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Ford Escort (North America)
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For the European counterpart, see Ford Escort (Europe). For the Escort ZX2, see Ford ZX2.
Ford Escort (North America)
Overview
Manufacturer
Ford Motor Company
Production
1980–2003
Body and chassis
Class
Small car
Layout
FF layout
Chronology
Predecessor
Ford Pinto
Successor
Ford Focus
The North American variant of the Ford Escort is a small family/compact car introduced by Ford in 1980 for the 1981 model year. Adopting the "Escort" name used by Ford of Europe since 1968 along with the general design and layout of the third-generation European Escort, it was the successor of the Ford Pinto, which had a tarnished reputation for quality and safety after a widely publicized fuel tank defect. The Escort was one of Ford's most successful models in the 1980s, earning a much better reputation than the Pinto, which faced widely publicized safety issues. In fact, the Escort was the single best-selling car in its second year in the United States and during most of that decade.
The Escort was Ford's first front-wheel-drive car built in North America, a design popularized by the Volkswagen Rabbit. It also effectively replaced the smaller Ford Fiesta, which was imported from Europe from 1978 to 1980.
For 1991, the North American Escort would switch to a Mazda-derived platform and essentially became a twin of the Ford Laser, a compact car sold in Asia and Oceania that has always shared a platform and some powertrain options with the Mazda 323, and whose progenitor was available in North America as the 1988 Mercury Tracer. Redesigned on the same platform for the 1997 model year, the Escort was succeeded by the Ford Focus in 1999 for the 2000 model year in North America, although Escort production continued until 2002.
Contents
[hide]
1 First generation (1981–1990)
1.1 Engines
1.2 1985–1990
1.2.1 Engines
1.2.2 Model year changes
2 Second generation (1991–1996)
2.1 Engines
3 Third generation (1997–2003)
3.1 Engines
4 ZX2
4.1 ZX2 S/R
5 Sales
6 References
7 External links
First generation (1981–1990)[edit]
First generation
Overview
Production
1980–1990
Model years
1981–1990
Assembly
Edison, New Jersey, United States
Milpitas, California, United States
Wayne, Michigan, United States
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Body and chassis
Body style
3-door hatchback
5-door station wagon
5-door hatchback
Platform
Ford CE14 platform
Related
Mercury Lynx
Powertrain
Engine
1.6 L CVH I4
1.9 L CVH I4
2.0 L Mazda RF diesel I4
Transmission
4-speed MTX-II manual
5-speed MTX-III
3-speed ATX/FLC automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
94.2 in (2,393 mm)
Length
169.4 in (4,303 mm)
GT: 169.0 in (4,293 mm)
Width
65.9 in (1,674 mm)
Height
Hatchbacks: 53.7 in (1,364 mm)
Sedan: 53.4 in (1,356 mm)
Curb weight
GT:2243lbs [1108kg]
The first American Escort first went on sale on October 3, 1980[1] for the 1981 model year. It was intended to share common components with the European Mk III Escort (as with its sister, the Mercury Lynx). It was launched with a 65 hp (48 kW), 1.6-liter hemi overhead cam inline-four.[2] It was available as a three-door hatchback and as a five-door station wagon, with a four-speed manual or a three-speed automatic.[2] The five-door hatchback followed a year later. It had considerably more chrome than the model sold elsewhere (except for the 1981 SS model/1982- GT models which featured blacked out trim). 1981 models never had the Blue Oval logo; on the front fenders there was an Escort badge which included a globe representing the earth, which implied this was a "World Car". The car was freshened in 1982, and added Ford's Blue Oval logo for the first time along with a newer grille. For 1982 models, the base price of the Escort 3-door was $5,518.[3]
For 1984, the GLX model was dropped and replaced with a fuel injected LX model, available as a five-door hatchback or wagon, with a GT engine, blackout trim, and "Butterfly" styled cast aluminum wheels. The interior received a new dashboard, and a new rubber shift boot for manual models; automatic models received a new gear selector lever with a straight line for gear selection instead of the twisting "?" mark pattern of the previous models. Flush headlamps, revised taillamps and restyled steel wheels appeared when the Escort was revised and introduced as the 1985.5 Ford Escort. There was also the Ford EXP, and sister version Mercury LN7, targeting the sports car market, essentially a two-seat hatch with lower roofline which was not as successful as other body styles.
Although the basic silhouette was the same, it was almost completely different from the European version, apart from the Ford CVH engine. There was a 1.6 L engine, a 4-speed MTX-2 and a 5-speed MTX-3 manual transmission as standard options, and an optional 3-speed ATX/FLC automatic transmission. A 1.3 L engine was designed and prototyped but did not see production due to lack of power, and an inability to get it certified.[2] Beginning in 1983, a GT model offered a multi-port EFI version of the 1.6 L four-cylinder that increased power by 20 hp over the base carbureted version. It also came with a 5-speed transmission, TRX handling package, front and rear spoilers, metric-sized alloy wheels and fog lights. Also beginning in 1982, the Ford EXP had the option of the turbocharged 1.6 L four-cylinder rated at 120 hp (89 kW) and matching torque, a fairly sporty package, considering that the Mustang GT of that period was rated at 175 hp (130 kW) and was much heavier.
Engines[edit]
1980–1985 1.6 L CVH I4, 68 hp (51 kW)
1982–1985 1.6 L turbocharged CVH I4, 120 hp (89 kW)
1983–1985 2.0 L RF diesel I4, 52 hp (39 kW)
1985–1990[edit]
The 1985½ model received a facelift (less chrome, restyled tail lamps, flush headlights), and the 1.6 L engine was replaced with a 1.9 L. GT models featured a high output engine with revised intake manifold, cylinder head and a real header available only with a manual transmission. The Lynx was retired for 1987, but was replaced by the Mazda 323-derived Tracer model. [This Mazda platform was revamped in 1989 and debuted as the 1990 Mazda Protege. The updated platform would form the basis for the next generation (1990–1996) Escort/Tracer.]
