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Publishers Clearing House
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Publishers Clearing House
Type
Private
Industry
Merchandising
Founded
1953; 64 years ago (1953)[1]
Headquarters
Jericho, New York, New York, United States
Key people
Robin B. Smith (chairman)
Andrew Goldberg (president and CEO)
Revenue
$840.6 million (2013)[2]
Number of employees
550 (2014)[2]
Website
pch.com
Publishers Clearing House (PCH) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes, and prize-based games.
Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door-to-door magazine subscription sales by a single vendor offering multiple subscriptions by mail. It introduced its sweepstakes in 1967. In the early 1990s, the company was the subject of concerns and legal actions regarding whether consumers were misled about their odds of winning the sweepstakes and whether purchases increased their chances. By 2010, the company had reached settlements with all 50 states.
The company acquired search company Blingo in 2006,[3] online gaming company Funtank in 2010, and mobile marketing company Liquid Wireless in 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Government regulation
1.2.1 Lawsuits
1.3 Online development
2 Products
3 Sweepstakes
4 Odds of Winning
4.1 Prize Patrol
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 in Port Washington, New York, by Harold Mertz,[4][5] a former manager of a door-to-door sales team for magazine subscriptions.[6] The company started in Mertz's basement with help from his wife LuEsther and daughter Joyce.[7][8] Its first mailings were of 10,000 envelopes from Mertz's home in Long Island, New York, and offered 20 magazine subscriptions. 100 orders were received. Within a few years the company moved out of Mertz's basement into an office building and started hiring staff. When Publishers Clearing House moved its headquarters in 1969, its prior location was donated to the city and renamed the Harold E. Mertz community center.[8] The company revenue had grown to US$50 million by 1981, and $100 million by 1988.[6]
In 1967 Publishers Clearing House started its first sweepstakes as a way to increase subscription sales,[9] based on the sweepstakes held by Reader's Digest.[4] The first prizes ranged from 25 cents to $10 and entrants had a 1 in 10 chance of winning. After the sweepstakes increased response rates to mailings, prizes of[8] $5,000[6] and eventually $250,000 were offered.[10] PCH began advertising the sweepstakes on TV in 1974.[7][11] It was the only major multi-magazine subscription business until 1977. Former client Time Inc. and several other publishers formed American Family Publishers to compete with Publishers Clearing House after the company refused repeated requests by Time for a larger share of sales revenue from magazine subscriptions.[4][8]
American Family Publishers and Publishers Clearing House competed for exclusive rights to magazines and for the better promotion and prize ideas. When American Family Publishers increased their jackpot to $1 million,[10] then to $10 million in 1985, Publishers Clearing House raised its prizes to match.[4] $7 million in prizes were distributed by 1979,[12] $40 million by 1991[5] and $137 million by 2000.[9] In 1989 two members of its advertising team, Dave Sayer and Todd Sloane, started the Prize Patrol, a publicized event where winners are surprised with a check at their home. The idea was inspired by the 1950s television series "The Millionaire".[4][13][14]
In 1992 thousands of discarded sweepstakes entries from contestants who had not bought magazine subscriptions were found in the trash by city employees,[4][15] reinforcing beliefs that the company favored those who made purchases in selecting a sweepstakes winner.[4] Publishers Clearing House said this was done by a disgruntled employee at their mail processing vendor.[8] A class action ensued, which PCH settled by giving discarded entrants a second chance to win.[4][15][16]
Government regulation[edit]
In the 1990s Publishers Clearing House and its primary competitor, American Family Publishers, experienced a series of legal troubles due to concerns that their mailings misled consumers about their odds of winning and implied that magazine purchases increased their chances.[4][10] This led to the Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000, which regulates direct mail businesses.[4] At the senate hearings regarding this Act, Publishers Clearing House said most consumers were not confused about their chances of winning or that purchases did not increase their chances. The company said less than five percent of participants spend more than $300.[8] Government officials from California said 5,000 local consumers paid more than $2,500 each in magazine purchases under the false belief that they were increasing their odds of winning the sweepstakes.[17]
Industry sources estimated Publishers Clearing House's response rates decreased by 7-12 percent and its sales volume by 22 to 30 percent in response to the bad publicity from the lawsuits.[6][18] In 2000, Publishers Clearing House laid off a quarter of its 800-person work force.[18]
Lawsuits[edit]
In 1994 Publishers Clearing House sent mailings telling recipients they were all "finalists", which led to[10] a lawsuit involving the attorneys general of 14 US states.[19][20][21] Later that year, Publishers Clearing House denied wrongdoing, but agreed to pay a settlement of $490,000 and to change their practices.[20] Under the agreement, Publishers Clearing House said it would define terms like "finalist" and disclose the chances of winning.[22]
