example, consider the sentence "Eating this cake is easy." Here, the gerund is the verb eating, which takes an object this cake. The entire clause eating this cake is then used as a noun, which in this case serves as the subject of the larger sentence.
An item such as eating this cake in the foregoing example is an example of a non-finite verb phrase; however, because phrases of this type do not require a subject, it is also a complete clause. (Traditionally, such an item would be referred to as a phrase, but in modern linguistics it has become common to call it a clause.) A gerund clause such as this is one of the types of non-finite clause. The structure may be represented as follows:
Subject Verb Complement
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Eating this cake is easy
(no subject) Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE eating this cake
Formation[edit]
Non-finite verb forms ending in -ing, whether termed gerund or participle may be marked like finite forms as Continuous or Non-continuous, Perfect or Non-perfect, Active or Passive. Thus, traditional grammars have represented the gerund as having four forms — two for the active voice and two for the passive:[9]
Active
Passive
Present or Continuous Loving Being loved
Perfect Having loved Having been loved
The same forms are available when the term participle is used.
Examples of use [edit]
The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses, showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger sentence. In some cases, the clause consists of just the gerund (although in many such cases the word could equally be analyzed as a pure verbal noun).
Swimming is fun. (gerund as subject of the sentence)
I like swimming. (gerund as direct object)
I never gave swimming all that much effort. (gerund as indirect object)
Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. (gerund phrase as subject)
Do you fancy going out? (gerund phrase as direct object)
On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital. (gerund phrase as complement of a preposition)
Using gerunds of the appropriate auxiliary verbs, one can form gerund clauses that express perfect aspect and passive voice:
Being deceived can make someone feel angry. (passive)
Having read the book once before makes me more prepared. (perfect)
He is ashamed of having been gambling all night. (perfect progressive aspect)
For more detail on when it is appropriate to use a gerund, see Verb patterns classified as gerund use below, and also §§ Uses of English verb forms and Gerund.
Distinction from other uses of the -ing form[edit]
In traditional grammars, gerunds are distinguished from other uses of a verb's -ing form: the present participle (which is a non-finite verb form like the gerund, but is adjectival or adverbial in function), and the pure verbal noun or deverbal noun.
The distinction between gerund and present participles is not recognised in modern reference grammars, since many uses are ambiguous.[10][11]
Roles of "gerund" clauses in a sentence[edit]
Non finite -ing clauses may have the following roles in a sentence:[12]
Role
Example
A Subject Eating cakes is pleasant.
B Extraposed subject It can be pleasant eating cakes.
C Subject Complement What I'm looking forward to is eating cakes
D Direct object I can't stop eating cakes.
E Prepositional object I dreamt of eating cakes.
F Adverbial He walks the streets eating cakes.
G Part of noun phrase It's a picture of a man eating cakes.
H Part of adjective phrase They are all busy eating cakes.
I Complement of preposition She takes pleasure in eating cakes.
In traditional grammars the term gerund is not used for roles F, G, and H.
Thus
1. John suggested asking Bill.
Subject Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE John suggested asking Bill Role D object — traditionally asking is a "gerund"
(no subject) Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE asking Bill

2. I heard John asking Bill.
Subject Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE I heard John asking Bill Role G adverbial — traditionally asking is a "participle"
Subject Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE John asking Bill

3. Playing football is enjoyable
Subject Verb Complement
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Playing football is enjoyable Role A subject — traditionally playing is a "gerund"
(no subject) Verb Object
STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE playing football

