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Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
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The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is an information security standard for organizations that handle branded credit cards from the major card schemes.
The PCI Standard is mandated by the card brands and administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. The standard was created to increase controls around cardholder data to reduce credit card fraud. Validation of compliance is performed annually, either by an external Qualified Security Assessor (QSA) or by a firm specific Draft:Internal Security Assessor (ISA) that creates a Report on Compliance for organizations handling large volumes of transactions, or by Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) for companies handling smaller volumes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Requirements
3 Updates and supplemental information
4 Validation Compliance
4.1 Qualified Security Assessor (QSA)
4.2 Internal Security Assessor (ISA)
4.3 Report on Compliance (ROC)
4.4 Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ)
5 Compliance versus validation of compliance
6 Mandated compliance
7 Compliance and wireless LANs
7.1 Wireless LAN and CDE classification
7.2 Secure deployment requirements for wireless LANs
7.3 Minimum scanning requirements for wireless LAN
8 Compliance in call centers
9 Controversies and criticisms
9.1 Compliance and compromises
10 See
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Five different programs: Visa's Cardholder Information Security Program, MasterCard's Site Data Protection, American Express's Data Security Operating Policy, Discover's Information Security and Compliance, and the JCB's Data Security Program were started by card companies. The intentions of each were roughly similar: to create an additional level of protection for card issuers by ensuring that merchants meet minimum levels of security when they store, process and transmit cardholder data.
The Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) was then formed and these companies aligned their individual policies to create the PCI DSS.
There have been a number of versions:
1.0 was released on December 15, 2004.
1.1 in September 2006 provide clarification and minor revisions.
1.2 was released on October 1, 2008. It enhanced clarity, improved flexibility, and addressed evolving risks and threats.
1.2.1 in August 2009 made minor corrections designed to create more clarity and consistency among the standards and supporting documents.
2.0 was released in October 2010.
3.0 was released in November 2013 and was active from January 1, 2014 to June 31, 2015.
3.1 was released in April 2015, and has been retired since October 31, 2016.
3.2 was released in April 2016.
Requirements[edit]
The PCI Data Security Standard specifies twelve requirements for compliance, organized into six logically related groups called "control objectives." These 6 groups are:
Build and Maintain a Secure Network and Systems
Protect Cardholder Data
Maintain a Vulnerability Management Program
Implement Strong Access Control Measures
Regularly Monitor and Test Networks
Maintain an Information Security Policy
Each version of PCI DSS has divided these six requirements into a number of sub-requirements differently, but the twelve high-level requirements have not changed since the inception of the standard.
Updates and supplemental information[edit]
The PCI SSC has released several supplemental pieces of information to clarify various requirements. These documents include the following
Information Supplement: Requirement 11.3 Penetration Testing
Information Supplement: Requirement 6.6 Code Reviews and Application Firewalls Clarified
Navigating the PCI DSS - Understanding the Intent of the Requirements
Information Supplement: PCI DSS Wireless Guidelines
Validation Compliance[edit]
Qualified Security Assessor (QSA)[edit]
Main article: Qualified Security Assessor
A Qualified Security Assessor is an individual bearing a certificate that has been provided by the PCI Security Standards Council. This certified person can audit merchants for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) compliance.
Internal Security Assessor (ISA)[edit]
Main page: Draft:Internal Security Assessor (ISA)
A Internal Security Assessor is an individual who has earned a certificate from the PCI Security Standards Company for their sponsoring organization. This certified person has the ability to perform PCI self-assessments for their organization. This ISA program was designed to help Level 2 merchants meet the new Mastercard compliance validation requirements [1].
Report on Compliance (ROC)[edit]
A Report on Compliance is a form that has to be filled by all level 1 merchants Visa merchants undergoing a PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) audit. The ROC form is used to verify that the merchant being audited is compliant with the PCI DSS standard.
Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ)[edit]
The PCI DSS self-assessment questionnaires (SAQs) are validation tools intended to assist merchants and service providers report the results of their PCI DSS self-assessment.
The Self-Assessment Questionnaire is a set of Questionnaires documents that merchants are required to complete every year and submit to their transaction Bank.
Compliance versus validation of compliance[edit]
Although the PCI DSS must be implemented by all entities that process, store or transmit cardholder data, formal validation of PCI DSS compliance is not mandatory for all entities. Currently both Visa and MasterCard require merchants and service providers to be validated according to the PCI DSS. Visa also offers an alternative program called the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) that allows qualified merchants to discontinue the annual PCI DSS validation assessment. These merchants are eligible if they are taking alternative precautions against counterfeit fraud such as the use of EMV or Point to Point Encryption.
Issuing banks are not required to go through PCI DSS validation although they still have to secure the sensitive data in a PCI DSS compliant manner. Acquiring banks are required to comply with PCI DSS as well as to have their compliance validated by means of an audit.
In the event of a security breach, any compromised entity which was not PCI DSS compliant at the time of breach will be subject to additional card scheme penalties, such as fines.
Mandated compliance[edit]
Compliance with PCI DSS is not required by federal law in the United States. However, the laws of some U.S. states either refer to PCI DSS directly, or make equivalent provisions.
In 2007, Minnesota enacted a law prohibiting the retention of payment card data.
In 2009, Nevada incorporated the standard into state law, requiring compliance of merchants doing business in that state with the current PCI DSS, and shields compliant entities from liability.
