text:
Ulster Bank
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Ulster Bank Limited
Banc Uladh
Type
Private
Industry
Financial services
Founded
Belfast, Ireland, United Kingdom (1836), as the Ulster Banking Company
Headquarters
Dublin, Ireland
Key people
Gerry Mallon
Paul Stanley
Eddie Cullen
Richard Donnan
Products
Various banking products
Owner
UK Financial Investments
Number of employees
3,250 (2013)
Parent
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group
Website
www.ulsterbank.ie (ROI)
www.ulsterbank.co.uk (NI)
Ulster Bank is a large commercial bank, and one of the traditional Big Four Irish banks. The Ulster Bank Group is subdivided into two separate legal entities, Ulster Bank Limited (UBL – registered in Northern Ireland) and Ulster Bank Ireland DAC (UBIDAC – registered in the Republic of Ireland). The Group's headquarters (and UBIDAC's) is located on George's Quay, Dublin, in the Republic of Ireland whilst the official headquarters of UBL is in Donegall Square East, Belfast,[1] in Northern Ireland, and it maintains a large sector of the financial services in both the UK and the Republic of Ireland.
Established in 1836, Ulster Bank was acquired by the Westminster Bank in 1917. As a direct subsidiary of National Westminster Bank (NatWest), it became part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group in 2000.[2] It has 146 branches in the Republic of Ireland and 90 in Northern Ireland with over 1,200 non-charging ATMs. The Group has over 3,000 employees and over 1.9 million clients.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Note destruction
1.2 First Active
1.3 Computer Failure
1.4 Future
2 Services
3 Corporate identity
4 Banknotes
5 Sponsorship
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Ulster Bank premises, The Quays, Waterford, Ireland. 1928.
Former Ulster Bank headquarters on Waring Street in Belfast, today the Merchant Hotel (2010)
Ulster Bank was founded as The Ulster Banking Company in Belfast in 1836.[3] The bank was formed by a breakaway faction of shareholders in the newly formed National Bank of Ireland, founded in 1835, who objected to the latter bank's plan to invest profits from the bank in London rather than in Belfast. The founding directors of the bank were John Heron, Robert Grimshaw, John Currell a linen bleacher from Ballymena, and James Steen, a Belfast pork curer.[4]
Note destruction[edit]
In 2002 three Ulster Bank employees were arrested on charges of theft and money laundering. The three were responsible for the destruction of old banknotes at the bank's former Waring Street cash centre. Between November 2001 and February 2002 they were accused of stealing approximately £900,000 of used banknotes designated for disposal. The money was then placed in various bank and building society accounts.[5] On 23 January 2004 the men were jailed for two and a half years for the theft of £770,000. Lord Chief Justice Sir Brian Kerr criticised the bank's security measures during the trial.[6]
First Active[edit]
In 2003/2004, Ulster Bank Group purchased First Active, Ireland's oldest building society, for €887 million. In 2009, the First Active branch network and business of several hundred thousand savers and borrowers was merged with Ulster Bank, and the brand name was retired in 2010.[7][8]
Computer Failure[edit]
Main article: 2012 RBS computer system problems
In June 2012 a computer system failure prevented customers from accessing accounts. Initial estimates that the problem would be sorted out within a week were wildly optimistic with thousands of customers still unable to access their accounts into late July 2012, with ongoing issues still not resolved by mid August 2012. This RBS / NatWest / Ulster Bank issue has proved to be one of the largest IT failures the world has ever known. Ulster Bank (the smallest part of the RBS group) has initially set aside £28M for compensation to customers.[9]
Future[edit]
In March 2014 it was reported that the RBS Group was considering merging the bank in the Republic of Ireland with some of its rivals in order to reduce its holding. RBS Group's annual results for 2013 revealed Ulster Bank had operating losses of £1.5 billion and accounted for a fifth of the parent group's total bad debt charges.[10] In October 2014 RBS confirmed it would retain Ulster Bank following improved market conditions in Ireland.[11]
Services[edit]
Ulster Bank headquarters in Dublin
Ulster Bank provide a full range of banking and insurance services to personal, business and commercial customers.
In Northern Ireland the bank is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by both the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Ulster Bank Limited is a member of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme and the British Bankers' Association. In Ireland, the bank is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland.
The bank provides Visa Debit cards to customers with their current accounts, having previously issued Maestro (formerly Switch) and Laser debit cards to NI and ROI customers respectively, in addition to other financial services. It launched 15 new commitments to its retail customers in September 2010.[12]
Ulster Bank is used by RBS to deposit funds invested through the popular Royal Deposit Plan; one of RBS current structured investments.
Corporate identity[edit]
From 1968 until 2005, Ulster Bank's logo was three chevrons – identical to that of the National Westminster Bank, its owner. The bank changed to the RBS "daisy wheel" logo and typeface style in October 2005. The bank is one of the four banks that issue Pound sterling banknotes in Northern Ireland.
