text:
Atrium (heart)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Atrium (disambiguation).
Atrium
[Picture] Front view of heart showing the atria
Details
Part of
Heart
System
Circulatory system
Identifiers
Latin
Atrium
MeSH
D006325
TA
A12.1.00.017
FMA
7099
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The atrium is the upper chamber in which blood enters the heart. There are two atria in the human heart, which receive blood - the left atrium from the lungs, and the right atrium from the venous circulation. The atria receive blood, and when the heart muscle contracts, pump blood to the ventricles. All animals with a closed circulatory system include at least one atrium / auricle (humans have two atria).
The atrium used to be called the "auricle", and that term is still used to describe this chamber in, for example, the Mollusca, but in humans that name is now used for an appendage of the atrium.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Nodes
1.2 Blood supply
1.3 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Other animals
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
Right heart anatomy
left atrial appendage shown at upper right
Humans have a four-chambered heart consisting of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The atria are the two upper chambers. The right atrium receives and holds deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins and the coronary sinus, which it then sends down to the right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve) which in turn sends it to the pulmonary artery for pulmonary circulation. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins, which it pumps to the left ventricle (through the mitral valve) for pumping out through the aorta for systemic circulation.[2][3]
The right atrium and right ventricle are often referred to as the right heart and similarly the left atrium and left ventricle are often referred to as the left heart. The atria do not have valves at their inlets [4] and as a result, a venous pulsation is normal and can be detected in the jugular vein as the jugular venous pressure.[5][6] Internally, there are the rough pectinate muscles and crista terminalis of His, which act as a boundary inside the atrium and the smooth walled part of the right atrium, the sinus venarum derived from the sinus venosus. The sinus venarum is the adult remnant of the sinus venous and it surrounds the openings of the venae cavae and the coronary sinus. [7] Attached to the right atrium is the right atrial appendage – a pouch-like extension of the pectinate muscles. The interatrial septum separates the right atrium from the left atrium and this is marked by a depression in the right atrium –the fossa ovalis. The atria are depolarised by calcium.
High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage. This appears to "function as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during other periods when left atrial pressure is high".[8]
Nodes[edit]
The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in posterior aspect of the right atrium, next to the superior vena cava. This is a group of pacemaker cells which spontaneously depolarize to create an action potential. The cardiac action potential then spreads across both atria causing them to contract, forcing the blood they hold into their corresponding ventricles.
The atrioventricular node (AV node) is another node in the cardiac electrical conduction system. This is located between the atria and the ventricles.
Blood supply[edit]
The left atrium is supplied mainly by the left circumflex coronary artery, and its small branches.[9]
The oblique vein of the left atrium is partly responsible for venous drainage; it derives from the embryonic left superior vena cava.
Development[edit]
During embryogenesis at about two weeks, a primitive atrium begins to be formed. It begins as one chamber which over the following two weeks becomes divided by the septum primum into the left atrium and the right atrium. The interatrial septum has an opening in the right atrium, the foramen ovale which provides access to the left atrium; this connects the two chambers, which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel through the lungs. The foramen ovale is no longer needed and it closes to leave a depression (the fossa ovalis) in the atrial wall.
In some cases, the foramen ovale fails to close. This abnormality is present in approximately 25% of the general population.[10] This is known as a patent foramen ovale, an atrial septal defect. It is mostly unproblematic, although it can be associated with paradoxical embolization and stroke.[10]
Within the fetal right atrium, blood from the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava flow in separate streams to different locations in the heart, and this has been reported to occur through the Coandă effect.[11] Atriums were previously named 'auricles'
Function[edit]
In human physiology, the atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart during ventricular systole.[12][13] By being partially empty and distensible, atria prevent the interruption of venous flow to the heart that would occur during ventricular systole if the veins ended at the inlet valves of the heart. In normal physiologic states, the output of the heart is pulsatile, and the venous inflow to the heart is continuous and non-pulsatile. But without functioning atria, venous flow becomes pulsatile, and the overall circulation rate decreases significantly.[14][15]
Atria have four essential characteristics that cause them to promote continuous venous flow. (1) There are no atrial inlet valves to interrupt blood flow during atrial systole. (2) The atrial systole contractions are incomplete and thus do not contract to the extent that would block flow from the veins through the atria into the ventricles. During atrial systole, blood not only empties from the atria to the ventricles, but blood continues to flow uninterrupted from the veins right through the atria into the ventricles. (3) The atrial contractions must be gentle enough so that the force of contraction does not exert significant back pressure that would impede venous flow. (4) The "let go" of the atria must be timed so that they relax before the start of ventricular contraction, to be able to accept venous flow without interruption.[13][16]
By preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole, atria allow approximately 75% more cardiac output than would otherwise occur. The fact that atrial contraction is 15% of the amount of the succeeding ventricular ejection has led to a misplaced emphasis on their role in pumping up the ventricles (the so-called "atrial kick"), whereas the key benefit of atria is in preventing circulatory inertia and allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart.[13][17]
Also, of importance in maintaining the blood flow are the presence of atrial volume receptors. These are low-pressure baroreceptors in the atria, which send signals to the hypothalamus when a drop in atrial pressure (which indicates a drop in blood volume) is detected. This triggers a release of vasopressin.[18]
