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Moscow
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This article is about the capital of Russia. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation).
Moscow
Mосква (Russian)
— Federal city —

Clockwise from top left: Cathedral of Christ the Saviour; Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin; MIBC; Red Square, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Bolshoi Theatre; and Moscow State University.

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: My Moscow
Coordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617Coordinates: 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617
Political status
Country
Russia
Federal district
Central[1]
Economic region
Central[2]
Established
Before 1147[3]
Federal city Day
The second weekend of September[4]
Government (as of July 2014)
• Mayor[5]
Sergey Sobyanin (UR)[5]
• Legislature
City Duma[6]
Statistics
Area [7]
• Total
2,511 km2 (970 sq mi)
Area rank
83rd
Population (2010 Census)
• Total
11,503,501
• Rank
1st
• Density[8]
4,581.24/km2 (11,865.4/sq mi)
Time zone(s)
MSK (UTC+03:00)[9]
ISO 3166-2
RU-MOW
License plates
77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799
Official languages
Russian[10]
Official website
Moscow (/ˈmɒskoʊ, -kaʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva, IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 12.2 million residents within the city limits[11] and 17.1 million within the urban area.[12] Moscow is recognized as a Russian federal city.
Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. By broader definitions Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the 14th largest metro area, the 18th largest agglomeration, the 15th largest urban area, and the 11th largest by population within city limits worldwide. According to Forbes 2013,[13] Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world by Mercer and has one of the world's largest urban economies, being ranked as an alpha global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world according to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.
Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. It is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe; the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe; and the Moscow International Business Center. By its territorial expansion on July 1, 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), and it gained an additional population of 233,000 people.[14][15]
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, making it Europe's most populated inland city. The city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral with its brightly coloured domes. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, it is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—even before its expansion in 2012. The city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union and the contemporary Russian Federation.
Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, a medieval city-fortress that is today the residence for work of the President of Russia. The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in the city. Moscow is considered the centre of Russian culture, having served as the home of Russian artists, scientists and sports figures and because of the presence of museums, academic and political institutions and theatres.
The city is served by a transit network, which includes four international airports,[16] nine railway terminals, numerous trams, a monorail system and one of the deepest underground rapid transit systems in the world, the Moscow Metro, the fourth-largest in the world and largest outside Asia in terms of passenger numbers, and the busiest in Europe. It is recognised as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations.[citation needed]
Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), The Whitestone One (Белокаменная), The First Throne (Первопрестольная), The Forty Forties (Сорок Сороков) (The Forty Soroks, "sorok" translates as forty, but here it is old name of district or parish, and "forty" in old Russian means not 40, but "great many"). Moscow is one of Hero Cities. In old Russian the word "Сорок" (forty) also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches. The demonym for a Moscow resident is "москвич" (moskvich) for male or "москвичка" (moskvichka) for female, rendered in English as Muscovite.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Early history (1147–1283)
2.3 Grand Duchy (1283–1547)
2.4 Tsardom (1547–1721)
2.5 Empire (1721–1917)
2.6 Soviet era (1917–1991)
2.7 Recent history (1991–present)
3 Geography
3.1 Location
3.2 Time
3.3 Climate
3.3.1 Climate changes
4 Demographics
4.1 Population
4.2 Religion
4.2.1 Religious statistics
5 Cityscape
5.1 Architecture
5.2 Parks and landmarks
5.3 Moscow rings
5.4 Transport rings in Moscow
6 Life and culture
6.1 Overview
7 Sports
7.1 Football clubs
8 Entertainment
9 Politics
9.1 Executive
9.2 Moscow City Duma
9.3 Administrative divisions
10 Economy
10.1 Overview
10.2 Industry
10.3 Cost of living
11 Science and education
12 Transportation
12.1 Air
12.2 Water
12.3 Railway
12.4 Metro
12.5 Moscow Central Circle
12.6 Bus and trolleybus
12.7 Monorail
12.8 Tram
12.9 Taxi
12.10 Roads
13 Future development
14 Media
14.1 Newspapers
14.2 TV and radio
15 Famous people
15.1 Born in Moscow
16 International relations
16.1 Twin towns and sister cities
16.2 Cooperation agreements
16.3 Former twin towns and sister cities
17 Rankings
18 See also
19 References
19.1 Notes
20 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River.[17][18] Finno-Ugric Merya and Muroma people, who originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki. It has been suggested that the name of the city derives from this term.[19] However, there have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river. The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from the Proto-Indo-European *meu- "wet",[18][20][21] so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh.[17] Its cognates include Russian: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian: mazgoti and Latvian: mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit: majjati "to drown", Latin: mergō "to dip, immerse".[17][20] There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa.[17][18][20]
The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky,[17][18] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result the first written mentions in the 12th century were Московь, Moskovĭ (accusative case), Москви, Moskvi (locative case), Москвe/Москвѣ, Moskve/Moskvě (genitive case).[17][18] From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, which is a result of morphological generalisation with the numerous Slavic ā-stem nouns.
However, the form Moskovĭ has left some traces in many other languages, such as English: Moscow, Spanish: Moscú, German: Moskau, French: Moscou, Latvian: Maskava, Ottoman Turkish: Moskov, Tatar: Мәскәү, Mäskäw, Kazakh: Мәскеу, Mäskew, Chuvash: Мускав, Muskav, etc. In a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy and muscovite.
Various other theories (of Celtic, Iranian, Caucasic), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists.[17][18]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Moscow and Timeline of Moscow
Prehistory[edit]
The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic (Schukinskaya site on the Moscow River). Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered (the burial ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, the site of the Iron Age settlement of the Dyakovo culture), on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.
In the 9th century, the Oka River was part of the Volga trade route, and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the indigenous Finno-Ugric such as the Merya and the expanding Volga Bulgars (particularly the second son of Khan Kubrat who expanded the borders of the Old Great Bulgaria), Scandinavian (Varangians) and Slavic peoples.
The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi. The Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD 1100, a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River.
Early history (1147–1283)[edit]
Further information: Kievan Rus and Vladimir-Suzdal
The principality on the northeastern periphery of Kievan Rus', Vladimir-Suzdal, grew into the Grand Duchy of Moscow
The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
In 1156, Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of the Mongol invasion of Rus, the Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.
The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow river" was inherited by Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver.
Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.
Grand Duchy (1283–1547)[edit]
Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow
Moscow Kremlin in the late 16th century Siege of Moscow (1382) Red Square
Spassky Cathedral, 1357 (the oldest extant building in Moscow)
Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491
Daniel I ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.
On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of five miles (8.0 kilometres) from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite. Now it is the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.
Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir. Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan.
While Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia, and parts of many other lands.
In 1462 Ivan III, (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He took control of the ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.[22][23]
The original Moscow Kremlin was built during the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.
A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square, originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.
In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and a depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.
Tsardom (1547–1721)[edit]
Further information: Russian Tsardom
View of 17th-century Moscow (1922 drawing by Apollinary Vasnetsov)
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defences were built: Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin.[24] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.
The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defence walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defence, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The limits of the city as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring.
Saint Basil's Cathedral was built in 1561
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".[25]
The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.
Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[26] The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.[27] In 1712 when Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council.
Empire (1721–1917)[edit]
Main article: Moscow Governorate
Further information: Russian Empire
A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867. (Image with notes).
Moskva riverside in the 19th century.
After losing the status as capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915.
Book shops at the Spassky bridge. By Apollinary Vasnetsov
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 25 miles (40 kilometres) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called val (“ramparts”). Between 1781–1804 the Mytischinskiy water-pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time were the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow University, the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water-supply was completed.
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto.
The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from Vsekhsvyatskoye station.
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon’s Grande Armée was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.[28]
Moscow plague riot of 1771
Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.
The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.
French invasion of Russia in 1812, Fire of Moscow, painting by A.F. Smirnov 1813
In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.
When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly life styles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda.[29]
Soviet era (1917–1991)[edit]
Further information: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Plan of Moscow, 1917
December 1941. Fresh forces going to the front from Moscow.
Kalininsky Prospekt in New Arbat Avenue, built in 1968.
Soviet poster, issued on the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The inscription reads: "Glory to you, invincible Moscow, beauty and pride of the Russian people".
External video
Song from the Soviet "New Moscow" film
Following the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Saint Petersburg back to Moscow on March 5, 1918. The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.
With the change in values imposed by communist ideology, the tradition of preservation of cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 several letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar", one from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin.[30] Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov, he was "outraged", saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936.[31]
During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. In November 1941, German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defences, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" were instituted.
Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.[32][33][34]
During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the majority of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.[35] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method.
The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs. Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.
In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished.
On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City. In 1980 it hosted the Summer Olympic Games.
The MKAD (ring road) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.
Recent history (1991–present)[edit]
View of the State Historical Museum from the Manezhnaya Square
View on Radisson Royal Hotel and White House
When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991 the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation). Since then, a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.
The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.[36] Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.
Geography[edit]
Location[edit]
Satellite image of Moscow and suburbs
Moscow aerial view
Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet).[37] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).
Time[edit]
Main article: Moscow Time
Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of European Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Belarus, and the Republic of Crimea. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, мск), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30.[38]
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Moscow
Moscow has a hemiboreal climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November through the end of March, and warm summers. Weather can fluctuate widely with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer.[39]
Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −30 °C (−22 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two.
The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)[40] at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Record high temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, July, August, November and December in 2007–2014.[41] The average July temperature from 1981–2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid October, while snow cover lies in November and melts in the beginning of April.
On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.[42] Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only 6 minutes of sunlight[43] [44].
Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.7 °C (19.9 °F), in the suburbs it's about −9 °C (16 °F).[45] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.
Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1981–2010, records 1879 – the present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
8.6
(47.5) 8.3
(46.9) 19.7
(67.5) 28.9
(84) 33.2
(91.8) 34.9
(94.8) 38.2
(100.8) 37.3
(99.1) 32.3
(90.1) 24.0
(75.2) 16.2
(61.2) 9.6
(49.3) 38.2
(100.8)
Average high °C (°F)
−4
(25) −3.7
(25.3) 2.6
(36.7) 11.3
(52.3) 18.6
(65.5) 22.0
(71.6) 24.3
(75.7) 21.9
(71.4) 15.7
(60.3) 8.7
(47.7) 0.9
(33.6) −3
(27) 9.6
(49.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−6.5
(20.3) −6.7
(19.9) −1
(30) 6.7
(44.1) 13.2
(55.8) 17.0
(62.6) 19.2
(66.6) 17.0
(62.6) 11.3
(52.3) 5.6
(42.1) −1.2
(29.8) −5.2
(22.6) 5.8
(42.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−9.1
(15.6) −9.8
(14.4) −4.4
(24.1) 2.2
(36) 7.7
(45.9) 12.1
(53.8) 14.4
(57.9) 12.5
(54.5) 7.4
(45.3) 2.7
(36.9) −3.3
(26.1) −7.6
(18.3) 2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−42.1
(−43.8) −38.2
(−36.8) −32.4
(−26.3) −21
(−6) −7.5
(18.5) −2.3
(27.9) 1.3
(34.3) −1.2
(29.8) −8.5
(16.7) −16.1
(3) −32.8
(−27) −38.8
(−37.8) −42.1
(−43.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
52
(2.05) 41
(1.61) 35
(1.38) 37
(1.46) 49
(1.93) 80
(3.15) 85
(3.35) 82
(3.23) 68
(2.68) 71
(2.8) 55
(2.17) 52
(2.05) 707
(27.86)
Average rainy days
0.8 0.7 3 9 13 14 15 15 15 12 6 2 105.5
Average snowy days
18 15 9 1 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 2 10 17 72.2
Average relative humidity (%)
83 80 74 67 64 70 74 77 81 81 84 85 76.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours
33 72 128 170 265 279 271 238 147 78 32 18 1,731
Percent possible sunshine
14 27 35 40 53 53 52 51 38 24 13 8 34
Source: [46] [47] [48][49]

