text:
List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article contains a complete list of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City since 2006. The 2006 edition was the first edition of the Michelin Guide to New York City to be published. It was the first time Michelin published a Red Guide for a region outside Europe.[1]
Alphabetic list[edit]
Name
Borough
2006
(39)[2]
2007
(39)[3]
2008
(42)[4][5]
2009
(42)[6][7]
2010
(55)[8]
2011
(57)[9]
2012
(62)[10]
2013
(67)[11][12]
2014
(67)[13]
2015
(73)[14]
2016
(76)[15]
2017
(77)[16]
2018
(72)[17]
15 East Manhattan
A Voce Columbus Manhattan Closed[18]
A Voce Madison Manhattan Closed[19]
Adour Manhattan Closed[20]
Agern Manhattan
Ai Fiori Manhattan
Alain Ducasse at the Essex House Manhattan Closed[21]
Aldea Manhattan
Allen & Delancey Manhattan Closed[22]
Alto Manhattan Closed[23]
Andanada Manhattan
Annisa Manhattan Closed[24]
Anthos Manhattan Closed[25]
L'Appart Manhattan
Aquavit Manhattan
Aska Brooklyn
L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Manhattan Closed[26]
Atera Manhattan
Aureole Manhattan
Babbo Manhattan
Bar Uchū Manhattan
Bâtard Manhattan
Le Bernardin Manhattan
Betony Manhattan Closed[27]
Blanca Brooklyn
BLT Fish Manhattan Closed[28]
Blue Hill Manhattan
Bouley Manhattan
The Breslin Manhattan
Brushstroke Manhattan
Café Boulud Manhattan
Café China Manhattan
Café Gray Manhattan Closed[29]
Cagen Manhattan
Carbone Manhattan
Casa Enrique Queens
Casa Mono Manhattan
Caviar Russe Manhattan
Chef's Table at Brooklyn Fare Manhattan
The Clocktower Manhattan
Contra Manhattan
Convivio Manhattan Closed[30]
Corton Manhattan Closed
Cote Manhattan
Country Manhattan
Craft Manhattan
Cru Manhattan
Daniel Manhattan
Danji Manhattan
Danny Brown Wine Bar & Kitchen Queens Closed[31]
Danube Manhattan
Del Posto Manhattan
Delaware & Hudson Brooklyn
Devi Manhattan
Dovetail Manhattan
Dressler Brooklyn
Eighty-One Manhattan
Eleven Madison Park Manhattan
Etats-Unis Manhattan
Faro Brooklyn
Fiamma Osteria Manhattan
The Finch Brooklyn
Fleur de Sel Manhattan
Gabriel Kreuther Manhattan
Gilt Manhattan
Gordon Ramsay at The London Manhattan
Gotham Bar and Grill Manhattan
La Goulue Manhattan
Gramercy Tavern Manhattan
Gunter Seeger Manhattan
Hakkasan Manhattan
Heartbreak Manhattan
Hirohisa Manhattan
Ichimura at Brushstroke Manhattan
Insieme Manhattan
Jean-Georges Manhattan
Jewel Bako Manhattan
JoJo Manhattan
Jungsik Manhattan
Juni Manhattan
Junoon Manhattan
Kajitsu Manhattan
Kanoyama Manhattan
Kurumazushi Manhattan
Kyo Ya Manhattan
Lan Sheng Manhattan
Laut Manhattan
Lever House Manhattan
Lincoln Manhattan
Lo Scalco Manhattan
Luksus at Torst Brooklyn
M. Wells Steakhouse Queens
Marc Forgione Manhattan
March Manhattan
Marea Manhattan
Masa Manhattan
Meadowsweet Brooklyn
Minetta Tavern Manhattan
The Modern Manhattan
Momofuku Ko Manhattan
The Musket Room Manhattan
Nix Manhattan
Nobu Manhattan
The NoMad Manhattan
Oceana Manhattan
Per Se Manhattan
Perry Street Manhattan
Peter Luger Steak House Brooklyn
Picholine Manhattan
Piora Manhattan Closed[32]
Pok Pok NY Brooklyn
Public Manhattan Closed[33]
Rebelle Manhattan
Le Restaurant Manhattan Closed
Rhong-Tiam Manhattan
The River Café Brooklyn
Rosanjin Manhattan Closed[34]
Rouge Tomate Manhattan
Satsuki Manhattan
Saul Brooklyn
Scalini Fedeli Manhattan
Seäsonal Manhattan Closed
Semilla Brooklyn Closed[35]
Shalezeh Manhattan Closed
SHO Shaun Hergatt Manhattan Closed[36]
La Sirena Manhattan
Somtum Der Manhattan
Soto Manhattan Closed[37]
The Spotted Pig Manhattan
Sushi Amane Manhattan
Sushi Azabu Manhattan
Sushi Ginza Onodera Manhattan
Sushi Inoue Manhattan
Sushi of Gari Manhattan
Sushi Yasuda Manhattan
Sushi Zo Manhattan
Take Root Brooklyn Closed[38]
Tamarind Tribeca Manhattan
Telepan Manhattan Closed[39]
Tempura Matsui Manhattan
Tori Shin Manhattan
Torrisi Italian Specialities Manhattan Closed[40]
Tulsi Manhattan Closed
Uncle Boons Manhattan
Ushiwakamaru Manhattan
La Vara Brooklyn
Veritas Manhattan Closed[41]
Vong Manhattan Closed[42]
Wallsé Manhattan
wd~50 Manhattan Closed[43]
Zabb Elee Queens
ZZ's Clam Bar Manhattan
See also[edit]
List of restaurants in New York City
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fabricant, F. (23 February 2005). "The Tire Man Eats New York". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "ViaMichelin: MICHELIN SELECTS BEST RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS IN NEW YORK CITY" (PDF). 1 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Fabricant, F. (25 October 2006). "Michelin Guide Cuts Ranks of Three-Star New York Restaurants to 3". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Fox, N. (8 October 2007). "The Tire Man Weighs In". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Third Edition of the Michelin Guide New York City Released". PR Newswire. 8 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Fabricant, F. (7 October 2008). "Masa and Mas Win in New Food Guides". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Leventhal, B. (5 October 2008). "BREAKING: Michelin '09 Star Picks Here! Now!". Eater. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Kludt, A. (5 October 2009). "Michelin 2010 Guide Unleashed: New Stars for Daniel, Corton". Eater. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Guide Unleashed: New Stars for Marea, Dovetail". Eater NY. 6 October 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michelin Welcomes 2 New 3-Star Restaurants for 2012". PR Newswire. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Frabricant, F. (2 October 2012). "Seven Retain Michelin's 3 Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Morabito, Greg (October 2, 2012). "2013 Michelin Guide Star Ratings Unleashed". Eater NY. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morabito, G. (1 October 2013). "The Michelin Guide to New York City 2014 Unleashed". Eater. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Sutton, R. (30 September 2014). "Michelin Unveils Its 2015 Winners (Blanca, Aquavit) and Losers (Daniel, Nakazawa) for New York". Eater. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Sutton, R. (30 September 2015). "Danny Meyer's The Modern Is The Big NYC Michelin Winner for 2016". Eater. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Hua, K. (16 November 2016). "The 2017 New York City Michelin Star Restaurant Guide". Forbes. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "New York City MICHELIN Guide 2018". Michelin Media. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Dai, Serena. "A Voce Columbus Circle Closes After Bankruptcy Approved".