The Escort saw another minor facelift in mid-1988, which smoothed out the front and rear fascias. New plastic bumpers (which replaced the metal bumpers), larger rear side windows, a more rounded rear-end design and larger (14 inch versus 13 inch) wheels modernized the look of the cars. Three-door hatchback models had a curving windowline along the side towards the rear of the car. The engine was also updated with a slightly revised camshaft and roller lifters. The new design is commonly referred to as the "88.5" year, and existed until the end of the 1990 model year.
Finding some popularity during the final three years of this generation was the Pony model, which was the least-expensive U.S.-built Ford at the time. Pony models used plainer interior trim with greater use of vinyl and plastic instead of cloth, and a 4-speed manual transaxle was standard, although buyers could opt for the 5-speed found in LX models or the 3-speed ATX automatic. The list of available options was very limited, to the extent that such luxuries as power steering and factory-installed air conditioning were not offered (a dealer-installed A/C system was available). Given their lighter weight, Pony models were known for their ability to deliver excellent fuel economy—mileage upwards of 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp) in highway driving was not uncommon.[citation needed]
1981 Ford Escort GLX 3-door
1982 Mercury Lynx
1984 Ford Escort GL Diesel Wagon
1986–1988 Ford Escort 5-door
1988–1990 Ford Escort LX 5-door
1988–1990 Ford Escort LX wagon
Engines[edit]
1985–1988 1.9 L CVH I4, 86 hp (64 kW) **
1988–1990 1.9 L CVH I4, 90 hp (67 kW)
1985–1988 1.9 L CVH High Output I4, 108 hp (81 kW) **
1988–1990 1.9 L CVH High Output I4, 110 hp (82 kW)
1985–1989 2.0 L RF diesel I4, 52 hp (39 kW)
1985 & 1988 had "1/2 year" refresh models -- Info and photo's missing.
Model year changes[edit]
1981 - All new model - the Escort was a world car. Original trims were Base, L, GL, GLX and SS. Mercury Lynx is Escort's twin.
1982 - The GT replaced the SS. There were now new trims as the Base, L, GL, GLX and GT.
Second generation (1991–1996)[edit]
Second generation
Overview
Also called
Ford Laser (Asia and Oceania)
Production
April 1990–1996
Model years
1991–1996
Assembly
Wayne, Michigan, United States
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Body and chassis
Class
Small family car [4]
Body style
3-door hatchback
4-door sedan
5-door station wagon
5-door hatchback
Platform
Mazda B platform
Related
Mazda 323
Mazda Protegé
Mercury Tracer
Powertrain
Engine
1.8 L BP I4
1.9 L CVH I4
Transmission
5-speed F series manual (1.9)
5-speed G5M manual (1.8)
4-speed F-4EAT automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
98.4 in (2,499 mm)
Length
170.0 in (4,318 mm)
Wagon: 171.3 in (4,351 mm)
1992 & 1995–96 Sedan: 170.9 in (4,341 mm)
Width
66.7 in (1,694 mm)
Height
Sedan: 52.7 in (1,339 mm)
Hatchbacks: 52.5 in (1,334 mm)
Wagon: 53.6 in (1,361 mm)
Curb weight
3-Door Hatchback – 2355 lbs (1068 kg)
5-Door Hatchback – 2385 lbs (1082 kg)
4-Door Sedan – 2404 lbs (1090 kg)
5-Door Wagon – 2491 lbs (1130 kg)
For 1991, the Escort and the Mercury Tracer were replaced by models based on the Mazda B platform (BG), which was also used by the Mazda 323, Protegé and first generation Kia Sephia. Ford, which owned a 25% stake in Mazda, already sold a version of the 323/Familia in Asia and Australasia, called the Ford Laser, which had replaced the old rear-wheel drive Escort there. Although the Escort was now essentially a twin of the Laser instead of the European Escort, it kept the Escort name in North America due to strong brand equity on the Escort name as well as Chrysler already using the Laser name on the Plymouth equivalent of the Mitsubishi Eclipse.
The prior Escort used localized engines and shared some elements of design with the European model. The Escort for the 1990s, however, would be almost identical to the Ford Laser and its derivatives, with minor differences in appearance and base engine. While the Laser would feature identical powertrains to the Mazda Familia, the Escort carried over the 1.9 liter 8-valve Ford-designed CVH engine from the previous Escort, with the GT and LX-E receiving the Mazda-built 1.8 L BP I4. Much of the external styling mimicked the first generation Ford Taurus, no doubt Ford's hope to give the Escort the appeal of that successful model.
This generation of the Escort was one of the first Ford automobiles to feature, on the 1.9 L engine, distributorless ignition (known as EDIS, Electronic Distributorless Ignition System). It also featured a new electronically controlled 4-speed automatic transmission, as well as an independent rear suspension, both (at the time) relatively uncommon in cars in this class.
The Mazda-based model sold sluggishly in America at first, since only hatchback models were offered upon launch, but became popular later by 1992, after the sedan was introduced, available in either LX or LX-E trim levels.