Climate changes[edit]
Below is the 1961–1990 normals table. The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[50] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals. In 2015, the average annual temperature reached a record of 7.5 °C (45.5 °F).[citation needed]
Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1961–1990
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−6.3
(20.7) −4.2
(24.4) 1.5
(34.7) 10.4
(50.7) 18.4
(65.1) 21.7
(71.1) 23.1
(73.6) 21.5
(70.7) 15.4
(59.7) 8.2
(46.8) 1.1
(34) −3.5
(25.7) 8.9
(48)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−9.3
(15.3) −7.7
(18.1) −2.2
(28) 5.8
(42.4) 13.1
(55.6) 16.6
(61.9) 18.2
(64.8) 16.4
(61.5) 11.1
(52) 5.1
(41.2) −1.2
(29.8) −6.1
(21) 5.0
(41)
Average low °C (°F)
−12.3
(9.9) −11.1
(12) −5.6
(21.9) 1.7
(35.1) 7.6
(45.7) 11.5
(52.7) 13.5
(56.3) 12.0
(53.6) 7.1
(44.8) 2.0
(35.6) −3.3
(26.1) −8.6
(16.5) 1.2
(34.2)
Source: [51][50]
"VVC info" (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-03. </ref>[52][53]
Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate-change activists as evidence of global warming, though by definition, regional climate change is regional, not global. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011). With a southern part of Central Russia,[54][55] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets dfa trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F).[56] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:
Climate data for Moscow (last decade, September 2006 – August 2016, VVC)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
−5.5
(22.1) −3.5
(25.7) 3.2
(37.8) 11.6
(52.9) 20.1
(68.2) 22.7
(72.9) 25.8
(78.4) 23.7
(74.7) 16.5
(61.7) 8.6
(47.5) 2.6
(36.7) −1.7
(28.9) 10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−7.4
(18.7) −5.8
(21.6) −0.1
(31.8) 7.1
(44.8) 14.7
(58.5) 17.7
(63.9) 20.6
(69.1) 18.8
(65.8) 12.6
(54.7) 6.1
(43) 1.1
(34) −3.6
(25.5) 6.9
(44.4)
Average low °C (°F)
−9.2
(15.4) −8.1
(17.4) −3.5
(25.7) 2.5
(36.5) 9.4
(48.9) 12.6
(54.7) 15.4
(59.7) 13.9
(57) 8.7
(47.7) 3.7
(38.7) −0.3
(31.5) −4.6
(23.7) 3.4
(38.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
37 65 142 213 274 299 323 242 171 88 33 14 1,901
Source: weatheronline.co.uk[57]
Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values)
North Northeast East South East Southern Southwest West Northwest
15% 6,8% 7,8% 12,2% 12,6% 14,6% 16,4% 14,5%
Source: world-weather.ru
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
See also: Ethnic groups in Moscow
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1897
1,038,625 —
1926
2,019,500 +94.4%
1939
4,137,000 +104.9%
1959
5,032,000 +21.6%
1970
6,941,961 +38.0%
1979
7,830,509 +12.8%
1989
8,967,332 +14.5%
2002
10,382,754 +15.8%
2010
11,503,501 +10.8%
2017
12,228,685 +6.3%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow was 11,503,501;[58] up from 10,382,754 recorded in the 2002 Census.[59]
At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (10,835,092 people) was:[58]
Russian: 9,930,410 (91.65%)
Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.42%)
Tatar: 149,043 (1.38%)
Armenian: 106,466 (0.98%)
Azerbaijani: 57,123 (0.5%)
Belarusian: 39,225 (0.4%)
Georgian: 38,934 (0.4%)
Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%)
Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%)
Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%)
Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%)
Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%)
Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%)
Ossetian: 11,311 (0.1%)
Others: 164,825 (1.6%)
668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[60]
The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "permanent residency." According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 13.3 million. The number of undocumented migrants, the vast majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,[61] giving a total population of about 14.3 million.
Total fertility rate:[62]
2009 – 1.22
2010 – 1.25
2011 – 1.25
2012 – 1.32
2013 – 1.33
2014 – 1.34
2015 – 1.41
2016 – 1.44
Births (2016): 145 252 (11.8 per 1000)
Deaths (2016): 123 623 (10.0 per 1000)

