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Pullman, Washington
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Pullman, Washington
City
Bryan Tower on the Pullman WSU campus at twilight
Nickname(s): The Lentil Capital
Motto: -

The location of Pullman in Washington
Coordinates: 46°44′N 117°10′W / 46.733°N 117.167°W / 46.733; -117.167Coordinates: 46°44′N 117°10′W / 46.733°N 117.167°W / 46.733; -117.167
Country
United States
State
Washington
County
Whitman
Government
• Mayor
Glenn Johnson
Area[1]
• Total
9.88 sq mi (25.59 km2)
• Land
9.88 sq mi (25.59 km2)
• Water
0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation
2,352 ft (717 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total
29,799
• Estimate (2015)[3]
32,816
• Density
3,016.1/sq mi (1,164.5/km2)
Time zone
Pacific (PST) (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)
PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes
99163-99165
Area code
509
FIPS code
53-56625
GNIS feature ID
1531905[4]
Website
pullman-wa.gov
Pullman is the largest city in Whitman County, located in southeastern Washington state within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest. The population was 29,799 at the 2010 census, estimated to have reached 31,682 in 2014.[5] Originally incorporated as Three Forks, the city was later renamed after industrialist George Pullman.
Pullman is noted as a vastly fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills and the production of wheat and legumes. It is home to Washington State University, a public research land-grant university, as well as the international headquarters of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. Pullman is eight miles (13 km) from Moscow, Idaho, home to the University of Idaho, and is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport.
In 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek selected Pullman as the "Best Place to Raise Kids" in Washington. Factors included affordability, safety, a family-friendly lifestyle, the quality of Pullman High School, the presence of Washington State University, and the natural environment of the area.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Neighborhoods
2.1 Schools
2.2 Washington State University
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 census
4.2 2000 census
5 Transportation
6 Additional information
7 Notable people
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
About five years after European-American settlers established Whitman County on November 29, 1871, Bolin Farr arrived here, camping in 1876 at the confluence of Dry Flat Creek and Missouri Flat Creek, on the bank of the Palouse River. Within the year, Dan McKenzie and William Ellsworth arrived to stake claims for adjoining land. They named the first post office here as Three Forks. In the spring of 1881, Orville Stewart opened a general store and Bolin Farr platted about 10 acres (40,000 m2) of his land for a town.
Pullman was incorporated 131 years ago in 1886 with a population of about 200 people. It was originally named Three Forks, after the three small rivers that converge there: Missouri Flat Creek, Dry Fork, and the South Fork of the Palouse River. In 1884, Dan McKenzie and Charles Moore (of Moscow) replatted the site and named it for American industrialist George Pullman.
On March 28, 1890, the Washington State Legislature established the state's land grant college, but did not designate a location. Pullman leaders were determined to secure the new college and offered 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land for its campus. Idaho Territory had established its land grant college in 1889; the University of Idaho was to be in neighboring Moscow. On April 18, 1891, the site selection commission appointed by Washington's governor chose Pullman.[7] On January 13, 1892, the institution opened with 59 students under the name Washington Agricultural College and School of Science. It was renamed the State College of Washington in 1905, more commonly known as "Washington State College," and became Washington State University in 1959.[8][9][10]
In 1961, Pullman became a non-chartered code city under the Mayor-Council form of government. The city has an elected mayor with an elected seven-member council and an appointed administrative officer, the city supervisor.
Neighborhoods[edit]
Pullman is situated across four major hills which divide the city into nearly equal quarters: these are Military Hill, north of the Palouse River and west of North Grand Avenue; Pioneer Hill, south of Main Street and the downtown area, and east of South Grand Avenue; Sunnyside Hill, south of Davis Way and west of South Grand Avenue; and College Hill, north of Main Street and east of North Grand Avenue.
The WSU campus is on College Hill, and part of the area is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic character of College Hill is manifest in its many early-twentieth century craftsman-style bungalows and two streets which retain their original red brick paving. See Red Brick Roads of Pullman, Washington (NE Palouse St./NE Maple St.).[11]
Companies associated with an expanding high-tech industry are at the city's north end, anchored by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL). The lab company was founded by Edmund Schweitzer, a Ph.D. graduate of WSU. SEL and other firms are within the 107-acre (0.43 km2) Pullman Industrial Park, run by the Port of Whitman County.
Schools[edit]
The Pullman School District consists of the following:[12]
Franklin Elementary school
Jefferson Elementary school
Sunnyside Elementary school
Lincoln Middle School
Pullman High School
The city's only public high school, Pullman High School (PHS), has about 700 students. It is on Military Hill. Its mascot for its athletic teams is the greyhound. PHS offers honors and advanced placement courses, along with Running Start course work through WSU and area community colleges, such as Spokane Falls Community College.[which?]
