text:
ARPANET
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the episode of the television series The Americans, see Arpanet (The Americans).
Early packet switching network that was first the to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP
ARPANET
ARPANET logical map, March 1977
Type
Data
Location
United States
Protocols
NCP, TCP/IP
Established
1969; 49 years ago (1969)
Closed
1990
Commercial?
No
Funding
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
ARPA network map 1973
ARPA network map 1974
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.[1][2][3][4][5]
The packet-switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and designs by Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies, and Lawrence Roberts.[6] The TCP/IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf, and incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.
As the project progressed, protocols for internetworking were developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981, when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Creation
1.2 Debate on design goals
1.3 Growth and evolution
1.4 Rules and etiquette
1.5 Technology
2 Software and protocols
2.1 Network applications
2.2 Password protection
3 The ARPANET in popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
6.1 Oral histories
6.2 Detailed technical reference works
7 External links
History[edit]
Historically, voice and data communications were based on methods of circuit switching, as exemplified in the traditional telephone network, wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated, end to end, electronic connection between the two communicating stations. Such stations might be telephones or computers. The temporarily dedicated line typically comprises many intermediary lines which are assembled into a chain that reaches from the originating station to the destination station. With packet switching, a network could share a single communication link for communication between multiple pairs of receivers and transmitters.
The earliest ideas for a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users were formulated by computer scientist J. C. R. Licklider of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), in April 1963, in memoranda discussing the concept of the "Intergalactic Computer Network". Those ideas encompassed many of the features of the contemporary Internet. In October 1963, Licklider was appointed head of the Behavioral Sciences and Command and Control programs at the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). He convinced Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor that this network concept was very important and merited development, although Licklider left ARPA before any contracts were assigned for development.[7]
Sutherland and Taylor continued their interest in creating the network, in part, to allow ARPA-sponsored researchers at various corporate and academic locales to utilize computers provided by ARPA, and, in part, to quickly distribute new software and other computer science results.[8] Taylor had three computer terminals in his office, each connected to separate computers, which ARPA was funding: one for the System Development Corporation (SDC) Q-32 in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley, and another for Multics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Taylor recalls the circumstance: "For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So, if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C., and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley, or M.I.T., about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. I said, "Oh Man!", it's obvious what to do: If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go. That idea is the ARPANET".[9]
Meanwhile, since the early 1960s, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation had been researching systems that could survive nuclear war and developed the idea of distributed adaptive message block switching.[10] Donald Davies at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) independently invented the same concept in 1965.[11][12] His work, presented by a colleague, initially caught the attention of ARPANET developers at a conference in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967.[13] He gave the first public demonstration, having coined the term packet switching, on 5 August 1968 and incorporated it into the NPL network in England.[14] Larry Roberts at ARPA applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET.[15] The NPL network followed by the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching,[16][17] and were themselves connected together in 1973.[18][19] The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for the ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s.[20]
Creation[edit]
Bob Taylor convinced ARPA's Director Charles M. Herzfeld to fund a network project in February 1966, and Herzfeld transferred a million dollars from a ballistic missile defense program to Taylor's budget.[21] Taylor hired Larry Roberts as a program manager in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office in January 1967 to work on the ARPANET. In April 1967, Roberts held a design session on technical standards. The initial standards for identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and error checking and retransmission procedures were discussed. At the meeting, Wesley Clark proposed minicomputers called Interface Message Processors (IMPs) should be used to interface to the network rather than the large mainframes that would be the nodes of the ARPANET. Roberts modified the ARPANET plan to incorporate Clark's suggestion. The plan was presented at the ACM Symposium in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967.[22][23][24][25] Donald Davies' work on packet switching and the NPL network, presented by a colleague (Roger Scantlebury), came to the attention of ARPANET developers at this conference.[26][27] Roberts applied Davies' concept of packet switching for the ARPANET,[28][15] and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock. Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Kleinrock modelled the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET.[26] The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for the ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s.[29]
By mid-1968, Roberts had prepared a complete plan for the computer network and gave a report to Taylor on June 3, who approved it on June 21. After approval by ARPA, a Request for Quotation (RFQ) was issued for 140 potential bidders. Most computer science companies regarded the ARPA proposal as outlandish, and only twelve submitted bids to build a network; of the twelve, ARPA regarded only four as top-rank contractors. At year's end, ARPA considered only two contractors, and awarded the contract to build the network to BBN Technologies on 7 April 1969. The initial, seven-person BBN team were much aided by the technical specificity of their response to the ARPA RFQ, and thus quickly produced the first working system. This team was led by Frank Heart and included Robert Kahn. The BBN-proposed network closely followed Roberts' ARPA plan: a network composed of small computers called Interface Message Processors (or IMPs), similar to the later concept of routers, that functioned as gateways interconnecting local resources. At each site, the IMPs performed store-and-forward packet switching functions, and were interconnected with leased lines via telecommunication data sets (modems), with initial data rates of 56kbit/s. The host computers were connected to the IMPs via custom serial communication interfaces. The system, including the hardware and the packet switching software, was designed and installed in nine months.[23][30][25] The BBN team continued to interact with the NPL team.[31][32]
