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Revelation 12 sign prophecy
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The alignment on September 23, 2017
The Revelation 12 sign prophecy was an apocalyptic belief that suggested an astronomical alignment on September 23, 2017 fulfilled the first two verses of Revelation 12. This date coincided with the Autumnal equinox and the end of the Catholic September Ember Days. This theory, promoted by a number of Christians and Christian news organizations, proposed that a literal fulfillment of the prophecy made in the Book of Revelation 12:1-2[1] occurred on this date over Jerusalem. Others maintained caution while nevertheless marveling at the coincidence.[2][unreliable source?]
This passage of scripture in the New Testament metaphorically describes "a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head. She was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth." (NIV). Many people worldwide believe that an astronomical alignment involving the constellations Virgo and Leo, the sun, moon, and planets Mercury, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter that occurred in September 2017 fulfilled this prophecy word-for-word.[3][4][5]
This is the so-called Woman of the Apocalypse. Some of the most common Christian interpretations of this passage interpret the woman as Mary or Israel and the male child as the birth of Jesus or the Church.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Media attention and criticism
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Overview[edit]
On April 7, 2011, William Tapley's channel ThirdEagleBooks published the first video about the alignment entitled "Stellarium" giving the 2017 date of the great sign and explaining how the planetary alignment that year matched the text of Revelation 12 better than a 2011 alignments, which he said three earlier videos from other people had mentioned.[5]
A few months later, on July 30, 2011, Scott Clarke from ERF Ministries posted a video on YouTube describing the alignment, which some people worldwide have now come to believe is the Revelation 12 sign. During 2011, Scott Clarke continued to popularize the alignment on YouTube.
On December 10, 2012, Unsealed World News suggested that the purported sign might be connected to the rapture of the Church, though they have repeatedly stated that the exact date of the rapture is unknown and might happen sometime before, on, or after September 23.[6]
Years later, Greg Lauer posted about the astronomical alignment and references Scott Clarke's reports on his website dated May 2017 that Lu Vega claimed that he discovered the sign about 2008 but told no one until after several others posted about it in 2011.[7].
Also in 2017, Luis ("Lu") B. Vega connected the sign to a "Conception Comet".[7]
The Apocalypse of John describes "a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head." The proponents of the Revelation 12 Sign say that the woman represents the constellation Virgo and the crown of twelve stars represents the nine stars of the constellation Leo in conjunction with Mercury, Mars, and Venus. The moon appears to be under the "feet" of the constellation Virgo in September 2017 and the sun will be passing through the constellation, which they say is what is meant by the woman being "clothed with the sun".[4]
The second verse of the twelfth chapter of John's Apocalypse goes on to say that the woman "was pregnant and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth." Some people suggest this will be fulfilled because the planet Jupiter will be traversing the constellation after having undergone apparent retrograde motion. After entering what they perceive to be Virgo's "womb" around November 20, 2016.[8] Jupiter exits the lower part of the "womb" 42 weeks later, which is the approximate length of a human gestation (normal gestation periods lasting from 37 to 42 weeks).
It was also discovered that the apparent retrograde of Jupiter in the womb of Virgo was preceded by C/2017 E1 (Comet Borisov) which is being called the Conception Comet. This comet traveled from the loins of the constellation Leo to the womb of the constellation Virgo on November 17, 2016,[8] just before the entrance of Jupiter into the womb. Some proponents of the Revelation 12 Sign are suggesting that this comet represented the divine insemination of the woman, which subsequently produced the male child (Jupiter). This will be the comet's only trip through our solar system as it is not a solar orbital.
The Revelation 12 Sign may have coincided with the High Holy Day of Rosh Hashanah on the Jewish calendar, which is also called the Feast of Trumpets. The Feast of Trumpets is the first of the Fall Feasts and its timing is traditionally based on the visibility of the new moon,[9] which in 2017 is expected to either begin on the evening of September 21st and end on the evening of the 22nd (if the 2% illuminated moon is sighted) or begin on the evening of the 22nd and end on the evening of the 23rd when the sign is fulfilled. [10] Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebration, in this case marking the end of the year 5777 (sometimes abbreviated to the significant number 777) and the beginning of 5778. The Feast of Trumpets in Jewish tradition is believed to be a day when the dead will be resurrected and judgement will begin[11] while Christians believe the period describes the tribulation period found in the Book of Revelation.[12]
The complete astronomical alignment occurred on September 23, 2017, over Jerusalem.[3][4] Shown below are the eight key elements involved in the Revelation 12 sign:
The constellation Virgo
The Sun
The Moon
The constellation Leo
The planet Mercury
The planet Mars
The planet Venus
The planet Jupiter
Interpretations of Revelation 12 vary, but the general consensus of those who promoted this theory was that the September 2017 alignment was the Great Sign which is described in this passage of Scripture: that the woman represents the nation of Israel, which they believe is about to enter into a multi-year period of Tribulation, and the male child represents the global Church, which might be raptured to Heaven before the Tribulation period begins according to Revelation 12:5[13]. Many proponents say that in order for people to escape before this impending judgment on the world and be "raptured", they must accept that the Christian Messiah Jesus Christ died for their sins, rose again, and is the only means of being reconciled to God. These views are shared by all of the major proponents of the Revelation 12 Sign Prophesy.[4][3][14][15][16]
It has also been pointed out by Revelation 12 Sign proponents that a number of eminent biblical scholars support their particular interpretation of Revelation 12, including John Nelson Darby, Harry Ironside, and more recently Dr. Michael Svigel.[17]
The apocalyptic symbol of "a woman in labor" is found throughout Jewish and Christian Scriptures, which proponents suggest is evidence of the September 2017 alignment's importance in prophecy. These particular Scriptures include Isaiah 13:6-13[18], Isaiah 26:17-21[19], Isaiah 66:7-11[20], Jeremiah 30:4-11[21], Jeremiah 49:23-27[22], Micah 5:3[23], Matthew 24:8[24], Mark 13:8[25], and 1 Thessalonians 5:3.[26]
According to Isaiah 66 above, the birth of the man-child occurs before the woman travails in labor and pain. Proponents argue that the rapture is the marvel spoken of by Isaiah in the above passage—the man-child representing the Church that will be born before Israel enters the Tribulation. Since the woman apparently has other children according to Revelation 12 (such as Gentile Tribulation Saints and the 144,000), the dragon, since he cannot devour the raptured Church, persecutes the woman's other children spoken of later in Revelation 12.
