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Easy (Commodores song)
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"Easy"
A-side label of 1977 U.S. vinyl single
Single by Commodores
from the album Commodores
B-side
"Can't Let You Tease Me"
Released
March 18, 1977 (1977-03-18)
Format
45 rpm record
Recorded
1977
Genre
Soul
Length
3:58 (single version)
4:14 (album version)
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
James Anthony Carmichael
Commodores[1]
Commodores singles chronology
"Fancy Dancer"
(1977) "Easy"
(1977) "Brick House"
(1977)
"Easy" is a song by Commodores for the Motown label, from their fifth studio album, Commodores. Released in March 1977, "Easy" reached #1 on the Billboard R&B chart, and #4 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] The success of "Easy" paved the way for similar Lionel Richie-composed hit ballads such as "Three Times a Lady" and "Still", and also for Richie's later solo hits.
Richie wrote "Easy" with the intention of it becoming another crossover hit for the group, given the success of a previous single, "Just to Be Close to You", which spent 2 weeks at #1 on the Billboard R&B chart (known as the Hot Soul Singles chart at that time) and peaked at #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop charts in 1976.[2]
Contents
1 Content
2 Charts
3 Faith No More cover
3.1 Version differences
3.2 Track listings
3.2.1 Songs to Make Love To
3.2.2 I'm Easy/Be Aggressive
3.2.3 Japanese version
3.3 Charts
3.3.1 Weekly charts
3.3.2 Year-end charts
4 Sky Ferreira cover
5 Sampled
6 Footnotes
7 External links
Content[edit]
Written by Commodores lead singer Lionel Richie, the song is a slow ballad expressing a man's feelings as he ends a relationship. Rather than being depressed about the break-up, he states that he is instead "easy like Sunday morning"—something which Richie described as evocative of "small Southern towns that die at 11:30pm" on a Saturday night, such as his own Tuskegee, Alabama.[3]
The re-recorded version is on Lionel Richie's album Tuskegee which features country singer Willie Nelson.