For the 1993–1995 model years, Ford offered the Escort on a "one price" basis, with the same price for a three- or five-door hatchback, a sedan or a wagon when equipped with the most popular options (3-doors quickly added alloy wheels to the "one price" specification). The LX-E, equipped with the same sporting equipment as the GT and Mazda Protege LX (four-wheel disc brakes, larger front brakes, larger clutch, equal-length driveshafts, larger anti-roll bars, dual-outlet exhaust, sport interior and 1.8 L Mazda DOHC 16-valve engine), lasted only until 1993. The Pony departed in 1992, replaced by the Standard trim level.
Trim levels were originally Pony, LX, and GT. The GT was the North American equivalent of the Laser XR3i version, featuring a 1.8 L Mazda DOHC engine. The LX and Standard or Pony were equipped with the 1.9 L overhead cam 8-valve CVH inline 4. The Pony or later Standard was the base trim level, lacking most features like power steering or a radio. The LX was the upscale trim level, and a Sport package could be added to make it look like a GT. Subtle differences can be noticed in all three Escort models (sedan, hatchback and wagon) from 1990 to 1996. In 1992, the grill oval hall around the "Ford" emblem became a little larger in order to allow more air to enter under the hood to cool the engine. In 1993, the wheel size was changed from 13 inches to 14 inches and the black exterior door handles were changed to match the exterior color of the car. A driver's airbag was introduced in 1993 as well, and by 1994, both driver and passenger airbags were standard with the redesigned dash for the 1995 model year.
Engines[edit]
1990–1996 1.9 L (1859 cc) CVH I4, 88 hp (66 kW) 108 ft·lbf (146 N·m), Standard/Pony and LX
1990–1996 1.8 L (1839 cc) Mazda BP I4, 127 hp (95 kW) 114 ft·lbf (155 N·m), LX-E and GT
Wagon
5-door hatch
3-door hatch
1994 Ford Escort GT
Third generation (1997–2003)[edit]
Third generation
Overview
Production
1996–2002
Model years
1997–2002
Assembly
Wayne, Michigan, United States
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Body and chassis
Class
Small family car [5]
Body style
4-door sedan
5-door station wagon
Platform
Mazda B platform
Related
Mazda Protegé
Mercury Tracer
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L SPI2000 SOHC I4
Transmission
5-speed G5M manual
4-speed F-4EAT automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
98.4 in (2,499 mm)
Length
Wagon: 172.7 in (4,390 mm)
Sedan: 174.7 in (4,440 mm)
Width
67.0 in (1,700 mm)
Height
Sedan: 53.3 in (1,354 mm)
Wagon: 53.9 in (1,369 mm)
Curb weight
2,468 lb (1,119 kg)
The restyle dropped the hatchbacks and added a new sporty coupe for the 1997 model year.
The 1998 Escort ZX2 replaced the Ford Probe as Ford's sport compact car. The ZX2 was a much lower-slung and rakish car than either the Escort sedan and wagon, aimed squarely at the youth market as a replacement for the Escort GT (although lacking the latter's rear disc brake setup) and was built exclusively at Ford's Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico assembly plant. The interior was refreshed for 1999, and the model was retired after 2003. It had a completely redesigned dashboard, and included a panel that unified the heat and radio controls, similar to that of the third generation Ford Taurus.
The 1998 Escort ZX2 coupe featured the 2.0 L, 130 hp (97 kW) Zetec DOHC four-cylinder engine as standard equipment, an option unavailable on the sedan or wagon. Intended for use as the base engine in the larger European Ford Mondeo and its American cousins, the Ford Contour and Mercury Mystique, the Zetec gave the ZX2 more-than-respectable performance, running 0–60 in 7.4 seconds.
The 1999 and 2000 models offered a performance limited edition ZX2 S/R which further enhanced the car's performance in every aspect.
The Escort sedan and wagon used the lower-powered CVH SPI2000 engine with 110 hp (82 kW). Subtle differences can be noticed in the Escort sedan from 1996 to 2002. The trim lines for 1997 were base and LX, for 1998–2002 it was offered in LX and SE trims. For 1999, the reverse lights were moved into the same piece as the tail lamps; they were previously below the tail lamp on the body.
A very rare trim package could be found with chrome 14 in (36 cm) wheel covers and other features. It was offered in 1999.
Ford Escort sedan
Ford Escort LX wagon
The Escort was offered in a Sport package as well. The Mercury Tracer's version was called the Trio or Sport depending on the year. A basketweave type of wheel was put on the Tracer Trio while a flower petal pattern was used on the Tracer Sport. The Sport/Trio package included aluminum wheels, sport exhaust tip, a tachometer, and a rear decklid spoiler.
The Escort wagon largely retained the same body style, gaining only the new interior, front end & fascia, side-view mirrors, door handles, badging, and slightly restyled taillamps & reflectors. The black window frames on the doors of some models became body-colored.
Both the Escort wagon and the Mercury Tracer sedan and wagon were discontinued after 1999. The Escort sedan was discontinued in 2000, but continued to be sold as fleet & rental cars only. It was replaced by the Ford Focus[citation needed]. The last Ford Escort rolled off the assembly line on February 20, 2002. The last ZX2 rolled off the assembly line on March 21, 2003. In Mexico, it was replaced by the smaller Ford Ikon.