Banknotes[edit]
The commemorative George Best five-pound note issued by Ulster Bank
Main article: Banknotes of Northern Ireland
See also: Banknotes of the pound sterling
In common with the other Big Four banks of Northern Ireland, Ulster Bank retains the right to issue its own banknotes. These are pound sterling notes and equal in value to Bank of England notes, and should not be confused with banknotes of the former Irish pound.
Ulster Bank's current notes all share the same design of a view of Belfast harbour flanked by landscape views; the design of the reverse is dominated by the bank's coats-of-arms. The principal difference between the denominations is their colour and size. Notes incorporate the RBS "daisy wheel" logo, having incorporated the NatWest chevrons until 2006.
5 pound note, grey
10 pound note, blue-green
20 pound note, purple
50 pound note, blue
In November 2006 Ulster Bank issued its first commemorative banknote – an issue of one million £5 notes commemorating the first anniversary of the death of former Northern Irish and Manchester United footballer, George Best. This was the first Ulster Bank banknote to incorporate the RBS "daisy wheel", and the entire issue was taken by collectors within hours of becoming available in bank branches.
In 2019, Ulster Bank will be issuing a new series of banknotes printed in polymer, and will be replacing its paper equivalents currently in circulation.
Sponsorship[edit]
On 8 February 2008, Ulster Bank Group Chief Executive, Cormac McCarthy, announced a three-year sponsorship deal worth over £1m for the Belfast Festival at Queen's. It was hailed as a "new dawn" for the festival which had been suffering underfunding.[13][14]
Ulster Bank was the first overall sponsor of The Balmoral Show in 2009, Northern Ireland's largest agricultural show.[15][16]
Ulster Bank announced official sponsorship of the GAA All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in April 2008.
See also[edit]
NatWest Holdings
NatWest Markets
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ulster Bank". Bank.org.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Annual Report and Accounts National Westminster Bank, 31 December 2010
Jump up ^ John D. Turner, Banking in Crisis: The Rise and Fall of British Banking Stability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.111
Jump up ^ Philip Ollerenshaw, Banking in Nineteenth-century Ireland: The Belfast Banks, 1825-1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987) p.46f
Jump up ^ "Three remanded over bank theft". BBC News. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bank messenger thieves jailed". BBC News. 23 January 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Our History – Our Story". Ulster Bank Group. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Carswell, Simon (13 February 2010). "First Active clients switch to Ulster Bank as name expunged". The Irish Times. The finalisation of the merger comes more than a year after Ulster Bank announced that it would close First Active and merge its business and customers into the bank’s network. Ulster Bank has already merged about three-quarters of First Active’s 60 branches, and closed the rest.
Jump up ^ "Ulster Bank services 'back next week'". The Irish Times. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ulster Bank: RBS 'considers merger' with Irish rivals". BBC News. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Campbell, John (31 October 2014). "Ulster Bank to remain under control of RBS". BBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Ulster Bank pledges to meet consumers' needs with 15 new customer commitments http://www.jprni.com/work/index.php?news=376
Jump up ^ McCreary, Matthew (8 February 2008). "£1m 'new dawn' deal for Queen's Festival". The Belfast Telegraph. p. 1.
Jump up ^ McCreary, Matthew (8 February 2008). "Festival future looks bright with £1m deal". The Belfast Telegraph. p. 3.
Jump up ^ http://www.balmoralshow.co.uk
Jump up ^ "Northern Ireland Balmoral show announces new investment". Ulster Bank. 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulster Bank.
Ulster Bank Group
Ulster Bank Limited Registered in Northern Ireland, No. R733
Ulster Bank Ireland DAC Registered in the Republic of Ireland, No. 25766
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Topsoil
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Surface runoff, a type of nonpoint source pollution, from a farm field in Iowa during a rain storm.
Topsoil as well as farm fertilizers and other potential pollutants run off unprotected farm fields when heavy rains occur.
Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 8 inches (20 cm). It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. Four elements constitute the composition of soil. Those elements are mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The volume of top soil consists of 50 to 80 percent of these particles which form the skeletal structure of most soils. This composition allows the soil to sustain its own weight, and other internal matter such as water and overlying landscape. Organic matter, another important element, varies on quantity on different soils. This provokes positive and negative effects or reactions on the soil. The strength of soil structure decreases with the presence of organic matter, creating weak bearing capacities. Organic matter condenses and or settles in different ways under certain conditions, such as roadbeds and foundations. The skeletal structure becomes affected once the soil is dewatered. The soil's volume substantially decreases. It decomposes and suffers wind erosion.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Importance
2 Classification
3 Evaluation
4 Carbon to nitrogen ratio
5 Commercial application
6 Erosion
7 Conservation
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Importance[edit]
Plants generally concentrate their roots in and obtain most of their vital nutrients from this layer. Actual depth of the topsoil layer can be measured as the depth from the surface to the first densely packed soil layer known as subsoil.