The first-generation IMPs were built by BBN Technologies using a rugged computer version of the Honeywell DDP-516 computer configured with 24KB of expandable magnetic-core memory, and a 16-channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) direct memory access unit.[33] The DMC established custom interfaces with each of the host computers and modems. In addition to the front-panel lamps, the DDP-516 computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels. Each IMP could support up to four local hosts, and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs via leased lines. The network connected one computer in Utah with three in California. Later, the Department of Defense allowed the universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources.
Debate on design goals[edit]
In A Brief History of the Internet, the Internet Society denies that the ARPANET was designed to survive a nuclear attack:
It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started, claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war. This was never true of the ARPANET, but was an aspect of the earlier RAND study of secure communication. The later work on internetworking did emphasize robustness and survivability, including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks.[34]
The RAND study was conducted by Paul Baran and was the first to build a theoretical model for communication using packet switching.[10] In an interview he confirmed that while the ARPANET did not exactly share his project's goal, his work had greatly contributed to the development of the ARPANET.[35] Minutes taken by Elmer Shapiro of Stanford Research Institute at the ARPANET design meeting of 9–10 October 1967 indicate that a version of Baran's routing method and suggestion of using a fixed packet size was expected to be employed.[36]
According to Stephen J. Lukasik, who as Deputy Director and Director of DARPA (1967–1974) was "the person who signed most of the checks for Arpanet's development":
The goal was to exploit new computer technologies to meet the needs of military command and control against nuclear threats, achieve survivable control of US nuclear forces, and improve military tactical and management decision making.[37]
The ARPANET incorporated distributed computation, and frequent re-computation, of routing tables. This increased the survivability of the network in the face of significant interruption. Automatic routing was technically challenging at the time. The ARPANET was designed to survive subordinate-network losses, since the principal reason was that the switching nodes and network links were unreliable, even without any nuclear attacks. Resource scarcity supported the creation of the ARPANET, according to Charles Herzfeld, ARPA Director (1965–1967):
The ARPANET was not started to create a Command and Control System that would survive a nuclear attack, as many now claim. To build such a system was, clearly, a major military need, but it was not ARPA's mission to do this; in fact, we would have been severely criticized had we tried. Rather, the ARPANET came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country, and that many research investigators, who should have access to them, were geographically separated from them.[38]
The ARPANET was operated by the military during the two decades of its existence, until 1990.[39][40]
Historical document: First ARPANET IMP log: the first message ever sent via the ARPANET, 10:30 pm PST on 29 October 1969 (6:30 UTC on 30 October 1969). This IMP Log excerpt, kept at UCLA, describes setting up a message transmission from the UCLA SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer.
The initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs:[41]
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where Leonard Kleinrock had established a Network Measurement Center, with an SDS Sigma 7 being the first computer attached to it;
The Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), where Douglas Engelbart had created the ground-breaking NLS system, a very important early hypertext system, and would run the Network Information Center (NIC), with the SDS 940 that ran NLS, named "Genie", being the first host attached;
University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), with the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center's IBM 360/75, running OS/MVT being the machine attached;
The University of Utah School of Computing, where Ivan Sutherland had moved, running a DEC PDP-10 operating on TENEX.
The first successful message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 pm PST on 29 October 1969 (6:30 UTC on 30 October 1969), from Boelter Hall 3420.[42] Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word login; on an earlier attempt the l and the o letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo. About an hour later, after the programmers repaired the code that caused the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login. The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, the entire four-node network was established.[43]
Growth and evolution[edit]
In March 1970, the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States, when an IMP at BBN in Cambridge, Massachusetts was connected to the network. Thereafter, the ARPANET grew: 9 IMPs by June 1970 and 13 IMPs by December 1970, then 18 by September 1971 (when the network included 23 university and government hosts); 29 IMPs by August 1972, and 40 by September 1973. By June 1974, there were 46 IMPs, and in July 1975, the network numbered 57 IMPs. By 1981, the number was 213 host computers, with another host connecting approximately every twenty days.[41]
In 1973, a transatlantic satellite link connected the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) to the ARPANET, making Norway the first country outside the US to be connected to the network. At about the same time a terrestrial circuit added a London IMP.[44]
In 1975, the ARPANET was declared "operational". The Defense Communications Agency took control since ARPA was intended to fund advanced research.[41]
In September 1984 work was completed on restructuring the ARPANET giving U.S. military sites their own Military Network (MILNET) for unclassified defense department communications.[45][46] Controlled gateways connected the two networks. The combination was called the Defense Data Network (DDN).[47] Separating the civil and military networks reduced the 113-node ARPANET by 68 nodes. The MILNET later became the NIPRNet.
Rules and etiquette[edit]
Because of its government funding, certain forms of traffic were discouraged or prohibited. A 1982 handbook on computing at MIT's AI Lab stated regarding network etiquette:[48]
