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International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
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International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
Abbreviation
ICAN
Formation
2007; 11 years ago (2007)
Founded at
Melbourne, Australia
Type
Non-profit international campaign
Headquarters
Geneva, Switzerland
Fields
Nuclear disarmament
Membership (2017)
468 partner organisations in 101 countries
Executive director
Beatrice Fihn
Award(s)
2017 Nobel Peace Prize
Website
www.icanw.org
The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (abbreviated to ICAN, pronounced /ˈaɪkæn/ EYE-kan) is a global civil society coalition working to promote adherence to and full implementation of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons[1]. The campaign helped bring about this treaty. ICAN was launched in 2007 and counts 468 partner organizations in 101 countries as of 2017.
The campaign received the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons."[2]
Contents
1 Mission
2 Formation
3 Membership and support
4 Milestones
5 Supporters
6 2017 Nobel Peace Prize
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Mission[edit]
ICAN seeks to shift the disarmament debate to focus on the humanitarian threat posed by nuclear weapons, drawing attention to their unique destructive capacity, their catastrophic health and environmental consequences, their indiscriminate targeting, the debilitating impact of a detonation on medical infrastructure and relief measures, and the long-lasting effects of radiation on the surrounding area.[3]
Founders of ICAN were inspired by the success of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which was pivotal in bringing about the negotiation of the anti-personnel mine ban treaty in 1997. They sought to establish a similar campaign model.[4]
Formation[edit]
Launch of the ICAN in Melbourne, Australia, in 2007.
In September 2006, the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, itself awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985, adopted a proposal at its biennial congress in Helsinki, Finland, to launch ICAN globally.[5] ICAN was launched publicly at two events, the first on 23 April 2007 in Melbourne, Australia, where funds had been raised to establish the campaign, and the second on 30 April 2007 in Vienna at a meeting of State parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. National campaigns have been organized in dozens of countries in every region of the world.[citation needed]
Membership and support[edit]
Formally endorsed ICAN Humanitarian Pledge.
Voted in favour of Pledge resolution.
Have a nuclear programme, no Pledge endorsement.
Host nuclear weapons, no Pledge endorsement.
In a nuclear alliance, no Pledge endorsement.
The ICAN is made up of 468 partner organizations in 101 countries.[citation needed] The campaign's staff team is located in Geneva, Switzerland, from where it provides ongoing coordination and management of the campaign. Beatrice Fihn is the Executive Director.
An International Steering Group oversees the campaign, with a small management committee consisting of Susi Snyder (President), Josefin Lind (Secretary) and Celine Nahory (Treasurer) responsible for Swiss registered non-profit organisation. Current members of the International Steering Group include the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, Article 36, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Norwegian Peoples Aid, PAX, Peace Boat, the Latin America Human Security Network (SEHLAC), Swedish Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[citation needed]
Milestones[edit]
ICAN campaigners in Mexico in 2014.
6 October 2017: The Nobel Peace Prize for 2017 was awarded to the ICAN. The committee stated: "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons" as the reason for selecting ICAN for this award.[6][citation needed]
7 July 2017: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is adopted at the United Nations by a vote of 122-1. The Treaty, which prohibits the development, testing, production, manufacture, acquisition, possession, stockpiling, transfer, use, and threatened use of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, will enter into force once it has been ratified by 50 states.[7] The ICAN calls the TPNW "a landmark international agreement that outlaws, categorically, the worst weapons of mass destruction and establishes a pathway to their elimination."[citation needed]
27 October 2016: UN First Committee adopts a landmark, ICAN-supported resolution to launch negotiations in 2017 on a treaty outlawing nuclear weapons. ICAN calls on all states to participate in the negotiations, stating that "every nation has an interest in ensuring that nuclear weapons are never used again, which can only be guaranteed through their complete elimination."[8]
