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2017–18 NBA season
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2017–18 NBA season
League
National Basketball Association
Sport
Basketball
Duration
October 17, 2017 – April 11, 2018
April 14 – May 28, 2018 (Playoffs)
May 31 – June 17, 2018 (Finals)
Number of games
82
Number of teams
30
TV partner(s)
ABC, TNT, ESPN, NBA TV
Draft
Top draft pick
Markelle Fultz
Picked by
Philadelphia 76ers
Regular season
Playoffs
Finals
NBA seasons
← 2016–17
2018–19 →
The 2017–18 NBA season will be the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season will begin on October 17, 2017, earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of "back-to-back" games teams are scheduled to play,[1] with the 2017 runners-up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.[2] Christmas games will be played on December 25. The 2018 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 18, 2018, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The regular season will end on April 11, 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Transactions
1.1 Retirement
1.2 Free agency
1.3 Coaching changes
2 Preseason
2.1 International games
3 Regular season
3.1 International games
4 Arenas
5 Media
6 Uniforms
6.1 Uniform sponsorships
7 Notable occurrences
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Transactions[edit]
Main article: List of 2017–18 NBA season transactions
Retirement[edit]
On July 17, 2017, Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics.[3]
On July 19, 2017, James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns, which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers.[4]
On August 4, 2017, Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons.[5]
On August 15, 2017, Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies, which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons.[6]
On September 2, 2017, Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons. Brezec had played in Russia, Cyprus, Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009–10 NBA season.[7]
Free agency[edit]
Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6, after the July moratorium ended.
Coaching changes[edit]
Coaching changes
Off-season
Team
2016–17 season
2017–18 season
For the first time there will be no coaching changes entering training camp.[8]
Preseason[edit]
The preseason began on September 30 and will end on October 13.
International games[edit]
The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China, at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8.[9] Minnesota won the first game 111–97, while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one, 142–110.
Regular season[edit]
The regular season will begin on October 17, 2017. Christmas Day games will be played on December 25, 2017.[2] The regular season will end on April 11, 2018.
International games[edit]
On August 9, 2017, the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City, Mexico. On December 7, 2017, the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9, 2017, they would match up against the Miami Heat.[10]
On August 10, 2017, the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 11, 2018.[11]
Arenas[edit]
This will be the Detroit Pistons' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017. The team will play their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18, 2017. This will also mark the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978.[12]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center, their home since 1988. The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic. The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018–19 NBA season.[13] The team will also play a "Return to the MECCA" game at the UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena (the former Milwaukee or 'MECCA' Arena, their home from 1969 until 1989) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team's 50th season celebration.[14]
The Washington Wizards home arena, the Verizon Center, was renamed to Capital One Arena.[15]
The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017–18 season.[16]
Media[edit]
This will be the second season of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.
Uniforms[edit]
Nike will be the official on-court apparel provider beginning with the 2017–18 season.[17] During this time, each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons: the "Association Edition", "Icon Edition", "Statement Edition" (tentatively called the Athlete's Mindset), and "Community Edition" jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included as well. In addition to those jerseys, eight teams will also be provided a "Classic Edition" jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season.