Classification[edit]
In soil classification systems, topsoil is known as the "O Horizon or A Horizon," therefore, it is the very top layer.[2]
Commercially available topsoil (manufactured or naturally occurring) in the United Kingdom should be classified to British Standard BS 3882 with the current version dated 2015. The standard has several classifications of topsoil with the final classification requiring material to meet certain threshold criteria such as Nutrient Content, Extractable Phytotoxic Elements, Particle Size Distribution, Organic Matter Content, Carbon:Nitrogen ratio, Electrical Conductivity, Loss on Ignition, pH, Chemical and Physical Contamination. The topsoil should be sampled in accordance with the British Standard and European Norm BS EN 12579:2013 Soil improvers and growing media - Sampling.[3] During construction of garden areas for housing plots the topsoil should be underlain by a layer of suitably certified subsoil that conforms to the British Standard BS 8601:2013 Specification for subsoil and requirements for use.[4]
It is always recommended that for construction projects that topsoil is placed in accordance with the DEFRA report Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites [5]
Evaluation[edit]
When starting a gardening project, it is crucial to check whether or not the soil is satisfactory. Different types of plants vary in their nutrient needs and preferred soil conditions, many are strongly adapted to particular conditions. However, some general guidelines for "desired levels of Topsoil nutrients" have been made, broadly suitable for many plants.[6]
Category
Desired Results
pH Level 5.0 to 6.2
Phosphorus (P-I) Index of 50
Potassium (K-I) Index of 50
Calcium (Ca%) 40-60% of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Magnesium (Mg%) 8-10% of CEC
Base saturation (BS%) 35-80% of CEC
Manganese (Mn-I) Index > 25
Zinc (Zn-I) Index > 25
Copper (Cu-I) Index > 25
The two common types of Topsoil are Bulk and Bagged Topsoil. The following table illustrates major differences between the two.[6]
Topsoil Type
HM%[7]
BS%
pH
P-I
K-I
Ca%
Mg%
Bulk 0.3 69 5.2 009 026 45 10
Bagged 0.7 78 5.8 166+ 178 56 12.3
Alternatively the British Standard relates to other working values:
Category
Desired Results
pH Level 5.5 to 8.5
Phosphate (PO4) 16 to 140 mg/L
Potassium (K) 121 to 1500 mg/L
Magnesium (Mg) 51 to 600 mg/L
Nickel (Ni) from <60 mg/kg
Zinc (Zn) from <200 mg/kg
Copper (Cu) from <100 mg/kg
This is for a multipurpose grade and certain levels can alter with regard to soil pH. Other uses specified in the standard that allows for a variety of uses in different and specific scenarios includes:
Acidic, Calcareous, Low Fertility, Low Fertility Acidic and Low Fertility Calcareous. These uses are limited to specific site scenarios and acceptance should be on a case by case basis for construction projects.
Carbon to nitrogen ratio[edit]
Topsoil is the primary resource for plants to grow and crops to thrive and the main two parameters for this are Carbon and Nitrogen. The Carbon provides energy and Nitrogen is a tissue builder and plants require them in a range of ratios to enable suitable growth. An optimum figure for Topsoil in the UK is a ratio of less than 20:1. This ensures that the soil has a suitable energy reserve as well as tissue building material to enable the plants to thrive. A sawdust typically has a carbonaceous base and this a high C:N ratio (in the order of c. 400:1) while an Alfalfa Hay has a low carbonaceous content and can typically have a C:N ratio in the order of 12:1.[8]
Commercial application[edit]
A variety of soil mixtures are sold commercially as topsoil, usually for use in improving gardens and lawns, e.g. container gardens, potting soil and peat. Another important yet not commonly known use for topsoil is for proper surface grading near residential buildings such as homes. "The ground around the home should slope down six inches for the first ten feet away from the home. This can often be done by adding topsoil (not sand or gravel)."[citation needed]
Erosion[edit]
A major environmental concern known as topsoil erosion occurs when the topsoil layer is blown or washed away. Without topsoil, little plant life is possible. The estimated annual costs of public and environmental health losses related to soil erosion exceed $45 billion.[9] Conventional agriculture encourages the depletion of topsoil because the soil must be plowed and replanted each year. Sustainable techniques attempt to slow erosion through the use of cover crops in order to build organic matter in the soil. The United States alone loses almost 3 tons of topsoil per acre per year.[10] This is of great ecological concern as one inch of topsoil can take between 500[11] and 1,000 years[12] to form naturally. On current trends, the world has about 60 years of topsoil left.[12][13]
Conservation[edit]
Because of its use in commercial application and due to the environmental concerns regarding erosion, it is important for consumers to accurately determine how much topsoil they need for a given project. Topsoil is mainly sold by the cubic yard in the United States. To calculate the amount of topsoil you will need, "simply take your length (in feet) multiplied by your width (in feet) multiplied by your depth (in feet so if you wanted 5 inches that would be 5/12) then divide the total by 27. This will give you your cubic yards needed for the project. Ex: 10L x 10W x (5/12) = 41.66/27 = 1.54 cubic yards of topsoil needed.".[14]
See also[edit]
Ecology portal
Agricultural wastewater
Desertfication
Dust bowl
Erosion control
No-till farming
Nonpoint source pollution
Subsoil
Sustainable agriculture
Waterway degradation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marsh, William M. (2010). Landscape planning : environmental applications (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN 9780470570814.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Soil Survey Division Staff (1993). "Soil Survey Manual." Archived 2007-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. USDA Handbook 18. Chapter 3.
