text:
Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games
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Main article: 2018 Commonwealth Games
The concept image for Carrara Stadium and Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre. Carrara Stadium will host the Athletics events and both the Opening and Closing Ceremony while the Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre will host badminton.
Part of a series on
2018 Commonwealth Games[show]
Bids
Venues
Queen's Baton Relay
Opening ceremony (Parade of Nations)
Participating nations
Medal table
Event calendar
Closing ceremony
CGF
ACGA
v
t
e
The 2018 Commonwealth Games venues are mostly located in the host city of Gold Coast, though some other events require facilities located elsewhere.
One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City's successful bid was the fact that the city already has 80 percent of the planned venues in place. The vast majority of venues are located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood and are broadly grouped into three areas; Central Gold Coast City, North Gold Coast City and South Gold Coast City. The only sports that will be held outside of Gold Coast City will be track cycling, shooting and the preliminary rounds of Basketball which will be held in Brisbane and Cairns/Townsville respectively.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Venues
1.1 Main Stadium
1.2 Central Gold Coast City
1.3 North Gold Coast City
1.4 South Gold Coast City
1.5 Outside venues
1.5.1 Brisbane
1.5.2 North Queensland
2 See also
3 References
Venues[edit]
Venue
Sports
Gross capacity
Type
Carrara Stadium Athletics, Opening Ceremony, Closing Ceremony[1] 40,000 Upgrade
Robina Stadium Rugby 7s[1] 27,500 Existing
Gold Coast Aquatic Centre Swimming, Diving[1] 10,000/2,500 Upgrade
Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre Gymnastics, Netball (finals)[1] 7,500 New
Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Basketball (finals), Netball (preliminaries)[1] 5,000 Existing
Gold Coast Hockey Centre Hockey[1] 5,000 Upgrade
Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre Badminton, Powerlifting, Weightlifting, Wrestling[1] 2,500
New
Village Roadshow Studios Boxing, Table Tennis[1] 2,500/2,750 Temporary
Runaway Bay Sports Centre Squash[1] 3,000 Temporary
Broadbeach Bowls Club Lawn bowling[1] 2,500 Upgrade
Carrara Indoor Stadium Weightlifting[1] 2,500 Upgrade
Southport Broadwater Parklands Marathon, Racewalking, Triathlon[1] 2,500 Temporary
Elanora/Currumbin Valley Road cycling[1] N/A Temporary
Nerang National Park Mountain Biking[1] 2,000 Upgrade
Queen Elizabeth Park[2] Beach Volleyball[3] 4,000 Temporary
Venues outside the Gold Coast
Cairns Convention Centre Basketball (preliminaries)[1] 5,000 Existing
Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Basketball (preliminaries)[1] 5,000 Existing
Anna Meares Velodrome Track cycling[1] 4,000 New
Belmont, Queensland Shooting[1] 3,000 Upgrade
Gold coast city skyline.
Main Stadium[edit]
Carrara Stadium, located in the suburb of Carrara, will be the main venue for Athletics, the Opening Ceremony and the Closing Ceremony.
Central Gold Coast City[edit]
Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre will host the Netball as well as being the main media centre for the duration of the games.
The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre, located in the suburb of Broadbeach, will host Basketball and Netball. The Broadbeach Bowls Club will play host to the Bowls competition. Carrara Stadium will host the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the games while also hosting the Athletics events. A new indoor sports venue called the Gold Coast Sports and Leisure Centre (replacing the existing Carrara Indoor Stadium) will be constructed close to the athletics warm up track.
The Hinze Dam, located in the suburb of Advancetown, will be the location for the Mountain Bike competition. A new course will be constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators.
North Gold Coast City[edit]
A new indoor facility in the suburb of Coomera will be built to host Gymnastics and Netball. The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow complex in the suburb of Oxenford will play host to the sports of Boxing and Table Tennis. During Games mode the venue will be enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 (boxing) and 3,200 (table tennis). The Runaway Bay Indoor Sports Centre will be upgraded to host both the Squash and Weightlifting events.
The Gold Coast Hockey Centre will play host to the men's and women's Hockey events during the games. The Southport Broadwater Parklands will host Swimming and Marathon events.
South Gold Coast City[edit]
Robina Stadium will play host to the Rugby 7s competition and will require an upgrade to meet World Rugby standards. The Elanora/Currumbin Valley area will host the road racing elements of the cycling programme. Both the road race and time trial events will start and finish within this area. Queen Elizabeth Park in Coolangatta will host the beach volleyball event.
Outside venues[edit]
Brisbane[edit]
Anna Meares Velodrome, Brisbane
Brisbane, along with the Gold Coast, forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation. Track Cycling is proposed to be held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler, where a new indoor cycling velodrome (Anna Meares Velodrome) was built. The Velodrome will seat 4,000 spectators in Games mode and will remain as a permanent legacy with reduced seating capacity for the sport of cycling post the Games. The Shooting disciplines are proposed to be held at the Belmont Shooting Centre; this will incorporate clay target, pistol, small and full bore disciplines.
North Queensland[edit]
In Tropical North Queensland, the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre will play host to the preliminary rounds of both the men's and women's basketball competitions.
See also[edit]
Commonwealth Games portal
Gold Coast portal
Queensland portal
Australia portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Sporting venues". Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
Jump up ^ Coolangatta named as venue for Gold Coast Commonwealth Games beach volleyball venue
Jump up ^ Exclusive: Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venues_of_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=800890372"
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text:
Allies of World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Allies of World War I
Military alliance
1914–1918
Allied and Associated Powers (and their colonies)
Central Powers (and their colonies)
Neutral Powers
The "Triple Entente":
France
British Empire
Russian Empire (until 1917)
Other allies:
Serbia
Belgium
Montenegro
Japan
Italy (from 1915)
Portugal (from 1916)
Romania (from 1916)
Greece (from 1917)
China (from 1917)
Siam (from 1917)
Major co-belligerents:
Emirate of Asir (from 1915)
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (from 1915)
Hejaz (from 1916)
United States (from 1917)
Brazil (from 1917)
Armenia (1918)
Capital Not specified
Political structure Military alliance
Historical era World War I
• Established 1914
• Disestablished 1918
Succeeded by
Allies of World War II
European diplomatic alignments shortly before the war.
The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.
