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List of Attack on Titan episodes
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The logo of Attack on Titan
Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama. It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans, gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason. The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager,[a] his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman,[b] and their friend Armin Arlert,[c] whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town. Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans, Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment,[1] an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans.
Produced by IG Port's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki, Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29, 2013, and later aired on Tokyo MX, FBS, TOS, HTB, TV Aichi and BS11.[2] Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites.[3][4] Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014.[5] Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston,[6] with other episodes put on Funimation's subscription services.[7] On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim's Toonami block on May 3, 2014, starting at 11:30 p.m. EST.[8]
From episode 1 to 13, the anime's opening theme song is "Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen" (紅蓮の弓矢, Guren no Yumiya, lit. "Crimson Bow and Arrow") by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is "Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai" (美しき残酷な世界, lit. "A Beautiful Cruel World") by Yōko Hikasa. From episode 14 to 25, the anime's opening theme song is "Die Flügel der Freiheit" (自由の翼, Jiyū no Tsubasa, lit. "The Wings of Freedom") by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is "great escape" by Cinema Staff. The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon's single "Jiyū e no Shingeki" which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales.[9]
A second season aired from April 1 to June 17, 2017 on MBS and other television networks.[10] Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites, while Adult Swim aired a dubbed version.[11] The opening theme song is "Opfert eure Herzen!" (心臓を捧げよ！, Shinzō o Sasageyo!, lit. "Dedicate Your Hearts!") by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is "Yūgure no Tori" (夕暮れの鳥) by Shinsei Kamattechan.[12]
On June 17, 2017, a third season was announced at the close of the second season's final episode, with a release date slated for July 23, 2018.[13] A trailer for the third season was released on April 27, 2018 along with confirmation for a 24-episode long season. After 12 episodes, Season 3 was confirmed to be in hiatus until it returns with half of the episodes on April 2019. [14] Adult Swim is scheduled to air the English version of the third season, starting on August 18, 2018.[15] The opening theme for the third season is "Red Swan" by Yoshiki featuring Hyde,[16] and the ending theme song is "Akatsuki no Requiem" (暁の鎮魂歌, Akatsuki no Chinkonka, lit. "Daybreak Requiem") by Linked Horizon.[17]
Contents
1 Series overview
2 Episode list
2.1 Season 1 (2013)
2.2 Season 2 (2017)
2.3 Season 3 (2018–19)
3 Special episodes
3.1 OVA episodes
3.2 Bonus shorts
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 25 April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07) September 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)
2 12 April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01) June 17, 2017 (2017-06-17)
3 12 July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23) TBA
Episode list[edit]
Each episode contains one or two panels entitled "Information Available for Public Disclosure" presenting data about human society or the Titans.
Season 1 (2013)[edit]
Main article: List of Attack on Titan episodes (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2][18]
English air date
1
1 "To You, in 2000 Years: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 1"
"Ni-sen Nen-go no Kimi e -Shiganshina Kanraku (1)-" (二千年後の君へ ―シガンシナ陥落①―) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7, 2013 May 3, 2014
2
2 "That Day: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 2"
"Sono Hi -Shiganshina Kanraku (2)-" (その日 ―シガンシナ陥落②―) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14, 2013 May 10, 2014
3
3 "A Dim Light Amid Despair: Humanity's Comeback, Part 1"
"Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru -Jinrui no Saiki (1)-" (絶望の中で鈍く光る ―人類の再起①―) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21, 2013 May 17, 2014
4
4 "The Night of the Closing Ceremony: Humanity's Comeback, Part 2"
"Kaisan Shiki no Yoru -Jinrui no Saiki (2)-" (解散式の夜 ―人類の再起②―) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28, 2013 May 24, 2014
5
5 "First Battle: The Struggle for Trost, Part 1"
"Uijin -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (1)-" (初陣　―トロスト区攻防戦①―) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5, 2013 May 31, 2014
6
6 "The World the Girl Saw: The Struggle for Trost, Part 2"
"Shōjo ga Mita Sekai -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (2)-" (少女が見た世界　―トロスト区攻防戦②―) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12, 2013 June 7, 2014
7
7 "Small Blade: The Struggle for Trost, Part 3"
"Chiisana Yaiba -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (3)-" (小さな刃　―トロスト区攻防戦③―) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19, 2013 June 14, 2014
8
8 "I Can Hear His Heartbeat: The Struggle for Trost, Part 4"
"Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (4)-" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ―トロスト区攻防戦④―) Satonobu Kikuchi
Shinpei Ezaki
Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26, 2013 June 21, 2014
9
9 "Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5"
"Hidariude no Yukue -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (5)-" (左腕の行方 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑤―) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2, 2013 June 28, 2014
10
10 "Response: The Struggle for Trost, Part 6"
"Kotaeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (6)-" (応える ―トロスト区攻防戦⑥―) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9, 2013 July 12, 2014[19]
11
11 "Idol: The Struggle for Trost, Part 7"
"Gūzō -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (7)-" (偶像 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑦―) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16, 2013 July 19, 2014
12
12 "Wound: The Struggle for Trost, Part 8"
"Kizu -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (8)-" (傷 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑧―) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23, 2013 July 26, 2014
13
13 "Primal Desire: The Struggle for Trost, Part 9"
"Genshoteki Yokkyū -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (9)-" (原初的欲求 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑨―) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30, 2013 August 2, 2014
13.5
13.5 "Since That Day"
"Ano Hi kara" (あの日から) Hiroyuki Tanaka — July 7, 2013 —
14
14 "Can't Look Into His Eyes Yet: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 1[20]"
"Mada Me o Mirenai -Hangeki Zen'ya (1)-" (まだ目を見れない ―反撃前夜①―) Keisuke Onishi
Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14, 2013 August 9, 2014
15
15 "Special Operations Squad: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 2"
"Tokubetsu Sakusen-han -Hangeki Zen'ya (2)-" (特別作戦班 ―反撃前夜②―) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21, 2013 August 16, 2014
16
16 "What Needs to be Done Now: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 3"
"Ima, Nani o Subeki ka -Hangeki Zen'ya (3)-" (今、何をすべきか ―反撃前夜③―) Keisuke Onishi
Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28, 2013 August 23, 2014
17
17 "Female Titan: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 1"
"Megata no Kyojin -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (1)-" (女型の巨人 ―第57回壁外調査①―) Daisuke Tokudo
Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4, 2013 September 6, 2014
18
18 "Forest of Giant Trees: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 2"
"Kyodaiju no Mori -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (2)-" (巨大樹の森 ―第57回壁外調査②―) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11, 2013 September 13, 2014
19
19 "Bite: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 3"
"Kamitsuku -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (3)-" (噛み付く ―第57回壁外調査③―) Kiyoshi Fukumoto
Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18, 2013 September 20, 2014
20
20 "Erwin Smith: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 4"
"Eruvin Sumisu -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (4)" (エルヴィン・スミス ―第57回壁外調査④―) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25, 2013 September 27, 2014
21
21 "Crushing Blow: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 5"
"Tettsui -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (5)-" (鉄槌 ―第57回壁外調査⑤―) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1, 2013 October 4, 2014
22
22 "Defeated: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 6"
"Haisha-tachi -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (6)-" (敗者達 ―第57回壁外調査⑥―) Makoto Bessho
Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8, 2013 October 11, 2014
23
23 "Smile: Assault on Stohess, Part 1"
"Hohoemi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (1)-" (微笑み ―ストヘス区急襲①―) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15, 2013 October 18, 2014
24
24 "Mercy: Assault on Stohess, Part 2"
"Jihi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (2)-" (慈悲 ―ストヘス区急襲②―) Akitoshi Yokoyama
Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22, 2013 October 25, 2014
25
25 "Wall: Assault on Stohess, Part 3"
"Kabe -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (3)-" (壁 ―ストヘス区急襲③―) Daisuke Tokudo
Masashi Koizuka
Shintarō Itoga
Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29, 2013 November 1, 2014
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
Main article: List of Attack on Titan episodes (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [21]
English air date
26
1 "Beast Titan"
"Kemono no Kyojin" (獣の巨人) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1, 2017 April 22, 2017[11]
27
2 "I'm Home"
"Tadaima" (ただいま) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8, 2017 April 29, 2017
28
3 "Southwestward"
"Nansei e" (南西へ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15, 2017 May 6, 2017
29
4 "Soldier"
"Heishi" (兵士) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22, 2017 May 13, 2017
30
5 "Historia"
"Hisutoria" (ヒストリア) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29, 2017 May 20, 2017
31
6 "Warrior"
"Senshi" (戦士) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6, 2017 June 3, 2017
32
7 "Close Combat (Strike・Throw・Submit)"
"Da - Tō - Kyoku" (打・投・極) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13, 2017 June 10, 2017
33
8 "The Hunters"
"Oumono" (迫う者) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20, 2017 June 17, 2017
34
9 "Opening"
"Kaikō" (開口) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27, 2017 June 24, 2017
35
10 "Children"
"Kodomotachi" (子供達) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3, 2017 July 8, 2017
36
11 "Charge"
"Totsugeki" (突撃) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10, 2017 July 15, 2017
37
12 "Scream"
"Sakebi" (叫び) Satonobu Kikuchi
Takayuki Hirao
Tetsurō Araki
Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17, 2017 July 22, 2017
Season 3 (2018–19)[edit]
Main article: List of Attack on Titan episodes (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [22]
English air date
38
1 "Smoke Signal"
"Noroshi" (狼煙) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi July 23, 2018 July 11, 2018[d]
August 18, 2018[15]
39
2 "Pain"
"Itami" (痛み) Shita Taro Yasuko Kobayashi July 30, 2018 August 25, 2018
40
3 "Old Story"
"Mukashibanashi" (昔話) Tomoko Hirakata Hiroshi Seko August 6, 2018 September 9, 2018
41
4 "Trust"
"Shinrai" (信頼) Aiko Sakuraba Hiroshi Seko August 13, 2018 September 16, 2018
42
5 "Reply"
"Kaitō" (回答) Miki Komuro Yasuko Kobayashi August 20, 2018 September 23, 2018
43
6 "Sin"
"Tsumi" (罪) Ryūta Kawahara Hiroshi Seko August 27, 2018 September 30, 2018
44
7 "Wish"
"Negai" (願い) Hiroyuki Tanaka