February–August 2016: ICAN campaigns actively at UN Open-Ended Working Group in Geneva, which recommends by a large majority of 107 participating States that the General Assembly authorize negotiations on "a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination." ICAN calls the OEWG recommendation "a breakthrough in the seven-decade-long global struggle to rid the world of the worst weapons of mass destruction."[9]
2 November 2015: UN General Assembly establishes Open-Ended Working Group to review the evidence of catastrophic humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons and to make concrete recommendations for taking forward multilateral nuclear disarmament. ICAN calls on the OEWG "to begin the serious practical work of developing the elements for a treaty banning nuclear weapons."[citation needed]
November 2015: After mobilizing campaigners behind the Humanitarian Pledge for almost a year, ICAN takes significant credit for bringing 127 onto the Pledge as signatories; another 23 States vote in favor of Pledge goals at General Assembly.[citation needed]
6–7 August 2015: ICAN campaigners organize worldwide events to commemorate the 70th anniversaries of the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[citation needed]
December 2014: More than 600 ICAN campaigners gather in Vienna on the eve of the Vienna Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons. ICAN tells conference participants "a new legal instrument prohibiting nuclear weapons would constitute a long overdue implementation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty." At the conference conclusion, Austria issues historic Humanitarian Pledge to work with all stakeholders "to fill the legal gap for the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons."[10]
26 October 2014: 155 States, an increase of 30 from the previous year, submit joint humanitarian appeal for nuclear disarmament at UN General Assembly.[citation needed]
1 July 2014: Beatrice Fihn is appointed ICAN Executive Director.[citation needed]
February 2014: Nayarit Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons attended by 146 States and more than a hundred civil society campaigners. ICAN tells participants "the claim by some states that they continue to need these weapons to deter their adversaries has been exposed by the evidence presented at this conference…as a reckless and unsanctionable gamble with our future." At conference conclusion, Mexico calls for the start of a diplomatic process to negotiate a legally binding instrument prohibiting nuclear weapons.[citation needed]
30 August 2013: UN working group highlights humanitarian concerns about the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear detonations and the need for non-nuclear nations to push forward.[citation needed]
March 2013: ICAN coordinates civil society participation at historic Oslo Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons, an unprecedented gathering of States to evaluate the scientific evidence about the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons.[citation needed]
5 March 2012: ICAN launches "Don't Bank on the Bomb" global divestment initiative.[11]
26 November 2011: ICAN welcomes historic resolution adopted by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in favor of an international agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons.[12]
27 June 2011: P5 nations (the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China) meet in Paris to discuss ways to improve transparency in relation to their nuclear weapons. ICAN releases a video challenging them to do much more.[citation needed]
28 May 2010: ICAN campaigners at the NPT Review Conference in New York call on governments to support a nuclear weapons convention. While references to a convention are included in the final document, ICAN is already considering a shift in strategy toward a new treaty banning nuclear weapons in order to empower non-nuclear-weapon states to assume more effective leadership.[citation needed]
30 April 2007: ICAN is launched internationally during the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons preparatory committee meeting in Vienna.[citation needed]
7 September 2006: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, the 1985 Nobel Peace Laureate, adopts ICAN as top campaign priority at its world congress in Helsinki, Finland. IPPNW's Australian affiliate, MAPW, commits to fund-raising and providing coordination for a campaign launch in 2007.[citation needed]
Supporters[edit]
Michael Douglas with the ICAN executive director Beatrice Fihn.
A number of prominent individuals have lent their support to the campaign, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama and Jody Williams, the musician Herbie Hancock, the cricket journalist and former player Ian Chappell,[13] the actors Martin Sheen and Michael Douglas, and the artist Yoko Ono.
