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Disneyland Monorail System
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This article is about the monorail line at the Disneyland Resort. For monorail lines at other Disney theme parks, see Disney monorail.
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Disneyland Monorail System
Mark VII Monorail passes over the Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage show building
Disneyland
Area
Tomorrowland and Downtown Disney
Status
Operating
Opening date
June 14, 1959
General statistics
Attraction type
straddle-beam Monorail
Designer
WED Enterprises
Height
41 ft (12 m)
Speed
30 mph (48 km/h)
Vehicle type
Monorail Trains
Vehicles
3
Riders per vehicle
120
Duration
11 minutes
Vehicle names
Monorail Red, Monorail Blue, Monorail Orange
Track gauge
Single straddle-beam
Wheelchair accessible
The Disneyland Monorail System (originally named the Disneyland ALWEG Monorail System) is an attraction and transportation system at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, United States. It was the first daily operating monorail in the Western Hemisphere, and the first in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Operations
3 Maintenance
3.1 Tractor
3.2 Installation and removal
4 Safety
4.1 Emergency evacuation
4.2 Platform safety
5 Facts and figures
6 Disneyland Monorail trains
6.1 Built by Disney Engineers
6.2 Built by Walt Disney Imagineering/WED Enterprises
6.3 Built by Dynamic Structures
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Historical Disneyland Monorail Plaque located at Tomorrowland Station.
[hide]
[
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Disneyland Monorail System
Legend
Maintenance shed
(not open to public)
Disneyland
Steam train transfer
(via short walk inside Disneyland)
Downtown Disney
Walt Disney originally envisioned the monorail as a practical form of public transport for the future. However, the monorail came about during a time when America's—and particularly Los Angeles'—obsession with the automobile was increasing, and monorails in the United States came to be associated only with Disney's theme parks, with the exception of Seattle's monorail.[1]
The job of building the monorail was originally assigned to the Standard Carriage Works of East Los Angeles, but in late 1958, Walt Disney, pressured for time, moved it to his Burbank studios. Disney designer Bob Gurr then headed a Disney team that designed and manufactured the cars, chassis, suspension and propulsion systems, thus completing the Red Mk 1 just in time for the re-dedication of Tomorrowland.
The Disneyland ALWEG Monorail opened on June 14, 1959, as a sightseeing attraction in Tomorrowland in Disneyland, along with the Disneyland Expansion with the Matterhorn Bobsleds, the Submarine Voyage, the expanded version of Autopia, and the Motor Boat Cruise. The Mark I trains (Red and Blue) consisted of three cars each. In 1961 it became a true transportation system when Tomorrowland station was lengthened to accommodate the debut of the four-car Mark II and the additional new Yellow train; the track was extended 2½ miles outside the park and a second platform was constructed — the Disneyland Hotel station. In 1968 Mark III Monorail Green joined the fleet, and both platforms were lengthened for the arrival of the more streamlined and efficient five-car Mark III monorail train conversions.
From Hotel Station there were two trips above Disneyland available aboard the monorail — a quick tour and general admission. Guests wishing to embark upon a vista-dome view of the park, including a leisurely layover in Tomorrowland within the tail-cone could purchase an exclusive round-trip tour ticket at Hotel Station and save the expense of general admission to Disneyland. Nose and tailcone door latches were independent from the main door release button. A simple dial indicator above the tail-cone compartment door could be turned to one of three positions — General admission guests, round-trip only guests, and mixed. Hostess attendants at Tomorrowland Station would check the dial position and open the door for general admission guests. If general admission guests boarded the tail-cone in Tomorrowland, the dial would be set to mixed, then all mixed tail-cone guests disembarked at the hotel.