In 2010, Washington also incorporated the standard into state law. Unlike Nevada's law, entities are not required to be compliant to PCI DSS, but compliant entities are shielded from liability in the event of a data breach. Mitch Stephens' Articles - MaxPreps
Compliance and wireless LANs[edit]
In July 2009, the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council published wireless guidelines for PCI DSS recommending the use of wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS) to automate wireless scanning for large organizations. Wireless guidelines clearly define how wireless security applies to PCI DSS 1.2 compliance.
These guidelines apply to the deployment of wireless LAN (WLAN) in Cardholder Data Environments, also known as CDEs. A CDE is defined as a network environment that stores, processes or transmits credit card data.
Wireless LAN and CDE classification[edit]
PCI DSS wireless guidelines classify CDEs into three scenarios depending on how wireless LANs are deployed.
No known WLAN AP inside or outside the CDE: The organization has not deployed any WLAN AP. In this scenario, three minimum scanning requirements (Sections 11.1, 11.4 and 12.9) of the PCI DSS apply.
Known WLAN AP outside the CDE: The organization has deployed WLAN APs outside the CDE. These WLAN APs are segmented from the CDE by a firewall. There are no known WLAN APs inside the CDE. In this scenario, three minimum scanning requirements (Sections 11.1, 11.4 and 12.9) of the PCI DSS apply.
Known WLAN AP inside the CDE: The organization has deployed WLAN APs inside the CDE. In this scenario, three minimum scanning requirements (Sections 11.1, 11.4 and 12.9), as well as six secure deployment requirements (Sections 2.1.1, 4.1.1, 9.1.3, 10.5.4, 10.6 and 12.3) of the PCI DSS apply.
Key sections of PCI DSS 1.2 that are relevant for wireless security are classified and defined below.
Secure deployment requirements for wireless LANs[edit]
These secure deployment requirements apply to only those organizations that have a known WLAN AP inside the CDE. The purpose of these requirements is to deploy WLAN APs with proper safeguards.
Section 2.1.1 Change Defaults: Change default passwords, SSIDs on wireless devices. Enable WPA or WPA2 security.
Section 4.1.1 802.11i Security: Set up APs in WPA or WPA2 mode with 802.1X authentication and AES encryption. Use of WEP in CDE is not allowed after June 30, 2010.
Section 9.1.3 Physical Security: Restrict physical access to known wireless devices.
Section 10.5.4 Wireless Logs: Archive wireless access centrally using a WIPS for 1 year.
Section 10.6 Log Review: Review wireless access logs daily.
Section 12.3 Usage Policies: Develop usage policies to list all wireless devices regularly. Develop usage possible for the use of wireless devices.
Minimum scanning requirements for wireless LAN[edit]
These minimum scanning requirements apply to all organizations regardless of the type of wireless LAN deployment in the CDE. The purpose of these requirements is to eliminate any rogue or unauthorized WLAN activity inside the CDE.
Section 11.1 Quarterly Wireless Scan: Scan all sites with CDEs whether or not they have known WLAN APs in the CDE. Sampling of sites is not allowed. A WIPS is recommended for large organizations since it is not possible to manually scan or conduct a walk-around wireless security audit of all sites on a quarterly basis
Section 11.4 Monitor Alerts: Enable automatic WIPS alerts to instantly notify personnel of rogue devices and unauthorized wireless connections into the CDE.
Sectional 12.9 Eliminate Threats: Prepare an incident response plan to monitor and respond to alerts from the WIPS. Enable automatic containment mechanism on WIPS to block rogues and unauthorized wireless connections.
Compliance in call centers[edit]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
While the PCI DSS standards are very explicit about the requirements for the back end storage and access of CHD (Card Holder Data), the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council has said very little about the collection of that information on the front end, whether through websites, interactive Website systems or call center agents. This is surprising, given the high threat potential for credit card and data compromise that call center pose.
In a call center, customers read their credit card information, CVV codes, and expiration dates to call center agents. There are few controls which prevent the agent from skimming (credit card fraud) this information with a recording device or a computer or physical note pad. Moreover, almost all call centers deploy some kind of call recording software, which is capturing and storing all of this sensitive consumer data. These recordings are accessible by a host of call center personnel, are often unencrypted, and generally do not fall under the PCI DSS standards outlined here. Home-based telephone agents pose an additional level of challenges, requiring the company to secure the channel from the home-based agent through the call center hub to the retailer applications.
To address some of these concerns, on 18 March 2011 the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council issued a revised FAQ about call center recordings. The bottom line is that companies can no longer store digital recordings that include sensitive card data if those recordings can be queried.
Technology solutions can also completely prevent skimming (credit card fraud) by agents. At the point in the transaction where the agent needs to collect the credit card information, the call can be transferred to an Interactive Voice Response system. This protects the sensitive information, but can create an awkward customer interaction. Solutions such as own not automation allow the agent to capture the credit card information without ever seeing or hearing it. The agent remains on the phone and customers enter their credit card information directly into the customer relationship management software using the keypad of their phone. Agent-assisted automation can stumble however if callers read back the digits as they enter them. DTMF tones are suppressed entirely or converted to monotones so the agent cannot recognize them and so that they cannot be recorded. Some secure payment platforms allows for the masking of the DTMF tones, but are still recorded as DTMF tones by the on-site or hosted call recorders. Traditionally the only way to suppress DTMF tones is to intercept the call at the trunk using sophisticated servers and call cards to do so. This way allows for the suppression or masking of the DTMF tones to the call recorder, as well as the agent.