In November 2012, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, praised ICAN and its partners "for working with such commitment and creativity in pursuit of our shared goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world".[14] Earlier, he had provided a video message to ICAN in support of its global day of action.[15]
2017 Nobel Peace Prize[edit]
Main article: 2017 Nobel Peace Prize
The ICAN organization was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize, on 6 October 2017. The Nobel Peace Prize Press Statement reads: "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons [...] It is the firm conviction of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that ICAN, more than anyone else, has in the past year given the efforts to achieve a world without nuclear weapons a new direction and new vigour".[16]
The Economist questioned the appropriateness of ICAN's winning of the prize, arguing it was doubtful their nuclear-ban treaty effort would do anything to advance global peace due to its rejection by the world's nuclear powers.[17]
The Nobel Prize has brought significant attention to ICAN`s core issues, and membership of affiliate groups and partners have jumped to over 450 organisation worldwide, bringing the core issues squarely into remit of international law.[18]
See also[edit]
Anti-nuclear organizations
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Conference on Disarmament
Humanitarian Initiative
Nuclear disarmament
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
Peace
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination, 27 April to 22 May 2015". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2017". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ IPPNW (2016). "The health and humanitarian case for banning and eliminating nuclear weapons" (PDF). www.ippnw.org. IPPNW. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons", Ronald McCoy, 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Campaign milestones 2006 ICAN website
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 - Press Release". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons, Leading Towards their Total Elimination, 27 April to 22 May 2015". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
Jump up ^ ICAN (December 23, 2016). "UN General Assembly approves historic resolution". www.icanw.org. ICAN. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ ICAN (19 August 2016). "Majority of UN members declare intention to negotiate ban on nuclear weapons in 2017". www.icanw.org. ICAN. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Humanitarian Pledge" (PDF). Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Don't Bank on the Bomb". PAX/ICAN. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Working towards the elimination of nuclear weapons; Council of Delegates 2011: Resolution 1". International Committee of the Red Cross. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ The Australian Nobel Peace Prize Aussie born international campaign to abolish nuclear weapons 6 October 2017
Jump up ^ Letter from the UN Secretary-General, sent to ICAN, 2 November 2012
Jump up ^ Ban Ki-moon's message to ICAN, June 2010
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize for 2017". The Norwegian Nobel Committee. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "This year's Nobel peace prize rewards a nice but pointless idea". The Economist. 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/08/06/national/ican-champions-grass-roots-efforts-persuade-japan-others-support-nuclear-free-world/#.W2wBKDfqbIU
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
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All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name
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All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name
Genre
Hymn
Text
Edward Perronet
Meter
8.6.8.6.8.6
Melody
"Coronation" (Holden), "Miles Lane" (Shrubsole), "Diadem" (Ellor)
Published
1779 (1779)
"All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name" is a popular hymn sung by many Christian denominations.
The hymn is often called the "National Anthem of Christendom".[1] The lyrics, written by Edward Perronet while he served as a missionary in India, first appeared in the November, 1779 issue of the Gospel Magazine, which was edited by the author of "Rock of Ages", Augustus Toplady.
The best-known tunes used for the hymn are "Coronation" (Oliver Holden, 1793) and "Miles Lane" (William Shrubsole, 1779), with "Diadem" (James Ellor, 1838) the favoured one in Australia, but there are a number of others. "Diadem" is also the most favoured tune sung as a choir number.
The song was heavily altered for the Unitarian hymnal, which was also licensed to the hymnal of the Unity Church: "All Hail the Power of Truth to Save from Error's Binding Thrall."
Bing Crosby included the hymn in his 1951 album Beloved Hymns.
Lyrics[edit]
[2]
All hail the power of Jesus' name!
Let angels prostrate fall;
bring forth the royal diadem,
and crown Him Lord of all.
Bring forth the royal diadem,
and crown Him Lord of all.

Ye chosen seed of Israel's race,
ye ransomed from the Fall,
hail Him who saves you by His grace,
and crown Him Lord of all.
Hail Him who saves you by His grace,
and crown Him Lord of all.

Sinners, whose love can ne'er forget
the wormwood and the gall,
go spread your trophies at His feet,
and crown Him Lord of all.
Go spread your trophies at His feet,
and crown Him Lord of all.

Let every kindred, every tribe
on this terrestrial ball,
to Him all majesty ascribe,
and crown Him Lord of all.
To Him all majesty ascribe,
and crown Him Lord of all.

(Alternate wording to the above verse)
Let every tribe and every tongue
before Him prostrate fall
And shout in universal song
the crownèd Lord of all.
And shout in universal song
the crownèd Lord of all.

O that with yonder sacred throng
we at His feet may fall!
We'll join the everlasting song,
and crown Him Lord of all.
We'll join the everlasting song,
and crown Him Lord of all.
Portion of "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name" published in Songs we like to sing : a collection of familiar songs and hymns for high schools and normal schools and for assemblies (1912)
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ "January 2: Edward Perronet; Christian History Institute". Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name
All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name at Hymnary.org
Words, sheet music & MIDI at the Cyber Hymnal
MP3 Download of All hail the power of Jesus' name at Hymnswithoutwords

This Christian music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Shilling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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unit of currency formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries
This article is about coinage. For other uses, see Shilling (disambiguation).