It is considered illegal to use the ARPANet for anything which is not in direct support of Government business ... personal messages to other ARPANet subscribers (for example, to arrange a get-together or check and say a friendly hello) are generally not considered harmful ... Sending electronic mail over the ARPANet for commercial profit or political purposes is both anti-social and illegal. By sending such messages, you can offend many people, and it is possible to get MIT in serious trouble with the Government agencies which manage the ARPANet.
Technology[edit]
Support for inter-IMP circuits of up to 230.4 kbit/s was added in 1970, although considerations of cost and IMP processing power meant this capability was not actively used.
1971 saw the start of the use of the non-ruggedized (and therefore significantly lighter) Honeywell 316 as an IMP. It could also be configured as a Terminal Interface Processor (TIP), which provided terminal server support for up to 63 ASCII serial terminals through a multi-line controller in place of one of the hosts.[49] The 316 featured a greater degree of integration than the 516, which made it less expensive and easier to maintain. The 316 was configured with 40 kB of core memory for a TIP. The size of core memory was later increased, to 32 kB for the IMPs, and 56 kB for TIPs, in 1973.
In 1975, BBN introduced IMP software running on the Pluribus multi-processor. These appeared in a few sites. In 1981, BBN introduced IMP software running on its own C/30 processor product.
In 1983, TCP/IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET's principal protocol, and the ARPANET then became one subnet of the early Internet.[50][51]
The original IMPs and TIPs were phased out as the ARPANET was shut down after the introduction of the NSFNet, but some IMPs remained in service as late as July 1990.[52][53]
The ARPANET Completion Report, jointly published by BBN and ARPA, concludes that:
... it is somewhat fitting to end on the note that the ARPANET program has had a strong and direct feedback into the support and strength of computer science, from which the network, itself, sprang.[54]
In the wake of the decommissioning of the ARPANET on 28 February 1990, Vinton Cerf wrote the following lamentation, entitled "Requiem of the ARPANET":[55]
It was the first, and being first, was best,
but now we lay it down to ever rest.
Now pause with me a moment, shed some tears.
For auld lang syne, for love, for years and years
of faithful service, duty done, I weep.
Lay down thy packet, now, O friend, and sleep.
-Vinton Cerf
Senator Albert Gore, Jr. authored the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill", after hearing the 1988 concept for a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by Leonard Kleinrock. The bill was passed on 9 December 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Al Gore called the information superhighway.
The ARPANET project was honored with two IEEE Milestones, both dedicated in 2009.[56][57]
Software and protocols[edit]
The starting point for host-to-host communication on the ARPANET in 1969 was the 1822 protocol, which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP.[58] The message format was designed to work unambiguously with a broad range of computer architectures. An 1822 message essentially consisted of a message type, a numeric host address, and a data field. To send a data message to another host, the transmitting host formatted a data message containing the destination host's address and the data message being sent, and then transmitted the message through the 1822 hardware interface. The IMP then delivered the message to its destination address, either by delivering it to a locally connected host, or by delivering it to another IMP. When the message was ultimately delivered to the destination host, the receiving IMP would transmit a Ready for Next Message (RFNM) acknowledgement to the sending, host IMP.
Unlike modern Internet datagrams, the ARPANET was designed to reliably transmit 1822 messages, and to inform the host computer when it loses a message; the contemporary IP is unreliable, whereas the TCP is reliable. Nonetheless, the 1822 protocol proved inadequate for handling multiple connections among different applications residing in a host computer. This problem was addressed with the Network Control Program (NCP), which provided a standard method to establish reliable, flow-controlled, bidirectional communications links among different processes in different host computers. The NCP interface allowed application software to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher-level communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept incorporated to the OSI model.[50]
In 1983, TCP/IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET's principal protocol, and the ARPANET then became one component of the early Internet.[51]
Network applications[edit]
NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of application protocols that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service, and permitted independent advances in the underlying protocols.
In 1971, Ray Tomlinson, of BBN sent the first network e-mail (RFC 524, RFC 561).[59] By 1973, e-mail constituted 75 percent of the ARPANET traffic.
By 1973, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) specification had been defined (RFC 354) and implemented, enabling file transfers over the ARPANET.
The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specifications were defined in 1977 (RFC 741), then implemented, but, because of technical shortcomings, conference calls over the ARPANET never worked well; the contemporary Voice over Internet Protocol (packet voice) was decades away.
Password protection[edit]
The Purdy Polynomial hash algorithm was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Larry Roberts, head of ARPA at that time. It computed a polynomial of degree 224 + 17 modulo the 64-bit prime p = 264 − 59. The algorithm was later used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to hash passwords in the VMS operating system and is still being used for this purpose.
The ARPANET in popular culture[edit]
Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, a 30-minute documentary film[60] featuring Fernando J. Corbato, J.C.R. Licklider, Lawrence G. Roberts, Robert Kahn, Frank Heart, William R. Sutherland, Richard W. Watson, John R. Pasta, Donald W. Davies, and economist, George W. Mitchell.
"Scenario", a February 1985 episode of the U.S. television sitcom Benson (season 6, episode 20), was the first incidence of a popular TV show directly referencing the Internet or its progenitors. The show includes a scene in which the ARPANET is accessed.[61]
There is an electronic music artist known as "Arpanet", Gerald Donald, one of the members of Drexciya. The artist's 2002 album Wireless Internet features commentary on the expansion of the internet via wireless communication, with songs such as NTT DoCoMo, dedicated to the mobile communications giant based in Japan.[citation needed]
Thomas Pynchon mentions the ARPANET in his 2009 novel Inherent Vice, which is set in Los Angeles in 1970, and in his 2013 novel Bleeding Edge.[citation needed]
The 1993 television series The X-Files featured the ARPANET in a season 5 episode, titled "Unusual Suspects". John Fitzgerald Byers offers to help Susan Modeski (known as Holly . . . "just like the sugar") by hacking into the ARPANET to obtain sensitive information.[62]
