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Sternum
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Sternum
Parts of the sternum - Manubrium (green), body (blue), xiphoid process (purple)
Position of the sternum (red).
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Sternum
MeSH
D013249
TA
A02.3.03.001
FMA
7485
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. Shaped roughly like a necktie, it is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. Its three regions are the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.[1] The word "sternum" originates from the Greek στέρνον, meaning "chest".
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Manubrium
1.2 Body
1.3 Xiphoid process
1.4 Superficial effect
1.5 Joints
1.6 Development
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Bone marrow biopsy
2.2 Sternal opening
2.3 Fractures
2.4 Dislocation
2.5 Sternotomy
2.6 Resection
2.7 Bifid sternum or sternal cleft
3 Other animals
3.1 Arthropods
4 Etymology
5 Additional Images
6 See also
7 References
Structure[edit]
The sternum is a long, flat bone, forming the middle portion of the front of the chest. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles (collarbones) and its edges join with the costal cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. The inner surface of the sternum is also the attachment of the sternopericardial ligaments.[2] Its top is also connected to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The sternum consists of three main parts, listed from the top:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
In its natural position,the sternum is angled obliquely, downward and forward. It is slightly convex in front and concave behind; broad above, shaped like a "T", becoming narrowed at the point where the manubrium joins the body, after which it again widens a little to below the middle of the body, and then narrows to its lower extremity. In adults the sternum is on average about 17 cm, longer in the male than in the female.
Manubrium[edit]
Shape of manubrium
The manubrium (Latin: handle) is the broad upper part of the sternum. It has a quadrangular shape, narrowing from the top, which gives it four borders. The suprasternal notch (jugular notch) is located in the middle at the upper broadest part of the manubrium. This notch can be felt between the two clavicles. On either side of this notch are the right and left clavicular notches.[1]
The manubrium joins with the body of the sternum, the clavicles and the cartilages of the first pair of ribs. The inferior border, oval and rough, is covered with a thin layer of cartilage for articulation with the body. The lateral borders are each marked above by a depression for the first costal cartilage, and below by a small facet, which, with a similar facet on the upper angle of the body, forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib. Between the depression for the first costal cartilage and the demi-facet for the second is a narrow, curved edge, which slopes from above downward towards the middle. Also, the superior sternopericardial ligament attaches the pericardium to the posterior side of the manubrium.
Body[edit]
The body, or gladiolus, is the longest part. It is flat and considered to have only a front and back surface. It is flat on the front, directed upward and forward, and marked by three transverse ridges which cross the bone opposite the third, fourth, and fifth articular depressions. The pectoralis major attaches to it on either side. At the junction of the third and fourth parts of the body is occasionally seen an orifice, the sternal foramen, of varying size and form. The posterior surface, slightly concave, is also marked by three transverse lines, less distinct, however, than those in front; from its lower part, on either side, the transversus thoracis takes origin.
The sternal angle is located at the point where the body joins the manubrium. The sternal angle can be felt at the point where the sternum projects farthest forward. However, in some people the sternal angle is concave or rounded. During physical examinations, the sternal angle is a useful landmark because the second rib attaches here.[1]
Each outer border, at its superior angle, has a small facet, which with a similar facet on the manubrium, forms a cavity for the cartilage of the second rib; below this are four angular depressions which receive the cartilages of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The inferior angle has a small facet, which, with a corresponding one on the xiphoid process, forms a notch for the cartilage of the seventh rib. These articular depressions are separated by a series of curved interarticular intervals, which diminish in length from above downward, and correspond to the intercostal spaces. Most of the cartilages belonging to the true ribs, articulate with the sternum at the lines of junction of its primitive component segments. This is well seen in some other vertebrates, where the parts of the bone remain separated for longer.[citation needed]
The upper border is oval and articulates with the manubrium, at the sternal angle. The lower border is narrow, and articulates with the xiphoid process.
Xiphoid process[edit]
Main article: Xiphoid process
Located at the inferior end of the sternum is the pointed xiphoid process. Improperly performed chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can cause the xiphoid process to snap off, driving it into the liver which can cause a fatal hemorrhage.[1]
The sternum is composed of highly vascular tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone which is thickest in the manubrium between the articular facets for the clavicles. The inferior sternopericardial ligament attaches the pericardium to the posterior xiphoid process.
Superficial effect[edit]
Substernal triangle, surface pendant of xhipoid process, of pectoralis major, rectus abdominis and sternum, form sternal fossa, calix, and as to rectum fossae sequences of tendinous intersections.[3]
Joints[edit]
The cartilages of the top seven ribs join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The right and left clavicular notches articulate with the right and left clavicles, respectively. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.[4]
The transversus thoracis muscle is innervated by one of the intercostal nerves and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.[5]
Development[edit]
Figure 4 Ossification
Figure 5
Figure 6 Peculiarities
Figure 7
The sternum develops from two cartilaginous bars one on the left and one on the right, connected with the cartilages of the ribs on each side. These two bars fuse together along the middle to form the cartilaginous sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process.
The ossification centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years.
The centers make their appearance at the upper parts of the segments, and proceed gradually downward. To these may be added the occasional existence of two small episternal centers, which make their appearance one on either side of the jugular notch; they are probably vestiges of the episternal bone of the monotremata and lizards.[citation needed]
Occasionally some of the segments are formed from more than one center, the number and position of which vary [Fig. 6]. Thus, the first piece may have two, three, or even six centers.
When two are present, they are generally situated one above the other, the upper being the larger; the second piece has seldom more than one; the third, fourth, and fifth pieces are often formed from two centers placed laterally, the irregular union of which explains the rare occurrence of the sternal foramen [Fig. 7], or of the vertical fissure which occasionally intersects this part of the bone constituting the malformation known as fissura sterni; these conditions are further explained by the manner in which the cartilaginous sternum is formed.