Engines[edit]
1997–2002 2.0 L (1986 cc) CVH SPI2000, SOHC I4, 110 hp (82 kW) @ 5000 rpm, 125 ft·lbf (169 N·m) @ 3750 rpm, redline 5500 rpm Sedan and Wagon
1998–2003 2.0 L (1989 cc) Zetec, DOHC I4, 130 hp (97 kW) @ 5750 rpm, 127 ft·lbf (172 N·m) @ 4250 rpm, redline 6500 rpm, 7200 Rpm rev limiter ZX2
1999–2000 2.0 L (1989 cc) Zetec, DOHC I4, 143 hp (107 kW), 146 ft·lbf (198 N·m) ZX2 S/R
ZX2[edit]
ZX2
Overview
Also called
Ford Escort ZX2
Production
1997–2003 (USA)
1997–2000 (Canada & Mexico)[citation needed]
Body and chassis
Class
Sport compact
Body style
2-door notchback coupe
Platform
Mazda B platform
Related
Mazda Protegé
Mercury Tracer
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L Zetec DOHC I4
Transmission
5-speed G5M manual
4-speed F-4EAT automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
98.4 in (2,500 mm)
Length
175.2 in (4,450 mm)
Width
67.4 in (1,710 mm)
Height
52.3 in (1,330 mm)
Curb weight
2,478 lb (1,124 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor
Ford Probe
2003 Ford ZX2
For 2001, the 4-door sedan was limited to fleet sales only and the Escort moniker on the Escort ZX2 was quietly dropped, making the car officially just ZX2 as a 2-door notchback coupe
The Ford Focus debuted in 1998 (1999 in U.S.) and was produced concurrently with the ZX2. Though not without its fans, both then and now, and still fairly well represented in the automotive aftermarket, the ZX2 was replaced by the Focus ZX3, ZX4 and ZX5. Though the two cars shared the same Zetec engine, there were a few differences. The Focus lacked the exhaust-side VCT, and contained less aggressive camshafts that pushed the power band down a few hundred RPM. The two models shared the same block but, due to the different camshafts and the different cylinder head, the torque output for the Focus was bumped up by 8 ft·lbf (11 N·m). Thanks to better gearing and less weight, the ZX2 continued to outperform the Focus. The ZX2 continued with little more than 15 in (38 cm) alloy wheels and a rear defroster now offered as standard equipment, and for 2003, a revised front fascia. Production ceased at the end of the 2003 model year.
ZX2 S/R[edit]
The increased presence and success of tuner models from overseas in the late 90s caused Ford to create their own performance model, the ZX2 S/R. Meant to compete with cheap factory performance sport compacts such as the Honda Civic Si or the Dodge Neon ACR, Ford created the ZX2 S/R to show that they had plenty to bring to the table. Its initial debut was at SEMA's Import Auto Salon in Pomona in 1999. The ZX2 S/R was the first product jointly developed by Ford Racing and Ford Motor Company's Small Vehicle Center Product Development.
Ford's final limited production count was 2,110 units, consisting of 110 yellow S/Rs for 1999, the first two of which were sold in Columbus, Ohio, and the other 108 in California; and for 2000, 500 black, 500 red and 1,000 yellow S/Rs were sold. The upgrade price to the S/R package was $1,500 in both years. It is believed that only 35 of those 2000 S/Rs were sold in Canada, making it a very rare trim there.
The optional S/R package adds stiffer suspension parts (Eibach springs (M-5560-Z2), Tokico struts (M-18000-Z2) and Energy Suspension brand polyurethane suspension bushings), more power (through a Ford Racing PCM (M-12650-Z2)), more efficient intake (Roush or Iceman), rear disc brakes (M-2300-Z2), a stronger clutch (Centerforce dual friction M-7560-Z2), a short-throw B&M manual-transmission shifter (M-7210-Z2), an S/R-unique shift knob (M-7213-Z2) and boot (M-7277-Z2), upgraded seats, a unique blue valve cover, a different speed cluster that goes up to 150 mph (240 km/h) and a unique tire/wheel package. Engine power was increased 10% over the base Zetec engine used in the ZX2 to 143 bhp (107 kW; 145 PS), courtesy of a recommended premium fuel re-calibration, new air inlet system, the performance PCM, improved Borla muffler and pipe (M-5230-Z2). All ZX2 S/R have a special "S/R" badge on the back, either silver (on a red car) or red (on a yellow or black car). Some S/R went out of the assembly plant without some of the performance mods (example: missing the Centerforce clutch). The suspension bushings were not installed at the factory but instead packaged with the car for installation at the dealership. This also led to many cars leaving the showroom without the full complement of S/R parts.
Sales[edit]
Calendar Year
American sales
1999[6] 260,486
2000 110,736
2001[7] 90,503
2002[8] 51,857
2003 (ZX2 only) 25,473
2004[9] (ZX2 only) 1,210
References[edit]
ZX2 Motorsports
Martin Padgett, Jr. "Short Take:Ford Escort LX-E". Car and Driver (March 1992): 132–133.
EscortSport.com Specifications Ford Escort History
TeamZX2
"Ford Escort may return as 100mpg hybrid"
Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/73180393/
^ Jump up to: a b c Hogg, Tony (ed.). "1981 Buyer's Guide". Road & Track's Road Test Annual & Buyer's Guide 1981 (January–February 1981): 97.
Jump up ^ Consumer Guide. Warner Publishing Services. January 1982. p. 160.
Jump up ^ http://www.mpgfacts.com/?did=316&year=1992
Jump up ^ http://autos.msn.com/research/vip/Spec_Glance.aspx?year=1998&make=Ford&model=Escort
Jump up ^ "Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Ford Motor Company's December U.S. Sales Climb 8.2 Percent" (PDF). Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record". Theautochannel.com. 2004-11-17. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999". Theautochannel.com. 2004-11-17. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Escort (North America).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford ZX2.