In 1997, a contestant of competitor American Family Publishers flew to Tampa, Florida, thinking he had won, though he had not. The resulting publicity caused more lawsuits for both companies.[6] Publishers Clearing House reached a $30 million national settlement in 1999.[8][23] In 2000, another $18 million settlement was reached with 24 states, after the company sent mass mailings that said "You are a winner!" and used mock personalized checks.[17][24] Publishers Clearing House agreed to avoid similar mailings in the future, and add a "sweepstakes fact box" to mailings.[17][24]
State attorneys spoke out against the national settlement from 2000 and additional lawsuits were filed by individual states.[8] Another $34 million settlement was reached in 2001 in a lawsuit involving 25 states.[1][25] As part of the settlement, Publishers Clearing House was required to avoid terms like "Guaranteed Winner," add disclaimers to mailings saying that the recipient has not won and that purchasing merchandise won't increase their chances.[26][25][27] Publishers Clearing House reached settlements with all fifty states and agreed to work with a "compliance counsel."[6] Publishers Clearing House apologized in the settlement and said it would contact customers who had spent more than $1,000 on merchandise the prior year".[28]
Publishers Clearing House also reached an agreement with Iowa in 2007.[29] In 2010 the company paid $3.5 million to the Attorneys General of 32 states and the District of Columbia to settle possible contempt charges that it had violated the terms of the 2001 agreement. The company denied wrongdoing, but agreed to work with both an ombudsperson and a compliance counsel who would review its mailings quarterly.[30][31][32][33]
In April 2014, an investigation by the Senate Special Committee on Aging concluded that Publishers Clearing House had "pushed the limits" of prior agreements and that additional legislation may be needed.[34]
Online development[edit]
Publishers Clearing House began selling merchandise in 1985[7] with two products. After a Hershey's Chocolate Cookbook and a diet cookbook sold more than other products, the company began expanding into jewelry, media, collectibles, household products and others.[8] The company also shifted its focus online.[1][35] It began selling magazine subscriptions and merchandise on PCH.com in 1996.[36] In 2006, it acquired Blingo Inc., an ad-supported metasearch engine that was later re-branded as PCH Search and Win.[13][37] Publishers Clearing House ran contests on Twitter, Facebook and Myspace. iPhone apps for slot games and trivia were developed. The company created online play-and-win sites like PCH Games (formerly Candystand) and PCHQuiz4Cash, with air-hockey and video poker games.[1]
In December 2010, Publishers Clearing House acquired Funtank and its online gaming site Candystand.com.[38] In 2011, Publishers Clearing House promoted a "$5,000 every week for life" sweepstakes in TV ads and the front page of AOL.com.[11][26] The following year the company acquired a mobile marketing company, Liquid Wireless.[39] The company utilized, then stopped then started again utilizing coregistration (through other websites) to expand its customer base.[40]
In 2008, a PCH spokesperson said the digital properties were intended to attract younger consumers. By 2013, the internet had become PCH's primary channel of interaction with consumers.[7] The New York Times described the digital transition as "part of an overall effort to collect information on Web users, show them advertisements and use the registration information for PCH’s mailing lists."[1]
Products[edit]
A screenshot of PCHSearch&WIN.com
Publishers Clearing House is a direct-marketing company that sells merchandise, magazine subscriptions and operates several prize-based websites.[11] While best known for the sweepstakes and Prize Patrol it uses to promote its magazine subscriptions,[1][13][36] the majority of the company's revenue now comes from merchandise.[11] The company has been selling books, media, jewelry and other consumer items[4] since the 1980s.[8] Publishers Clearing house operates eight websites, including PCH Search and Win, PCH Lotto, PCH Games, PCH Save and Win, and Candystand.[1][11]
The company also sells magazine subscriptions at a discount and advertises subscriptions along with its sweepstakes.[41] It's estimated that companies like Publishers Clearing House keep 75-90 percent of the fees from the original subscription, while publishers use the increased distribution to improve circulation numbers and revenue from renewals.[10][42] Publishers Clearing House popularized the idea of using sweepstakes to sell magazine subscriptions in the direct-marketing market and became known by detractors as a producer of junk-mail for advertising through mass-mailings.[5][41] Documents filed with the New York State Department in 1993 said that year the company mailed 220 million envelopes. Frequent buyers can receive 30-40 mailings a year.[43]
Sweepstakes[edit]
The Prize Patrol delivering an oversized cheque to a sweepstakes winner for $1 million plus $5,000 a week for life
Although Publishers Clearing House advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win.[10][43][44] In 1995, Publishers Clearing House began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl.[45] As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed.[8] Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life,[46] or $10 million.[47] Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million.[48] The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years,[49] reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.