Washington State University[edit]
Main article: Washington State University
Pullman is the site of the largest and original campus of Washington State University (WSU), a member of the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) in NCAA Division I. WSU is well known for its veterinary medicine, business, architecture, engineering, agriculture, pharmacy, and communications schools.
Geography and climate[edit]
Surrounding Palouse hills
Pullman is at 46°43′59″N 117°10′19″W / 46.733°N 117.172°W / 46.733; -117.172 (46.733, -117.172).[13] at an elevation of 2,352 ft (717 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.88 square miles (25.59 km2), all of it land.[1] The water supply is a natural aquifer. The surrounding region, called the Palouse prairie, or simply the Palouse, is noteworthy for its fertile rolling hills where winter and spring wheat, barley, lentils, and peas are grown.
Climate[edit]
Pullman's climate is classified as dry-summer humid continental (Köppen Dsb), using the 0° threshold for mean coldest winter month; it nearly qualifies as having a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). This climate is typified by warm, dry summers followed by cold, snowy winters with short transitional seasons in between. Owing to the protective nature of the Cascade Range to its west, clear skies occur regularly throughout the year and rainfall is drastically less frequent in comparison to cities west of the mountains. Clouds of any variety are especially scant between June and September, which contributes to a diurnal temperature variation that is much higher during the summer compared to winter. Pullman averages 21 inches (530 mm) of precipitation throughout the year. The warmest month is August with an average daily high of 82 degrees (27.8 °C), while January is the coldest month with an average daily high of 35 degrees (1.67 °C).
Precipitation is highly seasonal. Virtually no precipitation occurs between June and September, while the period of mid November through mid March commonly receives snowfall. Rain, though sporadic, is mostly recorded during the transitional seasons. December and January are the snowiest months, respectively, averaging 7.80 inches and 7.09 inches each. Areas of snowpack accumulate every winter and frequently last into March before melting entirely. Snowfall can also occur in the transitional months of October and April, though it is uncommon and usually melts within a day.
[hide]Climate data for Pullman, Washington
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
57
(14) 66
(19) 73
(23) 88
(31) 97
(36) 104
(40) 104
(40) 110
(43) 100
(38) 90
(32) 71
(22) 59
(15) 110
(43)
Average high °F (°C)
35
(2) 41
(5) 48
(9) 57
(14) 65
(18) 72
(22) 82
(28) 83
(28) 74
(23) 60
(16) 43
(6) 35
(2) 57.9
(14.4)
Average low °F (°C)
24
(−4) 27
(−3) 31
(−1) 36
(2) 42
(6) 47
(8) 50
(10) 50
(10) 44
(7) 37
(3) 30
(−1) 24
(−4) 36.8
(2.8)
Record low °F (°C)
−29
(−34) −24
(−31) −4
(−20) 13
(−11) 21
(−6) 30
(−1) 32
(0) 30
(−1) 20
(−7) 7
(−14) −14
(−26) −32
(−36) −32
(−36)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.46
(62.5) 2.10
(53.3) 2.01
(51.1) 1.72
(43.7) 1.77
(45) 1.30
(33) 0.79
(20.1) 0.89
(22.6) 0.88
(22.4) 1.48
(37.6) 2.83
(71.9) 2.78
(70.6) 21.01
(533.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
7.09
(18.01) 4.43
(11.25) 3.57
(9.07) 1.63
(4.14) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) .49
(1.24) 3.48
(8.84) 7.80
(19.81) 28.49
(72.36)
Source: The Weather Channel[14]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1890 868 —
1900 1,308 50.7%
1910 2,602 98.9%
1920 2,440 −6.2%
1930 3,322 36.1%
1940 4,417 33.0%
1950 12,022 172.2%
1960 12,957 7.8%
1970 20,509 58.3%
1980 23,579 15.0%
1990 23,478 −0.4%
2000 24,675 5.1%
2010 29,799 20.8%
Est. 2016 33,282 [15] 11.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[16]
2015 Estimate[3]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 29,799 people, 11,029 households, and 3,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,016.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,164.5/km2). There were 11,966 housing units at an average density of 1,211.1 per square mile (467.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.3% White, 2.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 11.2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.4% of the population.
There were 11,029 households of which 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 64.7% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 22.3 years. 11.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 51.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 10.5% were from 45 to 64; and 4.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,675 people, 8,828 households, and 3,601 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,740.8 people per square mile (1,058.6/km2).
The racial makeup of the city was:
83.10% White
8.48% Asian
3.40% from two or more races
2.40% African American
1.58% from other races
0.67% Native American
0.38% Pacific Islander
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.86% of the population.