A 1933 UK shilling
The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in Austria, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries. Currently the shilling is used as a currency in four east African countries of Kenya (Kenyan shilling) Tanzania (Tanzanian shilling) Uganda (Ugandan shilling) and Somalia (Somali shilling) (autonomous region of Somalia Somaliland (Somaliland Shilling). It is also the proposed currency of the east African community plans to introduce (east African shilling). The word shilling comes from old English "Scilling", a monetary term meaning twentieth of a pound, and from the Proto-Germanic root *skiljaną meaning 'to separate.' The word "Scilling" is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes those of Æthelberht of Kent.
Slang terms for the old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was "bobstick" and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole.[1]
One abbreviation for shilling is s (for solidus, see £sd). Often it was represented by a solidus symbol ("/"), which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ,[2] thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence (and equivalent to 21d; the shilling itself was equal to 12d). A price with no pence was sometimes written with a solidus and a dash: 11/–.
The solidus symbol is still used for the shilling currency unit in former British East Africa, rather than sh.
During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains or 373 g) of standard (0.925 fine) silver into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when a new smaller 5p coin was introduced.
In the past, the English world[clarification needed] has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere.
1956 Elizabeth II UK shilling showing English and Scottish reverses
Contents
[hide]
1 British Isles
1.1 Kingdom of England
1.2 Kingdom of Scotland
1.3 Great Britain and the UK
1.4 Irish shillings
2 Other countries in (former) British Empire/ Commonwealth
2.1 Australian shillings
2.2 New Zealand shilling
2.3 Maltese shillings
2.4 Ceylonese shillings
2.5 East African shillings
2.6 North America
2.7 Somali shilling
2.7.1 Overview
2.7.2 Somaliland shilling
2.8 Other
3 Austrian schilling
4 Other countries' shillings
4.1 Other European shillings
4.2 Low Countries
4.3 Other
5 References
6 External links
British Isles[edit]
Kingdom of England[edit]
Main article: Shilling (English coin)
A shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII[3] (or Edward VI around 1550). The shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom was created.
Kingdom of Scotland[edit]
The term shilling (Scots: schilling) was in use in Scotland from early Middle Ages.
Great Britain and the UK[edit]
Main article: Shilling (British coin)
The common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, and thus there were 240 pence in a pound.
Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. They were:
the florin, two shillings (2/–), which adopted the value of 10 new pence (10p) at decimalisation;
the half-crown, two shillings and sixpence (2/6) or one-eighth of a pound, which was abolished at decimalisation (otherwise it would have had the value of 12½p);
the crown (five shillings), the highest denominated non-bullion UK coin in circulation at decimalisation (in practice, crowns were commemorative coins not used in everyday transactions).
At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece, which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value, and inherited the shilling's slang name of a bob. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991.
Irish shillings[edit]
Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as the "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs".
In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling coin was issued as scilling in Irish. It was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side. The first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin (retained after decimalisation)) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five pence coin was introduced.
Other countries in (former) British Empire/ Commonwealth[edit]
Australian shillings[edit]
Main article: Shilling (Australian)
Owing to the reach of the British Empire, the shilling was once used on every inhabited continent. This two-shilling piece was minted for British West Africa.
Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian), where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar.
The slang term for a shilling coin in Australia was "deener". The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was "bob", the same as in the United Kingdom.
After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight.
New Zealand shilling[edit]
New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha "in a warlike attitude" on the reverse.[4] In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight. Smaller 10-cent coins were introduced in 2006.
Maltese shillings[edit]
Shillings were used in Malta, prior to decimalisation in 1972, and had a face value of five Maltese cents.
Ceylonese shillings[edit]
In British Ceylon, a shilling (Sinhalese: Silima, Tamil: Silin) was equivalent to eight fanams. With the replacement of the rixdollar by the rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency in 1869, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to 50 Ceylon cents. The term continued to be used colloquially until the late 20th century.[5]
East African shillings[edit]
Countries in Africa where the currency is called shilling.
The East African shilling was in use in the British colonies and protectorates of British Somaliland, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar from 1920, when it replaced the rupee, until after those countries became independent, and in Tanzania after that country was formed by the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Upon independence in 1960, the East African shilling in the State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland) and the Somali somalo in the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) were replaced by the Somali shilling.[6]
In 1966.5, the East African Monetary Union broke up, and the member countries replaced their currencies with the Kenyan shilling, the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling, respectively.[7] Though all these currencies have different values at present, there were plans to reintroduce the East African shilling as a new common currency by 2009,[8] although this has not come about.