Some, such as Lloyd F. Acree, claim a direct revelation from God brought the event to the world's attention as confirmation of the pre-tribulation Rapture and its timing to be in the year 2017. Shortly after L. Acree claims to have received his message in early Spring of 2017, he then took to preaching the prediction on various social media outlets and with the use of a sandwich board in the streets of Simpsonville, SC. Still others, while hailing the sign as an indicator for Rapture, yet emphasize a broader interest in many possible events for its actual manifestation such as the Jewish holidays of September and the solar eclipse of August 21st, 2017.[citation needed] These and other claims have sparked viral interpretation commentaries from across the spectrum of leading Christian websites, such as Charisma News and AnswersInGenesis, to messages from self-identified prophets and their critics of various persuasions.[citation needed]
Media attention and criticism[edit]
The Revelation 12 Sign has received widespread media attention including from The Washington Post[3], The Boston Globe[27], LifeSite News[28], Shoebat[29], Prophetic.com[30], and The Catholic Astronomer[31], among others.
A number of critics have offered rebuttals of the purported sign arguing that the sign is not unique or is only astrology. Critics include Answers in Genesis author Dr. Danny Faulkner[32], Christian author Joel Richardson[33], Jan Markell from Olive Tree Ministries[34], Christian bible prophecy author Craig C. White[35], Christian blogger and author Tim McHyde[36], and several others.
Faulkner mentions[37] several specific points of contention including:
"...Jupiter appears in the part of Virgo corresponding to her womb, along with the sun in Virgo and the moon at her feet for a day or two every 12 years or so."
"Since the claim that Leo has nine stars is false, the assertion that the addition of the three planets brings the total number of stars in Leo to 12 is false too."
"And how do we know that Jupiter must represent the child? There is no evidence for that either."
"These sorts of claims amount to Rorschach tests—people tend to see in them what they want to see."
"This year, with the huge popularity of YouTube, it is much easier to propagate these ideas."
Craig C. White is a proponent of a short timeline end of days, but gives several criticisms of the Rev 12 sign theory[35]:
"...the Apostle John says that 'there appeared a great wonder in heaven'. He doesn’t say 'there will be a great wonder in heaven'. He doesn’t tell us to 'look for a great wonder in heaven'."
"...some proponents confuse the child in Revelation 12 with the Church. The child is obviously Jesus."
"Some theorists say that Revelation 12:5 is describing the Rapture of the Church. Is the Church “a man child” as described in Rev 12:5? It is so very obvious that the man child who was caught up unto God, and to his throne is describing Jesus Christ at his ascension."
"No I don’t think that Revelation 12:5 describes the Rapture of the Church in any way. The events of Revelation 12:1-5 depict the history of Israel and their Messiah up until Jesus Christ’s ascension. The events of Revelation chapter 12:6-17 describe the events that Israel will endure during their great tribulation while the Church watches from heaven."
Tim McHyde mentions several flaws in the Rev 12 theory[36]:
"...scholars have found that the sky on September 11, 3 BC to show the exact picture of Revelation 12:1, pointing to the birth of Christ on that day"
"Clarke's theory, like all invented prophecy theories, depends on taking a verse out of its context and re-purposing it to serve some new theory. When you ignore the context of a verse, you are set up to misinterpret it. That's how you turn a solid reliable Bible prophecy into an unreliable quasi-biblical man-made prophecy interpretation."
"The most natural explanation for all this is that the Woman is the faithful church of God among and from whom Jesus, a male person, was born (through blessed Mary). Jesus ascends to heaven and the faithful continue on the earth through the Great Tribulation."
"For me the next problem is how Clarke has added elements to the biblical text that are not there, allowed for by problem #1 in ignoring verse 2 and 5. When he says this may be the rapture or second coming you would rightly ask, where does it say this in Revelation 12? Nowhere. It's added."
"I think Scottie Clarke was so excited to find something "extremely rare" to combine with a Bible prophecy (namely, those three planets appearing in Virgo) that he missed something huge. There are already always twelve stars crowning Virgo, depending who you ask it is either the constellation called 'Berenice’s hair'."
"...the position of the sun does not match Rev 12:1 which says the sun clothes the woman. ...the sun is over her left shoulder. For the sun to clothe the woman, it would be on her body. Not at her head like the crown; not at her feet like the moon. In the middle where her body is; where clothing goes. If you want to see what it should look like, compare that to the picture of the sky on September 11, 3 BC when (I and many think) Jesus was born"
"What we have is once again is another example of how Christian prophecy students can't seem to resist taking something from Scripture and combining it with something extra-biblical they subjectively and/or arbitrarily view as significant. A Jewish holiday. A (brief) historical pattern of economic downturns. A rare conjunction. Or three more blood moons."