As recently as June 2014, we saw the introduction of cloud-based telephony payment solutions hit the market, but still challenges remain with such deployments as calls need to be routed to the cloud platform before they can be executed onwards to the call center. This is done so the cloud server can intercept the call to control the DTMF tones for secure masking or clamping to both the agent and cloud call recorders. If going through the network cloud, no hardware or software needs to be installed in the organization itself, though cloud solutions remain logistic and integration challenging to both service providers and merchants.
The benefits of increasing the security around the collection of personally identifiable information goes beyond credit card to include helping merchants win due to
Controversies and criticisms[edit]
According to Stephen and Theodora "Cissy" McComb, owners of Cisero’s Ristorante and Nightclub in Park City, Utah (which was fined for a breach that two forensics firms could not find evidence even occurred), "the PCI system is less a system for securing customer card data than a system for raking in profits for the card companies via fines and penalties. Visa and MasterCard impose fines on merchants even when there is no fraud loss at all, simply because the fines 'are profitable to them.'"
Additionally, Michael Jones, CIO of Michaels' Stores, testifying before a U.S. Congress subcommittee regarding the PCI DSS, says "(...the PCI DSS requirements...) are very expensive to implement, confusing to comply with, and ultimately subjective, both in their interpretation and in their enforcement. It is often stated that there are only twelve 'Requirements' for PCI compliance. In fact there are over 220 sub-requirements; some of which can place an incredible burden on a retailer and many of which are subject to interpretation."
In contrast, others have suggested that PCI DSS is a step toward making all businesses pay more attention to IT security, even if minimum standards are not enough to completely eradicate security problems.
"Regulation—SOX, HIPAA, GLBA, the credit-card industry's PCI, the various disclosure laws, the European Data Protection Act, whatever—has been the best stick the industry has found to beat companies over the head with. And it works. Regulation forces companies to take security more seriously, and sells more products and services." - Bruce Schneier
Further, per PCI Council General Manager Bob Russo's response to the National Retail Federation: PCI is a structured "blend...[of] specificity and high-level concepts" that allows "stakeholders the opportunity and flexibility to work with Qualified Security Assessors (QSAs) to determine appropriate security controls within their environment that meet the intent of the PCI standards."
Compliance and compromises[edit]
According to Visa Chief Enterprise Risk Officer, Ellen Richey, "...no compromised entity has yet been found to be in compliance with PCI DSS at the time of a breach." In 2008, a breach of Heartland Payment Systems, an organisation validated as compliant with PCI DSS, resulted in the compromising of one hundred million card numbers. Around this same time Hannaford Brothers and TJX Companies, also validated as PCI DSS compliant, were similarly breached as a result of the alleged coordinated efforts of Albert "Segvec" Gonzalez and two unnamed Russian hackers.
Assessments examine the compliance of merchants and services providers with the PCI DSS at a specific point in time and frequently utilize a sampling methodology to allow compliance to be demonstrated through representative systems and processes. It is the responsibility of the merchant and service provider to achieve, demonstrate, and maintain their compliance at all times both throughout the annual validation/assessment cycle and across all systems and processes in their entirety. Though it could be that a breakdown in merchant and service provider compliance with the written standard was to blame for the breaches, Hannaford Brothers had received its PCI DSS compliance validation one day after it had been made aware of a two-month-long compromise of its internal systems. The failure of this to be identified by the assessor suggests that incompetent verification of compliance undermines the security of the standard.
Other criticism lies in that compliance validation is required only for Level 1-3 merchants and may be optional for Level 4 depending on the card brand and acquirer. Visa's compliance validation details for merchants state that level 4 merchants compliance validation requirements are set by the acquirer, Visa level 4 merchants are "Merchants processing less than 20,000 Visa e-commerce transactions annually and all other merchants processing up to 1 million Visa transactions annually". At the same time over 80% of payment card compromises between 2005 and 2007 affected Level 4 merchants; they handle 32% of transactions.
See[edit]
Penetration test
Vulnerability management
Wireless LAN
Wireless security
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Avoid Paying For PCI Certification You Don't Need". FierceRetail. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
Further reading[edit]
Bhargav, Abhay (2014). PCI compliance : the definitive guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781439887417. OCLC 878262783.
Campbell, Tony (2016). Practical information security management : a complete guide to planning and implementation. United States: Apress. ISBN 9781484216859. OCLC 965719069.
Williams, Branden (2015). PCI compliance : understand and implement effective PCI data security standard compliance. Waltham, MA: Syngress. ISBN 9780128016510. OCLC 897934305.
External links[edit]
Official PCI Security Standards Council Site
Internal Security Assessor (ISA) Program
PCI SSC Data Security Standards Overview
PCI Quick Reference Guide v3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard&oldid=834257334"
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text:
Water polo at the Summer Olympics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Water polo at the Summer Olympics
Governing body
FINA
Events
2 (men: 1; women: 1)
Games
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Note: demonstration sport years indicated in italics
Medalists
Water polo at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Water polo has been part of the Summer Olympics program since the second games, in 1900. A women's water polo tournament was introduced for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Hungary, Italy, and the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavian teams have historically dominated the men's tournament, while Australia and the United States are the only teams to win multiple medals at the women's tournament since its introduction.
The most famous water polo match in history is probably the 1956 Summer Olympics semi-final match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which became known as the "Blood in the Water match". As the athletes left for the games, the Hungarian revolution began, and the Soviet army crushed the uprising. The Hungarians defeated the Soviets 4–0 before the game was called off in the final minute to prevent angry Hungarians in the crowd reacting to Valentin Prokopov punching Ervin Zador's eye open.