North America[edit]
In the thirteen British colonies that became the United States in 1776, British money was often in circulation. Each colony issued its own paper money, with pounds, shillings, and pence used as the standard units of account. Some coins were minted in the colonies, such as the 1652 pine-tree shilling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard, one British shilling was worth 24 US cents. Due to ongoing shortages of US coins in some regions, shillings continued to circulate well into the 19th century. Shillings are described as the standard monetary unit throughout the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853)[9] and mentioned several times in the Horatio Alger, Jr. story, Ragged Dick (1868).[10][11]
Somali shilling[edit]
Overview[edit]
The Somali shilling is the official currency of Somalia. It is subdivided into 100 cents (English), senti (Somali, also سنت) or centesimi (Italian).
The Somali shilling has been the currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate. Following independence in 1960, the somalo of Italian Somaliland and the East African shilling (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in 1962 by the Somali shilling. Names used for the denominations were cent, centesimo (plural: centesimi) and سنت (plurals: سنتيمات and سنتيما) together with shilling, scellino (plural: scellini) and شلن.
That same year, the Banca Nazionale Somala issued notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 scellini/shillings. In 1975, the Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) introduced notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 shilin/shillings. These were followed in 1978 by notes of the same denominations issued by the Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya (Central Bank of Somalia). 50 shilin/shillings notes were introduced in 1983, followed by 500 shilin/shillings in 1989 and 1000 shilin/shillings in 1990. Also in 1990 there was an attempt to reform the currency at 100 to 1, with new banknotes of 20 and 50 new shilin prepared for the redenomination.[12]
Following the breakdown in central authority that accompanied the civil war, which began in the early 1990s, the value of the Somali shilling was disrupted. The Central Bank of Somalia, the nation's monetary authority, also shut down operations. Rival producers of the local currency, including autonomous regional entities such as the Somaliland territory, subsequently emerged.
Somalia's newly established Transitional Federal Government revived the defunct Central Bank of Somalia in the late 2000s. In terms of financial management, the monetary authority is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy.[13] Owing to a lack of confidence in the Somali shilling, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however, is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.[13]
Somaliland shilling[edit]
The Somaliland shilling is the official currency of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.[14] The currency is not recognised as legal tender by the international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate. It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, the territory's central bank. Although the authorities in Somaliland have attempted to bar usage of the Somali shilling, Somalia's official currency is still the preferred means of exchange for many peoples in the region.[15]
Other[edit]
Elsewhere in the former British Empire, forms of the word shilling remain in informal use. In Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, selen is used in Bislama and Pijin to mean "money"; in Malaysia, syiling (pronounced like shilling) means "coin". In Egypt and Jordan the shillin (Arabic: شلن) is equal to 1/20th (five qirshes — Arabic: قرش, English: piastres) of the Egyptian pound or the Jordanian dinar. In Belize, the term shilling is commonly used to refer to twenty-five cents.
Austrian schilling[edit]
The Austrian schilling was the currency of Austria between March 1, 1924[16] and 1938 and again between 1945 and 2002. It was replaced by the euro at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen.
Other countries' shillings[edit]
A Swedish Skilling from 1802.
Other European shillings[edit]
Shillings were issued in the Scandinavian countries (skilling) until the Scandinavian Monetary Union of 1873, and in the city of Hamburg, Germany.
In Poland szeląg was used.[17]
Low Countries[edit]
In the principalities covering present Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg, the cognate term schelling was used as an equivalent 'arithmetic' currency, a 'solidus' representing 12 'denarii' or 1/20 'pound', while actual coins were rarely physical multiples of it, but still expressed in these terms.
Other[edit]
The sol, later the sou, both also derived from the Roman solidus, were the equivalent coins in France, while the (nuevo) sol (PEN) remains the currency of Peru.