The members of the original Triple Entente of 1907 were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire. Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers, arguing that Germany and Austria-Hungary started the war and that the alliance was only defensive in nature; it entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. Japan was another important member. Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania[1] were affiliated members of the Entente.[2]
The 1920 Treaty of Sèvres defines the Principal Allied Powers as the British Empire, French Republic, Italy and Japan. The Allied Powers comprised, together with the Principal Allied Powers, Armenia, Belgium, Greece, Hejaz, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serb-Croat-Slovene state and Czechoslovakia.[3]
The U.S. declaration of war on Germany, on 6 April 1917 was on the grounds that Germany had violated its neutrality by attacking international shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram sent to Mexico.[4] It declared war on Austria-Hungary in December 1917.[5][6] The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than as a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements".[7] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war.[8]
The Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made great contributions to the Allied war effort, but did not have independent foreign policies in World War I with the British War Cabinet exercising operational control of British Empire forces. The Dominion governments did control recruiting, and removed personnel from front-line duties as they saw fit. From early 1917, the War Cabinet was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominion representation. The Australian Corps and Canadian Corps were placed under the command of Australian and Canadian Lieutenant Generals John Monash and Arthur Currie,[9] respectively, who reported in turn to British generals.[citation needed] In April 1918, operational control of all Entente forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, Ferdinand Foch of France.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Major affiliated state combatants
2.1 United Kingdom
2.1.1 War justifications
2.1.2 Colonies and dependencies
2.1.2.1 In Europe
2.1.2.2 In Africa
2.1.2.3 In North America
2.1.2.4 In Asia
2.1.2.5 In Oceania
2.2 Russia
2.3 France
2.4 Japan
2.5 Italy
2.6 Serbia
2.7 Romania
3 Other affiliated state combatants
3.1 Belgium
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Montenegro
3.4 Nejd and Hasa
3.5 Idrisid Emirate of Asir
4 Major co-belligerent state combatants
4.1 United States
5 Non-state combatants
6 Leaders
6.1 Serbia
6.2 Montenegro
6.3 Russia (1914–1917)
6.4 Belgium
6.5 France
6.6 British Empire
6.6.1 Dominion of Canada
6.6.2 Commonwealth of Australia
6.6.3 Empire of India
6.6.4 Union of South Africa
6.6.5 New Zealand
6.6.6 Dominion of Newfoundland
6.7 Japan
6.8 Italy (1915–1918)
6.9 Romania (1916–1918)
6.10 Portugal (1916–1918)
6.11 Greece (1917–1918)
6.12 United States (1917–1918)
6.13 Siam (Thailand) (1917–1918)
6.14 Brazil (1917–1918)
6.15 Armenia (1918)
7 Personnel and casualties
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 Sources
History[edit]
A 1914 Russian poster depicting the Triple Entente.
The original alignment opposed to the Central Powers was the Triple Entente, which was formed by three Great European Powers:
British Empire
French Republic
Russian Empire
The war began with the Austrian attack invasion of Serbia on 28 July 1914, in response to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The Austrian Empire followed with an attack on the Serbian ally Montenegro on 8 August.[citation needed] On the Western Front, the two neutral States of Belgium and Luxembourg were immediately occupied by German troops as part of the German Schlieffen Plan.
Of the two Low Countries involved in the war, Luxembourg chose to capitulate, and was viewed as a collaborationist state by the Entente powers: Luxembourg never became part of the Allies, and only narrowly avoided Belgium's efforts of annexation, at the conclusion of hostilities in 1919. On 23 August Japan joined the Entente, which then counted seven members.[citation needed]. The entrance of the British Empire brought Nepal into the war.
On 23 May 1915, Italy entered the war on the Entente side and declared war on Austria; previously, Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance but had remained neutral since the beginning of the conflict. In 1916, Montenegro capitulated and left the Entente, and two nations joined, Portugal and Romania.[citation needed]
On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war. Liberia, Siam and Greece also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formal involvement in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectively creating a separate peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation of hostilities, however the Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on 10 November 1918. The Russian withdrawal allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on five Great Powers:
French Republic
British Empire
United States
Italy
Japan
Following the Versailles conference, Britain, France, Italy and Japan became the permanent members of the League of Nations council. The United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.
Statistics of the Allied Powers (1913) and enlisted soldiers during the war[10]
Population
(millions)
Land
(million km2)
GDP
($ billion)
Enlisted soldiers during the war
First Wave: 1914
Russia Russian Empire (inc. Poland) 173.2 21.7 257.7
Finland 3.2 0.4 6.6
Total 176.4 22.1 264.3 12,000,000
French Third Republic France 39.8 0.5 138.7
French colonies 48.3 10.7 31.5
Total 88.1 11.2 170.2 8,410,000
British Empire United Kingdom 46.0 0.3 226.4 5,704,000 (UK only)
British colonies 380.2 13.5 257
British Dominions 19.9 19.5 77.8
Total 446.1 33.3 561.2 8,689,000 (British Empire total)[11]
Empire of Japan Japan 55.1 0.4 76.5
Japanese colonies[12] 19.1 0.3 16.3
Total 74.2 0.7 92.8 800,000
Yugoslav states[13] 7.0 0.2 7.2
Second Wave (1915–16)
Kingdom of Italy Italy 35.6 0.3 91.3
Italian colonies 2.0 2.0 1.3
Total 37.6 2.3 92.6 5,615,000
Portugal Portugal 6.0 0.1 7.4
Portuguese colonies 8.7 2.4 5.2
Total 14.7 2.5 12.6 100,000
Kingdom of Romania 7.7 0.1 11.7 750,000
Third Wave (1917–18)
United States United States 96.5 7.8 511.6
overseas dependencies[14] 9.8 1.8 10.6
Total 106.3 9.6 522.2 4,355,000
Central American states[15] 9.0 0.6 10.6
Brazil 25.0 8.5 20.3
Kingdom of Greece 4.8 0.1 7.7 230,000
Siam 8.4 0.5 7.0
Republic of China 441.0 11.1 243.7
Liberia 1.5 0.1 0.9
Aggregate statistics of the Allied Powers (in 1913)[16]
Population
(millions)
Territory
(million km2)
GDP
($ billion)
November 1914
Allies, total 793.3 76.5 1,096.5
UK, France and Russia only 259.0 22.6 622.6
November 1916
Allies, total 793.3 67.5 1,213.4
UK, France and Russia only 259.0 22.6 622.6
November 1918
Allies, total 1,271.7 80.8 1,760.5
Percentage of world 70% 61% 64%
UK, France and USA only 182.0 8.7 876.6
Percentage of world 10% 7% 32%
Central Powers[17]
156.1
6.0
383.9
World, 1913
1,810.3
133.5
2,733.9
Major affiliated state combatants[edit]
The Council of Four (from left to right): David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson in Versailles
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War
British Empire in 1914
British soldiers in a trench during the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
British battlecruiser HMS Lion hit by shell fire during the Battle of Jutland.