In the spy-drama television series The Americans, a Russian scientist defector offers access to ARPANET to the Russians in a plea to not be repatriated (Season 2 Episode 5 "The Deal"). Episode 7 of Season 2 is named 'ARPANET' and features Russian infiltration to bug the network.
In the television series Person of Interest, main character Harold Finch hacked the ARPANET in 1980 using a homemade computer during his first efforts to build a prototype of the Machine.[63][64] This corresponds with the real life virus that occurred in October of that year that temporarily halted ARPANET functions.[65][66] The ARPANET hack was first discussed in the episode 2PiR where a computer science teacher called it the most famous hack in history and one that was never solved. Finch later mentioned it to Person of Interest Caleb Phipps and his role was first indicated when he showed knowledge that it was done by "a kid with a homemade computer" which Phipps, who had researched the hack, had never heard before.
In the third season of the television series Halt and Catch Fire, the character Joe MacMillan explores the potential commercialization of the ARPANET.
See also[edit]
.arpa, a top-level domain used exclusively for technical infrastructure purposes
Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing—1972 documentary film
The Internet during the Cold War
Project Cybersyn—1970 Chilean national net project
Usenet, "A Poor Man's ARPAnet"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ L. A. Lievrouw, Handbook of New Media: Student Edition (p. 253) (edited by L. A. Lievrouw, S. M. Livingstone), published by SAGE 2006 (abridged, reprint, revised), 475 pages, ISBN 1412918731 [Retrieved 2015-08-15].
Jump up ^ G. Schneider; J. Evans; K. Pinard (2009). The Internet – Illustrated. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0538750987. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ K. G. Coffman & A. M. Odlyzco, Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments, published by Academic Press, 22 May 2002, 1022 pages, Optics and Photonics, ISBN 0080513190, (edited by I. Kaminow & T. Li) [Retrieved 2015-08-15].
Jump up ^ R. Oppliger (2001). Internet and Intranet Security. Artech House. p. 12. ISBN 1580531660. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ H. Bidgoli, ed. (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia. 2: G–O. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471689963. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program". Living Internet.com. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network", Living Internet
Jump up ^ "IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office", Living Internet
Jump up ^ John Markoff (20 December 1999). "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Packets of data were the key...". NPL. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. ISBN 9781476708690.
Jump up ^ "The accelerator of the modern age". BBC News. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Cambell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). "Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies". Computer Resurrection (44). ISSN 0958-7403.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Donald Davies". thocp.net ; "Donald Davies". internethalloffame.org.
Jump up ^ C. Hempstead; W. Worthington. Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge 8 Aug 2005, 992 pages, (edited by C. Hempstead, W. Worthington),. Retrieved 2015-08-15. (source: Gatlinburg, ... Association for Computing Machinery)
Jump up ^ M. Ziewitz & I. Brown (2013). Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 1849805040. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Markoff, John, Innovator who helped create PC, Internet and the mouse, New York Times, April 15, 2017, p.A1
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program". Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "IMP -- Interface Message Processor". Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Roberts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Lawrence G. Dr (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0192862073.
Jump up ^ Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. ISBN 9781476708690.
Jump up ^ "Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later". February 2003. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. p. 38. ISBN 0262261332.
Jump up ^ Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). "The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network" (PDF). AFIPS Proc. 36: 565. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021.
Jump up ^ Wise, Adrian. "Honeywell DDP-516". Old-Computers.com. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved July 12, 2017. (footnote 5)
Jump up ^ Brand, Stewart (March 2001). "Founding Father". Wired (9.03). Retrieved 31 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9-10, 1967". stanford.edu.
Jump up ^ Lukasik, Stephen J. (2011). "Why the Arpanet Was Built". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 4–20. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.11.
Jump up ^ "Charles Herzfeld on the ARPANET and Computers". About.com. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Janet Abbate (2000) Inventing the Internet pp.194-5
Jump up ^ Vernon W. Ruttan (2005) Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? p.125
^ Jump up to: a b c "ARPANET – The First Internet", Living Internet
Jump up ^ Jessica Savio (1 April 2011). "Browsing history: A heritage site has been set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". Daily Bruin. UCLA.
Jump up ^ Chris Sutton (2 September 2004). "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers". UCLA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "NORSAR becomes the first non-US node on ARPANET, the predecessor to today's Internet". NORSAR (Norway Seismic Array Research). Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ DEFENSE DATA NETWORK NEWSLETTER DDN-NEWS 26, 6 May 1983
Jump up ^ ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE (NIC 50003) Defense Communications Agency, December 1985.
Jump up ^ Fritz E. Froehlich; Allen Kent (1990). "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. 1. CRC Press. pp. 341–375. ISBN 978-0-8247-2900-4.
Jump up ^ Stacy, Christopher C. (1982-09-07). "Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab".
Jump up ^ Kirstein, Peter T. (July–September 2009). "The Early Days of the Arpanet". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 (3): 67. doi:10.1109/mahc.2009.35. ISSN 1058-6180.
^ Jump up to: a b "NCP – Network Control Program", Living Internet
^ Jump up to: a b "TCP/IP Internet Protocol", Living Internet
Jump up ^ "NSFNET – National Science Foundation Network", Living Internet
Jump up ^ "Digital Communication".
Jump up ^ "III". A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. p. 132. section 2.3.4
Jump up ^ Abbate, Janet (11 June 1999). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ASIN B003VPWY6E. ISBN 0-262-01172-7.
Jump up ^ "Milestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Milestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Interface Message Processor: Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP, Report No. 1822, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN)