As in France, the Peruvian sol was originally named after the Roman solidus, but the name of the Peruvian currency is now much more closely linked to the Spanish word for the sun (sol). This helps explain the name of its temporary replacement, the inti, named for the Incan sun god.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Camden Hotten (1864). Slang Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "May and the Slash - English Project". www.englishproject.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Understanding old British money - pounds, shillings and pence". woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of New Zealand Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.- URL retrieved 17 April 2011
Jump up ^ Early Monetary Systems of Lanka (Ceylon) Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Currency Museum Circular No 7, Currency Department, Central Bank of Ceylon, Colombo, 15 March 1984
Jump up ^ Description of Somalia shilling[permanent dead link] - URL retrieved 8 October 2006
Jump up ^ Dissolution of the East African Monetary Union Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. - URL retrieved 8 October 2006
Jump up ^ East African Business Council - Fact Sheet: Customs Union Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. - URL Retrieved 8 October 2002
Jump up ^ Solomon Northup. Twelve Years a Slave. Auburn, Derby and Miller; Buffalo, Derby, Orton and Mulligan; [etc., etc.] 1853
Jump up ^ Alger, Horatio, Jr (5 May 1868). Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks (1 ed.). New York: A K Loring.
Jump up ^ Lundin, Leigh (11 May 2014). "Literary Rags". SleuthSayers.org. New York: SleuthSayers. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "CURRENCY". somalbanca.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Bank of Somalia - Monetary policy". somalbanca.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor". wardheernews.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Time for Somaliland to Rethink its Strategy". www.hiiraan.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gold and silver shillings of Austria". Knowledge base - GoldAdvert. 2018-06-14. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
Jump up ^ "shillings - Polish translation – Linguee". Linguee.com. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shilling.
The Shilling
British Coins - Information about British coins.
The History of the Shilling
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text:
List of Super Bowl head coaches
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Super Bowl head coaches.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Super Bowl head coaches
2 Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances
3 See also
4 References
Super Bowl head coaches[edit]
Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach
(Win number in parenthesis). [Loss number in brackets]. Click on heading arrows to sort table.
Date
Super Bowl
Winning coach
Team
Opponent
Losing coach
Score
Site
January 15, 1967 I Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers Kansas City Chiefs Stram, HankHank Stram 35–10 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 14, 1968 II Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi (2) Green Bay Packers B !Green Bay Packers Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders Rauch, JohnJohn Rauch 33–14 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 12, 1969 III Ewbank, WeebWeeb Ewbank New York Jets Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts Shula, DonDon Shula 16–07 !16–7 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 11, 1970 IV Stram, HankHank Stram Kansas City Chiefs Minnesota Vikings A !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant 23–07 !23–7 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 17, 1971 V McCafferty, DonDon McCafferty Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry 16–13 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 16, 1972 VI Landry, TomTom Landry Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [2] 24–03 !24–3 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 14, 1973 VII Shula, DonDon Shula Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins Allen , GeorgeGeorge Allen 14–07 !14–7 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 13, 1974 VIII Shula, DonDon Shula (2) Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings B !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [2] 24–07 !24–7 Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas
January 12, 1975 IX Noll, ChuckChuck Noll Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings C !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [3] 16–06 !16–6 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 18, 1976 X Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (2) Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry [2] 21–17 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 9, 1977 XI Madden, JohnJohn Madden Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders Minnesota Vikings D !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [4] 32–14 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 15, 1978 XII Landry, TomTom Landry (2) Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos Miller, RedRed Miller 27–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 21, 1979 XIII Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (3) Pittsburgh Steelers C !Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry [3] 35–31 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 20, 1980 XIV Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (4) Pittsburgh Steelers D !Pittsburgh Steelers St. Louis Rams A !Los Angeles Rams Malavasi, RayRay Malavasi 31–19 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 25, 1981 XV Flores, TomTom Flores Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders Philadelphia Eagles A !Philadelphia Eagles Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil 27–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 24, 1982 XVI Walsh, BillBill Walsh San Francisco 49ers A !San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals A !Cincinnati Bengals Gregg, ForrestForrest Gregg 26–21 Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan
January 30, 1983 XVII Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [3] 27–17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 22, 1984 XVIII Flores, TomTom Flores (2) Oakland Raiders C !Los Angeles Raiders Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs 38–09 !38–9 Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 20, 1985 XIX Walsh, BillBill Walsh (2) San Francisco 49ers B !San Francisco 49ers Miami Dolphins C !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [4] 38–16 Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, California