4. Her playing of the Bach fugues was inspiring.
Subject Verb Complement
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE Her playing
of the Bach
fugues was inspiring
Possessive Head Postmodifier
STRUCTURE OF NOUN PHRASE Her playing of the Bach fugues Noun phrase, not clause — playing is a verbal noun
(also termed deverbal noun)
For more details and examples, see -ing: uses.
"Gerund" clauses with a specified subject [edit]
In traditional grammars, a grammatical subject has been defined in such a way that it occurs only in finite clauses, where it is liable to 'agree' with the 'number' of the finite verb form. Nevertheless, non-finite clauses imply a 'doer' of the verb, even if that doer is indefinite 'someone or something'. For example,
We enjoy singing. (ambiguous: somebody sings, possibly ourselves)
Licking the cream was a special treat (somebody licked the cream)
Being awarded the prize is a great honour (someone is or may be awarded the prize)
Often the 'doer' is clearly signalled
We enjoyed singing yesterday (we ourselves sang)
The cat responded by licking the cream (the cat licked the cream)
His heart is set on being awarded the prize (he hopes that he himself will be awarded the prize)
Meg likes eating apricots (Meg herself eats apricots)
However, the 'doer' may not be indefinite or already expressed in the sentence. Rather it must be overtly specified, typically in a position immediately before the non-finite verb
We enjoyed them singing.
The cat licking the cream was not generally appreciated.
We were delighted at Paul being awarded the prize.
The 'doer' expression is not the grammatical subject of a finite clause, so objective them is used rather than subjective they.
Traditional grammarians may object to the term subject for these 'doers'. And prescriptive grammarians go further, objecting to the use of forms more appropriate to the subjects (or objects) of finite clauses. The argument is that this results in two noun expressions with no grammatical connection. They prefer to express the 'doer' by a possessive form, such as used with ordinary nouns:
We enjoyed their singing. (cf their voices, their attempt to sing)
The cat's licking the cream was not generally appreciated. (cf the cat's purr, the cat's escape)
We were delighted at Paul's being awarded the prize. (cf Paul's nomination, Paul's acceptance)
The possessive construction with -ing clauses is actually very rare in present-day English. Works of fiction show a moderate frequency, but the construction is highly infrequent in other types of text.[13]
Prescriptivists do not object when the non-finite clause modifies a noun phrase
I saw the cat licking the cream.
The sense of the cat as notional subject of licking is disregarded. Rather they see the cat as exclusively the object of I saw The modifying phrase licking the cream is therefore described as a participle use.
Henry Fowler claims that the use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund arose as a result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and should thus be called fused participle[14] or geriple.[15]
It has been claimed that if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning:
The teacher's shouting startled the student. (shouting is a gerund, the shouting startled the student)
The teacher shouting startled the student. (shouting can be interpreted as a participle, qualifying the teacher; the teacher startled the student by shouting)
I don't like Jim's drinking wine. (I don't like the drinking)
I don't like Jim drinking wine. (I don't like Jim when he is drinking wine)
However, Quirk et al. show that the range of senses of -ing forms with possessive and non-possessive subjects is far more diverse and nuanced:[16]
Sentence
Meaning
The painting of Brown is as skilful as that of Gainsborough. a. 'Brown's mode of painting'
b. 'Brown's action of painting'
Brown's deft painting of his daughter is a delight to watch. 'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter.'
Brown's deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch. a. 'It is a delight to watch Brown's deft action of painting.'
b. 'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints.'
I dislike Brown's painting his daughter. a. "I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter.'
b. 'I dislike the way that Brown paints his daughter.'
I dislike Brown painting his daughter. 'I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter (when she ought to be at school).'
I watched Brown painting his daughter. a. 'I watched Brown as he painted his daughter.'
b. 'I watched the process of Brown('s) painting his daughter.'
Brown deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch. a. 'It is a delight to watch Brown's deft action of painting his daughter'
b. 'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter.'
These sentence exemplify a spectrum of senses from more noun-like to more verb--like. At the extremes of the spectrum they place
at the noun end (where possessive Brown's unmistakably expresses ownership) :
Noun phrase
Meaning
some paintings of Brown's a. 'some paintings that Brown owns'
b. 'some paintings painted by Brown'
Brown's paintings of his daughters a. paintings depicted his daughter and painted by him'
b. 'paintings depicting his daughter and painted by somebody else but owned by him'