Clinical significance[edit]
In an adult, an atrial septal defect would result in the flow of blood in the reverse direction – from the left atrium to the right – which will reduce cardiac output, potentially causing cardiac failure and in severe or untreated cases cardiac arrest and sudden death.
CT scan of the chest showing a thrombus in the left atrial appendage (left: axial plane, right: coronal plane)
In patients with atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease, and other conditions, blood clots have a tendency to form in the left atrial appendage.[8] The clots may dislodge (forming emboli), which may lead to ischemic damage to the brain, kidneys, or other organs supplied by the systemic circulation.[19] Left atrial appendage occlusion is an experimental treatment to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation.[20]
The left atrial appendage can serve as an approach for mitral valve surgery.[21] The left atrial appendage can be seen on a standard posteroanterior x-ray, where the lower level of the left hilum becomes concave.[22]
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Atrial flutter
Atrial tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Multifocal atrial tachycardia – several types
Premature atrial contraction
Atriomegaly
Other animals[edit]
Many other animals, including mammals, also have four-chambered hearts, which have a similar function. Some animals (amphibians and reptiles) have a three-chambered heart, in which the blood from each atrium is mixed in the single ventricle before being pumped to the aorta. In these animals, the left atrium still serves the purpose of collecting blood from the pulmonary veins.
In some fish, the circulatory system is very simple: a two-chambered heart including one atrium and one ventricle. Among sharks, the heart consists of four chambers arranged serially (and therefore called a serial heart): blood flows into the most posterior chamber, the sinus venosus, and then to the atrium which moves it to the third chamber, the ventricle, before it reaches the conus anteriosus, which itself is connected to the ventral aorta. This is considered a primitive arrangement, and many vertebrates have condensed the atrium with the sinus venosus and the ventricle with the conus anteriosus.[23]
With the advent of lungs came a partitioning of the atrium into two parts divided by a septum. Among frogs, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed in the ventricle before being pumped out to the body's organs; in turtles, the ventricle is almost entirely divided by a septum, but retains an opening through which some mixing of blood occurs. In birds, mammals, and some other reptiles (alligators in particular) the partitioning of both chambers is complete.[23]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Syncytium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Auricles (of atria) definition - Drugs.com".
Jump up ^ "Structure of the Heart".
Jump up ^ Human heart anatomy diagram. Retrieved on 2010-07-02.
Jump up ^ "American Heart Association - Building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke".
Jump up ^ "Jugular Venous Pressure. JVP information; Cannon wave".
Jump up ^ Applefeld, Mark M. (1 January 1990). Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Butterworths. PMID 21250143 – via PubMed.
Jump up ^ "Embryo Images Online".
^ Jump up to: a b Al-Saady NM; et al. (1999). "Left atrial appendage: structure, function, and role in thromboembolism: Review". Heart. 82 (5): 547–54. doi:10.1136/hrt.82.5.547. PMC 1760793  . PMID 10525506.
Jump up ^ Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; Anne M.R. Agur (2010). Clinically oriented anatomy (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 145. ISBN 9780781775250.
^ Jump up to: a b Homma, S. (2005). "Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke". Circulation. 112 (7): 1063–72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.524371. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 16103257.
Jump up ^ Ashrafian H (July 2006). "The Coanda effect and preferential right atrial streaming". Chest. 130 (1): 300. doi:10.1378/chest.130.1.300. PMID 16840419.
Jump up ^ Anderson, RM. The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd ed., 2012). See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson R.M.; Fritz J.M.; O'Hare J.E. (1967). "The Mechanical Nature of the Heart as a Pump" (PDF). American Heart Journal. 73 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(67)90313-4. PMID 6016029.
Jump up ^ The Determinants of Cardiac Output (video produced by University of Arizona Biomedical Communications; demonstration of atrial effect begings at 13:43).
Jump up ^ http://cardiac-output.info (See discussion of atrial effect in text Chapter 1.)
Jump up ^ Anderson, RM. The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd ed.) See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
Jump up ^ "The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System". Robert M. Anderson – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Lauralee (2008). Human physiology: From cells to systems (7th revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-495-39184-5.
Jump up ^ Parekh A, Jaladi R, Sharma S, Van Decker WA, Ezekowitz MD (September 2006). "Images in cardiovascular medicine. The case of a disappearing left atrial appendage thrombus: direct visualization of left atrial thrombus migration, captured by echocardiography, in a patient with atrial fibrillation, resulting in a stroke". Circulation. 114 (13): e513–14. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.617886. PMID 17000914.
Jump up ^ Stöllberger C, Schneider B, Finsterer J (December 2003). "Elimination of the left atrial appendage to prevent stroke or embolism? Anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic considerations". Chest. 124 (6): 2356–62. doi:10.1378/chest.124.6.2356. PMID 14665520.
Jump up ^ Guhathakurta S, Kurian VM, Manmohan G, Cherian KM (2004). "Mitral valve reoperation through the left atrial appendage in a patient with mesocardia". Tex Heart Inst J. 31 (3): 316–18. PMC 521780  . PMID 15562857.
Jump up ^ Corne; et al. (2002). Chest X-Ray Made Easy. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07008-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Doris R. Helms; Carl W. Helms; Robert J. Kosinski (15 December 1997). Biology in the Laboratory: With BioBytes 3.1 CD-ROM. W. H. Freeman. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7167-3146-7.
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrium_(heart)&oldid=825330980"
Categories:
Cardiac anatomy
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Bosanski
Català
Deutsch
Eesti
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
Ido
Italiano
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latina
Lietuvių
Nederlands
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Svenska
Українська
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 20:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Atrium_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Atrium (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: i