Ed Stetzer who holds the Billy Graham Distinguished Chair of Church, Mission, and Evangelism at Wheaton College, and Executive Director of the Billy Graham Center, wrote this about it[38]:
"You basically got a made-up expert in a made-up field talking about a made-up event...it sort of justifies that there’s a special secret number codes in the Bible that nobody believes,"
In response to the many critics of the Rev 12 sign theory, Unsealed World News has reiterated their position that the September 2017 alignment perfectly fits the description given in the biblical text and that their interpretation of the events described will be the only such occurrence in human history.[39][40][41][42][43]
An AT&T original documentary, The Sign, explored the intersections of science, religion, and history behind the Revelation 12 debate. It aired on Audience on September 14, 2017.[44]
Gallery[edit]
Play media
2017 Revelation 12 Sign.webm demonstration/simulation of the September 23rd 2017 astronomical alignment
Play media
2017 Revelation 12 Sign v2.webm version two of demonstration/simulation of the September 23rd 2017 astronomical alignment (atmosphere toggled-off and view zoomed-out)
See also[edit]
Blood moon prophecy
Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 12:1-2 - ,King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "23 September 2017: Look! Up in the sky!". Fr. Z's Blog. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Julie Zauzmer (March 15, 2017). "The first solar eclipse to cross America in 99 years is coming. To some, it’s an act of God.". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Revelation 12 Sign Compendium". Unsealed World News. January 11, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b William Tapley (April 7, 2011). "Stellarium". YouTube. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "God's Calendar: A Shocking Story". Unsealed World News. December 10, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lauer, Greg (May 2017). "The Exit Sign". A Little Strength. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revelation 12 sign - Conception Comet C/2017 E1". www.fivedoves.com. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ "The Temple Institute: Rosh HaShana in the Holy Temple: The Late Arrival of a Witness". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "September, 2017 - Jewish Calendar". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "High Holy Days - Wikipedia". Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Book of Revelation - Wikipedia". Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Revelation 12:5 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Daniel Matson (February 4, 2017). "Revelation 12 – The Sign for Israel". Signs of the End. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Scott Clarke. "About Salvation - Get Washed Clean!". ERF Ministries. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Revelation 12 Sign". Revelation 12 Daily. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Proof of the Rapture in Revelation 12". Revelation 12 Daily. June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 13:6-13 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 26:17-21 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 66:7-11 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Jeremiah 30:4-11 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Jeremiah 49:23-27 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Micah 5:3 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 24:8 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Mark 13:8 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Thessalonians 5:3 - King James Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Alex Beam (June 19, 2017). "It’s the end of the world as we know it — again". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ John-Henry Westen (November 21, 2016). "A great sign said to appear in the heavens as the year of Mercy closes". LifeSite. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Walid Shoebat (October 23, 2016). "New Signs In The Sky Worry Christians Who See That The Tribulation Period Begins On September 23, 2017. Is This True?". Shoebat. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kevin DuPriest (July 2, 2017). "Return O Israel". Prophetic.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher Graney (January 25, 2017). "Biblical Signs in the Sky? September 23, 2017". The Catholic Astronomer. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dr. Danny R. Faulkner (May 1, 2017). "What Will Happen on September 23, 2017?". Answers in Genesis. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Richardson (February 13, 2017). "THE FALSE SIGN OF SEPTEMBER 23, 2017". Joelstrumpet.com. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jan Markell (May 13, 2017). "It Could Happen Today". Olive Tree Ministries. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Craig C. White. "Biblical Signs in the Sky? September 23, 2017". Revelation 12 sign – September 23 Rapture: The child in Revelation 12 is Jesus not the Church. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tim McHyde. "What The September, 2017 Revelation 12 Sign Tells Us". What The September, 2017 Revelation 12 Sign Tells Us. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dr. Danny R. Faulkner (May 1, 2017). "What Will Happen on September 23, 2017?". Answers in Genesis. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stetzer, Ed. "No, the World Won't End Next Week and There's No Such Thing as a Christian Numerologist". christianitytoday.com.
Jump up ^ "Why The Revelation 12 Sign Can't Be Debunked". Unsealed World News. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Defense Of The Revelation 12 Sign And Its Connection To The Rapture". Unsealed World News. February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Celestial C-Section". Unsealed World News. January 11, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Defense Of The Revelation 12 Sign: Part 4". Unsealed World News. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Debunkers Prove Revelation 12 Sign". Unsealed World News. June 16, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AT&T AUDIENCE Network Premieres Documentary Film “The Sign” on Sept. 14 at 8 p.m.". AT&T Newsroom. September 6, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Broome, Jamison (2017). The Final Harbinger: Countdown to Rosh Hashanah 2017 and the Sign of Revelation 12. Revelation 12 Ministries. ISBN 9780692885321.
Matson, Daniel (2015). Israel: The Handwriting in the Heavens. Joy Publishing. ISBN 0-939513-09-9.
Prinsloo, Jaco (2016). God's Roadmap to the End. Smashwords. ISBN 9781311009227.
Moser, Phil (2017). The Revelation 12 Sign. Archway Publishing. ISBN 9781480847200.
Vega, Luis (2016). The Great Sign of Virgo. Lulu Publishing.