Sweepstakes scammers often pose as being from Publishers Clearing House and say that a cash payment is needed before they can deliver a prize.[50] According to Chris Irving from Publishers Clearing House "If you are contacted by anyone claiming to represent Publishers Clearing House and they request payment of any amount to collect a prize, do not send any money... You have not heard from the real Publishers Clearing House."[51][52]
Odds of Winning[edit]
The odds of winning a Publishers Clearing House sweepstakes vary depending on the number of entries and what prize or sweepstakes is involved.[48] According to the official rules, the estimated odds of winning the $1 million a year forever are one in 1.3 billion.[53] As of 2017, the odds of winning $15 million in Giveaway 8800 are 1 in 2.4 billion. [54] Smaller prizes have better odds that may vary from one in 223 to one in 80,000, depending on the prize.[48]
Prize Patrol[edit]
The Prize Patrol surprises sweepstakes winners at their homes, work or other locations with cash prizes and captures the event on video.[7] Since their introduction in 1989, these reality TV-style videos of prize-winners surprised at their doorstep with checks for $1,000 to $10 million have been used in widely broadcast television commercials, and, more recently, in the company's online acquisition efforts, websites and social media communications.[7][11][55][56] In 2013, a $5 million television campaign modified the traditional prize patrol commercial by digitally altering video from classic sitcoms like The Brady Bunch and Gilligan's Island to show the prize patrol visiting characters in the show.[56]
The Prize Patrol has made in-person appearances or delivered prizes on TV programs such as The Oprah Winfrey Show[57] and The Price Is Right.[58][59] Their surprise winning moments have been spoofed by Jay Leno,[60] Conan O'Brien[61] and the cast of Saturday Night Live;[62] woven into the plots of movies such as Let's Go to Prison,[63][64] The Sentinel[65] and Knight and Day;[66][67] and the subject of cartoons.[8]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
New York portal
List of New York companies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Clifford, Stephanie (23 December 2008). "ADVERTISING; Old-Line Magazine Sweepstakes Company Gets Digital". The New York Times. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Area's Largest Privately Held Companies". Crain's New York Business. November 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo, Inc.; Parent of Famous Prize Patrol Welcomes Blingo's Rapidly Growing Internet 'Search and Win' Site". Business Wire. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Lammie, Rob (June 21, 2012). "You may already be a winner! The story of Publishers Clearing House". Mental Floss. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Saslow, Linda (20 January 1991). "It's Sweepstakes Time, and It's a Frenzy". The New York Times. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.64. St. James Press, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Haire, Thomas (February 1, 2013). "PCH Wins All Day Long". Response Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Lester, Darrell (October 27, 2011). The Naked Truth About Publishers Clearing House (PDF). Pennywyse Press. ISBN 1935437429.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disappointed couple sues Publishers Clearing House". Associated Press. April 15, 2000. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f By, G.J. 1998, Sweepstakes Industry May Not Be a WINNER!, New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mummert, Hallie (November 2011). "Cover Story: Full Sweep". Target Marketing. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (July 25, 1979). "Sweepstakes: Some do Hit the Jackpot". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Campanelli, Melissa (June 26, 2001). "Publishers Clearing House Acquires Blingo". Direct Marketing News.
Jump up ^ Gelles, Jeff (January 26, 1997). "The $10 Million Prize Patrol: Myths and Truths". The Inquirer. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Publishers Contest Error Admitted". Associated Press. October 24, 1992. pp. A–6.
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit sets off million-dollar alert". Associated Press. November 26, 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pae, Peter (August 23, 2000). "Publishers Clearing House Loses $18 million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "PCH Cleans House, Goes Virtual in Profit Play". Long Island Business News. February 18, 2000. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Evans,David (August 25, 1994). "Contest Offers Mislead Entrants Publishers Clearing House Pays $490,000 and Promises To Change Its Promotions". Bloomberg Business News (via High Beam).