and at the verb end (where Brown's would clearly be impossible):
Sentence
Meaning
Painting his daughter, Brown noticed that his hand was shaking. 'while he was painting'
Brown painting his daughter that day, I decided to go for a walk. 'since Brown was painting his daughter'
The man painting the girl is Brown. 'who is painting'
The silently painting man is Brown. 'who is silently painting'
Brown is painting his daughter.
In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal register. For example, "There is no chance of the snow falling" (rather than the prescriptively correct "There is no chance of the snow's falling").
Verb patterns classified as "gerund" use[edit]
The term gerund describes certain uses of -ing clauses as 'complementation' of individual English verbs, that is to say the choice of class that are allowable after that word.
The principal choices of clauses are
Clause type Example Subject of clause Possessive Passive equivalent
1. finite I remember that she came. overt grammatical subject she impossible That she came is remembered.— more frequent: It is remembered that she came.
2. bare infinitive I saw her come. her acts as object of saw and subject of come impossible not possible
3a. to-infinitive without subject She remembered to come. notional subject 'understood' as identical to she n.a. not possible
3b. to-infinitive with subject I reminded her to come. her acts as object of reminded and subject of to come impossible She was reminded to come.
4a. -ing without subject I remember seeing her come. notional subject 'understood' as identical to I n.a. rare but possible: Seeing her come is remembered.
4b. -ing with subject I remember her coming. her acts as object of remember and subject of coming possible rare but possible: Her coming is remembered.
5a . -ing without subject She kept coming. notional subject 'understood' as identical to she n.a. not possible
5b. -ing with subject We kept her coming. her acts as object of kept and subject of coming impossible She was kept coming.
6a. -ing without subject She ended up coming. notional subject 'understood' as identical to she n.a. not possible
6b. -ing without subject She wasted time coming. notional subject 'understood' as identical to she n.a. Her time was wasted coming.
The term gerund is applied to clauses similar to [4a] and [4b].
In [6a] and [6b] coming is related to the participle use as an adverbial.
in [5a] and [5b] the verbs kept and coming refer to the same event. Coming is related to the progressive aspect use in She is coming.
Verbs such as start and stop, although similar to verbs like keep,[17] are generally classified with verbs like remember. Therefore, She started coming is termed a gerund use.
The proposed test of passivisation to distinguish gerund use after remember from participle use after keep fails with sentences like [5b].
The proposed test of possible possessive subject successfully distinguishes [4b] (traditional gerund) from [5b] (traditionally participle).
The variant * We kept Jane's coming is not grammatically acceptable.
The variant I remember Jane's coming is acceptable — indeed required by prescriptive grammarians
Verbs followed by "gerund" pattern[edit]
Historically, the -ing suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as like. The use was extended in various ways: the suffix became attachable to all verbs; the nouns acquired verb-like characteristics; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy first to other verbs expressing emotion, then by analogy to other semantic groups of verbs associated with abstract noun objects; finally the use spread from verbs taking one-word objects to other semantically related groups verbs.[18]
The present-day result of these developments is that the verbs followed by -ing forms tend to fall into semantic classes. The following groups have been derived from analysis of the commonest verbs in the COBUILD data bank:[19]
Pattern 4a: I remember seeing her[edit]
'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE' GROUP
adore, appreciate, (cannot|) bear, (not) begrudge, detest, dislike, (cannot) endure, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, (not) mind, mind, prefer, relish, resent, (cannot) stand, (cannot) stomach, (not) tolerate, take to
dread, (not) face. fancy, favour, fear, look forward to
'CONSIDER' GROUP
anticipate, consider, contemplate, debate, envisage, fantasise, imagine, intend, visualise
'REMEMBER' GROUP
forget, miss, recall, recollect, regret, remember, (cannot) remember
'RECOMMEND' GROUP
acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, debate, deny, describe, forbid, mention, prohibit, propose, recommend, report, suggest, urge
'INVOLVE' GROUP
allow, entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate, permit, preclude, prevent, save
'POSTPONE' GROUP
defer, delay, postpone, put off
'NEED' GROUP
deserve, need, require, want
'RISK' GROUP
chance, risk
OTHERS WITH -ING OBJECT