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Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 7)
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Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 7)
Cover used by the iTunes Store
Starring
Rasheeda
Mimi Faust
Karlie Redd
Jessica Dime
Tommie Lee
Erica Mena
Stevie J
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
11
Release
Original network
VH1
Original release
March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
List of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta episodes
The seventh season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta premiered on VH1 on March 19, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Lashan Browning and Donna Edge-Rachell for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1.[1]
The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the Atlanta area, involved in hip hop music.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Supporting cast
2.3 Notable guest stars
3 Episodes
4 Music
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
Season seven of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta began filming during the last week of October 2017. A few days prior, singer Jhonni Blaze, who appeared on Love & Hip Hop: New York and the cancelled Love & Hip Hop: Houston, exposed several of the upcoming season's storylines in a series of Instagram videos, including Rasheeda and Kirk's allegedly fabricated secret baby storyline and Stevie J's alleged sexual tryst with transgender model Shauna Brooks. Blaze was set to join the cast as Stevie's new artist, serving as a replacement for Joseline Hernandez, however she fell out with show's producers after her Love & Hip Hop: Houston co-star and rival Just Brittany was cast.[2] On December 11, 2017, filming was interrupted in Buckhead after an mall security guard was allegedly run down by a disgruntled customer.[3] The show made headlines again a few weeks later, after it was alleged that cast member Tommie Lee brought a loaded gun to set, in a heated confrontation with Karen King.[4][5] In February 2018, Tommie ran into legal issues during filming after allegedly attacking a jewelry store employee.[6][7][8]
On February 16, 2018, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a seventh season on March 19, 2018, with Love & Hip Hop: New York's Erica Mena as part of the cast.[9] The same day they released a scene from the premiere episode, showing Erica's arrival to Atlanta.[10] Season seven saw the promotion of Jessica Dime to the main cast after appearing as a supporting cast member for three seasons. New cast members include Jessica's fiancé Shawne Williams, Grammy Award winning songwriter Sean Garrett, Jamaican recording artist Spice, singer and Signed star Just Brittany, rappers Tokyo Vanity and BK Brasco and music executive Keely the Boss. Although not included in the initial cast announcement, rapper Tabius Tate and party promotor K. Botchey would also appear in supporting roles. After a two year absence, Erica Dixon returned as a supporting cast member for one episode.
On February 20, 2018, VH1 released a teaser with the season's tagline "the game has changed", featuring Mena alongside returning cast members Rasheeda, Stevie J, Karlie Redd and Mimi Faust. The season's promotional videos would all follow a card game or poker-themed aesthetic, with cast members dressed as playing cards.[11] On March 12, 2018, a five-minute super-trailer was released,[12] followed by "meet the cast" interview promos featuring new cast members Erica Mena,[13] Tokyo Vanity,[14] Spice,[15] Keely the Boss,[16] BK Brasco,[17] and Estelita Quintero.[18] On March 13, 2018, VH1 released the first five minutes of the season's premiere episode.[19]
Love & Hip Hop Atlanta: Check Yourself, which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly on digital platforms.[20]
The season garnered the lowest ratings in the show's history, with its premiere episode down over a million viewers compared to last season.[21][22] In the eleventh episode, "Houston We Have A Problem", one scene shows an intoxicated Tommie Lee breaking the fourth wall and attacking a producer, as well as security. In an unusual move, executive producer Stephanie Gayle announced to the cast on camera that Tommie was no longer allowed on set, effectively firing her from the show.[23]
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Rasheeda
Mimi Faust
Karlie Redd
Jessica Dime
Tommie Lee
Erica Mena
Stevie J
Supporting cast[edit]
Kirk Frost (episodes 1–2, 4–7, 9–10, 12)
Yung Joc (episodes 1–9, 11–12)
Estelita Quintero (episodes 1–3, 5–7, 10–12)
Spice (episodes 1, 3, 5, 9–12)
Jasmine Washington (episodes 1–2, 4, 9, 11–12)
Shirleen Harvell (episodes 1, 2, 5, 9–10)
Sierra Gates (episodes 1, 2–3, 6–12)
BK Brasco (episodes 1, 2–3, 7, 9–12)
Tokyo Vanity (episodes 2–3, 6–12)
Melissa Scott (episodes 2, 3, 11–12)
Shooter Gates (episodes 3, 4, 6, 8, 11)
Tabius Tate (episodes 3, 4, 6, 8–9, 11)
Samantha (episodes 1, 4)
Keely The Boss (episodes 4–10)
Just Brittany (episodes 3, 4–7, 11–12)
Tiarra Becca (episodes 4, 5, 7, 9–12)
Savannah Jordan (episode 5)
Kelsie Frost (episodes 1–2, 5–6, 10)
Karen "KK" King (episodes 6–7, 10)
Momma Dee (episodes 6–12)
Shawne Williams (episodes 3, 5, 7, 11)
K. Botchey (episodes 4, 6, 7–11)
Lil Scrappy (episode 8, 12)
Sean Garrett (episodes 1, 4, 7, 8–9, 11)
Bambi Benson (episode 8, 12)
Erica Dixon (episode 9)
Notable guest stars[edit]
Friends and family
Ty Young (episodes 1, 3, 5, 11–12) — Mimi's girlfriend.
Versace (episodes 1, 4) — Tommie's estranged sister.
Duby & Yani (episodes 1, 4–5) — Tommie's brothers.
Albee Yours (episodes 1–2) — Erica's friend.
Ky Frost (episode 2) — Rasheeda & Kirk's son.
Sas (episode 4) — KK's son.
Sade Jordan (episode 5) — Stevie's daughter.
Dorian Jordan (episode 5) — Stevie's son.
