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Petition to the King
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1774 Petition to the King
Created
October 1774
Ratified
October 25, 1774
Location
Engrossed copy:
Library of Congress
Author(s)
John Dickinson et al.[1]
Signatories
51 delegates to the Continental Congress
The Petition to the King was a petition sent to King George III by the First Continental Congress in 1774, calling for repeal of the Intolerable Acts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Political background
2 Development of the document
2.1 Conception
2.2 Approval by Congress
3 Annotated text of the petition
4 Delivery of the document
4.1 Response
5 Publication
6 Surviving drafts
6.1 Patrick Henry
6.2 Henry Lee
6.3 John Dickinson
7 Historical significance
8 Notes
9 References
Political background[edit]
Following the end of the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the Seven Years' War) in 1763, relations between the colonies and Britain had been deteriorating. Because the war had plunged the British government deep into debt, Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase tax revenue from the colonies. These acts, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767, were seen as legitimate means of collecting revenues to pay off the nearly two-fold increase in British debt stemming from the war.[2]
Many colonists in the Americas, however, developed a different conception of their role within the British Empire. In particular, because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them.[3] After colonists destroyed thousands of pounds of British-taxed tea during the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts in 1774, punishing the colonies for their actions. These punitive Acts were vehemently opposed by the colonists, leading the newly formed Continental Congress to seek redress with King George III, in an attempt to reach a common understanding.
Development of the document[edit]
Conception[edit]
Resolved unanimously, That a loyal address to his Majesty be prepared, dutifully requesting the royal attention to the grievances that alarm and distress his Majesty's faithful subjects in North-America, and entreating his Majesty's gracious interposition for the removal of such grievances, thereby to restore between Great-Britain and the colonies that harmony so necessary to the happiness of the British empire, and so ardently desired by all America.
—  First Continental Congress, October 1, 1774[4]
On October 1, 1774, in response to the deteriorating relationship between the American Colonies and Britain, the First Continental Congress decided to prepare a statement to King George III of Great Britain. The goal of the address was to persuade the King to revoke unpopular policies such as the Coercive Acts, which were imposed on the Colonies by the British Parliament. The committee appointed to prepare the Address consisted of Richard Henry Lee, John Adams, Thomas Johnson, Patrick Henry, and John Rutledge, with Lee designated as the committee chairman.[5]
Resolved, That the Committiee appointed to prepare an Address to his Majesty, be instructed to assure his Majesty, that in case the colonies shall be restored to the state they were in, at the close of the late war, by abolishing the system of laws and regulations-for raising a revenue in America-for extending the powers of Courts of Admiralty-for the trial of persons beyond sea for crimes committed in America-for affecting the colony of the Massachusetts-Bay and for altering the government and extending the limits of Canada, the jealousies which have been occasioned by such acts and regulations of Parliament, will be removed and commerce again restored.
—  First Continental Congress, October 5, 1774[6]
On October 5, 1774, Congress once more returned to the subject of the Address, stressing to the committee that the document should assure the King that following the successful repeal of the Coercive Acts, the Colonies would restore favorable relations with Britain.
Approval by Congress[edit]
The Congress resumed the consideration of the address to his Majesty, and the same being debated by paragraphs, was, after some amendments, approved and order to be engrossed.
Resolved, That the address to the King be enclosed in a letter to the several colony Agents, in order that the same may be by them presented to his Majesty; and that the Agents be requested to call in the aid of such Noblemen and gentlemen as are esteemed firm friends to American liberty.
—  First Continental Congress, October 25, 1774[7]
On October 25, 1774, the petition came before Congress in its draft form. After the document was debated over and formally amended, it was then approved to be engrossed and sent to England to be presented to the King.
Annotated text of the petition[edit]
The petition, when written, was not divided into formal parts. However, the structure of the document allows it to be classified into sections, including an introduction, the list of grievances, reasons for attention, and a conclusion.
Introduction
States the represented Colonies, as well as the nature of the document.
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty:
Most Gracious Sovereign: We, your Majesty's faithful subjects of the Colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, the Counties of New-Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in behalf of ourselves and the inhabitants of those Colonies who have deputed us to represent them in General Congress, by this our humble Petition, beg leave to lay our Grievances before the Throne.
List of Grievances
Lists the grievances that the Colonies wish for King George III to redress.
A Standing Army has been kept in these Colonies ever since the conclusion of the late war, without the consent of our Assemblies; and this Army, with a considerable Naval armament, has been employed to enforce the collection of Taxes.
The authority of the Commander-in-Chief, and under him of the Brigadiers General has, in time of peace, been rendered supreme in all the Civil Governments in America.
The Commander-in-chief of all your Majesty's Forces in North America, has, in time of peace, been appointed Governour of a Colony.
