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Pied Piper of Hamelin
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Postcard "Gruss aus Hameln" featuring the Pied Piper of Hamelin, 1902
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (German: Rattenfänger von Hameln, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the titular character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany. The legend dates back to the Middle Ages, the earliest references describing a piper, dressed in multicolored ("pied") clothing, who was a rat-catcher hired by the town to lure rats away[1] with his magic pipe. When the citizens refuse to pay for this service, he retaliates by using his instrument's magical power on their children, leading them away as he had the rats. This version of the story spread as folklore and has appeared in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, and Robert Browning, among others.
There are many contradictory theories about the Pied Piper. Some suggest he was a symbol of hope to the people of Hamelin, which had been attacked by plague; he drove the rats from Hamelin, saving the people from the epidemic.[2]
1592 painting of Pied Piper copied from the glass window of Marktkirche in Hamelin
The earliest known record of this story is from the town of Hamelin itself, depicted in a stained glass window created for the church of Hamelin, which dates to around 1300. Although the church was destroyed in 1660, several written accounts of the tale have survived.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plots
2 Historical background
2.1 Natural causes
2.2 Emigration theory
2.3 Fourteenth-century Decan Lude chorus book
2.4 Fifteenth-century Lüneburg manuscript
2.5 Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources
2.6 Other
3 Adaptations
4 As metaphor
5 Allusions in linguistics
6 Present-day Hamelin and the Pied Piper in modern times
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plots[edit]
In 1284, while the town of Hamelin was suffering from a rat infestation, a piper dressed in multicolored ("pied") clothing appeared, claiming to be a rat-catcher. He promised the mayor a solution to their problem with the rats. The mayor, in turn, promised to pay him for the removal of the rats. (According to some versions of the story, the promised sum was 1000 guilders.) The piper accepted and played his pipe to lure the rats into the Weser River, where all but one drowned.[4]
Despite the piper's success, the mayor reneged on his promise and refused to pay him the full sum (reputedly reduced to a sum of 50 guilders) even going so far as to blame the piper for bringing the rats himself in an extortion attempt. Enraged, the piper stormed out of the town, vowing to return later to take revenge. On Saint John and Paul's day, while the adults were in church, the piper returned dressed in green like a hunter playing his pipe. In so doing, he attracted the town's children. One hundred and thirty children followed him out of town and into a cave and were never seen again. Depending on the version, at most three children remained behind: one was lame and could not follow quickly enough, the second was deaf and therefore could not hear the music, and the last was blind and unable to see where he was going. These three informed the villagers of what had happened when they came out from church.[4]
Other versions relate that the Pied Piper led the children to the top of Koppelberg Hill, where he took them to a beautiful land,[5] or a place called Koppenberg Mountain,[6] or Transylvania, or that he made them walk into the Weser as he did with the rats, and they all drowned. Some versions state that the Piper returned the children after payment, or that he returned the children after the villagers paid several times the original amount of gold.[4][7]
Historical background[edit]
The rats of Hamelin. Illustration by Kate Greenaway for Robert Browning's "The Pied Piper of Hamelin"
The earliest mention of the story seems to have been on a stained-glass window placed in the Church of Hamelin c. 1300. The window was described in several accounts between the 14th and 17th centuries.[8] It was destroyed in 1660. Based on the surviving descriptions, a modern reconstruction of the window has been created by historian Hans Dobbertin. It features the colorful figure of the Pied Piper and several figures of children dressed in white.[3]
This window is generally considered to have been created in memory of a tragic historical event for the town. Also, Hamelin town records start with this event. The earliest written record is from the town chronicles in an entry from 1384 which states: "It is 100 years since our children left."[9]
Although research has been conducted for centuries, no explanation for the historical event is universally accepted as true. In any case, the rats were first added to the story in a version from c. 1559 and are absent from earlier accounts.[10]
The Pied Piper leads the children out of Hamelin. Illustration by Kate Greenaway for Robert Browning's "The Pied Piper of Hamelin"
Natural causes[edit]