Scrapp DeLeon (episode 6) — KK's son.
Amber Priddy & Playjoy (episode 10) — BK's mistresses.
Hip hop music industry and other celebrities
Jazze Pha (episodes 1, 3)
Bleu DaVinci (episodes 4, 8–10)
Dr. Jackie Walters (episode 5)
Tammy Rivera (episodes 5, 8)
Michael Blackson (episode 6)
Cocoa Brown (episode 6)
Sam Phillips (episode 6)
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
105
1 "Let the Games Begin" March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19) 2.21[24]
Kirk and Rasheeda deal with the long awaited DNA test results. Stevie clashes with Estelita and tries to replace her with a new first lady of Danger Zone. A new face in the A causes a splash on the scene.
Jessica Dime and Erica Mena are added to the opening credits, replacing departing cast members Tammy and Joseline. This episode marks the first appearance of Spice as a supporting cast member, as well as the first appearance of Erica Mena.
106
2 "Oh Baby" March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26) 1.90[25]
The Frost family is shaken by Jasmine's pop up at Pressed. Erica mixes it up with old friends, ex friends, and a new love interest. Sierra's smitten with her new boo, but a revelation about her estranged husband leaves her heartbroken.
This episode marks the first appearance of BK Brasco as a supporting cast member, as well as the first appearance of Tokyo Vanity. Although credited, Jessica and Stevie do not appear.
107
3 "Beginnings and Endings" April 2, 2018 (2018-04-02) 1.90[26]
Sierra and Shooter's marital drama is put on pause by a shocking death in the family. Dime takes a pregnancy test. Estelita gets the courage to confront Stevie. Tommie and Spice share a heart to heart.
Although credited, Rasheeda does not appear.
108
4 "Do It For Finesse" April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09) 2.03[27]
Kirk and Jasmine come face to face for the first time in a year. Samantha pushes Tommie to make up with her sister Versace. Karlie finds herself in a new role as caretaker for her sick father. Shooter leans on friends while grieving his son.
This episode marks the first appearances of Tabius Tate and Just Brittany as supporting cast members, as well as the first appearance of Keely the Boss. Although credited, Mimi, Jessica, Erica and Stevie do not appear.
109
5 "Dangerous Liaisons" April 16, 2018 (2018-04-16) 1.97[28]
Stevie stuns his family with a shocking announcement. Mimi and Keely attempt to mediate between Stevie's artists. Karlie encourages Rasheeda to date her hunky new trainer. Dime hears her baby's heartbeat for the first time.
Tiarra and Kelsie return as supporting cast members.
110
6 "I'm Telling" April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23) 2.01[29]
Just Brittany's comment leaves Erica furious and fractures her friendship with Keely. Kelsie encourages Kirk to get his family back before it's too late. Keely comes for Sierra's clique and stirs up all kinds of trouble. Momma Dee is back on the scene and going under the knife while KK gets a shocking update about Scrapp.
Although credited, Jessica and Tommie do not appear.
111
7 "Showing Out" April 30, 2018 (2018-04-30) 2.05[30]
Just Brittany and Keely's friendship goes up in flames, Rasheeda sets clear boundaries for Kirk, and Stevie wins Estelita back over to the good guy's team. Tokyo and Sierra plot to take down Keely while Momma Dee opens up about her marital issues.
This episode marks the first appearances of Shawne Williams and K. Botchey as supporting cast members. Although credited, Tommie and Erica do not appear.
112
8 "Tokyo Insanity" May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07) 2.06[31]
Scrappy and Bambi are back and Momma Dee is already meddling in the newlyweds' affairs. A brawl breaks out at Tokyo's album release party. Tokyo suspects Tabius is cheating on her. Dime has an emotional conversation.
This episode marks the first appearance of Sean Garrett as a supporting cast member. Although credited, Mimi, Tommie and Erica do not appear.
113
9 "Team Rasheeda" May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14) 2.02[32]
Upset that Kirk still hasn't gotten involved in their son's life, Jasmine plans another pop up but she gets more than she bargained for when confronted with Rasheeda's friends. Tommie and Spice butt heads while Sierra learns that BK has been keeping secrets. Keely and Bleu have an emotional sit down and later the Frost family is devastated by an unexpected loss.
Erica Dixon returns as a supporting cast member. Although credited, Jessica, Erica, and Stevie do not appear.
114
10 "The Friendtervention" May 21, 2018 (2018-05-21) 2.03[33]
Sierra is furious when Karlie confronts her with BK's side chicks while Kirk's grief brings him and Rasheeda back together. Will KK and Tiarra put their differences aside for King's sake? Bleu has an emotional reunion with his and Keely's son while Erica Mena judges Estelita's choice to rekindle her romantic relationship with Stevie.
Although credited, Jessica, Tommie, and Stevie do not appear.
115
11 "Houston, We Have A Problem" May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28) TBD
Rasheeda takes the whole crew to Houston for her new store's grand opening, but will everyone be able to put their drama aside for the trip? Tommie has a major meltdown while Sean and Karlie butt heads over her messy ways. Jessica Dime learns the gender of her baby.
Although credited, Stevie does not appear.
116
12 "Don't Mess With Texas" June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04) TBD
The drama in Houston continues when the rest of the crew arrives. Tokyo and Spice come face to face and purses go flying while Joc and Karlie enjoy some vacation flirtation. Rasheeda's on cloud nine about her store opening, but an uninvited guest threatens to spoil the night. Back in Atlanta, Momma Dee oversteps boundaries with Scrappy and Bambi.