Jump up ^ Dai, Serena. "Once-Heralded Italian Restaurant A Voce Shutters Its Final Location".
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence. "Alain Ducasse to Close Adour in New York".
Jump up ^ Cuozzo, Steve. "Alain vs. NYC".
Jump up ^ Kludt, Amanda. "Could This Be the Final Nail in the Coffin for Allen & Delancey?".
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence. "Alto Has Closed".
Jump up ^ Tuder, Stefanie. "Annisa Shutters After 17 Years, Leaving Behind a Legacy of Anita Lo-Trained Chefs".
Jump up ^ Kludt, Amanda. "Donatella Arpaia Sells Anthos Space to Steakhouse Family".
Jump up ^ Morabito, Greg. "L'Atelier De Joel Robuchon to Close on June 30".
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence. "Betony, a Three-Star Restaurant in Midtown, Will Close".
Jump up ^ Preston, Marguerite. "BLT Fish Closes for Renovations After Tonight".
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence. "Off the Menu".
Jump up ^ Kludt, Amanda. "Chris Cannon Shutters Convivio and Alto".
Jump up ^ Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa. "Danny Brown Won't Reopen in Forest Hills, Owners Say".
Jump up ^ McCart, Melissa (30 June 2017). "Michelin-Starred Piora Is Temporarily Closing". Eater. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Diez, Patty (22 February 2017). "Michelin-Starred Public Will Close This Summer". Eater. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rosanjin Has Closed". Tribeca Citizen. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Sutton, Ryan (23 March 2017). "Michelin-Starred Semilla in Williamsburg Will Close [Updated]". Eater. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Alexander (9 April 2013). "The Exchange, Née SHO Shaun Hergatt, Has Closed". Eater. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Dai, Serena. "Michelin-Starred Sushi Restaurant Soto to Close This Month".
Jump up ^ Tishgart, Sierra (16 February 2017). "Why Brooklyn's Take Root Will Close at the Peak of Success". Grub Street. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence (16 May 2016). "Telepan, an Upper West Side Mainstay, Has Closed". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Preston, Marguerite (21 November 2014). "Torrisi Italian Specialties to Close in the New Year, to Make Way for Something More Exclusive". Eater. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Morabito, Greg. "Sam Hazen's Three-Star Restaurant Veritas Has Closed".
Jump up ^ Kludt, Amanda (3 November 2009). "Jean-Georges to Shutter Vong on Saturday (With Update)". Eater. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Gordinier, Jeff (11 June 2014). "Wylie Dufresne Says He Is Forced to Close WD-50". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_in_New_York_City&oldid=848441929"
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text:
Electromagnet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For a broader coverage of this topic, see Electromagnetism.
A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. A core of ferromagnetic material like iron serves to increase the magnetic field created.[1] The strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of current through the winding.[1]
Magnetic field produced by a solenoid (coil of wire). This drawing shows a cross section through the center of the coil. The crosses are wires in which current is moving into the page; the dots are wires in which current is moving up out of the page.
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole in the center of the coil. The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material such as iron; the magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more powerful magnet.
The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding. However, unlike a permanent magnet that needs no power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to maintain the magnetic field.
Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as motors, generators, electromechanical solenoids, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment. Electromagnets are also employed in industry for picking up and moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses of electromagnets
3 Simple solenoid
4 Physics
4.1 Ampere's law
4.2 Magnetic core
4.3 Magnetic circuit – the constant B field approximation
4.4 Magnetic field created by a current
4.5 Force exerted by magnetic field
4.6 Closed magnetic circuit
4.7 Force between electromagnets
5 Side effects
5.1 Ohmic heating
5.2 Inductive voltage spikes
5.3 Lorentz forces
5.4 Core losses
6 High field electromagnets
6.1 Superconducting electromagnets
6.2 Bitter electromagnets
6.3 Explosively pumped flux compression
7 Definition of terms
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Sturgeon's electromagnet, 1824
One of Henry's electromagnets that could lift hundreds of pounds, 1830s
Closeup of a large Henry electromagnet
Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that electric currents create magnetic fields. British scientist William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1824.[3][4] His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings. When a current was passed through the coil, the iron became magnetized and attracted other pieces of iron; when the current was stopped, it lost magnetization. Sturgeon displayed its power by showing that although it only weighed seven ounces (roughly 200 grams), it could lift nine pounds (roughly 4 kilos) when the current of a single-cell battery was applied. However, Sturgeon's magnets were weak because the uninsulated wire he used could only be wrapped in a single spaced out layer around the core, limiting the number of turns.
Beginning in 1830, US scientist Joseph Henry systematically improved and popularized the electromagnet.[5][6] By using wire insulated by silk thread, and inspired by Schweigger's use of multiple turns of wire to make a galvanometer,[7] he was able to wind multiple layers of wire on cores, creating powerful magnets with thousands of turns of wire, including one that could support 2,063 lb (936 kg). The first major use for electromagnets was in telegraph sounders.
The magnetic domain theory of how ferromagnetic cores work was first proposed in 1906 by French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and the detailed modern quantum mechanical theory of ferromagnetism was worked out in the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch and others.