The charges of usual offices have been greatly increased; and new, expensive, and oppressive offices have been multiplied.
The Judges of Admiralty and Vice Admiralty Courts are empowered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects condemned by themselves.
The Officers of the Customs are empowered to break open and enter houses, without the authority of any Civil Magistrate, founded on legal information.
The Judges of Courts of Common Law have been made entirely dependent on one part of the Legislature for their salaries, as well as for the duration of their commissions.
Counsellors, holding their commissions during pleasure, exercise Legislative authority.
Humble and reasonable Petitions from the Representatives of the People, have been fruitless.
The Agents of the People have been discountenanced, and Governours have been instructed to prevent the payment of their salaries.
Assemblies have been repeatedly and injuriously dissolved.
Commerce has been burthened with many useless and oppressive restrictions.
By several Acts of Parliament made in the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth years of your Majesty's Reign, Duties are imposed on us for the purpose of raising a Revenue; and the powers of Admiralty and Vice Admiralty Courts are extended beyond their ancient limits, whereby our property is taken from us without our consent; the trial by jury, in many civil cases, is abolished; enormous forfeitures are incurred for slight offences; vexatious informers are exempted from paying damages, to which they are justly liable, and oppressive security is required from owners before they are allowed to defend their right.
Both Houses of Parliament have resolved, that Colonists may be tried in England for offences alleged to have been committed in America, by virtue of a Statute passed in the thirty-fifth year of Henry the Eighth, and, in consequence thereof, attempts have been made to enforce that Statute.
A Statute was passed in the twelfth year of your Majesty's Reign, directing that persons charged with committing any offence therein described, in any place out of the Realm, may be indicted and tried for the same in any Shire or County within the Realm, whereby the inhabitants of these Colonies may, in sundry cases, by that Statute made capital, be deprived of a trial by their peers of the vicinage.
In the last sessions of Parliament an Act was passed for blocking up the Harbour of Boston; another empowering the Governour of the Massachusetts Bay to send persons indicted for murder in that Province, to another Colony, or even to Great Britain, for trial, whereby such offenders may escape legal punishment; a third for altering the chartered Constitution of Government in that Province; and a fourth for extending the limits of Quebec, abolishing the English and restoring the French laws, whereby great numbers of British Freemen are subjected to the latter, and establishing an absolute Government and the Roman Catholick Religion throughout those vast regions that border on the Westerly and Northerly boundaries of the free Protestant English settlements; and a fifth, for the better providing suitable Quarters for Officers and Soldiers in his Majesty's service in North America.
Reasons for Attention
State why the aforementioned grievances are important enough to warrant an address to the monarchy.
To a Sovereign, who glories in the name of Briton, the bare recital of these Acts must, we presume, justify the loyal subjects, who fly to the foot of his Throne, and implore his clemency for protection against them.
From this destructive system of Colony Administration, adopted since the conclusion of the last war, have flowed those distresses, dangers, fears, and jealousies, that overwhelm your Majesty's dutiful Colonists with affliction; and we defy our most subtle and inveterate enemies to trace the unhappy differences between Great Britain and these Colonies, from an earlier period, or from other causes than we have assigned. Had they proceeded on our part from a restless levity of temper, unjust impulses of ambition, or artful suggestions of seditious persons, we should merit the opprobrious terms frequently bestowed upon us by those we revere. But so far from promoting innovations, we have only opposed them; and can be charged with no offence, unless it be one to receive injuries and be sensible of them.
Had our Creator been pleased to give us existence in a land of slavery, the sense of our condition might have been mitigated by ignorance and habit. But, thanks be to his adorable goodness, we were born the heirs of freedom, and ever enjoyed our right under the auspices of your Royal ancestors, whose family was seated on the British Throne to rescue and secure a pious and gallant Nation from the Popery and despotism of a superstitious and inexorable tyrant. Your Majesty, we are confident, justly rejoices that your title to the Crown is thus founded on the title of your people to liberty; and, therefore, we doubt not but your royal wisdom must approve the sensibility that teaches your subjects anxiously to guard the blessing they received from Divine Providence, and thereby to prove the performance of that compact which elevated the illustrious House of Brunswick to the imperial dignity it now possesses.
The apprehension of being degraded into a state of servitude, from the pre-eminent rank of English freemen, while our minds retain the strongest love of liberty, and clearly foresee the miseries preparing for us and our posterity, excites emotions in our breasts which, though we cannot describe, we should not wish to conceal. Feeling as men, and thinking as subjects, in the manner we do, silence would be disloyalty. By giving this faithful information, we do all in our power to promote the great objects of your Royal cares, the tranquillity of your Government, and the welfare of your people.