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
2 Results
2.1 Men
2.2 Women
3 Participating nations
3.1 Men
3.2 Women
4 Medal table
4.1 Men
4.2 Women
4.3 Total
5 See also
6 References
Events[edit]
Notes
The X indicates that the tournament was held on the appropriate olympic game
The bullet (•) denotes that it was contested as a demonstration sport.
Event
96
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
20
Games
Men's tournament X • X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27
Women's tournament X X X X X X 6
Events 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Results[edit]
Men[edit]
Year
Host
Gold medal game
Bronze medal game
Number of teams
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
4th place
1900
Details
Paris
Great Britain
(Osborne Swimming Club) 7–2
Belgium
(Brussels Swimming and Water Polo Club)
France
(Libellule de Paris)

France
(Pupilles de Neptune de Lille #2) [1] 8
1904
Details
St. Louis Water polo tournament was only demonstration sport Water polo tournament was only demonstration sport
1908
Details
London
Great Britain 9–2
Belgium
Sweden [2]
Netherlands 4
1912
Details
Stockholm
Great Britain 8–0
Sweden
Belgium 5–4
Austria 6
1920
Details
Antwerp
Great Britain 3–2
Belgium
Sweden 5–0
United States 12
1924
Details
Paris
France 3–0
Belgium
United States 3–2
Sweden 13
1928
Details
Amsterdam
Germany 5–2
Hungary
France 8–1
Great Britain 14
1932
Details
Los Angeles
Hungary Round-robin
Germany
United States Round-robin
Japan 5
1936
Details
Berlin
Hungary Round-robin
Germany
Belgium Round-robin
France 16
1948
Details
London
Italy Round-robin
Hungary
Netherlands Round-robin
Belgium 18
1952
Details
Helsinki
Hungary Round-robin
Yugoslavia
Italy Round-robin
United States 21
1956
Details
Melbourne
Hungary Round-robin
Yugoslavia
Soviet Union Round-robin
Italy 10
1960
Details
Rome
Italy Round-robin
Soviet Union
Hungary Round-robin
Yugoslavia 16
1964
Details
Tokyo
Hungary Round-robin
Yugoslavia
Soviet Union Round-robin
Italy 13
1968
Details
Mexico City
Yugoslavia 13–11 (aet)
Soviet Union
Hungary 9–4
Italy 15
1972
Details
Munich
Soviet Union Round-robin
Hungary
United States Round-robin
West Germany 16
1976
Details
Montreal
Hungary Round-robin
Italy
Netherlands Round-robin
Romania 12
1980
Details
Moscow
Soviet Union Round-robin
Yugoslavia
Hungary Round-robin
Spain 12
1984
Details
Los Angeles
Yugoslavia Round-robin
United States
West Germany Round-robin
Spain 12
1988
Details
Seoul
Yugoslavia 9–7
United States
Soviet Union 14–13
West Germany 12
1992
Details
Barcelona
Italy 9–8 (aet)
Spain
Unified Team 8–4
United States 12
1996
Details
Atlanta
Spain 7–5
Croatia
Italy 20–18 (aet)
Hungary 12
2000
Details
Sydney
Hungary 13–6
Russia
Yugoslavia 8–3
Spain 12
2004
Details
Athens
Hungary 8–7
Serbia and Montenegro
Russia 6–5
Greece 12
2008
Details
Beijing
Hungary 14–10
United States
Serbia 6–4
Montenegro 12
2012
Details
London
Croatia 8–6
Italy
Serbia 12–11
Montenegro 12
2016
Details
Rio
Serbia 11–7
Croatia
Italy 12–10
Montenegro 12[3]
2020
Details
Tokyo 12
Women[edit]
Year
Host
Gold medal game
Bronze medal game
Number of teams
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
4th place
2000
Details
Sydney
Australia 4–3
United States
Russia 4–3
Netherlands 6
2004
Details
Athens
Italy 10–9 (aet)
Greece
United States 6–5
Australia 8
2008
Details
Beijing
Netherlands 9–8
United States
Australia 9–9 (aet)
(3–2) (ps)
Hungary 8
2012
Details
London
United States 8–5
Spain
Australia 13–11 (aet)
Hungary 8
2016
Details
Rio
United States 12–5
Italy
Russia 12–12
(7–6) (ps)
Hungary 8
2020
Details
Tokyo 10
Participating nations[edit]
Men[edit]
(Note: Where applicable, numbers refer to the number of teams from each country; italic number in header means demonstration tournament was held)
Nation
96
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Games
Argentina Y Y Y Y 4
Australia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 16
Austria Y Y Y 3
Belgium Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 10
Brazil Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7
Bulgaria Y Y 2
Canada Y Y Y Y 4
Chile Y 1
China Y Y Y 3
Croatia Y Y Y Y Y Y 6
Cuba Y Y Y Y Y 5
Czechoslovakia Y Y Y Y Y 5
East Germany Y 1
Egypt Y Y Y Y Y 5
France 4[4] Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11
Germany Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 16
Great Britain Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 11
Greece Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 15
Hungary Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 22
Iceland Y 1
India Y Y 2
Iran Y 1
Ireland Y Y 2
Italy Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 19
Japan Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7
Kazakhstan Y Y Y 3
Luxembourg Y 1
Malta Y Y 2
Mexico Y Y Y Y 4
Montenegro Y Y Y 3
Netherlands Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 16
Portugal Y 1
