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Darling in the Franxx
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Darling in the Franxx
Key visual
ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス
(Dārin In Za Furankisu)
Genre
Science fiction, mecha,[1] romantic drama[2]
Anime television series
Directed by
Atsushi Nishigori
Produced by
Yōsuke Toba
Mikio Uetsuki
Eiichi Kamagata
Written by
Atsushi Nishigori
Naotaka Hayashi
Masahiko Ōtsuka
Rino Yamazaki
Hiroshi Seko
Music by
Asami Tachibana
Studio
Trigger
CloverWorks[a]
Licensed by
NA
Crunchyroll
Original network
Tokyo MX, GYT, GTV, BS11, ABC, Mētele, HOME, BSS, BBC, AT-X[5]
English network
SEA
Aniplus Asia
Original run
January 13, 2018 – July 7, 2018
Episodes
24 (List of episodes)
Manga
Written by
Code:000
Illustrated by
Kentaro Yabuki
Published by
Shueisha
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Shōnen Jump+
Original run
January 14, 2018 – present
Volumes
2 (List of volumes)
Manga
Written by
Mato
Published by
Shueisha
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Shōnen Jump+
Original run
January 14, 2018 – July 11, 2018
Anime and Manga portal
Darling in the Franxx (Japanese: ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス, Hepburn: Dārin In Za Furankisu), abbreviated as DarliFra (ダリフラ, DariFura),[6] is a 2018 Japanese science fiction anime television series co-produced by Trigger and CloverWorks that premiered on January 13, 2018.[7][8] The series was announced at Trigger's Anime Expo 2017 panel in July 2017.[9] A manga adaptation by Kentaro Yabuki and another four-panel comic strip manga began serialization on January 14, 2018.[10]
The anime began international distribution simultaneously upon its release, with the streaming service Crunchyroll internationally simulcasting the series, with Aniplus Asia simulcasting the series to Southeast Asia. Service partner Funimation began the dubbed release of the series on February 1.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Plot
1.2 Setting
2 Media
2.1 Anime
2.2 Manga
2.3 Soundtrack
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Synopsis[edit]
See also: List of Darling in the Franxx characters
Plot[edit]
In a post-apocalyptic future humanity is under constant threat from giant creatures known as klaxosaurs (叫竜, kyoryū) which are sub-divided into at least four categories based on their size: "Conrad"[b], "Mohorovičić"[c], "Gutenberg"[d], and "(Super) Lehmann" [e]. Pushed to the brink of annihilation, the mysterious organization known as APE has led the remnants of humanity to abandon the Earth's surface for the relative safety of mobile fortress-cities known as Plantations. To defend the Plantations, children called Parasites are raised to pilot giant mecha known as Franxx[f] (フランクス, Furankusu) in boy-girl pairs. Hiro is a former pilot-candidate prodigy who can no longer synchronize with his partner and they both fail to complete the training program. While skipping his class's graduation ceremony, Hiro encounters Zero Two, an infamous Franxx pilot with klaxosaur blood and red horns. After Zero Two's partner dies during a klaxosaur attack, Hiro volunteers to become her new partner, or "darling."
Setting[edit]
In the early 21st century, a group of scientists with no known origins or nationalities formed "APE" and operated with the Landmark Club. APE introduced revolutionary mining technology to dig up magma energy from deep underground creating a new low-cost and all-encompassing energy source. This advance gave APE huge influence on the international economy and politics, and sped up the development of human civilization.
In 2025, the scientist Werner Frank was hired by APE to research human immortality. His research was successful, initially enabling the wealthy to become immortals at the cost of losing their reproductive functions. Eventually the option became universally available. However, the heavy use of magma energy was at the cost of an increasing desertification of the planet leading to the creation of the Plantations containing their own ecosystems.
By the year 2037, Klaxosaurs (screaming reptiles) appeared to attack the magma energy plants, leading Werner Frank to develop the Franxx units which appeared five years later. There were several failed attempts to complete development of the Franxx units which cost many lives including that of Werner's wife, Karina Milsa. Werner Frank also used a hair sample of the humanoid Princess of Klaxosaurs to extract DNA to create Zero Two. Finally, a system of pairing young fertile male and female partners called Parasites was established. The Garden called Mistilteinn was built so that, in isolation, these children could develop the emotional responses required to pilot a Franxx.