More rarely still the upper end of the sternum may be divided by a fissure. Union of the various centers of the body begins about puberty, and proceeds from below upward [Fig. 5]; by the age of twenty-five they are all united.
The xiphoid process may become joined to the body before the age of thirty, but this occurs more frequently after forty; on the other hand, it sometimes remains ununited in old age. In advanced life the manubrium is occasionally joined to the body by bone. When this takes place, however, the bony tissue is generally only superficial, the central portion of the intervening cartilage remaining unossified.
In early life, the sternum's body is divided into four segments, not three, called sternebrae (singular: sternebra).
Clinical significance[edit]
Bone marrow biopsy[edit]
Because the sternum contains bone marrow, it is sometimes used as a site for bone marrow biopsy. In particular, patients with a high BMI (obese or grossly overweight) may present with excess tissue that makes access to traditional marrow biopsy sites such as the pelvis difficult.
Sternal opening[edit]
A somewhat rare congenital disorder of the sternum sometimes referred to as an anatomical variation is a sternal foramen, a single round hole in the sternum that is present from birth and usually is off-centered to the right or left, commonly forming in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments of the breastbone body. Congenital sternal foramina can often be mistaken for bullet holes.[6] They are usually without symptoms but can be problematic if acupuncture in the area is intended.[7]
Manubrium sternal dislocation
Fractures[edit]
Main article: Sternal fracture
Fractures of the sternum are rather uncommon. They may result from trauma, such as when a driver's chest is forced into the steering column of a car in a car accident. A fracture of the sternum is usually a comminuted fracture. The most common site of sternal fractures is at the sternal angle. Some studies reveal that repeated punches or continual beatings, sometimes called "breastbone punches", to the sternum area have also caused fractured sternums. Those are known to have occurred in contact sports such as rugby and football. Sternal fractures are frequently associated with underlying injuries such as pulmonary contusions, or bruised lung tissue.[8]
Dislocation[edit]
A manubriosternal dislocation is rare and usually caused by severe trauma. It may also result from minor trauma where there is a precondition of arthritis.[9]
Sternotomy[edit]
The breastbone is sometimes cut open (a median sternotomy) to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery.
Resection[edit]
The sternum can be totally removed (resected) as part of a radical surgery, usually to surgically treat a malignancy, either with or without a mediastinal lymphadenectomy (Current Procedural Terminology codes # 21632 and # 21630, respectively).
Bifid sternum or sternal cleft[edit]
A bifid sternum is an extremely rare congenital abnormality caused by the fusion failure of the sternum.[10] This condition results in sternal cleft which can be observed at birth without any symptom.[10]
Other animals[edit]
The sternum, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone that lies in the middle front part of the rib cage. It is endochondral in origin.[11] It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached.[12] Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans.
Arthropods[edit]
Main article: Sternum (arthropod anatomy)
In arachnids, the sternum is the ventral (lower) portion of the cephalothorax. It consists of a single sclerite situated between the coxa, opposite the carapace.
Etymology[edit]
English sternum is a translation of Ancient Greek στέρνον, sternon.[13] The Greek writer Homer used the term στέρνον to refer to the male chest,[14][15] and the term στῆθος, stithos to refer to the chest of both sexes.[14][15] The Greek physician Hippocrates used στέρνον to refer to the chest,[14][15] and στῆθος to the breastbone.[14][15] The Greek physician Galen was the first to use στέρνον in the present meaning of breastbone.[14][15]
The sternum as the solid bony part of the chest[16] can be related to Ancient Greek στερεός/στερρός, (stereόs/sterrόs),[16] meaning firm or solid.[15] The English term breastbone is actually more like the Latin os pectoris,[17][18] derived from classical Latin os, bone[19] and pectus, chest or breast.[19] Confusingly, pectus is also used in classical Latin as breastbone.[19]
Additional Images[edit]
Position of sternum (shown in red). Animation.
Sternum seen posteriorly.
Sternum cut along the frontal plane showing interior of the bone.
Sternum, lateral aspect.
Position of the sternum the thoracic cage.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sternum.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Pectus carinatum
Pectus excavatum
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-07-352569-3.
Jump up ^ Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, C. J. G. (2009-12-03). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 1437708757.
Jump up ^ Cosmo, Lepota L. (2017). Filling the Gap: on the New Micro-toponomic Phenomena and Partial Topologies. Health Research. p. 39-49. London: ITS
Jump up ^ Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7817-7055-2.
Jump up ^ Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009). Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7817-7055-2.
Jump up ^ Byers, S.N. (2008). Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Toronto: Pearson.
Jump up ^ Fokin, AA (May 2000). "Cleft sternum and sternal foramen". Chest surgery clinics of North America. 10 (2): 261–76. PMID 10803333.
Jump up ^ Sattler S, Maier RV (2002). "Pulmonary contusion". In Karmy-Jones R, Nathens A, Stern EJ. Thoracic Trauma and Critical Care. Berlin: Springer. pp. 235–243. ISBN 1-4020-7215-5. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
Jump up ^ El Ibrahimi, Abdelhalim; Sbai, Hicham; Kanjaa, Nabil; Shimi, Mohammed; Lakranbi, Marouane; Daoudi, Abdelkrim; Elmrini, Abdelmajid; Smahi, Mohammed (2011). "Traumatic manubriosternal dislocation: A new method of stabilization postreduction". Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 4 (2): 317. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.82237.
^ Jump up to: a b Das, Sibes Kumar; Jana, Pulak Kumar; Bairagya, Tapan Das; Ghoshal, Bhaswati (2012-01-01). "Bifid sternum". Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society. 29 (1): 73–75. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.92370. ISSN 0970-2113. PMC 3276042  . PMID 22345921.