Jump up ^ Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". BBN. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Steven King (Producer), Peter Chvany (Director/Editor) (1972). Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Scenario", Benson, Season 6, Episode 132 of 158, American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, 22 February 1985
Jump up ^ The X-Files Season 5, Ep. 3 "Unusual Suspects".[better source needed]
Jump up ^ Season 2, Episode 11 "2πR"
Jump up ^ Season 3, Episode 12 "Aletheia"
Jump up ^ "BBC News - SCI/TECH - Hacking: A history". bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Hobbes' Internet Timeline - the definitive ARPAnet & Internet history". zakon.org.
Further reading[edit]
Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962–1982. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-6369-1.
A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981.
Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-6837-6.
Abbate, Janet (11 June 1999). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 36–111. ASIN B003VPWY6E. ISBN 0-262-01172-7.
Banks, Michael A. (2008). On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders. APress/Springer Verlag. ISBN 1-4302-0869-4.
Salus, Peter H. (1 May 1995). Casting the Net: from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-87674-1.
Waldrop, M. Mitchell (23 August 2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking. ASIN B00008MNVW. ISBN 0-670-89976-3.
"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission". Computer History Museum. 27 October 2009.
Oral histories[edit]
"Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
"Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
"Oral history interview with Paul Baran". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 5 March 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
"Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 3 April 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
"Oral history interview with Larry Roberts". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 4 April 1989. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
"Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 17 October 1991. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the development of computer networks and the ARPANET.
Detailed technical reference works[edit]
Roberts, Larry; Marrill, Tom (October 1966). Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers. Fall AFIPS Conference.
Roberts, Larry (October 1967). Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication. ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles.
Davies, D. W.; Bartlett, K. A.; Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P. T. (October 1967). A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
Roberts, Larry; Wessler, Barry (May 1970). Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing. Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey. [permanent dead link]
Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 36. pp. 551–567. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021.
Carr, Stephen; Crocker, Stephen; Cerf, Vinton (1970). Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 36. pp. 589–598. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477024. RFC 33.
Ornstein, Severo; Heart, Frank; Crowther, William; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 40. pp. 243–254.
McQuillan, John; Crowther, William; Cosell, Bernard; Walden, David; Heart, Frank (1972). Improvements in the Design and Performance of the ARPA Network. 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference part II. AFIPS Proc. 41. pp. 741–754.
Feinler, Elizabeth J.; Postel, Jonathan B. (January 1978). ARPANET Protocol Handbook, NIC 7104. Menlo Park: Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International. ASIN B000EN742K.
Roberts, Larry (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–1313. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141.
Roberts, Larry (September 1986). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". ACM.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARPANET.
"ARPANET Maps 1969 to 1977". California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH). 4 January 1978. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
Walden, David C. (February 2003). "Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later". Living Internet. East Sandwich, Massachusetts: livinginternet.com. Retrieved 17 August 2005.
"Images of ARPANET from 1964 onwards". The Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2004. Timeline.
"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 3 September 2005.
Kleinrock, Leonard. "The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words". UCLA. Retrieved 11 November 2004. Personal anecdote of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET
"Doug Engelbart's Role in ARPANET History". 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
"Internet Milestones: Timeline of Notable Internet Pioneers and Contributions". Retrieved 6 January 2012. Timeline.
Waldrop, Mitch (April 2008). "DARPA and the Internet Revolution". 50 years of Bridging the Gap. DARPA. pp. 78–85. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
"A picture of the ARPANET team". Archived from the original on 22 December 2014.
"Robert X Cringely: A Brief History of the Internet".
show
v
t
e
Research and education computer networks in the Americas
National
Brazil: RNP
Canada: CANARIE
Mexico: CUDI
Latin America: RedCLARA
USA: Internet2
ESnet
Subnational
Canada
ACORN-NS (NS)
Cybera (AB)
ORION (ON)
RISQ (QC)
SRNet (SK)
United States
CalREN (CA)
CEN (CT)
ICN (IL)
Merit Network (MI)
NYSERNet (NY)
OARnet (OH)
OSHEAN (RI)
UEN (UT)
Historical
Abilene
ARPANET
DDN
CSNET
Gigabit Chicago
Gigabit Seattle
NEARnet
NIPRNet
NSFNET
SURAnet
vBNS
See also
National research and education network
show
v
t
e
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Offices
Adaptive Execution
Biological Technologies
Defense Sciences
Information Innovation
Microsystems Technology
Strategic Technology
Tactical Technology
Directors
Johnson
Betts
Ruina
Sproull
Herzfeld
Rechtin
Lukasik
Heilmeier
Fossum
Cooper
Duncan
Colladay
Fields
Reis
Denman
Lynn
Fernandez
Tether
Dugan
Prabhakar
Walker
History
ARPANET
The Mother of All Demos
Project AGILE
Shakey the robot
Aspen Movie Map
Network Challenge
Grand Challenge
Annual budget US$2.8 billion Employees 240 Website www.darpa.mil
show
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
List
Portal
Commons
WikiProject
Military history portal
Government of the United States portal
Internet portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 7680810-5
VIAF: 143870950
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&oldid=865606756"
Categories:
ARPANET
American inventions
History of the Internet
Computer-related introductions in 1969
Internet properties established in 1969
Internet properties disestablished in 1990
Hidden categories:
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from June 2014
Articles with short description
Use dmy dates from August 2011
Pages using deprecated image syntax
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from January 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kurdî
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
45 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 00:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values:
/wiki/Communications_protocol
mw-redirect
Communications protocol