Ken Andō Hiroshi Seko September 3, 2018 October 7, 2018
45
8 "Outside the Walls of Orvud District"
"Orubudo-ku Gaiheki" (オルブド区外壁) Matsuo Asami
Azuma Ryōsuke Yasuko Kobayashi September 10, 2018 October 14, 2018
46
9 "Ruler of the Walls"
"Kabe no Ō" (壁の王) Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko September 17, 2018 October 21, 2018
47
10 "Friends"
"Yūjin" (友人) Shintarō Itoga
Aiko Sakuraba Hiroshi Seko September 24, 2018 October 27, 2018
48
11 "Bystander"
"Bōkansha" (傍観者) Matsuo Asami
Ken Andō
Shingo Uchida Yasuko Kobayashi October 8, 2018[e] TBA
49
12 "Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall"
"Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru" (奪還作戦の夜) Takashi Andō
Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko October 15, 2018 TBA
50
13 "The Town Where Everything Began"
"Hajimari no Machi" (はじまりの街) TBA TBA April 2019[25] TBA
Special episodes[edit]
OVA episodes[edit]
For the No Regrets OVAs, see Attack on Titan: No Regrets § Episode list.
For the Lost Girls OVAs, see Attack on Titan: Lost Girls § Anime.
The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga.[26]
No.
Title
Original air date
3.5
"Ilse's Notebook: Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member"
"Iruze no Techō -Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki-" (イルゼの手帳 ―ある調査兵団員の手記―) December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
In the year 850, whilst Eren and the others are in training, the Recon Corps go on a mission, with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it. Curiously, as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her, it suddenly retreats to the forest. Hange follows it to the center of the forest, where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree. The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it, but Levi and the others arrive and kill it, much to Hange's dismay. Upon inspecting the scene, they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar, a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division, resting inside of the tree, and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground. The notebook details Ilse's records, as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans. She eventually became cornered by a Titan, but instead of killing her right away, it started to speak to her in the human language, calling her "Ymir". Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan, but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head, curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree. Having read through all of Ilse's notes, Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them, before returning Ilse's belongings to her grief-stricken family.
Information Available for Public Disclosure: Titan Biology.
3.25
"The Sudden Visitor: The Torturous Curse of Youth"
"Totsuzen no Raihōsha -Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi-" (突然の来訪者 ―苛まれる青春の呪い―) April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)
In the year 849, Jean returns home after two years in training. After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise, Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest. With Armin and Annie joining Jean's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha, the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat. Sasha's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle, with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group. Later, after Jean is visited by his mother, shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him, he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha, but Armin and Annie refuse to help him. After inevitably giving up on his plan, Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette, remembering all the times his mother stood by him. The cooking contest soon takes place, with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette. Although wowed by the taste of the steak, Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking. Content with his victory, Jean considers paying a visit to his mother.
3.75
"Distress"
"Konnan" (困難) August 8, 2014 (2014-08-08)
In the year 848, the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace. Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean. Meanwhile, Mikasa's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves, who managed to steal their omni-directional mobility gear. That night, the thieves ambush Eren's group, taking Christa hostage along with their equipment. Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her, the group discover the thieves' hideout, using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them. After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves' wagons, the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint, but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help. As the thieves are arrested, with no casualties taken, Armin wonders if the thieves' attack was part of the exercise all along.
Information Available for Public Disclosure: The Wasteland Navigation Exercise.
Bonus shorts[edit]
Chibi Theater: Fly, Cadets, Fly! (ちみキャラ劇場 とんでけ！訓練兵団, Chimi Kyara Gekijō – Tondeke! Kunren Heidan) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu-ray Disc/DVD releases, featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon.[citation needed]
No.
Title
Original air date
1
"Day 01 / Day 02"
"Ichinichime / Futsukame" (01日目 / 02日目) July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17)
Eren has trouble getting to school on time, before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse's office.
2
"Day 03 / Day 04"
"Mikkame / Yokkame" (03日目 / 04日目) August 21, 2013 (2013-08-21)
Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor, whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren's closeness with Mikasa.
3
"Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07"
"Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame" (05日目 / 06日目 / 07日目) September 18, 2013 (2013-09-18)
Sasha is accused of a crime she didn't commit, whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book. Later, Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan's weakness.
4
"Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10"
"Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame" (8日目 / 9日目 / 10日目) October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes, Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren's pudding, Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with.
5
"Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13"
"Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime" (11日目 / 12日目 / 13日目) November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner's every move, Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence, Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren.
6
"Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16"
"Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime" (14日目 / 15日目 / 16日目) December 18, 2013 (2013-12-18)
Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis, Eren decides to shave his hair, Armin tutors Eren, Sasha, and Conny when they failed their test.
7
"Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19"
"Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime" (17日目 / 18日目 / 19日目) January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni-directional mobility gear, Jean gets lost during training, Marco sneaks into the Girl's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag.
8
"Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22"
"Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime" (20日目 / 21日目 / 22日目) February 19, 2014 (2014-02-19)
Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument, Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren, and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan.
9
"Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25"
"Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime" (23日目 / 24日目 / 25日目) March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)
Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets, Levi analyzes himself from another's point of view, and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place.
See also[edit]
Anime and manga portal
List of Attack on Titan chapters
List of Attack on Titan novels
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren's surname as Jaeger.
Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa's surname as Ackermann.
Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin's surname as Arlelt.
Jump up ^ Funimation screened the episode in North American theatres on July 11, 2018.[23]
Jump up ^ Due to NHK's news coverage of Typhoon Trami, episode 11 of season 3 was delayed by a week to October 8, 2018.[24]
References[edit]
Sources
"Japanese dates". Tokyo MX (in Japanese).
"List of Attack on Titan episode titles". Shingeki.tv (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 17, 2013.
"Attack of Titan Anime Episodes". Funimation.
References
^ Jump up to: a b Ferreira, Mike (January 14, 2014). "Attack on Titan's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes". Anime Herald. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
^ Jump up to: a b 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会. "放送情報" [Broadcast Information]. shingeki.tv (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2016. "ＭＢＳ 4月6日より 毎週土曜25時58分～ ※4月13日は26時10分～" See rest of article for other broadcasting times.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime". Anime News Network. April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll to Stream "Attack on Titan" Anime". Crunchyroll. April 13, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014". Anime News Network. May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston". Funimation. February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Funimation (April 22, 2013). "FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience! Attack on..." Facebook. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim's Toonami Block". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week". Anime News Network. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan 2nd Season's New Visual, Linked Horizon Song Revealed". Anime News Network. February 6, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22". Anime News Network. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime (Updated)". Anime News Network. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TVアニメ「進撃の巨人」Season 3". shingeki.tv (in Japanese). Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Season 3 - Official Subtitled Trailer IT'S OFFICIALLY COMING TO FUNIMATION, JULY 2018!". Twitter. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Attack on Titan Season 3 to Premiere on Toonami on August 18". Anime News Network. July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (July 21, 2018). "New Attack on Titan Season 3 Video Previews YOSHIKI Featuring HYDE's Opening Theme". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (July 30, 2018). "Linked Horizon Performs Ending Theme for Attack on Titan Season 3 Anime". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "作品情報（シリーズ） – 進撃の巨人 attack on titan" [Work information (series) – Attack on Titan]. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Japan: Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere!". Toonami Tumblr. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim". AdultSwim.com. Turner Broadcasting System. August 9, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Season2 [Attack on Titan Season 2] (in Japanese). Mainichi Broadcasting System. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Season3 [Attack on Titan Season 3] (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan Season 3 Gets World Premiere in U.S., Canadian Theaters". Anime News Network. May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ 第48話「傍観者」放送休止のお知らせ. shingeki.tv (in Japanese). September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference hiatus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan Manga's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed". Anime News Network. November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
External links[edit]
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Appointments Clause