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 188. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hyrtl, J. (1880). Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Kraus, L.A. (1844). Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon (Dritte Auflage). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.
Jump up ^ Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
Jump up ^ Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850). Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften. (Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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text:
Truss
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Truss (disambiguation).
Truss bridge for a single-track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support
An Egyptian ship with a rope truss, the oldest known use of trusses. Trusses did not come into common use until the Roman era.
Typical detail of a steel-truss, which is considered as a Revolute joint
Historical detail of a steel-truss with an actual Revolute joint
In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object".[1] A "two-force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members.
A planar truss is one where all members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the bottom beams are called bottom chords, and are typically in tension. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Characteristics of trusses
2.1 Simple truss
2.2 Planar truss
2.3 Space frame truss
3 Truss types
3.1 Warren truss
3.2 Pratt truss
3.3 Bowstring truss
3.4 King post truss
3.5 Lenticular truss
3.6 Town's lattice truss
3.7 Vierendeel truss
4 Statics of trusses
5 Analysis of trusses
5.1 Forces in members
5.2 Design of members
5.3 Design of joints
6 Applications
6.1 Post frame structures
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200, which means "collection of things bound together".[3][4] The term truss has often been used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame[5][6] or a couple of rafters.[7][8] One engineering definition is: "A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member [sic] connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle [sic] to span a large distance".[9]
Characteristics of trusses[edit]
A truss consists of typically (but not necessarily) straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically (but not necessarily[10]) composed of triangles because of the structural stability of that shape and design. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed.[11] In comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The joint at which a truss is designed to be supported is commonly referred to as the Munter Point.[citation needed]
Simple truss[edit]
Planar roof trusses
The roof trusses of the Basilica di Santa Croce (Florence)
The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a framed roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist,[12] and in other mechanical structures such as bicycles and aircraft. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of analysis used to calculate the forces within it, a truss composed entirely of triangles is known as a simple truss.[13] However, a simple truss is often defined more restrictively by demanding that it can be constructed through successive addition of pairs of members, each connected to two existing joints and to each other to form a new joint, and this definition does not require a simple truss to comprise only triangles.[10] The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss.[14]
Planar truss[edit]
A planar truss lies in a single plane.[13] Planar trusses are typically used in parallel to form roofs and bridges.[15]
The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form. A solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals. An optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency.[16]
Space frame truss[edit]
A space frame truss is a three-dimensional framework of members pinned at their ends. A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space truss, consisting of six members that meet at four joints.[13] Large planar structures may be composed from tetrahedrons with common edges, and they are also employed in the base structures of large free-standing power line pylons.
Simple tetrahedron
Diagram of a planar space frame such as used for a roof
This electrical pylon is a three-dimensional truss structure
Truss types[edit]
For more truss types, see truss types used in bridges.
A large timber Howe truss in a commercial building
There are two basic types of truss:
The pitched truss, or common truss, is characterized by its triangular shape. It is most often used for roof construction. Some common trusses are named according to their web configuration. The chord size and web configuration are determined by span, load and spacing.
The parallel chord truss, or flat truss, gets its name from its parallel top and bottom chords. It is often used for floor construction.
A combination of the two is a truncated truss, used in hip roof construction. A metal plate-connected wood truss is a roof or floor truss whose wood members are connected with metal connector plates.
Warren truss[edit]
Truss members form a series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and down.
Pratt truss[edit]
The Pratt truss was patented in 1844 by two Boston railway engineers,[17] Caleb Pratt and his son Thomas Willis Pratt.[18] The design uses vertical members for compression and diagonal members to respond to tension. The Pratt truss design remained popular as bridge designers switched from wood to iron, and from iron to steel.[19] This continued popularity of the Pratt truss is probably due to the fact that the configuration of the members means that longer diagonal members are only in tension for gravity load effects. This allows these members to be used more efficiently, as slenderness effects related to buckling under compression loads (which are compounded by the length of the member) will typically not control the design. Therefore, for given planar truss with a fixed depth, the Pratt configuration is usually the most efficient under static, vertical loading.
The Southern Pacific Railroad bridge in Tempe, Arizona is a 393 meter (1,291 foot) long truss bridge built in 1912.[20] The structure is composed of nine Pratt truss spans of varying lengths. The bridge is still in use today.
The Wright Flyer used a Pratt truss in its wing construction, as the minimization of compression member lengths allowed for lower aerodynamic drag.[21]
Bowstring truss[edit]
A bowstring truss is used on the oldest metal bridge in Virginia
Named for their shape, bowstring trusses were first used for arched truss bridges, often confused with tied-arch bridges.
Thousands of bowstring trusses were used during World War II for holding up the curved roofs of aircraft hangars and other military buildings. Many variations exist in the arrangements of the members connecting the nodes of the upper arc with those of the lower, straight sequence of members, from nearly isosceles triangles to a variant of the Pratt truss.
King post truss[edit]
Main article: King post
One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.
The queen post truss, sometimes queenpost or queenspost, is similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the centre of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the centre which relies on beam action to provide mechanical stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans.[22]
Lenticular truss[edit]
The Waterville Bridge in Swatara State Park in Pennsylvania is a lenticular truss
Lenticular trusses, patented in 1878 by William Douglas (although the Gaunless Bridge of 1823 was the first of the type), have the top and bottom chords of the truss arched, forming a lens shape. A lenticular pony truss bridge is a bridge design that involves a lenticular truss extending above and below the roadbed.
Town's lattice truss[edit]
Main article: Lattice truss bridge
American architect, Ithiel Town designed Town's Lattice Truss as an alternative to heavy-timber bridges. His design, patented in 1820 and 1835, uses easy-to-handle planks arranged diagonally with short spaces in between them.