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Closed_circulatory_system
mw-redirect
Closed circulatory system

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_veins
mw-redirect
Pulmonary veins

values:
/wiki/Systemic_circulation
mw-redirect
Systemic circulation

values:
/wiki/Wilhelm_His,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Wilhelm His, Jr.

values: Circumflex branch of left coronary artery

values:
/wiki/Systole_(medicine)
mw-redirect
Systole (medicine)

values:
/wiki/Cardiac_failure
mw-redirect
Cardiac failure

values:
/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death
mw-redirect
Sudden cardiac death

values:
/wiki/Blood_clots
mw-redirect
Blood clots

values:
/wiki/Wolff-Parkinson-White_syndrome
mw-redirect
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21250143

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.82.5.547

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10525506

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-7322

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103257

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.130.1.300

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840419

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cardiac-output.info/1967AHJ.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6016029

values:
nofollow
external free
http://cardiac-output.info

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000914

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.124.6.2356

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665520

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562857

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Base_of_the_heart
mw-redirect
Base of the heart

values:
/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart
mw-redirect
Apex of the heart

values:
/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves
mw-redirect
Cusps of heart valves

values:
/wiki/Right_heart
mw-redirect
Right heart

values:
/wiki/Right_atrium
mw-redirect
Right atrium

values:
/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage
mw-redirect
Right atrial appendage

values:
/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis
mw-redirect
Limbus of fossa ovalis

values:
/wiki/Right_ventricle
mw-redirect
Right ventricle

values:
/wiki/Left_atrium
mw-redirect
Left atrium

values:
/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage
mw-redirect
Left atrial appendage

values:
/wiki/Left_ventricle
mw-redirect
Left ventricle

values: Electrical conduction system of the heart

values:
/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium
mw-redirect
Fibrous pericardium

values:
/wiki/Serous_pericardium
mw-redirect
Serous pericardium

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Atrium_(heart)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: أذين (قلب) – Arabic

values: Перадсэрдзе – Belarusian

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurikula
Aurikula – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: دهلیز (قلب) – Persian

