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Cagney & Lacey
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Cagney & Lacey
Genre
Police crime drama
buddy cop
Mystery
Thriller
Created by
Barbara Avedon
Barbara Corday
Starring
Tyne Daly
Loretta Swit (Pilot)
Meg Foster (Season 1)
Sharon Gless (Seasons 2–7)
Al Waxman
John Karlen
Carl Lumbly
Martin Kove
Sidney Clute (Seasons 1–5)
Robert Hegyes
Harvey Atkin
Theme music composer
Bill Conti
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
125 (+ 4 TV movies) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Barney Rosenzweig
Producer(s)
Steve Brown
Terry Louise Fisher
Georgia Jeffries
Peter Lefcourt
Richard M. Rosenbloom
Harry R. Sherman
Ralph S. Singleton
April Smith
Joseph Stern
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
45–48 minutes
Production company(s)
Mace Neufeld Productions
Filmways Television (season 1)
Orion Television (seasons 2–7)
Release
Original network
CBS
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
March 25, 1982 (1982-03-25) – May 16, 1988 (1988-05-16)
Chronology
Followed by
Cagney & Lacey: The Return (1994)
External links
Website
Cagney & Lacey is an American television series that originally aired on the CBS television network for seven seasons from March 25, 1982 to May 16, 1988. A police procedural, the show starred Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly as New York City police detectives who led very different lives: Christine Cagney (Gless) was a career-minded single woman, while Mary Beth Lacey (Daly) was a married working mother. The series was set in a fictionalized version of Manhattan's 14th Precinct (known as "Midtown South"). For six consecutive years, one of the two lead actresses won the Emmy for Best Lead Actress in a Drama (four wins for Daly, two for Gless), a winning streak matched only once since in any major category by a show.
Contents
1 Development
2 Original cast
3 Synopsis
4 Cancellation and return
5 Theme music
6 Reception
6.1 Nielsen ratings
6.2 Awards and nominations
6.2.1 Primetime Emmy Awards
6.2.2 Golden Globe Awards
6.2.3 Directors Guild Awards
7 After the series
7.1 DVD releases
7.2 Downloads
7.3 Cancelled reboot
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Development[edit]
Producer Barney Rosenzweig was influenced by the feminist movement through his then-girlfriend Barbara Corday, who recommended to him Molly Haskell's book From Reverence to Rape. After learning through Haskell that there had never been a female buddy film, Rosenzweig sought to make one, a comedy initially titled Newman & Redford (before changing the title for legal reasons). Corday & Barbara Avedon wrote the script. No studio wanted to make the film, so Corday considered taking it to television. Rosenzweig took the script, removed the main plot (leaving only the character development), and took it to all networks, but only CBS picked it up.[1]
Original cast[edit]
Actress Loretta Swit played the role of Christine Cagney in the original television movie (October 1981), but she was forced to decline the role in the series when the producers of M*A*S*H refused to let her out of her contract. The movie was then picked up as a series, first airing with six episodes as a midseason replacement in the spring of 1982, with Meg Foster playing the role of Cagney. The show was then picked up for a regular season beginning with the 1982–83 season, but Foster was then replaced by Sharon Gless because CBS deemed Foster too aggressive and too likely to be perceived as a lesbian by the viewers.[2]
CBS executives hoped Gless would portray Cagney as more conventionally "feminine" and attempted to pressure the producers to remake Christine into a more "high-class", snobbish woman from wealthy parents. Barney Rosenzweig and Barbara Corday initially refused to change Christine Cagney from a tough, witty, working-class woman. Shortly into Gless's tenure on the program, Rosenzweig and Corday compromised with the network brass. They further developed Cagney's background, explaining gradually in a loose storyline that she may have been born to a somewhat well-to-do professional mother, who had a relationship with police officer Charles Cagney who came from working-class roots. Charles and Maureen soon separated after Christine and her brother Brian were born. She was partially raised in an uptown Westchester world, which she appreciated; however, the trappings of the upper-middle social strata sometimes drove her to miss her father's lifestyle, and she and her father therefore established a special bond.
Cagney was a bit quieter and more reserved than her vivacious, talkative, loud partner Mary Beth Lacey, but could still relate to the world with attitudes that could be shared by people across the social spectrum.