A number of theories suggest that children died of some natural causes such as disease or starvation[11] and that the Piper was a symbolic figure of Death. Analogous themes which are associated with this theory include the Dance of Death, Totentanz or Danse Macabre, a common medieval trope. Some of the scenarios that have been suggested as fitting this theory include that the children drowned in the river Weser, were killed in a landslide or contracted some disease during an epidemic. Another modern interpretation reads the story as alluding to an event where Hamelin children were lured away by a pagan or heretic sect to forests near Coppenbrügge (the mysterious Koppen "hills" of the poem) for ritual dancing where they all perished during a sudden landslide or collapsing sinkhole.[12]
Emigration theory[edit]
Added speculation on the migration is based on the idea that by the 13th century the area had too many people resulting in the oldest son owning all the land and power (majorat), leaving the rest as serfs.[13] It has also been suggested that one reason the emigration of the children was never documented was that the children were sold to a recruiter from the Baltic region of Eastern Europe, a practice that was not uncommon at the time. In her essay "Pied Piper Revisited", Sheila Harty states that surnames from the region settled are similar to those from Hamelin and that selling off illegitimate children, orphans or other children the town could not support is the more likely explanation. She states further that this may account for the lack of records of the event in the town chronicles.[9] In his book The Pied Piper: A Handbook, Wolfgang Mieder states that historical documents exist showing that people from the area including Hamelin did help settle parts of Transylvania.[14] Transylvania had suffered under lengthy Mongol invasions of Central Europe, led by two grandsons of Genghis Khan and which date from around the time of the earliest appearance of the legend of the piper, the early 13th century.[15]
In the version of the legend posted on the official website for the town of Hamelin, another aspect of the emigration theory is presented:
Among the various interpretations, reference to the colonization of East Europe starting from Low Germany is the most plausible one: The "Children of Hameln" would have been in those days citizens willing to emigrate being recruited by landowners to settle in Moravia, East Prussia, Pomerania or in the Teutonic Land. It is assumed that in past times all people of a town were referred to as "children of the town" or "town children" as is frequently done today. The "Legend of the children's Exodus" was later connected to the "Legend of expelling the rats". This most certainly refers to the rat plagues being a great threat in the medieval milling town and the more or less successful professional rat catchers.[16]
Lokator, in hat
Historian Ursula Sautter, citing the work of linguist Jurgen Udolph, offers this hypothesis in support of the emigration theory:
"After the defeat of the Danes at the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227," explains Udolph, "the region south of the Baltic Sea, which was then inhabited by Slavs, became available for colonization by the Germans." The bishops and dukes of Pomerania, Brandenburg, Uckermark and Prignitz sent out glib "locators," medieval recruitment officers, offering rich rewards to those who were willing to move to the new lands. Thousands of young adults from Lower Saxony and Westphalia headed east. And as evidence, about a dozen Westphalian place names show up in this area. Indeed there are five villages called Hindenburg running in a straight line from Westphalia to Pomerania, as well as three eastern Spiegelbergs and a trail of etymology from Beverungen south of Hamelin to Beveringen northwest of Berlin to Beweringen in modern Poland.[17]
Udolph favors the hypothesis that the Hamelin youths wound up in what is now Poland.[18] Genealogist Dick Eastman cited Udolph's research on Hamelin surnames that have shown up in Polish phonebooks:
Linguistics professor Jürgen Udolph says that 130 children did vanish on a June day in the year 1284 from the German village of Hamelin (Hameln in German). Udolph entered all the known family names in the village at that time and then started searching for matches elsewhere. He found that the same surnames occur with amazing frequency in the regions of Prignitz and Uckermark, both north of Berlin. He also found the same surnames in the former Pomeranian region, which is now a part of Poland.
Udolph surmises that the children were actually unemployed youths who had been sucked into the German drive to colonize its new settlements in Eastern Europe. The Pied Piper may never have existed as such, but, says the professor, "There were characters known as lokators who roamed northern Germany trying to recruit settlers for the East." Some of them were brightly dressed, and all were silver-tongued.
Professor Udolph can show that the Hamelin exodus should be linked with the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227 which broke the Danish hold on Eastern Europe. That opened the way for German colonization, and by the latter part of the thirteenth century there were systematic attempts to bring able-bodied youths to Brandenburg and Pomerania. The settlement, according to the professor's name search, ended up near Starogard in what is now northwestern Poland. A village near Hamelin, for example, is called Beverungen and has an almost exact counterpart called Beveringen, near Pritzwalk, north of Berlin and another called Beweringen, near Starogard.