Charts[edit]
Chart (1977)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[4] 18
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[5] 24
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[6] 12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[7] 9
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[8] 9
U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles 1
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 4
Faith No More cover[edit]
"Easy"
Single by Faith No More
from the album Angel Dust
Released
December 29, 1992 (1992-12-29) (Europe)
April 4, 1993 (US)
Length
3:08
Label
Slash
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
Matt Wallace
Faith No More
Faith No More singles chronology
"Everything's Ruined"
(1992) "Easy"
(1992) "Another Body Murdered"
(1994)
Alternative cover
"I'm Easy/Be Aggressive" cover
Faith No More recorded a cover of "Easy" during the studio sessions for Angel Dust,[10] following its repeated performance during live shows, but was released as the final single to the album in late 1992/early 1993. The song was originally played to replace their cover of Black Sabbath's "War Pigs", so the band would break from the typical rock band mould and to spite the heavy metal fans who attended Faith No More's concerts expecting "War Pigs". Bassist Billy Gould said the version was a straightforward cover because "we like ["Easy"] in a painful kind of way. It gives us memories of our childhood".[11][12]
It is their highest-charting UK hit, reaching #3, their second number one single on the Australian charts and their final charting single in the American chart Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #58. It was originally issued on December 29, 1992, on the double A-side single with "Be Aggressive", listed as "I'm Easy", in Europe and over three months later in America on the Songs to Make Love To EP, it was later included on the European version of their album Angel Dust. Other appearances include a 2006 commercial for Levi's Jeans and as the theme tune for the TV programme Goals on Sunday. The biggest difference from the original is that Faith No More left out the second verse.
Version differences[edit]
The song was released under three titles: "I'm Easy", "I'm Easy (Cooler Version)", and "Easy". The title varies depending upon the region of release or whether it was the single or part of the album Angel Dust. As a single, in most countries apart from the United States, Australia and Japan, releases had the title "I'm Easy". In the aforementioned countries, the title was simply "Easy" with the German special edition using "I'm Easy (Cooler Version)". There are at least two different mixes in circulation, all of which originate from the same studio recording of the song. The first mix has a voice-over by Mike Patton during the first few seconds of the song: "Turn the lights out, baby. This one's for the ladies in the house". It also has fewer guitar overdubs, a slightly different bass line before the guitar solo, and more reverb on the entire track. The second version, sometimes listed as the "Cooler Version" as titled on the German special edition of the single, lacks this voice-over but features a background string-synth arrangement throughout the song as well as the "missing" guitar parts not found in the other mix.
The first version was featured on all London Records releases of the single and Angel Dust apart from the German special edition:
"I'm Easy/Be Aggressive"
"Easy" (Japanese release)
Angel Dust (Japanese, European, Brazilian and Australian [London Records version] releases)
And the second version, known as the "cooler version", was featured on the Slash and Slash/Liberation releases of the single, on Angel Dust and on retrospective compilations release by Slash, London Records, Rhino and Liberation:
"Easy" (USA)
Songs to Make Love To (USA and Canada)
"I'm Easy" (Australia)
Angel Dust (iTunes digital and Australian [Liberation version] releases)
Who Cares a Lot?
This Is It: The Best of Faith No More
Track listings[edit]
Songs to Make Love To[edit]
The Songs to Make Love To release, which was titled "Easy" on some pressings, was the American and Canadian release of the single. Its track list, which was almost identical to the German "I'm Easy" – special edition version which replaces track three with the re-recording of "As the Worm Turns" and is similar to the standard edition versions of "I'm Easy" which had the Revolution 23 Full Moon mix of "A Small Victory" as its third and last track, is as follows:[13]
"Easy" – 3:10
"Das Schutzenfest" – 3:00
"Midnight Cowboy" (John Barry) – 4:15
"Let's Lynch the Landlord" (Jello Biafra) – 2:56
I'm Easy/Be Aggressive[edit]
The double A-side release, "I'm Easy/Be Aggressive", features "Easy" and "Be Aggressive" as its first two tracks in addition to two live tracks, with the exception of one fully live version which is identical to the Free Concert in the Park bonus disc and a two-track French version. The standard track list is as follows:[13]
"I'm Easy" – 3:06
"Be Aggressive" – 3:40
"A Small Victory" (Live †) – 4:49
"We Care a Lot" (Live †) – 4:02
"Mark Bowen" (Live †) – 3:15
Japanese version[edit]
The Japanese version was released separately as a seven-track EP under the name of "Easy" with the "I'm Easy/Be Aggressive" cover image along with six live tracks that also featured on other versions of the single; its track list was as follows:[13]
"Easy"
"Easy" (Live †)
"Be Aggressive" (Live †)
"Land of Sunshine" (Live ‡)
"RV" (Live ‡)
"Kindergarten" (Live †)
"A Small Victory" (Live †)
† Live in Munich, Germany on November 9, 1992
‡ Live in Dekalb, Illinois, September 20, 1992
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[14]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[15]
3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[16]
73
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[17]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[18]
20
Ireland (IRMA)[19]
5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20]
10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
6
Norway (VG-lista)[22]
2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[23]
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24]
9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[25]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[26]
58
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27] 35
Sky Ferreira cover[edit]
"Easy"
Song by Sky Ferreira
from the album Baby Driver (Music from the Motion Picture)
Length
4:27
Label
30th Century
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
Nigel Godrich
American singer and songwriter Sky Ferreira released a rendition of the song for the soundtrack of the 2017 film Baby Driver, in which she plays Baby's mother. It was produced by Nigel Godrich. To promote the track, a music video directed by the film's director, Edgar Wright, was released on September 4, 2017.[28] Days later, on September 7, 2017; the video was finally uploaded to the 30th Records's official VEVO account.[29]
Sampled[edit]
"Easy" was sampled by the Houston-based rap group Geto Boys for the song "Six Feet Deep" from their 1993 album Till Death Do Us Part. It was also used as a sample in Cam'ron's song "Hey Ma".[citation needed]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ australian-charts.com page on the Commodores version of Easy, retrieved on 24 February 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 130.
Jump up ^ "Tough Questions for Lionel Richie", Spin
Jump up ^ irishcharts.ie Archived 2009-06-03 at WebCite, Irish charts page for 'Faith No More, retrieved on 28 May 2008
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Commodores – Easy" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 7740." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Commodores – Easy". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ everyhit.co.uk, an archive containing all UK top 40 charts, retrieved on 24 February 2008
Jump up ^ billboard.com page on the Commodores "Easy", retrieved on 24 February 2008
Jump up ^ Jem Aswad (June 1992). "Faith No More: Angel Dust in the wind". Issue 25. Reflex Magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Takes It 'Easy' On EP; Prince & NPG open tour on florida, Billboard
Jump up ^ "Artists of the Year: Faith No More", Spin
^ Jump up to: a b c The PDF discography from FNM.com, retrieved on 24 February 2008
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Faith No More – I'm Easy". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Faith No More – I'm Easy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 1739." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Faith No More Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Faith No More". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Faith No More" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Faith No More – I'm Easy". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Faith No More – I'm Easy". VG-lista. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Faith No More – I'm Easy". Singles Top 100. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Faith No More – I'm Easy". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Faith No More Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ David Renshaw (September 4, 2017). "Watch Sky Ferreira's "Easy" Video". The Fader.
Jump up ^ Mike Nied (September 8, 2017). "Better Than Nothing: Sky Ferreira's Cover Of "Easy" Is Now On YouTube". Idolator.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Commodores
William King
Walter Orange
J. D. Nicholas
Milan Williams
Thomas McClary
Lionel Richie
Andre Callahan
Michael Gilbert
Ronald LaPread
James Ingram
Skyler Jett
Sheldon Reynolds
Albums
Machine Gun
Caught in the Act
Movin' On
Hot on the Tracks
Commodores
Commodores Live!
Natural High
Midnight Magic
Heroes
In the Pocket
Commodores 13
Nightshift
United
Rock Solid
Commodores Christmas
No Tricks
The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album)
Singles
"Slippery When Wet"
"Sweet Love"
"Just to Be Close to You"
"Easy"
"Brick House"
"Too Hot ta Trot"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Sail On"
"Still"
"Lady (You Bring Me Up)"
"Oh No"
"Nightshift"
"Take It from Me"
Related
Discography
Book
show
v
t
e
Faith No More
Mike Bordin
Billy Gould
Roddy Bottum
Mike Patton
Jon Hudson
Mike Morris
Wade Worthington
Chuck Mosley
Jim Martin
Trey Spruance
Dean Menta
Studio albums
We Care a Lot
Introduce Yourself
The Real Thing
Angel Dust