Vierendeel truss[edit]
See also: Arthur Vierendeel and Vierendeel bridge
A Vierendeel bridge, which lacks diagonal elements in the primary structure
The Vierendeel truss is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. As such, it does not fit the strict definition of a truss (since it contains non-two-force members); regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints, with the implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of structure was named after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel,[23] who developed the design in 1896. Its use for bridges is rare due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss.
The utility of this type of structure in buildings is that a large amount of the exterior envelope remains unobstructed and can be used for windows and door openings. This is preferable to a braced-frame system, which would leave some areas obstructed by the diagonal braces.
Statics of trusses[edit]
Cosmonaut Alexander Serebrov sets up an integrated truss structure "Rapana" at Mir space station, September 16, 1993
A truss that is assumed to comprise members that are connected by means of pin joints, and which is supported at both ends by means of hinged joints or rollers, is described as being statically determinate. Newton's Laws apply to the structure as a whole, as well as to each node or joint. In order for any node that may be subject to an external load or force to remain static in space, the following conditions must hold: the sums of all (horizontal and vertical) forces, as well as all moments acting about the node equal zero. Analysis of these conditions at each node yields the magnitude of the compression or tension forces.
Trusses that are supported at more than two positions are said to be statically indeterminate, and the application of Newton's Laws alone is not sufficient to determine the member forces.
In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be stable, it does not need to be entirely composed of triangles.[10] In mathematical terms, we have the following necessary condition for stability of a simple truss:
m ≥ 2 j − r ( a ) {\displaystyle m\geq 2j-r\qquad \qquad \mathrm {(a)} }
where m is the total number of truss members, j is the total number of joints and r is the number of reactions (equal to 3 generally) in a 2-dimensional structure.
When m = 2 j − 3 {\displaystyle m=2j-3} , the truss is said to be statically determinate, because the (m+3) internal member forces and support reactions can then be completely determined by 2j equilibrium equations, once we know the external loads and the geometry of the truss. Given a certain number of joints, this is the minimum number of members, in the sense that if any member is taken out (or fails), then the truss as a whole fails. While the relation (a) is necessary, it is not sufficient for stability, which also depends on the truss geometry, support conditions and the load carrying capacity of the members.
Some structures are built with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those structures may survive even when some of the members fail. Their member forces depend on the relative stiffness of the members, in addition to the equilibrium condition described.
Analysis of trusses[edit]
Cremona diagram for a plane truss
Because the forces in each of its two main girders are essentially planar, a truss is usually modeled as a two-dimensional plane frame. However if there are significant out-of-plane forces, the structure must be modeled as a three-dimensional space.
The analysis of trusses often assumes that loads are applied to joints only and not at intermediate points along the members. The weight of the members is often insignificant compared to the applied loads and so is often omitted; alternatively, half of the weight of each member may be applied to its two end joints. Provided that the members are long and slender, the moments transmitted through the joints are negligible, and the junctions can be treated as "hinges" or "pin-joints".
Under these simplifying assumptions, every member of the truss is then subjected to pure compression or pure tension forces – shear, bending moment, and other more-complex stresses are all practically zero. Trusses are physically stronger than other ways of arranging structural elements, because nearly every material can resist a much larger load in tension or compression than in shear, bending, torsion, or other kinds of force.
These simplifications make trusses easier to analyze. Structural analysis of trusses of any type can readily be carried out using a matrix method such as the direct stiffness method, the flexibility method, or the finite element method.
Forces in members[edit]
Illustrated is a simple, statically determinate flat truss with 9 joints and (2 x 9) − 3 = 15 members. External loads are concentrated in the outer joints. Since this is a symmetrical truss with symmetrical vertical loads, the reactive forces at A and B are vertical, equal, and half the total load.
The internal forces in the members of the truss can be calculated in a variety of ways, including graphical methods:
Cremona diagram
Culmann diagram
Ritter analytical method (method of sections)
Design of members[edit]
A truss can be thought of as a beam where the web consists of a series of separate members instead of a continuous plate. In the truss, the lower horizontal member (the bottom chord) and the upper horizontal member (the top chord) carry tension and compression, fulfilling the same function as the flanges of an I-beam. Which chord carries tension and which carries compression depends on the overall direction of bending. In the truss pictured above right, the bottom chord is in tension, and the top chord in compression.
The diagonal and vertical members form the truss web, and carry the shear force. Individually, they are also in tension and compression, the exact arrangement of forces is depending on the type of truss and again on the direction of bending. In the truss shown above right, the vertical members are in tension, and the diagonals are in compression.
Truss sections stabilize this building under construction in Shanghai and will house mechanical floors
In addition to carrying the static forces, the members serve additional functions of stabilizing each other, preventing buckling. In the adjacent picture, the top chord is prevented from buckling by the presence of bracing and by the stiffness of the web members.
The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as prestressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges.
Once the force on each member is known, the next step is to determine the cross section of the individual truss members. For members under tension the cross-sectional area A can be found using A = F × γ / σy, where F is the force in the member, γ is a safety factor (typically 1.5 but depending on building codes) and σy is the yield tensile strength of the steel used.
The members under compression also have to be designed to be safe against buckling.
The weight of a truss member depends directly on its cross section—that weight partially determines how strong the other members of the truss need to be. Giving one member a larger cross section than on a previous iteration requires giving other members a larger cross section as well, to hold the greater weight of the first member—one needs to go through another iteration to find exactly how much greater the other members need to be. Sometimes the designer goes through several iterations of the design process to converge on the "right" cross section for each member. On the other hand, reducing the size of one member from the previous iteration merely makes the other members have a larger (and more expensive) safety factor than is technically necessary, but doesn't require another iteration to find a buildable truss.