Synopsis[edit]
Main article: List of Cagney & Lacey episodes
Al Waxman co-starred as Cagney and Lacey's good-natured and sometimes blustery supervisor, Lt. Bert Samuels. Carl Lumbly and Martin Kove played, respectively, fellow detectives Marcus Petrie and Victor Isbecki. Sidney Clute played veteran detective Paul La Guardia. John Karlen co-starred as Mary Beth's husband, Harvey Lacey, and Tony La Torre and Troy Slaten played their sons, Harvey Lacey, Jr. and Michael Lacey, respectively. Harvey Atkin played desk sergeant Ronald Coleman. Jason Bernard originally had the recurring role of Deputy Inspector Marquette during the first two seasons. When the show was brought back in March 1984 following its second cancellation, Marquette had been replaced by Dep. Inspector Knelman (Michael Fairman), who lasted the duration of the series. In the fourth season, Christine entered into a relationship with Sgt. Dory McKenna (Barry Primus), who battled a drug addiction. After a tumultuous courtship, Christine left him and soon after took up with a more stable suitor, David Keeler (Stephen Macht), a local attorney.
One of the most significant cast changes occurred early in the fifth season, upon the death of Sidney Clute in October 1985. Off screen, Det. LaGuardia had retired from the 14th Precinct and had moved to New Jersey with a new female companion less than half his age. Clute had completed filming a few episodes of the 1985–86 season prior to his death. In his honor, the producers kept Clute's name in the opening credits for the rest of the series.
LaGuardia's immediate replacement in the fifth season was Det. Jonah Newman (Dan Shor), a boyish ingenue with an elevated sense of himself. Newman, while popular with the guys, was not above stepping on anyone in order to get the coveted promotion of Detective Second Grade. As a result, Chris and Mary Beth had to force a strained relationship with him at best. Newman developed a crush on Chris but she never knew. Eventually, Newman was partnered with veteran Al Corassa (Paul Mantee), who became a regular midway through season five (Mantee had made three guest appearances in late 1985, in which his character's name was Det. Thomas in the first two episodes, and Corassa in the third) and officially took up the role of experience that LaGuardia had vacated. Their partnership met a sad end in May 1986, when Newman was killed from a random gunshot outside of the local district court, just after receiving his promotion to Second Grade.
The beginning of the sixth season saw the arrival of Manny Esposito (Robert Hegyes), a young, street-savvy detective who became Corassa's new partner. There was quite a clash between the two, as Esposito's freewheeling lifestyle (represented by his casual dress on the job, the desire to make a quick buck, and three ex-wives) put him in contrast with Corassa, the older, more conservative family man with a heightened sense of professionalism. Supporting characters added to the precinct at this time were rookie Officer Tom Basil (Barry Laws) and Officer Beverley Faverty (Beverley Faverty). The following year, Petrie was promoted to sergeant and then departed the 14th Precinct (Carl Lumbly had decided to leave the series). In his place, singer Merry Clayton joined the cast as Verna Dee Jordan, the first new female detective at the precinct since the additions of Cagney and Lacey. Jordan had joined law enforcement in middle age to better herself, after having been a single mother raising four children (now grown) on welfare.
Dick O'Neill played a recurring role as Cagney's alcoholic father, Charlie Cagney, a former NYPD officer who regaled her with stories of the old days; Christine later fought alcoholism as well.[3] In the fourth season, Mary Beth becomes pregnant; she and Harvey welcome in a baby daughter, Alice, in the fall of 1985. Alice Lacey was played by alternating twins Dana & Paige Bardolph from 1985 to 1987, with toddler Michelle Sepe taking over for the seventh season.
Cancellation and return[edit]
Cagney & Lacey premiered in March 1982 with high hopes from the industry, in the wake of the TV movie. Reviews of the series, however, with Meg Foster in place of Loretta Swit, were mixed. Critics praised the level of storytelling, but put emphasis on the aggressiveness that both Daly and Foster expressed with their characters. As soon as the six episode order was finished in late April, CBS canceled the program due to poor ratings. Executive producer Barney Rosenzweig was determined to reverse the network's decision. Gless had been initially unavailable for the movie and series, which were produced by Orion, because of her long-running contract to Universal Television (she was the last actress ever to be signed to a long-term contract with a studio, in 1972). Gless was even actively utilizing her Universal contract at the time the series went into production, having taken over as female lead (from Lynn Redgrave who left the series in a dispute with producers) on the CBS sitcom House Calls. However, rumors were also rampant that House Calls was getting the axe that spring.
Prior to the unveiling of that year's network upfronts, a CBS executive noted to the press that the cancellation of Cagney & Lacey was highly motivated by the jarringly tough nature of the female leads as well as low ratings. The official claimed in response to the strong portrayal of Daly and Foster that "we've perceived them as dykes." This remark set off massive protest, and put Rosenzweig into high gear in his dealings with CBS. The cancellation of House Calls was announced among insider circles just before upfronts, and Rosenzweig pressured CBS executives to relaunch Cagney & Lacey in the fall with Gless replacing Foster. Gless met with Cagney & Lacey producers again to consider the role, but while always having taken to the character, had doubts about joining for the fall of 1982 because, after House Calls, she "didn't want to make a career of replacing actresses."