Local Polish telephone books list names that are not the typical Slavic names one would expect in that region. Instead, many of the names seem to be derived from German names that were common in the village of Hamelin in the thirteenth century. In fact, the names in today's Polish telephone directories include Hamel, Hamler and Hamelnikow, all apparently derived from the name of the original village.[19]
Fourteenth-century Decan Lude chorus book[edit]
Decan Lude of Hamelin was reported c. 1384, to have in his possession a chorus book containing a Latin verse giving an eyewitness account of the event.[20]
Fifteenth-century Lüneburg manuscript[edit]
The Lüneburg manuscript (c. 1440–50) gives an early German account of the event, rendered in the following form in an inscription on a house in Hamelin:[21]
anno 1284 am dage johannis et pauli war der 26. juni
dorch einen piper mit allerley farve bekledet gewesen cxxx kinder verledet binnen hameln geboren
to calvarie bi den koppen verloren
(In the year 1284 on the day of [Saints] John and Paul on 26th June
130 children born in Hamelin were led away by a piper [clothed] in many colours
to [their] Calvary near the Koppen, [and] lost)
According to author Fanny Rostek-Lühmann this is the oldest surviving account. Koppen (High German Kuppe, meaning a knoll or domed hill) seems to be a reference to one of several hills surrounding Hamelin. Which of them was intended by the manuscript's author remains uncertain.[22]
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources[edit]
Somewhere between 1559 and 1565, Count Froben Christoph von Zimmern included a version in his Zimmerische Chronik.[23] This appears to be the earliest account which mentions the plague of rats. Von Zimmern dates the event only as "several hundred years ago" (vor etlichen hundert jarn [sic]), so that his version throws no light on the conflict of dates (see next paragraph). Another contemporary account is that of Johann Weyer in his De praestigiis daemonum (1563).[24]
The Lame Child. Illustration by Kate Greenaway for Robert Browning's "The Pied Piper of Hamelin"
Other[edit]
Some theories have linked the disappearance of the children to Mass Psychogenic Illness in the form of Dancing mania. Dancing mania outbreaks occurred during the 13th century, including one in 1237 in which a large group of children travelled from Erfurt to Arnstadt (about 20 km), jumping and dancing all the way,[25] in marked similarity to the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, which originated at around the same time.[26]
Others have suggested that the children left Hamelin to be part of a pilgrimage, a military campaign, or even a new Children's crusade (which is said to have occurred in 1212) but never returned to their parents. These theories see the unnamed Piper as their leader or a recruiting agent. The townspeople made up this story (instead of recording the facts) to avoid the wrath of the church or the king.[citation needed][27]
William Manchester's A World Lit Only by Fire places the events in 1484, 100 years after the written mention in the town chronicles that "It is 100 years since our children left", and further proposes that the Pied Piper was a psychopathic paedophile. Although for the time period it is highly improbable that one man could abduct so many children undetected. Furthermore, nowhere in the book does Manchester offer proof of his description of the facts as he presents them. He makes similar assertions regarding other legends, also without supporting evidence.[28]
Adaptations[edit]
See also: Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture
In 1803, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote a poem based on the story that was later set to music by Hugo Wolf. Goethe also incorporated references to the story in his version of Faust. (The first part of the drama was first published in 1808 and the second in 1832.)
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, drawing from eleven sources, included the tale in their collection Deutsche Sagen (first published in 1816). According to their account, two children were left behind as one was blind and the other lame so neither could follow the others. The rest became the founders of Siebenbürgen (Transylvania).[22]
Using the Verstegan version of the tale and adopting the 1376 date, Robert Browning wrote a poem of that name which was published in his Dramatic Lyrics (1842).[29] Browning's retelling in verse is notable for its humour, wordplay, and jingling rhymes.[citation needed][according to whom?]
Viktor Dyk's Krysař (The Rat-Catcher), published in 1915, retells the story in a slightly darker, more enigmatic way. The short novel also features the character of Faust.
In Marina Tsvetaeva's long poem liricheskaia satira, The Rat-Catcher (serialized in the émigré journal Volia Rossii in 1925-1926), rats are an allegory of people influenced by Bolshevik propaganda.[according to whom?][30]
The Pied Piper (16 September 1933) is a short animated film based on the story, produced by Walt Disney Productions, directed by Wilfred Jackson, and released as a part of the Silly Symphonies series. It stars the voice talents of Billy Bletcher as the Mayor of Hamelin.[31]
Van Johnson starred as the Piper in NBC studios' adaptation: The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957).
The Pied Piper is a 1972 British film directed by Jacques Demy and starring Jack Wild, Donald Pleasence, and John Hurt and featuring Donovan and Diana Dors.[32]
In 1986 Jiří Bárta made an animated movie The Pied Piper based more on the above-mentioned story by Viktor Dyk; the movie was accompanied by the rock music by Michal Pavlíček.
In 1989 W11 Opera premiered Koppelberg, an opera they commissioned from composer Steve Gray and lyricist Norman Brooke; the work was based on the Robert Browning poem.[33]
Maythil Radhakrishnan's 1995 short story 'Sangeetham oru samayakalayanu' (Music is a Time-art) revolves around a sanitary inspector's assumption that links pied piper's story and bubonic plague of 14th century Europe.