The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan-branded apparel, which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike.[18]
The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017–18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31, 2017.[19]
The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017–18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17, 2017.[20]
The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017–18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28, 2017.[21][22]
The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017–18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11, 2017,[23] and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10, 2017.[24]
The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017–18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8, 2017,[25] and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29, 2017.[26]
Uniform sponsorships[edit]
Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season. As of October 10, 2017, seventeen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals:
Atlanta Hawks – Sharecare[27]
Boston Celtics – General Electric[28]
Brooklyn Nets – Infor[29]
Cleveland Cavaliers – Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company[30]
Denver Nuggets – Western Union[31]
Detroit Pistons - Flagstar Bank[32]
Golden State Warriors - Rakuten[33]
Los Angeles Lakers – Wish[34]
Miami Heat - Ultimate Software[35]
Milwaukee Bucks – Harley-Davidson[36]
Minnesota Timberwolves – Fitbit[37]
New York Knicks - Squarespace[38]
Orlando Magic – The Walt Disney Company[39]
Philadelphia 76ers – StubHub[40]
Sacramento Kings – Blue Diamond Growers[41]
Toronto Raptors – Sun Life Financial[42]
Utah Jazz – Qualtrics[43]
Notable occurrences[edit]
On July 6, 2017, the NBA unveiled an update to its logo, featuring new typography and a modified color scheme.[44]
The regular season will start eight days earlier than the previous season. This move by the NBA aims for fewer "back-to-back" games, even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all-time low to help address teams that are "resting" their superstars.[1]
The NBA have decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a game from eighteen to fourteen. The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game was also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game.[45]
The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All-Star Game to ten days before so teams can settle their rosters before the All-Star break.[46]
Free-throw shooters will be assessed a delay-of-game violation if they venture outside of the three-point line in between attempts.[47]
The NBA also introduces the addition of two-way contract players, signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League.[48]
Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul. Informally dubbed as the "Zaza rule".[49][50] Also, officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul. The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion. Additionally, they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact. Informally dubbed as the "Harden rule".[51][52]
On September 28, 2017, the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose. Starting with the 2018–19 NBA season, teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the #1 pick. In addition, the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades.[53] The approval for the change was nearly unanimous, with the exceptions of the Oklahoma City Thunder being the only team to vote against and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting.[54]
On October 3, 2017, the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All-Star Game format. The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves, regardless of the conference they play in, to form their own teams. The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive. This marks the first time, the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All-Star game. Selection process will remain the same.[55]
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, Adam. "Adam Silver Says 2017-18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017-18 KIA Tip-Off And Christmas Day Games". NBA.com. August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hightower, Kyle. "Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics, then retires". NBA.com. The Associated Press. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Baum, Bob (July 19, 2017). "Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager, Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston". freep.com. The Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tillery, Ronald (August 15, 2017). "Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs". Eurohoops. September 2, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "An NBA first: Every coach who started last season is back". nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Golden State Warriors, Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China". NBA.com. March 20, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA To Play Two Regular-Season Games In Mexico City". NBA.com. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular-Season NBA Game in London". NBA.com. August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit". NBA.com. November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Engine for future growth:" Milwaukee Bucks, Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena". WITI. Milwaukee. April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Velasquez, Matt (29 August 2017). "Milwaukee Bucks 'Return to the MECCA' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Dan (August 9, 2017). "Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena, starting now". Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris (August 29, 2017). "Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer". Sportsnet.ca. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nike to become uniform, apparel provider for NBA". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. June 10, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop". NBA.com. April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA's uniform provider beginning this season. The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms, and with the agreement taking effect, the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously.
Jump up ^ "Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look". NBA.com. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017–18 SEASON UNVELIED". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "After a day of teasing, the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Previews of the Indiana Pacers' New Uniforms, Court, and Logos". Indiana Sports Coverage. July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017–18 SEASON UNVEILED". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lukas, Paul. "Nike's new NBA looks keep on coming". ESPN. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Holdahl, Casey (May 8, 2017). "Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel, Prepare For Jersey Changes". NBA.com. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trail Blazers Uniforms". NBA.com. July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. January 25, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Nets Form Wide-Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. February 8, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Goodyear, Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive, Determination and Commitment to the Community". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. May 15, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership | Detroit Pistons". Detroit Pistons. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Rohrbach, Ben. "Warriors, tech company reach NBA's richest jersey advertising deal — by far". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lakers sign jersey-patch deal with Wish". theScore.com. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Winderman, Ira. "Weston-based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY-DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY “OFFICIAL WEARABLE,” “OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER” AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership". nba.com. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Magic, Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. May 16, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Kings, Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. October 10, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground-Breaking, Expanded Partnership". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. February 13, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A first look at the NBA's refreshed logo". NBA.com. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Feldman, Dan. "NBA moves up trade deadline, reduces timeouts". sports.yahoo.com. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Ward-Henninger, Colin. "NBA moves trade deadline to before All-Star Game, reduces amount of timeouts". CBSSports.com. CBS Sports. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Brown, Maury. "NBA Makes Sweeping Pace-Of-Play Changes; MLB Likely Next". Forbes.com. Forbes. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Dauster, Rob (April 27, 2017). "D-League salaries, two-way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries". CollegeBasketballTalk. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian. "NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls". NBA.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bushnell, Henry. "The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Boone, Kyle (September 22, 2017). "The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden's foul-drawing antics". CBSSports.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA implementing ‘Zaza Pachulia,’ ‘James Harden’ rules". NBCSports.com. September 21, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System". NBA.com. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Helin, Kurt (September 28, 2017). "NBA owners pass lottery reform, new rules on resting players". ProBasketballTalk. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All-Star Game format". NBA.com. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
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Job safety analysis
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A job safety analysis (JSA) is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. In a JSA, each basic step of the job is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Other terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown.
