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Army of the United States
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Not to be confused with the United States Army.
The Army of the United States is one of the four major service components of the United States Army (the others being the Regular Army, the United States Army Reserve and the National Guard of the United States),[1] but it has been inactive since the suspension of the draft in 1973 and the U.S. military's transition to a volunteer force.[2] Personnel serving in the United States Army during a major national emergency or armed conflict (either voluntarily or involuntarily) were enlisted into the Army of the United States, without specifying service in a component.
The term "Army of the United States" or "Armies of the United States" is also the legal name of the collective land forces of the United States, as prescribed by the United States Constitution.[3][4] In this concept, the term "Army of the United States" has been in use since at least 1841, as in the title General Regulations for the Army of the United States.
Contents
1 History
1.1 World War I
1.2 World War II
1.2.1 Divisions of the Army of the United States
1.3 Korean War and Vietnam War
2 Administrative usage
3 Service equivalents
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
The original concept of a non-Regular Army component, existing to augment the standing military, can trace its origins to the United States Volunteers. State volunteer forces were used extensively to augment the Regular Army throughout the 19th and early 20th century. During World War I and dictated by the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1916, states contributed men to the "Volunteer Army" (more commonly known as the National Army).[5] During World War I, a standard practice developed for Regular Army officers to serve in higher positions within the National Army, and thus hold two ranks - a permanent rank and a temporary rank. This concept was related to the idea of the brevet rank, which had generally fallen into disuse by the time of the First World War. The National Army was suspended after World War I.
World War II[edit]
In September 1940, the United States reintroduced conscription in response to the increasing likelihood of entry into World War II. Personnel voluntarily enlisting into the United States Army prior to spring 1940 could choose to voluntarily enlist into the Regular Army, National Guard of the United States, or Organized Reserve; after 14 May 1940, legislation provided that all voluntary enlistments in the United States Army during a time of national emergency or war were to be in the Army of the United States "without specification of any particular component or unit thereof." The "Army of the United States" as a service component was formally activated in February 1941.[6] It was legally considered the successor to the National Army.
The Army of the United States saw a major expansion following the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. On 13 December 1941, legislation provided that personnel inducted into the United States Army under the terms of the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 were, both retroactively and from that date on, considered to be serving in the Army of the United States.
The first commissioned officers serving in the Army of the United States were appointed from the Regular Army. The standard practice that these officers held a "permanent rank" within the Regular Army as well as a higher "temporary rank" while serving in the Army of the United States. A typical situation might be a colonel in the AUS holding the permanent rank of captain in the Regular Army. Another term for rank held in the Army of the United States was "theater rank."[7]
Promotions within the Army of the United States were sometimes very rapid, and some officers were promoted as many as four to five times in the space of just three to four years. Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as General of the Army, rose from a colonel to five-star general in three years. However, rank in the AUS could be revoked just as easily, with senior commanders who were relieved reverting to their permanent Regular Army rank. This was known as "loss of theater rank", with some instances of generals returning to the United States in disgrace or at least under a cloud, as only colonels or majors.[8]
Divisions of the Army of the United States[edit]
Division
Date Activated
Campaign Participation Credit

11th Airborne Division
25 February 1942 New Guinea, Southern Philippines, Luzon

13th Airborne Division
15 August 1943 No combat

17th Airborne Division
15 April 1943 Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe

101st Airborne Division
15 August 1942 Normandy, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

5th Armored Division
10 October 1941 Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Central Europe

6th Armored Division
15 February 1942 Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

7th Armored Division
15 February 1942 Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

8th Armored Division
1 April 1942 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

9th Armored Division
15 July 1942 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

10th Armored Division
15 July 1942 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

11th Armored Division
15 August 1942 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

12th Armored Division
15 September 1942 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

13th Armored Division
15 October 1942 Rhineland, Central Europe

14th Armored Division
15 November 1942 Rhineland, Central Europe

16th Armored Division
15 July 1943 Central Europe

20th Armored Division
15 March 1943 Central Europe

25th Infantry Division
1 October 1941 Central Pacific, Guadalcanal, Northern Solomons, Luzon

42nd Infantry Division
14 July 1943 Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe

63rd Infantry Division
15 June 1943 Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe

65th Infantry Division
16 August 1943 Rhineland, Central Europe

66th Infantry Division
15 April 1943 Northern France

69th Infantry Division
15 May 1943 Rhineland, Central Europe

70th Infantry Division
15 June 1943 Rhineland, Central Europe

71st Infantry Division
15 July 1943 Rhineland, Central Europe

75th Infantry Division
15 April 1943 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

92nd Infantry Division
15 October 1942 North Appenines, Po Valley

93rd Infantry Division
15 May 1942 New Guinea, Northern Solomons, Bismarck Archipelago

106th Infantry Division
15 March 1943 Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe

10th Mountain Division
15 July 1943 North Appenines, Po Valley
In 1946, with postwar demobilization, the Army of the United States was suspended, along with the draft. Officers from that point reverted to Regular Army rank and all enlisted personnel either were discharged from the Army of the United States and returned to civilian life, or accepted the offer to reenlist in the Regular Army. Units raised in the Army of the United States were deactivated; if the Army chose to activate them again permanently, they were allotted to the Regular Army.
Korean War and Vietnam War[edit]
The Army of the United States was demobilized in 1946, but still maintained as a component of the Army. Upon the outbreak of the Korean War, the Army of the United States consisted of conscripts in the Regular Army, with the National Guard and Army of the United States existing simultaneously in the same theater. The system of prefixes before service numbers was as follows:
ER: Enlisted Reserve
OR: Officer Reserve
NG: National Guard
RA: Regular Army
US: Army of the United States
For the Korean War, the Army of the United States changed its abbreviation to "US", replacing the older "AUS". The last use of the Army of the United States was during the Vietnam War. It was disbanded in 1974.
Administrative usage[edit]
The Army Reserve (USAR) and Army National Guard (ARNG) remained separate components during the modern era of conscription, and their members continued to use their unique identifiers, except in those cases in which officers were appointed or commissioned into a higher grade of rank while on active duty serving in a Regular Army unit. For example, during the war in Vietnam, a graduate of Army ROTC, commissioned as a USAR 2d lieutenant and serving his initial active duty tour, could be promoted to 1st lieutenant, or even captain, with a "temporary", active duty (i.e., AUS) commission, while still holding the permanent, USAR rank of 2d lieutenant. Another example would be an ARNG officer serving on active duty, who might accept a commission in the Regular Army (RA), and then might be promoted one or two grades in the AUS above their RA grade. This possibility could result in situations in which an Army National Guard captain could be called to active duty and accept a commission as a Regular Army major, then be promoted in the AUS, holding a "temporary", active duty commission at a higher rank, and then could retire after 20 or more years of active duty as a lieutenant colonel or colonel, while actually only having met the time-in-grade requirements (and passed the promotion board selection screening process) for the "permanent", Regular Army rank of major.[citation needed]
Service equivalents[edit]
There is no equivalent to the Army of the United States in either the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard. In 1948, for a very brief period, a component known as the "Air Forces of the United States" (AFUS) existed to augment Army Air Forces personnel, who held AUS ranks, into the newly created United States Air Force.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 32, Subtitle A, Chapter V, Subchapter F, Part 571 Subpart A, Section 571.1(c/3)
Jump up ^ Bailey, Beth, "America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force", Belknap Press; (November 23, 2009)
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1
Jump up ^ United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001, 10 U.S.C. § 3001
Jump up ^ * "The Draft Force of the United States Army", (Yarborough, William P., Lieutenant General, RA), Self Published, 1973
Jump up ^ "Conscription Order #1", Office of the War Department, Records of the Personnel Division (G-1), U.S. National Archives Record Group 165 [1]
Jump up ^ Bell, William G., "Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff", Center of Military History, United States Army, 1997
Jump up ^ Haskew, Michael E., "West Point 1915: Eisenhower, Bradley, and the Class the Stars Fell On. Minneapolis", Quarto Publishing Group (2014)
Jump up ^ United States National Archives, Archival service record of Curtis Lemay (Summary of Service), released Nov 2008
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Value stream mapping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Value-stream mapping usually employs standard symbols to represent items and processes, therefore knowledge of these symbols is essential to correctly interpret the production system problems.
Value-stream mapping is a lean-management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer. At Toyota, it is known as "material- and information-flow mapping".[1] It can be applied to nearly any value chain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Using the method
1.1 Applications
1.2 In software engineering
1.3 Metrics
2 Associated analysis methods
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Using the method[edit]
Applications[edit]
Value Stream Maps are usually drawn using a set of standard symbols, some of which can be seen here.
A paper value stream map.
Value-stream mapping has supporting methods that are often used in Lean environments to analyze and design flows at the system level (across multiple processes).
Although value-stream mapping is often associated with manufacturing, it is also used in logistics, supply chain, service related industries, healthcare,[2][3] software development,[4][5] product development,[6] and administrative and office processes.[7]
In a build-to-the-standard form, Shigeo Shingo[8] suggests that the value-adding steps be drawn across the centre of the map and the non–value-adding steps be represented in vertical lines at right angles to the value stream. Thus, the activities become easily separated into the value stream, which is the focus of one type of attention, and the 'waste' steps, another type. He calls the value stream the process and the non-value streams the operations. The thinking here is that the non–value-adding steps are often preparatory or tidying up to the value-adding step and are closely associated with the person or machine/workstation that executes that value-adding step. Therefore, each vertical line is the 'story' of a person or workstation whilst the horizontal line represents the 'story' of the product being created.
Value stream mapping is a recognised method used as part of Six Sigma methodologies.[9]
In software engineering[edit]
The success of Lean in manufacturing and production has led to an interest in its adoption in software development. However, it was noted that the current literature on adoption of Lean in software development had a disconnect between the high-level principles and the concrete practices related to lean and agile software development. The literature had also a limited focus on wastes that were literally mapped from the categories identified for manufacturing.[10] This was ignoring the transformation that lean thinking has itself undergone and moved away from the focus on "removal of waste" to "creating and delivering value".[11] The use of value stream mapping as suggested by the pioneer authors of the field Womack and Jones[12] was identified as the missing link in the current literature on lean in software development.
Value-stream mapping analyzes both material (artifact) and information flow.[13] The following two resources exemplify the use of VSM to do it in the context of software process improvement in industrial settings:
"Artifact analysis": analysis of software artifacts like requirements, use case, change request or defect report through the development process[14]
"Information flow analysis": analysis of information flows in the development process[15]
Metrics[edit]
Two key metrics associated with value stream mapping are value-adding times and non–value-adding times.[16] Non value adding time is called waste or muda.[17]
Associated analysis methods[edit]
Hines and Rich (1997) defined seven value stream mapping tools[18] they are:
Process Activity Mapping
Supply chain responsiveness matrix
Product Variety Funnel
Quality filter mapping
Forrester effect mapping
Decision point analysis
Overall Structure Maps
See also[edit]
Business process mapping
Lean manufacturing
Value stream mapping software
Value chain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rother, Mike; Shook, John (1999). Learning to See: value-stream mapping to create value and eliminate muda. Brookline, MA: Lean Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0-9667843-0-8.