The effect of the weight of the individual truss members in a large truss, such as a bridge, is usually insignificant compared to the force of the external loads.
Design of joints[edit]
After determining the minimum cross section of the members, the last step in the design of a truss would be detailing of the bolted joints, e.g., involving shear of the bolt connections used in the joints, see also shear stress. Based on the needs of the project, truss internal connections (joints) can be designed as rigid, semi rigid, or hinged. Rigid connections can allow transfer of bending moments leading to development of secondary bending moments in the members.
Applications[edit]
A type of truss used in roofing
Post frame structures[edit]
Component connections are critical to the structural integrity of a framing system. In buildings with large, clearspan wood trusses, the most critical connections are those between the truss and its supports. In addition to gravity-induced forces (a.k.a. bearing loads), these connections must resist shear forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the truss and uplift forces due to wind. Depending upon overall building design, the connections may also be required to transfer bending moment.
Wood posts enable the fabrication of strong, direct, yet inexpensive connections between large trusses and walls. Exact details for post-to-truss connections vary from designer to designer, and may be influenced by post type. Solid-sawn timber and glulam posts are generally notched to form a truss bearing surface. The truss is rested on the notches and bolted into place. A special plate/bracket may be added to increase connection load transfer capabilities. With mechanically-laminated posts, the truss may rest on a shortened outer-ply or on a shortened inner-ply. The later scenario places the bolts in double shear and is a very effective connection.
Gallery[edit]
Double chorded heavy timber truss with 80 foot clear span
The Hong Kong Bank of China Tower 中銀大廈 (香港) has an externally visible truss structure
The HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong has an externally visible truss structure
Support structure under the Auckland Harbour Bridge
The Auckland Harbour Bridge seen from Watchman Island to its west
Little Belt: a truss bridge in Denmark
Pre-fabricated steel bow string roof trusses built in 1942 for war department properties in Northern Australia
Roof truss in a side building of Cluny Abbey, France
A section through a queen post timber roof truss
A space truss carrying a floor in The Woodlands Mall
Electricity pylon
Timber roof truss
See also[edit]
Andreini tessellations, the only 28 ways to fill 3D space with trusses that have identical joints everywhere
Brown truss
Geodesic dome, a truss in the shape of a sphere
Structural mechanics
Serrurier truss, a truss form used for telescopes
Stress:
Compressive stress
Tensile stress
Structural steel
Tensegrity truss, a truss where no compression member touches any other compression member
Truss rod, a guitar part
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Plesha, Michael E.; Gray, Gary L.; Costanzo, Francesco (2013). Engineering Mechanics: Statics (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. pp. 364–407. ISBN 0-07-338029-6.
Jump up ^ Ching, Frank. A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2012. 277. Print. ISBN 9780470648858
Jump up ^ Reif, F., etymonline.com (1965).
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ Noble, Allen George. Traditional buildings a global survey of structural forms and cultural functions. London: I.B. Tauris ;, 2007. 115. ISBN 1845113055
Jump up ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Dictionary of architecture and building construction. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2008. 394. ISBN 0750685026
Jump up ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 121. ISBN 0080965377
Jump up ^ Crabb, George. Universal Technological Dictionary Or Familiar Explanation of the Terms used in All Arts and Sciences...", Volume 1 London: 1823. Couples.
Jump up ^ Shekhar, R. K. Chandra. Academic dictionary of civil engineering. Delhi: Isha Books, 2005. 431. ISBN 8182051908
^ Jump up to: a b c Beer, Ferd; Johnston, Russ (2013). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 285–313. ISBN 0-07-740228-6.
Jump up ^ Ricker, Nathan Clifford (1912) [1912]. A Treat on Design and Construction of Roofs. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 12. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
Jump up ^ Maginnis, Owen Bernard (1903). Roof Framing Made Easy (2nd ed.). New York: The Industrial Publication Company. p. 9. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hibbeler, Russell Charles (1983) [1974]. Engineering Mechanics-Statics (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 199–224. ISBN 0-02-354310-8.
Jump up ^ Wingerter, R., and Lebossiere, P., ME 354, Mechanics of Materials Laboratory: Structures, University of Washington (February 2004), p.1
Jump up ^ Lubliner, Jacob; Papadopoulos, Panayiotis (2016-10-23). Introduction to Solid Mechanics: An Integrated Approach. Springer. ISBN 9783319188782.
Jump up ^ Merriman, Mansfield (1912) [192]. American Civil Engineers' Pocket Book. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 785. Retrieved 2008-08-16. The Economic Depth of a Truss is that which makes the material in a bridge a minimum.
Jump up ^ Bethanga Bridge at the NSW Heritage Office; retrieved 2008-Feb-06
Jump up ^ A Brief History of Covered Bridges in Tennessee at the Tennessee Department of Transportation; retrieved 2008-Feb-06
Jump up ^ The Pratt Truss courtesy of the Maryland Department of Transportation; retrieved 2008-Feb-6
Jump up ^ Tempe Historic Property Survey at the Tempe Historical Museum; retrieved 2008-Feb-06
Jump up ^ Dario Gasparini, Case Western Reserve University. The Wright Brothers and the Pratt Truss, presentation slides
Jump up ^ Covered Bridge's Truss Types
Jump up ^ Vierendeel bruggen
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to trusses.