Media[edit]
Anime[edit]
See also: List of Darling in the Franxx episodes
The 24-episode anime series is directed by Atsushi Nishigori, with Nishigori and Naotaka Hayashi handling series composition, Masayoshi Tanaka designing the characters, Shigeto Koyama acting as mechanical designer, Hiroyuki Imaishi serving as action animation director and Asami Tachibana composing the music.[14][15] The opening theme song, titled "Kiss of Death", is sung by Mika Nakashima and produced by Hyde,[8] while the several ending themes titled "Torikago" (トリカゴ) (ep 1-6), "Manatsu no Setsuna" (真夏のセツナ) (ep 7), "Beautiful World" (ep 8-12, 14), "Hitori" (ひとり) (ep 13) and "Escape" (ep 16-20) are performed by XX:me (read as "Kiss Me"), a unit consisting of the series' main female casts—Zero Two, Ichigo, Miku, Kokoro, and Ikuno.[16] Crunchyroll is simulcasting the series, while Funimation has licensed the series and is streaming it with an English dub.[17] Aniplus Asia is simulcasting the series in South East Asia.[18]
Manga[edit]
A manga adaptation by Kentaro Yabuki and another four-panel comic strip manga by Mato started their serialization on the Shōnen Jump+ website on January 14, 2018.[10] The four-panel manga ended on July 11, 2018.[19]
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
1
February 2, 2018[20] ISBN 978-4-08-881454-4
2
May 2, 2018[21] ISBN 978-4-08-881493-3
Soundtrack[edit]
Darling in the Franxx Original Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Asami Tachibana
Released
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) (volume 1)
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
51:38 (volume 1)
Label
Aniplex
Producer
Asami Tachibana
The series' soundtrack is composed by Asami Tachibana and published by Aniplex. The first disc containing 21 tracks is enclosed with the first home video release volume of the anime which released on April 25, 2018.[22]
All music composed by Asami Tachibana.
showDarling in the Franxx Original Soundtrack Volume 1[22]
No.
Title
Lyrics
Performer(s)
Length
1. "cÅGE" cAnON. Anna Pingina 4:56
2. "Vanquish" Benjamin, mpi Monique Dehaney 2:40
3. "Odds and ends" 2:23
4. "o-DOR" 1:48
5. "Dino-S" 2:01
6. "BEAST" 2:46
7. "Counterattack" 3:03
8. "Operation" 3:04
9. "Reversal" 2:47
10. "In the FRANXX" 2:09
11. "Trente" 1:51
12. "Distopia" 1:52
13. "Godliness" 2:20
14. "Aile" 2:24
15. "Clarity" 2:29
16. "Nuance" 1:50
17. "Miel" 1:30
18. "Dropping" 2:08
19. "CODE:002" 2:36
20. "VICTORIA" 3:06
21. "Torikago (BGM-Rearrange)" (composed by Katsuhiko Sugiyama, arranged by Kohta Yamamoto) 1:55
Total length: 51:38
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A-1 Pictures' subsidiary Kōenji Studio rebranded to CloverWorks during production.[3][4]
Jump up ^ Miniature klaxosaurs (few meters large) are called "Conrad" level, originally from Conrad discontinuity named after the Austria-Hungarian seismologist Victor Conrad.[13]
Jump up ^ Midsize klaxosaurs (dozens of meters large) are called "Mohorovičić" level, originally from Mohorovičić discontinuity named after the Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić.[13]
Jump up ^ Giant klaxosaurs (hundreds of meters large) are called "Gutenberg" level, originally from Core–mantle boundary named after the German seismologist Beno Gutenberg.[13]
Jump up ^ The largest klaxosaur class as of episode 15, spanning kilometers, originally from Lehmann discontinuity named after Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann.[13]
Jump up ^ It has a nickname of "Steel maiden".[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Winter 2018 Anime Preview Guide DARLING in the FRANXX". Anime News Network. February 5, 2018. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Youth in Revolt: The Uncertain Future of DARLING in the FRANXX". Crunchyroll. May 3, 2018. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A-1 Pictures' Kōenji Studio Rebrands as CloverWorks". Anime News Network. April 2, 2018. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Paul (April 4, 2018). "A-1 Pictures Rebrands Their Kōenji Studio as CloverWorks". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "On Air". Darling in the Franxx Official Website (in Japanese). December 28, 2017. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "有楽町マルイ 「ダリフラ」展開催決定！". darli-fra.jp (in Japanese). February 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "DARLING in the FRANXX Anime Video Reveals Story Teaser, January Premiere". Anime News Network. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "DARLING in the FRANXX Anime Reveals January 13 Premiere, Opening Theme Song". Anime News Network. December 13, 2017. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Studio Trigger Announces 3 New Anime Titles (Updated)". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "To Love-Ru's Kentaro Yabuki's New Manga is DARLING in the FRANXX". Anime News Network. December 16, 2018. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Announces Start of DARLING in the FRANXX SimulDub". Twitter. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll Announces Winter 2018 Simulcast License Acquisitions". Crunchyroll. January 8, 2018. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Keyword". darli-fra.jp (in Japanese). April 2, 2018. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Studio Trigger, A-1 Pictures' DARLING in the FRANKXX Anime Reveals Video, Visual, Staff". Anime News Network. July 5, 2017. Archived from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "DARLING in the FRANXX Anime's Promo Video, TV Ads Streamed". Anime News Network. November 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Music". darli-fra.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll, Funimation Announce 7 Anime for Winter 2018 Simulcast Season". Anime News Network. December 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ANIPLUS Asia to Simulcast DARLING in the FRANXX". Anime News Network. January 14, 2018. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ressler, Karen (July 9, 2018). "Darling in the Franxx 4-Panel Spinoff Manga Ends". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス 1 [Darling in the Franxx 1]. Shueisha (in Japanese). Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス 2 [Darling in the Franxx 2]. Shueisha (in Japanese). Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス 1 [Darling in the Franxx 1]. darli-fra.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved April 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Japanese)
Darling in the Franxx (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Crunchyroll's Darling in the Franxx Page
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Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ron Howard
Connor Fudge
Produced by
Brian Grazer
Ron Howard
Screenplay by
Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman
Based on
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
by Dr. Seuss
Starring
Jim Carrey
Jeffrey Tambor
Christine Baranski
Bill Irwin
Molly Shannon
Narrated by
Anthony Hopkins
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
Donald Peterman
Edited by
Dan Hanley
Mike Hill
Production
company
Imagine Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
November 8, 2000 (2000-11-08) (Los Angeles)
November 17, 2000 (2000-11-17) (United States)
Running time
104 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$123 million[1]
Box office
$345.1 million[1]
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (promoted theatrically as The Grinch) is a 2000 American Christmas comedy film directed by Ron Howard and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman based on the 1957 story of the same name by Dr. Seuss. The film was released by Universal Pictures on November 17, 2000. It was the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full-length feature film.