Jump up ^ Graban, Mark (2011). Lean Hospitals: Improving Quality, Patient Safety, and Employee Engagement. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781439870433.
Jump up ^ Graban, Mark; Swartz, Joseph (2011). Healthcare Kaizen: Engaging Front-Line Staff in Sustainable Continuous Improvements. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781439872963.
Jump up ^ Plenert, Gerhard (2011). Lean Management Principles for Information Technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420078602.
Jump up ^ Bell, Steven; Orzen, Michael. Lean IT: Enabling and Sustaining Your Lean Transformation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9781439817568.
Jump up ^ Mascitelli, Ronald (2011). Mastering lean product development: a practical, event-driven process for maximizing speed, profits and quality. Northridge, CA: Technology Perspectives. ISBN 9780966269741.
Jump up ^ Keyte, Beau; Locher, Drew (2004). The Complete Lean Enterprise: Value Stream Mapping for Administrative and Office Processes. New York: Productivity Press. ISBN 9781563273018.
Jump up ^ Shingo, Shigeo (1985). A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. Stamford, CT: Productivity Press. p. 5. ISBN 0915299097.
Jump up ^ "Value Stream Mapping" Article Source: http://www.isixsigma.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=90&Itemid=222#
Jump up ^ Ali N.B., Operationalization of lean thinking through value stream mapping with simulation and FLOW [dissertation]. Karlskrona: Department of Software Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology; 2015.
Jump up ^ Hines P, Holweg M, Rich N. Learning to evolve: A review of contemporary lean thinking. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 2004;24(10):994-1011.
Jump up ^ Womack JP, Jones DT. Lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. Rev. and updat [] ed. London: Free Press Business; 2003.
Jump up ^ Rother, Mike, and John Shook. Learning to see: value stream mapping to add value and eliminate muda. Lean Enterprise Institute, 2003.
Jump up ^ Ali NB, Petersen K, Breno Bernard Nicolau de França. Evaluation of simulation-assisted value stream mapping for software product development: Two industrial cases. Information and Software Technology. 2015;68:45.
Jump up ^ Ali NB, Petersen K, Schneider K. FLOW-assisted value stream mapping in the early phases of large-scale software development. Journal of Systems and Software. 2016;111:213-27.
Jump up ^ JANUŠKA, M., PÁLKA, P., ŠŮLOVÁ, D., CHODŮR, M. Value chain of virtual enterprise - Possible modern management concepts and value drivers identification. In Annals of DAAAM for 2009 and 20th International DAAAM Symposium "Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation: Focus on Theory, Practice and Education". Vienna: Danube Adria Association for Automation and Manufacturing, DAAAM, 2009. s. 469-470. ISBN 978-3-901509-70-4 , ISSN 1726-9679
Jump up ^ http://leanmanufacturingtools.org/89/value-add-vs-non-value-adding-processes/
Jump up ^ Rich, Nick; Esain, Ann; Bateman, Nicola (1997). Lean Evolution: Lessons from the Workplace. Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Value stream mapping.
Achieving the Future State
VSM Example
7 Tips to a successful Value Stream Map – video]
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Color wheel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Color wheel (disambiguation).
Boutet's 7-color and 12-color color circles from 1708
Wilhelm von Bezold's 1874 Farbentafel
A color wheel or colour circle[1] is an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors etc.
Some sources use the terms color wheel and color circle interchangeably;[2][3] however, one term or the other may be more prevalent in certain fields or certain versions as mentioned above. For instance, some reserve the term color wheel for mechanical rotating devices, such as color tops or filter wheels. Others classify various color wheels as color disc, color chart, and color scale varieties.[4]
As an illustrative model, artists typically use red, yellow, and blue primaries (RYB color model) arranged at three equally spaced points around their color wheel.[5] Printers and others who use modern subtractive color methods and terminology use magenta, yellow, and cyan as subtractive primaries. Intermediate and interior points of color wheels and circles represent color mixtures. In a paint or subtractive color wheel, the "center of gravity" is usually (but not always[6]) black, representing all colors of light being absorbed; in a color circle, on the other hand, the center is white or gray, indicating a mixture of different wavelengths of light (all wavelengths, or two complementary colors, for example).
The original color circle of Isaac Newton showed only the spectral hues and was provided to illustrate a rule for the color of mixtures of lights, that these could be approximately predicted from the center of gravity of the numbers of "rays" of each spectral color present (represented in his diagram by small circles).[7] The divisions of Newton's circle are of unequal size, being based on the intervals of a Dorian musical scale.[8] Most later color circles include the purples, however, between red and violet, and have equal-sized hue divisions.[9] Color scientists and psychologists often use the additive primaries, red, green and blue; and often refer to their arrangement around a circle as a color circle as opposed to a color wheel.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Colors of the color wheel
2 The color circle and color vision
3 Color wheels and paint color mixing
4 Color wheel software
5 HSV color wheel
6 Color schemes
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Colors of the color wheel[edit]
A 1908 color wheel with red, green, and violet "plus colors" and magenta, yellow, and cyan blue "minus colors"
The typical artists' paint or pigment color wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. The tertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow–orange, orange-red, red–violet, violet-blue and blue–green.
A color wheel based on RGB (red, green, blue) or RGV (red, green, violet) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries (cyan was previously known as cyan blue). Alternatively, the same arrangement of colors around a circle can be described as based on cyan, magenta, and yellow subtractive primaries, with red, green, and blue (or violet) being secondaries.
Most color wheels are based on three primary colors, three secondary colors, and the six intermediates formed by mixing a primary with a secondary, known as tertiary colors, for a total of 12 main divisions; some add more intermediates, for 24 named colors. Other color wheels, however, are based on the four opponent colors, and may have four or eight main colors.
Goethe's Theory of Colours provided the first systematic study of the physiological effects of color (1810). His observations on the effect of opposed colors led him to a symmetric arrangement of his color wheel anticipating Ewald Hering's opponent color theory (1872).
...for the colours diametrically opposed to each other... are those that reciprocally evoke each other in the eye.
— Goethe, Theory of Colours
The color circle and color vision[edit]
A 1917 four-way color circle related to the color opponent process
A color circle based on spectral wavelengths appears with red at one end of the spectrum and is 100% mixable violet at the other. A wedge-shaped gap represents colors that have no unique spectral frequency. These extra-spectral colors, the purples, form from additive mixture of colors from the ends of the spectrum.
In normal human vision, wavelengths of between about 400 nm and 700 nm are represented by this incomplete circle, with the longer wavelengths equating to the red end of the spectrum. Complement colors are located directly opposite each other on this wheel. These complement colors are not identical to colors in pigment mixing (such as are used in paint), but when lights are additively mixed in the correct proportions appear as a neutral grey or white.[11]
For example: the reason that the Wimbledon tennis tournament uses purple on the Wimbledon official logo is that purple is located almost opposite of green on the color wheel. Purple against green provides good contrast.[12]