Ratings, however, were still low during the first year Daly and Gless co-starred on the series. Cagney & Lacey was canceled by CBS a second time in May 1983, but after almost a year of decreased buzz about the show, an ever-larger public outcry exploded upon the series's axing. Fans of the show, organized by Rosenzweig,[4] staged a letter-writing campaign. At the same time, CBS switched its time slot for what was to have been its final three months on the air during summer reruns. This relocation resulted in the ratings suddenly rising. The viewer protest, coupled with the post-cancellation improvement in the Nielsens and the Emmy nomination that year (which Tyne Daly won in September), resulted in success for the public. That fall, CBS announced the return of Cagney & Lacey as a mid-season entry. The network would have wanted to return it sooner, but not long after the second cancelation came to pass, the sets at Orion had already been destroyed, and the cast had been let out of their contracts. One cast member, Tony La Torre, had already joined another series, the ABC sitcom 9 to 5. When nearly all of the Cagney & Lacey cast received new contracts in late 1983, La Torre returned as well after 9 to 5 was canceled by ABC just weeks into the 1983–84 season. Cagney & Lacey went back into production in January 1984 and returned to air on March 19 of that year.
TV Guide celebrated the show's return with the cover reading "Welcome Back, Cagney & Lacey – You want them! You've got them!". The show finished in the top 10 for the 1983–84 season, and went on to earn 36 Emmy Award nominations and 14 wins throughout its run until 1988, including six nominations for stars Daly and Gless: four wins for Daly and two for Gless. The series itself won two consecutive Emmy Awards for Best Drama Series in 1985 and 1986. The show's ratings leveled out to where it hovered around 30th place in the Nielsens during seasons four to six, a period where many state the show to have been in its creative peak.
The series continued to air Monday nights at 10:00 p.m. EST/9:00 p.m. CST until the middle of the 1987–88 season, holding its own against ABC's Monday Night Football and NBC Monday Night at the Movies. Midway through its seventh season, Cagney & Lacey was moved to Tuesdays at 10:00 p.m. EST/9:00 p.m. CST, where it began to compete against thirtysomething (ABC) and Crime Story (NBC). Cagney & Lacey lost viewers to the first-year critical success of thirtysomething, which, despite being the time slot winner, only ranked #45 overall. CBS' reason for relocating Cagney & Lacey was because it was believed that its Monday slot would further build an audience for Wiseguy, another new critical hit of the season that had average ratings at best. By the end of the season, Cagney & Lacey was left at 53rd place, and the 20-point drop from the previous season was enough for CBS to have doubts about renewing the show. With the final episode of the seventh season ending on a cliffhanger, CBS was considering bringing the show back, but when May 1988 upfronts were released, Cagney & Lacey's cancellation was confirmed. For the summer of 1988, the series moved one last time, not back to its familiar Monday time slot, but to Thursdays at 10 pm EST/9 CST. The series garnered considerable popularity internationally. It was originally shown in the UK on BBC1 where it regularly made the top 10.
Theme music[edit]
The first-season main-titles are accompanied by the theme song "Ain't That the Way" by Michael Stull, sung by Marie Cain, and show the two lead characters being promoted to plainclothes detectives and later disguised as prostitutes. This was replaced the following season by an instrumental theme composed by Bill Conti set to a collage of action and comical scenes featuring the characters from the series.
Reception[edit]
Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season
Rank
Rating
1) 1981–1982 Not in the Top 30
2) 1982–1983
3) 1983–1984 #10 20.9
4) 1984–1985 #28 16.9
5) 1985–1986 #31 16.7
6) 1986–1987 #37 15.1
7) 1987–1988 #52 13.0
Awards and nominations[edit]
Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]
1983 Nomination for Outstanding Drama Series
1983 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1983 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1984 Nomination for Outstanding Drama Series
1984 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1984 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1985 Award for Outstanding Drama Series
1985 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1985 Award for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Karen Arthur)
1985 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1985 Nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (John Karlen)
1986 Award for Outstanding Drama Series
1986 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1986 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1986 Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (John Karlen)
1986 Award for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Georg Stanford Brown)
1987 Nomination for Outstanding Drama Series
1987 Nomination for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Sharron Miller)
1987 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1987 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1987 Nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (John Karlen)
1988 Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1988 Nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
1983 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1983 Nomination for Best Drama Series
1984 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1984 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1984 Nomination for Best Drama Series
1985 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1985 Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1985 Nomination for Best Drama Series
1986 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Tyne Daly)
1986 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1986 Nomination for Best Drama Series
1987 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
1988 Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series (Sharon Gless)
Directors Guild Awards[edit]
1987 Nomination for Best Director in a Drama Series (Sharron Miller)
After the series[edit]
The series was followed by four television movies which reunited the characters Christine Cagney (promoted and now working at the District Attorney's office) and Mary Beth Lacey (now retired from the police force).