values:
/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency
mw-redirect
Advanced Research Projects Agency

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman
mw-redirect
Bolt, Beranek and Newman

values:
/wiki/Santa_Monica
mw-redirect
Santa Monica

values: National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)

values: Information Processing Techniques Office

values:
/wiki/Interface_Message_Processors
mw-redirect
Interface Message Processors

values:
/wiki/Request_for_Quotation
mw-redirect
Request for Quotation

values:
/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute
mw-redirect
Stanford Research Institute

values: Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks

values:
/wiki/SDS_Sigma_7
mw-redirect
SDS Sigma 7

values:
/wiki/Auld_lang_syne
mw-redirect
Auld lang syne

values:
/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)
mw-redirect
Packet (information technology)

values:
/wiki/Vinton_Cerf
mw-redirect
Vinton Cerf

values: High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991

values:
/wiki/BBN_Report_1822
mw-redirect
BBN Report 1822

values:
/wiki/Communication_protocols
mw-redirect
Communication protocols

values:
/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)
mw-redirect
Request for Comments (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc524

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc561

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc354

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc741

values:
/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol
mw-redirect
Voice over Internet Protocol

values: Edit section: The ARPANET in popular culture

values: Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing

values:
/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbato
mw-redirect
Fernando J. Corbato

values:
/wiki/J.C.R._Licklider
mw-redirect
J.C.R. Licklider

values:
/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts
mw-redirect
Lawrence G. Roberts

values:
/wiki/William_R._Sutherland
mw-redirect
William R. Sutherland

values:
/wiki/John_R._Pasta
mw-redirect
John R. Pasta

values:
/wiki/Donald_W._Davies
mw-redirect
Donald W. Davies

values:
/wiki/George_W._Mitchell_(economist)
mw-redirect
George W. Mitchell (economist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Sage_Publications
mw-redirect
Sage Publications

values:
/wiki/Cengage_Learning
mw-redirect
Cengage Learning

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2010.11

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2009.35

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180

values:
/wiki/Inventing_the_Internet
mw-redirect
Inventing the Internet

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B003VPWY6E

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0789851/
external text

values: This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2014)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B00008MNVW

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107387

values:
/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_and_Newman
mw-redirect
Bolt Beranek and Newman

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107214

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107101

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107411

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107608

values:
nofollow
external text
http://purl.umn.edu/107446

values: Edit section: Detailed technical reference works

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Crocker
mw-redirect
Stephen Crocker

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc33

values:
nofollow
external text
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc33

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B000EN742K

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141

values: California State University, Dominguez Hills

values: Template:American research and education networks

values: Template talk:American research and education networks

values: Réseau d'informations scientifiques du Québec

values: Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California

values:
/wiki/Illinois_Century_Network
mw-redirect
Illinois Century Network

values: Very high-speed Backbone Network Service

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:DARPA (page does not exist)

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:#C8DDF2; color:black;

values: Strategic Technology Office (DARPA) (page does not exist)

values: Tactical Technology Office (DARPA) (page does not exist)

values: Roy W. Johnson (DARPA director) (page does not exist)

values: Verne L. "Larry" Lynn (page does not exist)

values: Fernando L. "Frank" Fernandez (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Anthony_J._Tether
mw-redirect
Anthony J. Tether

values:
nofollow
http://www.darpa.mil/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values:
/wiki/Portal:Military_history
mw-redirect
Portal:Military history

values: Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7680810-5

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/143870950

values: Category:Computer-related introductions in 1969

values: Category:Internet properties established in 1969

values: Category:Internet properties disestablished in 1990

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/ARPANET
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Alemannisch
gsw
gsw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: أربانت – Arabic