Jump up ^ BS 3882:2015 Specification for Topsoil
Jump up ^ BS 8601:2013 Specification for subsoil and requirements for use.
Jump up ^ DEFRA Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69308/pb13298-code-of-practice-090910.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Topsoil . North Carolina Department of Agriculture(July, 1995)" (PDF). ncagr.gov.
Jump up ^ Percent humic matter is a measure of the portion of organic matter that has decomposed to form humic and fulvic acids. HM% represents the portion of organic matter that is chemically reactive. This value affects determinations of lime and herbicide rates. [1]
Jump up ^ Understanding the Carbon Nitrogen Ratio by Crow Miller ACRES http://sccd.org/carbon-nitrogen_ratio.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2007/02/20/Pimental_EnvironmentalEnergeticAndEconomicComparisonsOfOrganicAndConventionalFarmingSystems.pdf
Jump up ^ "Summary Report, 2007 Natural Resources Inventory". Natural Resources Conservation Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture. December 2009. p. 97.
Jump up ^ James Smolka (May 1, 2001). "Eating Locally". Discover. Retrieved May 1, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b "Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues". Scientific American. December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What If the World's Soil Runs Out?". Time. December 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Topsoil Delivery Topsoil Dirt Cheap ~ Topsoil Delivery". Topsoil Delivery. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
Further reading
The lowdown on topsoil: It's disappearing
Mann, C (2008). "Our Good Earth". National Geographic Magazine. 214 (3): 80–107.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soil science.
USDA Electronic Field Office Technical Guide - Detailed soil conservation guides tailored to individual states/counties
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The Warriors (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Warriors
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Walter Hill
Produced by
Lawrence Gordon
Screenplay by
David Shaber
Walter Hill
Based on
The Warriors
by Sol Yurick
Music by
Barry De Vorzon
Cinematography
Andrew Laszlo
Edited by
David Holden
Freeman Davies, Jr.
Billy Weber
Susan E. Morse
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
February 9, 1979 (1979-02-09)
Running time
92 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4 million[1]
Box office
$22.5 million[2]
The Warriors is a 1979 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill and based on Sol Yurick's 1965 novel of the same name. This novel was, in turn, based on Xenophon's Anabasis. The story centers on a New York City gang who must make an urban journey of 30 miles (48 km), from the north end of The Bronx to their home turf in southern Brooklyn, after they are framed for the murder of a respected gang leader. It was released in the United States on February 9, 1979.
After reports of vandalism and violence, Paramount temporarily halted their advertising campaign and released theatre owners from their obligation to show the film. Despite its initially negative reception, The Warriors has since become a cult film, and it has spawned multiple spinoffs, including video games and a comic book series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Shooting
4 Release
4.1 Theatrical run
4.2 Violence at screenings
4.3 Box office
4.4 Critical reception
4.5 Cult status
4.6 Home video
5 Soundtrack and video game
6 Remake
7 Television series
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Cyrus, leader of the Gramercy Riffs, the most powerful gang in New York City, calls a midnight summit of all the city's gangs, requesting them to send nine unarmed delegates to Van Cortlandt Park. The Warriors, from Coney Island, attend the summit. Cyrus proposes to the assembled crowd a permanent citywide truce and alliance that would allow the gangs to control the city since they outnumber the police by five to one. Most of the gangs applaud his idea, but Luther, leader of the Rogues, shoots Cyrus dead. In the resulting chaos, Luther frames the Warriors' leader Cleon for the murder, and Cleon is beaten down and most likely killed by the Riffs. Meanwhile, the other Warriors have escaped, unaware that they've been implicated in Cyrus' murder. The Riffs put out a hit on the Warriors through a radio DJ. Swan, the Warriors' "war chief", takes charge of the group as they try to make it back home.
Almost immediately the Warriors are spotted by the Turnbull ACs who attempt to run them down with their bus, but the Warriors manage to escape and board the subway. On the ride to Coney Island, the train is stopped by a fire on the tracks, stranding the Warriors in Tremont, in the Bronx. Setting out on foot, they come across a group called the Orphans who were not invited to Cyrus' meeting and who are insecure and belligerent about their low status in the city gang hierarchy. Swan makes peace with the Orphans' leader, Sully, who agrees to let the Warriors pass through their territory unharmed. However, a young woman named Mercy mocks Sully as a "chicken" and instigates a confrontation. Mercy's goading convinces Sully to demand that the Warriors take off their colors and go as civilians before walking through their neighborhood. Swan and the Warriors flatly refuse Sully's demand, and the Orphans challenge them to a fight. Outnumbered and unarmed, Swan and the Warriors throw a Molotov cocktail at a car, blowing it up and using the opportunity to escape to the train station. Impressed, and desperate to escape her depressed neighborhood, Mercy follows the Warriors.