The terms "job" and "task" are commonly used interchangeably to mean a specific work assignment, such as "operating a grinder," "using a pressurized water extinguisher" or "changing a flat tire." JSAs are not suitable for jobs defined too broadly, for example, "overhauling an engine"; or too narrowly, for example, "positioning car jack."
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology and definitions
2 Hazard controls
2.1 Control effectiveness criteria
2.2 Hierarchy of control
3 Scope of application
4 Structure of a JSA
4.1 Assessing risk levels
4.2 Identifying responsibilities
4.3 Application of the JSA
5 References
6 External links
Terminology and definitions[edit]
Workplace hazard categories
Workplace hazards can be allocated to three categories:[citation needed]
Types,
Groups, and
Families.
Workplace hazard types
There are two hazard types. They are:[citation needed]
Hazards to safety - anything assessed as "possible", or more likely, to cause an immediate injury
Hazards to health - anything assessed as "possible", or more likely, to cause harm by repeated exposure over time.
Workplace hazard groups
There are three hazard groups. They are:[citation needed]
Physical object hazard – touch or inhale it.
Hazardous work type – requires a permit, qualification etc.
Duty of care breaches - Legislative and/or company contraventions.
Hazard families
There are many hazard families. The following list is not exhaustive. Many hazards will fit into more than one family.[citation needed]
Physical, chemical, electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, biological, magnetic, thermal, gravitational, environmental, ergonomic, psychological, invisible, visible, and developing.[clarification needed]
Workplace hazard criteria
These criteria are a set of tests to help identify genuine workplace hazards related to a task.[citation needed]
"Clearly identifiable" means that the hazard type, group and family are clearly linked to a hazard.
"A scenario is not required for its articulation" - It can be clearly described in few (generally five, or less, words). If this is not possible, it is probably not a hazard.
It has an inherent likelihood of "possible" or greater - If the hazard under consideration is not inherently at least "possible", then it does not present a risk.
The description is without "judgmental adjectives" - Judgmental adjectives are negative and sometimes overlap with "descriptions of absence". Adjectives such as poor, deficient, defective, scant, weak, unsound, or faulty, are not used in the hazard column.
The description contains no "descriptions of absence" - Descriptions of absence are usually negative and sometimes overlap with judgmental adjectives. They include: Without, lack of, minimal, unsuitable, unavailable, inadequate, missing, non-existent.
Mechanism of Injury (MoI)
Mechanism of injury (MoI) is how an injury occurs. It is important because in the absence of an MoI there is no hazard.
Common MoIs are "slips, trips and falls", for example:
Hazard = Tool bag (in walkway)
MoI = Trip (over tool bag)
Injury = Bone fracture
Other common mechanisms of injury include:
Struck against or by
Contact with or by
Caught in, on, by or between
Exposure to
Fall to same or lower level
Likelihood
Likelihood is how often an event is reasonably and realistically expected to occur in a given time, and may be expressed as a probability, frequency or percentage.