EscortSport.com Ford Escort Technical Information
Ward's article on Escort development
Edmunds most significant car of 1981
ZX2 S/R Takes Fun to Higher Level
Ford Escort Owners Association web forum
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The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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an illustration of a variant of the tale
The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal is a popular Indian fairy tale with a long history and many variants. Mary Frere included a version in her 1868 collection of Indian folktales, Old Deccan Days,[1] the first collection of Indian folktales in English.[2] A version was also included in Joseph Jacobs' collection Indian Fairy Tales.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Variants
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Plot[edit]
A brahmin passes a tiger in a trap. The tiger pleads for his release, promising not to eat the brahmin. The brahmin sets him free but no sooner is the tiger out of the cage then he says he is going to eat the brahmin. The brahmin is horrified and tells the tiger how unjust he is. They agree to ask the first three things they encounter to judge between them. The first thing they encounter is a tree, who, having suffered at the hands of humans, answers that the tiger should eat the brahmin. Next a buffalo, exploited and mistreated by humans, agrees it is only just that the brahmin should be eaten. Finally they meet a jackal, who at first feigns incomprehension of what has happened and asks to see the trap. Once there he claims he still doesn't understand. The tiger gets back in the trap to demonstrate and the jackal quickly shuts him in, suggesting to the brahmin that they leave matters thus.
Variants[edit]
an illustration by John D. Batten for 1912 book by Joseph Jacobs.
There are more than a hundred versions of this tale [4] spread across the world. In some the released animal is a crocodile, in some a snake,[5] a tiger[6] and others a wolf.
Some variants are very old, going back at least to the Panchatantra or Fables of Bidpai[citation needed] and the Jataka tales. In Europe it appeared some 900 years ago in the Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsi, and later in the Gesta Romanorum and the Directorium Vitae Humanae of John of Capua.[7]
There are also modern illustrated versions of the tale, such as The Tiger, the Brahmin & the Jackal[8] illustrated by David Kennett and The Tiger and the Brahmin[9] illustrated by Kurt Vargo. Rabbit Ears Productions produced a video version of the last book, narrated by Ben Kingsley, with music by Ravi Shankar.[10]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
The Wolf of Zhongshan
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Frere, Mary (1896). " The Brahman, the Tiger, and the Six Judges". Old Deccan Days. Wikisource.
Jump up ^ Dorson, R. M. (1999). History of British folklore. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-415-20476-3. p. 334.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Joseph (1892). Indian Fairy Tales (1913 ed.). Forgotten Books. pp. 69–73. ISBN 1-60506-119-0. where it appears as The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal. Jacobs gives his source as "Steel-Temple, Wideawake Stories, pp. 116-20; first published in Indian Antiquary, xii. p. 170 seq." It can be found online here at Google Books and here with its illustration.
Jump up ^ Jacobs in his notes on the tale mentions that "No less than 94 parallels are given by Prof. K. Krohn in his elaborate discussion of this fable in his dissertation, Mann und Fuchs, (Helsingfors, 1891), pp. 38-60"
Jump up ^ World Tales by Idries Shah has a version called The Serpent collected in Albania. The Farmer and the Viper is a more minimal Aesop's fable.
Jump up ^ See Ingratitude Is the World's Reward: folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 155 for examples. Other examples include the Mexican story of Judge Coyote found in Creeden, Sharon (1994). Fair is Fair: World Folktales of Justice. august house. pp. 67–69. ISBN 0-87483-400-7. accessible in Google Books, There is No Truth in the World, found in Ben-Amos, Dan; et al. (2006). Folktales of the Jews: Tales from Eastern Europe. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 288–290. ISBN 0-8276-0830-6. accessible in Google Books.
Jump up ^ Shah, Idries (1991). World Tales. Octagon Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-86304-036-5.
Jump up ^ Lock, Kath (1995). The Tiger, the Brahmin & the Jackal. Era Publications. ISBN 1-86374-078-3.
Jump up ^ Gleeson, Brian (1992). The tiger and the brahmin. illustrated by Kurt Vargo. Neugebauer Press. ISBN 0-88708-233-5.
Jump up ^ See Rabbit Ears Productions media and release information.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Old Deccan Days/The Brahman, the Tiger, and the Six Judges
Indian Fairy Tales (Jacobs)/The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal
Sound recording of the tale
Illustrated web version of the tale
Ingratitude Is the World's Reward: folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 155, D. L. Ashliman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tiger,_the_Brahmin_and_the_Jackal&oldid=788717068"
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Cinque Ports
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the galleon, see Cinque Ports (1703 ship).
Location of the Cinque Ports and their limbs.
The Confederation of Cinque Ports (/sɪŋk pɔːrts/)[1] is a historic series of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex.[2] It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now entirely ceremonial. It lies at the eastern end of the English Channel, where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. The name is Norman French, meaning "five ports". They were:
Hastings
New Romney
Hythe
Dover
Sandwich
However, Rye, originally a subsidiary of New Romney, changed to become one of the Cinque Ports once New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up.
Other towns also contribute to the confederation, including two 'ancient towns', and seven 'limbs'.
Contents
1 Ancient Towns
2 Limbs
3 Connected towns
4 History of the ports
4.1 Formation, duties and privileges
4.2 Barons
4.3 Changes in composition
5 Decline
6 Heraldry
7 Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872
8 See also
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Ancient Towns[edit]
The five ports are supported by the two so-called Ancient Towns of Rye and Winchelsea,[2] whose councils traditionally maintained defence contingents for the realm of England.
Limbs[edit]
Apart from the five ports and the two Ancient Towns, there are seven other members of the Confederation, which are considered to be Limbs of the other towns. These are:
Lydd (Limb of New Romney)
Folkestone (Limb of Dover)
Faversham (Limb of Dover)
Margate (Limb of Dover)
Deal (Limb of Sandwich)
Ramsgate (Limb of Sandwich)
Tenterden (Limb of Rye)[3]
Connected towns[edit]
There are in addition some 23 towns, villages and offices which have varying degrees of connection to the ancient Liberties of the Cinque Ports.