Duty to your Majesty, and regard for the preservation of ourselves and our posterity, the primary obligations of nature and of society, command us to entreat your Royal attention; and, as your Majesty enjoys the signal distinction of reigning over freemen, we apprehend the language of freemen cannot be displeasing. Your Royal indignation, we hope, will rather fall on those designing and dangerous men, who, daringly interposing themselves between your Royal person and your faithful subjects, and for several years past incessantly employed to dissolve the bonds of society, by abusing your Majesty's authority, misrepresenting your American subjects, and prosecuting the most desperate and irritating projects of oppression, have at length compelled us, by the force of accumulated injuries, too severe to be any longer tolerable, to disturb your Majesty's repose by our complaints.
These sentiments are extorted from hearts that much more willingly would bleed in your Majesty's service. Yet, so greatly have we been misrepresented, that a necessity has been alleged of taking our property from us without our consent, "to defray the charge of the administration of justice, the support of Civil Government, and the defence, protection, and security of the Colonies." But we beg leave to assure your Majesty that such provision has been and will be made for defraying the two first artiticles [sic], as has been and shall be judged by the Legislatures of the several Colonies just and suitable to their respective circumstances; and, for the defence, protection, and security of the Colonies, their Militias, if properly regulated, as they earnestly desire may immediately be done, would be fully sufficient, at least in times of peace; and, in case of war, your faithful Colonists will be ready and willing, as they ever have been, when constitutionally required, to demonstrate their loyalty to your Majesty, by exerting their most strenuous efforts in granting supplies and raising forces.[8]
Yielding to no British subjects in affectionate attachment to your Majesty's person, family, and Government, we too dearly prize the privilege of expressing that attachment by those proofs that are honourable to the Prince who receives them, and to the People who give them, ever to resign it to any body of men upon earth.
Had we been permitted to enjoy, in quiet, the inheritance left us by our forefathers, we should, at this time, have been peaceably, cheerfully, and usefully employed in recommending ourselves, by every testimony of devotion, to your Majesty, and of veneration to the state, from which we derive our origin. But though now exposed to unexpected and unnatural scenes of distress by a contention with that Nation in whose parental guidance on all important affairs, we have hitherto, with filial reverence, constantly trusted, and therefore can derive no instruction in our present unhappy and perplexing circumstances from any former experience; yet, we doubt not, the purity of our intention, and the integrity of our conduct, will justify us at that grand tribunal before which all mankind must submit to judgment.
We ask but for Peace, Liberty, and Safety. We wish not a diminution of the prerogative, nor do we solicit the grant of any new right in our favour. Your Royal authority over us, and our connection with Great Britain, we shall always carefully and zealously endeavour to support and maintain.
Conclusion
Restates the ultimate goal of the petition, while reaffirming the Colonies' loyalty to the British monarchy.
Filled with sentiments of duty to your Majesty, and of affection to our parent state, deeply impressed by our education, and strongly confirmed by our reason, and anxious to evince the sincerity of these dispositions, we present this Petition only to obtain redress of Grievances, and relief from fears and jealousies, occasioned by the system of Statutes and Regulations adopted since the close of the late war, for raising a Revenue in America—extending the powers of Courts of Admiralty and Vice Admiralty—trying persons in Great Britain for offences alleged to be committed in America—affecting the Province of Massachusetts Bay—and altering the Government and extending the limits of Quebec; by the abolition of which system the harmony between Great Britain and these Colonies, so necessary to the happiness of both, and so ardently desired by the latter, and the usual intercourses will be immediately restored. In the magnanimity and justice of your Majesty and Parliament we confide for a redress of our other grievances, trusting, that, when the causes of our apprehensions are removed, our future conduct will prove us not unworthy of the regard we have been accustomed in our happier days to enjoy. For, appealing to that Being, who searches thoroughly the hearts of his creatures, we solemnly profess, that our Councils have been influenced by no other motive than a dread of impending destruction.
Permit us then, most gracious Sovereign, in the name of all your faithful People in America, with the utmost humility, to implore you, for the honour of Almighty God, whose pure Religion our enemies are undermining; for your glory, which can be advanced only by rendering your subjects happy, and keeping them united; for the interests of your family depending on an adherence to the principles that enthroned it; for the safety and welfare of your Kingdoms and Dominions, threatened with almost unavoidable dangers and distresses, that your Majesty, as the loving Father of your whole People, connected by the same bands of Law, Loyalty, Faith, and Blood, though dwelling in various countries, will not suffer the transcendent relation formed by these ties to be farther violated, in uncertain expectation of effects, that, if attained, never can compensate for the calamities through which they must be gained.
We therefore most earnestly beseech your Majesty, that your Royal authority and interposition may be used for our relief, and that a gracious Answer may be given to this Petition.
That your Majesty may enjoy every felicity through a long and glorious Reign, over loyal and happy subjects, and that your descendants may inherit your prosperity and Dominions till time shall be no more, is, and always will be, our sincere and fervent prayer.