Religion[edit]
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, demolished during the Soviet period, was reconstructed during 1990–2000
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Moscow Cathedral Mosque
Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country’s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.[63] Other religions practiced in Moscow include Armenian Apostolicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, Old Believers, Protestantism, and Rodnovery.
The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—"город сорока сороков церквей"—prior to 1917. In 1918 the Bolshevik government declared Russia a secular state, which in practice meant that religion was repressed and society was to become atheistic. During the period of 1920-1930s a great number of churches in Moscow were demolished, including historical Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, dating from the 14th century, Kazansky Cathedral on the Red Square, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, constructed in the 19th century in memory of a victory over Napoleon's army in 1812, and many more. This continued even after the Second World War, in 1940-1970s, when persecutions against religion in the Soviet Union became less severe. Most of the surviving churches and monasteries were closed and then used as clubs, offices, factories or even warehouses. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are once again gaining popularity. Among the churches reconstructed in the 1990s is an impressive new Cathedral of Christ the Savior that once more has become a landmark. It was built on the site of the old demolished cathedral, where there had been a huge open swimming-pool until 1994.
The Moscow mufti council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 millions of the city's population in 2010.[64] There are four mosques in the city.[65]
Moscow Cathedral Mosque has been built at the site of the former one. It was officially inaugurated on September 23, 2015. The new mosque has the capacity of ten thousand worshippers. President of Russia Vladimir Putin, President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of the State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas and local Muslim leaders participated in the inauguration ceremony of this mosque.[66]
Religious statistics[edit]
Religion in Moscow (Sreda Arena Atlas)[67][68]
Russian Orthodoxy
52.8%
Other Orthodox
1.6%
Old Believers
0.8%
Other Christians
3.1%
Islam-including Sunni,Non denominational and Shiite
3.6%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
0.9%
Spiritual but not religious
19%
Atheism and irreligion
11.9%
Other and undeclared
6.3%
Religions and beliefs in Moscow (2012)[67][68]
Religion or belief
%
Russian Orthodox Church 52.8
Old Believers 0.8
Orthodox Christianity, but neither Russian Orthodox Church, nor Old Believers 1.6
Christianity, but do not adhere to any church 2.8
Protestant 0.3
Islam, but neither Sunni, nor Shia 1.4
Sunni Islam 1.9
Shia Islam 0.3
Worship gods and ancestors (polytheism) 0.9
Other 6.3
Believe in God (or some highest being), but do not follow any religion 19
Do not believe in God 11.9
Cityscape[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow, the masterpiece of Russian architecture
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.
Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.
The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aura of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.
The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires, but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.[69]
One of the "Seven Sisters", Hotel Ukraina
GUM department store
For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.[70]
While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.[71] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square,[71] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.
Ostankino Tower, the tallest freestanding structure in Europe and 8th tallest in the world
Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.[72]
The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.
Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.[73]
New Arbat Avenue
Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches – almost always Eastern Orthodox– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced.[74] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.
Monument to the Conquerors of Space
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture in VDNKh
Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.
Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years[75] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.[76] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.[77] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov[78] and Mayakovskaya metro station.
Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society[79] and Save Europe's Heritage,[80] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.[81]
Parks and landmarks[edit]
See also: List of Moscow tourist attractions
Red Square is a World Heritage Site
Novodevichy Convent is a World Heritage Site
Ascension church in Kolomenskoye is a World Heritage Site
Gorky Park
VDNKh
Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill
Zaryadye Park
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.[82] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.[83]
Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)[83] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden (408,000 square metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.[84]
Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).
Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.[83]
Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.
Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.
Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.[85] It covers territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.[83]
The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of recreational park areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy.[86]
Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium.
Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,[87] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.[88] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.[89]
Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.
Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.[90] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.[90] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.
Moscow rings[edit]
The Garden Ring in the area of Krimsky Val Street
The concentric and outward spanning roads of Moscow, as viewed from the International Space Station
Moscow as viewed from the International Space Station, January 29, 2014
Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").
The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).[91] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.
The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.[91]
The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.
The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is cancelled in 2011.
Aside from aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.
September 10, 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as 14th line of Moscow Metro. The railroad itself was in use since 1907, but before the renovation it was a non-electrified railroad for transit needs of fueled locomotives only.
The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concreete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).
Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.
Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with notable example of Betonka road, originally made of concrete pads.
Transport rings in Moscow[edit]
Length
Name
Type
9 km Boulevard Ring - Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) Road
16 km Garden Ring - Sadovoye Koltso ("B") Road
19 km Koltsevaya Line (Line 5) Light rail
35 km Third Ring Road - Third Transport Ring - Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) Road
54 km Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, re-opened as Moscow Central Ring (MCC) - Line 14 Railway
67 km Bolshaya Koltsevaya line - Line 11 Light rail
109 km Moscow Automobile Ring Road - Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) Road
Life and culture[edit]
Overview[edit]
Tsaritsyno Park/Museum
Bolshoi Theatre
State Historical Museum
Tretyakov Gallery
Moscow International House of Music
One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.[92] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.[93] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.[93] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.
The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.
The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum,[94] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.[95] The Borodino Panorama[96] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.
Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums[97] 103[98] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow’s theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre[99] as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.
The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,[100] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.
There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard[101] named after Yuri Nikulin.
Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.
The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.[102] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema[103] collection are shown regularly.
The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.
Sports[edit]
Main articles: Sport in Moscow and Football in Moscow
Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.[104] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, and the 1980 Summer Olympics, and will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 6 games total). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice.[105] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye.[106] That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,[82] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,[107] founded in 1834, is the largest.
Luzhniki Stadium
Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.
The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.
The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.
Otkrytiye Arena
Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.
The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.
In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in the Soviet Union. PFC CSKA Moscow was the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title. FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.
Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities. A a result Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.
Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.
Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.
SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.
SC Olimpiyskiy
Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011[update]. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup twice and European Cup six times.
MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe.
Russia was given the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and in Moscow, the Luzhniki Stadium will have an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium. Together these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats.
Football clubs[edit]
Club
Founded
Current League
League Rank
Stadium
Spartak Moscow 1922 Premier League 1st Otkrytiye Arena
CSKA Moscow 1911 Premier League 1st VEB Arena
Lokomotiv Moscow 1923 Premier League 1st RZD Arena
Dinamo Moscow 1923 Premier League 1st Arena Khimki
Torpedo Moscow 1924 PFL 3rd Spartak Stadium
Chertanovo Moscow 1993 PFL 3rd Arena Chertanovo
Entertainment[edit]
See also: List of shopping malls in Moscow
Tverskaya Street
The city is full of clubs, restaurants and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.
The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.[108] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs. Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.[109]
Politics[edit]
View from the Seven Sisters in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's highrise office (the former Comecon headquarters) is to the left, the Russian government building to the right
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia main building
The White House
Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in the Central Administrative Okrug, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as national governmental facilities. This includes military headquarters and the headquarters of the Federal Security Service. Moscow, like with any national capital, is also the host of all the foreign embassies and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia.
Moscow is designated as one of three federal cities of Russia – the others being Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol (although the status of the latter is disputed). Among the 85 federal subjects of Russia, Moscow represents the most populated one and the second-smallest one in terms of area. Moscow is located within the central economic region, one of twelve regions within Russia with similar economic goals. The basic law of the city is the Charter of Moscow that was adopted in 1995.
Executive[edit]
The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive power.
Moscow City Duma[edit]
Main article: Moscow City Duma
The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Administrative okrugs of Moscow: 1. Central 2. Northern 3. North-Eastern 4. Eastern 5. South-Eastern 6. Southern 7. South-Western 8. Western 9. North-Western 10. Zelenogradsky 11. Novomoskovsky 12. Troitsky
Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow
The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 123 districts.
The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century, when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development, when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.
The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast.[110] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".[14]
All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.
In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.[111]
Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.[112]
Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of Russia
Overview[edit]
MIBC, one of the largest financial centres in Europe
Moscow Exchange
Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP).[113] As of 2016[update], the nominal GRP in Moscow reached ₽14,3 trillion[114][115]$250 billion($642 billion in Purchasing Power[116]),[117] $20,500 per capita($52,000 per capita in Purchasing Power[118][119])
Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of Russia, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽60,000[120] ($2,700 in Purchasing Power[121]), which is almost twice the national average of ₽34,000[122] ($1,500 in Purchasing Power[121]), and the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.
Moscow is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as natural gas giant Gazprom. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.[123][124] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption continue still hinder business development.
The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe, with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand venders[125] from different countries (including China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. Since July 2009 it has been closed.
In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with an average wealth of $5.9 billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, as of 2009[update], there were 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during the recession.[126] Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in 2nd place. Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" (ONÈKSIM) group, owns huge assets in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 billion, was only 10th in 2009 with $3.5 billion. Based on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.[127]
The nouveau riche, also called the "New Russians", often in a derogatory sense, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so have also increased in recent times at the many haute couture and haute cuisine spots in Moscow.
Industry[edit]
Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.
The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory.
The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery[128] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.[129] The Moscow Jewelry Factory[130] and the Jewellerprom[131] are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.
There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.
Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas and electricity companies.
Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and technology companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab, Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon, MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and Yota.
Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.
Cost of living[edit]
Tretyakovsky Proyezd
Stoleshnikov Lane
Vegas retail-entertainment complex, theme-park shopping mall
During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.
The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city[132] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.[133][134][135] It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.
A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 square feet), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.
In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city.[136] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.[137]
In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.[138]
In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.[139]
Science and education[edit]
Further information: Education in Russia
Moscow State University
There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.[82] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities[82] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755.[140] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.[141] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language.[142]
The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow state University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.
Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Finance Academy under the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the State University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs.Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.
Russian Academy of Sciences
Building of the Moscow Conservatory
Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.[143] Since it opened enrollment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its number of international students up to two hundred.[144]
The Moscow Conservatory,[145] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.
The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Sokurov, Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates.
Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000 are considered rare — can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.[146]
Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.[147] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.
Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.
There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.[82] The Russian State Library,[148] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages comprise 29% of the collection.[149][150]
The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.[151]
In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."[152]
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Moscow
Air[edit]
Sheremetyevo International Airport
Domodedovo International Airport
Vnukovo International Airport
There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow:
Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO)
Domodedovo International Airport (DME)
Vnukovo International Airport (VKO)
Zhukovsky International Airport (ZIA)
Ostafyevo International Airport (OSF)
Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign visitors, handling 60% of all international flights.[153] It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot. (itself a member of SkyTeam.) Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. Most of Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa, Wizz Air and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.
Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.[153]
There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.[154]
Water[edit]
Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.
Railway[edit]
The high-speed Sapsan train links Moscow with Saint Petersburg
Komsomolskaya Square known as Three Station Square thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky.
Paveletskaya railway station
Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals) are:
Belorussky Rail Terminal
Kazansky Rail Terminal
Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
Kursky Rail Terminal
Leningradsky Rail Terminal
Paveletsky Rail Terminal
Rizhsky Rail Terminal
Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
The terminals are located close to the city center, along the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.[155] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travelling for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.
Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations.
During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. There is a connecting railway line on the North side of the town that connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.
The Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway forms a ring around the main part of Moscow.
Metro[edit]
Main article: Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro route map, 2017, with planned stations
Moscow metro system is famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus." (Soviet man).[156]
The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.[157] Soviet workers did the labour and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunnelling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.[158] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.[159]
Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily. (300,000,000 people every month)[160] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues.[161]
Arbatskaya
Kiyevskaya
Komsomolskaya
Mayakovskaya
Novokuznetskaya
Novoslobodskaya
Ploshchad Revolyutsii
Elektrozavodskaya
Baumanskaya
Park Pobedy
Taganskaya
Delovoy Tsentr
Moscow Central Circle[edit]
Main article: Moscow Central Circle
Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow.
It was built alongside of Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, taking some of its tracks into itself as well.
The MCC opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016.
The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD.
Bus and trolleybus[edit]
As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.[162]
Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.
With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system is the largest in the world. Opened on November 15, 1933 it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.
Monorail[edit]
Main article: Moscow Monorail
The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line. The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing close to VVTs. The line opened in 2004. No additional fare is needed (first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge).
Tram[edit]
Moscow Tram Network
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Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.
There are three tram networks in the city:
Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (0.62 miles) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.
In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.
Pesa Fokstrot
AKSM-85300M
Citadis 302
KTMA
KTM 71-630
Taxi[edit]
The taxi service market in Moscow has changed dramatically over the years 2014–2015. New technology and service platforms Yandex.Taxi, Uber and Gett (ex-GetTaxi) displaced many private drivers and small service providers. By the beginning of 2015 newcomers were servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow and are still rapidly growing.[163][164]
A taxi can be called using a smartphone, tablet or PC in 5–15 minutes. Commercial taxi services are available. In addition, route taxis are in widespread use.
Porsche Cayenne taxi
Maybach taxi
Roads[edit]
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.
The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the cancelled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.
Future development[edit]
Moscow International Business Center
Skolkovo Innovation Center
The Moscow International Business Center is a projected new part of central Moscow. Situated in Presnensky District, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The goal of MIBC is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,[165] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992.
The construction of Moscow-City takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.
The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the tallest building in Europe. Also to be included in the project are a water park and other recreational facilities; business and entertainment complexes, office and residential buildings, the transport network and the new site of the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned. Major thoroughfares through Moscow-City are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt. Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005, and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.
A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to MKAD, Garden Ring and the Third Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by 2012 and will have a total length of 61 kilometres (38 mi).[166][167][168]
In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper Kommersant[169][170][171][172] reported that because of the worldwide economic crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the Moscow International Business Center) are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious "Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city".
Media[edit]
See also: Media of Russia
RIA Novosti headquarters in Moscow
Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers and magazines.
Newspapers[edit]
Further information: List of newspapers in Russia
English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News, which are, respectively, the largest[173] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant, Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.
TV and radio[edit]
See also: Television in Russia
Ostankino Technical Center
View from Imperia Tower to Ostankino Tower
Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.
Moscow television networks:
Channel One
Russia-1
Russia-2
NTV
TV Tsentr
Channel 5
Rossiya Kultura
Russia-24
Public Television of Russia
REN TV
STS
TNT
TV-3
Zvezda
Domashny
Carousel
Peretz
Euronews
2x2
Pyatnica!
Disney Channel
RBC
Moskva 24
Dozhd
RU.TV
Petersburg – Channel 5
Moscow radio stations:
"Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
"Europa Plus"
"DFM"
"NRJ (Russia)"
"Radio Maximum"
"Voice of Russia (in English)"
"Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"
"Megapolis FM"
"Radio Kultura (Culture)"
"Pioneer FM"
"Zvezda"
"Komsomolskaya Pravda"
"Orpheus"
"Monte Carlo"
"Love Radio"
"Govorit Moskva"
"Radio Dacha"
"Nashe Radio"
"Radio 7"
"Humor FM"
"Retro FM"
"Ultra"
"Keks FM"
"Carnival"
"Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"
"Voyage FM"
"Kino FM"
"Finam FM"
"First Popular"
"Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
"Radio Sport"
"Radio Rossii"
"Radio Podmoskovye"
"Radiocompany Moscow"
"UFM"
"Mayak"
"Business FM"
"Autoradio"
"Moya Semia (My Family)"
"XFM"
"Fresh Radio"
"Silver Rain"
"Chanson"
"M-Radio"
"Orphey"
"Echo of Moscow"
"Radio Jazz"
"Classic Radio"
"Vesti FM"
"City FM"
"Relax FM"
"Kommersant FM"
"Rock FM"
"Children's Radio"
"Radio Alla"
"Best FM"
"Next FM"
"Hit FM"
"Radio Record"
Famous people[edit]
Further information: Category:People from Moscow
Main article: List of people from Moscow
Born in Moscow[edit]
Alexander Pushkin
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Peter the Great
Alexander Suvorov
Mikhail Lermontov
Ivan III of Russia
Dmitry Donskoy
Anna of Russia
Michael I of Russia
Alexander II of Russia
Konstantin Stanislavski
Vladimir Vysotsky
Sofia Kovalevskaya
Boris Pasternak
Marina Tsvetaeva
Alexander Herzen
Vera Menchik
Andrei Mironov
Alla Pugacheva
Vitaly Ginzburg
Alexander Ovechkin
Sergey Brin
Maya Plisetskaya
Lev Yashin
Andrei Sakharov
Sergey Lavrov
Marat Safin
Wassily Kandinsky
Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Alekhine
Sergey Mikhalkov
Bulat Okudzhava
Yevgeny Leonov
Lyudmila Zykina
t.A.T.u.
International relations[edit]
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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
List of twin towns and sister cities of Moscow
Algiers, Algeria[citation needed]
Almaty, Kazakhstan[174]
Amman, Jordan[citation needed]
Ankara, Turkey (1992)[175][176]
Astana, Kazakhstan[citation needed]
Baku, Azerbaijan[citation needed]
Bangkok, Thailand (1997)[177]
Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina[178]
Beijing, China[179][180]
Beirut, Lebanon[citation needed]
Berlin, Germany[181]
Bratislava, Slovakia[citation needed]
Brest, Belarus[citation needed]
Bucharest, Romania[citation needed]
Buenos Aires, Argentina (1990)[182]
Cairo, Egypt[citation needed]
Chicago, United States (1997)[183]
Cusco, Peru[citation needed]
Donetsk, Ukraine[citation needed]
Dubai, United Arab Emirates[184]
Düsseldorf, Germany[185]
Ensenada, Mexico[citation needed]
Ganja, Azerbaijan[186]
Hanoi, Vietnam[citation needed]
Havana, Cuba[citation needed]
Helsinki, Finland[citation needed]
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[187]
Ingolstadt, Germany[citation needed]
Jakarta, Indonesia[citation needed]
Jelgava, Latvia[citation needed]
Kharkiv, Ukraine[citation needed]
Kolomna, Russia[citation needed]
Kraków, Poland[citation needed]
La Paz, Bolivia[citation needed]
Limoges, France[citation needed]
Ljubljana, Slovenia[188]
London, United Kingdom[citation needed]
Madrid, Spain[citation needed]
Manila, Philippines[189]
Mumbai, India[citation needed]
New Dehli, India[190]
Nicosia, Cyprus[citation needed]
Pazardzhik, Bulgaria[citation needed]
Pleven,
Bulgaria[citation needed]
Podgorica, Montenegro[citation needed]
Prague, Czech Republic[191]
Pyongyang, North Korea[citation needed]
Ramallah, Palestine[citation needed]
Rostov-on-Don, Russia[citation needed]
Rasht, Iran[citation needed]
Reykjavík, Iceland[192]
Reynosa, Mexico[citation needed]
Riga, Latvia[citation needed]
São Paulo, Brazil[citation needed]
Santiago, Chile[citation needed]
Seoul, South Korea[193][194]
Slavonski Brod, Croatia[citation needed]
Sofia, Bulgaria[citation needed]
Tallinn, Estonia[citation needed]
Tel Aviv, Israel[citation needed]
Tehran, Iran[citation needed]
Tirana, Albania
Tokyo, Japan[195]
Tunis, Tunisia[196]
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia[citation needed]
Uzhhorod, Ukraine[citation needed]
Valenciennes, France[citation needed]
Vilnius, Lithuania[citation needed]
Warsaw, Poland[197]
Yerevan, Armenia[198]
Zagreb, Croatia[citation needed]
Cooperation agreements[edit]
Moscow has cooperation agreements with:
Lisbon, Portugal[199][200]
Tehran, Iran
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Former twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Kiev, Ukraine[201]
Rankings[edit]
The international rankings of Moscow are:
The most populous city in Russia, and the most populous city entirely in Europe
The most populated inland city in Europe
World's northernmost megacity
City with the largest trolleybus system in the world
Major city with the most forest within its borders
City with the busiest subway system in Europe, and the third busiest worldwide
City with the highest building in Europe (Federation Tower)
City with the highest structure in Europe (Ostankino Tower)
See also[edit]
Russia portal
Moscow portal
1904 Moscow tornado
List of churches in Moscow