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurikulo
Aurikulo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жүрекше – Kazakh

values: Orifis orikilo-vantrikilè – Haitian Creole

values: Предсердие – Russian

values: Срчана преткомора – Serbian

values: Передсердя – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Atrium_heart rootpage-Atrium_heart skin-vector action-view


text:
Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 is act of Government of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu, a state in India, has an exclusive Rent Control Act where the state government has the exclusive jurisdiction to legislate on the subject.[1][2]
Provisions[edit]
For Residential building, Annual rent can be 6 to 9 per cent of total cost of the building at the time construction.
For Non Residential building, Annual rent 9 to 12 per cent of total cost of the building at the time construction.
Maintenance charges can be 10 per cent of the rent.
Tenant need not pay the owner for property tax.
Additional 15% rent for a furnished house.
[3]
See also[edit]
Tamil Nadu Government Laws & Rules
Jural relationship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rental laws and gains". The Hindu Business Line. 2006-06-04. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Protection against unreasonable eviction". The Hindu. 2004-05-29. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Tamil Nadu Government Laws & Rules". http://www.tn.gov.in/. Retrieved 2014-12-13. External link in |publisher= (help)
[hide]
v
t
e
Indian Legislation
Constitution of India (amendments)
Indian Penal Code
CrPC
In Force
Consumer
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Essential Commodities Act
Essential Services Maintenance Act
Corruption
Benami Transactions
Black Money
Corruption
Lokpal
Mines & Minerals Act
2015
Money Laundering
Whistle Blowers
Criminal
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007
Arms Act, 1959
Army Act
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
Indian Evidence Act
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015
National Security Act (India)
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
Education
National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act
University Grants Commission Act, 1956
Environment
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Indian Forest Act, 1927
National Green Tribunal Act
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
CAMPA bill
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Financial
Aadhaar Act
Banking Regulation Act, 1949
COFEPOSA
Depositories Act
Electricity Act
Expenditure Tax Act, 1987
Factories Act,1948, India
Finance Act (India)
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
Foreign Exchange Management Act
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Government Securities Act, 2006
Indian Contract Act, 1872
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
Insurance Act, 1938
Minimum Wages Act 1948
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
The Competition Act, 2002
The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978
The Income-tax Act, 1961
Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976
Healthcare
Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973
Clinical Establishments Act
Dentist Act
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
Drugs and Magic Remedies Act
Indian Medical Council Act
Mental Health Act, 1987
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
Personal
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)
Majority Act (India)
Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Special Marriage Act, 1954
The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986
Social
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act
Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
National Food Security Act, 2013
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Street Vendors Act, 2014
Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act
State Laws
Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act
The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949
Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009
Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012
Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009
Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act
State Reorganisation
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Punjab
States
Telangana
Uttarakhand
Terrorism
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
Transportation
Aircraft Act
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
National Waterways Act, 2016
Inland Vessels Act
Metro Railways Act, 1978
Metro Railway Act, 2002
Organisation / Body
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949
Companies Act 2013
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
Indian Trusts Act, 1882
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932
Societies' Registration Act
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008
Repeal
Repealing and Amending Act, 2015
Repealing and Amending Act, 2016
Other
Delimitation Act
Enemy Property Act, 1968
Information Technology Act, 2000
Nuclear Liability Act
Representation of the People Act, 1951
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
Right to Information Act, 2005
State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005
The Foreigners Act, 1946
Ordinance
List of Ordinances
Repealed
Pre-Independence
Age of Consent Act, 1891
Criminal Tribes Act
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Official Secrets Act (India)
Public Debt Act, 1944
Post-Independence
Anti-Copying Act, 1992
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
Gift Tax Act, 1958
Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983
Interest Tax Act, 1974
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
Maintenance of Internal Security Act
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
The Gold (Control) Act, 1968
Wealth Tax Act, 1957
Bills
Proposed
Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013
Geospatial Information Regulation Bill
Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act
Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017
Marriage Laws Amendment Bill
Road Transport and Safety Bill
Uniform civil code
Lapsed
Women's Reservation Bill