Signatures
The first signature on the engrossed copy is that of Henry Middleton, the then appointed President of the Continental Congress. The fifty-one signatories who represented the Colonies (Georgia did not participate) are given, in order.
President of Congress: Henry Middleton
New-Hampshire: John Sullivan, Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay: Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine
Rhode-Island: Stephen Hopkins, Samuel Ward
Connecticut: Eliphalet Dyer, Roger Sherman, Silas Deane
New-York: Philip Livingston, John Alsop, Isaac Low, James Duane, John Jay, William Floyd, Henry Wisner, Simon Boerum
New-Jersey: William Livingston, John De Hart, Stephen Crane, Richard Smith
Pennsylvania: Edward Biddle, Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Morton, Thomas Mifflin, George Ross, Charles Humphreys
Delaware: Caesar Rodney, Thomas McKean, George Read
Maryland: Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, William Paca, Samuel Chase
Virginia: Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Edmund Pendleton, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison
North-Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, Richard Caswell
South-Carolina: Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, John Rutledge, Edward Rutledge
Delivery of the document[edit]
On November 2, the petition departed Philadelphia on board the ship Britannia, captained by W. Morwick. However, a storm forced the ship to return to port, delaying the delivery of the petition. It was later discovered that the paper was unfit to be presented. The second copy left port on November 6 on board the ship Mary and Elizabeth, captained by N. Falconer. It was confirmed on November 14 that the document successfully arrived in London.[9]
In Britain, a number of London merchants expressed interest in joining the Americans when the petition was presented, although Benjamin Franklin advised against the proposition.[10] On December 21, Benjamin Franklin, Lee, and Bollan were notified by Lord Dartmouth that the petition was "decent and respectful" and that it would be presented as soon as possible to the Houses of Parliament. However, Franklin wrote two days later that the petition could not be presented to Parliament until after the Christmas recess.[11]
Response[edit]
On January 19, 1775, the petition was presented to the House of Commons by Lord North, and was also presented to the House of Lords the following day.[11]
It came down among a great did not Heap of letters of Intelligence from Governors and officers in America, Newspapers, Pamphlets, Handbills, etc., from that Country, the last in the List, and was laid upon the Table with them, undistinguished by any particular Recommendation of it to the Notice of either House; and I do not find, that it has had any further notice taken of it as yet, than that it has been read as well as the other Papers.
—  Benjamin Franklin, February 5, 1775[12]
Because the petition was intermingled with many other documents, and given the increasing turmoil of the times, little attention was given to the petition by Parliament.[11] Likewise, the King never gave the Colonies a formal reply to their petition.
Publication[edit]
When the official papers of Congress were published in October and November 1774, the Petition to the King was omitted, because it was preferred that the address be read by the King before being made public. It was not until January 17 or 18, 1775 that the papers were officially released by Charles Thomson, for publication.[13]
Surviving drafts[edit]
Three drafts of the Petition to the King survive to this day: one written by Patrick Henry, one written by Henry Lee, and one by John Dickinson.[14]
Patrick Henry[edit]
The Henry draft is written with very few corrections on its four portfolio pages. Compared to the final version of the Address, the draft contains more rhetorical descriptions of the contested Acts, and focuses less on the Colonies' past loyalty to Britain.[14]
Henry Lee[edit]
The Lee draft is neatly written, with minor changes, on three portfolio pages. Compared to the Henry draft, the descriptions of the grievances were brief.[14] It does contain, however, a harsh attack on the King's ministers, most notably Bute, Mansfield, and North. Because of the inflammatory language in this draft, it is argued that this is the version that was rejected by Congress on October 21, 1774.[15]
John Dickinson[edit]
The Dickinson draft is a rough composition, rite with many changes, including entire paragraphs designated to be transposed. The document is nine and a half portfolio pages, numbered 1-9 and 12, with pages 10 and 11 left blank. The text found in this draft is virtually identical to the document adopted by Congress, with the main difference lying in the list of grievances in the adopted version, which resembled those found the other two drafts.[15]
Historical significance[edit]
The Petition to the King reflected the Colonies' desire to maintain relations with Britain, given that certain demands were met. In particular, it showed that the Colonies viewed themselves as loyal to the British monarchy rather than to Parliament.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied", 199.
Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree, Empire or Independence, 31.
Jump up ^ Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 162
Jump up ^ Journal of the proceedings of the Congress, 47.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied", 190.
Jump up ^ Journal of the proceedings of the Congress, 48-49.
Jump up ^ Journal of the proceedings of the Congress, 116.
Jump up ^ An Estimate of the number of Souls in the following Provinces, made in Congress, September, 1774: In Massachusetts 400,000; New-Hampshire 150,000; Rhode-Island 59,678; Connecticut 192,000; New-York 250,000; New-Jersey 130,000; Pennsylvania, including the Lower Counties, 350,000; Maryland 320,000; Virginia 650,000; North Carolina 300,000; South Carolina 225,000. Total 3,026,678.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied, 192.