China Miéville's 1998 London-set novel King Rat centers on the ancient rivalry between the rats (some of whom are portrayed as having humanlike characteristics) and the Pied Piper, who appears in the novel as a mysterious musician named Pete who infiltrates the local club-music scene.
The cast of Peanuts did their own version of the tale in the direct-to-DVD special It's the Pied Piper, Charlie Brown (2000), which was the final special to have the involvement of original creator Charles Schulz.
Demons and Wizards' first album, Demons and Wizards (2000), includes a track called "The Whistler" which recounts the tale of Pied Piper.
Terry Pratchett's 2001 young-adult novel, The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents, parodies the legend from the perspective of the rats, the piper, and their handler.
The 2003 television film The Electric Piper, set in the United States in the 1960s, depicts the piper as a psychedelic rock guitarist modeled after Jimi Hendrix.
The Pied Piper of Hamelin was adapted in Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child where it uses jazz music. The episode featured Wesley Snipes as the Pied Piper and the music performed by Ronnie Laws as well as the voices of Samuel L. Jackson as the Mayor of Hamelin, Grant Shaud as the Mayor's assistant Toadey (pronounced toe-day), John Ratzenberger and Richard Moll as respective guards Hinky and Dinky.[34]
In the anime adaptation of the Japanese light novel series, Problem Children Are Coming from Another World, Aren't They? (2013), a major story revolves around the "false legend" of Pied Piper of Hamelin. The adaptation speaks in great length about the original source and the various versions of the story that sprang up throughout the years. It is stated that Weser, the representation of Natural Disaster, was the true Piper of Hamelin (meaning the children were killed by drowning or landslides).[35]
In 2015, a South Korean horror movie title The Piper was released. It is a loose adaptation of the Brothers Grimm tale where the Pied Piper uses the rats for his revenge to kill all the villagers except for the children whom he traps in a cave.[36]
The short story "The Rat King" by John Connolly, first included in the 2016 edition of his novel The Book of Lost Things, is a fairly faithful adaptation of the legend, but with a new ending. It was adapted for BBC Radio 4 and first broadcast on 28 October 2016.
In the American TV series Once Upon a Time[37], the Pied Piper is revealed to be Peter Pan, who is using pipes to call out to "lost boys" and take them away from their homes.
As metaphor[edit]
Merriam-Webster definitions of pied piper
a charismatic person who attracts followers
a musician who attracts mass
a leader who makes irresponsible promises
[38]
Allusions in linguistics[edit]
In linguistics, pied-piping is the common name for the ability of question words and relative pronouns to drag other words along with them when brought to the front, as part of the phenomenon called Wh-movement. For example, in "For whom are the pictures?", the word "for" is pied-piped by "whom" away from its declarative position ("The pictures are for me"), and in "The mayor, pictures of whom adorn his office walls" both words "pictures of" are pied-piped in front of the relative pronoun, which normally starts the relative clause.
Some researchers believe that the tale has inspired the common English phrase "pay the piper",[39] although the phrase is actually a contraction of the English proverb "he who pays the piper calls the tune" which simply means that the person paying for something is the one who gets to say how it should be done.[40]
Present-day Hamelin and the Pied Piper in modern times[edit]
The present-day City of Hamelin continues to maintain information about the Pied Piper legend and possible origins of the story on its website. Interest in the city's connection to the story remains so strong that in 2009, Hamelin held a tourist festival to mark the 725th anniversary of the disappearance of the town's earlier children.[41] The eerie nature of such a celebration was enough to warrant an article in the Fortean Times, a print magazine devoted to odd occurrences, legends, cryptozoology and all things strange which are known now as Forteana[42] The article noted that even to this day, there is prohibition against playing music or dancing upon the Bungelosenstrasse ("street without drums"), the street where the children were purported to have last been seen before they disappeared or left the town. There is even a building, popular with visitors, that is called "the rat catcher's house" although it bears no connection to the Rat-Catcher version of the legend. Indeed, the Rattenfängerhaus is instead, associated with the story due to the earlier inscription upon its facade mentioning the legend. The house was built much later in 1602 and 1603. It is now a Hamelin City-owned restaurant with a pied piper theme throughout.[43] The city also maintains an online shop with rat-themed merchandise as well as offering an officially licensed Hamelin Edition of the popular board game Monopoly which depicts the legendary Piper on the cover.[44]
In addition to the recent milestone festival, each year the city marks June 26 as "Rat Catcher's Day". In the United States, a similar holiday for Exterminators based on Rat Catcher's Day has failed to catch on and is marked on July 22.[45]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Hamelen (TV series)
List of literary accounts of the Pied Piper
Pied Piper of Hamelin in popular culture
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Deutungsansätze zur Sage - Ein Funken Wahrheit mit einer Prise Phantasie". Stadt Hameln. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kirchenfenster". Marktkirche St. Nicolai Hameln. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Children of Hameln". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving. "True Story The Pied Piper of Hamelin Never Piped About the true story behind the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Great Happenings That Never Happened 1975–1981". The People's Almanac. Trivia-Library.Com. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Die wohl weltweit bekannteste Version". Stadt Hameln. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Reader's Digest the Truth about History: How New Evidence is Transforming the Story of the Past", p. 294, Reader's Digest Association, 2004. Accessed 13 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Shiela Harty, "Pied Piper Revisited", Essay published in: David Bridges, Terence H. McLaughlin (eds), Education And The Market Place, Routledge, 1994, p. 89. ISBN 0-7507-0348-2.