Consequence
Consequence is the outcome of an event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event.[1]
Consequence is the severity of the injury or harm that can be reasonably and realistically expected from exposure to the mechanism of injury of the hazard being rated.
An implemented control may affect the severity of the injury, but it has no effect on the way the injury occurred. Therefore, when rating risk, the consequence remains the same for both the initial rating and the residual rating.
People inherently tend to overestimate severity of consequence when rating risk,[citation needed] but the rating should be both reasonable and realistic.
Risk
Risk is the combination of likelihood and consequence.
Risk Authority
The organisational level of the person authorised to accept a specified level of risk, for example:
Risk Level
Risk Authority
Low risk Supervisor
Moderate risk Superintendent
Significant risk Manager
High risk Unacceptable without mitigation
ALARP
ALARP is an acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Practicable".[2]
When applied to JSA, this means that it is not necessary to reduce risk beyond the point where the cost of further control becomes disproportionate to any achievable safety benefit.
The acronym "ALARA", which stands for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable", is also in common usage.[citation needed]
Reasonably Practicable
Reasonably practicable, in relation to a duty to ensure health and safety, means that which is, or was at a particular time, reasonably able to be done to ensure health and safety, taking into account and weighing up all relevant matters including:[3]
the likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring;
the degree of harm that might result from the hazard or the risk;
what the person concerned knows, or ought reasonably to know, about the hazard or risk, and about the ways of eliminating or minimising the risk;
the availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimise the risk; and
after assessing the extent of the risk and the available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk, the cost associated with available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk, including whether the cost is grossly disproportionate to the expected reduction of risk.
Work Process
The way in which work is performed is called the "Work Process".
PEPE
Acronym for the four elements that are present in every task of the work process:
Process,
Environment,
People,
EMT, which is itself an acronym for 'equipment, materials and tools'.
PEPE is used to assist in identifying hazards.
Process
In this context, process is about procedures, standards, legislation, safe work instructions, permits and permit systems, risk assessments and policies.
Key factors for effective process are that the relevant components are in place, easy to follow and regularly reviewed and updated.
Environment
People may be exposed to issues related to:
Access & Egress.
Obstructions.
Weather.
Dust, heat, cold, noise.
Darkness.
Contaminants.
Isolated workers.
Other Workers.
People
To assist people to be safe in their workplace they need to be provided with sufficient information, training, instructions and supervision.
People may be:
Untrained.
Not yet competent.
Uncertified.
Inexperienced.
Unsupervised.
Affected by alcohol or other drugs.
Fatigued.
Inadequately instructed.
Suffering from stress from home life or workplace bullying.
Have a poor attitude to, or refuse to follow procedures.
Equipment, Material and Tools (EMT)
The right EMT must be selected for the task. Incorrect EMT selections may be hazardous in themselves.
The EMT may be hazardous, e.g.: sharp, hot, vibrating, heavy, fragile, contain pinch points, a hazardous substance containing hydrocarbons, acids, alkalis, glues, solvents, asbestos etc.
There may be a need for isolating personnel from energy sources such as electricity, hydraulic, pneumatic, radiation and gravitational sources.
Is the EMT in date? Does it require certification and/or calibration, tested and tagged?
Obstructions should be kept out of walkways and leads and hoses suspended?
Hazard controls[edit]
Controls are the barriers between people and/or assets and the hazards.
A hard control provides a physical barrier between the person and the hazard. Hard controls include machine guards, restraint equipment, fencing/barricading.
A soft control does not provide a physical barrier between the person and the hazard. Soft controls include signage, procedures, permits, verbal instructions etc.
Control effectiveness criteria[edit]
The effectiveness of a control is measured by its ability to reduce the likelihood of a hazard causing injury or damage. A control is either effective or not.
To gauge this effectiveness several control criteria are used, which:
Address the relevant aspects of PEPE,
Reduce likelihood to ALARP,
Selected hard controls in preference to soft controls, and
Contain a ‘doing word’.