117
13 TBA June 11, 2018 (2018-06-11) TBD
118
14 TBA June 18, 2018 (2018-06-18) TBD
Music[edit]
Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes.
List of songs performed and/or featured in Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta season seven
Title
Performer
Album
Episode(s)
Notes
Ref
Back Bend
Spice single 1 performed onstage
HeadCrack
Jessica Dime single 3 performed in music video shoot
That's My Sis
Just Brittany single 4 performed onstage
I'm the Shit
Tokyo Vanity single 8 performed in studio session
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VH1's Unstoppable Streak Continues with a New Season of "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" and the Return of Erica Mena Monday, March 19 at 8PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://dallasblack.com/entertainment/stevie-j-allegedly-having-sex-w-trans-model-shauna-brooks
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2017/12/11/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-production-halted-hit-and-run/
Jump up ^ http://sandrarose.com/2017/12/love-hip-hop-atlanta-star-tommie-lee-caught-gun-set-karen-king-fears-life/
Jump up ^ http://hiphopenquirer.com/updated-tommie-lee-speaks-out-against-alleged-gun-possession-claims-exclusive/
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/02/14/love-hip-hop-atlanta-tommie-lee-assault-mall-investigation/
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/02/26/love-and-hip-hop-star-tommie-lee-warrant-arrest-battery-case/
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/03/08/tommie-lee-love-and-hip-hop-jail-turned-self-in-mall-beatdown/
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/349032/erica-mena-returns-season-seven-love-hip-hop-atlanta/
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/gkmfbr/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-erica-mena-arrives-in-the-atl
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/22wanx/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-gamechanger
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/gi3rrg/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-super-trailer
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/idr503/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-erica-mena
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/zo2x2u/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-tokyo-vanity
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/um1mb9/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-spice
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/dtdkc1/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-keely-the-boss
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/3nit44/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-bk-brasco
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/rx3mzt/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-estelita
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/xz7k0g/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-premiere
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/hxpvji/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-check-yourself-season-7-episode-1-man-or-manager
Jump up ^ http://thatgrapejuice.net/entertainment/2018/03/love-hip-hop-atlanta-suffers-ratings-dip-without-joseline-hernandez/
Jump up ^ http://thatgrapejuice.net/entertainment/2018/03/joseline-hernandez-mocks-love-hip-hop-atlanta-ratings-slump/
Jump up ^ https://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/tommie-lee-love-and-hip-hop-fired-129406
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 20, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.19.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 27, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.26.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 3, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.2.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 10, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.9.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 17, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.16.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 24, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.23.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 1, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.30.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 8, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.7.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 15, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.14.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (May 22, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
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Orcus
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This article is about a Roman divinity. For the trans-Neptunian object, see 90482 Orcus. For other uses, see Orcus (disambiguation).
Orcus mouth in the Gardens of Bomarzo.
Orcus (Latin: Orcus) was a god of the underworld, punisher of broken oaths in Italic and Roman mythology. As with Hades, the name of the god was also used for the underworld itself. In the later tradition, he was conflated with Dis Pater.
Orcus was portrayed in paintings in Etruscan tombs as a hairy, bearded giant. A temple to Orcus may have existed on the Palatine Hill in Rome. It is likely that he was transliterated from the Greek daemon Horkos, the personification of Oaths and a son of Eris.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Survival and later use
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Origins
Fresco of Odysseus (Uθuste) and the cyclops (Cuclu) in the Tomb of Orcus, Tarquinia, Italy.
The origins of Orcus may have lain in Etruscan religion. The so-called Tomb of Orcus, an Etruscan site at Tarquinia, is a misnomer, resulting from its first discoverers mistaking as Orcus a hairy, bearded giant that was actually a figure of a Cyclops.
The Romans sometimes conflated Orcus with other gods such as Pluto, Hades, and Dis Pater, god of the land of the dead. The name "Orcus" seems to have been given to his evil and punishing side, as the god who tormented evildoers in the afterlife. Like the name Hades (or the Norse Hel, for that matter), "Orcus" could also mean the land of the dead.
Orcus was chiefly worshipped in rural areas; he had no official cult in the cities.[1] This remoteness allowed for him to survive in the countryside long after the more prevalent gods had ceased to be worshipped. He survived as a folk figure into the Middle Ages, and aspects of his worship were transmuted into the wild man festivals held in rural parts of Europe through modern times.[1] Indeed, much of what is known about the celebrations associated with Orcus come from medieval sources.[1]
Survival and later use
The Descent of Aeneas in the Underworld (ca. 1530-1540), Walters Art Museum
From Orcus' association with death and the underworld, his name came to be used for demons and other underworld monsters, particularly in Italian where orco refers to a kind of monster found in fairy-tales that feeds on human flesh. The French word ogre (appearing first in Charles Perrault's fairy-tales) may have come from variant forms of this word, orgo or ogro; in any case, the French ogre and the Italian orco are exactly the same sort of creature. An early example of an orco appears in Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, as a bestial, blind, tusk-faced monster inspired by the Cyclops of the Odyssey; this orco should not be confused with the orca, a sea-monster also appearing in Ariosto.
This orco was the inspiration to J. R. R. Tolkien's orcs in his The Lord of the Rings. In a text published in The War of the Jewels, Tolkien stated:
Note. The word used in translation of Q[uenya] urko, S[indarin] orch, is Orc. But that is because of the similarity of the ancient English word orc, 'evil spirit or bogey', to the Elvish words. There is possibly no connexion between them. The English word is now generally supposed to be derived from Latin Orcus.