The 2000 Census found 9,398 housing units at an average density of 1,043.9 per square mile (403.2/km2). There were 8,828 households out of which:
59.2% were non-families
33.0% were married couples living together
31.1% of all households were made up of individuals
20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them
5.8% had a female householder with no husband present
3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older (included in the 31.1% of households made up of individuals)
The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the city, the population was spread out as follows:
13.1% under the age of 18
49.4% from 18 to 24
22.8% from 25 to 44
10.3% from 45 to 64
4.5% who were 65 years of age or older.
The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females there are 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $20,652, and the median income for a family was $46,165. Males had a median income of $36,743 versus $29,192 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,448. About 15.3% of families and 37.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.
Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport
Transportation[edit]
Pullman is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Pullman and 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Moscow. Horizon Air offers four flights daily from Pullman-Moscow to Seattle and four flights daily from Seattle to Pullman-Moscow. Shuttle service to Spokane International Airport is available. Major bus routes, including Greyhound, pass through Pullman. Pullman is also served by Pullman Transit which provides service for many residents and students of the university who do not live on campus. WSU students can get on the bus by showing their student ID card, as all students pay a fee for use of the bus system which is included in their fees when attending WSU.
Additional information[edit]
Bloomberg Businessweek chose Pullman in 2011 as the "Best Place to Raise Kids" in Washington. Factors include affordability, a family-friendly lifestyle, the quality of Pullman High School, the presence of Washington State University, and the natural environment of the area. Neighboring Moscow in Idaho received the same recognition for that state.[6]
Since 1989, Pullman has been home to the National Lentil Festival, a major community event celebrating the lentil legume grown in the surrounding Palouse region. The festival includes a lentil cook-off, Friday night street fair, Saturday parade and music in the park, and more. It is held on the August weekend before fall semester classes start at WSU.[17]
Pullman is the sister city of Kasai, Hyōgo, Japan.[18]
Notable people[edit]
Philip Abelson, physicist and long-time editor of Science, studied at WSU
William La Follette, U.S. Congressman, lived in Pullman
Tamara Grigsby, Wisconsin legislator
John M. Fabian, former NASA astronaut, graduated from Pullman High School and WSU
John Elway, NFL quarterback for the Denver Broncos, was a resident for four years and attended Pullman High School as a freshman
Ryan Leaf, former NFL quarterback for the San Diego Chargers, and second overall pick in 1998 NFL Draft
Pat Beach, former professional American football tight end in the National Football League for eleven seasons for the Baltimore Colts, Indianapolis Colts, Philadelphia Eagles, and Arizona Cardinals
Timm Rosenbach, NFL quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals and the New Orleans Saints, played at Pullman High School and Washington State
James Mattis, Former USMC General and the 26th Secretary of Defense
Sherman Alexie, author, poet, director, studied at Washington State University
Ron C. Mittelhammer, former director of the School of Economic Sciences and former president of the American Agricultural Economics Association
Kirk Triplett, three-time winner on the PGA Tour and member of the 2000 President's Cup team, 1980 graduate of Pullman High School
Steve Gleason, NFL safety for the New Orleans Saints, WSU linebacker
Henry Townley Heald, alumnus of Washington State University (1923 B.S. in civil engineering), and former president of the Ford Foundation, New York University, Illinois Institute of Technology, and American Society for Engineering Education.
Klay Thompson, current NBA guard for the Golden State Warriors (drafted in 2011), played for 3 seasons with WSU.
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder".
^ Jump up to: a b Bloomberg Businessweek, December 14, 2010
Jump up ^ Early History of Pullman, Washington
Jump up ^ "New name for WSC near O.K.". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. February 4, 1959. p. 2.
Jump up ^ "New name near for State College". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. August 5, 1959. p. 18.
Jump up ^ WSU History Highlights by Decade
Jump up ^ "Lori Cofer's Blog: Pullman, WA - A Bit of Paradise on the Palouse". Pullman WA Real Estate. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Pullman Public School District #267 / Homepage". Psd267.org. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Averages for Pullman, Washington". Weather.com. 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Home".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 1, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-17. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Further reading
MacGibbon, Elma (1904). "Columbia River and Pullman". Leaves of knowledge (DJVU). Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection. Shaw & Borden.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pullman.
Official website
Pullman Chamber of Commerce
Pullman, Washington at DMOZ
Census 2010: Washington › Pullman
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List of cities and towns in India by nicknames
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This partial list of city nicknames in India compiles the aliases, sobriquets and slogans that cities in India are known by (or have been known by) historically, officially, or unofficially, to locals, outsiders, or their tourism chambers of commerce.