Cagney & Lacey: The Return (1994)
Cagney & Lacey: Together Again (1995)
Cagney & Lacey: The View Through the Glass Ceiling (1995)
Cagney & Lacey: True Convictions (1996)
Following the conclusion of Cagney & Lacey, Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless have reunited onscreen three times: all three times playing different characters. Daly guest-starred in an episode of Gless's 1990 series The Trials of Rosie O'Neill; Gless then guest-starred in 2003 on an episode of Daly's successful TV series, Judging Amy, while Daly appeared in 2010 in an episode of Gless's new series, Burn Notice.
DVD releases[edit]
On May 8, 2007, MGM Home Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Season 1 of Cagney & Lacey on DVD in Region 1. The release coincided with the 25th anniversary of the series and it features the first full season of the show (which is actually the second season of the series) when Sharon Gless joined the cast as Cagney.[5]
The quartet of TV movies entitled The Menopause Years was released in 2009 by S'more Entertainment. The deluxe set contains the complete collection of post-series TV movies.[6] In addition, one of the features, Cagney & Lacey: The Return, was released separately on the same day. As of 2012, these releases have been discontinued and are out of print.
In November 2012, Visual Entertainment released Cagney & Lacey – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[7] The 32-disc set contains all episodes of the series featuring Tyne Daly and Sharon Gless (seasons 2–7). They also released a separate season 2 release on the same day.[8]
A separate collection only available to purchase online, entitled Cagney & Lacey – 30th Anniversary Limited Edition was released on November 27, 2012. This 38-disc set contains all the content from The Complete Series set as well as the pilot episode, the complete first season with Meg Foster as Cagney and Tyne Daly as Lacey, all four post-series Cagney & Lacey: The Menopause Years made-for-TV movies and special bonus features exclusive to this collection, such as an autographed photo from Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly, an audio book of Barney Rosenzweig's "Cagney & Lacey ... and Me" An Inside Hollywood Story OR How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Blonde, and footage of the British Film Institute's Cagney & Lacey 30th Anniversary Event from London. The Limited Edition DVD set is available through the official Cagney & Lacey website.
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
Additional Information
The Complete First Season 22 May 8, 2007 "Breaking The Laws of TV" featurette
The Complete Second Season 22 November 13, 2012
The Menopause Years 4 September 29, 2009 Includes all 4 post-series tele-films
30th Anniversary – The Complete Series 119 November 13, 2012 Includes all Cagney & Lacey season 2–7 episodes
30th Anniversary – The Complete Series Limited Edition with bonus features 125 November 8, 2012 Includes all Cagney & Lacey season 1–7 episodes, the original made-for-TV movie starring Loretta Swit plus extra features
Downloads[edit]
Since October 2009, all 125 episodes of Cagney & Lacey have been available as a digital download on iTunes in the UK and North America and were also licensed to Netflix for American viewers via the streaming option, which expired in April 2012, and is no longer available. In 2011 the four post-series telefilms were also added to the streaming option after they were licensed to Netflix partner Starz. That partnership ended in February 2012 and the telefilms ceased to be running on Netflix streaming.
Cagney & Lacey: The Lost Episodes — 6 episodes from Season 1
Cagney & Lacey: The True Beginning — 22 episodes from Season 2
Season 3 — 7 episodes from Season 3
Season 4 — 22 episodes from Season 4
Season 5 — all 24 episodes from Season 5
Season 6 — all 22 episodes from Season 6
Season 7 — all 22 episodes from Season 7
Cancelled reboot[edit]
On January 26, 2018, CBS announced it had ordered a pilot for a reboot of the series, along with another hit show from the 1980s, Magnum, P.I.[9] On March 13, it was announced that Sarah Drew and Michelle Hurd were cast as Cagney and Lacey, respectively, with Bridget Carpenter writing the pilot and Rosemary Rodriguez directing.[10] On March 19, Ving Rhames was announced in the role of police Captain Stark.[11] On May 11, 2018, CBS passed on the pilot.[12]
See also[edit]
New York City portal
Television portal
Law enforcement portal
1982 in television
Scott & Bailey – a UK TV series with a similar premise
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abramson, Stephen J. Interview with Barney Rosenzweig. Archive of American Television (October 15, 2008).
Jump up ^ TV Guide News (February 16, 2006). "I don't have any wagers, ..." TVGuide.com.