King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime
Album of the Year
Sol Invictus
Live albums
Live at the Brixton Academy
Compilations
Who Cares a Lot?
This Is It: The Best of
Epic and Other Hits
The Platinum Collection
The Works
The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection
Singles
"Quiet in Heaven"/"Song of Liberty" (as Faith No Man)
"We Care a Lot"
"Anne's Song"
"From Out of Nowhere"
"Epic"
"Falling to Pieces"
"Midlife Crisis"
"A Small Victory"
"Everything's Ruined"
"(I'm) Easy"
"Another Body Murdered"
"Digging the Grave"
"Ricochet"
"Evidence"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Last Cup of Sorrow"
"Stripsearch"
"I Started a Joke"
"Motherfucker"
Other songs
"New Improved Song"
"The World Is Yours"
Videos
You Fat Bastards: Live at the Brixton Academy
Video Croissant
Who Cares a Lot?: The Greatest Videos
You Fat Bastards/Who Cares a Lot? (DVD)
Related bands
Brujeria
Dead Cross
Fantômas
General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners
Imperial Teen
Mr. Bungle
Ozzy Osbourne
Peeping Tom
Primitive Race
Tomahawk
Related articles
Discography
Songs recorded
Members
Tribute of the Year: A Tribute to Faith No More
The Second Coming Tour
Book
show
v
t
e
Sky Ferreira
Discography
Songs
Studio albums
Night Time, My Time
Extended plays
As If!
Ghost
Singles
"One"
"Obsession"
"Sex Rules"
"Red Lips"
"Everything Is Embarrassing"
"You're Not the One"
"I Blame Myself"
Promotional singles
"Boys"
Other songs
"Easy"
Tours
Bangerz Tour (opening act)
Related topics
Bloodshy & Avant
Parlophone
Capitol Records
Polydor Records
Baby Driver
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easy_(Commodores_song)&oldid=851215702"
Categories:
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Return of the Jedi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Battle of Endor" redirects here. For the television film, see Ewoks: The Battle for Endor. For other uses, see Return of the Jedi (disambiguation).
Return of the Jedi
Theatrical release poster by Kazuhiko Sano
Directed by
Richard Marquand
Produced by
Howard Kazanjian
Screenplay by
Lawrence Kasdan
George Lucas
Story by
George Lucas
Starring
Mark Hamill
Harrison Ford
Carrie Fisher
Billy Dee Williams
Anthony Daniels
David Prowse
Kenny Baker
Peter Mayhew
Frank Oz
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Alan Hume
Edited by
Sean Barton
Duwayne Dunham
Marcia Lucas
Production
company
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Distributed by
20th Century Fox[Note 1]
Release date
May 25, 1983 (1983-05-25) (United States)
Running time
132 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$32.5–42.7 million[5][6]
Box office
$475.1–572.7 million[7][8][9]
Return of the Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi) is a 1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand. The screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas was from a story by Lucas, who was also the executive producer. It is the third installment in the original Star Wars trilogy and the first film to use THX technology. The film is set one year after The Empire Strikes Back[10] and was produced by Howard Kazanjian for Lucasfilm Ltd. The film stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz.
The Galactic Empire, under the direction of the ruthless Emperor, is constructing a second Death Star in order to crush the Rebel Alliance once and for all. Since the Emperor plans to personally oversee the final stages of its construction, the Rebel Fleet launches a full-scale attack on the Death Star in order to prevent its completion and kill the Emperor, effectively bringing an end to the Empire's hold over the galaxy. Meanwhile, Luke Skywalker, a Jedi apprentice, struggles to bring his father Darth Vader back to the Light Side of the Force.
David Lynch and David Cronenberg were considered to direct the project before Marquand signed on as director. The production team relied on Lucas' storyboards during pre-production. While writing the shooting script, Lucas, Kasdan, Marquand, and producer Howard Kazanjian spent two weeks in conference discussing ideas to construct it. Kazanjian's schedule pushed shooting to begin a few weeks early to allow Industrial Light & Magic more time to work on the film's effects in post-production. Filming took place in England, California, and Arizona from January to May 1982 (1982-05). Strict secrecy surrounded the production and the film used the working title Blue Harvest to prevent price gouging.
The film was released in theaters on May 25, 1983, six years to the day after the release of the first film, receiving mostly positive reviews. The film grossed between $475 million[7][8] and $572 million worldwide.[9] Several home video and theatrical releases and revisions to the film followed over the next 20 years. Star Wars continued with The Phantom Menace as part of the film series' prequel trilogy.
A sequel, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18, 2015, as part of the new sequel trilogy.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
3.4 Post-production
4 Release
4.1 Title change
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Accolades
6 Marketing
6.1 Novelization
6.2 Radio drama
6.3 Comic book adaptation
6.4 Book-and-record set
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Citations
8.3 Bibliography
9 External links
Plot
Luke Skywalker initiates a plan to rescue Han Solo from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt with the help of Princess Leia, Lando Calrissian, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2. Leia infiltrates Jabba's palace on Tatooine, disguised as a bounty hunter, with Chewbacca as her prisoner. Leia releases Han from his carbonite prison, but she is captured and enslaved. Luke arrives soon afterward, but is also captured after a tense standoff. After Luke survives his battle with Jabba's Rancor, Jabba sentences him and Han to death by feeding them to the Sarlacc. Luke frees himself and battles Jabba's guards. During the chaos, Leia strangles Jabba to death, and Luke destroys Jabba's sail barge as the group escapes. While the others rendezvous with the Rebel Alliance, Luke returns to Dagobah where he finds that Yoda is dying. Before he dies, Yoda confirms that Darth Vader, once known as Anakin Skywalker, is Luke's father, and that there is "another Skywalker". The spirit of Obi-Wan Kenobi confirms that this other Skywalker is Leia, who is Luke's twin sister. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must fight Vader again to defeat the Empire.
The Rebel Alliance learns that the Empire has been constructing a new Death Star under the supervision of the Emperor himself. As the station is protected by an energy shield, Han leads a strike team to destroy the shield generator on the forest moon of Endor; doing so would allow a squadron of starfighters to destroy the Death Star. The strike team, accompanied by Luke and Leia, travels to Endor in a stolen Imperial shuttle. On Endor, Luke and his companions encounter a tribe of Ewoks and, after an initial conflict, gain their trust. Later, Luke tells Leia that she is his sister, Vader is their father, and that he must go and confront him. Surrendering to Imperial troops, Luke is brought to Vader and unsuccessfully tries to convince him to turn from the dark side of the Force.
Vader takes Luke to the Death Star to meet the Emperor, intent on turning him to the dark side. The Emperor reveals that the Death Star is actually fully operational and the rebel fleet will fall into a trap. On Endor, Han's strike team is captured by Imperial forces, but a surprise counterattack by the Ewoks allows the rebels to battle the Imperials. Meanwhile, Lando leads the rebel fleet to the Death Star in the Millennium Falcon, only to find out that the shield is still active, and the Imperial fleet is waiting for them. The Emperor tempts Luke to give in to his anger, and Luke engages Vader in a lightsaber duel. Vader senses that Luke has a sister, and threatens to turn her to the dark side. Enraged, Luke attacks Vader and severs his prosthetic right hand. The Emperor entreats Luke to kill Vader and take his place, but Luke refuses, declaring himself a Jedi as his father had been. Furious, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning. Unwilling to let his son die, Vader throws the Emperor down a reactor chute to his death, but Vader is mortally electrocuted in the process. At his last request, Luke removes the redeemed Anakin's mask before he dies peacefully in Luke's arms.
As the battle between the Imperial and Alliance fleets continues, the strike team defeats the Imperial forces and destroys the shield generator, allowing the rebel fleet to launch their assault on the Death Star. Lando leads a group of rebel ships into the Death Star's core and destroys the main reactor. As Luke escapes on a shuttle with his father's body, the Falcon flies out of the Death Star's superstructure as the station explodes. On Endor, Leia reveals to Han that Luke is her brother, and they kiss. Luke returns to Endor and cremates Anakin's body on a pyre. As the rebels celebrate their victory over the Empire, Luke smiles as he sees the spirits of Obi-Wan, Yoda, and Anakin watching over them.
Cast
See also: List of Return of the Jedi characters and List of Star Wars cast members
Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker: One of the last living Jedi, trained by Obi-Wan and Yoda, who is also a skilled X-wing fighter pilot allied with the Rebellion.
Harrison Ford as Han Solo: A rogue smuggler, who aids the Rebellion against the Empire. Han is Luke and Leia's friend, as well as Leia's love interest.
Carrie Fisher as Leia Organa: The former Princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan, who joins the Rebellion; Luke's twin sister, and Han's love interest.
Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian: The former Baron Administrator of Cloud City and one of Han's friends who aids the Rebellion.
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO: A humanoid protocol droid, who sides with the Rebellion.
Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca: A Wookiee who is Han's longtime friend, who takes part in the Rebellion.
Kenny Baker as R2-D2: An astromech droid, bought by Luke; and long-time friend to C-3PO. He also portrays a GONK power droid in the background.
Ian McDiarmid as Emperor Palpatine: The evil founding supreme ruler of the Galactic Empire, and Vader's Sith Master.
