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Debt-to-equity ratio
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The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and debt used to finance a company's assets.[1] Closely related to leveraging, the ratio is also known as risk, gearing or leverage. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's debt and equity are publicly traded, or using a combination of book value for debt and market value for equity financially.
Contents
1 Usage
2 Formula
3 Background
4 Example
5 See also
6 References
Usage[edit]
Preferred stock can be considered part of debt or equity. Attributing preferred shares to one or the other is partially a subjective decision but will also take into account the specific features of the preferred shares.
When used to calculate a company's financial leverage, the debt usually includes only the Long Term Debt (LTD). Quoted ratios can even exclude the current portion of the LTD. The composition of equity and debt and its influence on the value of the firm is much debated and also described in the Modigliani-Miller theorem.
Financial economists and academic papers will usually refer to all liabilities as debt, and the statement that equity plus liabilities equals assets is therefore an accounting identity (it is, by definition, true). Other definitions of debt to equity may not respect this accounting identity, and should be carefully compared. Generally speaking, a high ratio may indicate that the company is much resourced with (outside) borrowing as compared to funding from shareholders.
Formula[edit]
In a general sense, the ratio is simply debt divided by equity. However, what is classified as debt can differ depending on the interpretation used. Thus, the ratio can take on a number of forms including:
Debt / Equity
Long-term Debt / Equity
Total Liabilities / Equity
In a basic sense, Total Debt / Equity is a measure of all of a company's future obligations on the balance sheet relative to equity. However, the ratio can be more discerning as to what is actually a borrowing, as opposed to other types of obligations that might exist on the balance sheet under the liabilities section. For example, often only the liabilities accounts that are actually labelled as "debt" on the balance sheet are used in the numerator, instead of the broader category of "total liabilities". In other words, actual borrowings like bank loans and interest-bearing debt securities are used, as opposed to the broadly inclusive category of total liabilities which, in addition to debt-labelled accounts, can include accrual accounts like unearned revenue.
Another popular iteration of the ratio is the long-term-debt-to-equity ratio which uses only long-term debt in the numerator instead of total debt or total liabilities. Total debt includes both long-term debt and short-term debt which is made up of actual short-term debt that has actual short-term maturities and also the portion of long-term debt that has become short-term in the current period because it is now nearing maturity. This second classification of short-term debt is carved out of long-term debt and is reclassified as a current liability called current portion of long-term debt (or a similar name). The remaining long-term debt is used in the numerator of the long-term-debt-to-equity ratio.
A similar ratio is debt-to-capital (D/C), where capital is the sum of debt and equity:
D/C = total liabilities / total capital = debt / (debt + equity)
The relationship between D/E and D/C is:
D/C = D/(D+E) = D/E / (1 + D/E)
The debt-to-total assets (D/A) is defined as
D/A = total liabilities / total assets = debt / (debt + equity + non-financial liabilities)
It is a problematic measure of leverage, because an increase in non-financial liabilities reduces this ratio.[2] Nevertheless, it is in common use.
In the financial industry (particularly banking), a similar concept is equity to total assets (or equity to risk-weighted assets), otherwise known as capital adequacy.
Background[edit]
On a balance sheet, the formal definition is that debt (liabilities) plus equity equals assets, or any equivalent reformulation. Both the formulas below are therefore identical:
A = D + E
E = A – D or D = A – E.
Debt to equity can also be reformulated in terms of assets or debt:
D/E = D /(A – D) = (A – E) / E.
Example[edit]
General Electric Co. ([1])
Debt / equity: 4.304 (total debt / stockholder equity) (340/79). Note: This is often presented in percentage form, for instance 430.4.
Other equity / shareholder equity: 7.177 (568,303,000/79,180,000)
Equity ratio: 12% (shareholder equity / all equity) (79,180,000/647,483,000)
See also[edit]
Financial ratio
Debt-to-capital ratio
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peterson, Pamela (1999). Analysis of Financial Statements. New York: Wiley. p. 92. ISBN 1-883249-59-7.
Jump up ^ Welch, Ivo. "A Bad Measure of Leverage: The Financial-Debt-To-Asset Ratio". SSRN. SSRN 931675.