Jump up ^ Charlie Cagney profile, TVAcres.com; accessed June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Cagney & Lacey', Police Series on CBS", nytimes.com; July 2, 1984; accessed May 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lacey, Gord (January 17, 2007). "Cagney & Lacey – Series is coming... finally!". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (July 14, 2009). "Cagney & Lacey – Finalized Press Release for The Menopause Years Box Set". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (September 7, 2012). "Cagney & Lacey – Release Date and Other Updates for VEI's 'Complete' DVD Sets!". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cagney & Lacey DVD news: Announcement for Cagney & Lacey - Season 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Keveny, Bill (January 26, 2018). "CBS orders pilots for 'Magnum, P.I.,' 'Cagney' reboots and some fans aren't thrilled". USA Today. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 13, 2018). "'Cagney & Lacey': 'Grey's Anatomy's Sarah Drew & Michelle Hurd Set As The Leads Of CBS Reboot Pilot". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 19, 2018). "Ving Rhames to Co-Star in CBS' 'Cagney and Lacey' Reboot".
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 11, 2018). "'Magnum P.I.', 'God Friended Me' & 'The Red Line' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders". Deadline Hollywood.
External links[edit]
Cagney & Lacey Official Website
Cagney & Lacey Official Episode Guide
Cagney & Lacey on IMDb
Entry at Encyclopedia of Television
Sharon Gless Official Website
Cagney & Lacey at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
Cagney & Lacey Shrine
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
Date
February 4, 2018
Location
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Venue
U.S. Bank Stadium
Headliner
Justin Timberlake
Special guests
The Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
LI
(2017) LII
(2018) LIII
(2019)
The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Background
3 Development
4 Critical response
5 Commercial reception
6 Setlist
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance
Timberlake during halftime show
Timberlake performing "Suit & Tie" with the University of Minnesota Marching Band
The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake, followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing "Filthy" in a club setting below the field level of the stadium. He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field, descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd. Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing "Rock Your Body" with a troupe of female backup dancers, abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to "Señorita" on a small stage with his backing dancers. Upon reaching the main stage, he performed a number of songs, including "SexyBack", "My Love", and "Cry Me a River", which featured a dance break mid-field. Upon reaching the next stage, Timberlake performed his hit song "Suit & Tie" as the University of Minnesota Marching Band, wearing black tuxedos, played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him.[2]
The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake's tribute to Prince
Dancers fill the field during Timberlake's performance of "Can't Stop the Feeling!"
Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing "Until the End of Time", then segued into "I Would Die 4 U" as a tribute to Minneapolis-native Prince. A video of Prince performing the song played in the background, projected onto on a large multi-story sheet. An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince's trademark Love Symbol, with the stadium at the center. He then returned to the main stage to perform "Mirrors", as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors, creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium. Timberlake closed the show with "Can't Stop the Feeling!", entering the stands at the conclusion of the song.[3][4]
For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012, no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance. The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects.[5]
Background[edit]
Field being set up for Timberlake's performance
In July 2017, multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime, but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later. During August and September 2017, several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime, first along with his frequent-collaborator Jay-Z as co-headliner, and then as the solo performer.[6] A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time, "along with Pepsi, we know that we will put on a spectacular show. When it is time to announce her name we will do it. Or his name. Or their names."[7] The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon.[8]
This was Timberlake's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show. As a member of NSYNC, Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV (2001) halftime show, and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004), which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts on national television, described as a wardrobe malfunction. The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance "family-friendly." While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident, they asked him to stay true to his word, saying "we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018," as the singer stated in a prior interview that "we are not going to do that again."[9]
In an interview with Billboard, Pepsi executives expressed:
We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake. We’ve kind of felt that Justin deserves, and has for a number of years, to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he wasn’t the main artist. It was just about the timing. To be honest, we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime, and this year just felt really right to us. He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive, it was a no-brainer. We know he’s gonna bring it.[10]
The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson, who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle.
Development[edit]
The U.S. Bank Stadium, where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held.