Frank Oz as Yoda: The wise, centuries-old Grand Master of the Jedi, who is Luke's self-exiled Jedi Master living on Dagobah. After dying, he reappears to Luke as a Force-ghost. Yoda's Puppetry was assisted by Mike Quinn.
David Prowse as Darth Vader / Anakin Skywalker: A powerful Sith lord and the second in command of the Galactic Empire; Luke and Leia's father.
James Earl Jones as the voice of Darth Vader
Sebastian Shaw as the unmasked Anakin: After fighting and defeating his friend, ally, and Sith Master, in order to save his son's life, Vader is weakened and dying. Before he dies he asks Luke to take off his mask so he can see his son clearly before he dies, ultimately turning back to the goodness within himself. Originally, Shaw also appears as Anakin's Force-ghost in the original theatrical and 1997 Special Edition releases.
Hayden Christensen as the Force-ghost of Anakin Skywalker: In re-releases of the original Star Wars trilogy released after the prequel trilogy, Lucas made revisions. One of those revisions being the final shot of the film, in which the Force-ghosts of Anakin, Obi-Wan and Yoda are seen happily together. The addition of Christensen as the Force-ghost was explained to represent the fact that Anakin must return to his progress-point where he left off before turning to the dark side; Christensen portrayed Anakin in the second and third movies of the prequel trilogy, and the edits brought Return of the Jedi into consistency with the prequels.[12][13]
Alec Guinness as Obi-Wan Kenobi: Luke's deceased Jedi Master, who continues to teach him after death as a Force-ghost.
Denis Lawson reprises his role as Wedge Antilles from Star Wars, and Kenneth Colley and Jeremy Bulloch reprise their roles as Admiral Piett and Boba Fett from The Empire Strikes Back. Michael Pennington portrays Moff Jerjerrod, the commander of the second Death Star. Warwick Davis appears as Wicket W. Warrick, an Ewok who leads Leia and eventually her friends to the Ewok tribe. Baker was originally cast as Wicket, but was replaced by Davis after falling ill with food poisoning on the morning of the shoot. Davis had no previous acting experience and was cast only after his grandmother had discovered an open call for dwarfs for the new Star Wars film.[14] Caroline Blakiston portrays Mon Mothma, a co-founder and leader of the Rebel Alliance. Michael Carter played Jabba's aide, Bib Fortuna (voiced by Erik Bauersfeld), while Femi Taylor and Claire Davenport appeared as Jabba's original slave dancers.
To portray the numerous alien species featured in the film a multitude of puppeteers, voice actors, and stunt performers were employed. Admiral Ackbar was performed by puppeteer Timothy M. Rose, with his voice provided by Erik Bauersfeld. Nien Nunb was portrayed by Richard Bonehill in costume for full body shots, while he was otherwise a puppet operated by Mike Quinn and his voice was provided by Kipsang Rotich. Rose also operated Salacious Crumb, whose voice was provided by Mark Dodson. Quinn also played Ree-Yees and Wol Cabbashite. Sy Snootles was a marionette operated by Rose and Quinn, while her voice was provided by Annie Arbogast. Others included Simon J. Williamson as Max Rebo, a Gamorrean Guard and a Mon Calamari; Deep Roy as Droopy McCool; Ailsa Berk as Amanaman; Paul Springer as Ree-Yees, Gamorrean Guard and a Mon Calamari; Hugh Spight as a Gamorrean Guard, Elom and a |Mon Calamari; Swee Lim as Attark the Hoover; Richard Robinson as a Yuzzum; Gerald Home as Tessek and the Mon Calamari officer; Phil Herbert as Hermi Odle; Tik and Tok (Tim Dry and Sean Crawford) as Whiphid and Yak-Face; Phil Tippett as the Rancor with Michael McCormick.
Jabba the Hutt was operated by Toby Philpott, David Barclay and Mike Edmonds (who also portrays the Ewok Logray) operated the tail. Larry Ward portrays the Huttese language voice with Mike Quinn, among other roles, controlling the eyes.
Production
Development
As with the previous film, Lucas personally financed Return of the Jedi. Lucas also chose not to direct Return of the Jedi himself, and started searching for a director for the film.[14] Lucas approached David Lynch, who had been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for The Elephant Man in 1980, to helm Return of the Jedi, but Lynch declined in order to direct Dune.[15] David Cronenberg was also offered the chance to direct, but he declined the offer to make Videodrome and The Dead Zone.[16] Lamont Johnson, director of Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone, was also considered.[17] Lucas eventually chose Richard Marquand. Lucas may have directed some of the second unit work personally as the shooting threatened to go over schedule; this is a function Lucas had willingly performed on previous occasions when he had only officially been producing a film (e.g. More American Graffiti, Raiders of the Lost Ark). Lucas did operate the B camera on the set a few times.[18] Lucas himself has admitted to being on the set frequently because of Marquand's relative inexperience with special effects.[14] Lucas praised Marquand as a "very nice person who worked well with actors".[19] Marquand did note that Lucas kept a conspicuous presence on set, joking, "It is rather like trying to direct King Lear – with Shakespeare in the next room!"[20]
Sebastian Shaw as the unmasked Darth Vader
The screenplay was written by Lawrence Kasdan and Lucas (with uncredited contributions by David Peoples and Marquand), based on Lucas' story. Kasdan claims he told Lucas that Return of the Jedi was "a weak title", and Lucas later decided to name the film Revenge of the Jedi.[14] The screenplay itself was not finished until rather late in pre-production, well after a production schedule and budget had been created by Kazanjian and Marquand had been hired, which was unusual for a film. Instead, the production team relied on Lucas' story and rough draft in order to commence work with the art department. When it came time to formally write a shooting script, Lucas, Kasdan, Marquand and Kazanjian spent two weeks in conference discussing ideas; Kasdan used tape transcripts of these meetings to then construct the script.[21]
The issue of whether Harrison Ford would return for the final film arose during pre-production. Unlike the other stars of the first film, Ford had not contracted to do two sequels, and Raiders of the Lost Ark had made him an even bigger star. Return of the Jedi producer Howard Kazanjian (who also produced Raiders of the Lost Ark) convinced Ford to return:
"I played a very important part in bringing Harrison back for Return of the Jedi. Harrison, unlike Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill signed only a two picture contract. That is why he was frozen in carbonite in The Empire Strikes Back. When I suggested to George we should bring him back, I distinctly remember him saying that Harrison would never return. I said what if I convinced him to return. George simply replied that we would then write him in to Jedi. I had just recently negotiated his deal for Raiders of the Lost Ark with Phil Gersh of the Gersh Agency. I called Phil who said he would speak with Harrison. When I called back again, Phil was on vacation. David, his son, took the call and we negotiated Harrison's deal. When Phil returned to the office several weeks later he called me back and said I had taken advantage of his son in the negotiations. I had not. But agents are agents."[22]
Ford suggested that Han Solo be killed through self-sacrifice. Kasdan concurred, saying it should happen near the beginning of the film to instill doubt as to whether the others would survive, but Lucas was vehemently against it and rejected the concept.[14] Gary Kurtz, who produced Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back but was replaced as producer for Return of the Jedi by Kazanjian, said in 2010 that the ongoing success with Star Wars merchandise and toys led George Lucas to reject the idea of killing off Han Solo in the middle part of the film during a raid on an Imperial base. Luke Skywalker was also to have walked off alone and exhausted like the hero in a Spaghetti Western but, according to Kurtz, Lucas opted for a happier ending to encourage higher merchandise sales.[23]
Yoda was originally not meant to appear in the film, but Marquand strongly felt that returning to Dagobah was essential to resolve the dilemma raised by the previous film.[21] The inclusion led Lucas to insert a scene in which Yoda confirms that Darth Vader is Luke's father because, after a discussion with a children's psychologist, he did not want younger moviegoers to dismiss Vader's claim as a lie.[19] Many ideas from the original script were left out or changed. For instance, the Ewoks were going to be Wookiees,[24] the Millennium Falcon would be used in the arrival at the forest moon of Endor, and Obi-Wan Kenobi would return to life from his spectral existence in the Force.[25]
Filming
The heavy forest of Redwood National Park was used to film the forests of Endor in Return of the Jedi.
Filming began on January 11, 1982, and lasted through May 20, 1982, a schedule six weeks shorter than The Empire Strikes Back. Kazanjian's schedule pushed shooting as early as possible in order to give Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) as much time as possible to work on effects, and left some crew members dubious of their ability to be fully prepared for the shoot.[26] Working on a budget of $32.5 million,[27] Lucas was determined to avoid going over budget as had happened with The Empire Strikes Back. Producer Howard Kazanjian estimated that using ILM (owned wholly by Lucasfilm) for special effects saved the production approximately $18 million.[27] However, the fact that Lucasfilm was a non-union company made acquiring shooting locations more difficult and more expensive, even though Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back had been big hits.[14] The project was given the working title Blue Harvest with a tagline of "Horror Beyond Imagination." This disguised what the production crew was really filming from fans and the press, and also prevented price gouging by service providers.[14]