Because the film is based on a children's picture book, many additions were made to the storyline to bring it up to feature-length, including some information about the backstory of the title character and reworking the story's minor character Cindy Lou Who as a main character. Most of the rhymes that were used in the book were also used in the film, though some of the lines were to some degree changed, and several new rhymes were put in.
The film also borrowed some music and character elements (such as the Grinch's green skin tone) that originated in the 1966 animated TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The film was produced by Howard and Brian Grazer, and starring Jim Carrey, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Bill Irwin, Molly Shannon, Josh Ryan Evans (in his final theatrical role), and introducing Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who.
The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success, spending four weeks at #1 in the United States and grossing $260 million in the United States and over $345 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing holiday film of all time, with Home Alone being the first.[1][2] It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup, and was also nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Awards
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The people in Whoville enjoy celebrating Christmas with much happiness and joy, except the Grinch, who hatefully resents Christmas and the Whos. He occasionally pulls dangerous and harmful practical jokes on them with vengeance. As a result, no one likes or cares for the Grinch. Meanwhile, six-year-old Cindy Lou believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by being more concerned about the gifts and festivities. After her two brothers are harassed by the Grinch when they trespass on his domain, and she herself has a face-to-face encounter with the Grinch at the post office, in which he reluctantly saves her life, Cindy Lou becomes interested in his history. She then asks everyone what they know about him, and soon discovers that he has a tragic past.
The Grinch actually arrived in Whoville by mistake when he was a baby, and was adopted by two elderly sisters. Although he showed some sadistic tendencies as a child, he was rather timid and not cruel as he would become. He was bullied by his classmates (particularly by Augustus May Who, who grew up to be Mayor of Whoville) because of his appearance, with the exception of Martha May Whovier, who was courted by both the Grinch and May Who. One Christmas season, when he was eight, the Grinch made a gift for Martha, but attempted to shave his face after being made fun of for having a "beard", cutting himself by accident. When his classmates saw his face covered with shaving tape the next morning, they ridiculed him. He lost his temper, trashed the classroom, and ran away to live on Mount Crumpit, a mountain north of Whoville.
Cindy Lou, touched by this story, decides to make the Grinch the main participant of the Whobilation, much to the great displeasure of Mayor May Who, who reluctantly agrees after pressure from the townspeople, who have been warmed by Cindy Lou's generous spirit. When Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit and offers an invitation to the Grinch, he turns her down. He gradually changes his mind due to the promise of an award, the presence of Martha at the celebration and the chance to upset the Mayor. Just as the Grinch is enjoying himself, May Who gives him an electric shaver as a present, reminding him of his awful humiliation at school. May Who then asks Martha to marry him, promising her a new car in return. In response, the Grinch berates the Whos, and criticizes Christmas, claiming that the holiday is only about gifts that they will just dispose of later, in the hopes of making them too ashamed to celebrate the holiday. The Grinch then goes on to ruin the party by burning the Christmas tree with a makeshift flamethrower, but his actions prove to be fruitless as the Whos have a spare tree, which the Grinch sees them erect before he leaves.
The Grinch, knowing that his attack has failed to remove the Whos' Christmas spirit, instead concocts a plan to steal all of their presents while they are sleeping. Creating a Santa suit and sleigh with his own dog Max as a "reindeer", the Grinch arrives at Whoville, stealing all of the Whos' Christmas gifts. He is almost discovered by Cindy Lou, but lies to her in order to get away. On Christmas morning, the Whos discover the Grinch's scheme, and May Who blames Cindy Lou for the whole disaster. However, her father, Lou Lou Who, the Whoville postmaster, finally stands up to him, and reminds everyone that they still have Christmas spirit, and that the principal meaning of Christmas is to spend it with family and friends. The people accept his fate and begin to sing. Hoping that the change of mood would inspire the Grinch, Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit to find him.