British Sopwith Camel fighter aircraft during the war.
War justifications[edit]
In response to the Germans invasion of neutral Belgium, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.[18] The British Empire held several semi-autonomous dominions that were automatically brought into the war effort as a result of the British declaration of war, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and South Africa.
Colonies and dependencies[edit]
Main article: British Empire
In Europe[edit]
Gibraltar, Cyprus and Malta were British dependencies in Europe.
In Africa[edit]
The UK held several colonies, protectorates, and semi-autonomous dependencies at the time of World War I. In Eastern Africa the East Africa Protectorate, Nyasaland, both Northern and Southern Rhodesia, the Uganda Protectorate, were involved in conflict with German forces in German East Africa. In Western Africa, the colonies of Gold Coast and Nigeria were involved in military actions against German forces from Togoland and Kamerun. In Southwestern Africa, the semi-autonomous dominion of South Africa was involved in military actions against German forces in German South-West Africa.
In North America[edit]
Canada and Newfoundland were two autonomous dominions during the war that made major military contributions to the British war effort.
Other British dependent territories in the Americas included: British Honduras, the Falkland Islands, British Guiana, and Jamaica.
In Asia[edit]
The UK held large possessions in Asia, including the Indian Empire which was an assortment of British imperial authorities in the territory now defined as India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan.
Other British territories at the time included: British Malaya – referring to several Malay states under British control as a result of the Straits Settlements, North Borneo, Sri Lanka, and Hong Kong.
In Oceania[edit]
Australia and New Zealand were two autonomous dominions of the UK in Oceania during the war. Australia had become an independent nation state in 1901. Having strong cultural ties with the United Kingdom, the nations declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.
Russia[edit]
Main article: Russian Empire
Russian artillery firing.
In response to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia in 1914, Russian government officials denounced the Austro-Hungarian invasion as an "ignoble war" on a "weak country".[19] Russian government official Nikolaĭ N. Shebeko stated: "the attack on Serbia by a powerful empire such as Austria, supposedly in order to defend its existence, cannot be understood by anyone in my country; it has been considered simply as a means of delivering a death-blow to Serbia."[19] Russia held close diplomatic relations with Serbia, and Russian foreign minister Sergey Sazonov suspected the events were a conspiracy between Austria-Hungary and Germany to expel Russian influence in the Balkans.[19] On 30 July 1914, Russia enacted a general mobilization. The day after general mobilization was enacted, Austria-Hungary's ally Germany declared war on Russia prior to expected Russian intervention against Austria-Hungary.
Following a raid by Ottoman warships on the Russian port of Odessa, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914.[20]
France[edit]
Main articles: French Third Republic and French colonial empire
French soldiers crossing a river on their way to Verdun during the Battle of Verdun.
After Germany declared war on Russia, France with its alliance with Russia prepared a general mobilization in expectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany declared war on France.[21]
Japan[edit]
Main article: Empire of Japan
Japanese soldiers landing in Tsingtao during the Siege of Tsingtao in which Allied forces seized control of Germany's Kiautschou Bay concession.
Japan declared war on Germany after it did not accept an ultimatum sent by Japan to Germany, demanding that Germany extinguish its title to the Kiautschou Bay concession and restore that territory to China.[22] The Japanese government appealed to the Japanese public that Japan was not merely entering a "European War" on behalf of European powers, but that Japan was fighting on behalf of Asians against a belligerent European power, Germany, that Japan identified as the "source of evil in the Far East".[22] Thus as a result of this, Japan was following through with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[22]
Italy[edit]
Main articles: Kingdom of Italy and Italian Empire
Italian alpine troops.
Italy had been a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary since the 1880s, however the Triple Alliance stipulated that all parties must be consulted in the event of one country engaging in war and Italy was not informed of this.[23] As such Italy claimed that it was not obligated to join their war effort.[23] Italy's relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary in contrast to the Allies were additionally affected by the fact that in 1913, Britain supplied Italy with 90 percent of its annual imports of coal.[23] The war effort of the Central Powers meant that Germany and Austria-Hungary were using their coal supplies for the war, and little was available to be exported to Italy.[23] Italy initially attempted to pursue neutrality from 1914 to 1915.[23]
After diplomatic negotiations, Britain and France convinced Italy to join the war effort with promises that Italy would gain favourable territorial concessions from the Central Powers, including Italian-populated territories of Austria-Hungary.[24] Italy ordered mobilization on 22 May 1915, and issued an ultimatum to Austria-Hungary, and then declared war on Austria-Hungary, though it did not declare war on Germany.[24]
Serbia[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Serbia
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Serbian soldiers during World War I
Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary after Austria-Hungary placed a stringent ultimatum to the Serbian government demanding full compliance to an Austro-Hungarian investigation of complicity by the Serbian government in the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. Serbia agreed to most of Austria-Hungary's demands but because it did not fully comply, Austria-Hungary invaded.
Serbia had the diplomatic support of Russia, and both Serbia and Russia resented Austria-Hungary's absorption of Bosnia and Herzegovina that held a substantial Serb population. Serbia had expanded in size through its actions in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 when the Ottoman Empire's control in the Balkans collapsed.
During the war, Serbia justified the war as being the result of Austro-Hungarian imperialism towards Serbs and South Slavs, Serbia cooperated with Yugoslavists including the Yugoslav Committee who sought pan-South-Slav unification, particularly through liberating South Slavs from Austria-Hungary. In the Corfu Declaration in 1917, the Serbian government officially declared its intention to form a state of Yugoslavia.
The first two allied victories in the war were won by the Serbian army, on the mountains of Cer and Kolubara, in western Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian army was expelled from the country, suffering heavy losses. Serbia suffered great losses during the war, almost 50% of all men and around 30% of its entire population were killed.