The first stage of production started with 78 days at Elstree Studios in England,[26] where the film occupied all nine stages. The shoot commenced with a scene later deleted from the finished film where the heroes get caught in a sandstorm as they leave Tatooine.[20] (This was the only major sequence cut from the film during editing.)[21] While attempting to film Luke Skywalker's battle with the rancor beast, Lucas insisted on trying to create the scene in the same style as Toho's Godzilla films by using a stunt performer inside a suit. The production team made several attempts, but were unable to create an adequate result. Lucas eventually relented and decided to film the rancor as a high-speed puppet.[14] In April, the crew moved to the Yuma Desert in Arizona for two weeks of Tatooine exteriors.[20] Production then moved to the redwood forests of northern California[28] near Crescent City where two weeks were spent shooting the Endor forest exteriors, and then concluded at ILM in San Rafael, California for about ten days of bluescreen shots. One of two "skeletal" post-production units shooting background matte plates spent a day in Death Valley.[26] The other was a special Steadicam unit shooting forest backgrounds from June 15–17, 1982, for the speeder chase near the middle of the film.[29] Steadicam inventor Garrett Brown personally operated these shots as he walked through a disguised path inside the forest shooting at less than one frame per second. By walking at about 5 mph (8 km/h) and projecting the footage at 24 frame/s, the motion seen in the film appeared as if it were moving at around 120 mph (190 km/h).[14]
Music
Main article: Return of the Jedi (soundtrack)
John Williams composed and conducted the film's musical score with performances by the London Symphony Orchestra. Orchestration credits also include Thomas Newman.[30] The initial release of the film's soundtrack was on the RSO Records label in the United States. Sony Classical Records acquired the rights to the classic trilogy scores in 2004 after gaining the rights to release the second trilogy soundtracks (The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones). In the same year, Sony Classical re-pressed the 1997 RCA Victor release of Return of the Jedi along with the other two films in the trilogy. The set was released with the new artwork mirroring the first DVD release of the film. Despite the Sony digital re-mastering, which minimally improved the sound heard only on high-end stereos, this 2004 release is essentially the same as the 1997 RCA Victor release.[31]
Post-production
Meanwhile, special effects work at ILM quickly stretched the company to its operational limits. While the R&D work and experience gained from the previous two films in the trilogy allowed for increased efficiency, this was offset by the desire to have the closing film raise the bar set by each of these films.[27] A compounding factor was the intention of several departments of ILM to either take on other film work or decrease staff during slow cycles. Instead, as soon as production began, the entire company found it necessary to remain running 20 hours a day on six-day weeks in order to meet their goals by April 1, 1983. Of about 900 special effects shots,[26] all VistaVision optical effects remained in-house, since ILM was the only company capable of using the format, while about 400 4-perf opticals were subcontracted to outside effects houses.[32] Progress on the opticals was severely delayed for a time when ILM rejected about 100,000 feet (30,000 m) of film when the film perforations failed image registration and steadiness tests.[26]
Release
The teaser poster titled Revenge of the Jedi by Drew Struzan
Return of the Jedi's theatrical release took place on May 25, 1983. It was originally slated to be May 27, but was subsequently changed to coincide with the date of the 1977 release of the original Star Wars film.[27] With a massive worldwide marketing campaign, illustrator Tim Reamer created the image for the movie poster and other advertising. At the time of its release, the film was advertised on posters and merchandise as simply Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, despite its on-screen "Episode VI" distinction. The original film was later re-released to theaters in 1985.
In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of the release of Star Wars (retitled Episode IV: A New Hope), Lucas released The Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. Along with the two other films in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi was re-released on March 14, 1997, with a number of changes and additions, which included the insertion of several alien band members in Jabba's throne room, the modification of the Sarlacc to include a beak, the replacement of music at the closing scene, and a montage of different alien worlds celebrating the fall of the Empire.[33] According to Lucas, Return of the Jedi required fewer changes than the previous two films because it is more emotionally driven than the others.[19]
Title change
The original teaser trailer for the film carried the name Revenge of the Jedi.[34] In December 1982, Lucas decided that "Revenge" was not appropriate as Jedi should not seek revenge and returned to his original title. By that time thousands of "Revenge" teaser posters (with artwork by Drew Struzan) had been printed and distributed. Lucasfilm stopped the shipping of the posters and sold the remaining stock of 6,800 posters to Star Wars fan club members for $9.50.[35]
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, released in 2005 as part of the prequel trilogy, later alluded to the dismissed title Revenge of the Jedi.[36]
Home media
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The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film (art by Drew Struzan)
The original theatrical version of Return of the Jedi was released on VHS and Laserdisc several times between 1986 and 1995,[37] followed by releases of the Special Edition in the same formats between 1997 and 2000. Some of these releases contained featurettes; some were individual releases of just this film, while others were boxed sets of all three original films.
On September 21, 2004, the Special Editions of all three original films were released in a boxed set on DVD. It was digitally restored and remastered, with additional changes made by George Lucas. The DVD also featured English subtitles, Dolby Digital 5.1 EX surround sound, and commentaries by George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren, and Carrie Fisher. The bonus disc included documentaries including Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy and several featurettes including "The Characters of Star Wars", "The Birth of the Lightsaber", and "The Legacy of Star Wars". Also included were teasers, trailers, TV spots, still galleries, and a demo for Star Wars: Battlefront.
With the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, which depicts how and why Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, Lucas once again altered Return of the Jedi to bolster the relationship between the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. The original and 1997 Special Edition versions of Return of the Jedi featured British theatre actor Sebastian Shaw playing both the dying Anakin Skywalker and his ghost. In the 2004 DVD, Shaw's portrayal of Anakin's ghost is replaced by Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. All three films in the original unaltered Star Wars trilogy were later released, individually, on DVD on September 12, 2006. These versions were originally slated to only be available until December 31, 2006, although they remained in print until May 2011 and were packaged with the 2004 versions again in a new box set on November 4, 2008.[38] Although the 2004 versions in these sets each feature an audio commentary, no other extra special features were included to commemorate the original cuts. The runtime of the 1997 Special Edition of the film and all subsequent releases is approximately five minutes longer than the original theatrical version.
A Blu-ray Disc version of the Star Wars saga was announced for release in 2011 during Star Wars Celebration V. Several deleted scenes from Return of the Jedi were included for the Blu-ray version, including a sandstorm sequence following the Battle at the Sarlacc Pit, a scene featuring Moff Jerjerrod and Death Star officers during the Battle of Endor, and a scene where Darth Vader communicates with Luke via the Force as Skywalker is assembling his new lightsaber before he infiltrates Jabba's palace.[39] On January 6, 2011, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced the Blu-ray release for September 2011 in three different editions and the cover art was unveiled in May.
On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Return of the Jedi through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015.[40]
Reception
Return of the Jedi showing at the University Theatre in Toronto; the marquee reads, "The Smash of 83"
Depending on sources, Return of the Jedi grossed between $475 million and $572 million worldwide.[7][8][9] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 80 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[41] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 80% approval rating with an average score of 7.2/10 based on 84 reviews from critics. Its consensus states, "Though failing to reach the cinematic heights of its predecessors, Return of the Jedi remains an entertaining sci-fi adventure and a fitting end to the classic trilogy".[42] On Metacritic, the film received a score of 53/100 based on 15 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[43]
Contemporary critics were largely positive. In 1983, film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four,[44] and James Kendrick of Q Network Film Desk described Return of the Jedi as "a magnificent experience."[45] The film was also featured on the May 23, 1983, TIME magazine cover issue (where it was labeled "Star Wars III"),[46] where the reviewer Gerald Clarke said that while it was not as exciting as the first Star Wars film, it was "better and more satisfying" than The Empire Strikes Back, now considered by many as the best of the original trilogy.[47] Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "by far the dimmest adventure of the lot".[48] ReelViews.net's James Berardinelli wrote about the 1997 special edition re-release that "Although it was great fun re-watching Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back again on the big screen, Return of the Jedi doesn't generate the same sense of enjoyment. And, while Lucas worked diligently to re-invigorate each entry into the trilogy, Jedi needs more than the patches of improved sound, cleaned-up visuals, and a few new scenes. Still, despite the flaws, this is still Star Wars, and, as such, represents a couple of lightly-entertaining hours spent with characters we have gotten to know and love over the years. Return of the Jedi is easily the weakest of the series, but its position as the conclusion makes it a must-see for anyone who has enjoyed its predecessor."[49]