The Grinch reveals that he intends to push the stolen gifts off the top of the mountain after he hears the Whos crying. However, instead of crying, he hears the joyful singing of the Whos. Infuriated over the failure of his plan, the Grinch has an epiphany about what Christmas is really about: not material gifts, but spending time with loved ones, an insight that profoundly touches him, and causes his heart to grow to three times its original size. When the sleigh full of stolen gifts begins to go over the edge of the cliff, the Grinch desperately tries to save them to no avail. However, when he realizes that Cindy Lou has come to wish him a merry Christmas and is in danger of falling off the cliff with the sleigh, the Grinch finds enough strength to lift the sleigh, the gifts and Cindy Lou to safety. After a long descent down Mount Crumpit, the Grinch returns to Whoville with Max, Cindy and the gifts. He confesses to the burglary, tearfully apologizes for his actions towards the Whos and surrenders himself to the police as they arrive, but the Whos reconcile with him, much to May Who's dismay. Martha turns down May Who's proposal and decides that she would rather stay with the Grinch instead. The redeemed Grinch (along with Max) starts a new life with the Whos, commemorating the Christmas feast with them in his cave.
Cast[edit]
Jim Carrey as The Grinch, a misanthropic green creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville. It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates humiliated him when he tried to shave his face. Before Jim Carrey was cast to play the Grinch, Jack Nicholson and Eddie Murphy[3] were briefly considered.[citation needed]
Josh Ryan Evans as an 8-year-old Grinch; his humiliation at school by May Who is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas.
Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who, a young Who who thinks the Christmas spirit in Whoville is lost. (In this version, she is six years old, whereas in the book in 1957 and TV special in 1966 by Chuck Jones she was "no more than two").
Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who, Whoville's rude, arrogant, judgmental, and greedy mayor. He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face, which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place. He also denounces the Grinch every chance he gets and wants to have a Grinch-less Christmas.
Ben Bookbinder as an 8-year-old Augustus May Who; he tormented the young Grinch, which then motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas.
Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier, The Grinch's lifelong crush and the romantic interest of Mayor Who. She ultimately rejects the Mayor and chooses the Grinch.
Landry Allbright as an 8-year-old Martha May Whovier. She shows compassion towards the young Grinch.
Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who, Cindy Lou's father and the postman of Whoville.
Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who, Cindy Lou's mother and a rival to Martha May in a house-lighting contest.
Kelley as Max, who is The Grinch's pet dog and only companion on Mt. Crumpit. It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him.
Frank Welker as the voice of Max
Clint Howard as Whobris, the mayor's sycophantic aid.
Reid Kirchenbauer as an 8-year-old Whobris.
Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Rachel Winfree as Rose Who, one of the Grinch's childhood caretakers.
Jeremy Howard and T. J. Thyne as Drew Lou and Stu Lou Who, troublesome sons of Lou and Betty, and brothers to Cindy Lou.
Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan, the chief of police.
Lacey Kohl and Nadja Pionilla as Christina Whoterberry and Junie, Drew and Stu's girlfriends.
Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who, the school teacher.
Bryce Dallas Howard as surprised Who.
Anthony Hopkins as The Narrator.
Production[edit]
Ron Howard is the film's director and producer.
Before his death in 1991, Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books. However, his widow, Audrey Geisel, agreed to several merchandising deals, including clothing lines, accessories, and CDs.[4] In July 1998, Geisel's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas. In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel, the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material, and hand over 4 percent of the box-office gross, 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music-related material, and 70 percent of the income from book tie-ins. The letter also stated that "any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson, Jim Carrey, Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman." Additionally, it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who hadn't earned at least $1 million on a previous picture.[5]
20th Century Fox pitched their version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance, in which Jack Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch.[6] Additionally, the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their separate versions.[7] Universal Pictures held their pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance, but Geisel refused their offer. Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations. At the time, Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea Wolf, and did not express interest in Grinch, but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel's residence for the pitch meeting.[8] While studying the book, Howard became interested in the character, Cindy Lou Who, and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role, as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch.[5][9]
On September 16, 1998, it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live-action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star.[10] It was also reported that Universal Pictures, who had acquired the distribution rights, paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh, the Places You'll Go to Audrey Geisel.[11] Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts, but Geisel also had veto power over the script. She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay, some including about one family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the "Who-steins" and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch's wall.[12] Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script.[13]
The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Dr. Seuss' wife, Audrey, visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel. During a break in filming, Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife. Despite this, none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him. Jim Carrey's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, which was dyed green, and sewed onto a spandex suit, and Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make-up, spending three hours in the morning getting in, and one hour in the evening to get out. According to Carrey, he became a "Zen Master" while sitting in the make-up chair.
Soundtrack[edit]
"Kids Today" – Jim Carrey and Taylor Momsen *
"Grinch 2000" – Busta Rhymes and Jim Carrey
"Green Christmas" – Barenaked Ladies
"Christmas of Love" – Little Isidore and the Inquisitors
"Lonely Christmas Eve" – Ben Folds
"Grinch Schedule" – Jim Carrey *
"Better Do It Right" – Smash Mouth
"Whoville Medley" (Perfect Christmas Night/Grinch) – Trans-Siberian Orchestra
"Reindeer" – Jim Carrey *
"Christmas Is Going to the Dogs" – The Eels
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" – Jim Carrey
"Christmas Means More" – Anthony Hopkins and Jim Carrey *
"You Don't Have to Be Alone" – *NSYNC
"Where Are You, Christmas?" – Faith Hill
"The Shape of Things to Come" – James Horner
"Memories of a Green Childhood" – James Horner +
"Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?" – James Horner and Taylor Momsen
"Stealing Christmas" – Anthony Hopkins, James Horner, Jim Carrey, and Taylor Momsen ~
"The Big Heist" – James Horner +
"Does Cindy Lou Really Ruin Christmas?" – James Horner +
"A Change of Heart" – James Horner +
"The Sleigh of Presents" – James Horner +
"He Carves the Roast Beast" – James Horner ^
Legend:
*Dialogue
+ Instrumental
~ Includes Narration and Dialogue
^ Includes "Welcome Christmas"
Release[edit]
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260.0 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 2000.