The color circle is used for, among other purposes, illustrating additive color mixture. Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum may produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum, even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved. This type of color matching is known as metameric matching.[13] Thus a combination of green and red light might produce a color close to yellow in apparent hue. The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle, but they are usually represented as being joined by a straight line on the circle, the location of the new color closer to the (white) centre of the circle indicating that the resulting hue is less saturated (i.e., paler) than either of the two source colors. The combination of any two colors in this way are always less saturated than the two pure spectral colors individually.
Objects may be viewed under a variety of different lighting conditions. The human visual system is able to adapt to these differences by chromatic adaptation. This aspect of the visual system is relatively easy to mislead, and optical illusions relating to color are therefore a common phenomenon. The color circle is a useful tool for examining these illusions.
Arranging spectral colors in a circle to predict admixture of light stems from work by Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's calculation of the resulting color involves three steps: First, mark on the color circle the constituent colors according to their relative weight. Second, find the barycenter of these differently weighted colors. Third, interpret the radial distance (from the center of the circle to the barycenter) as the saturation of the color, and the azimuthal position on the circle as the hue of the color. Thus, Newton's color circle is a predecessor of the modern, horseshoe-shaped CIE color diagram.
The psychophysical theory behind the color circle dates to the early color triangle of Thomas Young, whose work was later extended by James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz. Young postulated that the eye contains receptors that respond to three different primary sensations, or spectra of light. As Maxwell showed, all hues, but not all colors, can be created from three primary colors such as red, green, and blue, if they are mixed in the right proportions.
Color wheels and paint color mixing[edit]
There is no straight-line relationship between colors mixed in pigment, which vary from medium to medium. With a psychophysical color circle, however, the resulting hue of any mixture of two colored light sources can be determined simply by the relative brightness and wavelength of the two lights.[13] A similar calculation cannot be performed with two paints. As such, a painter's color wheel is indicative rather than predictive, being used to compare existing colors rather than calculate exact colors of mixtures. Because of differences relating to the medium, different color wheels can be created according to the type of paint or other medium used, and many artists make their own individual color wheels. These often contain only blocks of color rather than the gradation between tones that is characteristic of the color circle.[14]
Color wheel software[edit]
Main article: Color tool
A number of interactive color wheel applications are available both on the Internet and as desktop applications. These programs are used by artists and designers for picking colors for a design.
HSV color wheel[edit]
A color wheel based on HSV, labeled with HTML color keywords
The HSL and HSV color spaces are simple geometric transformations of the RGB cube into cylindrical form. The outer top circle of the HSV cylinder – or the outer middle circle of the HSL cylinder – can be thought of as a color wheel. There is no authoritative way of labeling the colors in such a color wheel, but the six colors which fall at corners of the RGB cube are given names in the X11 color list, and are named keywords in HTML.[15]
Color schemes[edit]
Main article: Color scheme
Color schemes are logical combinations of colors on the color wheel.
Moses Harris, in his book The Natural System of Colours (1776), presented this color palette. Complementary colors are two colors directly across from each other; for example, red and green are complementary colors. Tetradic color palettes use four colors, a pair of complementary color pairs. For example, one could use yellow, purple, red, and green. Tetrad colors can be found by putting a square or rectangle on the color wheel.
In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors used in design for a range of media. For example, the use of a white background with black text is an example of a common default color scheme in web design.
Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling together commonly appear together in color schemes. A basic color scheme uses two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination, usually based around a single color—for example, text with such colors as red, yellow, orange and light blue arranged together on a black background in a magazine article.
Ignaz Schiffermüller, Versuch eines Farbensystems (Vienna, 1772), plate I. Color wheels can be used to create pleasing color schemes. An analogous color scheme is made up of colors next to each other on the wheel. For example, red, orange, and yellow are analogous colors.
Color schemes can also contain different shades of a single color; for example, a color scheme that mixes different shades of green, ranging from very light (almost white) to very dark.
Analogous colors are colors next to each other on the wheel. For example, yellow and green. Monochromic colors are different shades of the same color. For example, light blue, indigo, and cyan blue. Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel. For example, blue and orange. Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other, in a triangle over the color wheel. For example, the primary colors red, yellow, and blue are triadic colors.[16]
For a list of ways to construct color schemes, regarding properties such as warmness/achromiticness/complementariness, see color theory.
Gallery[edit]
Newton's asymmetric color wheel based on musical intervals. Mixing "rays" in amounts given by the circles yields color "z"
Goethe's symmetric color wheel with 'reciprocally evoked colours'
A color circle based on additive combinations of the light spectrum, after Schiffman (1990)
Human Color Wheel based on the hue and light detected on human skins, after Harbisson (2004-2009)
RGB color wheel
See also[edit]
Color theory
Visual perception
Psychophysics
Color solid
Spectral color
Octave
Color blind
Ishihara test
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Morton, J.L. "Basic Color Theory". Color Matters.
Jump up ^ Simon Jennings (2003). Artist's Color Manual: The Complete Guide to Working With Color. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-4143-X.
Jump up ^ Faber Birren (1934). Color Dimensions: Creating New Principles of Color Harmony and a Practical Equation in Color Definition. Chicago: The Crimson Press. ISBN 1-4286-5179-9.
Jump up ^ Joseph Anthony Gillet and William James Rolfe (1881). Elements of Natural Philosophy: For the Use of Schools and Academies. New York: Potter, Ainsworth.
Jump up ^ Kathleen Lochen Staiger (2006). The Oil Painting Course You've Always Wanted: Guided Lessons for Beginners. Watson–Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-3259-0.
Jump up ^ Martha Gill (2000). Color Harmony Pastels: A Guidebook for Creating Great Color Combinations. Rockport Publishers. ISBN 1-56496-720-4.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac (1704). Opticks. pp. 114–117.
Jump up ^ Briggs, David. "Newton's hue system".
Jump up ^ Steven K. Shevell (2003). The Science of Color. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-51251-9.
Jump up ^ Linda Leal (1994). The Essentials of Psychology. Research & Education Assoc. ISBN 0-87891-930-9.
Jump up ^ Krech, D., Crutchfield, R.S., Livson, N., Wilson, W.A. jr., Parducci, A. (1982) Elements of psychology (4th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 108-109.
Jump up ^ "Natural Court Colors Give Way to a Kaleidoscope of Shades".
^ Jump up to: a b Schiffman, H.R. (1990) Sensation and perception: An integrated approach (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 252-253.