^ Jump up to: a b "Sweepstakes firm, 14 states make deal". Associated Press. August 25, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "That Big Magazine Contest Pays". Associated Press. August 25, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House to Spell Out Winning Chances". The Associated Press. August 21, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House to Pay $30 Million to Settle Suit". Associated Press. February 21, 2000. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Publishers Clearing House Strikes Deceptive-Practices Accord". The New York Times. August 23, 2000. p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miller Announces $34 million sweepstakes settlement". Associated Press. December 15, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Stuart Elliot (July 11, 2011). "Prize Patrol Heads Over to AOL". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ulferts, Alisa (June 27, 2001). "Publishers Clearing House settles". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ulferts, Alisa (June 27, 2001). "Publishers Clearing House settles". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Publishers Clearing House". Direct Marketing News. December 28, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pankratz, Howard (September 10, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House to pay for violation". The Denver Post. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pelham, Victoria (September 9, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House to increase protections against deceptive sweepstakes marketing". ABC15.com. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Blackman, Teresa; Anne Yeager (September 9, 2010). "$3.5 Million Publishers Clearing House Lawsuit Settled in Oregon". KGW. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "States settle Publishers Clearing House "deceptive" trade practices". Consumer Reports. October 21, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Consumer Reports
Jump up ^ Macavinta, Courtney (December 28, 1999). "Publishers Clearing House Rushes the Net, Grapples with Privacy". CNET. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Levere, Jane L. (1 December 1997). "Publishers Look to New Medium To Rekindle Sales in Older One". The New York Times. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Crowell, Grant, "How Search Engines Make Money", Search Engine Watch
Jump up ^ Mickey, Bill (January 11, 2012). "Publishers Clearing House Buys Mobile Lead-Gen Provider Liquid Wireless". Foliomag.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wauters, Robin (December 6, 2010). "Publishers Clearing House Buys Funtank, Gaming Site Candystand.com". TechCrunch.com.
Jump up ^ Publishers Clearing House Clears Coregistration Concerns By Eric Barkin Customer Relationship Management magazine July 2013 Page 52
^ Jump up to: a b Rothenberg, Randall (31 January 1989). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Read This and Win $10 Million!!". The New York Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Hunds, Michael (January 17, 1988). "Mail that glitters is not necessarily gold". New York Times Service. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Span, Paula, "Sweep Dreams, America!," Washington Post, January 28, 1993, pp. C1, C8.
Jump up ^ "Non-buyer can win sweepstakes". Star-News. July 29, 1979. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Meier, Barry (January 27, 1996). "You're All Finalist!". The New York Times. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Grauschopf, Sandra (July 5, 2013). "Wish you had won the last PCH SuperPrize? Here's another chance". About.com. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grauschopf, Sandra, Publishers Clearing House - $10 Million Giveaway Number 1170 EXPIRED, About.com, retrieved June 8, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c "Odds of Winning", Media FAQ, Publishers Clearing House, retrieved June 8, 2013
Jump up ^ "Rules". Publishers Clearing House. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Grauschopf, Sandra, Top 7 Places to Report Sweepstakes Fraud, About.com, retrieved April 26, 2013
Jump up ^ Wood, David (July 15, 2007). "Scammers Channeling Publishers Clearing House". Consumer Affairs. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Contest Hoax Got Couple's Hopes up". Associated Press. Associated Press. May 13, 1994. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check |url= value (help), retrieved December 4, 2013
Jump up ^ - view rules and facts - Windows Internet Explorer Official Rules Check |url= value (help), retrieved August 14, 2017
Jump up ^ Stuart Elliot (July 11, 2011). "Prize Patrol Heads Over to AOL". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, Stuart (May 6, 2013). "Publishers Clearing House Imagines Handing a Big Check to Gilligan and Mike Brady". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Million-Dollar Moments". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 28, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Upping The Ante On Plinko! The Price Is Right (Video Clip). youtube.com: Price Is Right. April 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maloni, J (April 9, 2012). "Full week of Plinko, chance to win 100K when PCH Prize Patrol visits The Price is Right". Niagara Frontier Publications. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ PCH On TV Jay Leno Spoofs the PCH Prize Patrol (Video Clip). youtube.com: PCHarchive. January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Conan O'Brien Promo with Jane (Video Clip). youtube.com. January 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live Publishers Clearing House Giveaway (Video Clip). hulu.com.
Jump up ^ Marder, Brian (November 24, 2006). "Let's go to Prison! Review". Hollywood.com. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Let's Go To Prison Trailer (Video Clip). youtube.com. October 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Sentinel". Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Joseph (July 1, 2010). "Movie Review Knight and Day". SunGazette.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ivers, Patrick. "Laramie Movie Scope Knight and Day". Retrieved July 31, 2012.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
Turn on red
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In countries where one drives on the left, replace "right turn" with "left turn" and vice versa.