In the United States, The Grinch opened at number-one on its opening day, making $15.6 million, with a weekend gross of $55.0 million, for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters. The film still holds the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas-themed film. In its second weekend, the film grossed $52.1 million, dropping only 5.1%, settling a new record for highest-grossing second weekend for any film. The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends, until it was overtaken by What Women Want in mid-December. The Grinch closed on April 30, 2001, after five months, with a final gross of $260,044,825.[1] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America.[14] The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20, 2001. A Blu-ray/DVD combo pack was released on October 13, 2009.
Reception[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 53%; the critical consensus reads, "Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch. Unfortunately, it's not enough to save this movie. You'd be better off watching the TV cartoon."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]
Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, referring to it as "a dank, eerie, weird movie about a sour creature" and said, "There should be...a jollier production design and a brighter look overall... It's just not much fun." Ebert observed that Carrey "works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie, to small avail." Nevertheless, he decided that "adults may appreciate Carrey's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort."[17]
Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey "was born to play this role" and noted that "Carrey carries nearly every scene. In fact, if he's not in the scene, there is no scene.[18] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch's "mischievously divided, now-I'm-calm/ now-I'm-a-raving-sarcastic-PSYCH-o! personality" and summed up Carrey's Grinch as "a slobby, self-loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he's always being left out of things." Gleiberman expressed surprise at "how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch's ultimate big-hearted turnaround, as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild-man dervish. In whichever mode, he carreys [sic] the movie."[19]
Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957." However, he wondered why Carrey "made himself sound like Sean Connery" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children.[20] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's "off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff." He concluded that Carrey "brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread."[21]
Some reviews were more middling. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon, in a generally negative review of the film, wrote, "Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It’s fine as mimicry goes — but mimicry isn't the best playground for comic genius. Shouldn't we be asking more of a man who's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation?" She concluded that in spite of "a few terrific ad-libs [...] his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip, nonsensical and just plain dull story."[22]
Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens."[23]
Awards[edit]
The film garnered three Academy Award nominations, including Best Costume Design (Rita Ryack) and Best Art Direction (Michael Corenblith and Merideth Boswell), and nominees Rick Baker and Gail Rowell-Ryan won the Academy Award for Best Makeup. At the Golden Globes, Carrey was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, losing the award to George Clooney for O Brother, Where Art Thou?.
It also won the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actor at the 2001 Kids' Choice Awards. The film won a Saturn Award for Best Music and a Saturn Award for Best Make-Up. However, it was also nominated for two 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screenplay, but lost to Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 and Battlefield Earth respectively.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
Christmas portal
2000s portal
Grinch
The Grinch (video game)
List of films based on Dr. Seuss books
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Arts & Media". Guinness World Records 2007. Guinness World Records Limited. 2006. p. 182 (UK edition). ISBN 1-904994-11-3.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (7 April 2011). "The Lost Roles of Eddie Murphy". Splitsider. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Universal purchases rights for 2 Dr. Seuss characters". Deseret News. September 17, 1998. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cagle, Jess (November 11, 2000). "Seuss on the Loose". Time. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Carrey Plays The Grinch". Empire. September 17, 1998. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Grinch's Gatekeeper". Newsweek. November 11, 2000. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Head, Steve (November 7, 2000). "Dr. Seuss' Widow Objected To Elements In Early Scripts for the Grinch". IGN. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Scribner, Sarah (November 11, 2000). "Grinch Doctor". Hartford Courant. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (September 16, 1998). "U, Imagine clinch 'Grinch' pic deal". Variety. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eller, Claudia (September 16, 1998). "Seuss Rights Sold for Up to $9 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Mark (November 6, 2000). "Mrs. Seuss: Whoville Is Not Poo-ville". E! News. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Horn, John; Abramowitz, Rachel (4 December 2005). "Credit ascribed, denied". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Metacritic. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (November 17, 2000). "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas". rogerebert.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Paul Clinton (November 17, 2000). "Review: Steal away to see the latest 'Grinch'". CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (November 24, 2000). "How the Grinch Stole Christmas Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Stack (November 17, 2000). "How Effects Stole 'Christmas' / Supercharged 'Grinch' stays true to Seuss but amps up Carrey's character". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ James Berardinelli (November 17, 2000). "Reelviews Movie Reviews". ReelViews. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek (November 17, 2000). "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas". Salon.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy (November 16, 2000). "Variety Reviews - Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas - Film Reviews". Variety. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas.