During the performance, Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney, which consists of "alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt, featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley," according to a press release. Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales-check and camouflage splatter-print suit and matching jacket. As usual for McCartney, these pieces were made from animal-free leather and organic cotton.[11][12]
Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band, the Tennessee Kids.[13] Regarding the Prince tribute, the performance's creative visual lead, Fireplay's Nick Whitehouse, told Rolling Stone:
Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show, and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy. Ultimately, Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince. The band held 50-hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show.[14]
Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview, citing The Beatles' "Free as a Bird" as an example of a practice he considered to be "demonic." His family granted permission to use Prince's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram, and they approved of the final result.[15][2] Sheila E, a former bandmate of Prince's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness, stated that "a bigger company" (she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake's idea.[16]
Despite the lack of an individual guest artist, the more than 300-member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show. The band's drumline, brass, and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of "Suit & Tie." The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake’s performance of his song "Mirrors", and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show, including the club scene at the show's opening. All members of the band were featured on the field in the show's finale, "Can't Stop the Feeling!". The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI.[4]
Critical response[edit]
Timberlake’s performance received mixed reviews.[17] In a positive review, Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote "Timberlake is a masterful live performer – which made Sunday's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet," he continued commenting the performer "did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other." Although it did not have a moment that "stuck," he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show.[18] In a similarly positive review, Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said "there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining [halftime]", further adding "Timberlake's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing. From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd (and making #SelfieKid an instant superstar) for the ending." She also considered it "is made for a TV experience" rather than for the public in the stadium, mainly for the sound quality difficulties, but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list.[19] From the same magazine, Nina Braca wrote "his moves were on point,"[17] and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were "relatively certain" about the performance. "most of America would love it, and most of the Internet would hate it," and added Timberlake was "in a situation that was both a can't-lose and a can't-win. It would've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he'd alienated over the last couple years."[20] Also from Billboard, Andrew Unterberge wrote, "Timberlake's audio was somewhat lacking throughout...but the choreography, live-band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable".[21]
Chris Willman of Variety stated that, "Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who's done the Bowl show… and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism, you can’t say that’s entirely inappropriate for the occasion."[22] Willman also wrote that the show, "wasn't one for the ages, but was impressive as a show of athleticism"[22]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake's performance was, "heavy on dance spectacle, light on vocal authority".[23] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show, "energetic, but also entirely lacking in live excitement." Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals. Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered, "one of the most over-planned, least surprising performances imaginable."[24] Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake's performance a "C", calling it, "dutiful, and empty". Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance.[25] Similarly, Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote, "Technically speaking, Timberlake’s set was a testament to precision". Guan, however, criticized Timberlake's performance from lacking in personality, and regarded his performance as unmemorable.[26]
The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars, calling his performance forgettable but flashy.[27] In an interview with NPR, Ann Powers said that "the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment — and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it."[28] Daniel D’Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review, criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body, calling the song’s lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood, and said that the only message from Timberlake’s performance was that he loves his back catalog[29] Deadline felt "but you could see the motions more than you felt the music."[30] Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake’s performance as, “unambiguously underwhelming”.[31]
USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake's performance unfavorably to Prince's own 2007 halftime show.[32][26] Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake’s decision to omit the end of "Rock Your Body" (which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime) felt, “less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection”.[33] However, Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake's decision to cut the song short to be wise.[21] Timberlake's Stella McCartney-designed outfit received negative reviews, with some critics regarding it as "tacky".[17][24][19][21] The LA Times also gave a very critical review, one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance, and said that it lacked soul and meaning.[34] The Digital Journal gave him 2/5 stars and called it lackluster.[35]
Commercial reception[edit]
The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States, 9% less than Lady Gaga's in 2017. It had higher average viewership than the game itself, and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole, which had lost 7% compared to the previous year.[36]
According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music, sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534% in the United States on February 4, the day of the Super Bowl, compared to Feb. 3, while his streams on Spotify gained 214%.[37][38] Janet Jackson likewise gained 150% on Spotify.[39]
Setlist[edit]
Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince
"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack" (with elements of "Supplies")
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River" (with elements of "Kashmir")
"Suit & Tie" (with elements of "Pusher Love Girl") (featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (along with a pre-recorded video of Prince, displayed on a projection screen)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"
See also[edit]
2018 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schad, Tom (October 22, 2017). "Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show". USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "No hologram, but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake's halftime show". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ NFL (February 4, 2018), Justin Timberlake’s FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show! | NFL Highlights, retrieved February 5, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show". KARE. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and everything but the football – Super Bowl half-time show as it happened". Guardian. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl halftime show: Here's who Justin Timberlake's guest performers might be". CBS Sports. February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy (September 27, 2017). "Justin Timberlake reportedly 'finalizing' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show". National Football League. October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (January 30, 2018). "The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate'". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (February 3, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver 'Mesmerizing' Super Bowl Halftime Show: Pepsi Execs Reveal It's 'Justin at His Best'". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sebra, Matt (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves". GQ. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Sarah (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights". People. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl LII: Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Matt (February 5, 2018). "Prince's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake wasn't behind Prince hologram idea". TMZ. February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Braca, Nina (February 5, 2018). "From 'Cry Me a River' to 'Can't Stop the Feeling!,' Justin Timberlake's 10 Best Live Performances: Critic's Picks". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bruce R. (February 4, 2018). "REVIEW: Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job, even without NSYNC". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show: 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberge, Andrew (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (February 4, 2018). "Halftime Review: Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble-Free After Bad Pre-Game PR". Variety. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe, Seeking Super Bowl Redemption". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Feinberg, Daniel (February 4, 2018). "Critic's Notebook: Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing, Spontaneity". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018. More than one of |website= and |work= specified (help)
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful, and empty: EW review". www.ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Guan, Fran (February 5, 2018). "It Was His Halftime Show, But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl". www.vulture.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nevins, Jake (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl performance: a forgettable but flashy medley of hits". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "As The Pop World Seeks Accountability, Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods".