Contents
1 List by states
1.1 Andhra Pradesh
1.2 Bihar
1.3 Gujarat
1.4 Chandigarh
1.5 Haryana
1.6 Jharkhand
1.7 Karnataka
1.8 Kerala
1.9 Madhya Pradesh
1.10 Maharashtra
1.11 Meghalaya
1.12 Odisha
1.13 Punjab
1.14 Rajasthan
1.15 Tamil Nadu
1.16 Telangana
1.17 Uttar Pradesh
1.18 West Bengal
2 Anchors
3 References
4 External links
List by states[edit]
Andhra Pradesh[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Dharmavaram
Silk City of Andhra Pradesh[1]
Kakinada
Pensioner's Paradise[2]
Piduguralla
Lime City[3]
Rajahmundry
Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh[4]
Tenali
Andhra Paris[5]
Tirupati
Spiritual Capital of India
Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]
Visakhapatnam
Financial Capital of Andhra Pradesh[6]
The Jewel of the East Coast[7]
Goa of the East[7]
The City of Destiny[7]
Bihar[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Muzaffarpur
The Land of Leechi[8]
Bhagalpur
Silk City[9][10]
Nalanda
land of knowledge
Gujarat[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Ahmedabad
INDIA'S first world heritage city
Manchester City Of India
Boston of India
Surat
Textile City of India
Diamond City of India
Baroda (Vadodara)
Banyan City[11]
Cultural Capital of Gujarat (Sanskari Nagari)[12]
Power Hub of India[13]
Sayajinagari
Chandigarh[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Chandigarh
Beautiful city
Haryana[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Gurgaon
Millennium city of India
Bhiwani
Mini Cuba
Jharkhand[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Jamshedpur
Steel City of India[14]
Dhanbad
The Coal Capital of India
Karnataka[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Bengaluru (Bengaluru)
Silicon Valley of India[15]
Science City of India[16]
Garden City of India[17]
Coorg (Kodagu)
Scotland of India[18]
Mangalore (Mangaluru)
Rome of the East[19]
Ice Cream Capital of India[20]
Mysore (Mysuru)
Sandalwood City[21]
Cultural Capital of Karnataka[22]
City of Palaces (†3)
Heritage City of Karnataka[23]
Sakleshpur (Sakleshpura)
Poor Man's Ooty[24][25]
Kerala[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram)
Evergreen City of India
Kochi (Cochin)
Queen of Arabian Sea[26]
Kozhikode (Calicut)
City of Spices.[27]
Kannur (Cannanore)
City of Looms and Lores.[28]
Kottayam
City of letters (Aksharanagri)[29][better source needed]
City of Murals[29]
City of latex[29]
City of lakes[29]
Kollam (Quilon)
Cashew Capital of the World[30]
Alappuzha (Alleppey)
Venice of east[31][better source needed]
Kasaragod
Land of Seven Languages (സപ്തഭാഷസംഗമഭൂമി, Saptabashasangamabhoomi)[32]
Harkwillia[33]
Palakkad
Land of Palm trees[34]
Rice bowl of Kerala[35]
Thrissur
The Cultural capital of Kerala[36]
Land of Poorams (പൂരങ്ങളുടെ നാട്)[37]
The land of Vadakkumnathan (വടക്കുംനാഥന്റെ മണ്ണ്)[38]
Gold capital of India[39]
Wayanad
God’s own district [40]
Madhya Pradesh[edit]
City/Town
Nickname
Indore
Mini Bombay
Dewas
City Of Dream's
Bhopal
City of Lakes
Maharashtra[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Akola
Cotton City of India[41][42][43]
Nagpur
Orange City,[44]
Tiger Capital of India[45]
Nashik
Wine Capital of India
Jalgaon
City of Banana
Pune
Queen of Deccan[46]
Oxford of the east
Educational hub
Information Technology (IT) hub
culture capital of Maharashtra
Automobile hub
India's smartest city
Kolhapur
City of Wrestlers[47]
Mumbai
City of Dreams
Financial Capital Of India
Pandharpur
Spiritual Capital of Maharashtra
Aurangabad
Detroit of Maharashtra
Chandrapur
Black Golden City
Meghalaya[edit]
City/Town
Nickname
Shillong
Scotland of East
Odisha[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Balangir
Cloth City of Odisha[48]
Berhampur
The Textile City[48]
Bhubaneswar
The Temple City[49]
Cuttack
The silver city of India
Bhubaneswar & Cuttack Twin cities
Rourkela
Steel city of Odisha
Punjab[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Patiala
Royal City[50]
Ludhiana
Manchester of Punjab
Rajasthan[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Jaipur
Pink City[51]
Udaipur
City of Lakes[52]
Venice of the East (†4)[52][53]
Jodhpur
Blue City[54][55]
Tamil Nadu[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Chennai (Madras) (Madarasapattinam)
Detroit of Asia[56]
Automobile Capital of India[56]
Gateway of South India
Healthcare Capital of India[57]
Coimbatore (Kovai)
Manchester of South India[58][59]
Madurai
Athens of the east[60]
Salem
Steel City[61]
Mango City
Puducherry (Pondicherry)
Paris of the East (†3)
Tirunelveli
City of paddy fields[62]
Oxford of Southindia
Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
Pearl City[63]
Auroville
City of Dawn
Yercaud
Poor Man's Ooty[64][65]
Jewel of the South[66]
Sivakasi
Kutty (A little) Japan
Crackers City of Tamilnadu[67]
Ooty
Queen of Hill Stations[68]
Kodaikanal
Princess of Hill stations[69]
Ooththukuli
Butter city of Tamil Nadu[69]
Ambur
Biriyani city of Tamil Nadu[69]
Tirupur
knitwear capital of India
dollar city of India
Telangana[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Hyderabad
City of Biryani
City of Pearls[70]
Nalgonda
City of Rocks
Uttar Pradesh[edit]
City/town
Nickname
Lucknow
City of Nawabs[71]
City of Gardens
City
Nickname
Kanpur
Manchester Of The East[72]
Allahabad (Prayag)
Sangam City[73]
City of Prime Ministers[74]
Abode of God[74](भगवान का घर)
King of Pilgrims(तीर्थो का राजा)
Varanasi
The City Of Ghats
West Bengal[edit]
City
Nickname(s)
Calcutta (Kolkata)
City of Joy[75]
City of Palaces(†3)
Cultural Capital of India[76]
Sweet Capital
Heaven of the Aged
Kallolini Tilottama
Siliguri
Gateway of Northeast India[77]
Gateway to the Dooars[78]
Asansol
City of black diamond
Bardhaman
City of Peace
Royal Heritage City of West Bengal