Official website
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas on IMDb
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at the TCM Movie Database
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Metacritic
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Adaptations
Television
The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–57)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966)
Horton Hears a Who! (1970)
The Cat in the Hat (1971)
The Lorax (1972)
Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973)
The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975)
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The Butter Battle Book (1989)
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How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2018)
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[show]
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Adaptations
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P wave (electrocardiography)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Normal P wave, shown in darker red
The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction, or atrial systole.
Contents
1 Physiology
2 Pathology
3 Atrial repolarization
4 Related pages
5 References
Physiology[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium. The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves. Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria (atrial ectopics) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal.
Pathology[edit]
Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale
Peaked P waves (> 0.25 mV) suggest right atrial enlargement, cor pulmonale, (P pulmonale rhythm),[1] but have a low predictive value (~20%).[2]
A P wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia.[3] It can also indicate right atrial enlargement.[4]
A P wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia.
Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation [5] or hypertrophy.[1]
If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising elsewhere. This is taken as evidence of multiple (i.e. at least two) ectopic foci, and is called multifocal (or more correctly, multiform) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤100) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100.[6] This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease.[7]
If the baseline has a totally irregular form, this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves.
Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate:
Fine atrial fibrillation[1]
Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm)
If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG, a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves.
Atrial repolarization[edit]
This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave, with a duration of 2-3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave. It is represented on the surface ECG by a so-called Ta wave. The clinical relevance of this is that, although a normal phenomenon, the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to (and easily mistaken with) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia.[8]
Related pages[edit]
Electrocardiography
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Longmore, Murray (2004). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852558-3.
Jump up ^ Reeves WC, Hallahan W, Schwiter EJ, Ciotola TJ, Buonocore E, Davidson W (1981). "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement". Circulation. 64: 387–391. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.64.2.387. PMID 6454512.
Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/
Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html
Jump up ^ Munuswamy K, Alpert MA, Martin RH, Whiting RB, Mechlin NJ (1983). "Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m-mode echocardiography". Am J Cardiol. 53 (6): 829–832. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90413-2. PMID 6230922.
Jump up ^ Kastor JA (1990). "Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia". N Engl J Med. 322 (24): 1713–1717. doi:10.1056/NEJM199006143222405. PMID 2188131.
Jump up ^ Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH (2006). "Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia". Clin Cardiol. 28 (12): 3561–3563. doi:10.1002/clc.4960281205. PMID 16405199.
Jump up ^ Smith, SW. "Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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Solar constant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Solar variation
Solar irradiance spectrum at top of atmosphere, on a linear scale and plotted against wavenumber.
The solar constant is a flux density measuring mean solar electromagnetic radiation (solar irradiance) per unit area. It is measured on a surface perpendicular to the rays, one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (roughly the distance from the Sun to the Earth).
The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. It is measured by satellite as being 1.361 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²) at solar minimum and approximately 0.1% greater (roughly 1.362 kW/m²) at solar maximum.[1]
The solar "constant" is not a physical constant in the modern CODATA scientific sense; that is, it is not like the Planck constant or the speed of light which are absolutely constant in physics. The solar constant is an average of a varying value. In the past 400 years it has varied less than 0.2 percent.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculation
2 Historical measurements
3 Relationship to other measurements
3.1 Solar irradiance
3.2 Apparent magnitude
3.3 The Sun's total radiation
4 Past variations in solar irradiance
5 Variations due to atmospheric conditions
6 See also
7 References
Calculation[edit]
Solar irradiance is measured by satellite above Earth's atmosphere,[3] and is then adjusted using the inverse square law to infer the magnitude of solar irradiance at one Astronomical Unit (AU) to evaluate the solar constant.[4] The approximate average value cited,[1] 1.3608 ± 0.0005 kW/m², which is 81.65 kJ/m² per minute, is equivalent to approximately 1.951 calories per minute per square centimeter, or 1.951 langleys per minute.
Solar output is nearly, but not quite, constant. Variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) were small and difficult to detect accurately with technology available before the satellite era (±2% in 1954). Total solar output is now measured as varying (over the last three 11-year sunspot cycles) by approximately 0.1%;[5] see solar variation for details.
Historical measurements[edit]
In 1838, Claude Pouillet made the first estimate of the solar constant. Using a very simple pyrheliometer he developed, he obtained a value of 1.228 kW/m²,[6] close to the current estimate.
In 1875, Jules Violle resumed the work of Pouillet and offered a somewhat larger estimate of 1.7 kW/m² based, in part, on a measurement that he made from Mont Blanc in France.
In 1884, Samuel Pierpont Langley attempted to estimate the solar constant from Mount Whitney in California. By taking readings at different times of day, he tried to correct for effects due to atmospheric absorption. However, the final value he proposed, 2.903 kW/m², was much too large.
A 1903 Langley bolograph with an erroneous solar constant of 2.54 calories/minute/square centimeter.
Between 1902 and 1957, measurements by Charles Greeley Abbot and others at various high-altitude sites found values between 1.322 and 1.465 kW/m². Abbot showed that one of Langley's corrections was erroneously applied. Abbot's results varied between 1.89 and 2.22 calories (1.318 to 1.548 kW/m²), a variation that appeared to be due to the Sun and not the Earth's atmosphere.[7]
In 1954 the solar constant was evaluated as 2.00 cal/min/sq cm ± 2%.[8] Current results are about 2.5 percent lower.