This article about the law of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Buildings_(Lease_and_Rent_Control)_Act,_1960&oldid=748536272"
Categories:
Tamil Nadu state legislation
Housing in Tamil Nadu
Real property law
Landlord–tenant law
Indian law stubs
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 8 November 2016, at 18:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: sup

value: p

value: span

attrs: class id

values: mw-headline Provisions

value: li

values:
nofollow
http://www.tn.gov.in/
external free

values: List of amendments of the Constitution of India

values:
/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973
mw-redirect
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

values: Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988

values: Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015

values: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

values: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015

values: Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002

values: Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016

values: Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act

values: Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973

values: Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010

values: Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954

values: Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)

values: Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008

values: Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act

values: Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tamil_Nadu_Buildings_Lease_and_Rent_Control_Act_1960 rootpage-Tamil_Nadu_Buildings_Lease_and_Rent_Control_Act_1960 skin-vector action-view


text:
Ion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Ion (disambiguation).
An ion (/ˈaɪɒn, -ən/)[1] is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge. Since the charge of the electron (considered "negative" by convention) is equal and opposite to that of the proton (considered "positive" by convention), the net charge of an ion is non-zero due to its total number of electrons being unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion, with fewer electrons than protons, while an anion is negatively charged, with more electrons than protons. Because of their opposite electric currents, cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds.
Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions. In the case of physical ionization in a medium, such as a gas, "ion pairs" are created by ion collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion.[2] Ions are also created by chemical interactions, such as the dissolution of a salt in liquids, or by other means, such as passing a direct current through a conducting solution, dissolving an anode via ionization.
Contents
1 History of discovery
2 Characteristics
2.1 Anions and cations
2.2 Natural occurrences
3 Related technology
3.1 Detection of ionizing radiation
4 Chemistry
4.1 Notation
4.1.1 Denoting the charged state
4.1.2 Sub-classes
4.2 Formation
4.2.1 Formation of monatomic ions
4.2.2 Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions
4.2.3 Ionization potential
4.3 Ionic bonding
4.4 Common ions
5 See also
6 References
History of discovery[edit]
The word ion comes from the Greek word ἰόν, ion, "going", the present participle of ἰέναι, ienai, "to go". This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then-unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium.[3][4] Faraday did not know the nature of these species, but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered a solution at one electrode and new metal came forth from a solution at the other electrode; that some kind of substance has moved through the solution in a current. This conveys matter from one place to the other.
Faraday also introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion, and cation for a positively charged one. In Faraday's nomenclature, cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic device and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode.
Svante Arrhenius put forth, in his 1884 dissertation, his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[5] Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into Faraday's ions. Arrhenius proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current.[6][7][8]
Characteristics[edit]
Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive and will rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts. Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents (for example, water) to produce solvated ions, which are more stable, for reasons involving a combination of energy and entropy changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid. These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures. A common example is the ions present in seawater, which are derived from dissolved salts.
As charged objects, ions are attracted to opposite electric charges (positive to negative, and vice versa) and repelled by like charges. When they move, their trajectories can be deflected by a magnetic field.
Electrons, due to their smaller mass and thus larger space-filling properties as matter waves, determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all. Thus, anions (negatively charged ions) are larger than the parent molecule or atom, as the excess electron(s) repel each other and add to the physical size of the ion, because its size is determined by its electron cloud. Cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of the electron cloud. One particular cation (that of hydrogen) contains no electrons, and thus consists of a single proton - very much smaller than the parent hydrogen atom.
Anions and cations[edit]
Hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only charge-+1 cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.
"Cation" and "Anion" redirect here. For the particle physics/quantum computing concept, see Anyon. For other uses, see Ion (disambiguation).
Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.
An anion (−) (/ˈæn.aɪ.ən/), from the Greek word ἄνω (ánō), meaning "up",[9] is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).[10]
A cation (+) (/ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/), from the Greek word κάτω (káto), meaning "down",[11] is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.[12]
There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges. For example, an ion with a −2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a +2 charge is known as a dication. A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule.[13]
Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size: "Cations are small, most of them less than 10−10 m (10−8 cm) in radius. But most anions are large, as is the most common Earth anion, oxygen. From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a crystal is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them."[14]