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Abigail Deveraux
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Abigail Deveraux
Marci Miller as Abigail Deveraux
Days of Our Lives character
Portrayed by
Ashley Benson (2004–07)
Kate Mansi (2011–16)
Marci Miller (2016–)
(and others)
Duration
1992–98
2000–07
2011–
First appearance
October 19, 1992
Created by
Sheri Anderson
Introduced by
Ken Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)
Ken Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)
Ken Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Abigail DiMera
Abigail Johanna Deveraux
Occupation
Police Department receptionist (2017–)
Public Relations assistant
Model
Student assistant
Medical intern
Waitress
Residence
Salem, Illinois
[show]Family
Family
Horton
Johnson
Father
Jack Deveraux
Mother
Jennifer Horton
Brothers
JJ Deveraux
Spouse
Chad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)
Dario Hernandez (2017)
Children
Thomas DiMera
Grandparents
Duke Johnson
Jo Johnson
Harper Deveraux (adoptive)
Camille Deveraux (adoptive)
Bill Horton
Laura Horton
Aunts and uncles
Steve Johnson
Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis
Mike Horton
Lucas Horton
First cousins
Jeremy Horton
Stephanie Johnson
Will Horton
Sonny Kiriakis
Allie Horton
Joey Johnson
Tripp Dalton
Joey Kiriakis (adoptive)
Victor Kiriakis II (adoptive)
Other relatives
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Arianna Horton
Abigail Deveraux is a fictional character on Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. Abigail was created by scriptwriter Sheri Anderson and executive producer Ken Corday. Abigail's storylines often focus on young love and budding romances. She is a member of the high class, core family, the Hortons. She is also the daughter of popular super couple Jack Deveraux and Jennifer Horton. Abigail was often titularized as the show's younger leading heroine during her time on the show and is known for her popular fan pairing with Max Brady, which spanned from 2005 to 2007, when her character left for London, England, to be with her parents. The character returned to the series in March 2011 under the portrayal of Kate Mansi, and departed in June 2016. Marci Miller stepped into the role in November 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Development
3 Storylines
3.1 1992–98, 2000–04
3.2 2004–07
3.3 2011–
3.4 2016-17
4 References
5 External links
Casting[edit]
Actress Ashley Benson (pictured) joined the cast in 2004 to represent an "older" Abigail.
Kate Mansi was cast as Benson's successor in the role of Abigail, from 2011 to 2016.
The role was originated by Meghan and Michael Nelson on October 19, 1992, who shared the role until December 8, 1994. Paige and Ryanne Kettner took over on December 20, 1994, until December 27, 1995, in a recurring capacity. The Kettners were contracted to appear as Abigail, their run started on January 16, 1996, and ended on June 5, 1998, however they returned on October 13, 2000, and had their final run end on January 2, 2001. Megan Corletto portrayed the role of Abigail from January 31, 2001, and remained until May 27, 2003.[1] She was replaced by Jillian Clare from August 28, 2003, to June 24, 2004.[2]
On October 31, 2004, it was announced that the character would be recast and rapidly aged to a teenager with fifteen-year-old actress Ashley Benson signed on to appear as Abby, she first appeared on November 12, 2004.[3][4][5] Benson remained with the show for three years until her departure from the soap on May 2, 2007.[3][6]
In December 2010, it was reported that the character of Abby would be brought back to the canvas with newcomer Kate Mansi assuming the role.[7] Mansi first aired on March 2, 2011.
In January 2016, it was revealed that Mansi will be exiting the show; she last appeared on June 24, 2016.[8][9] In June 2016, Soap Opera Digest broke the news that newcomer Marci Miller had been cast as Abigail.[10] In the November 14, 2016, issue of Soap Opera Digest, it was confirmed that Miller would make her first appearance as Abigail on November 10, 2016.[11]
Development[edit]
In January 2011, Soap Opera Digest reported that Abigail would be Chad DiMera's new love interest.[12] Deidrick said he immediately connected to Mansi during her screen test.[13] Throughout the spring of 2011, the head writers teased a relationship between the two, however Abigail was "turned off" because Chad is a DiMera, before realizing he isn't like his family. In an interview with TV Source Magazine from 2011, Mansi compared Chad and Abigail's dynamic to Romeo and Juliet. The duo shared an "instant attraction" but she distances herself because he is a DiMera knowing her mother Jennifer Horton (Melissa Reeves) does not approve. Mansi revealed that Stefano and Kate would also interfere in the romance forcing Chad and Abigail to "fight for their relationship," which makes them stronger.[14] The onscreen pairing of Chad and Abigail became very popular among fans and garnered the squish name, "Chabby".[14] Jamey Giddens enjoyed Abigail and Chad's new dynamic displayed in their snooping around Cameron. Giddens said that while he wasn't a fan of their initial romance, "Abby and Chad’s scenes were fun, and made me wish I could see more."[15]
Storylines[edit]
1992–98, 2000–04[edit]
Born onscreen in 1992, Abigail Johanna Deveraux is the oldest child of supercouple Jack Deveraux (Matthew Ashford) and Jennifer Horton (Melissa Reeves).[16] She is born in the Horton cabin, with her own father delivering her. While her parents' car went off the road Jennifer goes into labor. She is named after Alice Horton's mother Abigail Johanna.
When Abby is 8 months old, she comes down with aplastic anemia as the result of polluted well water.[16] A bone marrow donation from Austin Reed saves her life. Her father then discovers that he is responsible for the toxic dumping which had happened years earlier, when his own father used him to sign papers. Jack is traumatized with guilt and leaves town because he thought Jennifer and Abby would be better off without him. Years later, he returns and the entire Deveraux family goes to live in Africa for a few years.[16]
Abby's international upbringing also includes Ireland, where she and her mother live before returning to Salem in 2000. When her father returns to town, Abby hopes her estranged parents will reunite, but her mom has other ideas.[16] Eventually her parents make their way back to each other and remarry. When Jack was hit on the head by the Salem Stalker, he was rendered brain dead. Jennifer made the heart-renching decision to turn off his life support. It was a decision that Abby couldn't forgive her for.