Uses of electromagnets[edit]
Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron, 1914
A portative electromagnet is one designed to just hold material in place; an example is a lifting magnet. A tractive electromagnet applies a force and moves something.[8]
Electromagnets are very widely used in electric and electromechanical devices, including:
Motors and generators
Transformers
Relays
Electric bells and buzzers
Loudspeakers and headphones
Actuators such as valves
Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders, VCRs, hard disks
MRI machines
Scientific equipment such as mass spectrometers
Particle accelerators
Magnetic locks
Magnetic separation equipment, used for separating magnetic from nonmagnetic material, for example separating ferrous metal from other material in scrap.
Industrial lifting magnets
magnetic levitation, used in a maglev train or trains
Induction heating for cooking, manufacturing, and hyperthermia therapy
Laboratory electromagnet. Produces 2 T field with 20 A current.
Magnet in a mass spectrometer
AC electromagnet on the stator of an electric motor
Magnets in an electric bell
Simple solenoid[edit]
A common tractive electromagnet is a uniformly-wound solenoid and plunger. The solenoid is a coil of wire, and the plunger is made of a material such as soft iron. Applying a current to the solenoid applies a force to the plunger and may make it move. The plunger stops moving when the forces upon it are balanced. For example, the forces are balanced when the plunger is centered in the solenoid.
The maximum uniform pull happens when one end of the plunger is at the middle of the solenoid. An approximation for the force F is[8]
F = C A n I / l {\displaystyle F=CAnI/l}
where C is a proportionality constant, A is the cross-sectional area of the plunger, n is the number of turns in the solenoid, I is the current through the solenoid wire, and l is the length of the solenoid. For units using inches, pounds force, and amperes with long, slender, solenoids, the value of C is around 0.009 to 0.010 psi (maximum pull pounds per square inch of plunger cross-sectional area).[9] For example, a 12-inch long coil (l=12 in) with a long plunger of 1-square inch cross section (A=1 in2) and 11,200 ampere-turns (n I=11,200 Aturn) had a maximum pull of 8.75 pounds (corresponding to C=0.0094 psi).[10]
The maximum pull is increased when a magnetic stop is inserted into the solenoid. The stop becomes a magnet that will attract the plunger; it adds little to the solenoid pull when the plunger is far away but dramatically increases the pull when they are close. An approximation for the pull P is[11]
P = A n I [ ( n I / l a 2 C 1 2 ) + ( C / l ) ] = ( A n 2 I 2 / l a 2 C 1 2 ) + ( C A n I / l ) {\displaystyle P=AnI[(nI/l_{\mathrm {a} }^{2}C_{1}^{2})+(C/l)]=(An^{2}I^{2}/l_{\mathrm {a} }^{2}C_{1}^{2})+(CAnI/l)}
Here la is the distance between the end of the stop and the end of the plunger. The additional constant C1 for units of inches, pounds, and amperes with slender solenoids is about 2660. The second term within the bracket represents the same force as the stop-less solenoid above; the first term represents the attraction between the stop and the plunger.
Some improvements can be made on the basic design. The ends of the stop and plunger are often conical. For example, the plunger may have a pointed end that fits into a matching recess in the stop. The shape makes the solenoid's pull more uniform as a function of separation. Another improvement is to add a magnetic return path around the outside of the solenoid (an "iron-clad solenoid").[12][13] The magnetic return path, just as the stop, has little impact until the air gap is small.
Physics[edit]
Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented according to the right-hand rule.
The magnetic field lines of a current-carrying loop of wire pass through the center of the loop, concentrating the field there
An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire, due to Ampere's law (see drawing below). To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side.[2] The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the center of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field there.[2] A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid.[1][2]
The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form of the right-hand rule.[14][15] If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current flow (conventional current, flow of positive charge) through the windings, the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is defined to be the north pole.
Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "magnetic core" of a soft ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic) material, such as iron, is placed inside the coil.[1][2][16][17] A core can increase the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of the field of the coil alone, due to the high magnetic permeability μ of the material.[1][2] This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core electromagnet. However, not all electromagnets use cores, and the very strongest electromagnets, such as superconducting and the very high current electromagnets, cannot use them due to saturation.
Ampere's law[edit]
For definitions of the variables below, see box at end of article.
The magnetic field of electromagnets in the general case is given by Ampere's Law:
∫ J ⋅ d A = ∮  H ⋅ d l {\displaystyle \int \mathbf {J} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =\oint \mathbf {H} \cdot d\mathbf {l} }
which says that the integral of the magnetizing field H around any closed loop of the field is equal to the sum of the current flowing through the loop. Another equation used, that gives the magnetic field due to each small segment of current, is the Biot–Savart law. Computing the magnetic field and force exerted by ferromagnetic materials is difficult for two reasons. First, because the strength of the field varies from point to point in a complicated way, particularly outside the core and in air gaps, where fringing fields and leakage flux must be considered. Second, because the magnetic field B and force are nonlinear functions of the current, depending on the nonlinear relation between B and H for the particular core material used. For precise calculations, computer programs that can produce a model of the magnetic field using the finite element method are employed.
Magnetic core[edit]
The material of a magnetic core (often made of iron or steel) is composed of small regions called magnetic domains that act like tiny magnets (see ferromagnetism). Before the current in the electromagnet is turned on, the domains in the iron core point in random directions, so their tiny magnetic fields cancel each other out, and the iron has no large-scale magnetic field. When a current is passed through the wire wrapped around the iron, its magnetic field penetrates the iron, and causes the domains to turn, aligning parallel to the magnetic field, so their tiny magnetic fields add to the wire's field, creating a large magnetic field that extends into the space around the magnet. The effect of the core is to concentrate the field, and the magnetic field passes through the core more easily than it would pass through air.
The larger the current passed through the wire coil, the more the domains align, and the stronger the magnetic field is. Finally, all the domains are lined up, and further increases in current only cause slight increases in the magnetic field: this phenomenon is called saturation.
When the current in the coil is turned off, in the magnetically soft materials that are nearly always used as cores, most of the domains lose alignment and return to a random state and the field disappears. However, some of the alignment persists, because the domains have difficulty turning their direction of magnetization, leaving the core a weak permanent magnet. This phenomenon is called hysteresis and the remaining magnetic field is called remanent magnetism. The residual magnetization of the core can be removed by degaussing. In alternating current electromagnets, such as are used in motors, the core's magnetization is constantly reversed, and the remanence contributes to the motor's losses.