Romania[edit]
Main articles: Kingdom of Romania and Romania during World War I
Romanian 250 mm Negrei Model 1916 mortar at the National Military Museum
Vlaicu III
Romanian troops at Mărășești
Equal status with the main Allied Powers was one of the primary conditions for Romania's entry into the War. The Powers officially recognized this status through the 1916 Treaty of Bucharest.[25] Romania fought on 3 of the 4 European Fronts: Eastern, Balkan and Italian, fielding in total over 1,200,000 troops.[26]
Romanian military industry was mainly focused on converting various fortification guns into field and anti-aircraft artillery. Up to 334 German 53 mm Fahrpanzer guns, 93 French 57 mm Hotchkiss guns, 66 Krupp 150 mm guns and dozens more 210 mm guns were mounted on Romanian-built carriages and transformed into mobile field artillery, with 45 Krupp 75 mm guns and 132 Hotchkiss 57 mm guns being transformed into anti-aircraft artillery. The Romanians also upgraded 120 German Krupp 105 mm howitzers, the result being the most effective field howitzer in Europe at that time. Romania even managed to design and build from scratch its own model of mortar, the 250 mm Negrei Model 1916.[27]
Other Romanian technological assets include the building of Vlaicu III, the world's first aircraft made of metal.[28] The Romanian Navy possessed the largest warships on the Danube. They were a class of 4 river monitors, built locally at the Galați shipyard using parts manufactured in Austria-Hungary, and the first one launched was Lascăr Catargiu, in 1907.[29][30] The Romanian monitors displaced almost 700 tons, were armed with three 120 mm naval guns in 3 turrets, two 120 mm naval howitzers, four 47 mm anti-aircraft guns and two 6.5 machine guns.[31] The monitors took part in the Battle of Turtucaia and the First Battle of Cobadin. The Romanian-designed Schneider 150 mm Model 1912 howitzer was considered one of the most modern field guns on the Western Front.[32]
Romania's entry into the War in August 1916 provoked major changes for the Germans. General Erich von Falkenhayn was dismissed and sent to command the Central Powers forces in Romania, which enabled Hindenburg's subsequent ascension to power.[33] Due to having to fight against all of the Central Powers on the longest front in Europe (1,600 km) and with little foreign help (only 50,000 Russians aided 650,000 Romanians in 1916),[34] the Romanian capital was conquered that December. Vlaicu III was also captured and shipped to Germany, being last seen in 1942.[35] The Romanian administration established a new capital at Iași and continued to fight on the Allied side in 1917.[36] Despite being relatively short, the Romanian campaign of 1916 provided considerable respite for the Western Allies, as the Germans ceased all their other offensive operations in order to deal with Romania.[37] After suffering a tactical defeat against the Romanians (aided by Russians) in July 1917 at Mărăști, the Central Powers launched two counterattacks, at Mărășești and Oituz. The German offensive at Mărășești was soundly defeated, with German prisoners later telling their Romanian captors that German casualties were extremely heavy, and that they "had not encountered such stiff resistance since the battles of Somme and Verdun".[38] The Austro-Hungarian offensive at Oituz also failed. On 22 September, the Austro-Hungarian Enns-class river monitor SMS Inn was sunk by a Romanian mine near Brăila.[39][40] After Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and dropped out of the War, Romania was left surrounded by the Central Powers and eventually signed a similar treaty on 7 May 1918. Despite being forced to cede land to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, Romania ended up with a net gain in territory due to the Union with Bessarabia. On 10 November, Romania re-entered the War and fought a war with Hungary that lasted until August 1919.
Other affiliated state combatants[edit]
Belgium[edit]
Belgium had declared its neutrality when the war began, but Germany disregarded Belgium's neutrality and invaded the country in order to launch an offensive against the French capital of Paris. As a result, Belgium became a member of the Allies.
Brazil[edit]
Main article: First Brazilian Republic
Brazilian soldiers in World War I.
Brazil entered the war in 1917 after the United States intervened on the basis of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare sinking its merchant ships, which Brazil also cited as a reason to enter the war fighting against Germany and the Central Powers.
Montenegro[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Montenegro
Montenegro had very close cultural and political connections with Serbia and had cooperated with Serbia in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Montenegro joined the war against Austria-Hungary.
Nejd and Hasa[edit]
The Emirate of Nejd and Hasa agreed to enter the war as an ally of Britain in the Treaty of Darin on December 26, 1915.[41]
Idrisid Emirate of Asir[edit]
The Idrisid Emirate of Asir participated in the Arab revolt. Its Emir, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, signed an agreement with the British and joined the Allies in May 1915.
Major co-belligerent state combatants[edit]
United States[edit]
The United States declared war on Germany in 1917 on the grounds that Germany violated U.S. neutrality by attacking international shipping with its unrestricted submarine warfare campaign.[4] The remotely connected Zimmermann Telegram of the same period, within which the Germans promised to help Mexico regain some of its territory lost to the U.S nearly eight decades before, was also a contributing factor. The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power," rather than a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom, in order to avoid "foreign entanglements."[7] Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war.[8]
Non-state combatants[edit]
Three non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to the peace treaties:[citation needed]
Armenian irregulars and volunteers: seceded from Soviet Russia in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and fought against the Ottoman Empire.
Polish Legions
Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia
Leaders[edit]
Main article: Allied leaders of World War I
Serbia[edit]
Peter I – King of Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander – Regent, Commander-in-Chief
Nikola Pašić – Prime Minister of Serbia
Field Marshal Radomir Putnik – Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Army (1914–1915)
General / Field Marshal Živojin Mišić – Deputy Chief of General Staff (1914), Commander of First Army (1914–1915; 1917), later Chief of General Staff (1918)
General / Field Marshal Petar Bojović – Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief of General Staff (1915–1916), Chief of General Staff (1916–1917) later Commander of First Army (1918)
General / Field Marshal Stepa Stepanović – Commander of Second Army (1914–1918)
General Pavle Jurišić Šturm – Commander of Third Army (1914–1916)
Colonel Dušan Stefanović (sr) – Minister of War (1914)
Colonel Radivoje Bojović – Minister of War (1914–1915)
Colonel / General Božidar Terzić (sr) – Minister of War (1915–1918)
General Mihailo Rašić (sr) – Minister of War (1918)
Colonel / General Miloš Vasić (sr) – Commander of First Army (1916; 1917), Commander of Third Army (1916)
Montenegro[edit]
Nicholas I – King of Montenegro, Commander-in-Chief
General Serdar Janko Vukotić – Prime Minister, Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army
General Božidar Janković – Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914–1915)
Colonel Petar Pešić (sr) – Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1914–1915), later Chief of the General Staff of the Montenegrin Army (1915–1916)
Crown Prince Danilo II Petrović-Njegoš – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army
Brigadier Krsto Popović – In the staff of the 1st Montenegrin Army, Aide-de-camp to Serdar Janko Vukotić
General Anto Gvozdenović – King's Aide-de-camp
General Mitar Martinović (sr) – Commander of several detachments in the Montenegrin army ( Drina and Herzegovina detachments together in 1914–1915, Kotor detachment in 1916 )
Russia (1914–1917)[edit]
Nicholas II — Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March 1917)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich – Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 – 5 September 1916) and viceroy in the Caucasus
Ivan Goremykin – Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (1 August 1914 – 2 February 1916)
Boris Stürmer – Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (2 February 1916 – 23 November 1916)
Alexander Trepov – Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (23 November 1916 – 27 December 1916)
Nikolai Golitsyn – Chairmen of Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (27 December 1916 – 9 January 1917)
General of the Cavalry Alexander Samsonov – Commander of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 – 29 August 1914)
General of the Cavalry Paul von Rennenkampf – Commander of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 – November 1914)
General of the Artillery Nikolay Ivanov – Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front, (1 August 1914 – March 1916) responsible for much of the action in Galicia
General Adjutant Aleksei Brusilov – Commander of the South-West Front, then provisional Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication (February 1917 – August 1917)
General of the Infantry Lavr Georgievich Kornilov – Commander of the South-West Front, then Commander-in-Chief (August 1917)
General of the Infantry Aleksey Kuropatkin – Commander of the Northern Front (October 1915 – 1917)
General of the Infantry Nikolai Yudenich – Commander of the Caucasus (January 1915 – May 1917)
Admiral Andrei Eberhardt – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1914–16)
Admiral Alexander Kolchak – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1916–17)
Admiral Nikolai Essen – Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913 – May 1915)
Belgium[edit]
Albert I of Belgium – King of the Belgians (23 December 1909 – 17 February 1934) and Commander-in-chief of the Belgian army
Charles de Broqueville – Prime Minister (1912–1918); replaced by Gérard Cooreman in June 1918 shortly before the end of the war.