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The Appointments Clause is part of Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which empowers the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint public officials. Although the Senate must confirm certain "principal" officers (including ambassadors, Cabinet secretaries, and federal judges), Congress may by law delegate the Senate's advice and consent role when it comes to "inferior" officers (to the President alone, or the courts of law, or the heads of departments).
Contents
1 Text
2 Appointments Clause aspects
2.1 Advice and consent
2.2 Appointment of inferior officers
2.3 Appointments by heads of departments
3 List of relevant federal court cases
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
... and [the President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
Appointments Clause aspects[edit]
Advice and consent[edit]
The Appointments Clause confers plenary power to the President to nominate various officials. It also confers plenary power to the Senate to reject or confirm a nominee, through its advice and consent provision. As with other separation of powers provisions in the Constitution, the wording here seeks to ensure accountability and preempt tyranny.[1] This separation of powers between the President and Senate is also present in the (immediately preceding) Treaty Clause of the Constitution, which gives international treaty-making power to the President, but attaches to it the proviso of the Senate's advice and consent.
Several framers of the U.S. Constitution explained that the required role of the Senate is to advise the President after the nomination has been made by the President.[2][3] Roger Sherman believed that advice before nomination could still be helpful.[4] Likewise, President George Washington took the position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory.[5] The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the "advice" portion of the power with the "consent" portion, although several Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over nominations and treaties.
The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is "to advise and consent", which shows how initial advice on nominations and treaties is not a formal power exercised by the Senate.[6][7] On Nov. 21, 2013, the Senate changed its rules regarding the number of votes needed to end debate on a presidential nomination and bring it to a vote. Before that date, a minority of senators could engage in a filibuster and block a vote on a nomination unless three-fifths of senators voted to end debate. Under the new rules, a simple majority is all that is needed to end debate. The only exception was for nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States, which could still be blocked from going to a vote by a filibuster, until the Senate rules were again changed on April 6th, 2017 during Senate debate on the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court.[8]
Congress itself may not exercise the appointment power; its functions are limited to the Senate's role in advice and consent, and to deciding whether to vest a direct appointment power over a given office in the President, a Head of Department, or the Courts of Law. The Framers of the U.S. Constitution were particularly concerned that Congress might seek to exercise the appointment power and fill offices with their supporters, to the derogation of the President's control over the executive branch. The Appointments Clause thus functions as a restraint on Congress and as an important structural element in the separation of powers.[9] Attempts by Congress to circumvent the Appointments Clause, either by making appointments directly, or through devices such as "unilaterally appointing an incumbent to a new and distinct office" under the guise of legislating new duties for an existing office, have been rebuffed by the courts.[9]
Appointment of inferior officers[edit]
The Appointments Clause divides constitutional officers into two classes: principal officers, who must be appointed through the advice and consent mechanism; and inferior officers, who may be appointed through advice and consent of the Senate, but whose appointment Congress may place instead in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.[9] An earlier version of the Appointments Clause would have given the President a broader power to "appoint officers in all cases not otherwise provided for by this Constitution," but some delegates of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention worried that this language would permit the President to create offices as well as to fill them, a classic case of institutional corruption. The requirement that the President can appoint inferior officers only when Congress has "by Law vest[ed]" that power in the President sought to preclude that possibility.[9]
One chief questions recurs under the "by Law" language: Who are "inferior Officers," not subject to the requirement of advice and consent; and (2) what constitutes a "Department," when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President? As an initial matter, most government employees are not officers and thus are not subject to the Appointments Clause. In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court held that only those appointees "exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States" are "Officers of the United States," and hence it is only those who exercise such "significant authority" who must be appointed by a mechanism set forth in the Appointments Clause. The Framers of the U.S. constitution did not define the line between principal officers and inferior officers, and the Supreme Court has been content to approach the analysis on a case-by-case basis rather than through a definitive test. The Court listed in Morrison v. Olson (1988) certain factors as hallmarks of "inferior Officer" status, such as removability by a higher executive branch official other than the President, and limitations on the officer's duties, jurisdiction, and tenure. In Edmond v. United States (1997) the Court stated that "‘inferior Officers' are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by Presidential nomination with the advice and consent of the Senate." Among those officers recognized as "inferior" are district court clerks, federal supervisors of elections, the Watergate Special Prosecutor, and an Independent Counsel appointed under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978.[9] In Lucia v. SEC, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), decided in June 2018, the United States Supreme Court held that administrative law judges are Inferior Officers within the meaning of the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution.