Magnetic circuit – the constant B field approximation[edit]
Magnetic field (green) of a typical electromagnet, with the iron core C forming a closed loop with two air gaps G in it.
B – magnetic field in the core
BF – "fringing fields". In the gaps G the magnetic field lines "bulge" out, so the field strength is less than in the core: BF < B
BL – leakage flux; magnetic field lines which don't follow complete magnetic circuit
L – average length of the magnetic circuit used in eq. 1 below. It is the sum of the length Lcore in the iron core pieces and the length Lgap in the air gaps G.
Both the leakage flux and the fringing fields get larger as the gaps are increased, reducing the force exerted by the magnet.
In many practical applications of electromagnets, such as motors, generators, transformers, lifting magnets, and loudspeakers, the iron core is in the form of a loop or magnetic circuit, possibly broken by a few narrow air gaps.[2] This is because the magnetic field lines are in the form of closed loops. Iron presents much less "resistance" (reluctance) to the magnetic field than air, so a stronger field can be obtained if most of the magnetic field's path is within the core.[2]
Since most of the magnetic field is confined within the outlines of the core loop, this allows a simplification of the mathematical analysis.[2] See the drawing at right. A common simplifying assumption satisfied by many electromagnets, which will be used in this section, is that the magnetic field strength B is constant around the magnetic circuit (within the core and air gaps) and zero outside it. Most of the magnetic field will be concentrated in the core material (C). Within the core the magnetic field (B) will be approximately uniform across any cross section, so if in addition the core has roughly constant area throughout its length, the field in the core will be constant.[2] This just leaves the air gaps (G), if any, between core sections. In the gaps the magnetic field lines are no longer confined by the core, so they 'bulge' out beyond the outlines of the core before curving back to enter the next piece of core material, reducing the field strength in the gap.[2] The bulges (BF) are called fringing fields.[2] However, as long as the length of the gap is smaller than the cross section dimensions of the core, the field in the gap will be approximately the same as in the core. In addition, some of the magnetic field lines (BL) will take 'short cuts' and not pass through the entire core circuit, and thus will not contribute to the force exerted by the magnet. This also includes field lines that encircle the wire windings but do not enter the core. This is called leakage flux. Therefore, the equations in this section are valid for electromagnets for which:
the magnetic circuit is a single loop of core material, possibly broken by a few air gaps
the core has roughly the same cross sectional area throughout its length.
any air gaps between sections of core material are not large compared with the cross sectional dimensions of the core.
there is negligible leakage flux
The main nonlinear feature of ferromagnetic materials is that the B field saturates at a certain value,[2] which is around 1.6 to 2 teslas (T) for most high permeability core steels.[18][19][20] The B field increases quickly with increasing current up to that value, but above that value the field levels off and becomes almost constant, regardless of how much current is sent through the windings.[2] So the maximum strength of the magnetic field possible from an iron core electromagnet is limited to around 1.6 to 2 T.[18][20]
Magnetic field created by a current[edit]
The magnetic field created by an electromagnet is proportional to both the number of turns in the winding, N, and the current in the wire, I, hence this product, NI, in ampere-turns, is given the name magnetomotive force. For an electromagnet with a single magnetic circuit, of which length Lcore of the magnetic field path is in the core material and length Lgap is in air gaps, Ampere's Law reduces to:[2][21][22]
N I = H c o r e L c o r e + H g a p L g a p {\displaystyle NI=H_{\mathrm {core} }L_{\mathrm {core} }+H_{\mathrm {gap} }L_{\mathrm {gap} }\,}
N I = B ( L c o r e μ + L g a p μ 0 ) ( 1 ) {\displaystyle NI=B\left({\frac {L_{\mathrm {core} }}{\mu }}+{\frac {L_{\mathrm {gap} }}{\mu _{0}}}\right)\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad (1)\,}
where
μ = B / H {\displaystyle \mu =B/H\,} is the magnetic permeability of the core material at the particular B field used.
μ 0 = 4 π ( 10 − 7 ) N ⋅ A − 2 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi (10^{-7})\ \mathrm {N} \cdot \mathrm {A} ^{-2}} is the permeability of free space (or air); note that A {\displaystyle \mathrm {A} } in this definition is amperes.
This is a nonlinear equation, because the permeability of the core, μ, varies with the magnetic field B. For an exact solution, the value of μ at the B value used must be obtained from the core material hysteresis curve.[2] If B is unknown, the equation must be solved by numerical methods. However, if the magnetomotive force is well above saturation, so the core material is in saturation, the magnetic field will be approximately the saturation value Bsat for the material, and won't vary much with changes in NI. For a closed magnetic circuit (no air gap) most core materials saturate at a magnetomotive force of roughly 800 ampere-turns per meter of flux path.
For most core materials, μ r = μ / μ 0 ≈ 2000 − 6000 {\displaystyle \mu _{r}=\mu /\mu _{0}\approx 2000-6000\,} .[22] So in equation (1) above, the second term dominates. Therefore, in magnetic circuits with an air gap, the strength of the magnetic field B depends strongly on the length of the air gap, and the length of the flux path in the core doesn't matter much. Given an air gap of 1mm, a magnetomotive force of about 796 Ampere-turns is required to produce a magnetic field of 1T.
Force exerted by magnetic field[edit]
The force exerted by an electromagnet on a section of core material is:
F = B 2 A 2 μ 0 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle F={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad (2)\,}
where A {\displaystyle A} is the cross-sectional area of the core. The force equation can be derived from the energy stored in a magnetic field. Energy is force times distance. Rearranging terms yields the equation above.
The 1.6 T limit on the field[18][20] mentioned above sets a limit on the maximum force per unit core area, or magnetic pressure, an iron-core electromagnet can exert; roughly:
F A = B s a t 2 2 μ 0 ≈ 1000 k P a = 10 6 N / m 2 = 145 l b f ⋅ i n − 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {F}{A}}={\frac {B_{sat}^{2}}{2\mu _{0}}}\approx 1000\ \mathrm {kPa} =10^{6}\mathrm {N/m^{2}} =145\ \mathrm {lbf} \cdot \mathrm {in} ^{-2}\,}
In more intuitive units it's useful to remember that at 1 T the magnetic pressure is approximately 4 atmospheres, or kg/cm2.