Félix Wielemans – Chief of Staff of the Belgian Army
Gérard Leman – general commanding the defense of Liège
Théophile Figeys – general in the Hundred Days' Offensive
Charles Tombeur – commander of the colonial Force Publique in the East African theater
France[edit]
Raymond Poincaré – President of France
René Viviani – Prime Minister of France (13 June 1914 – 29 October 1915)
Aristide Briand – Prime Minister of France (29 October 1915 – 20 March 1917)
Alexandre Ribot – Prime Minister of France (20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917)
Paul Painlevé – Prime Minister of France (12 September 1917 – 16 November 1917)
Georges Clemenceau – Prime Minister of France (From 16 November 1917)
Divisional General / Marshal Joseph Joffre – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (3 August 1914 – 13 December 1916)
Divisional General Robert Nivelle – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (13 December 1916 – April 1917)
Divisional General / Marshal Philippe Pétain – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (April 1917 – 11 November 1918)
Divisional General / Marshal Ferdinand Foch – Supreme Allied Commander (26 March 1918 – 11 November 1918)
Divisional General Maurice Sarrail – Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1915–1917)
Army General Adolphe Guillaumat – Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1917–1918)
Divisional General / Marshal Louis Franchet d'Espèrey – Commander of the Allied armies at Salonika Front (1918)
Brigadier General Milan Rastislav Štefánik – General of French Army, Commander of Czechoslovak Legions
British Empire[edit]
George V – King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India
H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Until 5 December 1916)
David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (From 7 December 1916)
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener – Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 – 5 June 1916)
General William Robertson – Chief of the Imperial General Staff (23 December 1915 – February 1918)
General Henry Wilson – Chief of the Imperial General Staff (February 1918 – February 1922)
General John French – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (4 August 1914 – 15 December 1915)
General / Field Marshal Douglas Haig – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (15 December 1915 – 11 November 1918)
General Sir David Henderson - Director-General of Military Aeronautics
General Hugh Trenchard – Commander of Royal Flying Corps – (August 1915 – January 1918)
Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty – (1911 – May 1915)
Arthur Balfour- First Lord of the Admiralty – (May 1915 – December 1916)
Edward Carson – First Lord of the Admiralty – (10 December 1916 – 17 July 1917)
Eric Geddes – First Lord of the Admiralty – (July 1917 – January 1919)
Admiral of the Fleet John "Jackie" Fisher – First Sea Lord – (1914 – May 1915)
Admiral Henry Jackson – First Sea Lord – (May 1915 – November 1916)
Admiral John Jellicoe – Commander of the Grand Fleet (August 1914 – November 1916); First Sea Lord (November 1916 – December 1917)
Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss – First Sea Lord (December 1917 – November 1919)
Admiral David Beatty – Commander of the Grand Fleet (November 1916 – April 1919)
General Archibald Murray – Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (January 1916 – June 1917)
General Edmund Allenby – Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (June 1917 – November 1918)
Eric John Eagles Swayne – commander of the British forces in the Somaliland Campaign
Dominion of Canada[edit]
Robert Borden – Prime Minister of Canada (1914–18)
Sam Hughes – Minister of Militia and Defence (1914 – January 1915)
Joseph Flavelle – Chairman of Imperial Munitions Board (1915–19)
Lieutenant-General Edwin Alderson – Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (26 January 1915 – September 1915)
General Julian Byng – Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (June 1916 – June 1917)
General Arthur Currie – Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (June 1917 –)[42]
Commonwealth of Australia[edit]
Joseph Cook – Prime Minister of Australia (until 17 September 1914)
Andrew Fisher – Prime Minister of Australia (17 September 1914 – 27 October 1915)
Billy Hughes – Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)
General William Birdwood – Commander of the Australian Corps (all five Australian infantry divisions serving on the Western Front) (November 1917 – May 1918)
General John Monash – Commander of the Australian Corps (May 1918 –)
Major General William Holmes – Commander of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (August 1914 – February 1915)
General Harry Chauvel – Commander of Desert Mounted Corps (Sinai and Palestine) (August 1917 –)
Empire of India[edit]
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst – Viceroy of India 1910–1916
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford – Viceroy of India 1916–1921
Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe – Secretary of State for India (May 1911 – May 1915)
Austen Chamberlain – Secretary of State for India (May 1915 – July 1917)
Edwin Samuel Montagu – Secretary of State for India (July 1917 – March 1922)
Lieutenant-General John Nixon commander of the British Indian Army (active in the Middle East)
Union of South Africa[edit]
General Louis Botha – Prime Minister of South Africa
General Jan Smuts – Led forces in South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, later member of the Imperial War Cabinet
New Zealand[edit]
William Massey – Prime Minister of New Zealand
General Sir Alexander Godley – Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces (to October 1914); Commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force
Major General Sir Alfred William Robin – Quartermaster-General and Commandant of New Zealand Military Forces (from October 1914)
Major General Sir Andrew Hamilton Russell – Commander of the New Zealand Division
Dominion of Newfoundland[edit]
Sir Edward Morris – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1909–1917)
Sir John Crosbie – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1917–1918)
Sir William Lloyd – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1918–1919)
Japan[edit]
Emperor Taishō – Emperor of Japan
Ōkuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan (16 April 1914 – 9 October 1916)
Terauchi Masatake – Prime minister of Japan (9 October 1916 – 29 September 1918)