The coastal confederation during its mediaeval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. These include:
Limbs of Hastings – Grange (now part of Gillingham, Kent), Bekesbourne, Bulverhythe, Northeye (former village in Sussex [4]), Eastbourne, Hydney (now Hampden Park, part of Eastbourne), Pebsham (small village between Bulverhythe and Bexhill-on-Sea (then as Bexhill), Pevensey and Seaford (in Sussex)
Limbs of Sandwich – Reculver, Sarre, Fordwich, Walmer, Stonar (near Richborough), and Brightlingsea (in Essex)[5]
Limbs of Dover – Birchington, St. Johns (part of Margate), St. Peters, Ringwould, Woodchurch and Kingsdown
Limbs of Hythe – West Hythe[6]
Walmer, Ramsgate
History of the ports[edit]
Formation, duties and privileges[edit]
The origins of the Cinque Ports can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon times,[7] when certain south-east ports were granted the local profits of justice in return for providing ships.[8] By 1100, the term Cinque Ports had come into use; and in 1155 a Royal Charter established the ports to maintain ships ready for The Crown in case of need. The chief obligation laid upon the ports, as a corporate duty, was to provide 57 ships for 15 days' service to the king annually, each port fulfilling a proportion of the whole duty.[9] In return the towns received the following privileges:
Exemption from tax and tallage, right of soc and sac, tol and team, blodwit (the right to punish shedders of blood) and fledwit (the right to punish those who were seized in an attempt to escape from justice), pillory and tumbril, infangentheof and outfangentheof, mundbryce (the breaking into or violation of a man's mund or property in order to erect banks or dikes as a defence against the sea), waifs and strays, flotsam and jetsam and ligan
That is to say:
Exemption from tax and tolls; self-government; permission to levy tolls, punish those who shed blood or flee justice, punish minor offences, detain and execute criminals both inside and outside the port's jurisdiction, and punish breaches of the peace; and possession of lost goods that remain unclaimed after a year, goods thrown overboard, and floating wreckage.
The leeway given to the Cinque Ports, and the turning of a blind eye to misbehaviour, led to smuggling, though common everywhere at this time becoming more or less one of the dominant industries.
A significant factor in the need to maintain the authority of the Cinque Ports by the King was the development of the Royal Navy. King Edward I of England granted the citizens of the Cinque Ports special privileges, including the right to bring goods into the country without paying import duties; in return the Ports would supply him with men and ships in time of war (as in the Welsh campaign of 1282).[10] The associated ports, known as "limbs", were given the same privileges. The five head ports and two ancient towns were entitled to send two Members to Parliament. A Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports was appointed, and also held the title of Constable of Dover Castle, and whilst this office exists today, it is now a purely honorary title, with an official residence at Walmer Castle. The town of Hastings was the head port of the Cinque Ports in mediaeval times. The towns also had their own system of courts.
Barons[edit]
See also: Cinque Port constituency
SIGILLUM COMMUNE BARONUM DE HETHE, common seal of the barons of Hythe
SIGILLUM COMMUNE BARONUM DE HASTINGUIS, common seal of the barons of Hastings. 2 standards can be seen flying from the ship: one showing the Plantagenet arms of 3 lions, the other seemingly showing 3 ships, which arms are combined by dimidiation in the arms of the Cinque Ports
All Freemen of the ports, termed "portsmen", were deemed in the age of Feudalism to be barons, and thus members of the baronage entitled to attend the king's parliament - a privilege granted in 1322 in recognition of their earlier support of the Despensers, father and son.[11] Termed "Barons of the Cinque Ports", they reflected an early concept that military service at sea constituted land tenure per baroniam making them quasi feudal barons. The early-14th-century treatise Modus Tenendi Parliamentum stated the Barons of the Cinque Ports to hold a place of precedence below the lay magnates (Lords Temporal) but above the representatives of the shires and boroughs (Knights of the Shire and burgesses). During the deposition of Edward II, the chronicles made a specific point of noting the presence of the Barons in the embassy of deposition - "praecipue de portubus...barones des Portez" ('especially the [Cinque] Ports...the barones of the Ports').[12] Writs of summons to parliament were sent to the warden following which representative barons of the Cinque Ports were selected to attend parliament. Thus the warden's duty in this respect was similar to that of the sheriff who received the writs for distribution to the barons in the shires. The existence of common (i.e. communal) seals of the barons of the individual ports (see illustration) suggests they formed a corporation as the seal was designed to be affixed to charters and legal documents which would bind them as a single body.[13] This no doubt related to their privileges as monopolies. The warden and barons often experienced clashes of jurisdiction.[9] In the 21st century the title "Baron of the Cinque Ports" is now reserved for Freemen elected by the Mayor, Jurats and Common Council of the Ports to attend a Coronation, at which they hold the canopy above a new monarch, and is solely honorary in nature.
Changes in composition[edit]
As time went by and some ports declined or silted up, others were added. Rye and Winchelsea were attached to Hastings as "Ancient Towns" in the 12th century, and later became members in their own right. The following "corporate limbs" were added in the 15th century: Lydd, Faversham, Folkestone, Deal, Tenterden, Margate and Ramsgate. Other places associated with the Cinque Ports and sometimes described as "non-corporate limbs" included Bekesbourne, Birchington, Brightlingsea, Fordwich, Pevensey, Reculver, Seaford, Stonor and Walmer.[2] At one time there were 23 limbs.