Appointments by heads of departments[edit]
Another chief question is, what constitutes a "Department," when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President? The phrase "Heads of Departments" has not been precisely defined by the Supreme Court. On the one hand, judicial interpretations of the phrase refer to the heads of departments that are within the executive branch, or according to Buckley v. Valeo "at least have some connection with that branch." Under this view, the heads of all agencies and departments exercising executive power under the President would seem to qualify as "Heads of Departments." The Court interpreted in Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1991) "Heads of Departments" to refer "to executive divisions like the Cabinet-level departments." The use of the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments" could mean that, in addition to the Cabinet departments, other entities within the executive branch that are sufficiently analogous to the Cabinet departments may qualify as "Departments" for purposes of the Appointments Clause. On the other hand, the Freytag Court itself seemed unclear what it meant by the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments," and certainly stepped back from any bright-line test. The Freytag Court sought to harmonize its analysis with the interpretation given the different term "executive Departments" in the Opinion Clause (which has been interpreted to refer only to Cabinet departments) and with earlier cases that suggested that only the Cabinet Secretaries qualified as "Heads of Departments." Ultimately, the Freytag Court seems to have reserved the question whether the heads of non-Cabinet executive-branch agencies could be deemed to be "Heads of Departments" for purposes of the Appointments Clause. Perhaps the phrase "like the Cabinet-level departments" was included in Freytag as an indication that the Court would not necessarily be inflexible about requiring Cabinet status in future cases. If that is so, then "Heads of Departments" would appear to include (as Justice Antonin Scalia reasons in his concurrence in Freytag) the heads of the Cabinet Departments and also the heads of "all independent executive establishments."[9]
From 1999 to 2008, a change in the statute governing the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO") permitted a number of judges of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to be appointed by the USPTO Director. This arrangement was challenged as unconstitutional under the Appointments Clause because the appointing party was not the Heads of the Department.[10] In order to avoid the crisis that would result from new challenges to many BPAI and TTAB decisions made in that period, Congress passed a 2008 amendment to the statute which specifies that the Secretary of Commerce is responsible for such appointments, and permitting the Secretary to retroactively appoint those persons named by the USPTO Director.
List of relevant federal court cases[edit]
United States v. Hartwell, 73 U.S. (6 Wall.) 385 (1868)
United States v. Germaine, 99 U.S. (9 Otto) 508 (1879)
Ex parte Siebold, 100 U.S. (10 Otto) 371 (1879)
Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U.S. 282 (1893)
Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926)
Springer v. Philippine Islands, 277 U.S. 189 (1928)
Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935)
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)
Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 501 U.S. 868 (1991)
Weiss v. United States, 510 U.S. 163 (1994)
Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651 (1997)
Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 561 U.S. 477 (2010)
National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning, 573 U.S. ___ (2014)
Lucia v. SEC, 585 U.S. ___ (2018)
See also[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Appointments Clause of Article II of the Constitution of the United States of America
List of clauses of the United States Constitution
List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation
The Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867
Recess appointment, the authority granted the president by Article II, Section 2, Clause 3, to make appointments which would otherwise require Senate confirmation during a recess of the Senate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGinnis, John O. "Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Currie, David. The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789-1801, page 25 (University of Chicago Press 1997) via Google Books: “Madison, Jefferson, and Jay all advised Washington not to consult the Senate before making nominations.”
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Alexander. Federalist No. 76 (1788): “In the act of nomination his judgment alone will be exercised.”
Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams (July 1789) in The Founders Constitution: "their advice may enable him to make such judicious appointments."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate history on the power to advise and consent: "In selecting nominees, Washington turned to his closest advisers and to members of Congress, but the president resolutely insisted that he alone would be responsible for the final selection. He shared a common view that the Senate's constitutionally mandated 'advice' was to come after the nomination was made."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 30: "On the final question to advise and consent to the ratification in the form agreed to, the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present shall be necessary to determine it in the affirmative."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 31: "the final question on every nomination shall be, 'Will the Senate advise and consent to this nomination?'"