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show". Time.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely – Review".
Jump up ^ Richards, Chris (February 4, 2018). "This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl". www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve (February 5, 2018). "Compared with Prince's, Justin Timberlake's halftime show was a wimpy joke". www.usatoday. USA Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petrusich, Amanda (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show, Reviewed". www.newyorker.com. The New Yorker. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael. "Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and wouldn't stop saying it". latimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Review: Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance (Includes first-hand account)". February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic. "Eagles' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4M Viewers, Smallest Audience In Nine Years – Update". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Caufield, Keith (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534% Sales Gain". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krzaczek, Katie (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl Bump: Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Janet Jackson's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII". February 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons
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Small intestine
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Small Intestine
Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures
Details
Artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Vein
Hepatic portal vein
Nerve
Celiac ganglia, vagus[1]
Lymph
Intestinal lymph trunk
Identifiers
Latin
Intestinum tenue
MeSH
A03.556.124.684
Code
4453467
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Small intestine r
TA
A05.6.01.001
FMA
7200
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Size
1.2 Parts
1.3 Blood supply
1.4 Histology
1.5 Development
2 Function
2.1 Digestion
2.2 Absorption
2.3 Immunological
3 Gene and protein expression
4 Clinical significance
5 Other animals
6 Society and culture
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Structure[edit]
Size[edit]
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft).[3] The average length in a living person is 3m-5m.[4][5] The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty.[3]
It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age,[6] and 2.5–3 cm (1 inch) in diameter in adults. On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3cm.[7][8] On CT scans, a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.[7][9] The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa, due to enlargement caused by folds, villi and microvilli, averages 30 square meters.[10]
Parts[edit]
The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.
The duodenum is a short structure (about 20–25 cm long) shaped like a "C".[11] It surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the liver (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile and emulsify fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum.
The ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.
The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery. The mesentery is part of the peritoneum. Arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery.[12]
Blood supply[edit]
The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. These are both branches of the aorta. The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose. The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery.[13] Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades, which may be several layers deep. Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves.[13]
Histology[edit]
Main article: Gastrointestinal wall
Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn.
The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:
Layer
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Serosa 1st part serosa, 2nd–4th adventitia Normal Normal
Muscularis externa Longitudinal and circular layers, with Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between Same as duodenum Same as duodenum
Submucosa Brunner's glands and Meissner's (submucosal) plexus No BG No BG
Mucosa: muscularis mucosae Normal Normal Normal
Mucosa: lamina propria No PP No PP Peyer's patches
Mucosa: intestinal epithelium Simple columnar. Contains goblet cells, Paneth cells Similar to duodenum ?
Development[edit]
See also: Development of the digestive system
The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube.[14] By the fifth week of embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine.[14]
Function[edit]
Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.
Digestion[edit]
The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.
The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:
Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[15] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine. Proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.
Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase. This occurs because the lipase is water-soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings. The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption.
Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides. Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria. Brush border enzymes take over from there. The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase, which further break down oligosaccharides. Other brush border enzymes are maltase, sucrase and lactase. Lactase is absent in some adult humans and, for them, lactose, like most poly-saccharides, is not digested in the small intestine. Some carbohydrates, such as cellulose, are not digested at all, despite being made of multiple glucose units. This is because the cellulose is made out of beta-glucose, making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch, which consists of alpha-glucose. Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta-glucose-bonds, something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine.
Absorption[edit]
Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.
Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.
Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.
Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Water and lipids are absorbed by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.
Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport.
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
Immunological[edit]
The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]
Gene and protein expression[edit]
Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[18][19] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa, such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6. Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum, for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells.[20]
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Gastrointestinal disease
The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.
Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders
Paralytic ileus
Volvulus
Hernia
Intussusception
Adhesions
Obstruction from external pressure
Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)
Infectious diseases
Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Tropical sprue
Tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana)
Hookworm (e.g. Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Nematodes (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides)
Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica)
Bacterial infections
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia
Clostridium difficile (antibiotic-associated colitis, Pseudomembranous colitis)
Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Whipple's disease
Vibrio (cholera)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (Salmonella enterica var. typhii) and paratyphoid fever
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
Viral infections
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus
Neoplasms (cancers)
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma
Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or melanoma
Developmental, congenital or genetic conditions
Duodenal (intestinal) atresia
Hirschsprung's disease
Meckel's diverticulum
Pyloric stenosis
Pancreas divisum
Ectopic pancreas
Enteric duplication cyst
Situs inversus
Cystic fibrosis
Malrotation
Persistent urachus
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Disaccharidase (lactase) deficiencies
Primary bile acid malabsorption
Gardner syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP)
Other conditions
Crohn's disease, and the more general inflammatory bowel disease
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed
Coeliac disease (sprue or non-tropical sprue)
Mesenteric ischemia
Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric dumping syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Duodenal (peptic) ulcers
Gastrointestinal perforation
Hyperthyroidism
Diverticulitis
Radiation enterocolitis
Mesenteric cysts
Peritoneal Infection
Sclerosing retroperitonitis
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Other animals[edit]
The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]
In tetrapods, the ileocaecal valve is always present, opening into the colon. The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts, but is especially so in herbivores, as well as in mammals and birds, which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles. The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates, but only in mammals do these develop into true villi.[21]
The boundaries between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans, and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals, or are essentially arbitrary.[21]
There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight, but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]
In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.[21]
Society and culture[edit]
In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]
Additional images[edit]
Small intestine in situ, greater omentum folded upwards.
Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400
Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium (lesser omentum) have been cut. The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint.
First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum, seen from the side (diagrammatic). From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine.
Large intestine
Stomach
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Physiology: 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ human body | Britannica.com
^ Jump up to: a b c DiBaise, John K.; Parrish, Carol Rees; Thompson, Jon S. (2016). Short Bowel Syndrome: Practical Approach to Management. CRC Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781498720809.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard (2014). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. USA: Wiley. p. 913. ISBN 978-1-118-34500-9. ..its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death.
Jump up ^ Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's Anatomy. UK: Elsevier. p. 1124. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. ..and has a mean length of 5 metres (3 - 8.5 metres) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult (Tietelbaum et al 2013).
Jump up ^ Debora Duro, Daniel Kamin (2007). "Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation". Colombia Médica. 38 (1).
^ Jump up to: a b Ali Nawaz Khan (2016-09-22). "Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging". Medscape. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern". radiologymasterclass.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ Gazelle, G S; Goldberg, M A; Wittenberg, J; Halpern, E F; Pinkney, L; Mueller, P R (1994). "Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation.". American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 (1): 43–47. ISSN 0361-803X. doi:10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273687.
Jump up ^ Helander, Herbert F; Fändriks, Lars (2015). "Surface area of the digestive tract – revisited". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 (6): 681–689. ISSN 0036-5521. PMID 24694282. doi:10.3109/00365521.2014.898326.
Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 295–299. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2009). "Development of the Urogenital system". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 9780443068119.
Jump up ^ Silk DB (1974). "Progress report. Peptide absorption in man". Gut. 15 (6): 494–501. PMC 1413009  . PMID 4604970. doi:10.1136/gut.15.6.494.
Jump up ^ "Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream". Massachusetts General Hospital. 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Canny, G. O.; McCormick, B. A. (2008). "Bacteria in the Intestine, Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within?". Infection and Immunity. 76 (8): 3360–3373. ISSN 0019-9567. doi:10.1128/IAI.00187-08.
Jump up ^ "The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
Jump up ^ Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25613900. doi:10.1126/science.1260419.
Jump up ^ Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling". Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 (1): 46–57. ISSN 0944-1174. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 349–353. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Porter [ed.], Roy (1997). Medicine : a history of healing. [S.l.]: Diane Pub Co. p. 104. ISBN 9780756751432. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Bibliography[edit]
Sherwood, Lauralee (2006). Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective (Third ed.). Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. p. 768. ISBN 0-534-46697-4.
Solomon et al. (2002) Biology Sixth Edition, Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning ISBN 0-03-033503-5
Townsend et al. (2004) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Elsevier ISBN 0-7216-0409-9
Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). "Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 1.". Dig Dis Sci. 48 (8): 1546–64. PMID 12924651. doi:10.1023/A:1024719925058.
Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). "Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 2.". Dig Dis Sci. 48 (8): 1565–81. PMID 12924652. doi:10.1023/A:1024724109128.
External links[edit]
Small intestine at the Human Protein Atlas
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Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth
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