Anchors[edit]
(†1) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Paris of the East', see Paris of the East)
(†2) (For other places with the same nickname as 'Venice of the East', see List of places called Venice of the East)
(†3) (For other places with the same nickname as 'City of Palaces', see City of Palaces)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference Silk City was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Kalavalapalli, Yogendra (19 July 2016). "Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age". Livemint.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ P. Samuel Jonathan (23 November 2011). "Lime City". Piduguralla (Guntur District). Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Introductory". Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "About Tenali". VGTM Urban Development Authority. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Administration-AP-Financial Capital". Visakhapatnam. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Academy, Students' (14 November 2014). Visakhapatnam-The City of Destiny-India. Lulu.com. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-257-06510-3. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ ":: Welcome to Official Website of Muzaffarpur District, Bihar ::".
Jump up ^ "Bhagalpur:The Silk City". Syed Saad Ahmed. Outlook India. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "4 Reasons Why Bhagalpuri Silk Sarees are Extremely Popular". Rediff.com. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Banyan city boasts of highest green cover in Gujarat – Times of India".
Jump up ^ "Vintage era comes alive in Gujarat's cultural capital – Times of India".
Jump up ^ "Switch conference at Vadodara in October".
Jump up ^ "Facts: Why Jamshedpur is called Steel city of India?". jamshedpur. 3 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Canton, Naomi. "How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Bangalore, Science City of India. "About Bangalore".
Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2014-10-01. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-241-01348-9. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coorg Travel and Tourism Guide". Travel India. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
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Jump up ^ "Why Mangalore Deserves to be Called the Ice-Cream Capital of India!". 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ BEYER, BEVERLY; RABEY, ED (1989-07-16). "Mysore Is 'Sandalwood City' of India". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "A melting pot for creative minds - Star of Mysore". Star of Mysore. 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Mysore - The Heritage City". www.realbharat.org. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Sunday story: Misty Manjarabad – Where Glinting swords clashed for a slice of glory". Deccan Chronicle. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cardamom, coffee & more". Deccan Herald. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Giant' INS Viraat's final journey to 'The Queen of Arabian Sea', Kochi | India Live Today". India Live Today. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lectures 26–27". Purdue University. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kannur - Kerala Tourism".
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Jump up ^ "Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake – great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake – The Economic Times".
Jump up ^ Alappuzha
Jump up ^ "Language represents a regions culture". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "History of Kasargod". Arabic name of 'Kasargod'. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Land of iconic Palmyra". Deccan Chronicles.
Jump up ^ "The Rice zone of Kerala". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "State Youth festival at the cultural capital of the state". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ "Mother of all poorams". News Nation.
Jump up ^ "UNESCO honours the land of Vadakkumnathan and the temple". The Indian Express.
Jump up ^ "History – Official Website of District Court Of India".
Jump up ^ "'Giant' INS Viraat's final journey to 'THE GOD'S OWN DISTRICTS', WAYANAD | India Live Today". India Live Today. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ cite news|url=http://www.travelerfood.com/blog/akola-the-cotton-city-of-india
Jump up ^ http://www.iamin.in/blogs/akola-cotton-city
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Jump up ^ "Stamp From the Orange City". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 31 March 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/Nagpur-to-be-promoted-as-tiger-capital-Jairam/article14684470.ece/amp/
Jump up ^ DNA Correspondent (2 June 2012). "Deccan Queen still chugging at 83". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "May Day celebrated with fervour". Indian Express. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Berhampur the Textile City". Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bhubaneswar the Temple City". Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Punjab District Courts". 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pink City's fate sealed by apathetic local administration - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Udaipur voted as the world's best city in a poll". The Times of India. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Max (2 February 2008). "Udaipur: An eternal melding of the ages". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blue City". Wikipedia.