When they arrive at the 96th Street and Broadway station in Manhattan, they are chased by police and separated. Three of them, Vermin, Cochise, and Rembrandt, make the train to Union Square, while Fox, struggling with a police officer, falls onto the tracks and is run over by a train as Mercy escapes. Swan and the remaining three Warriors, Ajax, Snow, and Cowboy, are chased by the Baseball Furies into Riverside Park, where a brawl ensues in which the Warriors easily defeat the Baseball Furies. After the fight, Ajax notices a lone woman in the park, becomes sexually aggressive and is arrested when the woman turns out to be an undercover police officer. Arriving at Union Square, Vermin, Cochise, and Rembrandt are seduced by an all-female gang called the Lizzies and invited into their hideout. The trio manages to escape the Lizzies' subsequent attack, learning in the process that everyone believes they murdered Cyrus.
Having scouted ahead on his own, Swan returns to the 96th Street station and finds Mercy there. More police show up and Swan and Mercy flee into the tunnel. They have an argument and Swan continues to Union Square where he reunites with the other Warriors. A fistfight ensues with the Punks in a public restroom which the Warriors win. Meanwhile, the Riffs are visited by a gang member who attended the earlier gathering and saw Luther shoot Cyrus.
The Warriors finally arrive at Coney Island at dawn, only to find the Rogues are waiting for them. During the confrontation, Swan says "When we see the ocean, we figure we're home." When Swan asks why Luther shot Cyrus, Luther says it was for "no reason" and "I like doing things like that." Swan then challenges Luther to a one-on-one fight, but the Rogue leader pulls his gun instead. Swan throws a knife into Luther's wrist, disarming him. The Riffs then arrive in force and apprehend the Rogues, but not before acknowledging the Warriors' courage and skill. As the Warriors leave, Luther screams in anguish as the entire Riffs gang descends upon the Rogues.
The radio DJ then announces that the big alert has been called off and salutes the Warriors with a song, "In the City". Swan, Mercy, and the rest of the gang walk down the beach, illuminated by the rising sun.
Cast[edit]
Michael Beck as Swan, Warlord of The Warriors
Deborah Van Valkenburgh as Mercy
James Remar as Ajax
Brian Tyler as Snow
David Harris as Cochise
Tom McKitterick as Cowboy
Marcelino Sánchez as Rembrandt
Terry Michos as Vermin
Dorsey Wright as Cleon
Roger Hill as Cyrus
David Patrick Kelly as Luther
Lynne Thigpen as D.J.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Film rights to Sol Yurick's novel The Warriors were bought in 1969 by American International Pictures but no film resulted.[3]
Rights were then obtained by producer Lawrence Gordon who commissioned David Shaber to write a script. Gordon had made Hard Times (1975) and The Driver (1978) with Walter Hill; he sent the script to Hill with a copy of Sol Yurick's novel. Hill recalls, "I said 'Larry, I would love to do this, but nobody will let us do it.' It was going to be too extreme and too weird."[4] [5]
Gordon and Hill were originally going to make a western but when the financing on the project failed to materialize, they took The Warriors to Paramount Pictures because they were interested in youth films at the time and succeeded in getting the project financed. Hill remembers "it came together very quickly. Larry had a special relationship with Paramount and we promised to make the movie very cheaply, which we did. So it came together within a matter of weeks. I think we got the green light in April or May of 1978 and we were in theaters in February of 1979. So it was a very accelerated process."[6]
Hill was drawn to the "extreme narrative simplicity and stripped down quality of the script".[5] The script, as written, was a realistic take on street gangs but the director was a huge fan of comic books and wanted to divide the film into chapters and then have each chapter "come to life starting with a splash panel".[5] The director was finally able to include this type of scene transition in the Ultimate Director's Cut released for home video in 2005.
Casting[edit]
The filmmakers did extensive casting in New York City.[5] Hill had screened an independent film called Madman for Sigourney Weaver to cast her in Alien and it also featured Michael Beck as the male lead. The director was impressed with Beck's performance and cast him in The Warriors. Hill initially wanted a Puerto Rican actress for the role of Mercy, but Deborah Van Valkenburgh's agent convinced the film's casting directors to see her and she was eventually cast. The filmmakers wanted to cast Tony Danza in the role of Vermin but he was cast in the sitcom Taxi and Terry Michos was cast instead. While there were white characters in Yurick's book, none of the central characters or protagonists were white: according to Hill, Paramount did not want an all-black cast for "commercial reasons".[5]
Shooting[edit]
Stunt coordinator Craig R. Baxley put the cast through stunt school because Hill wanted realistic fights depicted in the film.[5] In preparation for his role, James Remar hung out at Coney Island to find a model for his character. The entire film was shot on the streets in New York City with some interior scenes done at Astoria Studios. They would shoot from sundown to sunrise. The film quickly fell behind schedule and went over budget. While they shot in the Bronx, bricks were tossed at the crew. Actor Joel Weiss remembers that filming of his scene at Avenue A was canceled because there was a double homicide nearby. For the big meeting at the beginning of the film, Hill wanted real gang members in the scene with off duty police officers also in the crowd so that there would be no trouble.[5]
The studio would not allow Baxley to bring any stunt men from Hollywood and he needed someone to double for the character of Cyrus so he did the stunt himself dressed as the character.[5] Actual gang members wanted to challenge some of the cast members but were dealt with by production security. The actors playing The Warriors bonded early in the shoot, on and off the set. Originally, the character of Fox was supposed to end up with Mercy, while Swan was captured by a rival, homosexual gang known as the Dingos, only to escape later: however, Hill watched the dailies and realized that Beck and Van Valkenburgh had great chemistry; the script was rewritten so that their characters ended up together.[5] This resulted in actor Thomas G. Waites arguing with Hill and being difficult on the set, and so Waites was fired eight weeks into principal photography.