By the early 1980s, the Mark III trains were showing their age and the wear of years. In 1985, Disneyland began phasing out the Mark III trains one by one. The older trains were stripped to the chassis and rebuilt as Mark V trains. The Mark III Green went first, to become the Mark V Purple followed by the Mark III Yellow becoming the Mark V Orange. The Mark III Blue remained blue (albeit a lighter shade) and the last was Red, remaining Red. The notable difference was the loss of the bubble-top driver's area in favor of a streamlined "Learjet" look similar to the Mark IV trains at the Walt Disney World Resort. The new trains also sported closed passenger compartments (with windows that could be opened) and pneumatic doors. Following the 1985 Disney World monorail fire, a safety handrail was added along the spine of the train, as well as emergency fire exit hatches leading to the roof. The attraction's name remained the "Disneyland Monorail System", as it had been painted on the Mark III trains' skirts. The Mark V trains were built by Ride & Show Engineering, Inc., incorporating bodies that were produced by Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm of Germany. Purple first made its appearance for testing in Autumn of 1986 and began regular operations a few months later. Orange was delivered in late Summer of 1987, followed by Blue in early 1988. The oldest train, Red, was also the last to be removed from the line for refurbishment in the Spring of 1988.
Mark V Monorail Blue travels over the former Submarine Voyage in 2002.
The beamway path was re-aligned into the Eeyore section of the parking lot in 1994 to accommodate the construction of the Indiana Jones Adventure show building. The trains were fitted with new electrical pick-up shoes and tail view cameras, enabling two-train point-to-point shuttle service where the first arriving train was disembarked, moved along empty to just beyond the station, the second train arrived, disembarked, embarked and dispatched so the first train could be loaded and dispatched for the return. In 1999, the monorail began lengthy periods of closures due to construction of the Disney California Adventure theme park where the monorail beamway passed through what had formerly been the parking lot. Although the beamway's route was not altered, a significant amount of construction was done around the existing beamway, and much of the terrain under the beamway's support columns was regraded, necessitating the closures. Additionally, the Disneyland Hotel Station and all of its nearby hotel structures were completely demolished and a new station built in the same location.[2] General admission was required to board at the Downtown Disney station. Downtown Disney Station is treated as a second gate into Disneyland Park, so a general admission passport or valid annual pass must be presented to ride the monorail and the tail-cone tour is no longer offered.
The system resumed limited shuttle operations in 2000, when the Downtown Disney Station became operational, but a significant portion of the beamway was still unusable due to construction. In 2001 the monorail resumed full capacity forward direction circuit operations, passing through Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa, as well as showcasing the new park.
A Disneyland Monorail sports a new look in honor of the return of the subs.
In 2004, Monorail Orange was removed from the line and taken to Walt Disney Imagineering in Glendale to be reverse engineered. Monorail Blue was removed in September 2006 for rebuilding. The Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage show building was extended into the lagoon beneath the monorail, which closed from August 21 through late December 2006 to prepare for the 2007 opening of Nemo.
The refurbishment from Mark V to Mark VII was done one train at a time. There was no Mark VI at Disneyland, as Mark VI are used on the Walt Disney World Monorail System. The first Mark VII train, Monorail Red, arrived at Disneyland on December 20, 2007. It was originally expected to be in service by the end of February 2008, but due to design change issues, it did not begin serving park guests until July 3, 2008. Mark VII Blue arrived on-site on April 10, 2008, began daytime riderless testing on August 1, 2008, and began guest service on September 16, 2008. Monorail Mark VII Orange arrived on-site on August 14, 2008, began riderless testing in March 2009, and began guest service on April 7, 2009. The entire Mark VII Monorail fleet consists of three trains — Red, Blue, and Orange.
Monorail Blue as "Mandy Monorail" at the Tomorrowland Monorail Station in June 2012
In May 2012, the monorails received new decals, depicting eyes and a mouth covering and below the front windows, to tie in with the opening of the Cars Land section of Disney California Adventure. Each train was given a new name and unique narration, depicting the trains as if they were in the Cars film universe. Monorail Red became Manny Monorail, Monorail Blue became Mandy Monorail, and Monorail Orange became Mona Monorail.[3] By the end of January 2013, the decals had been removed and the trains were running with standard narration.