There is no commonly used mathematical way in which multiple controls for a single hazard can be combined to give a score that meets an organisations acceptable risk level. In instances where the residual risk is greater than the organisations acceptable risk level, consultation with the organisations relevant risk authority should occur.
Hierarchy of control[edit]
Hierarchy of control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards.[citation needed]
It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as a standard practice in the workplace.[citation needed] Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.[citation needed]
The hierarchy of hazard controls are, in descending order of effectiveness: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering, Administration and Personal Protective Equipment. In some systems, Isolation is included in the list of controls. The list then is Elimination, Substitution, Isolation, Engineering, Administration and Personal Protective Equipment.
Scope of application[edit]
A JSA is a documented risk assessment developed when company policy directs employees to do so. Workplace hazard identification and an assessment of those hazards may be required before every job.
JSAs are usually developed when directed to do so by a supervisor, when indicated by the use of a first tier risk assessment and when a hazard associated with a task has a likelihood rating of 'possible' or greater.
Generally, high consequence, high likelihood task hazards are addressed by way of a JSA.
These may include, but are not limited to, those with:
A history of, or potential for, injury, harm or damage such as those involving:
Fire, chemicals or a toxic or oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Tasks carried out in new environments.
Rarely performed tasks.
Tasks that may impact on the integrity or output of a processing system.
It is important that employees understand that it is not the JSA form that will keep them safe on the job, but rather the process it represents. It is of little value to identify hazards and devise controls if the controls are not put in place. Workers should never be tempted to "sign on" the bottom of a JSA without first reading and understanding it.
JSAs are quasi-legal documents, and are often used in incident investigations, contractual disputes, and court cases.
Structure of a JSA[edit]
The JSA or JHA is usually be created by the work group who will perform the task. The more minds and experience applied to analysing the hazards in a job, the more successful the work group is likely to be in controlling them. Sometimes it is expedient to review a JSA that was prepared when the same task was performed on a previous occasion, but care should be taken to ensure that all of the hazards for the job are controlled for the new occasion. The JSA is usually recorded in a standardised tabular format with three to as many as five or six columns.[clarification needed] The headings of the three basic columns are: Job step, Hazard and Controls. A Hazard is any factor that can cause damage to personnel, property or the environment (some companies include loss of production or downtime in the definition as well). A Control is any process for controlling a hazard. The job is broken down into its component steps. Then, for each step, hazards are identified. Finally, for each hazard identified, controls are listed. In the example below, the hazards are analyzed for the task of erecting scaffolding and welding lifting lugs:
Job step
Hazard
Control
Erect scaffolding Falling scaffolding components Barricade work area while erecting and dismantling scaffolding
Working at height Verify scaffolder competence
Inspect scaffold components and structure
Tag scaffolding after approval
Wear appropriate PPE (harness, hard hats, safety footwaer etc.)
Tether tools
Weld lugs Electrical current Wear insulated gloves
Inspect cables, connections and tools before use
Welding fumes Ventilate using intrinsically safe fume extraction fans
Wear respiratory protection when appropriate
Welding arc Wear welding helmet with eye protection, fire resistant overalls, welding gloves and apron
Erect welding screens if appropriate
Hot weld metal, sparks and slag Remove all combustibles from work area
Lay out fireproof drop cloths.
Set up appropriate fire fighting equipment in work area
Maintain a fire watch during task plus 30 minutes.
Housekeeping Obstacles in work area Maintain a clear path work area
Remove unnecessary and vulnerable equipment
Display warning signage
Barricade danger areas
Assessing risk levels[edit]
Some organisations add columns for risk levels. The risk rating of the hazard prior to applying the control is known as the 'inherent risk rating'. The risk rating of the hazard with the control in place is known as the 'residual' risk rating.