Hara Takashi – Prime minister of Japan (29 September 1918 – 4 November 1921)
Kōzō Satō – Commander of the Second Special Task Fleet
Kamio Mitsuomi – Commander of Allied land forces at Tsingtao
Italy (1915–1918)[edit]
Victor Emmanuel III – King of Italy
Antonio Salandra – Prime Minister (until 18 June 1916)
Paolo Boselli – Prime Minister (18 June 1916 – 29 October 1917)
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando – Prime Minister (from 29 October 1917)
Luigi Cadorna – Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Italian Army
Armando Diaz – Chief of General Staff of the Royal Italian army
Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi – Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy (1914–17)
Paolo Thaon di Revel – Admiral of the Royal Italian Navy
Romania (1916–1918)[edit]
Ferdinand I – King of Romania
General Constantin Prezan – Chief of the General Staff of Romania
Ion I. C. Brătianu – Prime Minister of Romania
Vintilă Brătianu – Secretary of War
Field Marshal Alexandru Averescu – Commander of the 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army Group South
General Eremia Grigorescu – Commander of the 1st Army
Portugal (1916–1918)[edit]
Bernardino Machado – President of Portugal (until 12 December 1917)
Afonso Costa – Prime Minister of Portugal (until 15 March 1916; then again 25 April 1917 – 10 December 1917)
António José de Almeida – Prime Minister of Portugal (15 March 1916 – 25 April 1917)
Sidónio Pais – Prime Minister of Portugal and War Minister (11 December 1917 – 9 May 1918) and President of Portugal (from 9 May 1918)
José Norton de Matos – War Minister (until 10 December 1917)
João Tamagnini Barbosa – Interim War Minister (9 May 1918 – 15 May 1918)
Amílcar Mota – Secretary of State for War (15 May 1918 – 8 October 1918)
Álvaro de Mendonça – Secretary of State for War (from 8 October 1918)
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu – Commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)
José Augusto Alves Roçadas – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Southern Angola
José Luís de Moura Mendes – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (until June 1916)
José César Ferreira Gil – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from June 1916)
Sousa Rosa – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa (from 1917)
Greece (1917–1918)[edit]
Eleftherios Venizelos: Prime minister of Greece after 13 June 1917.
Constantin I: King of Greece, he retired from the throne, without formally resigning.
George: Crown Prince of Greece, designated King after his father retired from the throne, he refused to become the new king and followed his father in exile.
Alexander: King of Greece, he became King of Greece after his father and brother retired from the throne.
Panagiotis Danglis: Greek general in the Hellenic Army.
United States (1917–1918)[edit]
The use of naval convoys to transport U.S. troops to France, 1917.
Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States/Commander-In-Chief of the U.S. armed forces
Newton D. Baker – U.S. Secretary of War
Josephus Daniels – United States Secretary of the Navy
Major General / General John J. Pershing – Commander of the American Expeditionary Force
Rear Admiral / Vice Admiral William Sims – Commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters
Brigadier General Mason Patrick – Commander of the United States Army Air Service
The Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Paris, 1919.
Siam (Thailand) (1917–1918)[edit]
See main Article: Siam in World War I
Rama VI – King of Siam
Field Marshal Chao Phraya Bodindechanuchit – Minister of Defence
Prince Chakrabongse Bhuvanath – Supreme Commander Siamese Expeditionary Forces in World War I
General Phraya Bijai Janriddhi – Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces in Western Front
Brazil (1917–1918)[edit]
See main Article: Brazil during World War I
Venceslau Brás – President of Brazil
Admiral Pedro Frontin, Chief of DNOG (Brazilian Expeditionary Fleet)
General Napoleão Felipe Aché, Chief of Brazilian Military Mission in France (1918–1919)
M.D. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of Brazilian Military Medical Commission
Armenia (1918)[edit]
Andranik – military commander and statesman of the Caucasus Campaign
Aram Manukian – Minister of Internal Affairs of Armenia
Drastamat Kanayan – Military commander and member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Tovmas Nazarbekian – Commander-in-chief of the Armenian Republic
Movses Silikyan – Army general and National hero
Personnel and casualties[edit]
A pie-chart showing the military deaths of the Allied Powers.
These are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914–1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller. Only a fraction of them were frontline combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved. (See also: World War I casualties)
Allied power
Mobilized personnel
Military Fatalities
Wounded in action
Total casualties
Casualties as % of total mobilized
Australia 412,9531 61,928 (14.99%)[43] 152,171 214,099 52%
Belgium 267,0003 38,172 (14.29%)([44] 44,686 82,858 31%
Canada 628,9641 64,944 (10.32%)[45] 149,732 214,676 34%
France 8,410,0003 1,397,800 (16.62%)[46] 4,266,000 5,663,800 67%
Greece 230,0003 26,000 (11.30%)[47] 21,000 47,000 20%
India 1,440,4371 74,187 (5.15%)[48] 69,214 143,401 10%
Italy 5,615,0003 651,010 (11.59%)[49] 953,886 1,604,896 29%
Japan 800,0003 415 (0.05%)[50] 907 1,322 <1%
Monaco 80[51] 8 (10.00%)[51] 0 8[51] 10%
Montenegro 50,0003 3,000 (6.00%) 10,000 13,000 26%
Nepal 200,000[52] 30,670 (15.33%) 21,009 49,823 25%
New Zealand 128,5251 18,050 (14.04%)[53] 41,317 59,367 46%
Portugal 100,0003 7,222 (7.22%)[54] 13,751 20,973 21%
Romania 750,0003 250,000 (33.33%)[55] 120,000 370,000 49%
Russia 12,000,0003 1,811,000 (15.09%)[56] 4,950,000 6,761,000 56%
Serbia 707,3433 275,000 (38.87%)[57] 133,148 408,148 58%
Siam 1,2842 19 (1.48%) 0 19 2%
South Africa 136,0701 9,463 (6.95%)[58] 12,029 21,492 16%
United Kingdom 6,211,9222 886,342 (14.26%)[59] 1,665,749 2,552,091 41%
United States 4,355,0003 116,708 (2.68%)[60] 205,690 322,398 7%
Total 42,244,409 5,741,389 12,925,833 18,744,547 49%
See also[edit]
World War I portal
Triple Entente
Participants in World War I
Central Powers
Allied leaders of World War I
Allies of World War II
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Karel Schelle, The First World War and the Paris Peace Agreement, GRIN Verlag, 2009, p. 24
Jump up ^ "First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One".