Operations[edit]
The Disneyland Monorail has two stations: one in Tomorrowland, and another in the Downtown Disney district. The original Monorail was a round trip ride with no stops. In 1961, the track was expanded to connect to a station at the Disneyland Hotel, making it an actual transportation system. The original Hotel station was torn down in 1999 and a new station, now called the Downtown Disney Station, was built in the same place.[2] All riders must disembark at Tomorrowland Station, and during peak traffic periods, the monorail offers only one-way trips where all passengers must also disembark at the Downtown Disney Station and re-board for the return trip to Tomorrowland. Admission to Disneyland Park must be purchased to ride the monorail.
In the fall of 2006, the Tomorrowland Station was remodeled due to the Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage construction. The original speed ramps were removed, and a new concrete ramp was added on the east end of the station to handle the queue and access to the station, with concrete stairs on the west end to handle the exiting Monorail passengers.
The monorail travels in one direction only. All passengers board at a single platform. Leaving Tomorrowland station, the monorail crosses the Disneyland Railroad and continues along Harbor Boulevard on the eastern edge of the park. Turning to enter Disney California Adventure, it passes Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue! and the Sunset Showcase Theater. The track then crosses through the gateway to the Disney California Adventure park. Passengers can see Disneyland Park on the right and Disney California Adventure Park on the left. The monorail then passes through Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa then makes a sharp curve to the right and enters the Downtown Disney station, which has a rainforest theme, covered with several jungle-themed canopies, to complement the adjacent Rainforest Cafe.
Downtown Disney station has one platform. After a five-minute loading, the train leaves Downtown Disney and makes a short loop around the district before crossing above the esplanade between the two parks and heads back to Disneyland. Once inside the park, the monorail crosses the railroad again and goes into a series of sharp bends and curves around Tomorrowland. The track travels above the Submarine Lagoon and Autopia. The track actually crosses the lagoon four times. The track then curves around the Matterhorn Bobsleds, giving a view of Fantasyland, then turns left to reenter the Tomorrowland Station.
All monorails are equipped with Grover 1056 2-chime air horns. The horn must be sounded twice when departing a station, at one point where the track parallels the currently unused PeopleMover/Rocket Rod track, and when approaching the Matterhorn. They are also sounded when a bird lands on the track, and as a greeting to passing Disneyland Railroad trains near the switch to the barn. The original monorails were equipped with horns that sounded more like real ground-level trains.
The original red Mark I ALWEG Monorail train, with one car added, then designated Mark II. Both trains were specially created for Disneyland. The other train was blue but otherwise identical. Seen at the Disneyland Hotel station in August 1963.
The blue Mark II ALWEG Monorail train. Seen at the Disneyland Park station in August 1963.
Maintenance[edit]
"Monorail Shop", as it is officially known ("Shop" for short), is Disney's monorail maintenance facility located behind "it's a small world" at Disneyland and provides space for four monorails on its upper level (the bottom level houses the five steam locomotives that circle Disneyland). Monorails access this yard by stopping at the switch near the road crossing and then the switch will switch to the facility spur. Then the monorail travels slowly into the yard where another switch leads it into the designated track. No train will ever be left outside the facility because routine maintenance is performed nightly.
Tractor[edit]
Maintenance-of-way Tractor
The Diesel/hydraulic powered "work tractors" are primarily used each morning for beam inspection and maintenance-of-way which includes trimming vegetation beyond the reach of guests, cleaning and repairing the electrical commutator rails as well as periodically scheduled servicing and painting of the concrete beam guideway. They are powerful enough to return a fully loaded train fitted with tow-bars to a station platform, then to the Monorail Shop, independent of 600V track power.
Installation and removal[edit]
In order to remove old monorail trains and replace them with new ones, they are shunted to maintenance shop beam "D" where each car segment is prepared individually for removal by supporting the remaining segment and disconnecting the bellows, cables and articulated motor truck. The car is then rolled outside along the beam to a position where a custom crane-hoist harness is fitted to it and the car is hoisted off the beam and transferred to a truck trailer on which a transport beam is bolted. The Diesel/hydraulic tractor (pictured) is used as a switcher to carefully tow each car into and out of the maintenance shop. The procedure is reversed for fitting new segments of monorail train cars to the beam while testing each system and connection. Each fully assembled train is then slowly and methodically tested thoroughly over many months before it can be placed into revenue service for guests. It was determined after delivery of Mark VII Monorail Red that platform clearance was too tight for the new, elongated end-compartments, so Monorail Blue was modified at the manufacturer and entered service before Red[citation needed] .