The Rogues' car in the Coney Island confrontation was a 1955 Cadillac hearse.[7] Originally, at the Coney Island confrontation at the end of the film, actor David Patrick Kelly wanted to use two dead pigeons but Hill did not think that would work.[5] Instead, Kelly improvised by clinking three bottles in his right hand and ad-libbing his famous line, "Waaaaarriors, come out to plaaaay". Kelly was influenced by a man he knew in downtown New York who would make fun of him. Hill wanted Orson Welles to do a narrated introduction about Greek themes but the studio did not like this idea and refused to pay for it.[5] However, this sequence was finally included in the 2005 Ultimate Director's Cut, with Hill providing the narration himself.
Hill was working on a low budget and a tight post-production schedule because of a fixed release date as the studio wanted to release The Warriors before a rival gang picture called The Wanderers. As a result, Hill was unable to realize this comic book look[5] until the making of the Ultimate Director's Cut in 2005.
"I wanted to take it into a fantasy element, but at the same time add some contemporary flash," said Hill. "Those were some of the hard ideas we had to get the studio to understand. But we did not get along very well with our parent company. After the movie came out and it did well, everybody was sort of friends. But up until then there was a lot of misunderstanding. They thought it was going to be Saturday Night Fever or something."[6]
Release[edit]
Theatrical run[edit]
The Warriors opened on February 9, 1979, in 670 theatres without advance screenings or a decent promotional campaign and grossed USD $3.5 million on its opening weekend.[8]
Violence at screenings[edit]
The following weekend the film was linked to sporadic outbreaks of vandalism and three killings — two in Southern California and one in Boston — involving moviegoers on their way to or from showings.[9]
This prompted Paramount to remove advertisements from radio and television completely and display ads in the press were reduced to the film's title, rating and participating theatres.[8] In reaction, 200 theatres across the country added security personnel. Due to safety concerns, theatre owners were relieved of their contractual obligations if they did not want to show the film, and Paramount offered to pay costs for additional security and damages due to vandalism.[10]
Hill later reflected, "I think the reason why there were some violent incidents is really very simple: The movie was very popular with the street gangs, especially young men, a lot of whom had very strong feelings about each other. And suddenly they all went to the movies together! They looked across the aisle and there were the guys they didn't like, so there were a lot of incidents. And also, the movie itself is rambunctious — I would certainly say that."[6]
Box office[edit]
After two weeks free of incidents, the studio expanded the display ads to take advantage of reviews from reputable critics including Pauline Kael of The New Yorker. She wrote, "The Warriors is a real moviemaker's movie: it has in visual terms the kind of impact that 'Rock Around the Clock' did behind the titles of Blackboard Jungle. The Warriors is like visual rock".[11] In its sixth week, The Warriors had grossed $16.4 million, well above its estimated $4 million[1] to $7 million budget.[8][12]
Hill later reflected:
What made it a success with young people... is that for the first time somebody made a film within Hollywood, big distribution, that took the gang situation and did not present it as a social problem. Presented them as a neutral or positive aspect of their lives. As soon as you said in the old days gang movies it was how do we cure the pestilence and how do we fix the social waste. We want to take these kids, make sure they go to college... This was just a movie that conceptually was different. Accepted the idea of the gang, didn't question it, that was their lives, they functioned within that context. And the social problem wasn't were they going to college, but were they going to survive. It's the great Hawksian dictum, where is the drama? Will he live or die? That's the drama.[4]
"Hollywood forgives a lot when you have a hit," he added. "I don't know what to say about it, other than the fact that it was just a gift in terms of getting it. The studio hated it, and didn't even want to release it. There was a lot of friction with management at the time. Some of it might have been my fault."[13]
Critical reception[edit]
The Warriors received negative reviews from contemporary critics, who derided its lack of realism and found its dialogue stilted.[14] In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave it two out of four stars and said that, despite Hill's cinematic skill, the film is implausible in a mannerist style that deprives the characters of depth and spontaneity: "No matter what impression the ads give, this isn't even remotely intended as an action film. It's a set piece. It's a ballet of stylized male violence."[15] However, Ebert later said during a review of Hill's film Southern Comfort that he felt he overlooked some positive qualities in The Warriors out of his dislike for Hill's general approach to broad characterizations.[16] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "None of Hill's dynamism will save The Warriors from impressing most neutral observers as a ghastly folly".[17] In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote, "Another problem arises when the gang members open their mouths: their banal dialogue is jarringly at odds with Hill's hyperbolic visual scheme".[18] Time magazine's Frank Rich said that, "unfortunately, sheer visual zip is not enough to carry the film; it drags from one scuffle to the next ... The Warriors is not lively enough to be cheap fun or thoughtful enough to be serious".[19] Yurick expressed his disappointment and speculated that it scared some people because "it appeals to the fear of a demonic uprising by lumpen youth", appealing to many teenagers because it "hits a series of collective fantasies".[8] President Ronald Reagan was a fan of the film, even calling the film's lead actor, Michael Beck, to tell him he had screened it at Camp David and enjoyed it.[11]