Given a core geometry, the B field needed for a given force can be calculated from (2); if it comes out to much more than 1.6 T, a larger core must be used.
Closed magnetic circuit[edit]
Cross section of lifting electromagnet like that in above photo, showing cylindrical construction. The windings (C) are flat copper strips to withstand the Lorentz force of the magnetic field. The core is formed by the thick iron housing (D) that wraps around the windings.
For a closed magnetic circuit (no air gap), such as would be found in an electromagnet lifting a piece of iron bridged across its poles, equation (1) becomes:
B = N I μ L ( 3 ) {\displaystyle B={\frac {NI\mu }{L}}\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad (3)\,}
Substituting into (2), the force is:
F = μ 2 N 2 I 2 A 2 μ 0 L 2 ( 4 ) {\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu ^{2}N^{2}I^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}L^{2}}}\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad (4)\,}
It can be seen that to maximize the force, a core with a short flux path L and a wide cross-sectional area A is preferred (this also applies to magnets with an air gap). To achieve this, in applications like lifting magnets (see photo above) and loudspeakers a flat cylindrical design is often used. The winding is wrapped around a short wide cylindrical core that forms one pole, and a thick metal housing that wraps around the outside of the windings forms the other part of the magnetic circuit, bringing the magnetic field to the front to form the other pole.
Force between electromagnets[edit]
The above methods are applicable to electromagnets with a magnetic circuit and do not apply when a large part of the magnetic field path is outside the core. An example would be a magnet with a straight cylindrical core like the one shown at the top of this article. For electromagnets (or permanent magnets) with well defined 'poles' where the field lines emerge from the core, the force between two electromagnets can be found using the 'Gilbert model' which assumes the magnetic field is produced by fictitious 'magnetic charges' on the surface of the poles, with pole strength m and units of Ampere-turn meter. Magnetic pole strength of electromagnets can be found from:
m = N I A L {\displaystyle m={\frac {NIA}{L}}}
The force between two poles is:
F = μ 0 m 1 m 2 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu _{0}m_{1}m_{2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}
This model doesn't give the correct magnetic field inside the core and thus gives incorrect results if the pole of one magnet gets too close to another magnet.
Side effects[edit]
There are several side effects which occur in electromagnets which must be provided for in their design. These generally become more significant in larger electromagnets.
Ohmic heating[edit]
Large aluminum busbars carrying current into the electromagnets at the LNCMI (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses) high field laboratory.
The only power consumed in a DC electromagnet under steady state conditions is due to the resistance of the windings, and is dissipated as heat. Some large electromagnets require cooling water circulating through pipes in the windings to carry off the waste heat.
Since the magnetic field is proportional to the product NI, the number of turns in the windings N and the current I can be chosen to minimize heat losses, as long as their product is constant. Since the power dissipation, P = I2R, increases with the square of the current but only increases approximately linearly with the number of windings, the power lost in the windings can be minimized by reducing I and increasing the number of turns N proportionally, or using thicker wire to reduce the resistance. For example, halving I and doubling N halves the power loss, as does doubling the area of the wire. In either case, increasing the amount of wire reduces the ohmic losses. For this reason, electromagnets often have a significant thickness of windings.
However, the limit to increasing N or lowering the resistance is that the windings take up more room between the magnet's core pieces. If the area available for the windings is filled up, more turns require going to a smaller diameter of wire, which has higher resistance, which cancels the advantage of using more turns. So in large magnets there is a minimum amount of heat loss that can't be reduced. This increases with the square of the magnetic flux B2.
Inductive voltage spikes[edit]
An electromagnet has significant inductance, and resists changes in the current through its windings. Any sudden changes in the winding current cause large voltage spikes across the windings. This is because when the current through the magnet is increased, such as when it is turned on, energy from the circuit must be stored in the magnetic field. When it is turned off the energy in the field is returned to the circuit.
If an ordinary switch is used to control the winding current, this can cause sparks at the terminals of the switch. This doesn't occur when the magnet is switched on, because the limited supply voltage causes the current through the magnet and the field energy to increase slowly, but when it is switched off, the energy in the magnetic field is suddenly returned to the circuit, causing a large voltage spike and an arc across the switch contacts, which can damage them. With small electromagnets a capacitor is sometimes used across the contacts, which reduces arcing by temporarily storing the current. More often a diode is used to prevent voltage spikes by providing a path for the current to recirculate through the winding until the energy is dissipated as heat. The diode is connected across the winding, oriented so it is reverse-biased during steady state operation and doesn't conduct. When the supply voltage is removed, the voltage spike forward-biases the diode and the reactive current continues to flow through the winding, through the diode and back into the winding. A diode used in this way is called a freewheeling diode or flyback diode.
Large electromagnets are usually powered by variable current electronic power supplies, controlled by a microprocessor, which prevent voltage spikes by accomplishing current changes slowly, in gentle ramps. It may take several minutes to energize or deenergize a large magnet.
Lorentz forces[edit]
In powerful electromagnets, the magnetic field exerts a force on each turn of the windings, due to the Lorentz force q v × B {\displaystyle q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} \,} acting on the moving charges within the wire. The Lorentz force is perpendicular to both the axis of the wire and the magnetic field. It can be visualized as a pressure between the magnetic field lines, pushing them apart. It has two effects on an electromagnet's windings:
The field lines within the axis of the coil exert a radial force on each turn of the windings, tending to push them outward in all directions. This causes a tensile stress in the wire.
The leakage field lines between each turn of the coil exert a repulsive force between adjacent turns, tending to push them apart.
The Lorentz forces increase with B2. In large electromagnets the windings must be firmly clamped in place, to prevent motion on power-up and power-down from causing metal fatigue in the windings. In the Bitter design, below, used in very high field research magnets, the windings are constructed as flat disks to resist the radial forces, and clamped in an axial direction to resist the axial ones.
Core losses[edit]
In alternating current (AC) electromagnets, used in transformers, inductors, and AC motors and generators, the magnetic field is constantly changing. This causes energy losses in their magnetic cores that is dissipated as heat in the core. The losses stem from two processes:
Eddy currents: From Faraday's law of induction, the changing magnetic field induces circulating electric currents inside nearby conductors, called eddy currents. The energy in these currents is dissipated as heat in the electrical resistance of the conductor, so they are a cause of energy loss. Since the magnet's iron core is conductive, and most of the magnetic field is concentrated there, eddy currents in the core are the major problem. Eddy currents are closed loops of current that flow in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. The energy dissipated is proportional to the area enclosed by the loop. To prevent them, the cores of AC electromagnets are made of stacks of thin steel sheets, or laminations, oriented parallel to the magnetic field, with an insulating coating on the surface. The insulation layers prevent eddy current from flowing between the sheets. Any remaining eddy currents must flow within the cross-section of each individual lamination, which reduces losses greatly. Another alternative is to use a ferrite core, which is a nonconductor.