Relationship to other measurements[edit]
Solar irradiance[edit]
Main article: Solar irradiance
See also: Earth's energy budget
The actual direct solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year (from 1.412 kW/m² in early January to 1.321 kW/m² in early July) due to the Earth's varying distance from the Sun, and typically by much less than 0.1% from day to day. Thus, for the whole Earth (which has a cross section of 127,400,000 km²), the power is 1.730×1017 W (or 173,000 terawatts),[9] plus or minus 3.5% (half the approximately 6.9% annual range). The solar constant does not remain constant over long periods of time (see Solar variation), but over a year the solar constant varies much less than the solar irradiance measured at the top of the atmosphere. This is because the solar constant is evaluated at a fixed distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) while the solar irradiance will be affected by the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. Its distance to the Sun varies annually between 147.1·106 km at aphelion and 152.1·106 km at perihelion.
The Earth receives a total amount of radiation determined by its cross section (π·RE²), but as it rotates this energy is distributed across the entire surface area (4·π·RE²). Hence the average incoming solar radiation, taking into account the angle at which the rays strike and that at any one moment half the planet does not receive any solar radiation, is one-fourth the solar constant (approximately 340 W/m²). The amount reaching the Earth's surface (as insolation) is further reduced by atmospheric attenutation, which varies. At any given moment, the amount of solar radiation received at a location on the Earth's surface depends on the state of the atmosphere, the location's latitude, and the time of day.
Apparent magnitude[edit]
The solar constant includes all wavelengths of solar electromagnetic radiation, not just the visible light (see Electromagnetic spectrum). It is positively correlated with the apparent magnitude of the Sun which is −26.8. The solar constant and the magnitude of the Sun are two methods of describing the apparent brightness of the Sun, though the magnitude is based on the Sun's visual output only.
The Sun's total radiation[edit]
The angular diameter of the Earth as seen from the Sun is approximately 1/11,700 radians (about 18 arc-seconds), meaning the solid angle of the Earth as seen from the Sun is approximately 1/175,000,000 of a steradian. Thus the Sun emits about 2.2 billion times the amount of radiation that is caught by Earth, in other words about 3.86×1026 watts.[10]
Past variations in solar irradiance[edit]
Space-based observations of solar irradiance started in 1978. These measurements show that the solar constant is not constant. It varies with the 11-year sunspot solar cycle. When going further back in time, one has to rely on irradiance reconstructions, using sunspots for the past 400 years or cosmogenic radionuclides for going back 10,000 years. Such reconstructions show that solar irradiance varies with distinct periodicities. These cycles are: 11 years (Schwabe), 88 years (Gleisberg cycle), 208 years (DeVries cycle) and 1,000 years (Eddy cycle).[11][12][13][14][15]
Over billions of years, the Sun is gradually expanding, and emitting more energy from the resultant larger surface area. The unsolved question of how to account for the clear geological evidence of liquid water on the Earth billions of years ago, at a time when the sun's luminosity was only 70% of its current value, is known as the faint young Sun paradox.
Variations due to atmospheric conditions[edit]
At most about 75% of the solar energy actually reaches the earth's surface,[16] as even with a cloudless sky it is partially reflected and absorbed by the atmosphere. Even light cirrus clouds reduce this to 50%, stronger cirrus clouds to 40%. Thus the solar energy arriving at the surface can vary from 550 W/m² with cirrus clouds to 1025 W/m² with a clear sky.
See also[edit]
Sunlight
Solar wind
Irradiance
Radiation pressure
List of solar cycles
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Sun § Life phases
Stellar evolution
List of articles related to the Sun
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kopp, G.; Lean, J. L. (2011). "A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 38: n/a. Bibcode:2011GeoRL..38.1706K. doi:10.1029/2010GL045777.
Jump up ^ http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/data/tsi-data/ Total Solar Irradiance Data, SORCE
Jump up ^ "Satellite observations of total solar irradiance". acrim.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarirradiance.html
Jump up ^ Willson, Richard C.; H.S. Hudson (1991). "The Sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle". Nature. 351 (6321): 42–4. Bibcode:1991Natur.351...42W. doi:10.1038/351042a0.
Jump up ^ The measurement of the solar constant by Claude Pouillet, by J-L Dufresne, La Météorologie Archived 2010-03-05 at the Wayback Machine., No. 60, pp. 36-43, Feb. 2008.
Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sun". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Francis S. Johnson (December 1954). "The Solar Constant". Journal of Meteorology. 11 (6): 431–439. Bibcode:1954JAtS...11..432J. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1954)011<0431:TSC>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Archer, D. (2012). Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast. ISBN 978-0-470-94341-0.
Jump up ^ "☀ The Sun - Educational facts and history of the star we call The Sun". www.nineplanets.org.
Jump up ^ Wang; et al. (2005). "Modeling the Sun's Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713". The Astrophysical Journal. 625 (1): 522–538. Bibcode:2005ApJ...625..522W. doi:10.1086/429689.
Jump up ^ Steinhilber et al. (2009), Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 36, L19704, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811446
Jump up ^ Vieira; et al. (2011). "Evolution of the solar irradiance during the Holocene". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 531: A6. arXiv:1103.4958  . Bibcode:2011A&A...531A...6V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015843.