Cult status[edit]
The Warriors has become a cult film, and some film critics have since re-examined it. As of December 1, 2017, the film has garnered a 89% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews.[20]
At Seattle's Grand Illusion Cinema, programmer Zack Carlson remembers, "people were squeezed in, lying on the floor, cheering".[21] Entertainment Weekly named it the 16th-greatest cult film on their "Top 50 Greatest Cult Films" list.[22] The magazine also ranked it 14th in the list of the "25 Most Controversial Movies Ever".[23]
Hill reflected in 2016:
I love the fact that people still enjoy something I did what, 37 years ago? It makes an old man happy. I'm surprised by it. But I loved working with my cameraman Andy Laszlo in shooting it, and I loved working with my cast, who were incredibly trusting of this crazy old fucker that was making the movie. They didn't get it, I don't think — costumed gangs running around New York? — but they just went with it.[13]
Home video[edit]
The movie was first released on VHS in the 1980s and 1990s and DVD in 2001. The DVD contained the theatrical cut un-restored, this release has since fallen out of print. Then, in 2005, Paramount Home Video released the "Ultimate Director's Cut" DVD of The Warriors. Aside from a remastered picture quality and a new 5.1 surround remixed soundtrack, the film has been re-edited with a new introduction and comic book-style sequences between scenes.[24] In July 2007 the "Ultimate Director's Cut" was released onto Blu-ray and has since been available for online streaming rentals and purchases through Amazon, Apple's iTunes Store and Vudu.[25]
Soundtrack and video game[edit]
The film's soundtrack, featuring music by Barry De Vorzon, Joe Walsh and others, was released on the A&M label in March 1979, the same year as the film. While The Warriors was adapted from a novel (itself adapted from the Ancient Greek text Anabasis by Xenophon), the film has been adapted as well. In 2005, Mezco Toyz released Warriors action figures, including Swan, Cleon, Cochise, Ajax, Luther, and a Baseball Fury.[26]
The Warriors video game, based on the movie, was released by Rockstar Games on October 17, 2005. Levels 1 through 13 act as a prequel to the film, creating backstory and elaborating on the characters from the film. Levels 14 through 18 recreate much of the film's events. In addition, there are extra levels explaining how each main character joined the gang. Several of the actors from the movie returned to perform the voices for their original characters.
Warner Bros. Entertainment released a downloadable title for the Xbox 360 titled The Warriors: Street Brawl. The game plays differently from the Rockstar Games version, being a side-scrolling brawler. In 2009, Dabel Brothers Productions began a five issue comic book adaption of the film. Following that was a four issue mini series entitled The Warriors: Jailbreak which takes place several months after the film's events.
Remake[edit]
Tony Scott had planned a remake of the film. In an interview in 2005, Scott said that the remake would be set in modern-day New York City; gangs such as the Baseball Furies and Hi-Hats would not be included in the remake.[27][28] After the death of Scott, Mark Neveldine has been confirmed to take over the making of the remake.[29]
Television series[edit]
In July 2016, Joe and Anthony Russo announced they were working with Paramount Television and Hulu for a re-imagined Warriors TV series; Frank Baldwin was signed on to write the series.[30]
In popular culture[edit]
The band The Outfield got their name from "The Baseball Furies" gang in the film. Guitarist John Spinks originally adopted the name "The Baseball Boys" after seeing the film before they changed their name to The Outfield based on the advice of their American manager.[31]
On September 13, 2015, there was a "Last Subway Ride Reunion" festival in Coney Island celebrating the film organized by Eric Nyenhuis.[32] Many of the cast members attended, the schedule included Michael Beck, Dorsey Wright, David Harris, Bryan Tyler, Thomas G. Waites, Terry Michos, David Kopland, Furies gang actors Jery Hewitt, Eddie Hatch, Bill Anagnos, Harry Madsen, Leon Delaney, and Rob Ryder, as well as Apache Ramos, Konrad Sheehan, and Ginny Ortiz. The promotional website indicated that Deborah Van Valkenburgh and David Patrick Kelly could not attend due to scheduling conflicts. Scheduled events included a cosplay contest, an autograph session and photo opportunities, panel discussion, a screening of the film, and musical performances by Gotham City Mashers and Sick of It All. A premium "Warchief" pass included a replica of the vests worn by the Warriors in the film as well as VIP seating and express lines for autographs.[33]
The film is referenced in the 2014 The Simpsons episode "The Winter of His Content".[34]
The film is referenced in the 2012 Bob's Burgers episode "Full Bars".[35]
The 2014 Black Dynamite episode "Warriors Come Out (or The Mean Queens of Halloween)" is an homage to the film.[36]
The title track of the 1985 album Come Out and Play by heavy metal band Twisted Sister features Dee Snider clicking bottles together as he recites "Twisted Sister, come out and play..." in reference to Luther's chant during the film.[37]
Luther's chant is quoted by Diamondback in the eighth episode of the 2016 Netflix series Luke Cage.[38]
See also[edit]
New York City portal
Film in the United States portal
1970s portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b EXTRA SECURITY: Keeping an Eye on 'Warriors' SCHREGER, CHARLES. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] February 26, 1979: e1.