January 26, 1986 XX Ditka, MikeMike Ditka Chicago Bears New England Patriots A !New England Patriots Berry, RaymondRaymond Berry 46–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1987 XXI Parcells, BillBill Parcells New York Giants A !New York Giants Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves 39–20 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 31, 1988 XXII Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (2) Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves [2] 42–10 Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California
January 22, 1989 XXIII Walsh, BillBill Walsh (3) San Francisco 49ers C !San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals B !Cincinnati Bengals Wyche, SamSam Wyche 20–16 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1990 XXIV Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers Denver Broncos D !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves [3] 55–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 27, 1991 XXV Parcells, BillBill Parcells (2) New York Giants B !New York Giants Buffalo Bills A !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy 20–19 Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 26, 1992 XXVI Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (3) Washington Redskins C !Washington Redskins Buffalo Bills B !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [2] 37–24 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota
January 31, 1993 XXVII Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills C !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [3] 52–17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 30, 1994 XXVIII Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson (2) Dallas Cowboys D !Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills D !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [4] 30–13 Georgia Dome in Atlanta
January 29, 1995 XXIX Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert (2) San Francisco 49ers E !San Francisco 49ers San Diego Chargers Ross, BobbyBobby Ross 49–26 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1996 XXX Switzer, BarryBarry Switzer Dallas Cowboys E !Dallas Cowboys Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers Cowher, BillBill Cowher 27–17 Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona
January 26, 1997 XXXI Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren Green Bay Packers C !Green Bay Packers New England Patriots B !New England Patriots Parcells, BillBill Parcells 35–21 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1998 XXXII Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren 31–24 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
January 31, 1999 XXXIII Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan (2) Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos Atlanta Falcons Reeves, DanDan Reeves [4] 34–19 Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 30, 2000 XXXIV Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil St. Louis Rams A !St. Louis Rams Tennessee Titans Fisher, JeffJeff Fisher 23–16 Georgia Dome in Atlanta
January 28, 2001 XXXV Billick, BrianBrian Billick Baltimore Ravens New York Giants A !New York Giants Fassel, JimJim Fassel 34–07 !34–7 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 3, 2002 XXXVI Belichick, BillBill Belichick New England Patriots A !New England Patriots St. Louis Rams B !St. Louis Rams Martz, MikeMike Martz 20–17 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 26, 2003 XXXVII Gruden, JonJon Gruden Tampa Bay Buccaneers Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders Callahan, BillBill Callahan 48–21 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
February 1, 2004 XXXVIII Belichick, BillBill Belichick (2) New England Patriots B !New England Patriots Carolina Panthers Fox, JohnJohn Fox 32–29 Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 6, 2005 XXXIX Belichick, BillBill Belichick (3) New England Patriots C !New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles B !Philadelphia Eagles Reid, AndyAndy Reid 24–21 Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida
February 5, 2006 XL Cowher, BillBill Cowher Pittsburgh Steelers E !Pittsburgh Steelers Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren [2] 21–10 Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan
February 4, 2007 XLI Dungy, TonyTony Dungy Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts Chicago Bears Smith, LovieLovie Smith 29–17 Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 3, 2008 XLII Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin New York Giants C !New York Giants New England Patriots C !New England Patriots Belichick, BillBill Belichick 17–14 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 1, 2009 XLIII Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin Pittsburgh Steelers F !Pittsburgh Steelers Arizona Cardinals Whisenhunt, KenKen Whisenhunt 27–23 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 7, 2010 XLIV Payton, SeanSean Payton New Orleans Saints Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts Caldwell , JimJim Caldwell 31–17 Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 6, 2011 XLV McCarthy, MikeMike McCarthy Green Bay Packers D !Green Bay Packers Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin 31–25 Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas
February 5, 2012 XLVI Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin (2) New York Giants D !New York Giants New England Patriots D !New England Patriots Belichick, BillBill Belichick [2] 21–17 Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana
February 3, 2013 XLVII Harbaugh, JohnJohn Harbaugh Baltimore Ravens D !Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers Harbaugh, JimJim Harbaugh 34–31 Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
February 2, 2014 XLVIII Carroll, PetePete Carroll Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks Denver Broncos E !Denver Broncos Fox, JohnJohn Fox [2] 43–8 MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey
February 1, 2015 XLIX Belichick, BillBill Belichick (4) New England Patriots H !New England Patriots Seattle Seahawks B !Seattle Seahawks Carroll, PetePete Carroll 28–24 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 7, 2016 L Kubiak, GaryGary Kubiak Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos Carolina Panthers B !Carolina Panthers Rivera, RonRon Rivera 24–10 Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California
February 5, 2017 LI Belichick, BillBill Belichick (5) New England Patriots H !New England Patriots Atlanta Falcons B !Atlanta Falcons Quinn, DanDan Quinn 34–28 (OT) NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 4, 2018 LII Pederson, DougDoug Pederson Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots Belichick, BillBill Belichick [3] 41-33 U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances[edit]
Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach
The following NFL head coaches have coached in two or more Super Bowls.