Jump up ^ Rodwell, J. (1987) The complete watercolour artist. London: Paul Press, pp. 94-95.
Jump up ^ "Basic HTML data types". HTML 4.01 Specification. W3C. 24 December 1999.
Jump up ^ How to create color palettes
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorwheels.
David Briggs (2007). Hue in The Dimensions of Colour
Interactive Color Wheel (Color Scheme Generator)
"Colour Wheels, Charts, and Tables Through History". The Public Domain Review. Illustrated history, with links to mostly public domain images from digitized historic books.
Best Landscape Design Color in the Garden Design
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The Sum of All Fears (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Sum of All Fears
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Phil Alden Robinson
Produced by
Mace Neufeld
Screenplay by
Paul Attanasio
Daniel Pyne
Based on
The Sum of All Fears
by Tom Clancy
Starring
Ben Affleck
Morgan Freeman
James Cromwell
Bridget Moynahan
Liev Schreiber
Alan Bates
Philip Baker Hall
Ron Rifkin
Bruce McGill
Music by
Jerry Goldsmith
Cinematography
John Lindley
Edited by
Neil Travis
Nicolas de Toth
Production
companies
Mace Neufeld Productions
MFP Munich Film Partners
S.O.A.F. Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
United States
United International Pictures
International
Release date
May 29, 2002 (2002-05-29) (Los Angeles premiere)
May 31, 2002 (2002-05-31) (United States)
Running time
124 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$68 million
Box office
$193.9 million[2]
The Sum of All Fears is a 2002 American spy thriller film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, based on Tom Clancy's novel of the same name. The film, which is set in the Jack Ryan film series, is a reboot taking place in 2002. Jack Ryan is portrayed as a younger character by Ben Affleck, in comparison to The Hunt for Red October starring Alec Baldwin, along with the film's subsequent sequels, Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger, both of which starred Harrison Ford.
The film is about a plot by an Austrian Neo-Nazi to trigger a nuclear war between the United States and Russia, so that he can establish a fascist superstate in Europe. After the Neo-Nazi's scientists build a secret nuclear weapon that destroys Baltimore and a rogue Russian officer paid off by the Neo-Nazi attacks a U.S. aircraft carrier, the world's superpowers are pushed close to the brink of all-out war. CIA analyst Jack Ryan (Affleck) is the only person who realizes that the Baltimore bomb was a black market weapon, not a Russian one. With the clock ticking, Ryan has to find a way to stop the impending nuclear war.
The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, MFP Munich Film Partners, and S.O.A.F. Productions. On June 4, 2002, the original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Elektra Records music label. The soundtrack was composed and orchestrated by musician Jerry Goldsmith.
The Sum of All Fears premiered in theaters in the United States on May 31, 2002, grossing $118,907,036 in box office revenue. Its worldwide theatrical run ended with a total of $193,921,372 in business. Considering its production budget of $68 million and related marketing costs, the film was considered a major financial success. Despite this, the film received generally mixed reviews from critics.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release
4.1 Theatrical run
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, an Israeli A-4 Skyhawk jet carrying a nuclear weapon is shot down; 29 years later, a Syrian scrap collector uncovers a large unexploded bomb buried in a field in the Golan Heights. He sells it to a South African black market arms trafficker named Olson, who recognizes it as the nuclear bomb that was lost during the war. He then sells it to a far-right group led by Austrian billionaire and neo-Nazi Richard Dressler. Dressler's aim is to start a nuclear war between the United States and Russia that will devastate them both, and leave a united Fascist Europe to rule the world.
CIA analyst Jack Ryan is summoned by CIA Director William Cabot to accompany him to Russia to meet President Nemerov. In Moscow, Cabot and Ryan are allowed to examine a Russian nuclear weapons facility as prescribed by the START treaty, where Ryan notices the absence of three scientists listed on the facility's roster. Cabot sends operative John Clark to Russia to investigate. Clark tracks the missing scientists to a former Soviet military facility in Ukraine, where Cabot suspects they are building a secret nuclear weapon that Russia could use without any way to trace it back to them.
Ryan and his colleagues discern that a crate from the facility in Ukraine was flown to the Canary Islands, then sent to Baltimore on a cargo ship. Ryan warns Cabot, who is attending a football game in Baltimore with the President, about a bomb threat. The President is evacuated before the bomb detonates, but the city is destroyed. To escalate the situation, a corrupt Russian Air Force general who has been paid by Dressler sends Tu-22M Backfires to attack a U.S. aircraft carrier in the North Sea.
Ryan learns from the radiation assessment team that the isotopic signature from the nuclear blast pinpoints it as having been manufactured at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina in 1968; evidence which seems to exonerate the Russians. In Syria, Clark tracks down Ghazi, one of the men who found the bomb, now dying of radiation exposure. He tells Clark that he sold the bomb to Olson, who lives in Damascus. Ryan's colleagues at Langley infiltrate Olson's computer and download files that implicate Dressler as the person who bought the plutonium and who is behind the Baltimore attack.
Ryan is able to reach the National Military Command Center in The Pentagon and get a message to Nemerov, saying that he knows that Russia was not behind the attack, while also asking Nemerov to stand down his forces as a show of good faith. Nemerov agrees to do so as President Fowler follows suit. The participants in the conspiracy, including Dressler, are assassinated. Presidents Fowler and Nemerov announce new measures to counter nuclear proliferation in joint speeches at the White House, as Ryan and his fiancee Dr. Catherine Muller listen in.
Cast[edit]
Ben Affleck, the third actor in the film series to portray the character of Jack Ryan.
Ben Affleck as Jack Ryan
Morgan Freeman as William Cabot, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Bridget Moynahan as Dr. Catherine "Cathy" Muller
James Cromwell as J. Robert Fowler, President of the United States
Liev Schreiber as John Clark
Michael Byrne as Anatoly Grushkov/Spinnaker, senior advisor to President Nemerov.
Colm Feore as Olson
Alan Bates as Richard Dressler
Ron Rifkin as Sidney Owens, Secretary of State
Ciarán Hinds as Alexander Nemerov, President of the Russian Federation
Bruce McGill as Gene Revell, National Security Advisor
Richard Marner as President Zorkin, President of the Russian Federation prior to Nemerov
Philip Baker Hall as David Becker, Secretary of Defense
Josef Sommer as Senator Jessup
Ken Jenkins as Admiral Pollack
Philip Akin as General Wilkes
John Beasley as General Lasseter, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Lee Garlington as Mary Pat Foley, CIA
Joel Bissonnette as Mason, Dressler's American contact
Sven-Ole Thorsen as Haft, Dressler's hitman
Aleksandr Belyavsky as Admiral Ivanov
Lev Prygunov as General Saratkin
Yevgeni Lazarev as General Dubinin
Gregory Hlady as Milinov
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After the release of Clear and Present Danger in 1994, a year was spent developing Tom Clancy's The Cardinal of the Kremlin before the material was deemed too difficult to adapt resulting in producer Mace Neufeld purchasing the rights to Clancy's The Sum of All Fears.[4] In October 1999, Harrison Ford announced that the next Jack Ryan novel being scripted into a film would indeed be The Sum of All Fears and that "hopefully we'll get that to a place where we can make a movie."[5] During this time, writer Akiva Goldsman wrote multiple drafts of the script.[6] However, on June 8, 2000, it was announced that Ford dropped out of the film after he and director Phillip Noyce were unable to work out script problems.[7] It was later announced that Ben Affleck would take on the role in a $10 million deal that would see the series rebooted with Jack Ryan portrayed at an earlier stage in life. "The day I received the offer to play Jack Ryan, I was filming a Pearl Harbor scene with Alec Baldwin. He was very sweet and said I should do it," said Affleck. "I wouldn't have done the movie without talking to Harrison Ford first. He gave me his blessing. That's what I needed to hear."[8] Months after Affleck became attached to the project, director Phil Alden Robinson was brought on to helm the project.[9]