Romania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8
Russia Y Y Y 3
Serbia Y Y Y 3
Serbia and Montenegro Y Y Y 3
Singapore Y 1
Slovakia Y 1
South Africa Y Y 2
South Korea Y 1
Soviet Union Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 9
Spain Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 17
Sweden Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 8
Switzerland Y Y Y Y Y 5
Ukraine Y 1
Unified Team Y 1
United States Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 20
Uruguay Y Y 2
Yugoslavia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 12
Nations
4
4
6
12
13
14
5
16
18
21
10
16
13
15
16
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Women[edit]
Nation
00
04
08
12
16
Games
Australia 1st 4th 3rd 3rd 6th 5
Brazil 8th 1
Canada 5th 7th 2
China 5th 5th 7th 3
Great Britain 8th 1
Greece 2nd 8th 2
Hungary 6th 4th 4th 4th 4
Italy 1st 6th 7th 2nd 4
Kazakhstan 6th 8th 2
Netherlands 4th 1st 2
Russia 3rd 5th 7th 6th 3rd 5
Spain 2nd 5th 2
United States 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st 1st 5
Nations
6
8
8
8
8
Medal table[edit]
Men[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Hungary (HUN) 9 3 3 15
2 Great Britain (GBR) 4 0 0 4
3 Yugoslavia (YUG) 3 4 1 8
4 Italy (ITA) 3 2 3 8
5 Soviet Union (URS) 2 2 3 7
6 Germany (GER) 1 2 0 3
- Croatia (CRO) 1 2 0 3
8 Spain (ESP) 1 1 0 2
9 France (FRA) 1 0 3 4
10 Serbia (SRB) 1 0 2 3
11 Belgium (BEL) 0 4 2 6
12 United States (USA) 0 3 3 6
13 Sweden (SWE) 0 1 2 3
14 Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2
15 Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 0 1 0 1
16 Netherlands (NED) 0 0 2 2
17 Unified Team (EUN) 0 0 1 1
- West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1
Total
26
26
27
79
Women[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 2 2 1 5
2 Italy (ITA) 1 1 0 2
3 Australia (AUS) 1 0 2 3
4 Netherlands (NED) 1 0 0 1
5 Greece (GRE) 0 1 0 1
5 Spain (ESP) 0 1 0 1
7 Russia (RUS) 0 0 2 2
Total
5
5
5
15
Total[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Hungary (HUN) 9 3 3 15
2 Italy (ITA) 4 3 3 10
3 Great Britain (GBR) 4 0 0 4
4 Yugoslavia (YUG) 3 4 1 8
5 United States (USA) 2 5 4 11
6 Soviet Union (URS) 2 2 3 7
7 Germany (GER) 1 2 0 3
- Spain (ESP) 1 2 0 3
- Croatia (CRO) 1 2 0 3
10 France (FRA) 1 0 3 4
11 Australia (AUS) 1 0 2 3
- Netherlands (NED) 1 0 2 3
- Serbia (SRB) 1 0 2 3
14 Belgium (BEL) 0 4 2 6
15 Russia (RUS) 0 1 3 4
16 Sweden (SWE) 0 1 2 3
17 Greece (GRE) 0 1 0 1
- Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 0 1 0 1
19 Unified Team (EUN) 0 0 1 1
- West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1
Total
31
31
32
94
See also[edit]
List of Olympic venues in water polo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ There was no bronze medal match for the 1900 Games in Paris.
Jump up ^ There was no bronze medal match for the 1908 Games in London. Belgium beat Netherlands in the only one first round match and beats Sweden in the only one semifinal.
Jump up ^ Qualification System, fina.org
Jump up ^ France had four teams compete in 1900. Bronze medals were given to the losers of both semifinals; France took both bronze.
[show]
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values: Vaterpolo na Olimpijskim igrama – Bosnian

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values: Vízilabda a nyári olimpiai játékokon – Hungarian

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values: ऑलिंपिक खेळ वॉटर पोलो – Marathi

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values: Polo pe apă la Jocurile Olimpice – Romanian

values: Водное поло на Олимпийских играх – Russian

values: Vodné pólo na Letných olympijských hrách – Slovak

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values: Vattenpolo vid olympiska sommarspelen – Swedish

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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Participation in the Kyoto Protocol
Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period
Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second
non-Annex B parties without binding targets
Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol
Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol
As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming. This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the European Union).[1][2] Canada renounced the convention effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.
With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013-2020. As of May 2018, 112 states have accepted this amendment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Parties
2 Former parties
3 Signatory
4 Not signatories or parties
5 Notes
6 References
Parties[edit]
Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.
Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. As of May 2018, 112 states have accepted the Doha amendment, but it has not entered into force.