Jump up ^ "Der Rattenfänger von Hameln - Wussten Sie schon, dass der Auszug der Kinder in historischen Quellen belegt wird, die Geschichte von den Ratten dagegen eine Erfindung des 16. Jahrhunderts ist?". Museum Hameln. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ D. Wolfers M.B. Sydney, D.T.P.H., A PLAGUEY PIPER, The Lancet, Volume 285, Issue 7388, pp. 756–757, 3 April 1965. Accessed via ScienceDirect 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Hüsam, Gernot (1990). Der Koppen-Berg der Rattenfängersage von Hameln ("The Koppen hill of Pied Piper of Hamelin legend"), pamphlet published by Coppenbrügge Museum Society.
Jump up ^ Stuart J Borsch, The Black Death in Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press 2005, ISBN 0-292-70617-0.
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Mieder, The Pied Piper: A Handbook, Greenwood Press, 2007, p. 67. ISBN 0-313-33464-1. Accessed 3 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Climate probably stopped Mongols cold in Hungary". Sciencenews. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of the Pied Piper" Archived 19 August 2011 at WebCite, Rattenfängerstadt Hameln. Accessed 3 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Ursula Sautter, "Fairy Tale Ending." Time International, 27 April 1998, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Twist in the tale of Pied Piper's kidnapping by Imre Karacs, Independent, The (London), 27 January 1998. Accessed 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter: A Weekly Summary of Events and Topics of Interest to Online Genealogists, Vol. 3, No. 6, 7 February 1998, Ancestry Publishing—Pied Piper of Hamelin. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Willy Krogmann, Der Rattenfänger von Hameln: Eine Untersuchung über das werden der sage, E. Ebering, 1934, p. 67. Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized 12 June 2007. Accessed 3 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Illustrated in Rattenfänger von Hameln
^ Jump up to: a b Fanny Rostek-Lühmann. "Der Rattenfänger von Hameln". Hinrich Lühmann. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ F. C. von Zimmern [attr.]: Zimmerische Chronik, ed. K. A. Barack (Stuttgart, 1869), vol. III, pp. 198–200.
Jump up ^ Johannes Weyer. "De Praestigiis Daemonum, Et Incantationibus ac veneficiis". Google Books. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marks, Robert W. (2005). The Story of Hypnotism. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-5424-9.
Jump up ^ Schullian, DM (1977). "The Dancing Pilgrims at Muelebeek". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Oxford University Press. 32 (3): 315–9. doi:10.1093/jhmas/xxxii.3.315. PMID 326865.
Jump up ^ Tamara Bučková. "Literatur, Theater und Film Themenkreis 2 „Wie liest man ein Buch, ein Theaterstück oder einen Film?! "Rattenfäger von Hameln 'Nur' eine Sage aus der Vergangenheit?" (PDF). Tamara Bučková. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ A World Lit Only by Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance - Portrait of an Age by William Manchester, Hachette Digital, Inc., 2009.Accessed 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pied Piper – Verses". Lancsngfl.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Sibelan E.S. Forrester. "Review Of "The Ratcatcher: A Lyrical Satire" By M. Tsvetaeva And Translated By A. Livingstone". Swarthmore College. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Pied Piper (1933)". IMDB. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Pied Piper (1972)". British Film Institute. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1989 – Koppelberg – About". W11 Opera. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child". IMDB. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Diomeda (March 2, 2013). "8. It Seems that a Great Disaster will Come with the Playing of a Flute?". Problem Children are Coming from Another World, Aren't They?. Season 1.