While the action set pieces – particularly the Sarlacc battle sequence, the speeder bike chase on the Endor moon, the space battle between Rebel and Imperial pilots, and Luke Skywalker's duel against Darth Vader – are well-regarded, the ground battle between the Ewoks and Imperial stormtroopers remains a bone of contention.[50] Fans are also divided on the likelihood of Ewoks (being an extremely primitive race of small creatures armed with sticks and rocks) defeating an armed ground force comprising the Empire's "best troops". Lucas has defended the scenario, saying that the Ewoks' purpose was to distract the Imperial troops and that the Ewoks did not really win.[19] His inspiration for the Ewoks' victory came from the Vietnam War, where the indigenous Vietcong forces prevailed against the technologically superior United States.[51]
Accolades
At the 56th Academy Awards in 1984, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, and Phil Tippett received the "Special Achievement Award for Visual Effects." Norman Reynolds, Fred Hole, James L. Schoppe, and Michael Ford were nominated for "Best Art Direction/Set Decoration". Ben Burtt received a nomination for "Best Sound Effects Editing". John Williams received the nomination for "Best Music, Original Score". Burtt, Gary Summers, Randy Thom and Tony Dawe all received the nominations for "Best Sound".[52] At the 1984 BAFTA Awards, Edlund, Muren, Ralston, and Kit West won for "Best Special Visual Effects". Tippett and Stuart Freeborn were also nominated for "Best Makeup". Reynolds received a nomination for "Best Production Design/Art Direction". Burtt, Dawe, and Summers also received nominations for "Best Sound". Williams was also nominated "Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special". The film also won for "Best Dramatic Presentation", the older award for science fiction and fantasy in film, at the 1984 Hugo Awards.[53]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[54]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[55]
Marketing
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Novelization
Main article: Return of the Jedi (novel)
The novelization of Return of the Jedi was written by James Kahn and was released on May 12, 1983, thirteen days before the film's release.[56]
Radio drama
Main article: Star Wars (radio)
A radio drama adaptation of the film was written by Brian Daley with additional material contributed by John Whitman and was produced for and broadcast on National Public Radio in 1996. It was based on characters and situations created by George Lucas and on the screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas. The first two Star Wars films were similarly adapted for National Public Radio in the early 1980s, but it was not until 1996 that a radio version of Return of the Jedi was heard. Anthony Daniels returned as C-3PO, but Mark Hamill and Billy Dee Williams did not reprise their roles as they had for the first two radio dramas. They were replaced by newcomer Joshua Fardon as Luke Skywalker and character actor Arye Gross as Lando Calrissian. John Lithgow voiced Yoda, whose voice actor in the films has always been Frank Oz. Bernard Behrens returned as Obi-Wan Kenobi and Brock Peters reprised his role as Darth Vader. Veteran character actor Ed Begley, Jr. played Boba Fett. Edward Asner also guest-starred speaking only in grunts as the voice of Jabba the Hutt. The radio drama had a running time of three hours.[57]
Principal production of the show was completed on February 11, 1996. Only hours after celebrating its completion with the cast and crew of the show, Daley died of pancreatic cancer. The show is dedicated to his memory.[citation needed]
The cast and crew recorded a get-well message for Daley, but the author never got the chance to hear it. The message is included as part of the Star Wars Trilogy collector's edition box set.[citation needed]
Comic book adaptation
Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Archie Goodwin and artists Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Tom Palmer, and Ron Frenz. The adaptation appeared in Marvel Super Special #27[58] and as a four-issue limited series.[59][60] It was later reprinted in a mass market paperback.[61]
Book-and-record set
Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children's book-and-record set. Released in 1983, the 24-page Star Wars: Return of the Jedi read-along book was accompanied by a 33⅓ rpm 7-inch (18 cm) gramophone record. Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the film with an abridged and condensed version of the story. The record was produced by Buena Vista Records.[62]
See also
Star Wars portal
1980s portal
Film in the United States portal
Science fiction portal
List of films featuring extraterrestrials
List of films featuring space stations
List of Star Wars films and television series
References
Notes
Jump up ^ Although the theatrical and home video distribution rights to all other Star Wars films were to be transferred to Walt Disney Studios by May 2020,[1] 20th Century Fox was to continue to own theatrical, home video, digital, and broadcast distribution rights to A New Hope for the foreseeable future.[2] On December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced it is acquiring most of Fox's parent company, 21st Century Fox, including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope.[3]
Citations
Jump up ^ Masters, Kim (October 30, 2012). "Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate 'Star Wars' Box Set (Analysis)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bond, Paul (May 22, 2013). "Power Lawyers: How 'Star Wars' Nerds Sold Lucasfilm to Disney". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses, For $52.4 Billion In Stock". The Walt Disney Company (Press release). December 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "STAR WARS EPISODE VI: RETURN OF THE JEDI (U)". British Board of Film Classification. May 12, 1983. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p260
Jump up ^ J.W. Rinzler, The Making of Return of the Jedi, Aurum Press, ISBN 978 1 78131 076 2, 2013 p336
^ Jump up to: a b c "Return of the Jedi". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Return of the Jedi". BoxOffice. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Return of the Jedi". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pomerantz, Dorothy (October 30, 2012). "Disney Planning New 'Star Wars' Movie With Lucasfilm Purchase". Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Star Wars Report (2014-07-07). "Why Hayden Christensen Should be in ROTJ – The Star Wars Report". Starwarsreport.com. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Mark (January 6, 2017). "'Star Wars' Jedi Force-Ghosts Appearing Young In Sequels Makes Perfect Sense". Forbes. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary, [2004]
Jump up ^ "David Lynch Meets George Lucas". YouTube. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shawn Adler (September 20, 2007). "Cronenberg's Aborted Job Offer: Star Wars: Return of the Jedi Director's Chair?" Archived March 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. MTV Movies Blog
Jump up ^ Ryan, Joal (May 24, 2013). "The 'Return of the Jedi' That Could Have Been". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ Dale Pollock (1999). Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas. Da Capo. ISBN 0-573-60606-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher. Fox Home Entertainment, 2004
^ Jump up to: a b c Marcus Hearn (2005). "Cliffhanging". The Cinema of George Lucas. New York City: Harry N. Abrams Inc. pp. 140–1. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Patterson (June 1983). "Return of the Jedi: Production and Direction, p. 3". American Cinematographer. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Howard Kazanjian interview, "[1]".
Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher (August 12, 2010). "Did Star Wars become a toy story? Producer Gary Kurtz looks back". Los Angeles Times, Calendar section
Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Rick McCallum, Rob Coleman, John Knoll, and Roger Guyett. Fox Home Entertainment, 2005
Jump up ^ George Lucas (June 12, 1981). "Star Wars — Episode VI: "Revenge of the Jedi" Revised Rough Draft". Starkiller. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Richard Patterson (June 1983). "Return of the Jedi: Production and Direction, p. 4". American Cinematographer. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Richard Patterson (June 1983). "Return of the Jedi: Production and Direction, p. 1". American Cinematographer. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hesseltine, Cassandra. "Complete Filmography of Humboldt County". Humboldt Del Norte Film Commission. Humboldt Del Norte Film Commission. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Return of the Jedi: Steadicam Plates, p. 3". American Cinematographer. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "When John Williams Can't Go, Whom Does Spielberg Call? Thomas Newman". NPR.org. October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars / The Empire Strikes Back / Return of the Jedi (Original Soundtracks – 2004 reissue)". Retrieved January 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Return of the Jedi: Production and Direction, p. 2". American Cinematographer. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Episode VI: What Has Changed?". StarWars.com. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Revenge of the Jedi Trailer from Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD Bonus Disc, [2004]
Jump up ^ Sansweet & Vilmur (2004). The Star Wars Poster Book. Chronicle Books. p. 124.