List of cities proper by population
List of Moscow tourist attractions
List of museums in Moscow
List of shopping malls in Moscow
Mayor of Moscow
Moscow metropolitan area
Moscow Millionaire Fair
Moscow, East Ayrshire
Pokrovsky Hills
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^ Comins-Richmond, Walter. "The History of Moscow". Occidental College. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
^ "Holidays and significant dates of Moscow". Moscow City Government. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
^ a b "The Moscow City Mayor". Government of Moscow. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
^ "The Moscow Statute". Moscow City Duma. Moscow City Government. June 28, 1995. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2010. The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.
^ 03.08.2011 "О совместных предложениях Правительства Москвы и Правительства Московской области по изменению границ столицы Российской Федерации — города Москвы" Check |url= value (help). Mos.ru. October 25, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
^ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2015.xls
^ "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ Geromel, Ricardo. "Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities – Moscow Beats New York Again". Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ a b <%= item.timeFlag %>. "Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012". Itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ "Moscow city government official site". Mos.ru. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ "Moscow : Stations". Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g Vasmer, Max (1986–1987) [1950–1958]. "Москва". In Trubachyov, O. N., trans., add.; Larin, B. O. Этимологический словарь русского языка [Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Progress. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ a b c d e f (in Russian) Smolitskaya, G. P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический словарь Центральной России. pp. 211–2017.
^ Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
^ a b c (in Russian) Trubachyov, O.N., ed. (1994). Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический словарь славянских языков. V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79.
^ Pokorny, Julius. "meu". Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
^ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961) p 354
^ Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
^ "The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press. p.260. ISBN 0-520-24678-0
^ П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
^ Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster. John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p.17. ISBN 0-19-515818-0
^ M.S. Anderson, Peter the Great (1978) p 13
^ "The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars". Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979). p.29. ISBN 0-88254-167-6
^ Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880," Russian Review (2008) 67#2 pp 243–274.
^ Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934-1941
^ Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar
^ Moscow Encyclopedia, ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"
^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"
^ John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, table 12.4
^ "Skyline Ranking". Emporis.
^ Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," Geographical Review (2011) 101#3 pp 316–333.
^ Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" (in Russian). www.darwin.museum.ru. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
^ "Time in Moscow, Russia". Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ "Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве" [The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010] (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ "Climate monitoring". Retrieved July 27, 2006.
^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved December 15, 2012.
^ "Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages" (in Russian). Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ Luxmoore, Matthew (2018). "Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ "How to survive in Moscow without sunshine". BBC News. 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ "Climate of Vladimir" (in Russian). Retrieved November 15, 2015.
^ "Thermograph.ru averages". Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
^ a b Cite error: The named reference Pogoda 1961–90 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "WMO averages". Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ "Climate monitor 2005–2011" (in Russian). Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R= 0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab "Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia" Check |url= value (help). weatheronline.co.uk.
^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R= 0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab "Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia" Check |url= value (help). weatheronline.co.uk.
^ "2008 was the warmest year in Moscow history" (in Russian). Retrieved February 5, 2009. [dead link]
^ 0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R= 0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab "Temperature - Moscow" Check |url= value (help). WeatherOnline. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. December 19, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ ""Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве". Rg.ru. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Gks.ru. May 8, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
^ Bell, Imogen (2003). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
^ Maxim Kireev. "Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia". Der Spiegel.
^ Kiran Moodley. "Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow". The Independent. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
^ "Central mosque of Moscow will be inaugurated in 23rd September". Shabestan News Agency. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
^ a b "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
^ a b 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2017. Archived.
^ Schmidt, Albert J (April 1, 1989). The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history. American Philosophical Society. pp. 5–25.
^ "blackwell-synergy.com". blackwell-synergy.com. June 28, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ a b "Memorial". Melnikov Institute. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ List of tallest buildings in the world
^ McGrane, Sally (December 4, 2012), "The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow", The New Yorker
^ "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society". Maps-moscow.com. April 17, 2006. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Appetite for destruction". New Statesman. November 29, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade". Zagraevsky.com. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)". Gif.ru. July 13, 2004. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Close (September 29, 2005). "Eastern blocks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Moscow Architecture Preservation Society Archived January 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "SAVE Europe's Heritage". November 2, 2008. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008.
^ "[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008]". Rferl.org. May 22, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ a b c d e СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ (in Russian). Moscow government. Retrieved April 28, 2010. [dead link]
^ a b c d (in Russian) Green dress of Moscow
^ "Neskuchniy Garden". Mosday.ru. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ (in Russian) The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.
^ "About VDNH". vdnh.ru.
^ UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also UNESCO's profile on this site.
^ "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
^ "Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
^ a b "General Information". Moscow Zoo. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
^ a b "Along the Moscow Golden Ring" (PDF). Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2006.
^ "The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery". Tretyakovgallery.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ a b "About The State Tretyakov Gallery". The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum Retrieved on July 23, 2006. (English version)
^ "The Museum Collections". Polytechnical Museum. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ "The official site of Borodino Panorama museum". 1812panorama.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics". Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
^ "Russian Ministry of Culture official stats". Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
^ "State Academic Maly Theatre".
^ "The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre". Mmdm.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus Archived July 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on July 17, 2006.
^ "History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation". MosFilm. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
^ "The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema" (in Russian). Museikino.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "The mood in Moscow". BBC News. July 3, 2005. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Russia grabs World Bandy Championship". YouTube. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
^ 0CC4Q7gEwAA "Google Translate" Check |url= value (help). Translate.google.se. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome
^ "Go Magazine". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
^ "Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots". November 19, 2015. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015.
^ Official website of the Government of Moscow. Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow (in Russian)
^ Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро. Metrinfo.ru (in Russian). Retrieved September 27, 2010.
^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.
^ Arkhipov, Ilya (September 28, 2010). "Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат". Mrd.gks.ru. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ "• EUR RUB average annual exchange rate 1999-2016 | Statistic". Statista.com. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla (January 22, 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ 0&a= "Russia GDP and PPP conversion rate" Check |url= value (help). IMF Russia Economy. March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
^ Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph Parilla (January 22, 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Gross regional product per capita in regions of the Russian Federation in 1998 to 2013". Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ Александр Мелешенко (June 21, 2012). "Дожить до зарплаты: Сколько сегодня получают москвичи?". Rg.ru. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. September 14, 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ "FSSS. Main". Gks.ru. October 18, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ "BOFIT Weekly 42/2010" (PDF). Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition. October 22, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2010.
^ "Average monthly salaries". Federal Service on State Statistics. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
^ Aleksandrov, Yuri (December 11, 2005). Новые лимитчики (in Russian). New Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
^ "Russia's billionaires hit by financial crisis". www.financemarkets.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
^ "Mexico's Carlos Slim still tops Forbes' richest list". March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012.
^ "The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery". Eng.kristall.ru. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
^ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom. Retrieved on July 7, 2006
^ "US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times". Waybackmachine.org. July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ (in Russian) The absolute record of realty cost is broken
^ Humphries, Conor (June 20, 2006). "Dividing the Spoils of the Boom". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
^ "Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)" (in Russian). Mosday.ru.
^ Sahadi, Jeanne (June 23, 2006). "World's most expensive cities". CNNMoney. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer.com. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
^ World's most expensive cities – Buy a House: MLS Listings & Home Buying Tips – MSN Real Estate Archived August 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jacobs, Deborah L. "The Most Expensive Cities In The World". forbes.com.
^ "MSU History". Moscow State University. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ Templeton, John Marks (October 1, 1997). Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings. p. 99. ISBN 1-890151-02-5.
^ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN 1-577-51030-5 p. 41
^ Fedorov, I.B. "General (English)". МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ "International Relations". международная деятельность МГТУ (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). Archived from the original on July 30, 2002. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ "The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory". Mosconsv.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "Facts and Figures". MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ "Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI)". International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ "The official homepage of the Russian State Library". Rsl.ru. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ Краткая статистическая справка (in Russian). Russian State Library. January 1, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ "Stacks". The Russian State Library. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
^ (in Russian) Official site of the State Public Historical Library Archived August 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Levy, Clifford J. (September 15, 2011). "My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling". Nytimes.com. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
^ a b "Moscow Airports". Go-Russia. October 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
^ (in Russian) Airport Myachkovo changed the owners
^ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
^ Isabel Wünsche, "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station," Studies in the Decorative Arts (2000) 7#2 pp 65–90
^ Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount," Technology & Culture (2000) 41#4 pp 697-723p
^ Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro," Journal of Transport History, (1997) 18#1 pp 45–53.
^ Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933," Intelligence and National Security (1994) 9#3 pp 520–533.
^ Московский метрополитен (in Russian). Archived from the original on July 14, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
^ https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517
^ See also: (in Russian) [1] Realty news. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
^ "Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить". rbc.ru. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015.
^ Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации Archived August 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц (in Russian). Lenta.ru. December 23, 2005. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ "Вербепрне Йнкэжн Опнахбюер Днпнцс – Цюгерю.Ru". Gazeta.ru. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ Четвертое транспортное кольцо Москвы (in Russian). Prime-realty.ru. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ "Plan of the Fourth Transport Road". Roads.ru. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
^ "Издательский дом "Коммерсантъ"". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Ъ-Санкт-Петербург – Девелопер на перепутье". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Ольга Ъ-Сичкарь. "Ъ – Mirax Group проявила дар убеждения". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Ъ—ПИК построил меньше, а AFI Development получила убыток". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ "Advertising Information". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
^ "Almaty official site". freenet.kz. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009.
^ "Kardeş Kentleri Lists ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Turkish). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ "Sister Cities of Ankara". ankara.bel.tr.
^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (June 19, 1997). "Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow" (PDF).
^ Градови партнери [City of Banja Luka – Partner cities]. Administrative Office of the City of Banja Luka (in Serbian). Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
^ "Beijing's Sister Cities". eBeijing.gov.cn. January 5, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ "Sergei Sobyanin, Beijing Mayor Wang Anshun sign 2014–2016 programme of cooperation between Moscow and Beijing governments – Moscow investment portal". investmoscow.ru.
^ "Berlin – City Partnerships". Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
^ "Listado de ciudades hermanas" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ http://chicagosistercities.com. "Sister Cities". chicagosistercities.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015.
^ "Sister Cities of Dubai". Sistercities.info.
^ "Twin Towns". www.amazingdusseldorf.com. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
^ "CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM". mofahcm.gov.vn. October 9, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
^ "Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
^ "About Manila: Sister Cities". City of Manila. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
^ "Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties". Sep 7, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. Portál "Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ Moscow and Reykjavík sister cities. Archived January 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on March 11, 2008
^ "International Cooperation: Sister Cities". Seoul Metropolitan Government. www.seoul.go.kr. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
^ "Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]". Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived April 25, 2012). Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government". metro.tokyo.jp.
^ "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). © 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. May 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
^ "Yerevan – Partner Cities". Yerevan Municipality Official Website. © 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
^ "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns]. Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. Camara Municipal de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
^ "Kyiv and Moscow – no longer twin cities". May 3, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
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Subdivisions of Russia
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3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast
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Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.
Western
Amsterdam, Netherlands1
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Paris, France
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Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eastern
Astana, Kazakhstan3
Baku, Azerbaijan3
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Kiev, Ukraine
Minsk, Belarus
Moscow, Russia3
Riga, Latvia
Stepanakert, Artsakh4, 5
Sukhumi, Abkhazia3, 5
Tallinn, Estonia
Tbilisi, Georgia3
Tiraspol, Transnistria5
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia3, 5
Vilnius, Lithuania
Yerevan, Armenia3
1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
3 Transcontinental country
4 Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe
5 Partially recognised country
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Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
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1908: London
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1916: None[c1]
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1940: None[c2]
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[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
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Capital: Moscow
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Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics
1983: Helsinki
1987: Rome
1991: Tokyo
1993: Stuttgart
1995: Gothenburg
1997: Athens
1999: Seville
2001: Edmonton
2003: Saint-Denis
2005: Helsinki
2007: Osaka
2009: Berlin
2011: Daegu
2013: Moscow
2015: Beijing
2017: London
2019: Doha
2021: Eugene
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Eurovision Song Contest
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values: Москва – Adyghe