Jump up ^ "The Piper (2015)". IMDB. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time (TV series)". Wikipedia. 2017-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Pied piper – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Mieder, Wolfgang (1999). ""To pay the Piper" and the legend of "The Pied Piper of Hamelin"". De Proverbia Journal. Retrieved 3 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "He who pays the piper calls the tune". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Goosebumps and romance in Hamelin[permanent dead link] Most famous German legend celebrates anniversary Thu 13 Nov 2008 Accessed online 13 October 2013
Jump up ^ The Lost Children of Hamelin: On 26 June, the German town of Hamelin celebrated Rat Catcher's Day. But what really happened there, and who was the mysterious Pied Piper? By Maria J Pérez Cuervo FORTEAN TIMES MAGAZINE June 2010. Accessed online 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Rattenfängerhaus – The Rat Catcher's House in Hameln: RATTENFÄNGERHAUS – HAMELN’S RAT-CATCHER’S HOUSE IS NOW A RESTAURANT by Helen Page June 2012 from Travelsignposts.com. Accessed online 13 October 2013
Jump up ^ Der Spieleklassiker als exklusive Hameln-Edition!!(the classic game as hamelin-edition) from the Hamelin webstore - viewed online 13 October 2013
Jump up ^ Rat Catcher's Day Eludes Pest Control Industry John Roach for National Geographic News Updated 21 July 2004 viewed online 13 October 2013
Further reading[edit]
Marco Bergmann: Dunkler Pfeifer – Die bisher ungeschriebene Lebensgeschichte des "Rattenfängers von Hameln", BoD, 2. Auflage 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-0104-9.
Hans Dobbertin: Quellensammlung zur Hamelner Rattenfängersage. Schwartz, Göttingen 1970.
Hans Dobbertin: Quellenaussagen zur Rattenfängersage. Niemeyer, Hameln 1996 (erw. Neuaufl.). ISBN 3-8271-9020-7.
Stanisław Dubiski: Ile prawdy w tej legendzie? (How much truth is there behind the Pied Piper Legend?). [In:] "Wiedza i Życie", No 6/1999.
Radu Florescu: In Search of the Pied Piper. Athena Press 2005. ISBN 1-84401-339-1.
Norbert Humburg: Der Rattenfänger von Hameln. Die berühmte Sagengestalt in Geschichte und Literatur, Malerei und Musik, auf der Bühne und im Film. Niemeyer, Hameln 2. Aufl. 1990. ISBN 3-87585-122-6.
Peter Stephan Jungk: Der Rattenfänger von Hameln. Recherchen und Gedanken zu einem sagenhaften Mythos. [In:] "Neue Rundschau", No 105 (1994), vol.2, pp. 67–73.
Ullrich Junker: Rübezahl – Sage und Wirklichkeit. [In:] „Unser Harz. Zeitschrift für Heimatgeschichte, Brauchtum und Natur". Goslar, December 2000, pp. 225–228.
Wolfgang Mieder: Der Rattenfänger von Hameln. Die Sage in Literatur, Medien und Karikatur. Praesens, Wien 2002. ISBN 3-7069-0175-7.
Heinrich Spanuth: Der Rattenfänger von Hameln. Niemeyer Hameln 1951.
Izabela Taraszczuk: Die Rattenfängersage: zur Deutung und Rezeption der Geschichte. [In:] Robert Buczek, Carsten Gansel, Paweł Zimniak, eds.: Germanistyka 3. Texte in Kontexten. Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego 2004, pp. 261–273. ISBN 83-89712-29-6.
Jürgen Udolph: Zogen die Hamelner Aussiedler nach Mähren? Die Rattenfängersage aus namenkundlicher Sicht. [In:] Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 69 (1997), pp. 125–183. ISSN 0078-0561
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pied piper.
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Pied Piper of Hamelin
D. L. Ashliman of the University of Pittsburgh quotes the Grimm's "Children of Hamelin" in full, as well as a number of similar and related legends.