A cation has radius less than 0.8 × 10−10 m (0.8 Å) while an anion has radius greater than 1.3 × 10−10 m (1.3 Å).[15]
Natural occurrences[edit]
Further information: List of oxidation states of the elements
Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth's ionosphere. Atoms in their ionic state may have a different colour from neutral atoms, and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the colour of gemstones. In both inorganic and organic chemistry (including biochemistry), the interaction of water and ions is extremely important; an example is the energy that drives breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The following sections describe contexts in which ions feature prominently; these are arranged in decreasing physical length-scale, from the astronomical to the microscopic.
Related technology[edit]
Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources, usually involving high voltage or temperature. These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters, and ion engines.
As reactive charged particles, they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes, and in household items such as smoke detectors.
As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes, the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death. This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides, including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin (a fungicide).
Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids, a widely-known indicator of water quality.
Detection of ionizing radiation[edit]
Schematic of an ion chamber, showing drift of ions. Electrons drift faster than positive ions due to their much smaller mass.[2]
Avalanche effect between two electrodes. The original ionization event liberates one electron, and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron, so two electrons emerge from each collision: the ionizing electron and the liberated electron.
The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma and X-rays. The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an "ion pair"; a positive ion and a free electron, by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules. The ionization chamber is the simplest of these detectors, and collects all the charges created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field.[2]
The Geiger–Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon known as a Townsend avalanche to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact.
Chemistry[edit]
Notation[edit]
Denoting the charged state[edit]
Equivalent notations for an iron atom (Fe) that lost two electrons, referred to as ferrous.
When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2+ instead of +2. However, the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the sodium cation is indicated as Na+ and not Na1+.
An alternative (and acceptable) way of showing a molecule/atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times, this is often seen with transition metals. Chemists sometimes circle the sign; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning. All three representations of Fe2+
shown in the figure, are thus equivalent.
Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the uranyl ion. The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals, whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge.
Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals; for example, the Fe2+
example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe(II) or FeII. The Roman numeral designates the formal oxidation state of an element, whereas the superscripted numerals denote the net charge. The two notations are, therefore, exchangeable for monatomic ions, but the Roman numerals cannot be applied to polyatomic ions. However, it is possible to mix the notations for the individual metal centre with a polyatomic complex, as shown by the uranyl ion example.
Sub-classes[edit]
If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a radical ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called oxyanions. Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions. If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon, it is termed a carbocation (if positively charged) or carbanion (if negatively charged).
Formation[edit]
Formation of monatomic ions[edit]
Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell (the outer-most electron shell) in an atom. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization.
Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") electronic configurations. Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy.
For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons. Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration, becoming a sodium cation in the process
Na → Na+
+
e−
On the other hand, a chlorine atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short of the stable, filled shell with 8 electrons. Thus, a chlorine atom tends to gain an extra electron and attain a stable 8-electron configuration, becoming a chloride anion in the process:
Cl +
e−
→ Cl−
This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction, wherein the "extra" electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine, forming sodium cations and chloride anions. Being oppositely charged, these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine to form sodium chloride, NaCl, more commonly known as table salt.
Na+
+ Cl−
→ NaCl
Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions[edit]
An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO−
3). The 3-dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary isopotential.
Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton, H+, in neutral molecules. For example, when ammonia, NH3, accepts a proton, H+—a process called protonation—it forms the ammonium ion, NH+
4. Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration, but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge.
Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge, forming the ion NH•+
3. However, this ion is unstable, because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom, making it a very reactive radical ion.
Due to the instability of radical ions, polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as H+
, rather than gaining or losing electrons. This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge.
Ionization potential[edit]
Main article: Ionization potential
The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first n − 1 electrons have already been detached.
Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last. Particularly great increases occur after any given block of atomic orbitals is exhausted of electrons. For this reason, ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks. For example, sodium has one valence electron in its outermost shell, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron, as Na+
. On the other side of the periodic table, chlorine has seven valence electrons, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron, as Cl−
. Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest.[16] In general, the ionization energy of metals is much lower than the ionization energy of nonmetals, which is why, in general, metals will lose electrons to form positively charged ions and nonmetals will gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
Ionic bonding[edit]
Main article: Ionic bond
Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions of like charge repel each other, and ions of opposite charge attract each other. Therefore, ions do not usually exist on their own, but will bind with ions of opposite charge to form a crystal lattice. The resulting compound is called an ionic compound, and is said to be held together by ionic bonding. In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived.
The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals (except noble gases, which rarely form chemical compounds). Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable, closed-shell electronic configuration. As such, they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration. This property is known as electropositivity. Non-metals, on the other hand, are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration. As such, they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration. This tendency is known as electronegativity. When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal, the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron-deficient nonmetal atoms. This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions, which are attracted to each other to form a salt.
Common ions[edit]
Common cations[17]
Common name
Formula
Historic name
Simple cations
Aluminium Al3+
Barium Ba2+
Beryllium Be2+
Calcium Ca2+
Chromium(III) Cr3+
Copper(I) Cu+ cuprous
Copper(II) Cu2+ cupric
Hydrogen H+
Iron(II) Fe2+ ferrous
Iron(III) Fe3+ ferric
Lead(II) Pb2+ plumbous
Lead(IV) Pb4+ plumbic
Lithium Li+
Magnesium Mg2+
Manganese(II) Mn2+
Mercury(II) Hg2+ mercuric
Potassium K+ kalic
Silver Ag+ argentous
Sodium Na+ natric
Strontium Sr2+
Tin(II) Sn2+ stannous
Tin(IV) Sn4+ stannic
Zinc Zn2+
Polyatomic cations
Ammonium NH+
4
Hydronium H3O+
Mercury(I) Hg2+
2 mercurous
Common anions[17]
Formal name
Formula
Alt. name
Simple anions
Azide N−
3
Bromide Br−
Chloride Cl−
Fluoride F−
Hydride H−
Iodide I−
Nitride N3−
Oxide O2−
Sulfide S2−
Oxoanions (Polyatomic ions)[17]
Carbonate CO2−
3
Chlorate ClO−
3
Chromate CrO2−
4
Dichromate Cr
2O2−
7
Dihydrogen phosphate H
2PO−
4
Hydrogen carbonate HCO−
3 bicarbonate
Hydrogen sulfate HSO−
4 bisulfate
Hydrogen sulfite HSO−
3 bisulfite
Hydroxide OH−
Hypochlorite ClO−
Monohydrogen phosphate HPO2−
4
Nitrate NO−
3
Nitrite NO−
2
Perchlorate ClO−
4
Permanganate MnO−
4
Peroxide O2−
2
Phosphate PO3−
4
Sulfate SO2−
4
Sulfite SO2−
3
Superoxide O−
2
Thiosulfate S
2O2−
3
Silicate SiO4−
4
Metasilicate SiO2−
3
Aluminium silicate AlSiO−
4
Anions from organic acids
Acetate CH
3COO−
ethanoate
Formate HCOO−
methanoate
Oxalate C
2O2−
4 ethanedioate
Cyanide CN−
See also[edit]
Air ionizer
Auroras
Gaseous ionization detectors
Ion beam
Ion exchange
Ionizing radiation
List of oxidation states of the elements
Stopping power of radiation particles
Ioliomics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ion" entry in Collins English Dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b c Knoll, Glenn F (1999). Radiation detection and measurement (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-07338-5.
Jump up ^ Michael Faraday (1791-1867). UK: BBC.
Jump up ^ "Online etymology dictionary". Retrieved 2011-01-07.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". www.nobelprize.org.
Jump up ^ Harris, William; Levey, Judith, eds. (1975). The New Columbia Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York City: Columbia University. p. 155. ISBN 0-231035-721.
Jump up ^ McHenry, Charles, ed. (1992). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 587. ISBN 085-229553-7.
Jump up ^ Cillispie, Charles, ed. (1970). Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1 ed.). New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 296–302. ISBN 0-684101-122.
Jump up ^ Oxford University Press (2013). "Oxford Reference: OVERVIEW anion". oxfordreference.com.
Jump up ^ University of Colorado Boulder (November 21, 2013). "Atoms and Elements, Isotopes and Ions". colorado.edu.
Jump up ^ Oxford University Press (2013). "Oxford Reference: OVERVIEW cation". oxfordreference.com.
Jump up ^ Douglas W. Haywick, Ph.D.; University of South Alabama (2007–2008). "Elemental Chemistry" (PDF). usouthal.edu.
Jump up ^ Purdue University (November 21, 2013). "Amino Acids". purdue.edu.
Jump up ^ Frank Press & Raymond Siever (1986) Earth, 14th edition, page 63, W. H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0-7167-1743-3
Jump up ^ Linus Pauling (1960) Nature of the Chemical Bond, p. 544, at Google Books
Jump up ^ Chemical elements listed by ionization energy. Lenntech.com
^ Jump up to: a b c "Common Ions and Their Charges" (PDF).
show
v
t
e
Galvanic cells
Types
Voltaic pile
Battery
Flow battery
Trough battery
Concentration cell
Fuel cell
Thermogalvanic cell
Primary cell
(non-rechargeable)
Alkaline
Aluminium–air
Bunsen
Chromic acid
Clark
Daniell
Dry
Edison-Lalande
Grove
Leclanché
Lithium
Mercury
Nickel oxyhydroxide
Silicon–air
Silver oxide
Weston
Zamboni
Zinc–air
Zinc–carbon
Secondary cell
(rechargeable)
Automotive
Lead–acid
gel / VRLA
Lithium–air
Lithium–ion
Lithium polymer
Lithium iron phosphate
Lithium titanate
Lithium–sulfur
Dual carbon battery
Molten salt
Nanopore
Nanowire
Nickel–cadmium
Nickel–hydrogen
Nickel–iron
Nickel–lithium
Nickel–metal hydride
Nickel–zinc
Polysulfide bromide
Potassium-ion
Rechargeable alkaline
Sodium-ion
Sodium–sulfur
Vanadium redox
Zinc–bromine
Zinc–cerium
Cell parts
Anode
Binder
Catalyst
Cathode
Electrode
Electrolyte
Half-cell
Ions
Salt bridge
Semipermeable membrane
Authority control
BNF: cb11966631g (data)
GND: 4027597-8
LCCN: sh85067842
SUDOC: 027673707
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion&oldid=866494369"
Categories:
Ions
Physical chemistry
Charge carriers
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
EngvarB from September 2016
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
Yorùbá
粵語
中文
93 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 17:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Ion_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ion (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: wbr