Risk, within the occupational health and safety sphere, is defined as the 'effect of uncertainties on objectives[4]'. In the context of rating a risk, it is the correlation of 'likelihood' and 'consequence', where likelihood is a quantitative evaluation of frequency of occurrences over time, and consequence is a qualitative evaluation of both the "Mechanism of Injury" and the reasonable and realistic estimate of "Severity of Injury".
Example:
There is historical precedent to reasonably and realistically evaluate that the likelihood of an adverse event occurring while operating a hot particle producing tool, (grinder), is "possible", therefore the activity of grinding meets the workplace hazard criteria.
It would also be reasonable and realistic to assume that the mechanism of injury of an eye being struck at high speed with hot metal particles may result in a permanent disability, whether it be the eye of the grinder operator, a crew member or any person passing or working adjacent to, above or below the grinding operation.
The severity of reasonably and realistically expected injury may be blindness. Therefore, grinding warrants a high severity rating.
Wearing eye protection while in the vicinity of grinding operations reduces the likelihood of this adverse event occurring.
If the eye protection was momentarily not used, not fitted correctly or failed and hot high speed particles struck an eye, the expected mechanism of injury (adverse event) has still occurred, hence the consequence rating remains the same for both the inherent and residual consequence rating.
It is accepted that the control may affect the severity of injury, however, the rated consequence remains the same as the effect is not predictable.
One of the known risk rating anomalies is that likelihood and the severity of injury can be scaled, but mechanism of injury cannot be scaled. This is the reason why the mechanism of injury is bundled with severity, to allow a rating to be given.[citation needed] The MoI is an important factor as it suggests the obvious controls.
Identifying responsibilities[edit]
Another column that is often added to a JSA form or worksheet is the Responsible column. The Responsible column is for the name of the individual who will put the particular control in place. Defining who is responsible for actually putting the controls in place that have been identified on the JSA worksheet ensures that an individual is accountable for doing so.
Application of the JSA[edit]
After the JSA worksheet is completed, the work group that is about to perform the task would have a toolbox talk, to discuss the hazards and controls, delegate responsibilities, ensure that all equipment and personal protective equipment described in the JSA are available, that contingencies such as fire fighting are understood, communication channels and hand signals are agreed etc. Then, if everybody in the work group agrees that it is safe to proceed with the task, work can commence.
If at any time during the task circumstances change, then work should be stopped (sometimes called a "time-out for safety"), and the hazards and controls described in the JSA should be reassessed and additional controls used or alternative methods devised. Again, work should only continue when every member of the work group agrees it is safe to do so.
When the task is complete it is often of benefit to have a close-out or "tailgate" meeting, to discuss any lessons learned so that they may be incorporated into the JSA the next time the task is undertaken.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AS/NZS4360:2009 Risk Management/year=2009, Australian Standards
Jump up ^ Risk Management - Risk assessment techniques - International Standard IEC/ISO 31010, ISO, 2011, p. 90
Jump up ^ How to determine what is reasonably practicable to meet a health and safety duty - Guidance note - Safe Work Australia - May 2013
Jump up ^ AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines. Standards Australia. pp. Preface (a). ISBN 0 7337 9289 8.
Bibliography
AS/NZS 4360:1999 Risk Management ISBN 0 7337 2647 X Published by Standards Association of Australia
Greenwood, R. (2006). Reader: Job Safety Analysis Occupational Health and Safety Practitioner. Safetyline Institute
Kjellen, U. (2000) Prevention of Accidents Through Experience Feedback. CRC Press. ISBN 0748409254
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/job-haz.html "Job Safety Analysis"
Maersk Contractors (2005)MODU Procedures Manual Edition 1, 3.7 "Conduct of Safe Job Analysis"
US Dept of Labor (2002) Job Hazard Analysis. OSHA 3071
Roughton,J and Crutchfield,N (2008) "Job Hazard Analysis, A Guide for Voluntary Compliance and Beyond," http://emeetingplace.com/safetyblog/?page_id=80. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8346-3
Roughton,J and Mercurio,J (2002) "Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach," http://emeetingplace.com/safetyblog/?page_id=80; www.ncsafetyandife.com. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0750674119
External links[edit]
Job Hazard Analysis, Occupational Safety and Health Administration—Accessed 30/Jul/13
Job Safety Analysis, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety—Accessed 30/Jul/13
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) - An overview, University of Alaska—Accessed 30/Jul/13
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job_safety_analysis&oldid=805582682"
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Implied consent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction). The term is most commonly encountered in the context of United States drunk driving laws.