Safety[edit]
Emergency evacuation[edit]
Emergencies requiring train evacuation will be handled differently depending upon the location of the train and the nature of the emergency.
If a train is stopped at a station platform or at the work platform, guests can exit the train onto the platform. Exiting a train is possible even when the doors of the train cars are closed. A cast member outside the car can also forcibly open the rightmost door panel of the car by releasing the air pressure holding that panel closed. The air pressure release is a handle beneath the rectangular center window that is similar in appearance to a car door handle.
If a train is stopped on open beam, then guests evacuate through emergency exits located in the roof of the train. Guests open roof hatches by first removing decorative plastic from the ceiling above a bulkhead footstool and then by lifting open a hinged hatch that will flip across the bulkhead dividing two train cars. Guests evacuate to the roof by climbing through the open hatch onto the top of the train. The bulkheads separating cars are designed as firewalls that will contain a fire within a car to just that car. The open hatch allows guests in the affected car to transfer to an adjacent car where they can safely wait for evacuation by fire response crews.
If the emergency affects the entire train, then guests are evacuated to the surface of the beam. Guests again open the emergency roof hatches, but do not simply move to the adjacent car. Instead, they use a small handrail present along the top of each train car to move all the way to the front of the train. The Disneyland Fire Department assists in the safe evacuation of the disabled train.
Platform safety[edit]
Platform gates are operated manually and remain closed until the next train arrives and cast members determine that it is safe to board.
The trains are powered by over 600 Volts DC, drawn from a small rail (bus bar) running along the right side of the beam. This bus bar is similar to the electrified or "third" rail of a subway train.
Facts and figures[edit]
Monorail sign in Tomorrowland
Grand opening: June 14, 1959
Designer: WED Enterprises
Trains: 3 - Mark VII Red, Mark VII Blue and Mark VII Orange
Max Trains on Beam: 3
Track length: 2.5 miles (4 kilometers)
Ride duration: 10:30
Coupon required (originally): "E" (the coupon system has since been replaced with passports which include all attractions.)
Ride system: Each train is propelled by six DC electric motors each mounted in articulated powered trucks shared between cars, not just the lead car.
1959 construction costs of the entire system averaged over a million dollars per mile(>$620,000/kilometer.)
Oversized ceremonial scissors failed to cut the ribbon during the televised opening ceremony, so Walt simply tore it.
Disneyland Monorail trains[edit]
Built by Disney Engineers[edit]
View from monorail car facing southeast on South Harbor Blvd
Built at Disney Studios. Based on Alweg monorail systems and concepts.
Mark I : 1959 - 1961
3-car trains
Colors: red and blue
Mark II : 1961 - 1969 (Added with track expansion to Disneyland Hotel)
Same physical hardware as Mark I, with minor upgrades and improvements
4-car trains (1 new car for Red and Blue trains, yellow was all new train)
Bigger dome on top of front car
Colors: red, blue and yellow
Built by Walt Disney Imagineering/WED Enterprises[edit]
Mark III monorail and Peoplemover in 1979
Mark III : 1969 - 1987
Entirely new design and physical hardware. No re-use from Mark I & II.
5-car trains
137 feet (41.76 m) long
colors: red, blue, yellow and green.
A special Mark V monorail crosses a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge
Mark V : 1987 - 2008
5-car trains
Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering
Car bodies built by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm of Germany
Seats 24 passengers in each of the five cars, plus 7 passengers in the tail cone, and 5 passengers with 1 driver in the nose cone.
Total number of passengers per train: 132
Utilizes Mk III chassis as re-engineered by Ride & Show Engineering, Inc. of San Dimas,CA.