Hysteresis losses: Reversing the direction of magnetization of the magnetic domains in the core material each cycle causes energy loss, because of the coercivity of the material. These losses are called hysteresis. The energy lost per cycle is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop in the BH graph. To minimize this loss, magnetic cores used in transformers and other AC electromagnets are made of "soft" low coercivity materials, such as silicon steel or soft ferrite.
The energy loss per cycle of the AC current is constant for each of these processes, so the power loss increases linearly with frequency.
High field electromagnets[edit]
Superconducting electromagnets[edit]
The most powerful electromagnet in the world, the 45 T hybrid Bitter-superconducting magnet at the US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Main article: Superconducting magnet
When a magnetic field higher than the ferromagnetic limit of 1.6 T is needed, superconducting electromagnets can be used. Instead of using ferromagnetic materials, these use superconducting windings cooled with liquid helium, which conduct current without electrical resistance. These allow enormous currents to flow, which generate intense magnetic fields. Superconducting magnets are limited by the field strength at which the winding material ceases to be superconducting. Current designs are limited to 10–20 T, with the current (2009) record of 33.8 T.[23] The necessary refrigeration equipment and cryostat make them much more expensive than ordinary electromagnets. However, in high power applications this can be offset by lower operating costs, since after startup no power is required for the windings, since no energy is lost to ohmic heating. They are used in particle accelerators and MRI machines.
Bitter electromagnets[edit]
Main article: Bitter electromagnet
Both iron-core and superconducting electromagnets have limits to the field they can produce. Therefore, the most powerful man-made magnetic fields have been generated by air-core nonsuperconducting electromagnets of a design invented by Francis Bitter in 1933, called Bitter electromagnets.[24] Instead of wire windings, a Bitter magnet consists of a solenoid made of a stack of conducting disks, arranged so that the current moves in a helical path through them, with a hole through the center where the maximum field is created. This design has the mechanical strength to withstand the extreme Lorentz forces of the field, which increase with B2. The disks are pierced with holes through which cooling water passes to carry away the heat caused by the high current. The strongest continuous field achieved solely with a resistive magnet is 37.5 T as of 31 March 2014[update], produced by a Bitter electromagnet at the Radboud University High Field Magnet Laboratory in Nijmegen, Holland.[25] The previous record was 35 T.[23] The strongest continuous magnetic field overall, 45 T,[24] was achieved in June 2000 with a hybrid device consisting of a Bitter magnet inside a superconducting magnet.
Explosively pumped flux compression[edit]
Main article: Explosively pumped flux compression generator
A hollow tube type of explosively pumped flux compression generator.
The factor limiting the strength of electromagnets is the inability to dissipate the enormous waste heat, so more powerful fields, up to 100 T,[23] have been obtained from resistive magnets by sending brief pulses of high current through them; the inactive period after each pulse allows the heat produced during the pulse to be removed, before the next pulse. The most powerful manmade magnetic fields[26] have been created by using explosives to compress the magnetic field inside an electromagnet as it is pulsed; these are called explosively pumped flux compression generators. The implosion compresses the magnetic field to values of around 1000 T[24] for a few microseconds. While this method may seem very destructive, it is possible to redirect the brunt of the blast radially outwards so that neither the experiment nor the magnetic structure are harmed. These devices are known as destructive pulsed electromagnets.[27] They are used in physics and materials science research to study the properties of materials at high magnetic fields.
Definition of terms[edit]
A {\displaystyle A\,} square meter cross sectional area of core
B {\displaystyle B\,} tesla Magnetic field (Magnetic flux density)
F {\displaystyle F\,} newton Force exerted by magnetic field
H {\displaystyle H\,} ampere per meter Magnetizing field
I {\displaystyle I\,} ampere Current in the winding wire
L {\displaystyle L\,} meter Total length of the magnetic field path L c o r e + L g a p {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {core} }+L_{\mathrm {gap} }\,}
L c o r e {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {core} }\,} meter Length of the magnetic field path in the core material
L g a p {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {gap} }\,} meter Length of the magnetic field path in air gaps
m 1 , m 2 {\displaystyle m_{1},m_{2}\,} ampere meter Pole strength of the electromagnet
μ {\displaystyle \mu \,} newton per square ampere Permeability of the electromagnet core material
μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}\,} newton per square ampere Permeability of free space (or air) = 4π(10−7)
μ r {\displaystyle \mu _{r}\,} - Relative permeability of the electromagnet core material
N {\displaystyle N\,} - Number of turns of wire on the electromagnet
r {\displaystyle r\,} meter Distance between the poles of two electromagnets
See also[edit]
Dipole magnet – The most basic form of magnet
Electromagnetism
Electropermanent magnet - a magnetically hard electromagnet arrangement
Explosively pumped flux compression generator
Field coil
Magnetic bearing
Pulsed field magnet
Quadrupole magnet – a combination of magnets and electromagnets used mainly to affect the motion of charged particles.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Saturation flux levels of various magnetic materials range up to 24.5 kilogauss" (2.5 T) p.1 "Silicon steel saturates at about 17 kilogauss" (1.7 T) p.3 Pauley, Donald E. (March 1996). "Power Supply Magnetics Part 1: Selecting transformer/inductor core material". Power Conversion and Intelligent Motion. Adams Business Media. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electromagnets.