After Jack's death, Jennifer finds out she was pregnant. Months later, she starts receiving messages from Jack via her cell phone. This leads her to the island Melaswen where all the presumed dead victims of the Salem Stalker are. While on the island, Jennifer gives birth to Jack, Jr., Abby's brother. Jack, Jennifer and their newborn son are briefly reunited until Jack is presumed dead once again by drowning while trying to escape. In reality, he has been kidnapped again.[16]
2004–07[edit]
Months later, Jack makes his way back to Salem. The Deveraux family are finally reunited on Abby's 16th birthday. Abby begins spending a lot of time with her best friend Chelsea Benson, who starts dating Max Brady. Abby begins dating a guy named Josh. Jack gets trapped behind a door and has to watch them kissing.[16]
Sadly, Jack becomes terminally ill shortly after his return but dies when his car crashes into a river and his body is never found. Jennifer and Frankie Brady begin seeing each other which upsets Abby, especially when she walks in on them making love in her parents' room. Abby even begins considering sleeping with Josh, even though she had always planned to wait until marriage. At a Pier Party with Chelsea and Max, Josh asks Abby to be exclusive and Abby tells Chelsea she is going to sleep with him first and then decide, but when things start to get hot, Abby gets a phone call and has to go. Little did both girls know that pictures of them kissing their boyfriends were taken by website owners and posted online which Frankie and Jennifer end up finding.[16] Josh goes off screen later when Abby develops feelings for Max and his disappearance is never explained.
In 2006, during Jennifer's wedding to Frankie, Jack returns from being presumed dead with his presumed-dead amnesiac brother, Steve Johnson. After receiving a successful experimental treatment for his illness, Jack is finally cured and able to return to his life. Jack, Jennifer and Jack, Jr. soon leave for London to run the Spectator newspaper office. Abigail remains in Salem at the university studying business.[16]
Abby soon begins working as an assistant at Max's garage, helping with paperwork and generally keeping the garage in order. Abby soon develops a crush on Max and begins displaying jealous feelings towards Max's relationship with Mimi Lockhart. When Mimi leaves town, Max is available again. Max soon admits his crush on Abby, and the two start dating, but only briefly. Abby's aunt, Maggie Horton, and Jack, push her to not go out with Max. When Max tells Abby that he wants to stay friends and not pursue a relationship with her, she gets in a fight with him and leaves Salem to spend the summer with her family in London and doesn't return.
2011–[edit]
In November 2010, Abby's mother Jennifer returns to Salem after a 4-year absence and explains that Abby is studying her schoolwork in Spain for the semester.
On March 2, 2011, Abby surprises her mother when she returns to Salem and expresses her dismay for her father Jack's absence.[17] She tries to talk Jennifer into moving on without Jack and encourages her to pursue a relationship with Dr. Daniel Jonas, the surgeon who saved her life.[18] Abby is instantly attracted to Stefano DiMera's youngest son Chad DiMera and realizes she should keep her distance.[19] Chad comforts Abby when she learns that her mother is divorcing her father and admits she wishes her parents were still together.[20] They soon begin dating, but Chad's step-mother, Kate DiMera starts plotting to break them up, but that plan quickly falls apart when Chad gets shot and 'disowns' his heritage.
In September 2011, Jack returns to Salem. It turns out he was secretly on an assignment as a reporter in Afghanistan and was taken hostage for over a year. Abby reacts in extreme anger when her father returns, after learning he lied again, and has a brief estrangement from him but eventually they reconcile. Later, Abby's relationship with Chad falls apart when he develops feelings for her best friend, Melanie Jonas and Abby secretly develops feelings for married man, Austin Reed. One drunken night Austin and Abby kiss and when Austin wakes in the morning he is full of regret, thinking that he had slept with Abigail. He tries to cover it up to keep it from his wife Carrie Brady. What he doesn't know is that he and Abby never actually slept together, but Abby lets him think that to try to keep him. Austin continues to push her away in an attempt to rekindle his failing marriage. Realizing how much she is hurting Austin, Abigail comes clean revealing that she lied about sleeping with him. Abigail then begins to build a connection with Lexie Carver's half-brother, Cameron Davis, a doctor at the University of Salem. The two begin a flirtation that soon turns to a relationship. Her relationship with her father improves as well. He works with Marlena Evans and a support group to recover from PSTD and so, Jack eventually manages to open up to Abigail about it and she soon forgives him. After Jack dies, Abigail begins to fall apart, asking Cameron to sleep with her, though she would always turn him down. Due to Abby's grief and mixed feelings, Cameron breaks up with her and starts seeing other girls, much to Abby's chagrin.