The Mk V was designed to resemble the appearance of the Mark IV series monorails which were operating in the Walt Disney World Resort.
colors: red, blue, orange and purple
Built by Dynamic Structures[edit]
Monorail Orange, a Mark VII monorail, passes over the lagoon in Tomorrowland at Disneyland.
Mark VII : 2008–Present
Sleek/Retro design accomplished by installing a Mark III style nose on the existing Mark V trains.
New island seating configuration, with one row of inward-facing seating at the front and rear ends of each car.
The main cabins have a capacity of 22 passengers
The tailcone has a capacity of six passengers while the nosecone has a capacity of four passengers and a pilot.
Designed and engineered in-house by Walt Disney Imagineering and TPI Composites
Colors: Red, Blue, and Orange.
The first Mark VII monorail, Red, was delivered to Disneyland on December 20, 2007.[4] It began service on July 3, 2008.[5]
The second Mark VII, Blue, was delivered to Disneyland on April 10, 2008. It began service September 16, 2008.
The Third Mark VII, Orange, was delivered to Disneyland on August 14, 2008. It began service on April 7, 2009.
See also[edit]
Disney portal
Amusement parks portal
Trains portal
Greater Los Angeles portal
Incidents at Disneyland Resort
List of current Disneyland attractions
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Walt Disney World Monorail System
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Monorails of North America: Disneyland, California". The Monorail Society. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Ballard, Donald (2008-06-08). "Mixed Bag". The Original Disneyland Hotel. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
Jump up ^ Tully, Sarah (May 18, 2012). "Disneyland Monorail trains get 'Cars' makeovers". The Orange County Register. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Tully, Sarah (2007-12-20). "New monorail arrives at Disneyland". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Brady (July 3, 2008). "Disneyland Monorail Red debuts tonight". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disneyland Monorail System.
The Disneyland Monorail - Article on how the monorail works
The Monorail Society - Profile of the Disneyland Monorail System
The Monorail Society Mark VII Photo Essay - Nine pages of Mark VII photos
WDW and Disneyland Monorail pictures
"Disney Pix" - Monorail History - A complete history of all the Disney monorail car designs in pictures.
Video footage of the Disneyland Monorail from riders' POV
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Coordinates: 33°48′46″N 117°55′00″W / 33.8128°N 117.9167°W / 33.8128; -117.9167
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Aluminium foil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about aluminium foil. For other types of foil, see Foil (disambiguation).
A sheet of aluminium foil
Aluminium foil (or aluminum foil), often referred to with the misnomer tin foil, is aluminium prepared in thin metal leaves with a thickness less than 0.2 mm (7.9 mils); thinner gauges down to 6 micrometres (0.24 mils) are also commonly used.[1] In the United States, foils are commonly gauged in thousandths of an inch or mils. Standard household foil is typically 0.016 mm (0.63 mils) thick, and heavy duty household foil is typically 0.024 mm (0.94 mils). The foil is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are sometimes laminated to other materials such as plastics or paper to make them more useful. Aluminium foil supplanted tin foil in the mid 20th century.
Annual production of aluminium foil was approximately 800,000 tonnes (880,000 tons) in Europe[1] and 600,000 tonnes (660,000 tons) in the U.S. in 2003.[2] Approximately 75% of aluminium foil is used for packaging of foods, cosmetics, and chemical products, and 25% used for industrial applications (e.g. thermal insulation, cables and electronics).[2] It can be recycled.