Jump up ^ "The Warriors, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET: 'New Leaf' Next for Weston Martin, Betty. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] April 25, 1969: i12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Walter Hill - Chapter 5" Directors Guild of America accessed June 12, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Ducker, Eric (October 3, 2005). "New York Mythology". Fader. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, Jennifer M. (February 19, 2014). "'Can You Dig It?' The Warriors, 35 Years Later". Esquire.com. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Time to create page: 0.196 seconds. "V8tvshow.com". V8tvshow.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Arnold, Gary (March 18, 1979). "The Warriors - Surly Kids Pack a Box-Office Wallop". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Herman, Robin (February 23, 1979). "Ads Resumed for a Gang Movie After Sporadic Violence at Theaters". The New York Times. p. A18.
Jump up ^ "The Flick of Violence". Time. March 19, 1979. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Barra, Allen (November 28, 2005). "The Warriors Fights On". Salon.com.
Jump up ^ The Making of The Warriors. The Warriors Movie Site. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fear, David (September 16, 2016). "Walter Hill on Controversial Revenge Thriller '(Re)Assignment'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mulholland, Garry (2011). Stranded at the Drive-In: The 100 Best Teen Movies. Hachette UK. p. 80. ISBN 1409122514. Retrieved August 21, 2013. Presumably, Hill was stung by some of the bad reviews at the time, which sneered at the film's lack of realism and stilted dialogue...
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (February 13, 1979). "The Warriors Movie Review & Film Summary (1979)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1981). "Southern Comfort". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Gary (February 10, 1979). "Abstracted Epic of Gang Warfare". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Ansen, David (February 26, 1979). "Gang War". Newsweek.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (February 26, 1979). "Dead End". Time. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Warriors (1979)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wood, Jennifer M (June 20, 2004). "Midnight Movie Madness". Moviemaker. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dirks, Tim. "The Top 50 Cult Movies". Filmsite.org.
Jump up ^ "25 Most Controversial Movies Ever". Entertainment Weekly. August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Eric (October 18, 2005). "The Warriors - DVD Review". Slant magazine. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Warriors Blu-ray United States Ultimate Director's Cut". blu-ray.com. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mezco Toyz | Movie, Television and Proprietary Action Figures & Collectibles Archived December 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Miller, Daniel (August 21, 2012). "Tony Scott Update: Director Had Personal Connection to San Pedro Bridge". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Larry (September 19, 2005). "Warriors' Remake Without The Baseball Furies And Those Bad-Ass Mimes? Oh Yes". MTV. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Singer, Matt (July 21, 2015). "Mark Neveldine on 'The Vatican Tapes,' Remaking 'The Warriors,' and the Future of Neveldine/Taylor Read More: Mark Neveldine on 'The Vatican Tapes' and Remaking 'The Warriors'". screencrush.com. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (July 5, 2016). "The Russo Brothers Adapting Cult Classic Gang Film 'The Warriors' For TV With Paramount And Hulu". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Tom Popson (August 1, 1986). "In This Outfield, They Root, Root, Root For Soccer". Chicago Tribune.com. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE WARRIORS Will Re-Unite (For The Last Time) in Coney Island This Sunday". Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Warriors Reunion Conclave". Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Simpsons: "The Winter Of His Content" - TV Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bob's Burgers: "Full Bars" - TV Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Black Dynamite: "Warriors Come Out (or The Mean Queens of Halloween)" - TV Review". Bubbleblabber. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snider, Dee. Shut Up and Give Me the Mic. Simon and Schuster. p. 333. ISBN 9781451637397.
Jump up ^ "21 Pop Culture References In 'Luke Cage' That Prove Its Marvel's Quippiest Show Yet". Bustle. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Warriors (film)
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Films directed by Walter Hill
Hard Times (1975)
The Driver (1978)
The Warriors (1979)
The Long Riders (1980)
Southern Comfort (1981)
48 Hrs. (1982)
Streets of Fire (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Crossroads (1986)
Extreme Prejudice (1987)
Red Heat (1988)
Johnny Handsome (1989)
Another 48 Hrs. (1990)
Trespass (1992)
Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)
Wild Bill (1995)
Last Man Standing (1996)
Supernova (2000)
Undisputed (2002)
Broken Trail (2006)
Bullet to the Head (2012)
The Assignment (2016)
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