Jump up ^ "Discover the Blue City of Jodhpur, India". Huffpost.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chennai has emerged as India's Detroit". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "India Is Becoming A Hub For 'Medical Tourists' — Despite The 'Million Dollar Difference' In Care". Business Insider. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore". CNBC-TV18: Moneycontrol.com. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ag. Governor congratulates "Manchester of South India". Reply to Coimbatore municipial address". The Indian Express: 4. 27 June 1936. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ . The Hindu. 2 November 2015 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/is-madurai-still-the-athens-of-the-east/article7831965.ece. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "My Salem - My Pride". Government of India. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of Tirunelveli".
Jump up ^ "Brief History of Thoothukudi".
Jump up ^ "Accommodation not available in Yercaud". Hindu. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Power Outage in Yercaud". DeccanChronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Nilgiri Mountain Range is a visual feast". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "KuttyJapan - Sivakasi".
Jump up ^ "Queen of hill stations: Ooty". Hindustan Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Princess of hill stations - The Economic Times".
Jump up ^ Somasekhar, M (28 November 2016). "A new icon for the City of Pearls". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Jainani, Deepa (20 October 2012). "The city of Nawabs is changing". The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Jainani, Deepa (20 October 2012). "Manchester Of The East is changing". The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
Jump up ^ url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Sangam-City-in-hall-of-fame/articleshow/55798800.cms
^ Jump up to: a b "Nicknames of Indian Cities - Complete List". 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Feeling one with the City of Joy". Retrieved 2016-09-08.
Jump up ^ "India: Calcutta, the capital of culture". Retrieved 2017-02-04.
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Jump up ^ "Dooars". Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
External links[edit]
"Nick Name of Indian Places". Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India_by_nicknames&oldid=853709307"
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Akali movement
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Akali movement
Date
1920-1925
Location
Punjab (British India)
Goals
Transferring control of Sikh gurdwaras from traditional clergy (Udasi mahants) and Government-appointed managers to elected Sikh bodies
Methods
Nonviolent resistance including demonstrations and petitions
Resulted in
Sikh Gurdwara Bill (1925) places historical Sikh shrines in India under the control of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
Parties to the civil conflict
Singh Sabha, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC)
Udasi mahants
British Raj
Lead figures
Kartar Singh Jhabbar
Sunder Singh Lyallpuri
Tehal Singh Dhanju
Buta Singh Lyallpuri
Narain Das
Governor of Punjab
Number
30,000 courted arrest[1]
Casualties
400 killed, 2000 injured[1]
The Akali movement /əˈkɑːli/, also called the Gurdwara Reform Movement, was a campaign to bring reform in the gurdwaras (the Sikh places of worship) in India during the early 1920s. The movement led to the introduction of the Sikh Gurdwara Bill in 1925, which placed all the historical Sikh shrines in India under the control of Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC).
The Akalis also participated in the Indian independence movement against the British Government, and supported the non-cooperation movement against them.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Initial agitations
2 Nankana massacre
3 Gurdwara Bill
4 Jaitu and Bhai Pheru agitations
5 Sikh Gurdwara Bill
6 References
7 Further reading
Initial agitations[edit]
The term Akali derives from the word Akal ("timeless" or "immortal") used in the Sikh scriptures. By the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the Udasi mahants (clergymen) or managers appointed by the Governors.[3] The main aim of the Akali movement was to have the Sikh gurdwaras released from the control of the traditional clergy, which had become powerful and ritualized.[4]
The Akali movement was started in 1920 by the Singh Sabha's political wing (later known as Akali Dal). The jathas (volunteer groups) led by Kartar Singh Jhabbar played a major role in the movement. The first shrine chosen for reform was the Babe di Ber gurdwara in Sialkot. It was under the control of the widow of the mahant Harnam Singh. She initially resisted the takeover of the gurdwara by the Akalis, as it was her only source of income, but relented after she was offered a pension.[5] The control of the gurdwara was then transferred to an elected committee headed by Baba Kharak Singh.