Jump up ^ Christopher M. Davis; Michael Greene. "Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cox, Douglas. "The Heritage Guide to the Constitution: Inferior Officers". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Translogic Technology, Inc. v. Dudas, U.S., No. 07-1303, 10/6/08.
External links[edit]
Officers of the United States Within the Meaning of the Appointments Clause, a 2007 Memorandum Opinion for the General Councils of the Executive Branch
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Mariana Trench
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the deep sea trench. For the Canadian band named after the geological formation, see Marianas Trench (band).
Coordinates: 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E / 11.350; 142.200
Location of the Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench[1] is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, an average of 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western Pacific East of Philippines. It is a crescent-shaped scar in the Earth's crust, and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) long and 69 km (43 mi) wide on average. It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep, at its southern end,[2] although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft).[3] For comparison - if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) underwater. In 2009, Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument[4].
At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the top is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).[5]
The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) less at the poles than at the equator.[6] As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) closer to the Earth's center than the Challenger Deep seafloor.
Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres (6.6 mi) below the sea surface.[7] On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 Geology
3 Measurements
3.1 Descents
3.2 Planned descents
4 Life
4.1 Pollution
5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Names[edit]
The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands (in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain). The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench.
Geology[edit]
The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate, creating the Mariana trench, and (further on) the arc of the Mariana islands, as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes.
The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth (up to 170 million years old), and is therefore cooler and more dense; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper.
The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate.
Measurements[edit]
See also: Challenger Deep
The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875, using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (8,184 metres; 26,850 feet).[10] In 1877, a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Deep map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, USS Nero, a converted collier, recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms (9,636 metres; 31,614 feet).[11]
In 1951, Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250, known as the Challenger Deep.[12]
In 1957, the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.[3]
In 1962, the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres (35,810 ft) using precision depth gauges.
In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 metres (35,830 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[13] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) on March 24, 1995.[14]
During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.[15]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water, mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres (72 ft)).[16][17]
In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres (330 ft) resolution.[2] The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts.[18]
The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres (60 mi) beneath the surface.[19]
Descents[edit]
The bathyscaphe Trieste (designed by Auguste Piccard), the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench.[20]
Four descents have been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23 January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board.[12][21] Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy.[12] The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m (37,799 ft), but this was later revised to 10,916 m (35,814 ft).[22] The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed.[21]
This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m (35,768 to 35,814 ft). The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012. On 26 March, he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger.[23][24][25]
In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under.[26] Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man-made sounds such as boats, earthquakes, a typhoon, and baleen whales.[27] Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time.
Planned descents[edit]
As of February 2012, at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed.[28] DOER Marine, a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992, plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed.[29]
Life[edit]
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about 30 cm (12 in) long,[22] and shrimp.[30] According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze".[22] Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[31][32] During the second expedition, the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed.[33] Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples.