For left turn on red in right-side-drive countries, and right turn on red in left-side-drive countries, see #Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic (turning across traffic) below.
French sign indicating to cyclists that they may treat the red light as a yield if turning right.
"No right turns on red light" sign in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Turning right on red is forbidden in New York City unless this sign or similar is posted.[1]
In the United States outside New York City, right turns are permitted on red (except for school buses and trucks carrying hazardous materials) unless there is a "No Turn on Red" or a "Right Turn Signal" light indicating the same and controlling the right turn.
"Right turn on red" traffic light in Belgrade, Serbia, right turn only after passing pedestrians and traffic oncoming from left.
A turn on red is a principle of law permitting vehicles at a traffic light showing a red signal to turn into the direction of traffic nearer to them (almost always after a complete stop) when the way is clear, without having to wait for a green signal. It is intended to allow traffic to resume moving, with minimal risk provided that proper caution is observed.
It is commonly known as a right turn on red (or simply right on red) in countries that drive on the right side of the road, or a left turn on red in countries which drive on the left side of the road.
Contents
1 North America
2 Central America
3 South America
4 Europe
5 Asia
6 Oceania
7 Pedestrian safety
8 Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic (turning across traffic)
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
North America[edit]
Right turns on red are permitted in many regions of North America. While Western states have allowed it for more than 50 years;[citation needed] eastern states amended their traffic laws to allow it in the 1970s as a fuel-saving measure in response to motor fuel shortages in 1973. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 required in §362(c)(5) that in order for a state to receive federal assistance in developing mandated conservation programs, they must permit right turns on red lights.[2] All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico have allowed right turns on red since 1980, except where prohibited by a sign or where right turns are controlled by dedicated traffic lights. (The last state with a right-on-red ban, Massachusetts, ended its ban on January 1, 1980.[3]) The few exceptions include New York City,[4] where right turns on red are prohibited, unless a sign indicates otherwise.
In some states, such as New York,[5] Virginia, North Carolina, Nebraska, and California, a right turn on red is prohibited when a red arrow is displayed.
At intersections where U-turns are permitted and controlled by a U-turn arrow from the left-most lane, motorists turning right on red onto the same road must yield to those making U-turns before turning, as the motorists making U-turns have the right of way and a collision could easily occur. At intersections where U-turns are prohibited in the same fashion, a green right turn arrow will sometimes appear for those turning right onto the road, allowing only traffic turning right to proceed without having to stop or yield to other vehicles or pedestrians. Some states such as California have "No U-Turn" signs posted at these intersections because of the green right turn arrow.
Most Caribbean countries with right-hand traffic, such as the Dominican Republic, allow right turn on red unless a sign prohibits it. Some vehicles, such as those carrying hazardous materials and school buses, are not allowed to turn on red under any circumstance and must wait for a green light or arrow.[citation needed]
During 1982–1992, approximately 84 fatal crashes per year occurred in the U.S. where a vehicle was turning right at intersections where right turn on red was permitted.[citation needed] As of 1992, right turn on red is governed federally by 42 U.S.C. § 6322(c) ("Each proposed State energy conservation plan to be eligible for Federal assistance under this part shall include: ...(5) a traffic law or regulation which, to the maximum extent practicable consistent with safety, permits the operator of a motor vehicle to turn such vehicle right at a red stop light after stopping, and to turn such vehicle left from a one-way street onto a one-way street at a red light after stopping."). All turns on red are forbidden in New York City unless a sign is posted permitting it.[6]
Through most of Canada, a driver may turn right at a red light after coming to a complete stop unless a sign indicates otherwise. In the province of Quebec, turning right on a red was illegal until a pilot study carried out in 2003 showed that the right turn on red manoeuvre did not result in significantly more accidents. Subsequent to the study, the Province of Quebec now allows right turns on red except where prohibited by a sign. However, like in New York City, it remains illegal to turn right on a red anywhere on the Island of Montreal.[7] Motorists are reminded of this by large signs posted at the entrance to all bridges.
In Mexico, right turns on red are generally allowed unless a sign indicates otherwise.[8] Mexico City has implemented a new transit law which prohibits right turns and motorists can be issued a citation for noncompliance.[9]
Central America[edit]
In Costa Rica, right turns on red are allowed in general, but a sign can forbid them.