Also, in an unpublished letter sent to Gene Wolfe, Tolkien also made this comment:[2]
Orc I derived from Anglo-Saxon, a word meaning demon, usually supposed to be derived from the Latin Orcus—Hell. But I doubt this, though the matter is too involved to set out here.
From this use, countless other fantasy games and works of fiction have borrowed the concept of the orc.
The name "Orcus" appears in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as Orcus, Prince of the Undead.
Orcus appears as a character in Christopher Moore's A Dirty Job.
The Kuiper belt object 90482 Orcus is named after Orcus. This was because Orcus was sometimes considered to be another name for Pluto, and also because Pluto and 90482 Orcus are both plutinos.
See also
Demogorgon
Ogre
Pluto
90482 Orcus
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Bernheimer, p. 43.
Jump up ^ "This webpage is unavailable | Claranet Soho". Home.clara.net. Archived from the original on 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomba dell’Orco (Tarquinia).
Bernheimer, Richard (1952). Wild men in the Middle Ages, New York : Octagon books, 1979, ISBN 0-374-90616-5
Grimal, P. (1986). The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (p. 328)
Richardson, L. (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (p. 278)
External links
"Tomb of the Orcus," Tarquinia
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text:
History of slavery in Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Slavery in Florida began under Spanish rule and continued under American and later Confederate rule. It was theoretically abolished by President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, but this had little effect in Florida. Slavery continued until the end of the Civil War and collapse of the Confederacy in the spring of 1865, followed by the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. Some of the characteristics of slavery — inability to leave a disagreeable situation — continued under sharecropping, convict leasing, vagrancy laws. In the 20th and 21st centuries, conditions approximating slavery are found among marginal immigrant populations, especially migrant farm workers and involuntary sex workers.
Contents
1 Spanish Florida
2 Florida under American rule
2.1 Free negros were unwanted
2.2 The growth of plantations
2.3 Secession
3 Human trafficking
4 See also
5 References
Spanish Florida[edit]
See also: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
The peninsula of modern-day Florida was under the control of Spain until the mid-1700s when it was briefly owned by the British, only to be returned to Spain a few years later. Prior to the colony being turned over to the British, there was a period in the early 1700s during which Spanish Florida was a hotbed for the raiding natives from the northern Carolina and Georgia areas. Though they were left alone for the most part by one of the original raiding groups, the Westos, Spanish Florida was heavily targeted by the later raiding groups the Yamasee and Creek. These raids, in which villages were destroyed and natives were either captured or killed, drove the natives to the hands of the Spanish, who attempted to protect them as best they could from the invaders. However, the strength of the Spanish dwindled and as the raids continued the Spanish and natives were forced to retreat farther and farther back into the peninsula. The raids were so frequent that there were few natives left to capture, and so the Yamasee and the Creek began bringing fewer and fewer slaves to the Carolina colonies and were unable to effectively continue the trade. The retreat of the Spanish was only ended when the Yamasee and Creek entered what would later be known as the Yamasee War with the Carolina colony.[1]
Since the beginning of the 18th century, Spanish Florida attracted numerous African slaves who had escaped from British slavery in the thirteen colonies. Once the slaves reached Florida, the Spanish freed them if they converted to Roman Catholicism. Most settled in Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mosé, the first settlement of free slaves in North America. Another, smaller group settled along the Apalachicola River in remote northwest Florida, centered on Prospect Bluff, future site of the famous Negro Fort. A store or trading post was set up there about 1800.
The former slaves also found refuge among the Creek and Seminole, Native Americans who had established settlements in Florida at the invitation of the Spanish government. In 1771, Governor John Moultrie wrote to the English Board of Trade, "It has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back."[2] When British government officials pressured the Native Americans to return the fugitive slaves, they replied that they had "merely given hungry people food, and invited the slaveholders to catch the runaways themselves."[2]
After the American Revolution, slaves from the State of Georgia and the South Carolina Low Country escaped to Florida. The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States afterwards effectively controlled East Florida. According to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the US had to take action there because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."[3] Spain requested British intervention, but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations. Some of President James Monroe's cabinet demanded Jackson's immediate dismissal, but Adams realized that it put the U.S. in a favorable diplomatic position, allowing him to negotiate very favorable terms.[4]
As Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons, the Crown decided to cede the territory to the United States. It accomplished this through the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821.
Florida under American rule[edit]
Florida became an organized territory of the United States on February 22, 1821, and allowed slavery.