An 1888 illustrated version of Robert Browning's poem (Illustrated by Kate Greenaway)
The 725th anniversary of the Pied Piper in 2009
The Pied Piper of Hamelin From the Collections at the Library of Congress
A Translation of Grimm's Saga No. 245 "The Children of Hameln"
A version of the legend from Howel's Famous Letters
Uri Avnery, "The Pied Piper of Jerusalem", Gush Shalom website. January 30, 2016 - using the story as a metaphor for present-day politics
[show]
v
t
e
Pied Piper of Hamelin
Film
Cheating the Piper (1920)
The Pied Piper (1933)
Paying the Piper (1949)
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957)
The Pied Piper of Guadalupe (1961)
The Pied Piper (1972)
Pink Piper (1976)
Fluteman (1982)
Abra Cadabra (1983)
The Pied Piper (1986)
It's the Pied Piper, Charlie Brown (2000)
The Electric Piper (2003)
Literature
King Rat (1998)
Wild Blood (1999)
The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents (2001)
The Rats of Hamelin (2005)
Peter & Max: A Fables Novel (2009)
Television
Hamelen (1970s series)
The Day of the Clown (The Sarah Jane Adventures story)
"Scatty Safari" (The Goodies episode)
Music
Clarinet Concerto (1948 Copland Concerto)
"Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965 Bob Dylan song)
"The Piper" (1980 ABBA song)
Pied Piper Fantasy (1982 Corigliano Concerto)
"Symphony of Destruction" (1992 Megadeth song)
"The Sound Above My Hair" (2009 Scooter video)
Characters
Pied Piper (Flash)
Rat King (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
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Der Rattenfänger von Hameln
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v
t
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Robert Browning
Plays
Paracelsus (1835)
Strafford (1837)
Pippa Passes (1841)
King Victor and King Charles (1842)
The Return of the Druses (1843)
A Blot in the 'Scutcheon (1843)
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Sordello (1840)
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Dramatic Romances and Lyrics (1845, "Home-Thoughts, from Abroad", "How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix", "Meeting at Night", "The Laboratory", "The Lost Leader")
Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day (1850)
Men and Women (1855, "Love Among the Ruins", "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came", "Andrea del Sarto", "Fra Lippo Lippi", "A Toccata of Galuppi's")
Dramatis Personae (1864, "Rabbi ben Ezra", "Caliban upon Setebos")
The Ring and the Book (1868-9)
Balaustion's Adventure (1871)
Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society (1871)
Fifine at the Fair (1872)
Red Cotton Night-Cap Country (1873)
Aristophanes' Apology (1875)
The Inn Album (1875)
Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper (1876)
The Agamemnon of Aeschylus (1877)
La Saisiaz and The Two Poets of Croisic (1878)
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Jocoseria (1883)
Ferishtah's Fancies (1884)
Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day (1887)
Asolando (1889)
Related
Browning Society
Armstrong Browning Library, collections and papers
Clasped Hands of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1853 sculpture)
The Barretts of Wimpole Street
1934 film
1957 film
Family life
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (wife)
Robert Barrett Browning (son)
Casa Guidi
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 177804573
LCCN: n79060220
GND: 1049971132
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin&oldid=833319602"
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text:
List of Presidents of the United States by time in office
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Longest presidency
4,422 days
1933–1945

William Henry Harrison
Shortest presidency
31 days
1841
This is a list of Presidents of the United States by time in office. The basis of the list is the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater, with the exception of Grover Cleveland, who would receive two days.
Since 1789, there have been 44 people sworn into office as President of the United States, and 45 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected president, four (William Henry Harrison,[1] Zachary Taylor,[2] Warren G. Harding,[3] and Franklin D. Roosevelt) died of natural causes while in office, four (Abraham Lincoln,[4] James A. Garfield,[4][5] William McKinley,[6] and John F. Kennedy) were assassinated, and one (Richard Nixon[7]) resigned.
William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest. He is the only president to have served more than two terms. Following ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, presidents—beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower—have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president. The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president—then Harry S. Truman—from the new term limitations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents by time in office
1.1 Notes
2 References
3 External links
Presidents by time in office[edit]
Rank
President
Length
in days
Order of presidency
Number of terms
1 Franklin D. Roosevelt 7003442200000000000♠4,422[a] 32nd • March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[b] Three full terms; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term
2
tie Thomas Jefferson 7003292200000000000♠2,922 3rd • March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809 Two full terms
James Madison 7003292200000000000♠2,922 4th • March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817 Two full terms
James Monroe 7003292200000000000♠2,922 5th • March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 Two full terms
Andrew Jackson 7003292200000000000♠2,922 7th • March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 Two full terms
Ulysses S. Grant 7003292200000000000♠2,922 18th • March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 Two full terms[c]
Grover Cleveland 2,922[d] 22nd • March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 Two full terms (non-consecutive)[e]
24th • March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897
Woodrow Wilson 7003292200000000000♠2,922 28th • March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 Two full terms
Dwight D. Eisenhower 7003292200000000000♠2,922 34th • January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 Two full terms
Ronald Reagan 7003292200000000000♠2,922 40th • January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 Two full terms
Bill Clinton 7003292200000000000♠2,922[f] 42nd • January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 Two full terms
George W. Bush 7003292200000000000♠2,922 43rd • January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 Two full terms