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Matter_waves
mw-redirect
Matter waves

values:
/wiki/Electron_cloud
mw-redirect
Electron cloud

values: List of oxidation states of the elements

values:
/wiki/Optical_emission_spectrometer
mw-redirect
Optical emission spectrometer

values:
/wiki/Particle_accelerators
mw-redirect
Particle accelerators

values:
/wiki/Ion_channels
mw-redirect
Ion channels

values: Edit section: Detection of ionizing radiation

values:
/wiki/Townsend_avalanche
mw-redirect
Townsend avalanche

values: Edit section: Denoting the charged state

values: Edit section: Formation of monatomic ions

values: Edit section: Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions

values:
/wiki/Nitrate_ion
mw-redirect
Nitrate ion

values:
/wiki/Ionization_potential
mw-redirect
Ionization potential

values:
/wiki/Crystal_lattice
mw-redirect
Crystal lattice

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_carbonate
mw-redirect
Hydrogen carbonate

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfate
mw-redirect
Hydrogen sulfate

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfite
mw-redirect
Hydrogen sulfite

values:
/wiki/Metasilicate_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect
Metasilicate (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Air_ionizer
mw-redirect
Air ionizer

values:
/wiki/Gaseous_ionization_detectors
mw-redirect
Gaseous ionization detectors

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Battery_(electricity)
mw-redirect
Battery (electricity)

values:
/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg
image
Galvanic cell

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Edison-Lalande_cell
mw-redirect
Edison-Lalande cell

values:
/wiki/Molten_salt_battery
mw-redirect
Molten salt battery

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027597-8

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027673707

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ion
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Ion&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioon
Ioon – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0on
İon – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Іён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Fon
Ïon – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioon
Ioon – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono
Jono – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioi
Ioi – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian
Ian – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeane
Eeane – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3n
Ión – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono
Iono – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione
Ione – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Ион (электроника) – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon
Anyon – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eyon
Îyon – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Иондор – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jons
Jons – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun
Jun – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio
Rio – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: အိုင်ယွန် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione
Ione – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon
Jon – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Don
Íon – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyun
Iyun – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni
Joni – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni
Ioni – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Simple English
en-simple
en-simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon
Jon – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni
Ioni – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon
Jon – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono
Iono – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: அயனி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: అయాన్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ไอออน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yon
İyon – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion
Ion – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iono
Iono – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ion rootpage-Ion skin-vector action-view