In North America, aluminium foil is known as aluminum foil. It was popularised by Reynolds Metals, the leading manufacturer in North America. In the United Kingdom and United States it is, informally, widely called tin foil, for historical reasons (similar to how aluminium cans are often still called "tin cans"). Metallised films are sometimes mistaken for aluminium foil, but are actually polymer films coated with a thin layer of aluminium. In Australia, aluminium foil is widely called alfoil.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Before aluminium foil
1.2 The first aluminium foil
2 Manufacture
3 Properties
4 Uses
4.1 Packaging
4.2 Insulation
4.3 Electromagnetic shielding
4.4 Cooking
4.5 Art and decoration
4.6 Geochemical sampling
4.7 Ribbon microphones
5 Environmental issues
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Before aluminium foil[edit]
Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. Tin foil was marketed commercially from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth century. The term "tin foil" survives in the English language as a term for the newer aluminium foil. Tin foil is less malleable than aluminium foil and tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it. Tin foil has been supplanted by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.[3]
The first audio recordings on phonograph cylinders were made on tin foil.[4]
The first aluminium foil[edit]
Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, "Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie."[5] was opened in Emmishofen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher & Sons, the aluminium manufacturers, started in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls, capturing the falls' energy to process aluminium. Neher's sons, together with Dr. Lauber, discovered the endless rolling process and the use of aluminium foil as a protective barrier in December 1907.
In 1911, Bern-based Tobler began wrapping its chocolate bars in aluminium foil, including the unique triangular chocolate bar, Toblerone.[6] By 1912, aluminium foil was being used by Maggi (today a Nestlé brand) to pack soups and stock cubes.[citation needed]
The first use of foil in the United States was in 1913 for wrapping Life Savers, candy bars, and gum.[7] Processes evolved over time to include the use of print, colour, lacquer, laminate and the embossing of the aluminium.
Manufacture[edit]
A roll of aluminium foil, with micrometer showing a thickness of 13 μm (0.5 mils)
See also: Rolling (metalworking)
Aluminium foil is produced by rolling sheet ingots cast from molten billet aluminium, then re-rolling on sheet and foil rolling mills to the desired thickness, or by continuously casting and cold rolling. To maintain a constant thickness in aluminium foil production, beta radiation is passed through the foil to a sensor on the other side. If the intensity becomes too high, then the rollers adjust, increasing the thickness. If the intensities become too low and the foil has become too thick, the rollers apply more pressure, causing the foil to be made thinner.
The continuous casting method is much less energy intensive and has become the preferred process.[8] For thicknesses below 0.025 mm (1 mil), two layers are usually put together for the final pass and afterwards separated which produces foil with one bright side and one matte side.[9] The two sides in contact with each other are matte and the exterior sides become bright; this is done to reduce tearing, increase production rates, control thickness, and get around the need for a smaller diameter roller.[9]
Some lubrication is needed during the rolling stages; otherwise, the foil surface can become marked with a herringbone pattern. These lubricants are sprayed on the foil surface before passing through the mill rolls. Kerosene based lubricants are commonly used, although oils approved for food contact must be used for foil intended for food packaging.
Aluminium becomes work hardened during the cold rolling process and is annealed for most purposes. The rolls of foil are heated until the degree of softness is reached, which may be up to 340 °C (644 °F) for 12 hours. During this heating, the lubricating oils are burned off, leaving a dry surface. Lubricant oils may not be completely burnt off for hard temper rolls, which can make subsequent coating or printing more difficult.
The rolls of aluminium foil are then slit on slitter rewinding machines into smaller rolls. Roll slitting and rewinding is an essential part of the finishing process.
Properties[edit]
Microscopic close-up of aluminium foil on the back of an intumescent rubber strip.
Aluminium foils thicker than 25 μm (1 mil) are impermeable to oxygen and water. Foils thinner than this become slightly permeable due to minute pinholes caused by the production process.