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Bulgarian
bg
bg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet
Arpanet – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet
Arpanet – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: آرپانت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values: Болашағы бар зерттеулер агенттігі желісі – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet
Arpanet – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Мрежа на агенции за напредно-истражувачки проекти – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: അർപ്പാനെറ്റ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet
Arpanet – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values: ایڈوانسڈ ریسرچ پروجیکٹس ایجنسی نیٹ ورک – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
ARPANET – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-ARPANET rootpage-ARPANET skin-vector action-view


text:
Talk show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Talk show (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Tabloid talk show.
A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which one person (or group of people) discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host.[1]
Usually, guests consist of a group of people who are learned or who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. Other times, a single guest discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts. A call-in show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home, in their cars, etc. Sometimes, guests are already seated but are often introduced and enter from backstage. There have been many notable talk show hosts; in many cases, the shows have made their hosts famous.
Contents
[hide]
1 Subgenres
2 History
3 Talk shows in other countries
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Subgenres[edit]
There are several major formats of talk shows. Generally, each subgenre predominates during a specific programming block during the broadcast day.
Breakfast chat or early morning shows that generally alternate between news summaries, political coverage, feature stories, celebrity interviews, and musical performances.
Late morning chat shows that feature two or more hosts or a celebrity panel, and focus on entertainment and lifestyle features.
Daytime tabloid talk shows , generally featuring a host, a guest or a panel of guests, and a live audience that interacts extensively with the host and guests. These shows may feature celebrities, political commentators, or "ordinary" people who present unusual or controversial topics.
"Lifestyle" or self-help programs, which generally feature a host or hosts who are medical practitioners, therapists, or counselors, and guests who seek intervention, describe medical or psychological problems, or offer advice.
Evening panel discussion shows which focus on news, politics, or popular culture.
Late-night talk shows that feature celebrity guests who talk about their work and personal lives as well as their latest films, TV shows, music recordings, or other projects they'd like to promote to the public. The hosts are often comedians who open the shows with comedy monologues.
Sunday morning talk shows are a staple of network programming in North America. These shows feature elected political figures and candidates for office, commentators, and journalists.
Aftershows which feature in-depth discussion about a program on the same network that aired just before (for example, Talking Dead).
These formats are not absolute. Syndicated "daytime" shows may appear overnight in some markets, and some afternoon programs have similar structures to late night talk shows.
These formats may vary across different countries or markets. Late night talk shows are especially significant in the United States. Breakfast television is a staple of British television. The daytime talk format has become popular in Latin America as well as the United States.
Talk-radio host Howard Stern also hosted a talk show that was syndicated nationally in the USA, then moved to satellite radio's Sirius. The tabloid talk show genre, pioneered by Phil Donahue[2] but popularized by Oprah Winfrey[3] was extremely popular during the last two decades of the 20th century.[4]
Politics are hardly the only subject of American talk shows, however. Other radio talk show subjects include Car Talk hosted by NPR and Coast to Coast AM hosted by Art Bell and George Noory which discusses topics of the paranormal, conspiracy theories, fringe science, and the just plain weird. Sports talk shows are also very popular ranging from high-budget shows like The Best Damn Sports Show Period to Max Kellerman's original public-access television cable TV show Max on Boxing.
History[edit]
Talk shows had been broadcast on television since the earliest days of the medium. Joe Franklin, an American radio and television personality, hosted the first television talk show. The show began in 1951 on WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV) and moved to WOR-TV (later WWOR-TV) from 1962 to 1993.[5]
NBC's The Tonight Show is the world's longest-running talk show, having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's The Late Late Show is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962.
Steve Allen was the first host of The Tonight Show, which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the NBC network in 1954. It in turn had evolved from his late-night radio talk show in Los Angeles. Allen pioneered the format of late night network TV talk shows, originating such talk show staples as an opening monologue, celebrity interviews, audience participation, and comedy bits in which cameras were taken outside the studio, as well as music, although the series' popularity was cemented by second host Jack Paar, who took over after Allen had left and the show had ceased to exist.
Dick Cavett and Jack Paar
TV news pioneer Edward R. Murrow hosted a talk show entitled Small World in the late 1950s and since then, political TV talk shows have predominantly aired on Sunday mornings.
Syndicated daily talk shows began to gain more popularity during the mid-1970s and reached their height of popularity with the rise of the tabloid talk show. Morning talk shows gradually replaced earlier forms of programming — there were a plethora of morning game shows during the 1960s and early to mid-1970s, and some stations formerly showed a morning movie in the time slot that many talk shows now occupy.
Current late night talk shows such as The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert have aired featuring celebrity guests and comedy sketches. Syndicated daily talk shows range from tabloid talk shows, such as Jerry Springer and Maury to celebrity interview shows like Live! with Kelly and Michael, The Better Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Ellen to industry leader The Oprah Winfrey Show which popularized the former genre and has been evolving towards the latter. On November 10, 2010, Oprah Winfrey invited several of the most prominent American talk show hosts - Phil Donahue, Sally Jessy Raphael, Geraldo Rivera, Ricki Lake, and Montel Williams - to join her as guests on her show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of "tabloid" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing "interview" or "lifestyle TV" format.[6]
Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience.[citation needed]
The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for 52 hours in 2011.[7]
Talk shows in other countries[edit]
Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal holds the present world record for longest ever talk show.
In Japan, panel shows — called "tooku bangumi" (トーク番組）in Japanese — are very commonplace, accounting for about 30% of daytime and prime-time programming on the four main television stations. Due to language and cultural differences, Japanese TV stations could not freely use syndicated programs (mostly from Europe and North America) and therefore turned to panel shows, which could be produced cheaply and easily, to fill time during daytime programming.
Japanese panel shows are distinct in generally not employing regular panelists but instead having a panel made up of different freelance comedians and celebrities each program, although the program is generally hosted by the same compere. Talk shows evolved in tandem with the Japanese variety show and it is very common for talk shows to borrow variety elements, typically by having celebrity guests attempt some kind of amusingly incongruous activity. Often, one of the guests will be a gaijin tarento (foreign talent) in order to provide comedy or to comment on matters related to Western culture. However, the comedic elements are usually written for the guests and hosts.
In Brazil, Jô Soares inaugurated the genre with Jô Soares Onze e Meia ("Jô Soares Eleven Thirty") from 1988 to 1999. In 2000, Soares took his show's format to Rede Globo, where it was then called Programa do Jô, and hosts the program until the present day. Jô's main competitors are Danilo Gentili and Fábio Porchat.
See also[edit]
Talk radio
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stelter, Brian (September 30, 2010). "Anderson Cooper to Host Daytime Talk Show". NYTimes.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (February 26, 2003). "MSNBC Cancels the Phil Donahue Talk Show — New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tannen, Deborah (November 28, 2009). "Op-Ed Contributor — Donahue Talked, Oprah Listened". NYTimes.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (January 5, 1994). "Stern Reportedly Rules Out Late-Night TV Talk Show — New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hinckley, David (November 26, 1999). "Joe Franklin: Truth in Packaging". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Donahue, Sally Jessy, Geraldo, Montel, Ricki: Talk Show Hosts—Where Are They Now?". Oprah.com. November 10, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nepali hosts longest-ever talk show". BBC News. April 13, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Niven, David; Lichter, S. R.; Amundson, Daniel (July 2003). "The Political Content of Late Night Comedy". The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 8 (3): 118–133. doi:10.1177/1081180X03008003007.
Priming Effects of Late-Night Comedy
Late-Night Comedy and the Salience of the Candidates' Caricatured Traits in the 2000 Election
[show]
v
t
e
Daytime television in the United States
Broadcast
ABC
The View
The Chew
CBS
The Talk
The CW
The Robert Irvine Show
Univision
El Gordo y la Flaca
UniMás
¿Quién Tiene la Razón?
Casos de Família
Laura
NBC
Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda
Megyn Kelly Today
Syndication
Access Hollywood Live
Daily Blast Live
The Doctors
The Dr. Oz Show
Dr. Phil
Harry
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
The Jerry Springer Show
Live with Kelly and Ryan
Maury
Pickler & Ben
Rachael Ray
The Real
Sister Circle
Steve
The Steve Wilkos Show
TMZ Live
The Wendy Williams Show
Streaming
Ora TV
Larry King Now
Politicking with Larry King
See also
Morning
Daytime talk
Evening news
Late night
Overnight news
Sunday talk
Newsmagazines
Tabloid
[show]
v
t
e
Current late night talk and news satire comedy shows in the United States
Network
ABC
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
CBS
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
NBC
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
Late Night with Seth Meyers
Last Call with Carson Daly
PBS
Charlie Rose
Tavis Smiley
Cable
Bravo
Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen
Comedy Central
The Jim Jefferies Show
The Daily Show with Trevor Noah
The Opposition with Jordan Klepper
The President Show
Fox News
The Greg Gutfeld Show
Freeform
Truth & Iliza
HBO
Real Time with Bill Maher
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
National Geographic
StarTalk
TBS
Conan
Full Frontal with Samantha Bee
TruTV
The Chris Gethard Show
TV One
Donnie After Dark
VH1
VH1 Live!
Streaming
Netflix
Chelsea
Hulu
I Love You, America with Sarah Silverman
See also
Morning
Daytime talk
Evening news
Late night
Overnight news
Sunday talk
Newsmagazines
Tabloid
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk_show&oldid=808566695"
Categories:
Television talk shows
Television events
Talk radio
Radio formats
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from September 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Frysk
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 17:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Talk_show_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Talk show (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