Magnets from Mini to Mighty: Primer on electromagnets and other magnets National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Magnetic Fields and Forces Cuyahoga Community College
Fundamental Relationships School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma
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Brooksville, Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
City in Florida, United States
Brooksville, Florida
City
Hernando County Courthouse

Seal

Location in Hernando County and the state of Florida
Brooksville, Florida
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 28°33′13″N 82°23′19″W / 28.55361°N 82.38861°W / 28.55361; -82.38861Coordinates: 28°33′13″N 82°23′19″W / 28.55361°N 82.38861°W / 28.55361; -82.38861
Country
United States
State
Florida
County
Hernando
Area[1]
• Total
11.17 sq mi (28.94 km2)
• Land
11.08 sq mi (28.69 km2)
• Water
0.10 sq mi (0.25 km2)
Elevation
194 ft (59 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total
7,719
• Estimate (2016)[3]
7,999
• Density
722.19/sq mi (278.84/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)
352
FIPS code
12-08800[4]
GNIS feature ID
0279446[5]
Brooksville is a city in and the county seat of Hernando County, Florida, United States.[6] As of the 2010 census it had a population of 7,719,[2] up from 7,264 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Brooksville was named in 1856 to honor Preston Brooks, a Democratic congressman from South Carolina. Brooks was an extreme advocate of chattel slavery. In 1856, Massachusetts senator and staunch abolitionist Charles Sumner gave an impassioned speech condemning slavery, in which he insulted Brooks' relative, Senator Andrew Butler. In response, Brooks attacked Sumner with a cane on the floor of Senate, severely injuring him; Brooks did not stop until physically restrained by others.[7] This incident inflamed antebellum tensions throughout the country, emboldened secessionist movements throughout the American south and, eventually, contributed to the outbreak of the American Civil War.[8] Brooksville is home to historic buildings and residences including the home of former Florida Governor William Sherman Jennings and football player Jerome Brown.
Contents
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Economy
3.1 Personal income
3.2 Industry
3.2.1 Tourism
4 History
4.1 Slavery, lynchings and discrimination
4.2 Depression Era
4.3 Recent times
5 Public transportation
6 Media
7 Notable people
8 Cultural
9 References
10 External links
Geography[edit]
Brooksville is located in east-central Hernando County, 45 miles (72 km) north of Tampa and 51 miles (82 km) southwest of Ocala. The geographic center of Florida is 12 miles (19 km) north-northwest of Brooksville.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Brooksville has a total area of 10.9 square miles (28.3 km2), of which 10.8 square miles (28.1 km2) are land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2), or 0.90%, are water.[2]
Brooksville was once a major citrus production area and was known as the "Home of the Tangerine".[9]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1890 512 —
1900 641 25.2%
1910 979 52.7%
1920 1,011 3.3%
1930 1,405 39.0%
1940 1,607 14.4%
1950 1,818 13.1%
1960 3,301 81.6%
1970 4,060 23.0%
1980 5,582 37.5%
1990 7,440 33.3%
2000 7,264 −2.4%
2010 7,719 6.3%
Est. 2016 7,999 [3] 3.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
As of Census 2010,[4] there were 7,719 people, 3,504 households, and 1,927 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,469.5 people per square mile (567.7/km2). There were 3,504 occupied housing units at an average density of 793.0 per square mile (306.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.7% White, 19.1% African American, 1% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander composed 0.2% of the population.
There were 3,220 households out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.82.
In the city, 22.1% of people were under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 29.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.4 males.
Economy[edit]
Personal income[edit]
The median income for a household in the city was $25,489, and the median income for a family was $31,060. Males had a median income of $29,837 versus $21,804 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,265. About 16.8% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.
Industry[edit]
Tourism[edit]
The city hosted an annual Blueberry Festival in downtown Brooksville until 2017[11] with music performances that have included Easton Corbin. The Festival has moved to Plant City since.
The city has historic homes along brick streets. There is also a Native American outpost in a log cabin,[12], the Brooksville Railroad Depot Museum, and The Hernando Heritage Museum, located in the May-Stringer House. The Historic Brooksville Walking/Driving Tour features many historic homes; a guidebook is available at the City of Brooksville website and at the Main library on Howell Avenue.
The first annual GET HEALTHY Brooksville Cycling Classic was held in 2010 and attracted cyclists from all over the state. The Brooksville Business Alliance has sponsored the annual Brooksville Founders Week Celebration since 2006.[13] There is a monthly live music performance, antique car show, and other events.
History[edit]
May Stringer House
William Sherman Jennings House
Judge Willis Russell House
Fort DeSoto, established about 1840 to give protection to settlers from Native Americans, was located at the northeastern edge of present-day Brooksville on Croom Road about one-half mile east of U.S. Highway 41. The fort was also a trading post and a regular stop on the Concord stagecoach line which ran from Palatka to Tampa.
The fort was built on top of a heavy bed of limestone, a fact which they were unaware of at the time, and this made it exceedingly difficult to obtain water, thus causing the location to be abandoned as a community site. As a result, in the early 1840s the population shifted about 3 miles (5 km) to the south, where a settlement first formed by the Hope and Saxon families became known as "Pierceville". About this time, another community about 2 miles (3 km) northwest of Pierceville, named "Melendez", was formed.
On September 12, 1842, Seminole Indians attacked the McDaniel party near the community of Chocachatti, south of Brooksville, killing Charlotte (Mrs. Richard) Crum.
In 1850 a post office was established at Melendez. In 1854 it was replaced by a post office at Pierceville. Both towns were situated in the area that would become Brooksville.
In 1856 the county seat of Hernando County became the newly named town of Brooksville. The name was chosen to honor Preston Brooks, a congressman who had caned abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner nearly to death in 1856 on the floor of the Senate after Sumner gave an anti-slavery speech and disparaged Brooks' uncle, Senator Andrew Butler.[14] The Pierceville post office was renamed "Brooksville" in 1871.
Brooksville was settled by four families: the Howell family which settled the northern part of town; the Jon L. Mays family which settled the eastern part of town; the Hale family on the west; and the Parsons family on the south. The city was incorporated on October 13, 1880.