While the basic plot was the same, there were significant changes from the book. Noting these substantial changes, in the commentary track on the DVD release, Tom Clancy jokingly introduced himself as "the author of the book that he [director Phil Alden Robinson, who is present with Clancy] ignored."
Perhaps the largest change were the original terrorists. In the novel, they were Arab nationalists, but in the film, they were changed to neo-fascists. A common misconception is that this was done as a reaction to the September 11 attacks. However, the movie finished filming in June 2001.
On the "making-of" DVD extra, director Alden Robinson said that it was purely for elements relating to the plot, as Arab terrorists would not be able to plausibly accomplish all that was necessary for the story to work. In addition, the terrorists in the book received significant aid from elements in East Germany, a country which had ceased to exist before the novel was even published. The group Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) did mount a two-year lobbying campaign that ended on January 26, 2001, against using "Muslim villains", as the original book version did.[10]
Olympic Stadium in Montreal, where the football game scenes were filmed.
Screenwriter Dan Pyne claimed that the decision to not use Arab terrorists was "possibly because that has become a cliché. At the time that I started writing The Sum of All Fears, Joerg Haider was just starting to come into play in Austria. And simultaneous with that, I think, there was some neo-nationalist activity in Holland, and there was stuff going on in Spain and in Italy. So it seemed like a logical and lasting idea that would be universal."[11] It has also been noted that a larger percent of profits stems from international audiences, and American filmmakers work to avoid alienating large segments of this customer base.[11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for The Sum of All Fears began on February 12, 2001 in Montreal, Quebec.[12] A majority of the film was shot in Montreal, including the sequences at the football game that were shot in the city's Olympic Stadium.[13] Additional filming was done at the Diefenbunker in Ottawa, Ontario.[14] Production wrapped in June 2001.[4] The interior scene of the aircraft carrier was filmed on a set used in the TV series JAG.[15]
Music[edit]
The musical score to The Sum of All Fears is composed by Jerry Goldsmith. A soundtrack album was released on June 4, 2002 by Elektra Records.[16] In addition to Goldsmith's score, the soundtrack also includes source music such as "If We Get Through This" by Tabitha Fair and "Nessun dorma" by Giacomo Puccini. There are also two tracks from the album ("If We Could Remember" and "The Mission") that are vocal interpretations of Goldsmith's primary theme co-written by singer-songwriter Paul Williams.[17]
The Sum of All Fears (Music from the Motion Picture)
Film score by Jerry Goldsmith
Released
June 4, 2002
Length
49:30
Label
Elektra
Jack Ryan soundtrack chronology
Clear and Present Danger
(1994)Clear and Present Danger1994 The Sum of All Fears
(2002) Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit
(2014)Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit2014
The Sum of All Fears (Music from the Motion Picture)
No.
Title
Length
1. "If We Could Remember" 3:30
2. "The Mission" 5:57
3. "The Bomb" 2:55
4. "That Went Well" 2:45
5. "Clear the Stadium" 1:33
6. "If We Get Through This" 3:36
7. "The Deal" 2:34
8. "Changes" 2:27
9. "Snap Count" 2:12
10. "His Name Is Olson" 1:51
11. "Nessun Dorma from Turandot" 2:58
12. "Deserted Lab" 1:52
13. "Real Time" 2:51
14. "How Close?" 6:05
15. "The Same Air" 2:01
16. "If We Could Remember (Reprise)" 3:34
Total length: 49:30
Release[edit]
Theatrical run[edit]
While the film was speculated to be released in late 2001, The Sum of All Fears was theatrically released on May 31, 2002. Many media outlets characterized this apparent change in release date to be a delay due to the September 11 attacks. Addressing the release date, director Phil Alden Robinson said, "When I came on board in August of 2000, they said, 'This is a Summer-of-2002 picture.'"[9] As the first film released since September 11 to deal so vividly with terrorism, critics believed it to be too alarming to be released nearly nine months after the attacks.[18][19]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 59% of critics gave the film positive reviews and that the average rating was 6/10 based on a total of 171 reviews counted. The consensus is that the film is "A slick and well-made thriller that takes on new weight due to the current political climate."[3] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, The Sum of All Fears received a score of 45 based on 35 reviews.[20]
Peter Travers criticized Affleck's performance, saying it "merely creates an outline for a role he still needs to grow into, a role that Harrison Ford effortlessly filled with authority."[21] Richard Roeper felt the film "is almost impossible to follow – and there's something cringe-inducing about seeing an American football stadium nuked as pop entertainment." Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune called it "an implausible apocalypse without depth or resonance",[22] while Peter Rainer of New York magazine felt the "movie has been upstaged by the sum of our fears."[23]
"There are some frightening special effects in the movie, which I will not describe, because their unexpected appearance has such an effect."
—Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times[24]
A few positive reviews came from The Argus, who praised Freeman for giving "the William Cabot character such validity."[25] Roger Ebert felt that "the use of the neo-Nazis is politically correct: Best to invent villains who won't offend any audiences." He also said that "Jack Ryan's one-man actions in post-bomb Baltimore are unlikely and way too well-timed."[24]
In Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy, author Matthew Alford observed that the American political characters in the film act benevolently; declaring, "When the President and his advisers do apply force it is with heavy hearts and purely as a way of demonstrating 'deterrence' in the hope that this will encourage the Russians to back down. They never apply excessive violence and are ultimately successful – with Ryan’s help – in avoiding nuclear warfare." Furthermore, he argued that "the film celebrates and makes light of the enormous covert powers of a globally operating US national security state and its allies."[26]
Box office[edit]
According to Box Office Mojo, the film made U.S. $118,907,036 and $75,014,336 in foreign totals, easily recovering its $68 million production costs.[2]
See also[edit]
Film portal
2002 in film
The Sum of All Fears (video game)
National Response Scenario Number One
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Sum of All Fears (12)". British Board of Film Classification. May 31, 2002. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b The Sum of All Fears, Box Office Mojo.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sum Of All Fears". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Neumer, Chris. "Mace Neufeld Interview". Stumped Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rea, Steven (October 6, 1999). "Playing with perception". Toledo Blade. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Akiva Goldsman talks about THE SUM OF ALL FEARS...". Video Trader. Ain't It Cool News. February 1, 2000. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ford Won't Give in to Sum of All Fears". IGN. June 8, 2000. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hobson, Louis B. (May 21, 2001). "Affleck attack". Jam!. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lybarger, Dan (May 31, 2002). "The Sum of All Fears: A Conversation with Phil Alden Robinson". Nitrate Online Feature. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Mark (January 26, 2001). "Wolf Howls As NBC Yanks "Law & Order" Episode". E! News. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b producer: Lauren F. Cardillo (2003). "Casting Calls". Running Down Dreams Productions & The Discovery Times Channel.