Decline[edit]
The continuing decline of the confederation of the Cinque Ports may be ascribed to a variety of different circumstances. While they survived the raids from the Danes and the French, the numerous destructive impact of plagues, and the politics of the 13th-century Plantagenets and the subsequent War of the Roses, natural causes such as the silting of harbours and the withdrawal of the sea did much to undermine them.[14] The rise of Southampton, and the need for larger ships than could be crewed by the 21 man service of the ports, also contributed to the decline.
Although by the 14th century the confederation faced wider challenges from a greater consolidation of national identity in the monarchy and Parliament, the legacy of the Saxon authority remained. Even after the 15th century, the Ancient Towns continued to serve with the supply of transport ships.
During the 15th century, New Romney, once a port of great importance at the mouth of the river Rother (until it became completely blocked by the shifting of sands during the South England flood of February 1287), was considered the central port in the confederation, and the place of assembly for the Cinque Port Courts, the oldest such authority being vested in the "Kynges high courte of Shepway", which was being held from at least 1150. It was here that from 1433 the White (1433–1571) and Black (1572–1955) Books of the Cinque Port Courts were kept.
Much of Hastings was washed away by the sea in the 13th century. During a naval campaign of 1339, and again in 1377, the town was raided and burnt by the French, and went into a decline during which it ceased to be a major port. It had no natural sheltered harbour. Attempts were made to build a stone harbour during the reign of Elizabeth I, but the foundations were destroyed by the sea in storms.
New Romney is now about a mile and a half from the seafront. It was originally a harbour town at the mouth of the River Rother. The Rother estuary was always difficult to navigate, with many shallow channels and sandbanks. In the latter part of the thirteenth century a series of severe storms weakened the coastal defences of Romney Marsh, and the South England flood of February 1287 almost destroyed the town. The harbour and town were filled with sand, silt, mud and debris, and the River Rother changed course, now running out into the sea near Rye, Sussex. New Romney ceased to be a port.
Hythe is still on the coast. However, although it is beside a broad bay, its natural harbour has been removed by centuries of silting.
Dover is still a major port.
Sandwich is now 3 km (1.9 mi) from the sea and no longer a port.
Ongoing changes in the coastline along the south east coast, from the Thames estuary to Hastings and the Isle of Wight inevitably reduced the significance of a number of the Cinque port towns as port authorities. However, ship building and repair, fishing, piloting, off shore rescue and sometimes even "wrecking" continued to play a large part in the activities of the local community.
By the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the Cinque Ports had effectively ceased to be of any real significance, and were absorbed into the general administration of the Realm. Queen Elizabeth I sanctioned the first national lottery that was held in 1569 in an effort to raise funds for the crumbling Cinque Ports.[15] With the advance in shipbuilding techniques came a growth in towns such as Bristol and Liverpool and the wider development of ports such as London, Gravesend, Southampton, Chichester, Plymouth and the royal dockyards of Chatham, Portsmouth, Greenwich, Woolwich and Deptford. A further reason for the decline of many older ports may be ascribed to the development of the railway network across Britain, and the increased quantity of overseas trade it could distribute from the new major ports developing from the 18th century.
Local Government reforms and Acts of Parliament passed during the 19th and 20th centuries (notably the Great Reform Act of 1832) have eroded the administrative and judicial powers of the Confederation of the Cinque Ports, when New Romney and Winchelsea were disenfranchised from the Parliament, with representation provided through their Counties alone, while Hythe and Rye's representation was halved.
In 1985, HMS Illustrious established an affiliation with the Cinque Ports. In 2005, the affiliation was changed to HMS Kent.
Heraldry[edit]
Coat of arms of Hastings
The distinctive heraldic emblem of the Cinque Ports is the front half of a lion joined to the back of a ship, seen in the coats of arms of several towns, and also in the heraldic banner (flag) of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. This was originally created by heraldic dimidiation.[16]
Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872[edit]
The Cinque Ports Acts 1811 to 1872 is the collective title of the following Acts:[17]
The Cinque Ports Act 1811 (51 Geo 3 c 36)
The Cinque Ports Act 1821 (1 & 2 Geo 4 c 76)
The Cinque Ports Act 1828 (9 Geo 4 c 37)
The Pilotage Law Amendment Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict c 129)
The Cinque Ports Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict c 48)
The Cinque Ports Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict c 1)
The Cinque Ports Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict c 53)
The Merchant Shipping Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict c 73 s 10)
See also[edit]
Pentapolis
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
Channel Ports
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary (3rd ed.)
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cinque Ports". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–379.
Jump up ^ History of the Cinque Ports: Cinque Port Limbs
Jump up ^ Site of the Medieval Village of Northeye (C) Simon Carey :: Geograph Britain and Ireland. Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
Jump up ^ Hasted, Edward (1800). "Parishes". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. Institute of Historical Research. 10: 152–216. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Cinque Ports 1155 to 1500 – VillageNet History – History effecting Kent & Sussex. Villagenet.co.uk (2012-05-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
Jump up ^ G. O. Sayles, The Medieval Foundations of England (London 1967) p. 186
Jump up ^ S. H. Steinberg ed. A New Dictionary of British History (London 1963) p. 71
^ Jump up to: a b Roskell, J.S. History of Parliament, House of Commons 1386–1421, Stroud, 1992, vol.1, p. 751, Cinque Ports
Jump up ^ J R Tanner ed., The Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge 1932) p. 517
Jump up ^ D. Jones, The Plantagenets (London 2012) p. 402
Jump up ^ J G Edwards ed., Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait (Mancheste 1933) p. 38 and 45
Jump up ^ Sigillum commune baronum, from mediaeval Latin baro, baronis (m), thus baronum is "of the barons"
Jump up ^ S. Steinberg, A New Dictionary of British History (London 1963) p. 72
Jump up ^ Moore, Peter G. (1997). "The Development of the UK National Lottery: 1992-96". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society). 160 (2): 169–185. doi:10.1111/1467-985X.00055.