South America[edit]
Chilean right turn on red permitted sign
In Chile, right turns on red are only allowed when a sign permitting it is shown.
In Paraguay, right turns on red are allowed in some towns.
In Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay, right turns on red are not allowed.
Europe[edit]
German Right turn on red permission sign
In the European Union member states in general, it is illegal to turn on a red light, unless it is indicated otherwise, for example by a green arrow on a red light, a flashing amber arrow with a red light or a permanent green board next to the red light.[citation needed]
In Poland, right turns on red are permitted, only if an additional green arrow light (apart from the main signal light) is present and lit. However, the regulations require drivers to stop completely, as their paths intersect with other vehicles or pedestrians in at least one direction. Green arrow light can be also directed left (the same regulations apply).[10]
In Germany, right turns on red are only permitted, after a complete stop, when a specific sign is present. This rule was first introduced in 1978 in East Germany and was originally supposed to become obsolete together with the East German highway code by the end of 1990, following German reunification. However, authorities were unable to remove the signs in time, and public opinion caused them to leave the regulation unchanged, even extending its scope to the areas of the former West Germany in 1994. By 1999, there were 300 turn-on-red intersections on the territory of the former West Germany while that of the former East Germany featured 2,500. However, the numbers in the former West Germany have risen considerably since then and as of 2002 a total of 5,000 turn-on-red intersections were counted, representing 48% of the national total.
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2014)
In Russia, turns on red are prohibited unless a separate arrow-shaped green light allows it; drivers must give way to any vehicle coming from a different direction. When the arrow is not lit, turns in the arrow direction are prohibited.[11]
French Right turn (or others) on red permission sign
In the Netherlands, bicycles are occasionally allowed to turn right on a red light (assuming that the design of the junction is such that the light is even applicable to right turning cyclists, which it often is not in the Netherlands). Wherever this is the case, a sign "rechtsaf voor fietsers vrij" (right turn free for cyclists) or "rechtsaf voor (brom)fietsers vrij" (right turn free for cyclists and mopeds) is present.
In France a right turn on red without stopping is allowed when a separate arrow-shaped amber light flashes, but drivers do not have priority. They must check if any pedestrians are crossing before turning and must give way to vehicles coming from other directions.[12][citation needed]. In France, cyclists are permitted to turn right on red if a sign indicates it.
In Belgium, road signs that allow cyclists to turn right on a red light have been added to traffic law in 2012.[13] Such roads signs have been placed on intersections in the Brussels Capital Region.[14]
Like in the Netherlands, Belgium and France have a road sign that allows cyclists to turn right on a red light. The French and Belgian signs consist of a yield sign with a yellow bike and arrow inside. Such signs are placed under traffic lights.[15]
Sign allowing cyclists to turn right on red in France and Belgium.
In the United Kingdom, which drives on the left, left turn on red is prohibited, but at some junctions there is a separate left arrow-shaped green "filter" light which, when lit, allows left-hand turns but conflicting traffic will always have a red signal.[16] Other non conflicting traffic movements may have their own left or right arrow-shaped green light. Sometimes there are specific lanes without signals for turning left, separated from the through traffic signalled traffic by traffic islands, but give way signs are installed.
In the Republic of Ireland, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited.
In Lithuania, drivers are allowed to turn right on red when a particular sign with a green arrow on a white background is mounted beside the red light of the traffic signal. However, on 10 November 2014, national traffic rules were altered meaning that this sign will be valid only until 31 December 2019 at the latest, by which time all such signs will have been eliminated. These changes for reasons of road safety.[17]
In Czech Republic and Slovakia right turns on red are allowed only when there is a lit green arrow present (called S 5 in Czech Republic and S 10 in Slovakia). Also in this case the car turning on red must give way to ongoing traffic, to pedestrians and other road users. (According to Czech law §70 of decree 30/2001 of Law Codex; and Slovak law §9, part 3g, decree 9/2009 of Law Codex)
In Romania, right turns on red are prohibited, except when there is a small green flashing light with a right turn arrow. Drivers must yeld to pedestrians. In some one-way junctions, the same rule applies for left on red (such as Cluj-Napoca Avram Iancu Square).
In Bulgaria, right turns on red are prohibited.
In Spain, right turns on red are allowed only if there's either a flashing amber or lit green arrow-shaped traffic light. Flashing amber arrow allows turning without priority (turn must be done exercising caution, giving way to any other vehicles and pedestrians that may cross the path), while a lit green arrow grants priority. If just a regular set of traffic lights is present (no light arrows), then turning on red is prohibited.