Contents
[hide]
1 Driving while intoxicated
2 In other contexts
2.1 Court procedure
2.2 Sexual assault
2.3 Spousal rape
2.4 First aid
2.5 Organ donation
3 See also
4 References
Driving while intoxicated[edit]
See also: Drunk driving (United States)
All U.S. states have driver licensing laws which state that a licensed driver has given their implied consent to a certified breathalyzer or by a blood sample by their choice,or similar manner of determining blood alcohol concentration. Field sobriety tests and portable field breathalyzer tests do not implicate these laws; the former mainly due to statutory requirements due to concerns about the accuracy of the portable tests and the latter because field sobriety tests are considered testamentary evidence and are thus subject to Fifth Amendment protections. In 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States in Birchfield v. North Dakota held that both breath tests and blood tests constitute a search under the Fourth Amendment, concluding that requiring breath tests is constitutional without a search warrant, however, requiring more intrusive blood tests involving piercing the skin is not, as the goal of traffic safety can be obtained by less invasive means.[1] Specifically addressing implied consent laws, the court in the Birchfield opinion stated that while their "prior opinions have referred approvingly to the general concept of implied-consent laws" that "there must be a limit to the consequences to which motorists may be deemed to have consented by virtue of a decision to drive on public roads" and "that motorists could be deemed to have consented to only those conditions that are 'reasonable' in that they have a 'nexus' to the privilege of driving". [2]
In other contexts[edit]
Court procedure[edit]
Typically, a party has the right to object in court to a line of questioning or at the introduction of a particular piece of evidence. If the party fails to object in a timely fashion, he is deemed to have waived his right to object and cannot raise the objection on appeal. This is a form of implied consent.[3]
In California, "Any person providing the [California Department of Motor Vehicles] with a mailing address shall … consent to receive service of process …".[4]
Sexual assault[edit]
In Canada, implied consent has not been a defence for sexual assault since the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada case of R v Ewanchuk, where the court unanimously ruled that consent has to be explicit, instead of merely "implied".[5]
Spousal rape[edit]
Main article: Spousal rape
In many common law jurisdictions, a couple who married were deemed to have given "implied consent" to have sex with each other, a doctrine which barred prosecution of a spouse for rape. This doctrine is now considered obsolete in Western countries.[6]
First aid[edit]
In the United States, if a person is at risk of death or injury but unconscious or otherwise unable to respond, other people including members of the public and paramedics may assume implied consent to touch the person to provide first aid.[7] Many states have Good Samaritan laws that protect persons giving aid from legal liability, but the type of persons (laypeople versus healthcare professionals) and the amount of protection varies.
Organ donation[edit]
Some countries have legislation allowing for implied consent for organ donation, asking people to opt out of organ donation instead of opt in, but allow family refusals.[8]
See also[edit]
Tacit assumption
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marimow, Ann E. (June 23, 2016). "Supreme Court requires warrants for some, but not all drunken-driving tests". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birchfield v. North Dakota, Opinion of the Court" (PDF). p. 36-37 (41-42 of pdf). Retrieved 2 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Article from Thompson-Gale Legal Encyclopedia, courtesy of Jrank
Jump up ^ California Vehicle Code § 1808.21(c)
Jump up ^ "No still means “no”: Editorial". thestar.com. The Toronto Star. November 13, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ See e.g. R v R [1992] 1 AC 599
Jump up ^ Before You Save a Life: What You Need to Know. Rob Brouhard, About.com. Updated May 8, 2007. Accessed October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Keeping kidneys, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 90, Number 10, October 2012, 713-792 [1]
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