discourage, encourage, endure, mime, practise, get away with, go into. go towards, go without, play at
Pattern 5a: She kept coming[edit]
In addition, the COBUILD team identifies four groups of verbs followed by -ing forms that are hard to class as objects. In the verb + -ing object construction the action or state expressed by the verb can be separated from the action or state expressed by the -ing form. In the following groups, the senses are inseparable, jointly expressing a single complex action or state. Some grammarians do not recognise all these patterns as gerund use.[20]
'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP
begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, get, go, (not) go, keep, quit, resume, start, stop, burst out, carry on, fall about, fall to, give over, give up, go about, go around/round, go on, keep on, leave off, take to
'AVOID' GROUP
avoid, (not) bother, escape, evade, forbear, omit, (cannot) resist, shun, hold off
'TRY' GROUP
chance, risk, try
'GO RIDING' GROUP
come, go
Pattern 4b: I remember her coming.[edit]
Verbs with this pattern do not normally allow the 'subject' of the -ing clause to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as *She is remembered coming.
The COBUILD Guide analyses her coming as the single object of I remember.
Many of the verbs that allow pattern 4a (without object) also allow this pattern.
'LIKE' GROUP (verbs from the above 'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE', 'DREAD AND LOOK FORWARD TO', 'CONSIDER' and 'REMEMBER' groups)
anticipate, envisage, appreciate, (cannot) bear, (not) begrudge, contemplate, dislike, dread, envisage, fear, forget, hate, (will not) have, imagine, like, (not) mind, picture, recall, recollect, remember, (not) remember, resent, see, stand, tolerate, visualise, want, put up with
'REPORT' GROUP (subset of the above 'RECOMMEND' GROUP)
describe, mention, report
'ENTAIL' GROUP (subset of the above 'INVOLVE' GROUP)
entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate
'STOP' GROUP (subset of the above 'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP)
avoid, preclude, prevent, prohibit, resist, save, stop
'RISK' GROUP (identical with above)
chance, risk
Pattern 5b: We kept her coming[edit]
In contrast to Pattern 4b, these verbs allow the 'subject' of the -ing clauses to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as She was kept coming.
The COBUILD guide analyses her coming as a string of two objects of We kept:– (1)her and (2)coming.
'SEE' GROUP
catch, feel, find, hear, notice, observe, photograph (usually passive), picture (usually passive), see, show, watch
'BRING' GROUP
bring, have, keep, leave, send, set
Pattern 6a: She ended up coming[edit]
These verbs refer to starting, spending or ending time.
The following -ing form is an adverbial, traditionally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.
die, end up, finish up, hang around, start off, wind up
Pattern 6b: She wasted time coming[edit]
These verbs also relate to time (and, by extension, money). The object generally expresses this concept.
However, the object of busy or occupy must be a reflexive pronoun e.g. She busied herself coming.
The following -ing form is an adverbial, generally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.
begin, busy, end, finish, kill, occupy, pass, spend, start, take, waste
Verbs followed by either "gerund" or to-infinitive pattern[edit]
Like the -ing suffix, the to-infinitive spread historically from a narrow original use, a prepositional phrase referring to future time. Like the -ing form it spread to all English verbs and to form non-finite clauses. Like the -ing form, it spread by analogy to use with words of similar meaning.
A number of verbs now belong in more than one class in their choice of 'complementation'.
Patterns 4a and 3a: I remember seeing her and She remembered to come[edit]
Verbs in both 'START' AND 'STOP' (-ing) GROUP and 'BEGIN' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS
begin, cease, come, commence, continue, get, start,
Also go on — with different meanings
She went on singing — 'She continued singing'
She went on to sing — 'Afterwards, she sang'
She went on at me to sing — 'She nagged me to sing' (i.e. that I should sing)
Superficially, stop appears to be used in the 3a (to-infinitive) pattern
She stopped to sing — 'She stopped in order to sing'
However, the phrase to sing is quite separate and separable
She stopped for a moment to sing
She stopped what she was doing to sing
And the phrase may be used in all manner of sentences
She travelled to Paris to sing
She abandoned her husband and her children to sing
Verbs in both 'DREAD' AND LOOK FORWARD TO' (-ing) GROUP and 'HOPE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS
dread, fear
Verb in both 'CONSIDER' (-ing) GROUP and 'HOPE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS
intend