Jump up ^ Steinhilber; et al. (2012). "9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109: 5967–5971. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.5967S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118965109. PMC 3341045  . PMID 22474348.
Jump up ^ Vieira, L. E. A.; Norton, A.; Kretzschmar, M.; Schmidt, G. A.; Cheung, M. C. M. (2012). "How the inclination of Earth's orbit affects incoming solar irradiance". Geophys. Res. Lett. 39: L16104. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3916104V. doi:10.1029/2012GL052950.
Jump up ^ Reimann, Hans-Georg; Weiprecht, Juergen Kompendium für das Astronomische Praktikum
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_constant&oldid=842302839"
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Froot Loops
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Fruit Loops" redirects here. For other uses, see Fruit Loops (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with FruityLoops.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Froot Loops
Nutritional value per 1 cup (30 grams)
Energy
462 kJ (110 kcal)
Carbohydrates
25 (8%)
Sugars
12 g (41%)
Dietary fiber
3 g (11%)
Fat
1 g (2%)
Saturated
0.5 g (2%)
Protein
1 g (2%)
Minerals
Iron
(24%)
3.1 mg
Other constituents
Calories from fat
42 kJ (10 kcal)
Cholesterol
0 mg (0%)
Values may be different outside US market.
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: Kellogg's
Froot Loops is a brand of sweetened, fruit-flavored breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's and sold in many countries. The cereal pieces are ring-shaped (hence "loops") and come in a variety of bright colors and a blend of fruit flavors (hence "froot", a cacography of fruit). However, there is no actual fruit in Froot Loops and they are all the same flavor.[1] Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops in 1963.[2] Originally, there were only red, orange, and yellow loops, but green, purple, and blue were added during the 1990s. Different methods of production are used in the UK where, due to the lack of natural colourings for yellow, red and blue Froot Loops are purple, green and orange. and the loops are also larger in size.[3] Although the marketing side of Kellogg's sold the idea that each individual loop color was a different flavor, Kellogg's acknowledged all share the same fruit-blend flavor.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mascots
2 Varieties
3 Froot Loops Bloopers
4 In popular culture
5 Sponsorships
6 References
7 External links
Mascots[edit]
Toucan Sam has been the mascot of Froot Loops since its first appearance. Toucan Sam is a blue anthropomorphic toucan; the colors of his bill correspond to the three original froot loop colors. While most toucans have a good sense of smell, he is portrayed as having an uncanny ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and invariably locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning "Follow my nose! It always knows!" or "Follow my nose! For the fruity taste that shows!"
Varieties[edit]
A bowl of Froot Loops with milk
Kelloggs made several varieties of snack foods, including snack bags called Snack Ums. Snack Ums were similar to the cereal but larger. Their slogan was "Super-sized bites with deliciously intense natural fruit flavors"..."Flavor Bursting!"[6] Froot Loops branding by Kellogg's was also used with the Froot Loops cereal bar.[7]
In the middle of 2012, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops to the UK market for a limited time with only the secondary colors (orange, green, and purple), as natural color substitutes for red, yellow, and blue could not be found. The recipe also differed from the US version. Kellogg's stated that "due to European legislation we have been unable to produce Froot Loops to the same specifications as the US product. The formulations are different, including sugar and salt levels and the UK version has been produced with natural food additives and flavourings which will account for the differences in appearance and taste between the two products." The UK Froot Loops are also larger in size compared with their American counterparts, and due to the different method of formulation, are a much coarser cereal. In September 2015, Kellogg's removed Froot Loops from the UK market due to a lack of demand for the cereal. Though in 2017, a special limited Unicorn Froot Loops edition was released in the UK. [8]
Froot Loops Bloopers[edit]
In February 2015, a spinoff cereal called Froot Loops Bloopers was sold and was promoted by licensing a unique Angry Birds Space episode.
In popular culture[edit]
On All In The Family, Froot Loops is a favorite cereal of Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor).
On The Big Bang Theory, Howard Wolowitz (Simon Helberg) is called "Froot Loops" by his fellow International Space Station astronauts after they overhear his mother on the phone, warning him that he should get off the phone because his bowl of Froot Loops is getting soggy.
On "The Middle", Froot Loops are the favourite cereal of the Heck family's children.
Sponsorships[edit]
Dragon Tales
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kellogg's Froot Loops cereal
Jump up ^ "Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable". Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ Image of Kellogg's UK Froot Loops. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Are the different colors of Froot Loops different flavors?". The Straight Dope.
Jump up ^ Locker, Melissa (21 January 2014). "Breaking Breakfast News: Fruit Loops Are All the Same Flavor, after the Mandela effect now known as Froot Loops". TIME.com.
Jump up ^ "Snack Ums Froot Loops". taquitos.net.
Jump up ^ "Froot Loops Cereal & Milk Bars". taquitos.net.
Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/unicorn-froot-loops-kelloggs-uk-launch-asda-supermarkets-a7952671.html
External links[edit]
Official website
Kellogg's corporate Froot Loops site: includes package information and Nutrition Facts.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Froot_Loops&oldid=804347349"
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