Jump up ^ Greg Dean Schmitz. "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith — Greg's Preview". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Home Video Timeline: Return of the Jedi". davisdvd.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Saga Repacked in Trilogy Sets on DVD". Lucasfilm. StarWars.com. August 28, 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "George Lucas Announces Star Wars on Blu-Ray at Celebration V". Lucasfilm. StarWars.com. August 14, 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (April 6, 2015). "'Star Wars' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Return of the Jedi (1983)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi". Metacritic. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (May 25, 1983). "Return of the Jedi". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kendrick, James. "Star Wars: Episode VI—Return of the Jedi: Special Edition Review of "Return"". Q Network. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars III: Return of the Jedi". Time. May 23, 1983. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Gerald (May 23, 1983). "Great Galloping Galaxies". Time. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Vincent Canby (May 25, 1983). "Lucas Returns With the 'Jedi'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ James Berardinelli. "Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi - Reelviews Movie Reviews". Reelviews Movie Reviews.
Jump up ^ "The best – and worst – movie battle scenes". CNN. March 30, 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rinzler, J.W. The Making of Star Wars: Return of the Jedi.
Jump up ^ "The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Star Wars: Episode VI — Return of the Jedi (1983)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved February 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Star Wars, Episode VI — Return of the Jedi (Mass Market Paperback). Amazon.com. ISBN 0345307674.
Jump up ^ "Return of the Jedi Produced by NPR". HighBridge Audio. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
Jump up ^ "GCD :: Issue :: Marvel Super Special #27". comics.org.
Jump up ^ Star Wars: Return of the Jedi at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ Edwards, Ted (1999). "Adventures in the Comics". The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium. Little, Brown and Company. p. 87. ISBN 9780316329293. The adaptation of Return of the Jedi was published in Marvel Super Special #27 and in a separate miniseries, once again penciled by Al Williamson and inked by Carlos Garzon.
Jump up ^ The Marvel Comics Illustrated Version of Star Wars Return of the Jedi at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ "Star Wars In The UK: Read Along Adventures".
Bibliography
Arnold, Alan. Once Upon a Galaxy: A Journal of Making the Empire Strikes Back. Sphere Books, London. 1980. ISBN 978-0-345-29075-5.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Return of the Jedi
Return of the Jedi at StarWars.com
Return of the Jedi at Lucasfilm.com
Return of the Jedi on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Return of the Jedi on IMDb
Return of the Jedi at the TCM Movie Database
Return of the Jedi at AllMovie
Return of the Jedi at Rotten Tomatoes
Return of the Jedi at Box Office Mojo
Return of the Jedi at Metacritic
Return of the Jedi at The Numbers
Return of the Jedi at the American Film Institute Catalog
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film
1983 Succeeded by
The Terminator
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Richard Marquand
The Legacy (1978)
Birth of the Beatles (1979)
Eye of the Needle (1981)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Until September (1984)
Jagged Edge (1985)
Hearts of Fire (1987)
[show]
v
t
e
Star Wars
Feature films
Saga
Star Wars
The Empire Strikes Back
Return of the Jedi
The Phantom Menace
Attack of the Clones
Revenge of the Sith
The Force Awakens
The Last Jedi
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Solo
Other
The Clone Wars
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Production
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Cast
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Changes in film re-releases
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Opening crawl
Sequel trilogy
Sources and analogues
Music
Soundtracks
Star Wars
The Empire Strikes Back
Return of the Jedi
Ewoks
Episode I: The Phantom Menace
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The Clone Wars
The Force Awakens
Rogue One
The Last Jedi
Themes
"Star Wars (Main Title)"
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"Battle of the Heroes"
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Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
George Lucas filmography
Films directed
Feature
THX 1138 (1971)
American Graffiti (1973)
Star Wars (1977)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Short
Look at Life (1965)
Herbie (1965)
Freiheit (1966)
1:42.08 (1966)
Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB (1967)
The Emperor (1967)
Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (1967)
6-18-67 (1967)
Filmmaker (1968)
Bald: The Making of THX 1138 (1971, uncredited)
Films written
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Captain EO (1986)
Willow (1988)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Radioland Murders (1994)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Strange Magic (2015)
Films produced
The Rain People (1969, associate)
More American Graffiti (1979)
Kagemusha (1980)
Body Heat (1981)
Twice Upon a Time (1983)
Latino (1985)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
Labyrinth (1986)
Howard the Duck (1986)
Star Tours (1987)
Powaqqatsi (1988)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
The Land Before Time (1988)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011)
Red Tails (2012)
Television
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984)
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985)
Star Wars: Ewoks (1985-86)
Star Wars: Droids (1985-86)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992-96)
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003-05)
The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries (2007-08)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008-14)
Star Wars Detours (Cancelled)
Related
American Zoetrope
Indiana Jones
Lucasfilm
ILM
LucasArts
Lucasfilm Animation
Skywalker Sound
Pixar
Skywalker Ranch
Star Wars
The Star Wars Corporation
THX
Edutopia
[show]
v
t
e
Lucasfilm
Productions
Films
American Graffiti (1973)
Star Wars (1977)
More American Graffiti (1979)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Twice Upon a Time (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Latino (1985)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
Labyrinth (1986)
Howard the Duck (1986)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
Willow (1988)
The Land Before Time (1988)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Radioland Murders (1994)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
Red Tails (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Rogue One (2016)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
Solo (2018)
TV series
Star Wars: Droids (1985–86)
Star Wars: Ewoks (1985–86)
Maniac Mansion (1990–93)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–93)
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–14)
Star Wars Rebels (2014–18)
Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures (2016–present)
Star Wars Detours (unaired)
TV films
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984)
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985)
Theme park
films
Captain EO (1986)
Star Tours (1987)
ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995)
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue (2011)
Franchises
Star Wars
Indiana Jones
Related
productions
THX 1138 (1971)
Divisions
Industrial Light & Magic
Skywalker Sound
Lucasfilm Animation
LucasArts
Former divisions
The Droid Works
EditDroid
SoundDroid
Kerner Optical
Pixar
THX
People
George Lucas (Founder)
Kathleen Kennedy (President)
Howard Roffman (EVP, Franchise Management)
Parent: Walt Disney Studios (The Walt Disney Company)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film
Slaughterhouse-Five (1972)
Soylent Green (1973)
Rollerball (1974/1975)
Logan's Run (1976)
Star Wars (1977)
Superman (1978)
Alien (1979)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Superman II (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
The Terminator (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Aliens (1986)
RoboCop (1987)
Alien Nation (1988)
Total Recall (1989/1990)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1992)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Stargate (1994)
12 Monkeys (1995)
Independence Day (1996)
Men in Black (1997)
Armageddon/Dark City (1998)
The Matrix (1999)
X-Men (2000)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Minority Report (2002)
X2: X-Men United (2003)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Children of Men (2006)
Cloverfield (2007)
Iron Man (2008)
Avatar (2009)
Inception (2010)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
The Avengers (2012)
Gravity (2013)
Interstellar (2014)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
The Incredible Shrinking Man (1958)
no award (1959)
The Twilight Zone (1960)
The Twilight Zone (1961)
The Twilight Zone (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1965)
"The Menagerie" (Star Trek) (1967)
"The City on the Edge of Forever" (Star Trek) (1968)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1969)
News coverage of Apollo 11 (1970)
A Clockwork Orange (1972)
Slaughterhouse-Five (1973)
Sleeper (1974)
Young Frankenstein (1975)
A Boy and His Dog (1976)
Star Wars (1978)
Superman (1979)
Alien (1980)
The Empire Strikes Back (1981)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982)
Blade Runner (1983)
Return of the Jedi (1984)
2010 (1985)
Back to the Future (1986)
Aliens (1987)
The Princess Bride (1988)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1990)
Edward Scissorhands (1991)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)
"The Inner Light" (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1993)
Jurassic Park (1994)
"All Good Things..." (Star Trek: The Next Generation) (1995)
"The Coming of Shadows" (Babylon 5) (1996)
"Severed Dreams" (Babylon 5) (1997)
Contact (1998)
The Truman Show (1999)
Galaxy Quest (2000)
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2002)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 179032366
LCCN: n83166250
GND: 4177920-4
SUDOC: 183868196
BNF: cb14438661t (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_of_the_Jedi&oldid=830404475"
Categories:
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values: حرب النجوم الجزء السادس: عودة الجيداي – Arabic