Sort chart by clicking arrows by heading.
In descending order, the tiebreakers are – 1) Better win percentage 2) Earliest Super Bowl
Coaches listed by Games 1st, Wins 2nd, then Super Bowl number
Games
Coach
Wins
Losses
Percent
Super Bowls
Team(s)
8 Belichick, BillBill Belichick 5 2.9 ! 3 .675 s !XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI, LII New England Patriots
6 Shula, DonDon Shula 2.1 ! 2 4.9 ! 4 .340 ! .333 c ! III, VI, VII, VIII, XVII, XIX Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins
5 Landry, TomTom Landry 2.2 ! 2 3.9 ! 3 .400 e ! V, VI, X, XII, XIII Dallas Cowboys
4 Noll, ChuckChuck Noll 4 0.9 ! 0 1.410 !1.000 f ! IX, X, XIII, XIV Pittsburgh Steelers
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs 3.8 ! 3 1.9 ! 1 .750 j ! XVII, XVIII, XXII, XXVI Washington Redskins
Grant, BudBud Grant .9 ! 0 4.8 ! 4 -7 ! .000 d ! IV, VIII, IX, XI Minnesota Vikings
Levy, MarvMarv Levy .8 ! 0 4.7 ! 4.8 ! 4 -6 ! .000 n !XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII Buffalo Bills
Reeves, DanDan Reeves .7 ! 0 4.6 ! 4 -2 ! .000 l ! XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXIII Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons
3 Walsh, BillBill Walsh 3.9 ! 3 0.8 ! 0 1.400 !1.000 i ! XVI, XIX, XXIII San Francisco 49ers
Parcells, BillBill Parcells 2.3 ! 2 1.8 ! 1 .667 k ! XXI, XXV, XXXI New York Giants, New England Patriots
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren 1.5 ! 1 2.8 ! 2 .339 ! .333 q ! XXXI, XXXII, XL Green Bay Packers, Seattle Seahawks
2 Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi 2.9 ! 2 0.7 ! 0 1.310 !1.000 a !I, II Green Bay Packers
Flores, TomTom Flores 2.8 ! 2 0.6 ! 0 1.309 !1.000 g !XV, XVIII Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson 2.7 ! 2 0.5 ! 0 1.308 !1.000 o ! XXVII, XXVIII Dallas Cowboys
Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert 2.6 ! 2 0.4 ! 0 1.307 !1.000 m ! XXIV, XXIX San Francisco 49ers
Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan 2.5 ! 2 0.3 ! 0 1.306 !1.000 r !XXXII, XXXIII Denver Broncos
Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin 2.4 ! 2 0.2 ! 0 1.305 !1.000 t !XLII, XLVI New York Giants
Stram, HankHank Stram 1.9 ! 1 1.7 ! 1 .510 ! .500 b !I, IV Kansas City Chiefs
Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil 1.8 ! 1 1.6 ! 1 .509 ! .500 h ! XV, XXXIV Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams
Cowher, BillBill Cowher 1.7 ! 1 1.5 ! 1 .508 ! .500 p !XXX, XL Pittsburgh Steelers
Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 .507 ! .500 u !XLIII, XLV Pittsburgh Steelers
Carroll, PetePete Carroll 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 .507 ! .500 v !XLVIII, XLIX Seattle Seahawks
Fox, JohnJohn Fox 0.3 ! 0 1.5 ! 2 -3 ! .000 v !XXXVIII, XLVIII Carolina Panthers, Denver Broncos
See also[edit]
American football portal
National Football League portal
NFL head coach playoff records
Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history
History of NFL Championships
List of NFL champions
List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts
List of Super Bowl appearances
NFL lore
List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/ Pro Football Reference
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