Jump up ^ "Ben Affleck and Morgan Freeman to Star in 'The Sum of All Fears'; Paramount Presents Fourth Film in Hit Jack Ryan Series.". PR Newswire. The Free Library. March 7, 2001. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sum of All Fears – Production Notes". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Emma Jones (June 4, 2012). "On-location vacations: Movies shot in Canada". MSN.
Jump up ^ Blu-ray commentary with Phil Alden Robinson and John Lindley
Jump up ^ "The Sum of All Fears [Music from the Motion Picture]". AllMusic. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Filmtracks: The Sum of All Fears (Jerry Goldsmith)". Filmtracks.com. February 15, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brassfield, Mike (June 1, 2002). "'Sum of All Fears' tests our post-9/11 threshold for plots". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Van Susteren, Greta (June 3, 2002). "The Sum of All Fears Controversy". Fox News Channel. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sum of All Fears". Metacritic. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sum of All Fears". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "529 Reviews by Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune". Retrieved May 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Peter Rainer. "Review of Sum of all fears". NY Magazine (NYMag). Retrieved May 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sum of All Fears". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lana K. Wilson-Combs, "wHEW! Freeman won't give up acting anytime soon", The Argus (May 31, 2002).
Jump up ^ Alford, Reel Power, p 91.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Sum of All Fears (film)
Official website
The Sum of All Fears on IMDb
The Sum of All Fears at AllMovie
The Sum of All Fears at Rotten Tomatoes
The Sum of All Fears at Metacritic
The Sum of All Fears at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
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Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan fictional universe
Novels
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
Patriot Games (1987)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
Clear and Present Danger (1989)
The Sum of All Fears (1991)
Without Remorse (1993)
Debt of Honor (1994)
Executive Orders (1996)
Rainbow Six (1998)
The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
Red Rabbit (2002)
The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)
Dead or Alive (2010)
Locked On (2011)
Threat Vector (2012)
Command Authority (2013)
Support and Defend by Mark Greaney (2014)
Full Force and Effect by Mark Greaney (2014)
Under Fire by Grant Blackwood (2015)
Commander in Chief by Mark Greaney (2015)
Duty and Honor by Grant Blackwood (2016)
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Patriot Games (1992)
Clear and Present Danger (1994)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
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In the Mood (1987)
Field of Dreams (1989)
Sneakers (1992)
Freedom Song (2000)
The Sum of All Fears (2002)
The Angriest Man in Brooklyn (2014)
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Categories:
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Web.com Tour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Web.com Tour is the developmental tour for the U.S.-based PGA Tour, and features professional golfers who have either not yet reached the PGA Tour, or who have done so but then failed to win enough FedEx Cup points to stay at that level. Those who are on the top 25 of the money list at year's end are given PGA Tour memberships for the next season. Since the 2013 season, the Web.com Tour has been the primary pathway for those seeking to earn their PGA Tour card. Q-School, which had previously been the primary route for qualification to the PGA Tour, has been converted as an entryway to the Web.com tour.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules and results
2.1 Three-win promotion
3 Changes for 2013 season and beyond
4 2018 schedule
5 Career money leaders
6 Money list and Player of the Year winners
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
History[edit]
Announced in early 1989 by PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman,[1] the "satellite tour" was formalized by the PGA Tour in 1990, originally named the Ben Hogan Tour, sponsored by the Ben Hogan Golf Company.[2][3][4] The first season of 1990 had 30 events, and the typical event purse was $100,000.[5] Late in the third year,[6] Nike acquired the title sponsorship and it became the Nike Tour for seven seasons (1993–99); with another sponsorship change it then became the Buy.com Tour for three seasons (2000–02).
Naming rights for the tour were purchased by Nationwide Insurance and it was renamed the Nationwide Tour for 2003. In 2007 there were 32 events, one each in Australia, New Zealand, and Panama, with the remainder in the United States. The events in Australia and New Zealand were co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia. Canada and Mexico have hosted events since 2008, and Colombia hosted an event since 2010. Purses in 2010 ranged from $500,000 to $1 million, about one-tenth of the level on the PGA Tour.
After 9 1⁄2 seasons as the Nationwide Tour, Web.com was announced as the new title sponsor in late June 2012. Effective immediately, with a 10-year sponsorship deal, the tour's name was changed in mid-season.[7]
Rules and results[edit]
All Web.com Tour tournaments operate similarly to typical PGA Tour tournaments in that they are all 72-hole stroke play events with a cut made after 36 holes. The cut on the Web.com Tour is for the top 65 players and ties, unlike 70 for the PGA Tour. The fields are usually 144 or 156 players, depending on time of year (and available daylight hours). For the aforementioned international events, the joint tour will split players spots with the Web.com Tour for proper sanctioning. As with the PGA Tour, the winner of the tournament will get a prize of 18% of the total purse.
Since this tour is a developmental tour, players are usually vying to play well enough to gain status on the PGA Tour.
Until 2012, there were a number of ways of getting onto the Web.com Tour: Top 50 golfers at qualifying school after the top 25 and ties, those who finished between 26th and 60th on the previous year's money list, 126–150th on the previous season's PGA Tour money list, and those who were formerly fully exempt on the PGA Tour in the recent past. Those without status can also earn enough to exceed 100th on the previous season's money list and earned unlimited exemptions for the remainder of the season. Around 14 open qualifying spots are given during the Monday of tournament week, and those who finished in the top 25 of a Web.com event are automatically exempt into the next tournament. If a Monday morning qualifier wins an event, they will earn full-exempt status for the remainder of the season. Past PGA Tour winners aged 48 and 49 can play on the Web.com Tour on an increased basis to prepare themselves for the Champions Tour, while former PGA Tour winners with limited status use the Web.com Tour as a way to get back to the main tour.
In 2007 Paul Claxton became the first man to reach US$1 million in Web.com Tour career earnings.[8]
The Web.com Tour offers Official World Golf Ranking points. The winner earns a minimum of 14 OWGR points (provided at least 54 holes are played) and 20 for the Web.com Tour Championship. Starting in 2013, the first three events of the Web.com Tour Finals award 16 OWGR points to the winner. Tournaments shortened to 36 holes are given reduced values of ten points for regular season events and the win is considered unofficial.
Three-win promotion[edit]
Main article: List of golfers to achieve a three-win promotion from the Web.com Tour