Verb in both 'REMEMBER' (-ing) GROUP and 'MANAGE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS
remember — with different meanings
I remembered going —'I remembered that I had previously gone'
I remembered to go —'I remembered that I had to go, so I did go'
Verbs in both 'NEED' (-ing) GROUP and 'NEED' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS
deserve, need
Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b: I remember coming, She remembered to come, I remember her coming and I reminded her to come[edit]
Verbs in both 'LIKE AND DISLIKE' (-ing) and WITH OBJECT (to-infinitive) GROUPS
hate, like, love, prefer
Unlike other Pattern 3b verbs, the object is indivisible
He hates his wife to stand out in a crowd does not mean He hates his wife
With would there is often a difference of meaning
I like living in Ambridge — 'I live in Ambridge, and I like it'
I would like to live in Ambridge — 'I don't live in Ambridge, but I have a desire to live there in the future'
I would like living in Ambridge — 'I don't live in Ambridge, but if I ever did live there, I would enjoy it'
There is an apparent similarity between
I like boxing — 'I box and I enjoy it'
I like boxing — 'I watch other people boxing and I enjoy it'
However, only the former meaning is possible with an extended non-finite clause
I like boxing with an experienced opponent — 'I like it when I box with an experienced opponent'
Patterns 4a and 3b: I remember coming and I reminded her to come[edit]
Verbs in both 'RECOMMEND' (-ing) and 'TELL' or 'NAG' AND 'COAX'(to-infinitive) GROUPS
advise, forbid, recommend, urge
These verbs do not admit -ing Pattern 4b with a word serving as object of the RECOMMEND verb. However they can be used with a possessive 'subject' of the -ing form.
I advised leaving — 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that we (or the person or people that we have in mind) should leave'
I advised him to leave — 'I advised him that he should leave' but not *I advised him leaving
I advised his leaving — 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that he should leave
Verbs in both 'CONSIDER' (-ing) and 'BELIEVE' or 'EXPECT' (to-infinitive) GROUPS
consider, intend
Patterns 4b and 3b: I remember her coming and I reminded her to come[edit]
Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'OBSERVE' (to-infinitive) GROUPS
hear, see, observe
The to-inifnitive pattern occurs in passive clauses e.g. She was seen to come.
Corresponding active clauses use the bare infinitive pattern, e.g., We saw her come.
Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'BELIEVE' (to-infinitive) GROUPS
feel, find, show (usually passive)
Verb in both the 'ENTAIL' subgroup (-ing) and the 'EXPECT' (to-infinitive) GROUPS
mean — with different meanings
That means her going tomorrow — 'In that case she'll go tomorrow'
We mean her to go tomorrow — 'We intend that she'll go tomorrow'
She's meant to be here tomorrow — 'It is intended that she'll be here tomorrow'
She's meant to be here now — 'It was intended that she should be here now, but she isn't'
Patterns 5a and 3a: She kept coming and She remembered to come[edit]
Verb in both the 'TRY' (-ing) and 'TRY' (to-infinitive) GROUPS
try — with different meanings
She tried leaving — 'She left in order to see what might happen (or how she might feel)'
She tried to leave — 'She attempted to leave'
Verbs followed by either "gerund" or bare infinitive pattern[edit]
Patterns 4b and 2: I remember her coming and I saw her come[edit]
Verb in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'SEE' (bare infinitive) GROUPS
feel. hear, notice, see,watch
These patterns are sometimes used to express different meanings
I saw him leaving — 'I saw him as he was leaving'
I saw him leave — 'I saw him as he left'
Borrowings of English -ing forms in other languages[edit]
English verb forms ending in -ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases, they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses not found in English. For instance, camping means "campsite" in many languages, while parking often means a car park. Both these words are treated as nouns, with none of the features of the gerund in English. For more details and examples, see -ing words in other languages.
In popular culture[edit]
In the Molesworth books by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle, Searle included a series of cartoons on the "private life of the gerund",[21] intended to parody the linguistic snobbery of Latin teachers' striving after strict grammatical correctness and the difficulty experienced by students in comprehending the construction.
Owen Johnson's "Lawrenceville Stories" feature a Latin teacher who constantly demands that his students determine whether a given word is a gerund or a gerundive.
In an episode of Dan Vs., "The Ninja", after Dan's milk carton exploded from the ninja's shuriken, a teenager said to Dan "Drinking problem much?" and Dan complained that the sentence had no verb, just a gerund.[citation needed]