Free negros were unwanted[edit]
The free blacks and Indian slaves, Black Seminoles, living near St. Augustine fled to Havana, Cuba, to avoid coming under US control. Some Seminole also abandoned their settlements and moved further south.[5] Hundreds of Black Seminoles and fugitive slaves escaped in the early nineteenth century from Cape Florida to The Bahamas, where they settled on Andros Island.[6]
In 1827 free negros were prohibited from entering Florida, and in 1828 those already there were prohibited from assembling in public.[7]:192–193 In antebellum Florida, "Southerners came to believe that the only successful means of removing the threat of free Negroes was to expel them from the southern states or to change their status from free persons to... slaves."[8]:112 Free Negroes were perceived as "an evil of no ordinary magnitude,"[8]:119 undermining the system of slavery. Slaves had to be shown that there was no advantage in being free; thus, free negroes became victims of the slaveholders' fears. Legislation became more forceful; the free negro had to accept his new role or leave the state, as in fact half the black population of Pensacola and St. Augustine immediately did (they left the country).[9]:193 Some citizens of Leon County, Florida, Florida's most populous[10] and wealthiest[8]:140 county, which wealth was because Leon County had more slaves than any other county in Florida,[11] petitioned the General Assembly to have all free negroes removed from the state.[8]:118 Legislation passed in 1847 required all free Negroes to have a white person as legal guardian;[8]:120 in 1855, an act was passed which prevented free Negroes from entering the state.[8]:119 "In 1861, an act was passed requiring all free Negroes in Florida to register with the judge of probate in whose county they resided. The Negro, when registering, had to give his name, age, color, sex, and occupation, and had to pay one dollar to register.... All Negroes over twelve years of age had to have a guardian approved by the probate judge.... The guardian could be sued for any crime committed by the Negro; the Negro could not be sued. Under the new law, any free Negro or mulatto who did not register with the nearest probate judge was classified as a slave and became the lawful property of any white person who claimed possession."[8]:121
The growth of plantations[edit]
American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in northern Florida, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. On March 3, 1845, Florida became a slave state of the United States of America. Almost half the state's population were enslaved African Americans working on large cotton and sugar plantations, between the Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers in the north central part of the state.[12] Like the people who owned them, many slaves had come from the coastal areas of Georgia and the Carolinas. They were part of the Gullah-Gee Chee culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry. Others were enslaved African Americans from the Upper South who had been sold to traders taking slaves to the Deep South.[citation needed] By 1860, Florida had 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved and fewer than 1,000 free people of color.[13] Their labor accounted for 85 percent of the state's cotton production. The 1860 Census also indicated that in central Leon County (Tallahassee), which was the center both of the Florida slave trade and of Florida’s plantation industry (see Plantations of Leon County), slaves constituted 73% of the population. As elsewhere, their value was greater than all the land of the county. (References in History of Tallahassee, Florida#History of black Tallahassee.)
Secession[edit]
In January 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession, declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State." According to William C. Davis, "protection of slavery" was "the explicit reason" for Florida's declaring of secession, as well as the creation of the Confederacy itself.[14]
Confederate authorities used slaves as teamsters to transport supplies and as laborers in salt works and fisheries. Many Florida slaves working in these coastal industries escaped to the relative safety of Union-controlled enclaves during the American Civil War. Beginning in 1862, Union military activity in East and West Florida encouraged slaves in plantation areas to flee their owners in search of freedom. Some worked on Union ships and, beginning in 1863, with the Emancipation Proclamation, more than a thousand enlisted as soldiers and sailors in the United States Colored Troops of the military.[15]
Escaped and freed slaves provided Union commanders with valuable intelligence about Confederate troop movements. They also passed back news of Union advances to the men and women who remained enslaved in Confederate-controlled Florida. Planter fears of slave uprisings increased as the war went on.[16]
In May 1865, Federal control was re-established, and slavery abolished.
Human trafficking[edit]
Main article: Human trafficking in Florida
After California and New York, Florida has the most human trafficking cases in the United States.[17] Florida has had cases of sex trafficking, domestic servitude, and forced labor.[18]
Florida has a large agricultural economy and a large immigrant population, which has made it a prime environment for forced labor,[18] particularly in the tomato industry. Concerted efforts have led to the freeing of thousands of slaves in recent years.[19] The National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported receiving 1,518 calls and emails in 2015 about human trafficking in Florida.[20]
See also[edit]
Indian slave trade in the American Southeast#Slavery in Florida
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn, and Sheri Marie Shuck-Hall. 2009. Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South. U of Nebraska Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, E: "St. Augustine's British Years," The Journal of the St. Augustine Historical Society, 2001, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Alexander Deconde, A History of American Foreign Policy (1963) p. 127
Jump up ^ Weeks (2002)
Jump up ^ "''Notices of East Florida: with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, 1822'', Open Archive, text available online, p. 42". Archive.org. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mulroy, Kevin. The Seminole Freedmen: A History (Race and Culture in the American West), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, p. 26
Jump up ^ Allman, T.D. (2013). Finding Florida The True History of the Sunshine State (First ed.). New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8021-2076-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Smith, Julia Floyd (1973), Slavery and Plantation Growth in Antebellum Florida 1821-1860, Gainesville: University of Florida Press
Jump up ^ Schafer, Daniel L. (2013). Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. and the Atlantic World. Slave Trader, Plantation Owner, Emancipator. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813044620.
Jump up ^ "Florida Population 1840-2000 by County". Exploring Florida (University of South Florida). Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivers, Larry E. (1981), "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860", Journal of Negro History, 66 (3): 235–245, at p. 237, JSTOR 2716918
Jump up ^ Tebeau 1999, p. 158
Jump up ^ Tebeau 1999, p. 157
Jump up ^ Davis, William C. (2002). "Men but Not Brothers". Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America. pp. 130–135. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Murphree, R. Boyd. "Florida and the Civil War: A Short History" Archived 2010-04-26 at the Wayback Machine., State Archives of Florida. Retrieved on June 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Murphree (2008)
Jump up ^ Cordner, Sascha (August 22, 2014). "What Might Future Florida Human Trafficking Legislation Look Like For 2015?". Florida State University. WFSU.
^ Jump up to: a b Coonan, Terry S. (2003). "Human Rights in the Sunshine State: A Proposed Florida Law on Human Trafficking". Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 31 (2). Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The Unsavory Story of Industrially Grown Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "United States Report: 1/1/2015 – 12/31/2015" (PDF). National Human Trafficking Resource Center. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_Florida&oldid=852359129"
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