Jump up ^ Smyth, Writings of Franklin, 344.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied, 193.
Jump up ^ Smyth, Writings of Franklin, 304.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied, 201.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied, 197.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolf, Edwin, The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied, 198.
References[edit]
Wolf, Edwin (1965). "The Authorship of the 1774 Address to the King Restudied". The William and Mary Quarterly. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. 22 (2): 189–224. JSTOR 1920696.
Chorlton, Thomas (2011). The First American Republic 1774-1789: The First Fourteen American Presidents Before Washington. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. pp. 1–708. ISBN 1456753886.
Ammerman, David (1974). In the common cause: American response to the Coercive acts of 1774. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. pp. 1–170. ISBN 0813905257.
Journal of the proceedings of the Congress, held at Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. Philadelphia, PA: William and Thomas Bradford, at the London Coffee House. 1774. pp. 1–132.
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Legal status of tattooing in the United States
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In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).
In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State
State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules
Alabama
none specified[1] informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2] Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3] cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2] Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4] Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]
Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]
Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[7] parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7] Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7] no restriction[8] Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]
Arizona
none specified[9] parent/guardian must be physically present[9] Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9] no restriction[9] Violations are a class 6 felony.[9] There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10] Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]
Arkansas
16[11] parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12] none specified[12] cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12] Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]
California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14] parent/guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14] no restriction Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]
Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16] parent/guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16] Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]
Connecticut
none specified permission of parent or guardian[17][18] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]
no restrictions Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]
District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19] written consent (for ear piercing)[19] minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19] no restrictions[19] Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]
Delaware
18[20] notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20] none specified[20] cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20] Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]
Florida
16[21] Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21] for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21] no restriction Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]
Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22] For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]
no restrictions Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]
Hawaii
none specified[25] written consent of parent/guardian[25] Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]
Idaho
18[26] Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26] Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]
no restrictions Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]
Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27] Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27] Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]
no restrictions Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]
Indiana
none specified[28] Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28] no restrictions Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]
Iowa
18[30] n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30] Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31] no restrictions Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Kansas
16[32] Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32] Minors may have their ears pierced[33] no restrictions Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]
Kentucky
16 Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34] none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35] Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]
Louisiana
16 Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36] no restrictions La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]
Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37] For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38] Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39] no restrictions Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]
Maryland
none specified[40] written consent, which must be retained for 3 years. Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41] no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40] COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06
Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42] Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42] Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42] no restriction County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state. Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42] Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]
Michigan
none specified[43] Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43] cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43] Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]
Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45] For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45] Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45] cannot have any body art procedures.[45] Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]
Mississippi
18 n/a - minors cannot be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear. no restriction Miss.Code Ann. §73-61
Missouri
none specified[46] For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46] cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46] violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46] The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47] Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]
Montana
none specified[48] Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49] cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49] A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]
Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52] Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]
Nebraska
none specified[55] written consent, must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56] No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165
Nevada
n/a[6] n/a[6] Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57] n/a[6] n/a[6]
New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58] For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure. Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59] no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]
New Jersey
none specified[60] written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60] Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61] no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]
New Mexico
none specified[62] Written consent and presence during the procedure. Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63] no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]
New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64] Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65] Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66] no restrictions New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]
North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67] Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67] Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67] no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]
North Dakota
none specified[70] Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70] cannot get tattoos or other body art[71] N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]
Ohio
none specified[73] Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73] none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73] no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]
Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74] Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74] Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]
cannot be tattooed.[74] Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]
Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75] For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77] Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]
cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77] Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]
Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82] Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]
Pennsylvania
none specified[83] parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83] no restrictions Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]
Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85] Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85] no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84] Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85] RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]
South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87] Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87] Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86] cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88] Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87] Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90] S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]
South Dakota
none specified[92] Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92] cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94] Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95] Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95] S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]
Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98] For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]
Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97] Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]
Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101] Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]
Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104] For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104] Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]
Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107] Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]
Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111] Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]
Utah
none specified[113] Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113] Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113] Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113] Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]
Vermont
none specified[114] Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114] Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]
Virginia
none specified[116] Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116] Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116] Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116] Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]
Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]
Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120] cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121] Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]
West Virginia
none specified[125] parent/guardian must give written consent[125] All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125] Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128] W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]
Wisconsin
18[130] n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131] Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235
Wyoming
none specified[132] Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132] Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law. no restriction[132] Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132] Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]
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Jump up ^ "Table of Contents, Title 50, Chapter 48, MCA". mt.gov.
Jump up ^ "Nebraska Revised Statute 38-10,165". nebraskalegislature.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1010". nebraskalegislature.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments". southernnevadahealthdistrict.org.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm
^ Jump up to: a b "Section 2C:40-21 - Tattooing of a minor; parental permission, required :: 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36.5". New Mexico Administrative Code. Retrieved 2015-06-29. the signature of the client and, if the client is a minor, written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent;
^ Jump up to: a b "ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act". public.nmcompcomm.us. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree". ny.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 4-A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing". ny.gov.