The next major target of the Akalis was the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), the holiest shrine of the Sikhs. The priest of the Golden Temple had refused to allow low-caste Hindu converts to offer prayers in the shrine.[6] Kartar Singh Jhabbar walked to the Akal Takht in the temple premises, urging the Sikhs to give up the caste-based restrictions and reform the gurdwaras. On 28 June 1920, the Golden Temple came under the control of an elected committee called Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC).[citation needed]
Gurdwara Panja Sahib at Hasan Abdal
Next, the Akalis headed to Hasan Abdal, where Gurdwara Panja Sahib was under the control of Mahant Mitha Singh. Singh allowed sale of cigarettes inside the gurdwara, and was disliked by the Sikhs. The Akalis led by Karatar Singh Jhabbar took control of the gurdwara on 20 November 1920. However, the local Hindus, who also frequented the gurdwara for worship, opposed this takeover. Around 5-6 thousand of them surrounded the gurdwara on the night of the Akali takeover, but were dispersed by the police. The next day, around 200-300 Hindu women squatted at the Gurdwara. Nevertheless, the gurdwara was later successfully brought under the authority of the SGPC.[7]
The Akalis then took control of the Gurdwara Sacha Sauda at Chuhar Kana (in present-day Pakistan). They then turned their attention to the Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib, whose clergymen were accused of allowing dancing girls, smoking and drinking inside the shrine's premises. The clergymen were also accused of spreading the teachings of Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement some of whose leaders had criticized Sikhism. The Akalis, led by Kartar Singh, arrived at the gurdwara, performed ardas (Sikh prayer) and declared that the gurdwara was now under their control. The clergymen attacked the Akalis with crude bombs and bricks while the latter were sleeping.[8] Next day, the Sikhs from the surrounding villages took control of the Gurdwara. Following this, the Akalis led by Kartar Singh then took control of five more gurdwaras, including the Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh near Amritsar.
A section of Akalis rejected the peaceful methods adopted by SGPC, and formed the breakaway Babbar Akali movement to seize the control of the gurdwaras using violent methods.[9]
Nankana massacre[edit]
Gurdwara Janam Asthan at Nankana Sahib
Main article: Nankana massacre
In 1921, the Akalis turned their focus to the gurdwara at Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of the first Sikh Guru Nanak. The gurdwara was under the control of a mahant called Narain Das, who was accused of allowing immoral activities in the temple premises. One of the clergymen at the gurdwara had allegedly raped the 13-year-old daughter of a Hindu devotee from Sindh.[10][11] When the Akalis tried to take over the gurdwara on 20 February 1921, the Pashtun guards of the Mahant attacked them, killing 130 people in what came to be known as the Nankana massacre.[12] Two days later, Mahatma Gandhi and the Governor of the Punjab province visited the site, accompanied by a number of Sikh and Hindu leaders. Gandhi sympathized with the Sikhs and said that the Mahant had "out-Dyered Dyer."[13]
The British Government, finding itself under immense political pressure, agreed to transfer the control of the gurdwara to the Akalis on 3 March 1921. Narain Das and 26 of his henchmen were arrested.[14]
Gurdwara Bill[edit]
Amid the ongoing agitations, the SGPC urged the British Government to release the protestors and legalize its control of the gurdwaras. On 1 May 1921, the influential Sikh leaders passed a resolution for launching a passive resistance movement. The next day, a Sikh-Hindu conference was organized during the Punjab Congress Provincial Congress at Rawalpindi. The Jagat Guru Shankaracharya urged the Hindus to join the Sikhs in the struggle for taking control of the gurdwaras from mahants with personal interests.[15] On 11 May, a number of Akali jathas were asked to proceed to designated gurdwaras to take over their control.[15]
The Government meanwhile launched a "Gurdwara Bill" to facilitate the settlement of the gurdwara disputes. The Bill provided setting up a Board of Commissioners for the management of the gurdwaras. However, the SGPC objected to the Government's right to appoint the Board members, and the bill was postponed. In On 17 November 1922, the "Sikh Gurdwaras and Shrines Bill" was introduced in the Punjab Legislative Assembly. All the Sikh and the Hindu members opposed the bill, but it was passed by 41 votes to 31 votes.[15]
Jaitu and Bhai Pheru agitations[edit]
In 1923, the Akalis decided to take over the Gurdwara Gangsar at Jaitu (or Jaito) in the Nabha State. The erstwhile Maharaja (ruler) of Nabha Ripudaman Singh had been sympathetic to the Akali and the Indian nationalist cause, but was deposed by the British Government.[16] When the SGPC launched an agitation, its leaders and members were arrested on the charge of sedition. Subsequently, several marches were organized in support of the agitation. The protestors were arrested, beaten and shot at by the police at various instances.
The Indian National Congress declared its support for the Akali agitation in at the special Congress Session in Delhi.[17] The Akalis were then joined by several non-Sikhs, including Jawaharlal Nehru (later the first Prime Minister of India) and Kasturiranga Santhanam.[15] Nehru and others were arrested during one such march.[16] Finally, the Government of Punjab relented and agreed to transfer the control of the gurdwara to the Akalis.