Aluminium foil has a shiny side and a matte side. The shiny side is produced when the aluminium is rolled during the final pass. It is difficult to produce rollers with a gap fine enough to cope with the foil gauge, therefore, for the final pass, two sheets are rolled at the same time, doubling the thickness of the gauge at entry to the rollers. When the sheets are later separated, the inside surface is dull, and the outside surface is shiny. This difference in the finish has led to the perception that favouring a side has an effect when cooking. While many believe (wrongly) that the different properties keep heat out when wrapped with the shiny finish facing out, and keep heat in with the shiny finish facing inwards, the actual difference is imperceptible without instrumentation. Increased reflectivity decreases both absorption and emission of radiation. Foil may have a non-stick coating on only one side.[10] The reflectivity of bright aluminium foil is 88% while dull embossed foil is about 80%.[7]
Uses[edit]
Packaging[edit]
Chocolates in aluminium foil packaging
Aluminium is used for packaging as it is highly malleable: it can be easily converted to thin sheets and folded, rolled or packed. Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light and oxygen (which cause fats to oxidise or become rancid), odours and flavours, moistness, and germs, and so it is used broadly in food and pharmaceutical packaging, including long-life packs (aseptic packaging) for drinks and dairy goods, which allows storing without refrigeration. Aluminium foil containers and trays are used to bake pies and to pack takeaway meals, ready snacks and long life pet foods.
Aluminium foil is widely sold into the consumer market, often in rolls of 500 mm (20 in) width and several metres in length.[11] It is used for wrapping food in order to preserve it, for example, when storing leftover food in a refrigerator (where it serves the additional purpose of preventing odour exchange), when taking sandwiches on a journey, when baking, or when selling some kinds of take-away or fast food. Tex-Mex restaurants in the United States, for example, typically provide take-away burritos wrapped in aluminium foil.
Insulation[edit]
Aluminium foil is widely used for radiation shield (barrier and reflectivity), heat exchangers (heat conduction) and cable liners (barrier and electrical conductivity). Aluminium foil's heat conductive qualities make it a common accessory in hookah smoking: a sheet of perforated aluminium foil is frequently placed between the coal and the tobacco, allowing the tobacco to be heated without coming into direct contact with the burning coal.
Electromagnetic shielding[edit]
The shielding effectiveness of aluminium foil depends upon the type of incident field (electric, magnetic, or plane wave), the thickness of the foil, and the frequency (which determines the skin depth). Shielding effectiveness is usually broken down into a reflection loss (the energy bounces off the shield rather than penetrates it) and an absorption loss (the energy is dissipated within the shield).
Although aluminium is non-magnetic, it is a good conductor, so even a thin sheet reflects almost all of an incident electric wave. At frequencies more than 100 MHz, the electric field is attenuated by more than 80 decibels (dB) (less than 10−8 = 0.00000001 of the power gets through).[12]
Thin sheets of aluminium are not very effective at attenuating low-frequency magnetic fields. The shielding effectiveness is dependent upon the skin depth. A field travelling through one skin depth will lose about 63 per cent of its energy (it is attenuated to 1/e = 1/2.718... of its original energy). Thin shields also have internal reflections that reduce the shielding effectiveness.[13] For effective shielding from a magnetic field, the shield should be several skin depths thick. Aluminium foil is about 1 mil (25 μm); a thickness of 10 mils (250 μm) (ten times thicker) offers less than 1 dB of shielding at 1 kHz, about 8 dB at 10 kHz, and about 25 dB at 100 kHz.
Cooking[edit]
Aluminium foil is also used for barbecuing delicate foods,[14] such as mushrooms and vegetables. Using this method, sometimes called a hobo pack, food is wrapped in foil, then placed on the grill, preventing loss of moisture that may result in a less appealing texture.
As is the case with all metallic items, aluminium foil reacts to being placed in a microwave oven. This is because of the electromagnetic fields of the microwaves inducing electric currents in the foil and high potentials at the sharp points of the foil sheet; if the potential is sufficiently high, it will cause electric arcing to areas with lower potential, even to the air surrounding the sheet. Modern microwave ovens have been designed to prevent damage to the cavity magnetron tube from microwave energy reflection, and aluminium packages designed for microwave heating are available.[15]
Art and decoration[edit]
Heavier foils made of aluminium are used for art, decoration, and crafts, especially in bright metallic colours. Metallic aluminium, normally silvery in colour, can be made to take on other colours through anodisation. Anodising creates an oxide layer on the aluminium surface that can accept coloured dyes or metallic salts, depending on the process used. In this way, aluminium is used to create an inexpensive gold foil that actually contains no gold, and many other bright metallic colours. These foils are sometimes used in distinctive packaging.