In July 2011, a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called dropcams, equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea. Amongst many other living organisms, some gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm (4 in), belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed.[34] Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size, their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms.
In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft), breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video.[35]
During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives.[35]
In May 2017 an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres (26,800 ft).[36]
Pollution[edit]
In 2016, a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841–10,250 metres within the trench. Within these organisms, the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs, a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s, concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench.[37]
Possible nuclear waste disposal site[edit]
Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal,[38][39] in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law.[38][39][40] Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem.[39]
See also[edit]
Oceania portal
Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States national monument at the trench. This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles (246,610 km2) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes some of the Mariana Trench, but not the deepest part, the Challenger Deep, which lies just outside the monument area.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "NGA GeoNames Search". National Geospatial Agency. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "About the Monument – Mariana Trench – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov.
Jump up ^ infoplease.com – The Temperature in the Mariana Trench, read 2012-05-13
Jump up ^ David R. Williams (17 November 2010).Earth Fact Sheet. National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench – 6.6 miles beneath the sea". Los Angeles Times. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the Mariana Trench – DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition". Deepseachallenge.com. 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Mariana Trench – Exploration". marianatrench.com.
Jump up ^ Tani, S. "Continental shelf survey of Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m‐Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (16 July 2003). "Sea floor survey reveals deep hole". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Duncan Geere (7 February 2012). "Four 'bridges' span the Mariana Trench". Wired. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth's Mantle". ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Eliza (2012-02-29). "Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench – IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NOAA Ocean Explorer: History: Quotations: Soundings, Sea-Bottom, and Geophysics". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Kate (2016), “Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth”, News.com.au.
Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill (4 March 2016). "Deep-Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench, Surprising Scientists". The Two-Way: Breaking News from NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Triton Submarines". Tritonsubs.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "DOER Marine". DOER Marine. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bathyscaphe Trieste | Mariana Trench | Challenger Deep". Geology.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2009). Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Oceans. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-8225-9075-1. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench". Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-09). "New record for deepest fish". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded". CBC News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Alan J.; Malkocs, Tamas; Piertney, Stuart B.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Zhang, Zulin (2017-02-13). "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0051.
^ Jump up to: a b Hafemeister, David W. (2007). Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy. Berlin: Springer. p. 187. ISBN 0-387-95560-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kingsley, Marvin G.; Rogers, Kenneth H. (2007). Calculated risks: highly radioactive waste and homeland security. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-7546-7133-X.
Jump up ^ "Dumping and Loss overview". Oceans in the Nuclear Age. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench.
Mariana Trench Dive (25 March 2012) – Deepsea Challenger.
Mariana Trench Dive (23 January 1960) – Trieste (Newsreel).
Mariana Trench Dive (50th Anniv) – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh.
Mariana Trench – Maps (Google).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer (Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia – Mariana Arc (podcast).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist – Ring of Fire (2004–2006).
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values: خندق ماريانا – Arabic

values: মারিয়ানা খাত – Bangla

values: Марыянскі жолаб – Belarusian

values: Марианска падина – Bulgarian

values: Τάφρος των Μαριανών – Greek

values: درازگودال ماریانا – Persian

values: 마리아나 해구 – Korean

values: Մարիանյան իջվածք – Armenian

values: मारियाना गर्त – Hindi

values: שקע מריאנה – Hebrew

values: მარიანას ღარი – Georgian

values: Мариана шұңғымасы – Kazakh

values: Мариана кобулу – Kyrgyz

values: മരിയാന കിടങ്ങ് – Malayalam

values: मरियाना गर्ता – Marathi

values: მარიანაშ რღამილი – Mingrelian

values: Марианы хонхор – Mongolian

values: मेरियाना ट्रेञ्च – Newari

values: Марианский жёлоб – Russian

values: මරියානා අගාධය – Sinhala

values: Маријански ров – Serbian

values: மரியானா அகழி – Tamil

values: Мариан иңкүлеге – Tatar

values: ร่องลึกก้นสมุทรมาเรียนา – Thai

values: Маріанський жолоб – Ukrainian

values: ماریانا ٹرینچ – Urdu

values: 马里亚纳海沟 – Chinese

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