Barack Obama 7003292200000000000♠2,922 44th • January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 Two full terms
14 George Washington 7003286500000000000♠2,865[g] 1st • April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 Two full terms
15 Harry S. Truman 7003284000000000000♠2,840 33rd • April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1953 One partial term (3 years, 9 months, and 8 days), followed by one full term
16 Theodore Roosevelt 7003272800000000000♠2,728 26th • September 14, 1901[h] – March 4, 1909 One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 18 days), followed by one full term[i]
17 Calvin Coolidge 7003204100000000000♠2,041 30th • August 2, 1923[h] – March 4, 1929 One partial term (1 year, 7 months, and 2 days), followed by one full term
18 Richard Nixon 7003202700000000000♠2,027 37th • January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[j] One full term; resigned 1 year, 6 months, and 20 days into second term
19 Lyndon B. Johnson 7003188600000000000♠1,886 36th • November 22, 1963[h] –January 20, 1969 One partial term (1 year, 1 month, and 29 days), followed by one full term
20 William McKinley 7003165400000000000♠1,654[f] 25th • March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[b] One full term; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term, dying 8 days later, 6 months and 10 days into that term
21 Abraham Lincoln 7003150300000000000♠1,503 16th • March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[b] One full term; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term, dying 1 day later, 1 month and 11 days into that term
22
tie John Quincy Adams 7003146100000000000♠1,461 6th • March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 One full term[e]
Martin Van Buren 7003146100000000000♠1,461 8th • March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 One full term[e][k]
James K. Polk 7003146100000000000♠1,461 11th • March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 One full term
Franklin Pierce 7003146100000000000♠1,461 14th • March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 One full term
James Buchanan 7003146100000000000♠1,461 15th • March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 One full term
Rutherford B. Hayes 7003146100000000000♠1,461 19th • March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 One full term
Benjamin Harrison 7003146100000000000♠1,461 23rd • March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 One full term[e]
William Howard Taft 7003146100000000000♠1,461 27th • March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 One full term[e]
Herbert Hoover 7003146100000000000♠1,461 31st • March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 One full term[e]
Jimmy Carter 7003146100000000000♠1,461 39th • January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 One full term[e]
George H. W. Bush 7003146100000000000♠1,461 41st • January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 One full term[e]
33 John Adams 7003146000000000000♠1,460[f] 2nd • March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 One full term[e]
34 John Tyler 7003143000000000000♠1,430 10th • April 4, 1841[h] – March 4, 1845 One partial term (3 years and 11 months)
35 Andrew Johnson 7003141900000000000♠1,419 17th • April 15, 1865[h] – March 4, 1869 One partial term (3 years, 10 months, and 17 days)
36 Chester A. Arthur 7003126200000000000♠1,262 21st • September 19, 1881[h] – March 4, 1885 One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 13 days)
37 John F. Kennedy 7003103600000000000♠1,036 35th • January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[b] Assassinated 2 years, 10 months, and 2 days into term
38 Millard Fillmore 7002969000000000000♠969 13th • July 9, 1850[h] – March 4, 1853 One partial term (2 years, 7 months, and 23 days)
39 Gerald Ford 7002895000000000000♠895 38th • August 9, 1974[h] – January 20, 1977 One partial term (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days)[l]
40 Warren G. Harding 7002881000000000000♠881 29th • March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[b] Died 2 years, 4 months, and 29 days into term
41 Donald Trump 7002542000000000000♠542[m] 45th • January 20, 2017 – Incumbent Serving first term
42 Zachary Taylor 7002492000000000000♠492 12th • March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[b] Died 1 year, 4 months, and 5 days into term
43 James A. Garfield 7002199000000000000♠199 20th • March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[b] Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term, dying 79 days later, 6 months and 15 days into term
44 William Henry Harrison 7001310000000000000♠31 9th • March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[b] Died 31 days into term
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment (ratified in 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20. The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date. As a result, Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office (1933–1937) was only 7003141800000000000♠1,418 days long, 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876. He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention.
Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election.
^ Jump up to: a b c Of years evenly divisible by 100, only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years. The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100, but not by 400. Thus, John Adams's term and McKinley's first term did not include a 366-day leap year, so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term. The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one, thus Clinton's second term was not shorter than his first.
Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 7003140400000000000♠1,404 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to presidency.
Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908. In 1912, he ran for a non-consecutive second full term, this time on the Progressive Party ticket, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ Resigned from office
Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term, first in 1844, but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention, and then again in 1848 (this time on the Free Soil Party ticket), but was defeated.
Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office, he sought election to a full term in 1976, but was defeated.
Jump up ^ As of July 16, 2018.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
Jump up ^ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
Jump up ^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
Jump up ^ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States.
Millercenter.org, American President: A Reference Resource
Whitehouse.gov, The Presidents
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