Geochemical sampling[edit]
Foil is used by organic/petroleum geochemists for protecting rock samples taken from the fields and in the labs where the sample is subject to biomarker analysis. While plastic or cloth bags are normally used for a geological sampling exercise, cloth bags are permeable and may allow organic solvents or oils (such as oils imparted from the skin) to taint the sample, and traces of the plastics from plastic bags may also taint the sample. Foil provides a seal to the ingress of organic solvents and does not taint the sample. Foil is also used extensively in geochemical laboratories to provide a barrier for the geochemist, and for sample storage.
Ribbon microphones[edit]
The material used in many ribbon microphones is aluminium leaf, or "imitation silver leaf", as it is sometimes called. This is pure aluminium and is around 0.6 to 2.0 micrometres thick. It is virtually the same material that the BBC used on Coles ribbons, with the exception that they also hand beat the leaf even thinner. They did this by sandwiching the ribbon between toilet paper and beating with a ball-peen hammer. This "cold forges" the leaf. The aluminium leaf was then annealed for an hour in an oven to restore flexibility. Corrugations must also be imparted into the ribbon: Coles used 25 per inch (1 mm cycle). RCA 44BX has 19 corrugations per inch (0.7 mm cycle) and is around 50 mm (2.0 in) long; RCA 77 has 13 corrugations per inch (0.5 mm cycle). RCA ribbon material is around 1 to 1.5 micrometres (0.00005 inch) thick. The new Nady ribbon plus AEA both state that they use 2 micrometre aluminium ribbon in their microphones.[vague]
Environmental issues[edit]
See also: Aluminium recycling
Some aluminium foil products can be recycled at around 5% of the original energy cost,[16] although many aluminium laminates are not recycled due to difficulties in separating the components and low yield of aluminium metal.
See also[edit]
Book: Aluminium
Tin foil hat
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Aluminum Association (USA) Archived 2007-12-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Berger, Kenneth R. (December 2002). "A Brief History of Packaging". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project, UCSB. "Tinfoil Recordings" (web page). Cylinder Recordings: A Primer. University of California at Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Mary Bellis (2012-04-09). "Charles Martin Hall - The History of Aluminum". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "History". Archived from the original on 2015-05-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanlon, J. (1992). 1st ed. Handbook of Package Engineering, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Technomic Publishing: ISBN 0-87762-924-2. Chapter 3 Films and Foils.
Jump up ^ Robertson, G. (2006). 2nd ed. Food Packaging, Principles and Practise, Boca Raton, FL, Taylor & Francis Group: ISBN 0-8493-3775-5. Chapter 7 Metal Packaging Materials.
^ Jump up to: a b Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 386. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
Jump up ^ Examples of products Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ott, Henry (1976), Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0-471-65726-3 . Ott (1976, figure 6-13) graphs reflection loss for copper, and shows electric field and plane wave losses at greater than 90 dB.
Jump up ^ Ott 1976, pp. 155–156
Jump up ^ Said, Olivier; MikeC, Chef (2011-11-22). Kitchen on Fire!: Mastering the Art of Cooking in 12 Weeks (or Less). Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780738214535. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ Huss, G. (1997) Microwaveable Packaging and Dual-Ovenable Materials in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd ed., edited by Brody, A. and Marsch, K. New York, John Wiley and Sons
Jump up ^ Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. "Action Plan, page 5, table 2: 4.2 vs. 0.19". Archived from the original on 2009-04-06.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aluminium foil.
European Aluminium Foil Association
Aluminium Association (USA)
Aluminium Foil from How Products Are Made, vol. 1, Thomson Gale (2005).
How It's Made: Aluminium Foil - HowItsMadeEpisodes channel on YouTube.

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interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ورق آلومینیومی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 알루미늄 포일 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: רדיד אלומיניום – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Хөнгөнцагаан ялтсан цаас – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfol
Alfol – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannedda
Pannedda – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: แผ่นอะลูมิเนียม – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Aluminium_foil rootpage-Aluminium_foil skin-vector action-view