Slavery, lynchings and discrimination[edit]
A study of lynchings recorded in Hernando County in the late 19th and early 20th centuries revealed it had one of the highest per capita rates of violence against blacks in the United States.[15] In Brooksville, the county seat, several African-Americans were killed in the 1870s and 1920s. Arthur St. Clair, a community leader, was murdered in 1877 after he presided over an interracial marriage. After the murder, the investigation was stymied by local actions in defense of the white men accused in his killing.[16] In 1882, there was a brief uprising by blacks, three of whom were killed and many of whom were wounded by whites.[17] The 1920s saw a resurgence of Ku Klux Klan activity and lynchings; as a result, many black residents left the area.[18] Brooksville instituted a zoning law segregating neighborhoods in 1948.[15] Schools remained segregated until the late 1960s.[19]
One of the most notorious examples of racism in the city was the creation of the "Lewis Plantation and Turpentine Still", which claimed to show life in African-American rural communities, but in reality contained black residents dressing and acting in grotesque stereotypes as a means of entertaining white tourists.[20]
Depression Era[edit]
During the Great Depression, Brooksville suffered from a lack of currency. The school board paid teachers with chits, and Weeks Hardware "accepted chickens and sides of bacon" as payment.[21]
Recent times[edit]
Brooksville is a residential-commercial community. There are several modern medical facilities in the area including Bayfront Health Brooksville, Oak Hill Community Hospital, and Bayfront Health Spring Hill. A campus of Pasco–Hernando State College is a mile north of the city limits. The business section includes eleven shopping centers, and Brooksville–Tampa Bay Regional Airport is 6 miles (10 km) south of the city. There are three city parks with walking trails, sports, and picnicking facilities, including a nine-hole golf course and a library. The region also offers abundant hunting, fishing, biking, canoeing, kayaking and camping opportunities.
Jerome Brown, defensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles, graduated from Brooksville's Hernando High School, where he was often seen in the off season running laps around the track. In June 1988, he received praise for his calm demeanor as he helped disperse a group of Ku Klux Klan protesters in his hometown of Brooksville.[22] Brown died on June 25, 1992, at the age of 27, after he lost control of his ZR1 Chevrolet Corvette at high speed and crashed into a utility pole in Brooksville. Both he and his 12-year-old nephew, Gus, were killed in the accident. Brown was buried in Brooksville. In 2000, the Jerome Brown Community Center was opened in Brooksville in memory of Brown.[23]
A minor controversy arose in the summer of 2010 when local media and residents brought attention to the origin of the town's name, calling it "shameful".[24] The suggestion was made that the town should change its name in order to distance itself from its pro-slavery history. The idea was opposed by locals and not entertained by the city council. However, the city's official website did remove a page which discussed the Brooks/Sumner encounter and had cast Brooks in a positive light.
Public transportation[edit]
Brooksville is served by THE Bus's Purple route.[25]
Media[edit]
WWJB (1450 AM), radio station based in Brooksville
The Hernando Times, an issue of the Tampa Bay Times, is published each Friday.
Notable people[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Tammy Alexander, murder victim known as "Caledonia Jane Doe", disappeared from Brooksville in 1979
Bronson Arroyo, Major League Baseball pitcher; pitched for Hernando High School and graduated in 1995[26]
Jerome Brown, defensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League[27][28]
John Capel, sprinter and professional football player
Paul Farmer, co-founder of international social justice and health organization Partners In Health
Wayne Garrett, Major League Baseball infielder, member of the 1969 Miracle Mets
Mike Hampton, Major League Baseball player for the Houston Astros; born in Brooksville
DuJuan Harris, former Central High (Brooksville) standout and current running back for the Jacksonville Jaguars
William Sherman Jennings, governor of Florida 1901-1905
George Lowe, television actor, grew up in Brooksville, worked for WWJB AM 1450, a local radio station
Bill McCollum, U.S. congressman and Florida Attorney General; birthplace and childhood home
Maulty Moore, former NFL defensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins, Cincinnati Bengals, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Tori Murden, the first woman to row solo across the Atlantic Ocean, and to ski to the geographic South Pole
Jon Oliva, Savatage frontman and Trans-Siberian Orchestra composer[29]
Taylor Rotunda, WWE wrestler, better known as Bo Dallas
Windham Rotunda, WWE wrestler, better known as Bray Wyatt
Stephen M. Sparkman, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida; born on a farm in Hernando County just south of Brooksville on July 29, 1849
Hughie Thomasson, guitarist, songwriter, lead vocalist and leader of the Outlaws; lived in Brooksville
Cultural[edit]
Canadian director Bob Clark's 1974 horror film Deathdream (aka Dead of Night; The Night Andy Came Home) was filmed entirely in Brooksville.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Brooksville city, Florida". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31. |website = www.ci.brooksville.fl.us
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Canefight! Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner". Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Nancy E. Marion; Willard Oliver (22 July 2014). Killing Congress: Assassinations, Attempted Assassinations and Other Violence against Members of Congress. Lexington Books. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-0-7391-8360-1. The assault on Sumner had such an impact on the sentiments that it is said to have intensified the animosity between the North and the South and was a major step in driving the country to Civil War.
Jump up ^ "Brooksville the home of the tangerine". University of South Florida. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amidst controversy, Florida Blueberry Festival won't return to Brooksville". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Peace Tree Trading Post".
Jump up ^ Brooksville Business Alliance - founders week slide show
Jump up ^ "The Compromise of 1850, The Kansas/Nebraska Act, Dred Scott, and John Brown's Raid". The University of Alabama. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b [1]
Jump up ^ DeWitt, Dan (October 4, 2013). "Hernando's 100-year-old courthouse part of long, slow journey to justice". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Judge E. C. May of Inverness according to accounts by John W. Davis of Lecanto (July 3, 1955). "Negroes Tried 'To Take' Brooksville 70 Years Ago". Tampa Tribune. fivay.org. Retrieved April 26, 2017. . The event actually occurred in 1882.]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "The Lewis Plantation". Florida Memory Blog. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
Jump up ^ DeWitt, Dan (2003-12-24). "Hernando: A throwback that still thrives: Walking into Weeks Hardware, the oldest active business in town, is like going through a time warp to a business style that is rare today". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
Jump up ^ Scheiber, Dave (1988-08-29). "Cool Under Fire: WHEN THE KKK SHOWED UP IN HIS HOMETOWN, JEROME BROWN OF THE EAGLES PLAYED EXCELLENT DEFENSE". SI Vault - Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Jerome Brown". City of Brooksville, Florida. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Resident shines light on shameful old story behind Brooksville's name," St. Petersburg Times, July 25 2010
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.tampabay.com/hometeam/blog/baseball-hernando-retire-bronson-arroyos-jersey/3790/
Jump up ^ http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-06-26/sports/9202160584_1_eagles-defensive-line-palm-tree-dub-palmer
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
Jump up ^ Jon Oliva Biography on Savintage.com Archived August 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 1971 Ford Custom of the Brooksville Police Department (Internet Movie Cars Database)
External links[edit]
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