In Alan Bennett's play, 'The History Boys', Dakin, when flirting with Irwin, states that 'your sucking me off' is a gerund and 'would please Hector'.
See also[edit]
Gerundive
Infinitive
Non-finite verb
Participle
Verbal noun
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
Jump up ^ Palmer, L.R. , 1954, The Latin Language, London. Faber and Faber.
Jump up ^ Palmer, L.R. , 1954, The Latin Language, London. Faber and Faber.
Jump up ^ Terence, Andria 57.
Jump up ^ Palmer 1954
Jump up ^ Prokosch, E. 1939. A Comparative Germanic Grammar. Philadelphia. Linguistic Society of America for Yale University.
Jump up ^ Harbert, Wayne. 2007 The Germanic Language. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052101511-1
Jump up ^ "Merriam-Websterdefinition". WordNet 1.7.1. Retrieved 2014-03-19. A noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun).
Jump up ^ F T Wood, 1961, "NESFIELD'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION AND USAGE, MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LTD., p 78 "
Jump up ^ Quirk, Raymond, Sidney Greembaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Scartvik, 1985, A Comprehensive Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London ISBN 0582517346, pp 1290-1293
Jump up ^ Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K Pullum, 2002, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521431468. pp 1220-1222
Jump up ^ Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finnegan, 1999, Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlowe, Perason Education Limited. pp 201-202.
Jump up ^ Biber et al p 750
Jump up ^ H.W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 1926
Jump up ^ Penguin guide to plain English, Harry Blamires (Penguin Books Ltd., 2000) ISBN 978-0-14-051430-8 pp.144-146
Jump up ^ Quirk et al pp 1290-1291
Jump up ^ Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs. 1996. London. Harper Collins. ISBN 0003750620. p 61
Jump up ^ Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. 2015, Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. pp 129-138
Jump up ^ COBUILD (1996) pp 83-86
Jump up ^ COBUILD (1996) pp 81-82
Jump up ^ "The Private Life of the Gerund". Molesworth. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. ; [1]
External links[edit]
Gerund at Wikibooks
The dictionary definition of gerund at Wiktionary
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Irregular verb

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/wiki/Monotransitive_verb
mw-redirect
Monotransitive verb

values:
/wiki/Regular_verb
mw-redirect
Regular verb

values:
/wiki/Relative_adverb
mw-redirect
Relative adverb

values:
/wiki/Donkey_pronoun
mw-redirect
Donkey pronoun

values:
/wiki/Gender-neutral_pronoun
mw-redirect
Gender-neutral pronoun

values:
/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun
mw-redirect
Gender-specific pronoun

values:
/wiki/Weak_pronoun
mw-redirect
Weak pronoun

values:
/wiki/Discourse_particle
mw-redirect
Discourse particle

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values:
/wiki/Gerund
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

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p-variants
navigation
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p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

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Visit the main page

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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerundiu
Xerundiu – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Герундий – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerondiv
Gerondiv – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundi
Gerundi – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundio
Gerundio – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values: اسم مصدر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerundio
Xerundio – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundio
Gerundio – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Герундий – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padalyvis
Padalyvis – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: ക്രിയാനാമം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerunziu
Gerunziu – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Герундий – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundi
Gerundi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundium
Gerundium – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarf-fiil
Zarf-fiil – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Герундій – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: اسم مصدر – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundio
Gerundio – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

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display: none; font-size: 13px;

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