Jump up ^ "Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing". ny.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf
Jump up ^ "GS_130A-283". state.nc.us.
Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lawriter - ORC". ohio.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "§21-842.1. Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years—Definitions. :: 2014 Oklahoma Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
Jump up ^ "Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties. :: 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
Jump up ^ "Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts; exceptions. :: 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division". state.or.us.
^ Jump up to: a b c "6311 - Tattooing and body piercing. :: 2010 Pennsylvania Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "§ 11-9-15 Tattooing of minors. :: CHAPTER 11-9 Children :: Title 11 Criminal Offenses :: 2010 Rhode Island General Laws :: Rhode Island General Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Section 23-1-39 - Tattooing and/or body piercing. :: 2014 Rhode Island General Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Section 44-34-100 - Unlawful acts; penalties. :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SECTION 44-32-120. Minors or persons impaired by drugs, alcohol, or otherwise incapable of consenting; unhealthy skin surfaces; penalty. :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Section 44-34-20 - Establishment of sterilization, sanitation, and safety standards; licensing; engaging in other retail business. :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "SECTION 44-32-20. Sterilization, sanitation and safety standards; certificate of completion of blood-borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course; permits. :: 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 34 - TATTOOING :: 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§ 26-10-19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. :: 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§ 9-34-17 Tattooing and body piercing. :: 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Rules Display". sd.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "§ 62-38-211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "§ 62-38-305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§ 62-38-310 - Penalty. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/
Jump up ^ "§ 62-38-302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required. :: 2014 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing :: 2010 Tennessee Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012: TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS". Findlaw.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125: BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT; EXCEPTION". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025: EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126: TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124: BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018: OFFENSE; CRIMINAL PENALTY". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019: ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021: EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS; REGISTRATION REQUIRED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "TEX HS. CODE ANN. § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002: LICENSE REQUIRED". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "Texas Statutes - Chapter 146: TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS". Findlaw.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Utah State Legislature". utah.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vermont Laws". vermont.gov.
Jump up ^ "Professions and Occupations". vermont.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "§ 18.2-371.3. Tattooing or body piercing of minors". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 54.1-703. License required". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 54.1-704.1. License required for barbershop, cosmetology salon, nail care salon, waxing salon, tattoo parlor, body-piercing salon, and esthetics spa". virginia.gov.
Jump up ^ "§ 15.2-912. Regulation of tattoo parlors and body-piercing salons; definition; exception". virginia.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "RCW 26.28.085: Applying tattoo to a minor — Penalty". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "WAC 246-145-015: Restrictions". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 18.300 RCW: BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, AND TATTOOING". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 246-145 WAC: BODY ART, BODY PIERCING, ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL". wa.gov.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 70.54 RCW: MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS". wa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c "§16-38-3. Operation standards. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-38-7. Violations and penalties. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-38-6. Registration requirements; inspections by local or regional boards of health; permit fees. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "§16-37-3. Registration requirements; inspections by local boards of health; posting of permit; power of local board of health to order studio to close. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE 38. TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. :: 2014 West Virginia Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia". Justia Law.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Legislature: 948.70". Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Legislature: 252.23". Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "TITLE 14 - CHILDREN, CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION, ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS". legisweb.state.wy.us. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
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Rare-earth magnet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ferrofluid on glass, with a rare-earth magnet underneath
Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements. Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made, producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets. The magnetic field typically produced by rare-earth magnets can exceed 1.4 teslas, whereas ferrite or ceramic magnets typically exhibit fields of 0.5 to 1 tesla. There are two types: neodymium magnets and samarium–cobalt magnets. Magnetostrictive rare-earth magnets such as Terfenol-D also have applications, e.g. in loudspeakers. Rare-earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder.
The development of rare-earth magnets began around 1966, when K. J. Strnat and G. Hoffer of the US Air Force Materials Laboratory discovered that an alloy of yttrium and cobalt, YCo5, had by far the largest magnetic anisotropy constant of any material then known.[1][2] The term "rare earth" can be misleading, as these metals are not particularly rare or precious;[3][4] they are about as abundant as tin or lead.[5] However rare earth ores are unevenly distributed, with the major source being China,[6] which has led countries to classify rare earth metals as strategically important.[7] Recent Chinese export restrictions on these materials have led other countries to initiate research programs to develop strong magnets that do not require them.
Neodymium magnets (small cylinders) lifting steel balls. As shown here, rare-earth magnets can easily lift thousands of times their own weight.