Later, Abby begins bonding with Chad again, and their feelings are rekindled. They spend New Year's Eve together and, ironically, a year after they break up, they end up sharing a few kisses, and decide to get closer. Abby also becomes Gabi Hernandez's maid-of-honor in her wedding to Abby's cousin, Nick Fallon. When Chad ruins the wedding (which he attends as Abby's date) by revealing that Nick is not the father of Will Horton's baby Arianna, Abigail then tells Chad she is done with him. They then reconcile and on September 17, Chad and Abigail make love for the first time, resulting in Abigail no longer being a virgin. After Chad leaves town with Stefano to recover from the shooting, Abigail begins having sex with Chad's older brother EJ DiMera. She then has a pregnancy scare which turns out to be a stomach bug. Abigail is mentioned by Will to be one of Arianna's godparents, along with Sonny Kiriakis. After Sami Brady learns of Abigail's affair with EJ, Sami plots revenge on both of them and continues to torture Abigail. In September 2014, Chad returns to Salem and immediately places anger towards Abigail over her affair with EJ. In June 2015, Abigail sleeps with Chad, despite being in a committed relationship with Ben. Later, believing herself to be pregnant due to morning sickness, she takes an at-home pregnancy test, which returns a positive result. As she has just slept with Chad, she is unsure if the father is Chad or Ben. She gets Kayla to secretly perform a paternity test, which reveals that Ben is the father after Ben's father Clyde Weston threatens the paternity doctor. When Chad is accused of murdering Serena Mason and Paige Larson Abigail sticks up for him even though Ben believes Chad is the killer because Chad has no memory of the nights the girls were murdered. Abigail's cousin Will Horton is murdered and Abigail still believes Chad is innocent. It is soon revealed that Ben is the killer and before leaving for Hope Williams Brady's wedding to Aiden Jennings, Abigail realizes the truth. She tries to get Ben to call an anonymous hotline or talk to Marlena Evans, but Ben, psychotically jealous, takes Abigail to a cabin in the middle of nowhere. Abigail's mother tries to contact her and realizing that he left Abigail's phone at the apartment, Ben goes back to get it. While he's gone, Abigail picks the handcuff she's locked to and tries to escape, but Ben arrives just as she's leaving. He locks her up once again and leaves for a second time to get some things. While he's gone, Abigail has labor pains but they soon wear off. Upon his return, he tells Abigail to call Chad and tell him she's done with him; she does so and, instantly realizing something is wrong, Chad tells Abigail to say goodbye and hang up immediately to signal if something is wrong and she does exactly so. Abigail goes into early labor and gives birth to her son with the help of a midwife, but Ben kills the midwife after the birth. Chad arrives and Ben ties them to the bed and sets it on fire before leaving with the baby. However, they escape and Ben is found and arrested. Eventually, Ben is put in jail and Abigail is reunited with her son after JJ and Chad find him abandoned in a motel. She renames her son Thomas Jack Deveraux. Afterwards, Abigail and Chad start to plan a future together. After being brainwashed to do his family's bidding, Chad cruelly breaks up with Abigail. After Thomas gets sick, it's revealed that Chad is his father, not Ben. In March 2016, Abigail marries Chad in a ceremony hosted at the DiMera mansion.
At this time, Abigail begins to believe she is seeing hallucinations of Ben; in an attempt to confront her fears, she sets traps to see if she can catch him. When confronted by Ben, Abigail begins to question her own sanity and in a stint of absent-mindedness, she ties up and tortures Ben. As a result, Chad commits her Shady Hills psych ward; while there, she continues to be threatened by hallucinations of Ben. Becoming overwhelmed, she withdraws herself from her family, and event breaks out of Shady Hills. Soon after, it is revealed that while on the run, Abigail died in a plane wreck.
2016-17[edit]
In November 2016, Abigail returns to Salem and is spying on her loved ones, including Chad. After sneaking into the DiMera mansion to return Thomas' teddy bear, she is approached by Andre, who reveals that he helped Abigail leave Salem and teamed up with Laura to help keep her safe, and that she had returned to Salem against their suggestion. At first she wasn't going to reveal herself to Chad, who had developed feelings for her best friend Gabi Hernandez. Abigail and Chad reconcile, however, but shortly thereafter Chad and Gabi are locked in a meat locker by Deimos Kiriakis and Chad tells Gabi he loves her. Abigail, with the help of Gabi's brother Dario Hernandez, who has developed feelings for Abigail himself, rescue them. Chad tells Abigail that he still has feelings for Gabi, but that he loves her and Thomas and wants to keep his marriage and family. He eventually decides he must remove Gabi from his life entirely. The day that Chad decides to tell Gabi this, Deimos kidnaps Abigail and Gabi and poisons them both and gives Chad only enough antidote to save one of the women, forcing him to choose which woman would live and which would die. Chad, however, gives half of the antidote to each one, saving both of their lives, however Gabi remains in a coma.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Megan Corletto Bio". TV.com. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jillian Clare Bio". Teen Stars Online.com. Retrieved 24 July 2007. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Ashley Benson - A Kid With a Cause". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved 24 July 2007. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan (October 31, 2004). "Orange off contract, Bjorlin to return". United States: Soapcentral.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mulcahy, Jr., Kevin (November 12, 2015). "Today in Soap Opera History (November 12)". We Love Soaps. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Janet Di Lauro, "Days Actress to Exit in '2007', Soap Opera Digest, March 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (December 1, 2010). "TV and screen vet Frances Fisher lands DAYS role, plus Abby recast!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (January 4, 2016). "Kate Mansi Leaving Days of our Lives". Serial Scoop. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (May 31, 2016). "Kate Mansi Reveals Her Last Episode on Days of our Lives". Serial Scoop. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ SOD (June 1, 2016). "DAYS CASTS NEW ABIGAIL". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. 41 (46): 12. November 14, 2016. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Ins&Outs". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group: 14. January 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Casey Jon Deidrick On Final Days". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. 38 (44): 4–5. November 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Dallman, William (August 19, 2011). "On set with 'Days of our Lives' star Kate Mansi". TV Source Magazine. SoSource Media LLC. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (April 5, 2013). "Chad and Abigail Get an Eyeful on Days of Our Lives". Daytime Confidential. Zap2it. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Abigail Deveraux Bio". NBC.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC". NBC. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC". NBC. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC". NBC. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC". NBC. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Abby at soapcentral.com
Days of Our Lives - Abby Deveraux
[show]
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Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
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Notable past
characters
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Susan Banks
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Bo Brady
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Dr. Lexie Carver
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[hide]
v
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Days of Our Lives characters
[show]
Present and future characters
Hattie Adams
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Claire Brady
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Hope Brady
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Roman Brady
Sami Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
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Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Bonnie Lockhart
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Ben Weston
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
[show]
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Belle Black
Peter Blake
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Ciara Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Shawn Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
[show]
Character lists
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Producers and writers
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Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
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Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abigail_Deveraux&oldid=807063740"
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