Jump up ^ "Section I, Articles 1 - 260 - World War I Document Archive".
^ Jump up to: a b "First World War.com - Primary Documents - U.S. Declaration of War with Germany, 2 April 1917".
Jump up ^ Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications Archived 10 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ H.J.Res.169: Declaration of War with Austria-Hungary, WWI, United States Senate
^ Jump up to: a b Tucker&Roberts pp. 1232, 1264
^ Jump up to: a b Tucker&Roberts p. 1559
Jump up ^ Perry (2004), p.xiii
Jump up ^ S.N. Broadberry; Mark Harrison (2005). The Economics of World War I. illustrated. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ Baker, Chris. "British Army statistics of the Great War". www.1914-1918.net. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
Jump up ^ Korea, Formosa, Kwantung and Sakhalin
Jump up ^ Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia-Hercegovina
Jump up ^ As Hawaii and Alaska were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the dependencies
Jump up ^ Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama
Jump up ^ S.N. Broadberry; Mark Harrison (2005). The Economics of World War I. illustrated. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ Germany (and colonies), Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1562.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jelavich, Barbara. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914. P262
Jump up ^ Afflerbach, Holger; David Stevenson, David. An Improbable War: The Outbreak of World War 1 and European Political Culture. Berghan Books. 2012. P. 293.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. P1556.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914–1917. P155.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914–1917. P194.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Richard F; Herwig, Holger H. Decisions for War, 1914–1917. P194-198.
Jump up ^ Charles Upson Clark, United Roumania, p. 135
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, Encyclopedia of World War I, p. 273
Jump up ^ Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru, Artileria română în date și imagini (Romanian artillery in data and pictures), pp. 40, 49, 50, 54, 59, 61, 63, 65 and 66 (in Romanian)
Jump up ^ Jozef Wilczynski, Technology in Comecon: Acceleration of Technological Progress Through Economic Planning and the Market, p. 243
Jump up ^ International Naval Research Organization, Warship International, Volume 21, p. 160
Jump up ^ Frederick Thomas Jane, Jane's Fighting Ships, p. 343
Jump up ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1906–1921, p. 422
Jump up ^ Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru, Artileria română în date și imagini (Romanian artillery in data and pictures), p. 53 (in Romanian)
Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert, The First World War: A Complete History, p. 282
Jump up ^ Glenn E. Torrey, Romania and World War I, p. 58
Jump up ^ Michael Hundertmark, Holger Steinle, Phoenix aus der Asche – Die Deutsche Luftfahrt Sammlung Berlin, pp. 110–114 (in German)
Jump up ^ România în anii primului război mondial (Romania in the years of the First World War), Volume II, p. 830 (in Romanian)
Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert, The First World War: A Complete History, p. 287
Jump up ^ King of Battle: Artillery in World War I, p. 347
Jump up ^ Angus Konstam, Gunboats of World War I, p. 29
Jump up ^ René Greger, Austro-Hungarian warships of World War I, p. 142
Jump up ^ Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186.
Jump up ^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general
Jump up ^ Australia casualties
Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85-.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4-
Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919–215-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead1,237.
Jump up ^ Belgium casualties
Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85 Figures include 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." 1,352.
Jump up ^ Canada casualties
Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.6,85
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919–21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths5-. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead1,237.
Jump up ^ France casualties
Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. 7,414-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.7,414
Jump up ^ Greece casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing8,339, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease6,160
Jump up ^ India casualties
British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919–21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead5. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead1,237
Jump up ^ Italy casualties
Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data9.
Jump up ^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army10,111.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Monaco 11-Novembre : ces Monégasques morts au champ d'honneur".
Jump up ^ Jain, G (1954) India Meets China in Nepal, Asia Publishing House, Bombay P92
Jump up ^ New Zealand casualties
Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919–215. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead1,237.
Jump up ^ Portugal casualties
Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,332 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW1,354.
Jump up ^ Romania casualties
Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office"6,64. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.
Jump up ^ Russia casualties
Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85. The estimate of total Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.6,46–57
Jump up ^ Serbia casualties
Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis6,62–64
Jump up ^ South Africa casualties
Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919–2115. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead1,237.
Jump up ^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties
Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds6,85.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.4
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919–21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deaths5. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK1,237, 507 from "Other colonies"1,237 and the Royal Navy (32,287)1,339.
The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately 1,339; The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK1,674–678.
Jump up ^ United States casualties
Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead 11,481.
References[edit]
^1 The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN 1-84734-681-2. OCLC 137236769.
^2 Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521077-8. OCLC 233987354.
^3 Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3351-X.
^4 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF).
^5 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
^6 Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971, Moscow]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. OCLC 123124938.
^7 Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice sur Les revenus avant et après la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464.
^8 Bujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918–1922 (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602.
^9 Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099.
^10 Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun – The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. OCLC 32615324.
^11 Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. OCLC 48066096.
Sources[edit]
See List of World War I books
Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (2002)
Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900–1918 (1997) despite the title covers entire war; online maps from this atlas
Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history
Gooch, G. P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomacy (1940), 475pp summarizes memoirs of major participants
Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003), historiography, stressing military themes
Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War (1995)
Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)
Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917–1918 (1961)
Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.com
Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)
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Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy
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"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy"
30 Rock episode
Aunt Phatso and Jack Donaghy, two characters in Tracy's movie
Episode no.
Season 7
Episode 6
Directed by
Don Scardino
Written by
Luke Del Tredici
Featured music
Jeff Richmond
Production code
706
Original air date
November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15)
Guest appearance(s)
Alan Gilbert as himself
Episode chronology
← Previous
"There's No I in America" Next →
"Mazel Tov, Dummies!"
30 Rock (season 7)
List of 30 Rock episodes
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy" is the sixth episode of the seventh season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 131st overall episode of the series. It was directed by Don Scardino and written by Luke Del Tredici. The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on November 15, 2012.