Contents
1 Explanation of strength
2 Magnetic properties
3 Types
3.1 Samarium-cobalt
3.2 Neodymium
4 Hazards
5 Applications
5.1 Common applications
5.2 Other applications
6 Rare-earth-free permanent magnets
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Explanation of strength[edit]
The rare-earth (lanthanide) elements are metals that are ferromagnetic, meaning that like iron they can be magnetized to become permanent magnets, but their Curie temperatures (the temperature above which their ferromagnetism disappears) are below room temperature, so in pure form their magnetism only appears at low temperatures. However, they form compounds with the transition metals such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, and some of these compounds have Curie temperatures well above room temperature. Rare-earth magnets are made from these compounds.
The greater strength of rare-earth magnets is mostly due to two factors. First, their crystalline structures have very high magnetic anisotropy. This means that a crystal of the material preferentially magnetizes along a specific crystal axis but is very difficult to magnetize in other directions. Like other magnets, rare-earth magnets are composed of microcrystalline grains, which are aligned in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, so their magnetic axes all point in the same direction. The resistance of the crystal lattice to turning its direction of magnetization gives these compounds a very high magnetic coercivity (resistance to being demagnetized).
Second, atoms of rare-earth elements can have high magnetic moments because their orbital electron structure contains many unpaired electrons, in contrast to other elements, in which almost all of the electrons exist in pairs with opposite spins, so their magnetic fields cancel out. This is a consequence of incomplete filling of the f-shell, which can contain up to 7 unpaired electrons. In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so they spin in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field. This gives the materials high remanence (saturation magnetization Js). The maximal energy density BHmax is proportional to Js2, so these materials have the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy. The magnetic energy product BHmax of neodymium magnets is about 18 times greater than "ordinary" magnets by volume. This allows rare-earth magnets to be smaller than other magnets with the same field strength.
Magnetic properties[edit]
Some important properties used to compare permanent magnets are: remanence (Br), which measures the strength of the magnetic field; coercivity (Hci), the material's resistance to becoming demagnetized; energy product (BHmax), the density of magnetic energy; and Curie temperature (TC), the temperature at which the material loses its magnetism. Rare-earth magnets have higher remanence, much higher coercivity and energy product, but (for neodymium) lower Curie temperature than other types. The table below compares the magnetic performance of the two types of rare-earth magnets, neodymium (Nd2Fe14B) and samarium-cobalt (SmCo5), with other types of permanent magnets.
Magnet
Br (T)
Hci (kA/m)
(BH)max (kJ/m3)
TC (°C)
Nd2Fe14B (sintered) 1.0–1.4 750–2000 200–440 310–400
Nd2Fe14B (bonded) 0.6–0.7 600–1200 60–100 310–400
SmCo5 (sintered) 0.8–1.1 600–2000 120–200 720
Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)7 (sintered) 0.9–1.15 450–1300 150–240 800
Alnico (sintered) 0.6–1.4 275 10–88 700–860
Sr-ferrite (sintered) 0.2–0.4 100–300 10–40 450
Source:[citation needed]
Types[edit]
Samarium-cobalt[edit]
Main article: Samarium–cobalt magnet
Samarium–cobalt magnets (chemical formula: SmCo5), the first family of rare-earth magnets invented, are less used than neodymium magnets because of their higher cost and lower magnetic field strength. However, samarium–cobalt has a higher Curie temperature, creating a niche for these magnets in applications where high field strength is needed at high operating temperatures. They are highly resistant to oxidation, but sintered samarium-cobalt magnets are brittle and prone to chipping and cracking and may fracture when subjected to thermal shock.
Neodymium[edit]
Main article: Neodymium magnet
Neodymium magnet with nickel plating mostly removed
Neodymium magnets, invented in the 1980s, are the strongest and most affordable type of rare-earth magnet. They are made of an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron (Nd2Fe14B), sometimes abbreviated as NIB. Neodymium magnets are used in numerous applications requiring strong, compact permanent magnets, such as electric motors for cordless tools, hard disk drives, magnetic holddowns, and jewelry clasps. They have the highest magnetic field strength and have a higher coercivity (which makes them magnetically stable), but they have a lower Curie temperature and are more vulnerable to oxidation than samarium–cobalt magnets. Corrosion can cause unprotected magnets to spall off a surface layer or to crumble into a powder. Use of protective surface treatments such as gold, nickel, zinc, and tin plating and epoxy-resin coating can provide corrosion protection.
Originally, the high cost of these magnets limited their use to applications requiring compactness together with high field strength. Both the raw materials and the patent licenses were expensive. However, since the 1990s, NIB magnets have become steadily less expensive, and the low cost has inspired new uses such as magnetic construction toys.