Party[2][3][4]
Annex[5]
% for ratification[6]
emissions
limit
(2012)[7][8]
emissions
limit
(2020)[9]
Signed
Ratification / Acceptance
Amendment acceptance
Notes
Afghanistan 25 March 2013 [10]
Albania 1 April 2005
Algeria 16 February 2005 28 September 2015
Angola 8 May 2007
Antigua and Barbuda 16 March 1998 3 November 1998 23 September 2016
Argentina 16 March 1998 28 September 2001 1 December 2015
Armenia 25 April 2003 31 March 2017
Australia I, II 2.1% +8%[a] −0.5% 29 April 1998 3 December 2007 9 November 2016
Austria I, II 0.4% −8% (−13%)[b] −20%[c] 24 September 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017
Azerbaijan 28 September 2000 1 July 2015
Bahamas 9 April 1999 4 November 2015
Bahrain 31 January 2006
Bangladesh 22 October 2001 13 November 2013
Barbados 7 August 2000 14 August 2013
Belarus I -[d] none[e][f] −12%[g] 26 August 2005
Belgium I, II 0.8% −8% (−7.5%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017
Belize 26 September 2003
Benin 25 February 2002
Bhutan 26 August 2002 29 September 2015
Bolivia 9 July 1998 30 November 1999
Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 April 2007
Botswana 8 August 2003 7 March 2016
Brazil 29 April 1998 23 August 2002 13 February 2018
Brunei 20 August 2009 14 November 2014
Bulgaria I 0.6% −8%[b] −20%[c] 18 September 1998 15 August 2002 21 December 2017
Burkina Faso 31 March 2005 29 November 2016
Burundi 18 October 2001
Cambodia 22 August 2002 17 November 2015
Cameroon 28 August 2002
Cape Verde 10 February 2006
Central African Republic 18 March 2008
Chad 18 August 2009
Chile 17 June 1998 26 August 2002 10 November 2015
China 29 May 1998 30 August 2002 2 June 2014 Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003
Macao: applied since 14 January 2008
Colombia 30 November 2001
Comoros 10 April 2008 7 September 2014
Democratic Republic of the Congo 23 March 2005
Republic of the Congo 12 February 2007 14 May 2015
Cook Islands 16 September 1998 27 August 2001
Costa Rica 27 April 1998 9 August 2002 21 September 2016
Côte d'Ivoire 23 April 2007
Croatia I[h] -[i] −5%[b] −20%[c] 11 March 1999 27 April 2007 21 December 2017
Cuba 15 March 1999 30 April 2002 28 December 2016
Cyprus I[j] -[k] none[l][m][b] −20%[c] 16 July 1999 10 December 2015
Czech Republic I[n][h] 1.2% −8%[b] −20%[c] 23 November 1998 15 November 2001 21 December 2017
Denmark I, II 0.4% −8% (−21%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 Greenland: applied
Faroe Islands: not applied
Djibouti 12 March 2002 23 September 2014
Dominica 25 January 2005
Dominican Republic 12 February 2002 21 September 2016
Ecuador 15 January 1999 13 January 2000 20 April 2015
Egypt 15 March 1999 12 January 2005
El Salvador 8 June 1998 13 January 2000
Equatorial Guinea 16 August 2000
Eritrea 28 July 2005 3 May 2018
Estonia I 0.3% −8%[b] −20%[c] 3 December 1998 14 October 2002 21 December 2017
Ethiopia 14 April 2005 26 June 2015
European Union[o] I, II [p] −8%[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017 All ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously. For the purpose of satisfying the entry-into-force conditions, the EU's ratification was not counted.[7]
Fiji 17 September 1998 17 September 1998 19 September 2017
Finland I, II 0.4% −8% (0%)[b][q] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 16 November 2017
France I, II 2.7% −8% (0%)[b][q] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 30 November 2017 French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion: applied
French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, French Southern Territories, Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied
Gabon 12 December 2006 1 December 2017
Gambia 1 June 2001 7 November 2016
Georgia 16 June 1999
Germany I, II 7.4% −8% (−21%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017
Ghana 30 May 2003
Greece I, II 0.6% −8% (+25%)[b][a] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017
Grenada 6 August 2002 1 April 2015
Guatemala 10 July 1998 5 October 1999
Guinea 7 September 2000 6 April 2016
Guinea-Bissau 18 November 2005
Guyana 5 August 2003 23 December 2014
Haiti 6 July 2005
Honduras 25 February 1999 19 July 2000 11 April 2014
Hungary I 0.5% −6%[b] −20%[c] 21 August 2002 1 October 2015
Iceland I, II 0.0% +10%[a] −20%[c] 23 May 2002 7 October 2015
India 26 August 2002 8 August 2017
Indonesia 13 July 1998 3 December 2004 30 September 2014
Iran 22 August 2005
Iraq 28 July 2009
Ireland I, II 0.2% −8% (+13%)[b][a] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 December 2017
Israel 16 December 1998 15 March 2004
Italy I, II 3.1% −8% (−6.5%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 18 July 2016
Jamaica 28 June 1999
Japan I, II 8.5% −6% none[r] 28 April 1998 4 June 2002
Jordan 17 January 2003
Kazakhstan I (dec.)[n][s] -[k] none[l][t] −5% 12 March 1999 19 June 2009
Kenya 25 February 2005 7 April 2014
Kiribati 7 September 2000 11 February 2016
North Korea 27 April 2005
South Korea 25 September 1998 8 November 2002 27 May 2015
Kuwait 11 March 2005
Kyrgyzstan 13 May 2003
Laos 6 February 2003
Latvia I 0.2% −8%[b] −20%[c] 14 December 1998 5 July 2002 21 December 2017
Lebanon 13 November 2006
Lesotho 6 September 2000
Liberia 5 November 2002 17 August 2015
Libya 24 August 2006
Liechtenstein I[h] 0.0% −8% −16% 29 June 1998 3 December 2004 23 February 2015
Lithuania I -[i] −8%[b] −20%[c] 21 September 1998 3 January 2003 22 November 2017
Luxembourg I, II 0.1% −8% (−28%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 21 September 2017
Macedonia 18 November 2004
Madagascar 24 September 2003 1 October 2015
Malawi 26 October 2001 29 June 2017
Malaysia 12 March 1999 4 September 2002 12 April 2017
Maldives 16 March 1998 30 December 1998 1 July 2015
Mali 27 January 1999 28 March 2002 7 December 2015
Malta I[u] -[k] none[l][m][b] −20%[c] 17 April 1998 11 November 2001 21 December 2017