The episode received a positive reception from critics and was watched by 3.34 million viewers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) suddenly becomes the laughing stock of New York City and he doesn't know why. He finally realizes that people are laughing at him because Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) has made him a villain in his new "Aunt Phatso" movie. Jack confronts Tracy about the movie, and Tracy is furious because Jack doesn't give him enough respect. Tracy then donates a large amount of money to the New York Philharmonic to have them play the Sanford and Son theme ("The Streetbeater") for four hours straight, ruining the concert for Jack, who attends the concert that night. The next morning, Jack threatens to sue Tracy, but Tracy shows him that every action and line Jack is portrayed as performing in the movie has been done in real life by Jack himself, except for the scene where Jack closes an orphanage. Jack finally realizes that he can't shut down the movie without shutting down a real orphanage, because the movie's funding is linked to that of a real orphanage. Jack gives up and Tracy wins.
Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) needs foot surgery, but she can't take time off, because without her in charge everything will fall apart. Hazel (Kristen Schaal) offers to become Liz's personal assistant, to which Liz agrees so she can have the surgery. Unbeknownst to Liz, Hazel is using this position to get a spot on TV. Jenna (Jane Krakowski), who knows of Hazel's manipulative nature, asks Kenneth (Jack McBrayer) why he is still attached to Hazel. Kenneth answers her question, but Jenna is too self-absorbed and doesn't pay attention to Kenneth's answer.
Hazel tells Liz to just relax in her office while she helps Pete (Scott Adsit) prepare the show. To make sure that nothing goes wrong, Hazel sets up a video feed in Liz's office so that she can monitor the show from there. Liz realizes something is wrong when she sees herself in the video feed, and it turns out that the "feed" was a recording of a previous show. Hazel tricks Pete into giving her a spot on the show. Liz rushes to the set (ruining her carefully protected post-surgery foot in the process) and fires Hazel on the spot. Kenneth is mad because Jenna didn't listen to him and Liz fired his girlfriend, which prompts him to tell them that from now on he is no longer friends with any of them.
Reception[edit]
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy" was watched by 3.34 million viewers and earned a 1.2 rating/4 share in the 18–49 demographic.[1] This means that it was seen by 1.2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This was a decrease from the previous episode "There's No I in America" (3.38 million).[2]
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy" received a positive response from critics. Pilot Viruet of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" and praised the Hazel elements of the story, despite having been critical of the character's execution in past episodes.[3] IGN's Roth Cornet also gave the episode a positive review, stating "... though this wasn't my favorite episode, as it approaches its swan song, 30 Rock feels something like a cross between a human-Muppet caper, the irreverent and rapid fire free-association of Family Guy and the hilarious social commentary of Eddie Izzard's stand-up. In a word: awesome."[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 16, 2012). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Vampire Diaries', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Office' Adjusted Up; 'Last Resort & 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 1, 2012). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'The Neighbors', 'Modern Family', 'CSI' & 'Chicago Fire' Adjusted Up; '30 Rock', 'Guys With Kids', & 'Supernatural' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Viruet, Pilot (15 November 2012). "30 Rock: 'Aunt Phatso Vs. Jack Donaghy' Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth (16 November 2012). "'I'll Give You Something To Laugh About.' - 30 Rock: 'Aunt Phatso Vs. Jack Donaghy' Review". IGN. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
External links[edit]
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy" on IMDb
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
30 Rock episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Aftermath"
"Blind Date"
"Jack the Writer"
"Jack-Tor"
"Jack Meets Dennis"
"Tracy Does Conan"
"The Break-Up"
"The Baby Show"
"The Rural Juror"
"The Head and the Hair"
"Black Tie"
"Up All Night"
"The C Word"
"Hard Ball"
"The Source Awards"
"The Fighting Irish"
"Fireworks"
"Corporate Crush"
"Cleveland"
"Hiatus"
Season 2
"SeinfeldVision"
"Jack Gets in the Game"
"The Collection"
"Rosemary's Baby"
"Greenzo"
"Somebody to Love"
"Cougars"
"Secrets and Lies"
"Ludachristmas"
Episode 210
"MILF Island"
"Subway Hero"
"Succession"
"Sandwich Day"
"Cooter"
Season 3
"Do-Over"
"Believe in the Stars"
"The One with the Cast of Night Court"
"Gavin Volure"
"Reunion"
"Christmas Special"
"Señor Macho Solo"
"Flu Shot"
"Retreat to Move Forward"
" Generalissimo"
"St. Valentine's Day"
"Larry King"
"Goodbye, My Friend"
"The Funcooker"
" The Bubble"
"Apollo, Apollo"
"Cutbacks"
"Jackie Jormp-Jomp"
" The Ones"
"The Natural Order"
"Mamma Mia"
"Kidney Now!"
Season 4
"Season 4"
"Into the Crevasse"
"Stone Mountain"
"Audition Day"
"The Problem Solvers"
"Sun Tea"
"Dealbreakers Talk Show #0001"
"Secret Santa"
"Klaus and Greta"
"Black Light Attack!"
"Winter Madness"
"Verna"
"Anna Howard Shaw Day"
"Future Husband"
"Don Geiss, America and Hope"
"Floyd"
"Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter"
"Khonani"
"Argus"
"The Moms"
"Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land"
"I Do Do"
Season 5
"The Fabian Strategy"
"When It Rains, It Pours"
"Let's Stay Together"
"Live Show"
"Reaganing"
"Gentleman's Intermission"
"Brooklyn Without Limits"
"College"
"Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish"
"Christmas Attack Zone"
"Mrs. Donaghy"
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning"
"¡Qué Sorpresa!"
"Double-Edged Sword"
"It's Never Too Late for Now"
"TGS Hates Women"
"Queen of Jordan"
"Plan B"
"I Heart Connecticut"
"100"
"Everything Sunny All the Time Always"
"Respawn"
Season 6
"Dance Like Nobody's Watching"
"Idiots Are People Two!"
"Idiots Are People Three!"
"The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell"
"Today You Are a Man"
"Hey, Baby, What's Wrong"
"The Tuxedo Begins"
"Leap Day"
"Alexis Goodlooking and the Case of the Missing Whisky"
"Standards and Practices"
"St. Patrick's Day"
"Grandmentor"
"Kidnapped by Danger"
"The Shower Principle"
"Nothing Left to Lose"
"Meet the Woggels!"
"Murphy Brown Lied to Us"
"Live from Studio 6H"
"Queen of Jordan 2: Mystery of the Phantom Pooper"
"The Return of Avery Jessup"
"What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?"
Season 7
"The Beginning of the End"
"Governor Dunston"
"Stride of Pride"
"Unwindulax"
"There's No I in America"
"Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy"
"Mazel Tov, Dummies!"
"My Whole Life Is Thunder"
"Game Over"
"Florida"
"A Goon's Deed in a Weary World"
"Hogcock!"
"Last Lunch"
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