Hazards[edit]
The greater force exerted by rare-earth magnets creates hazards that are not seen with other types of magnet. Magnets larger than a few centimeters are strong enough to cause injuries to body parts pinched between two magnets or a magnet and a metal surface, even causing broken bones.[8] Magnets allowed to get too near each other can strike each other with enough force to chip and shatter the brittle material, and the flying chips can cause injuries. There have even been cases where young children who have swallowed several magnets have had a fold of the digestive tract pinched between the magnets, causing injury and in one case intestinal perforations, sepsis and death.[9]
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission passed a rule restricting rare-earth magnet size in consumer products, but it was vacated by a US Federal court decision in November 2016.[10]
Applications[edit]
Since their prices became competitive in the 1990s, neodymium magnets have been replacing Alnico and ferrite magnets in the many applications in modern technology requiring powerful magnets. Their greater strength allows smaller and lighter magnets to be used for a given application.
Common applications[edit]
Neodymium magnet balls
Common applications of rare-earth magnets include:
computer hard disk drives
wind turbine generators
speakers / headphones
bicycle dynamos
MRI scanners
fishing reel brakes
permanent magnet motors in cordless tools
high-performance AC servo motors
traction motors and integrated starter-generators in hybrid and electric vehicles
mechanically powered flashlights, employing rare earth magnets for generating electricity in a shaking motion or rotating (hand-crank-powered) motion
industrial uses such as maintaining product purity, equipment protection, and quality control
capture of fine metallic particles in lubricating oils (crankcases of internal combustion engines, also gearboxes and differentials), so as to keep said particles out of circulation, thereby rendering them unable to cause abrasive wear of moving machine parts
Other applications[edit]
Other applications of rare-earth magnets include:
Linear motors (used in mag-lev trains, etc.)
Stop motion animation: as tie-downs when the use of traditional screw and nut tie-downs is impractical.
Diamagnetic levitation experimentation, the study of magnetic field dynamics and superconductor levitation.
Electrodynamic bearings
Launched roller coaster technology found on roller coaster and other thrill rides.
LED Throwies, small LEDs attached to a button cell battery and a small rare earth magnet, used as a form of non-destructive graffiti and temporary public art.
Neodymium magnet toys
Electric guitar pickups
Miniature figures, for which rare-earth magnets have gained popularity in the miniatures gaming community for their small size and relative strength assisting in basing and swapping weapons between models.
Rare-earth-free permanent magnets[edit]
The United States Department of Energy has identified a need to find substitutes for rare-earth metals in permanent-magnet technology and has begun funding such research. The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) has sponsored a Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies (REACT) program, to develop alternative materials. In 2011, ARPA-E awarded 31.6 million dollars to fund Rare-Earth Substitute projects.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cullity, B. D.; Graham, C. D. (2008). Introduction to Magnetic Materials. Wiley-IEEE. p. 489. ISBN 0-471-47741-9.
Jump up ^ Lovelace, Alan M. (March–April 1971). "More Mileage Than Programmed From Military R&D". Air University Review. US Air Force. 22 (3): 14–23. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCaig, Malcolm (1977). Permanent Magnets in Theory and Practice. USA: Wiley. p. 123. ISBN 0-7273-1604-4.
Jump up ^ Sigel, Astrid; Helmut Sigel (2003). The lanthanides and their interrelations with biosystems. USA: CRC Press. pp. v. ISBN 0-8247-4245-1.
Jump up ^ Bobber, R. J. (1981). "New Types of Transducers". Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing. p. 243. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8447-9_20. ISBN 978-94-009-8449-3.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Bryan (March 13, 2012). "Raring to Fight: The U.S. Tangles with China over Rare-Earth Exports". Time Magazine. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chu, Steven (2011). Critical Materials Strategy. DIANE Publishing. pp. 96–98. ISBN 1437944183.
Jump up ^ Swain, Frank (March 6, 2009). "How to remove a finger with two super magnets". The Sciencepunk Blog. Seed Media Group LLC. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Magnet Safety Alert" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "CPSC Recall Snapshot" (PDF). Alston & Bird. December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Research Funding for Rare Earth Free Permanent Magnets". ARPA-E. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Edward P. Furlani, "Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis and Applications", Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism (2001). ISBN 0-12-269951-3.
Peter Campbell, "Permanent Magnet Materials and their Application" (Cambridge Studies in Magnetism)(1996). ISBN 978-0-521-56688-9.
Brown, D. N.; B. Smith; B. M. Ma; P. Campbell (2004). "The Dependence of Magnetic Properties and Hot Workability of Rare Earth-Iron-Boride Magnets Upon Composition" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 40 (4): 2895–2897. Bibcode:2004ITM....40.2895B. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2004.832240. ISSN 0018-9464. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
External links[edit]
Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials (Magnetic Materials Producers Association)
Edwards, Lin (22 March 2010). "Iron-nitrogen compound forms strongest magnet known". PhysOrg.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rare-earth_magnet&oldid=858947096"
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