values: Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi – Asturian

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values: Зорныя войны. Эпізод VI: Вяртанне джэдая – Belarusian

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values: Зорныя войны. Эпізод VI: Вяртаньне джэдая – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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values: Междузвездни войни: Епизод VI - Завръщането на джедаите – Bulgarian

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values: Star Wars episodi VI: El retorn del Jedi – Catalan

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values: Star Wars: Epizoda VI – Návrat Jediů – Czech

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Welsh

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Jediridderen vender tilbage – Danish

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values: Tähtede sõda: osa VI – Jedi tagasitulek – Estonian

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values: Η Επιστροφή των Τζεντάι – Greek

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values: Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi – Spanish

values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Esperanto

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values: Star Wars VI. Atala: Jedi Zaldunaren Itzulera – Basque

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values: بازگشت جدای – Persian

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Afturkoma Jediriddarans – Faroese

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values: Star Wars, épisode VI : Le Retour du Jedi – French

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Irish

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values: A guerra das galaxias, episodio VI: O retorno do Jedi – Galician

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values: 제다이의 귀환 – Korean

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values: Աստղային պատերազմներ։ Էպիզոդ VI։ Ջեդայի վերադարձը – Armenian

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values: स्टार वॉर्स एपिसोड VI: रिटर्न ऑफ़ द जेडाई – Hindi

values: Zvjezdani ratovi VI: Povratak Jedija – Croatian

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Indonesian

values: Stjörnustríð: Jedinn snýr aftur – Icelandic

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values: מלחמת הכוכבים - פרק 6: שובו של הג'דיי – Hebrew

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values: ვარსკვლავური ომები, ეპიზოდი VI: ჯედაის დაბრუნება – Georgian

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values: Жұлдызды соғыстар: Эпизод VI - Джедайдың оралуы – Kazakh

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Latin

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values: Zvaigžņu kari: Džedaju atgriešanās – Latvian

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values: Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi – Luxembourgish

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values: Žvaigždžių karai: epizodas VI – džedajaus sugrįžimas – Lithuanian

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values: Csillagok háborúja VI: A jedi visszatér – Hungarian

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values: Star Wars: Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Dutch

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values: スター・ウォーズ エピソード6/ジェダイの帰還 – Japanese

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Jediridderen vender tilbake – Norwegian

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values: Gwiezdne wojny: część VI – Powrót Jedi – Polish

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values: Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi – Portuguese

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values: Războiul stelelor - Episodul VI: Întoarcerea lui Jedi – Romanian

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values: Звёздные войны. Эпизод VI: Возвращение джедая – Russian

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Simple English

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values: Hviezdne vojny: Epizóda VI – Návrat Jediho – Slovak

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values: Ратови звезда — епизода VI: Повратак џедаја – Serbian

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values: Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Йолдыз сугышлары: VI вакыйга - Джедайның кире кайтуы – Tatar

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values: สตาร์ วอร์ส เอพพิโซด 6: การกลับมาของเจได – Thai

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values: Yıldız Savaşları: Bölüm VI - Jedi'ın Dönüşü – Turkish

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values: Зоряні війни: Повернення джедая – Ukrainian

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values: 星球大戰：武士復仇 – Cantonese

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values: 星際大戰六部曲：絕地大反攻 – Chinese

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