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Afrikaans
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af
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Akan
ak
ak
interlanguage-link-target

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https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau
Moskau – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscou – Arpitan
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frp
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values:
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Mosku – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

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Mosku – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

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Mosku – Central Bikol
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bcl
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskow – Bislama
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bi
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskau – Bavarian
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bar
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Moskva – Bosnian
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bs
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Moskov – Breton
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br
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Moscou – Catalan
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ca
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Moscow – Cebuano
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ceb
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Moskva – Czech
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cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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Moscow – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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Moscow – Nyanja
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ny
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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Moscow – Shona
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sn
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscow – Tumbuka
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tum
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscfa – Welsh
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cy
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Moskva – Danish
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Moskva – Northern Sami
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se
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Moscow – Pennsylvania German
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pdc
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Moskau – German
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Moskwa – Lower Sorbian
dsb
dsb
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Moskva – Estonian
et
et
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Moskvo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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Mosku – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscow – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskva – Faroese
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fo
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscou – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskou – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscow – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskva – Gagauz
gag
gag
interlanguage-link-target

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Mosgo – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscova – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values: مؤسکؤ – Gilaki

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values:
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Moskva – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

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Moscow – Hausa
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Mokekao – Hawaiian
haw
haw
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Moskwa – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
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Moskva – Croatian
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hr
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Moskva – Ido
io
io
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Moscow – Iloko
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ilo
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Moskwa – Indonesian
id
id
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Moscova – Interlingua
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ia
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Moscva – Interlingue
ie
ie
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Moscou – Xhosa
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xh
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IMoskwa – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskva – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskwa – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

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Moskva – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ – Kannada

values: მოსკოვი – Georgian

values: Мәскеу – Kazakh

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou
Moscou – Rundi
rn
rn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Мӧскуа – Komi

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko
Mosko – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Мөскөө – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku
Mosku – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values: Москав – Lak

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscua
Moscua – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskava
Maskava – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau
Moskau – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskva
Maskva – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu
Moskovu – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/moskovas
moskovas – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosko
Moosko – Ganda
lg
lg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkva
Moszkva – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska
Moska – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohikau
Mohikau – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values: मॉस्को – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscobo
Moscobo – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Моску – Moksha

values: မော်စကိုမြို့ – Burmese

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: मस्को – Nepali

values: मस्को – Newari

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca
Mosca – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values: Москох – Chechen

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Norfuk / Pitkern
pih
pih
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou
Moscou – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values: ମସ୍କୋ – Odia

values:
https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooskoo
Mooskoo – Oromo
om
om
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko
Masko – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou
Moscou – Picard
pcd
pcd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca
Mosca – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko
Mosko – Tok Pisin
tpi
tpi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau
Moskau – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Μόσχα – Pontic

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovo
Moscovo – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Crimean Tatar
crh
crh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou
Moscou – Tahitian
ty
ty
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova
Moscova – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova
Moscova – Romani
rmy
rmy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscau
Moscau – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Москва – Rusyn

values: Москва – Russian

values: Москва – Sakha

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values: मास्कोनगरम् – Sanskrit

values:
https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Sango
sg
sg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca
Mosca – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau
Moskau – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska
Moska – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: මොස්කව් – Sinhala

values:
https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Swati
ss
ss
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow
Moskow – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Москва – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova
Moskova – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku
Mosku – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: மாஸ்கோ – Tamil

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musku
Musku – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values: Мәскәү – Tatar

values: మాస్కో – Telugu

values:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu
Moskovu – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

values: มอสโก – Thai

values: Маскав – Tajik

values:
https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosekou
Mosekou – Tongan
to
to
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova
Moskova – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Муско – Udmurt

values: ماسکو – Urdu

values:
https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa
Moskwa – Uyghur
ug
ug
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskv
Moskv – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva
Moskva – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou
Moscou – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
Moscow – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku
Mosku – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values: מאסקווע – Yiddish

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskowa
Moskowa – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou
Moskou – Zeelandic
zea
zea
interlanguage-link-target

values: मस्को – Doteli

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