In Iceland, right turn on red is allowed only when the "Hægri Kveiktu á Rauðum" sign is displayed at the traffic junction. The driver will have to stop at the red light first and give way to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their left before turning.
Asia[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)
Singapore "Left Turn On Red" sign
As in the United Kingdom, left turn on red is always prohibited in Hong Kong. At some junctions, however, there may be separate sets of signals for left turns, or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and give way signs are installed. One such example is at the junction of Queen's Road East and Morrison Hill Road.
In China, a right turn on red is generally permitted, unless there is a red arrow pointing to the right. However, certain cities such as Shantou prohibited right turn on red.
In India, which drives on the left, a "free left turn" is generally prohibited.[18][19][20] However, some cities specifically permit turning left on a red signal.[21][22] An explicit green or blinking orange left signal also permits a turn on red, which usually means that conflicting traffic is not permitted to enter the same road.[23]
In Japan, which drives on the left, the only left turn allowed requires a green left arrow along with the red light.
In Singapore, which drives on the left, left turn on red is allowed only when the "Left Turn On Red" sign is displayed at the traffic junction. The driver will have to stop at the red light first and give way to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their right before turning.[24]
In Taiwan, right turn on red is always prohibited, except when there is a green arrow along with the red light.
In Thailand, which drives on the left, left turn on red is allowed unless a sign prohibits it.
In Saudi Arabia, right turn on red is generally permitted, unless there is a dedicated slip lane for right turn.
In Lebanon, unless sign or a red arrow prohibits it, right turning on red is permitted after coming to a full stop to give way to oncoming traffic and pedestrians.
Oceania[edit]
Australian "left turn on red" sign at traffic lights
In Australia, which drives on the left, left turns on red are not permitted unless a sign indicating otherwise exists at the intersection. At such intersections, a sign generally reads "left turn on red permitted after stopping," meaning a vehicle can make a left turn only after coming to a complete stop first and giving way to approaching traffic and any crossing pedestrians or cyclists.[25][26] These intersections often take the form of a slip lane.
Such signs are only in limited locations in the states of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia as well as the Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory and are banned in other states.[27] In South Australia, there were just 6 such intersections allowing turns on red in the entire state as of 2016.[28] There are conflicting views on the policy of left turns on red, with supporters pointing to lower vehicle emission and time savings, while opponents cite safety concerns.[28][29]
In New Zealand, which drives on the left, left turns on red are not permitted. However, some intersections have a slip lane passing to the left of the traffic light that then joins on to the main road with a give way sign, effectively allowing a left turn on red.
Pedestrian safety[edit]
Turns on red are especially problematic for pedestrians due to drivers looking left for traffic on red light and not noticing a pedestrian waiting to cross the street to the driver's right. This may lead to a "right hook" collision when the driver and pedestrian both enter the intersection. Right on red reduces perceived safety for pedestrians and hence walkability. Suburbanization and car oriented development of the west has been a driving force behind right turn on red[citation needed], although in some downtown core areas even in Western US right on red is explicitly prohibited with signs.
Left turn on red in countries with right hand traffic (turning across traffic)[edit]
Left turns on red for US states
Left turns on red from one-way and two-way streets into one-way streets permitted
Left turns on red from one-way streets into one-way streets permitted
State prohibits left turns on red
In the U.S., 36 states and Puerto Rico allow left turns on red only if both the origin and destination streets are one way. (See South Carolina law Section 56-5-970 C3,[30] for example.)
Five other states, namely Alaska, Idaho, Michigan, Oregon and Washington, allow left turns on red onto a one-way street even from a two-way street.[31][32][33][34][35]
The following states and territories ban left turns on red: South Dakota (unless permitted by local ordinance), Connecticut, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode Island, the District of Columbia, and Guam.[citation needed] New York City also prohibits left turn on red lights, unless a sign indicates otherwise.[36]
In Canada, left turn on red light from a one-way road into a one-way road is permitted except in some areas of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Left turn on red light from a two-way road into a one-way road is permitted in British Columbia[37] but only if the driver turns onto the closest lane and yields to pedestrians and cross traffic.
See also[edit]
Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Energy Policy and Conservation Act". govtrack.us.
Jump up ^ Rabinovitz, Jonathan D (1979-12-04). "Right-On-Red Comes to Boston". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Right Turn on Red" (PDF). Sustainable Streets Index. New York City Department of Transportation. 2009.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 4: Traffic Control". Online Driver's Manual and Study Guide. New York State Department of Motor Vehicles.