Jump up ^ Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1909, pp. 182, 525.
Jump up ^ The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and Schedule 2
Sources[edit]
Burrows, Montagu. Cinque Ports. London And New York, Longmans, Green, and Co, 1888.
Ford, Ford Madox. The Cinque Ports : a historical and descriptive record. Edinburgh ; London : W. Blackwood and Sons. 1900.
Hinings, Edward. The Cinque Ports: History People and Places[1]
Jessup, Ronald Frederick. The Cinque Ports. (2nd ed.) London, New York, Batsford, 1952.
Murray, K. M. Elizabeth. The constitutional history of the Cinque ports. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1935.
External links[edit]
Cinque Ports' official site
Website for Romney Marsh and New Romney
As Parliamentary Constituencies
Coordinates: 51°4′N 1°5′E / 51.067°N 1.083°E / 51.067; 1.083
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Hastings
New Romney
Hythe
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Jump up ^ From the Book entitled The Cinque Ports. Contains endpaper maps of this area of England, also contains black-and-white photographic plates of architectural artifacts, and published by Spurbooks UK with an ISBN 0-902875-90-6.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinque_Ports&oldid=862388708"
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List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2018
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing songs in the United States. Its data, published by Billboard magazine and compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, is based collectively on each song's weekly physical and digital sales, as well as the amount of airplay received on American radio stations and streaming on online digital music outlets.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Chart history[edit]
Issue date
Song
Artist(s)
Ref.
January 3
"Perfect" Ed Sheeran duet with Beyoncé [1]
January 6
[2]
January 13
[3]
January 20
Ed Sheeran[a] [4]
January 27
"Havana" Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug [5]
February 3
"God's Plan" Drake [6]
February 10
[7]
February 17
[8]
February 24
[9]
March 3
[10]
March 10
[11]
March 17
[12]
March 24
[13]
March 31
[14]
April 7
[15]
April 14
[16]
April 21
"Nice for What" [17]
April 28
[18]
May 5
[19]
May 12
[20]
May 19
"This Is America" Childish Gambino [21]
May 26
[22]
June 2
"Nice for What" Drake [23]
See also[edit]
2018 in American music
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2018
List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2018
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ From this issue date, Billboard returned to credit solely Ed Sheeran for the chart performance of "Perfect" on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (December 26, 2017). "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' Tops Hot 100 for Third Week, G-Eazy's 'No Limit' Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 2, 2018). "Cardi B Joins The Beatles & Ashanti With First 3 Hot 100 Hits in Top 10 Simultaneously; Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 8, 2018). "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' No. 1 on Hot 100, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Back Up to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (January 16, 2018). "Ed Sheeran's 'Perfect' Rules Hot 100, Bruno Mars & Cardi B's 'Finesse' Flies to No. 3 & Justin Timberlake's 'Filthy' Debuts at No. 9". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 22, 2018). "Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With 'Havana,' Featuring Young Thug". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (January 29, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 5, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Holds at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Justin Timberlake & Chris Stapleton's 'Say Something' Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 12, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 20, 2018). "Drake Tops Billboard Hot 100 With 'God's Plan' & Debuts in Top 10 as Featured on BlocBoy JB's 'Look Alive'". Billboard. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (February 26, 2018). "Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 With 'God's Plan' for Fifth Week, Drawing Monstrous 101.7 Million U.S. Streams". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (March 5, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Post Malone's 'Psycho' Debuts at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (March 12, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week; Zedd, Maren Morris & Grey's 'The Middle' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (March 19, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (March 26, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Leads Billboard Hot 100, Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line's 'Meant to Be' Rises to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 2, 2018). "Drake Becomes First Lead Solo Male With Two 10-Week Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s, as 'God's Plan' Stays at the Summit". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 9, 2018). "'God's Plan' Becomes Drake's Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1, The Weeknd Debuts at No. 4 & Migos Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 16, 2018). "Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Billboard Hot 100, as 'Nice for What' Debuts at No. 1, Replacing 'God's Plan'". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 23, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' Holds Atop Billboard Hot 100, Nicki Minaj's 'Chun-Li' Vaults to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (April 30, 2018). "Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100, Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 7, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Psycho' No. 2 & Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 14, 2018). "Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 21, 2018). "Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Leads Hot 100, & All-Rap Top Four, For Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 29, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Lil Baby, Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
[hide]
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1960
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2018
By decade
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See also
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List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2018&oldid=843514981"
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values: Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den USA (2018) – German

values: Anexo:Sencillos número uno de Hot 100 de 2018 (EE. UU.) – Spanish

values: Liste des titres musicaux numéro un aux États-Unis en 2018 – French

values: Singoli al numero uno nella Billboard Hot 100 nel 2018 – Italian

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values: Nummer 1-hits in de Billboard Hot 100 in 2018 – Dutch

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values: Single numer jeden w roku 2018 (USA) – Polish

values: Singles número um na Billboard Hot 100 em 2018 – Portuguese

values: Список синглов № 1 в США в 2018 году (Billboard) – Russian

values: 2018'de Billboard Hot 100'da bir numara olan single'lar listesi – Turkish

values: 2018年美國告示牌百強單曲榜冠軍單曲列表 – Chinese

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