Since 1997, a player who wins three tournaments in one year on the Web.com Tour receives an immediate promotion to the PGA Tour for the remainder of the year and for the following year.[9] This "performance promotion" (sometimes informally referred to as a "battlefield promotion") has occurred eleven times:[10]
1997: Chris Smith
2001: Heath Slocum, Chad Campbell, Pat Bates
2002: Patrick Moore
2003: Tom Carter
2005: Jason Gore
2007: Nick Flanagan
2009: Michael Sim
2014: Carlos Ortiz
2016: Wesley Bryan
Changes for 2013 season and beyond[edit]
On March 20, 2012, the PGA Tour announced radical changes to the main tour's season and qualifying process effective in 2013. Major changes to what was then known as the Nationwide Tour were also announced at that time.[11][12] Full details of these changes were announced on July 10 of that year.[13]
The first major change was that beginning in fall 2013, the PGA Tour season started in October of the previous calendar year.[12] This change had several consequences for the Web.com Tour, either directly or indirectly.
Starting with the 2013 season, the Web.com Tour has a structure similar to that of the main PGA Tour, with a regular season followed by a season-ending series of tournaments. In the case of the Web.com Tour, the ending series consists of four tournaments, to be held during the main tour's FedEx Cup playoffs, called the Web.com Tour Finals. At least 150 players will be eligible to compete in the Finals—the top 75 on the Web.com Tour regular-season money list, plus the players finishing between 126 and 200 on the FedEx Cup points list.[14] Non-members of the PGA Tour are also eligible if they would have earned enough FedEx Cup points to finish 126 to 200. In addition, PGA Tour players who have been granted medical extensions for the following season are eligible. Because some of the PGA Tour players will be exempt by other means, such as tournament wins in the previous two years, the Finals fields will not consist of all eligible players.[15] A total of 50 PGA Tour cards for the following season will be awarded at the end of the Finals—25 to the top regular-season money winners on the Web.com Tour, with the remaining 25 determined by total money earned during the Finals.[14]
Those who finish in the Top 75 on the regular season money list but fail to earn PGA Tour cards retain full Web.com Tour status, along with those 26–50 on the Finals money list and those who finished 126–150 on the PGA Tour FedEx Cup standings. Conditional status is given to those who finish in the top 100 on the money list or 151–200 in the FedEx Cup.
Also, starting in 2013, the PGA Tour's qualifying school grants playing rights only for the Web.com Tour.[13][14] The medalist is fully exempt on the Web.com Tour for the entire season. Those finishing in the top ten plus ties are exempt through the third reshuffle, or thirteen events. Players finishing 11th-45th are exempt through the second reshuffle after nine events and all remaining golfers have conditional status. One can also earn direct access to the Web.com Tour through a top-five finish on the Order of Merit on PGA Tour Canada, PGA Tour Latinoamérica, or PGA Tour China. The money leader from each of those tours is fully exempt and those 2nd-5th are conditionally exempt.
Finally, the Web.com Tour now provides up to two entrants in the following year's Players Championship. One invitation is extended to the player who tops the money list for the entire season, including the Finals. The golfer who earns the most during the Finals also receives an invitation; if the same player leads both money lists, only one invitation is given.[14]
2018 schedule[edit]
Main article: 2018 Web.com Tour
Career money leaders[edit]
The table shows top-10 career money leaders on the Web.com Tour as of the 2017 season. Players in bold were 2017 Web.com Tour members.
Rank
Player
Country
Earnings ($)
1 Darron Stiles United States 2,121,641
2 Kyle Thompson United States 1,883,628
3 Paul Claxton United States 1,802,290
4 Jeff Gove United States 1,702,910
5 Jason Gore United States 1,692,362
6 Hunter Haas United States 1,611,258
7 Justin Bolli United States 1,448,295
8 Gavin Coles Australia 1,428,115
9 Michael Putnam United States 1,405,659
10 Mathew Goggin Australia 1,400,401
There is a full list on the PGA Tour's website here.
Money list and Player of the Year winners[edit]
Year
Regular season
money winner
Earnings ($)
Finals winner
Earnings ($)
Overall
money winner
Earnings ($)
Player of the Year
Web.com Tour
2017 Brice Garnett 368,761 Chesson Hadley 298,125 Chesson Hadley 562,475 Chesson Hadley
2016 Wesley Bryan 449,392 Grayson Murray 248,000 Wesley Bryan 449,392 Wesley Bryan
2015 Patton Kizzire 518,240 Chez Reavie 323,066 Patton Kizzire 567,865 Patton Kizzire
2014 Carlos Ortiz 515,403 Derek Fathauer 250,133 Adam Hadwin 529,792 Carlos Ortiz
2013 Michael Putnam 450,184 John Peterson 230,000 Chesson Hadley 535,432 Michael Putnam
Year
Money winner
Earnings ($)
Player of the Year
Web.com Tour
2012 Casey Wittenberg 433,453 Casey Wittenberg
Nationwide Tour
2011 J. J. Killeen 414,273 J. J. Killeen
2010 Jamie Lovemark 452,951 Jamie Lovemark
2009 Michael Sim 644,142 Michael Sim
2008 Matt Bettencourt 447,863 Brendon de Jonge
2007 Richard Johnson 445,421 Nick Flanagan
2006 Ken Duke 382,443 Ken Duke
2005 Troy Matteson 495,009 Jason Gore
2004 Jimmy Walker 371,346 Jimmy Walker
2003 Zach Johnson 494,882 Zach Johnson
Buy.com Tour
2002 Patrick Moore 381,965 Patrick Moore
2001 Chad Campbell 394,552 Chad Campbell
2000 Spike McRoy 300,638 Spike McRoy
Nike Tour
1999 Carl Paulson 223,051 Carl Paulson
1998 Bob Burns 178,664 Bob Burns
1997 Chris Smith 225,201 Chris Smith
1996 Stewart Cink 251,699 Stewart Cink
1995 Jerry Kelly 188,878 Jerry Kelly
1994 Chris Perry 167,148 Chris Perry
1993 Sean Murphy 166,293 Sean Murphy
Ben Hogan Tour
1992 John Flannery 164,115 John Flannery
1991 Tom Lehman 141,934 Tom Lehman
1990 Jeff Maggert 108,644 Jeff Maggert
See also[edit]
List of golfers with most Web.com Tour wins
Professional golf tours
Challenge Tour – the analogous tour in Europe operated by the PGA European Tour
Symetra Tour – the analogous tour in North American women's golf, operated by the LPGA
Gateway Tour – a third tier tour in the United States
NGA Pro Golf Tour – another third tier tour in the United States
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Beman announces plan for Ben Hogan Tour". Ocala Star-Banner. Florida. Associated Press. January 5, 1989. p. 7C.
Jump up ^ Green, Bob (February 4, 1990). "Hogan Tour a test for young pros". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. p. 5C.
Jump up ^ Rushin, Steve (May 7, 1990). "Hogan's Golfing Heroes". Sports Illustrated. p. 61.
Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren (August 12, 2003). "Legendary brand will soon have new owner - again". ESPN. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Prisuta, Mike (May 1, 1990). "Ben Hogan Tour no minor league operation". Beaver County Times. Pennsylvania. p. B1.
Jump up ^ "Nike to sponsor Ben Hogan Tour". Eugene Register-Guard. Oregon. August 28, 1992. p. 2B.
Jump up ^ "Web.com signs deal to be new umbrella sponsor". PGA Tour. June 27, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reimer, Chris (May 27, 2007). "PG County Open victory makes Claxton first million-dollar man". PGA Tour. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2008 Nationwide Tour Eligibility Requirements". PGA Tour. January 17, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Three-win Nationwide Tour promotions to the PGA Tour". PGA Tour. May 19, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "PGA Tour announces changes". ESPN. March 21, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Harig, Bob (March 21, 2012). "Decoding tour's schedule changes". ESPN. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Elling, Steve (July 10, 2012). "PGA Tour finalizes controversial makeover as Qualifying School gone after six-decade run". CBS Sports. Eye on Golf. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dell, John (July 10, 2012). "Web.com impact expanded with qualifying changes". PGA Tour. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top 25 assured of PGA Tour card". ESPN. Associated Press. July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
External links[edit]
Official website
How to become a new Nationwide Tour member
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