Marshall Islands 17 March 1998 11 August 2003 7 May 2015
Mauritania 22 July 2005
Mauritius 9 May 2001 5 September 2013
Mexico 9 June 1998 7 September 2000 23 September 2014
Federated States of Micronesia 17 March 1998 21 June 1999 19 February 2014
Moldova 22 April 2003
Monaco I[n][h] 0.0% −8% −22% 29 April 1998 27 February 2006 27 December 2013
Mongolia 15 December 1999
Montenegro 4 June 2007
Morocco 25 January 2002 5 September 2014
Mozambique 18 January 2005
Myanmar 13 August 2003 19 September 2017
Namibia 4 September 2003 17 February 2015
Nauru 16 August 2001 1 December 2014
Nepal 16 September 2005
Netherlands I, II 1.2% −8% (−6%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 22 November 2017 Aruba: not applied
Curaçao: not applied
Sint Maarten: not applied
Caribbean Netherlands: not applied
New Zealand[v] I, II 0.2% 0%[q] none[r] 22 May 1998 19 December 2002 30 November 2015 Tokelau: not applied
Nicaragua 7 July 1998 18 November 1999
Niger 23 October 1998 30 September 2004
Nigeria 10 December 2004
Niue 8 December 1998 6 May 1999
Norway I, II 0.3% +1%[a] −16% 29 April 1998 30 May 2002 12 June 2014
Oman 19 January 2005
Pakistan 11 January 2005 31 October 2017
Palau 10 December 1999 10 March 2015
Panama 8 June 1998 5 March 1999 29 September 2015
Papua New Guinea 2 March 1999 28 March 2002
Paraguay 25 August 1998 27 August 1999
Peru 13 November 1998 12 September 2002 24 September 2014
Philippines 15 April 1998 20 November 2003 13 April 2016
Poland I 3.0% −6%[b] −20%[c] 15 July 1998 13 December 2002
Portugal I, II 0.3% −8% (+27%)[b][a] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 22 November 2017
Qatar 11 January 2005
Romania I 1.2% −8%[b] −20%[c] 5 January 1999 19 March 2001 3 May 2016
Russia I 17.4% 0%[q] none[r] 11 March 1999 18 November 2004
Rwanda 22 July 2004 20 November 2015
Saint Kitts and Nevis 8 April 2008 25 October 2016
Saint Lucia 16 March 1998 20 August 2003
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 19 March 1998 31 December 2004
Samoa 16 March 1998 27 November 2000 18 September 2015
San Marino 28 April 2010 4 August 2015
Sao Tome and Principe 24 July 2008
Saudi Arabia 31 January 2005
Senegal 20 July 2001
Serbia 24 September 2007 30 June 2017
Seychelles 20 March 1998 22 July 2002 15 July 2015
Sierra Leone 10 November 2006
Singapore 12 April 2006 23 September 2014
Slovakia I[n][h] 0.4% −8%[b] −20%[c] 26 February 1999 31 May 2002 16 November 2017
Slovenia I[n][h] -[i] −8%[b] −20%[c] 21 October 1998 2 August 2002 21 December 2017
Solomon Islands 29 September 1998 13 March 2003 5 September 2014
Somalia 26 July 2010
South Africa 31 July 2002 7 May 2015
Spain I, II 1.9% −8% (+15%)[b][a] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017
Sri Lanka 3 September 2002 2 December 2015
Sudan 2 November 2004 3 February 2014
Suriname 25 September 2006
Swaziland 13 January 2006 21 September 2016
Sweden I, II 0.4% −8% (+4%)[b][a] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 14 November 2017
Switzerland I, II 0.3% −8% −15.8% 16 March 1998 9 July 2003 28 August 2015
Syria 27 January 2006
Tajikistan 5 January 2009
Tanzania 26 August 2002
Thailand 2 February 1999 28 August 2002 1 September 2015
Timor-Leste 14 October 2008
Togo 2 July 2004
Tonga 14 January 2008
Trinidad and Tobago 7 January 1999 28 January 1999 6 August 2015
Tunisia 22 January 2003
Turkey I[w] -[d] none[e] none 28 May 2009 [49][50][51]
Turkmenistan 28 September 1998 11 January 1999
Tuvalu 16 November 1998 16 November 1998 4 December 2014
Uganda 25 March 2002 8 July 2015
Ukraine I -[i] 0%[q] −24% 15 March 1999 12 April 2004
United Arab Emirates 26 January 2005 26 April 2013
United Kingdom I, II 4.3% −8% (−12.5%)[b] −20%[c] 29 April 1998 31 May 2002 17 November 2017 Guernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied
Uruguay 29 July 1998 5 February 2001
Uzbekistan 20 November 1998 12 October 1999
Vanuatu 17 July 2001 15 March 2018
Venezuela 18 February 2005 1 March 2018
Vietnam 3 December 1998 25 September 2002 22 June 2015
Yemen 15 September 2004
Zambia 5 August 1998 7 July 2006
Zimbabwe 30 June 2009 20 April 2016
Totals
I: 38 + EU
II: 21+EU
33 (63.9%)
-%: 31 (24)
0%: 3 (5)
+%: 3 (8)
192 (incl. EU)
112
Former parties[edit]
Country
Annex[5]
% for ratification[6]
emissions
limit
(2012)[7]
emissions
limit
(2020)[9]
Signed
Ratification/Acceptance
Amendment acceptance
Notes
Canada I, II 3.3% −6% none[x] 29 April 1998 17 December 2002 Withdrew 15 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.[52] (See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol)
Signatory[edit]
Country
Annex[5]
% for ratification[6]
emissions
limit
(2012)[7]
emissions
limit
(2020)[9]
Signed
Notes
United States I, II 36.1% −7% none[x] 12 November 1998
Not signatories or parties[edit]
As of 2017 there are four UN member states or Observers which are not Party to the Protocol:
members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Palestine, South Sudan
observers of the UNFCCC (UNFCCC ratification required first): Holy See[53]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Maximum increase allowed.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of −8% under Annex B, as did the European Communities as a whole. A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol, as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol.[3][11] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[8] The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement, and retained their individual Kyoto targets (if applicable).[19]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of −20% under the amended Annex B, as did the European Union as a whole. An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol.[20] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[21]
^ Jump up to: a b Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol,[11] which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol.