Jump up ^ "Right Turn on Red" (PDF). nyc.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Transports Québec : Right Turn on Red". mtq.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ Estado de Mexico Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Adiós a la vuelta continua y multas por usar el teléfono, así el nuevo Reglamento de Tránsito del DF - Animal Político". Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Rozporządzenie Ministrów Infrastruktury oraz Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji z dnia 31 lipca 2002 r. w sprawie znaków i sygnałów drogowych Archived March 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., § 96.1. and 96.3.
Jump up ^ Правила дорожного движения Российской Федерации Archived November 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., п.6.3
Jump up ^ Arrêté du 24 novembre 1967 relatif à la signalisation des routes et des autoroutes - Article 7 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2015-10-02. , Legifrance, accessdate=2 October 2015
Jump up ^ "Wet tot wijziging van artikel 6.3 van het koninklijk besluit van 1 december 1975 houdende algemeen reglement op de politie van het wegverkeer en van het gebruik van de openbare weg teneinde te voorzien in een afwijking op het algemene voorrangsbeginsel voor de verkeerslichten, in geval van verkeersborden die voorrang verlenen aan de fietsers".
Jump up ^ "Brussel plaatst 100 extra borden waar fietser door het rood mogen rijden". Het Laatste Nieuws. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Trotignon, Jean-Michel. "Tourne à droite au feu rouge: il manque juste le panneau" (PDF). Vélocité. Fédération française des Usagers de la Bicyclette. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Highway Code: Using the road (rule 177)". Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Changes of Lithuanian Traffic rules on 3 October 2014 - valid from 10 October 2014" (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2014-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Why are there no free-left turns in Bangalore? - Quora". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
Jump up ^ Adhiraj Joglekar (2007-05-08), Driving in India: At Red Lights There are no Free Left Turns, retrieved 2016-11-04
Jump up ^ "Common Traffic Rules". India Study Channel. 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
Jump up ^ Ramu, Marri (2015-12-26). "For a change, it's a hassle-free ride". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Chandigarh traffic police, promoting road safety, traffic safety, India road signs & rules, safe responsible driving, first aid India". www.chandigarhtrafficpolice.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Did govt change the "No Free Left" Rule, off late - Team-BHP". Team-BHP.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ Left Turn On Red Scheme, Singapore Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. ONE Motoring, Land Transport Authority Singapore 2011-08-27
Jump up ^ "Traffic lights and road markings - Safety & Rules". Roads and Maritime Services. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Left Turn on Red project". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Fuller, Peta (19 October 2013). "Left turns at red lights to be allowed in new traffic trial". news.com.au. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Call to allow left-hand turns on red lights in SA". ABC News. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Acott, Kent (27 April 2014). "Turn left on red possible solution". The West Australian. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Carolina Code of Laws (Unannotated): Current through the end of the 2010 Session". South Carolina Legislature Online. Office of Legislative Printing, Information & Technology Systems. November 5, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. S.C. Code Section 56-5-970(C)(3). Except when a sign is in place prohibiting a turn, vehicular traffic facing any steady red signal may cautiously enter the intersection to turn right or to turn left from a one-way street into a one-way street after stopping as required by item (1) or (2). Such vehicular traffic shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection.
Jump up ^ "DOC Frame Page". Legis.state.ak.us. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Florida Motor Vehicles Code Section 316.075 - State Uniform Traffic Control - Traffic control signal devices. - Florida Attorney Resources - Florida Laws". law.onecle.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ Offices, Legislative. "Idaho State Legislature". Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature - Section 257.612". Retrieved 28 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ "The place in New York City where you can turn left on red". Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ BC Motor Vehicle Act Archived September 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Section 129
External links[edit]
The Safety Impact Of Right Turn On Red: Report To Congress, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Traffic Tech
Sarkar, van Houten, and Moffatt, Using License Manuals To Increase Awareness About Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections[1][dead link], Transportation Research Record 1674.
Traffic Light Signals and Red Light Cameras: Turning on Red Light (US), by Justin JIH.
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Jump up ^ Sarkar, Sheila; Van Houten, Ron; Moffatt, John (1999-01-01). "Using License Manuals To Increase Awareness About Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections. Missed Opportunity for Educating Drivers". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 1674: 49–56. doi:10.3141/1674-07. ISSN 0361-1981.
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values: Svolta a destra con semaforo rosso – Italian

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