While the Jaitu agitation was on, the Akalis also sought the control of the gurdwara at Bhai Pheru. The gurdwara was controlled by Udasi mahants including Pala Ram, the brother of Narain Das (who was responsible for the Nankana massacre). The mahant agreed to transfer the control of the gurdwara to SGPC, after being offered a pension. However, in August 1923, when the Akalis decided to eject the Udasi tenants housed in the gurdwara premises, they faced considerable resistance. On 4 December 1923, a group of Akalis damaged a mahant's residence attached to the shrine. The police arrested 11 Akalis following a complaint.[15] In December, the Government recognized the SGPC as the manager of the gurdwara, but also ordered the Akalis to follow the legal process for ejecting the Udasi mahants out of the premises. On 1 January 1924, an Akali jatha forcibly took the possession of the property occupied by Pala Ram. Around 34 Akalis were arrested by the police for this action on the next day. In subsequent days, a number of Akali jathas staged demonstrations at the site. A total of 5,251 persons were arrested for the demonstrations, and 3,092 of these were sent to the prison.[15]
Sikh Gurdwara Bill[edit]
Main article: Gurdwaras Act of 1925
The British Government considered the Akali movement to be a greater threat than Mahatma Gandhi's civil disobedience movement. A 1921 memorandum signed by D. Petrie, the Assistant Director of CID, Punjab states:[4]
Gandhi's propaganda makes its appeal mainly to the urban classes, which lack both the stamina and physical courage to oppose successfully even small bodies of police; the Akali campaign is essentially a rural movement, and its followers are men of fine physique with a national history of which the martial characteristics have been purposely kept alive both by Government and by the Sikhs themselves.
—  D. Petrie, Secret CID Memorandum on Recent Developments in Sikh Politics (11 August 1921)
In 1925, after further demands and protests from SGPC, a new "Sikh Gurdwara Bill" was introduced in the Punjab Legislative Assembly. It came into force on 1 November 1925, and awarded the control of all the historical shrines to SGPC. A tribunal was set up to judge the disputes, and all the Akali prisoners were released.[15]
By this time, an estimated 30,000 people had been arrested by the British Government; over 400 had been killed and another 2,000 had been injured during the movement.[15] The movement fueled the anti-British Government feeling among the Sikhs. It also led to an anti-Hindu sentiment among a section of Sikhs, who identified the pro-Udasi mahants such as Narain Das and their supporters with the Hindu community.[15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "India's Struggle for Freedom : Role of Associated Movements". All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
Jump up ^ Raghbir Singh (1997). Akali movement, 1926-1947. Omsons. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-7117-163-7.
Jump up ^ H. S Singha (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Rajit K. Mazumder (2003). The Indian army and the making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. pp. 213–218. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.
Jump up ^ Mohinder Singh (1988). The Akali struggle: a retrospect (Volume 1). Atlantic. p. 20. OCLC 59911558.
Jump up ^ Harajindara Singha Dilagira; A. T. Kerr (1995). Akal Takht Sahib. Sikh Educational Trust and Sikh University Centre, Denmark. ISBN 978-0-9695964-1-7.
Jump up ^ Tai Yong Tan (2005). The garrison state: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849-1947. Sage. p. 1935. ISBN 978-0-7619-3336-6.
Jump up ^ S. S. Shashi (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
Jump up ^ Mukherjee, Mridula (2004-09-22). Peasants in India's non-violent revolution: practice and theory. SAGE. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7619-9686-6. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Mohinder Singh (1988). The Akali struggle: a retrospect. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
Jump up ^ Sikh Cultural Centre, Calcutta (2005). The Sikh review. Sikh Cultural Centre.
Jump up ^ Clinton Herbert Loehlin (1958). The Sikhs and their scriptures. Lucknow Pub. House. OCLC 5452996.
Jump up ^ Harold G. Coward (2003). Indian critiques of Gandhi. SUNY Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7914-5910-2.
Jump up ^ Harnik Deol (2000). Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-20108-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i S C Mittal (1977). Freedom Movement in Punjab. Concept. pp. 171–179. OCLC 609926003.
^ Jump up to: a b Surinder Singh Johar (1998). Holy Sikh Shrines. M.D. Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-81-7533-073-3.
Jump up ^ Bakhshish Singh Nijjar (1996). History of the United Panjab. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 130. ISBN 978-81-7156-534-4.
Further reading[edit]
Gurbakhsh Rai Sethi; Baron William Malcolm Hailey Hailey (1927). Sikh struggle for Gurdwara reform. Union press. OCLC 17772948.
Teja Singh (2010). The Gurdwara Reform Movement and the Sikh Awakening. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-177-78853-3.
M. L. Ahluwalia (1985). Gurdwara Reform Movement, 1919-1925, an era of Congress-Akali collaboration. Ashoka International Publishers. OCLC 17772948.
[hide]
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Sikh politics
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Haryana State Akali Dal
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Akali Dal (1920)
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Events
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1984 anti-Sikh riots
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Portal:Sikhism
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