^ Jump up to: a b States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B.
Jump up ^ A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006,[12][13][14] but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.[15]
Jump up ^ Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f At their request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I, while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia, from which they had seceded in 1993, in Annex I.[6][16][5]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emissions inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol.[6][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
Jump up ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I.[17][18][5]
^ Jump up to: a b c Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
^ Jump up to: a b c Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
^ Jump up to: a b As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B. However, following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS. Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)[22] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC, which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol.[11] All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.
Jump up ^ All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
Jump up ^ As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol, "any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization."[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e No increase allowed but no reduction required – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
^ Jump up to: a b c Japan, New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period.[9]
Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,[23] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.[24][25][22]
Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%,[26][27] and latter indicated it was willing to accept a -6% limit,[28] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.[29][30][31][32][33]
Jump up ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I.[34][5]
Jump up ^ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
Jump up ^ Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[42][43] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[44][45][24] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[46][25][47][22][48][5]
^ Jump up to: a b Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Status of Ratification". UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol Background. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Treaty Series. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 - Annex Table: Total carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties in 1990, for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). FCCC/CP/1997/7Add.1. United Nations. 1998-03-25. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "2002/358/EC: Council Decision of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (130). 2002-05-15. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Afghanistan ratifies Kyoto Protocol". Pajhwok Afghan News. April 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its second session, held at Nairobi from 6 to 17 November 2006" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ "KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE" (PDF). United Nations. 2007-04-17. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations. 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
Jump up ^ "ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2 (f) OF THE CONVENTION" (PDF). United Nations. 1998-02-13. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Entry into force of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Kyoto 1st commitment period (2008–12)". European Commission. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Council Decision (EU) 2015/1339 of 13 July 2015 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (207). 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Kyoto 2nd commitment period (2013–20)". European Commission. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2002-01-21. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ "AMENDMENT TO ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION - Proposal from the Republic of Kazakhstan to amend Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-05-28. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIFTH SESSION, HELD AT BONN FROM 25 OCTOBER TO 5 NOVEMBER 1999" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-12-21. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations. 2002-01-21. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Framework Convention on Climate Change - Secretariat" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 2010-07-27. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its fifth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009" (PDF). United Nations. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its sixth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010" (PDF). United Nations. 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012" (PDF). United Nations. 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Decision 9/CMP.8 - Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention in accordance with Article 16(3) of the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Review of the implementation of the convention and of decisions of the first session of the conference of the parties" (PDF). FCCC/CP/12/Add.2. United Nations. 1996-07-02. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS - COMMUNICATIONS FROM PARTIES INCLUDED IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION" (PDF). FCCC/SB/1997/6. United Nations. 1997-07-25. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Annex I National Communications". United Nations. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "CROATIA - Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Croatia" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/HRV. United Nations. 2002-05-23. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "LITHUANIA - Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Lithuania" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/LTU. United Nations. 2000-05-10. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "SLOVENIA - Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Slovenia" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/SVN. United Nations. 2003-11-21. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "UKRAINE - Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Ukraine" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/UKR. United Nations. 2000-11-15. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
Jump up ^ "ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERGOVERNMENTAL MEETINGS - Amendments to the Convention or its Annexes - Letters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Netherlands (on behalf of the European Community and its Member States) and Kuwait proposing amendments to the Convention or its Annexes" (PDF). United Nations. 1997-06-20. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4.2(f)" (PDF). United Nations. 1997-12-02. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997" (PDF). United Nations. 1998-02-24. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FOURTH SESSION, HELD AT BUENOS AIRES FROM 2 TO 14 NOVEMBER 1998" (PDF). United Nations. 1999-01-25. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON THE FIRST PART OF ITS SIXTH SESSION, HELD AT THE HAGUE FROM 13 TO 25 NOVEMBER 2000" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-04-04. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION - PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION BY REMOVING THE NAME OF TURKEY: REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4, PARAGRAPH 2 (F)" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-10-05. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Adoption of amendment to the list in Annex II to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 2001-12-28. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
Jump up ^ (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Kyoto’dan sonra Türkiye’yi neler bekliyor? (English translation:What's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey?)" (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Türkiye, Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor (English translation:Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol)" (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Şimdi KYOTO zamanı (English translation:It's time for Kyoto)"
Jump up ^ Bianet Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol
Jump up ^ Turkish Weekly Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Turkey's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette
Jump up ^ "KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE - KYOTO, 11 DECEMBER 1997 CANADA: WITHDRAWAL" (PDF). United Nations. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Parties to the Convention and Observer States". UNFCC. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
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This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 05:16.
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values: قائمة الموقعين على اتفاقية كيوتو – Arabic

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