value: b

values:
/wiki/Television_programming
mw-redirect
Television programming

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Morning_show
mw-redirect
Morning show

values:
/wiki/British_television
mw-redirect
British television

values:
/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_(Ireland)
mw-redirect
The Late Late Show (Ireland)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_shows
mw-redirect
Sunday morning talk shows

values:
/wiki/Live!_with_Kelly_and_Michael
mw-redirect
Live! with Kelly and Michael

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Talk shows in other countries

values:
/wiki/Compere_(host)
mw-redirect
Compere (host)

values:
/wiki/Gaijin_tarento
mw-redirect
Gaijin tarento

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/The_View_(U.S._TV_series)
mw-redirect
The View (U.S. TV series)

values:
/wiki/The_Talk_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
The Talk (TV series)

values:
/wiki/The_Dr._Oz_Show
mw-redirect
The Dr. Oz Show

values:
/wiki/Dr._Phil_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Dr. Phil (TV series)

values: Template:Late night television in the United States

values: Template:U.S. overnight television news programs

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Late night television in the United States

values: I Love You, America with Sarah Silverman

values: Category:Use mdy dates from September 2013

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Talk_show
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: برنامج حواري – Arabic

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkshow
Talkshow – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkshow
Talkshow – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk-show
Talk-show – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Զրույց-հանդես – Armenian

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: תוכנית אירוח – Hebrew

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkshow
Talkshow – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk-show
Talk-show – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk-show
Talk-show – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratshow
Pratshow – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ทอล์กโชว์ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show
Talk show – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Talk_show rootpage-Talk_show vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view