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Financial ratios
Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings (CAPE)
Capitalization rate (Cap Rate)
Cash return on cash invested (CROCI)
Debt-to-equity (D/E)
Dividend cover
Dividend payout
Enterprise value/EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
Enterprise value/gross cash invested (EV/GCI)
Enterprise value/sales (EV/Sales)
Loan-to-value (LTV)
Omega
Operating margin
Price-to-book (P/B)
Price/cash flow (P/CF)
Price-earnings (P/E)
Price-earnings to growth (PEG)
Price-sales (P/S)
Profit margin
Return on assets (ROA)
Return on net assets (RONA)
Return on capital (ROC)
Return on capital employed (ROCE)
Return on equity (ROE)
Return on tangible equity (ROTE)
Risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC)
Risk return (RRR)
Sharpe
Short interest (SIR)
Sortino
Sustainable growth (SGR)
Treynor
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Sushma Verma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sushma Verma
Personal information
Full name
Sushma Verma
Born
(1992-11-03) 3 November 1992 (age 25)
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Batting
Right-hand batsman
Bowling
n/a
Role
Wicket keeper
International information
National side
India
Test debut
16 November 2014 v South Africa
ODI debut
24 November 2014 v South Africa
Last ODI
9 April 2018 v England
ODI shirt no.
5
T20I debut
5 April 2013 v Bangladesh
Last T20I
4 December 2016 v Pakistan
Domestic team information
Years
Team
2011-
Himachal Pradesh (squad no. 5)
Career statistics
Competition
Test
ODI
T20I
Matches
1 35 19
Runs scored
- 175 31
Batting average
- 5.81 10.33
100s/50s
- -/- -/-
Top score
- 41 12
Catches/stumpings
4/1 21/16 6/19
Source: ESPNcricinfo, 24 July 2017
Sushma Verma (born 3 November 1992 in Himri in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh) is an Indian cricketer.[1] She started her national-level career as a wicket-keeper and right hand batswoman in the India women's national cricket team.
After the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup game, the Himachal Pradesh chief minister Virbhadra Singh offered her join the post of Deputy Superintendent of Police.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Domestic Cricket
2 International Cricket
3 References
4 External links
Domestic Cricket[edit]
Before that, she played for the Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association. Under her captaincy, the Himachal team were the runners-up at the Under-19 All-India women's tournament in 2011. She is the first cricketer from Himachal Pradesh male or female to represent India in international cricket.[4][5][6][7]
Owning to fewer opportunities in domestic, she started playing for Railways. She played along with Mithali Raj, Harmanpreet Kaur and Punam Raut.[8]
International Cricket[edit]
Verma was part of the Indian team to reach the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs.[9][10][11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ESPN Cricinfo
Jump up ^ "HP CM Virbhadra Singh honours cricketer Sushma Verma - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Rajta, Subhash (2017-07-22). "Contrasting tales of two talented Himachali girls". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Himachal cricket, a new dawn and hope
Jump up ^ She shunned volleyball shorts for white flannels, is first HP woman in Indian squad
Jump up ^ 'Accidental wicketkeeper' Sushma Verma braces for Dharamsala homecoming
Jump up ^ This one's for the girls
Jump up ^ "Was waiting for this opportunity - Sushma Verma". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Live commentary: Final, ICC Women's World Cup at London, Jul 23, ESPNcricinfo, 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ World Cup Final, BBC Sport, 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ England v India: Women's World Cup final – live!, The Guardian, 23 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Sushma Verma on Instagram
[show]
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India women's national cricket team – current squad
Squad:
1 Gayakwad
3 Raj (Test, ODI C)
5 Verma
6 Sharma
7 Rana
8 Bisht
11 Kalpana
12 Pandey
14 Raut
15 Kumari
16 Kamini
18 Mandhana(T20I VC)
24 Yadav
25 Goswami
59 Vanitha
79 Veda
82 Patil
84 Harmanpreet(T20I C)
99 Niranjana
Rodrigues
Bhatia
Yadav
Parveen
Vastrakar
Support staff:
Head coach: Tushar Arothe
Assistant coach: n/a
Bowling coach: n/a
Fielding coach: Biju George
Only BCCI's contracted players for 2015-16 or who have played in the most recent series are listed. A fuller list of recent players can be found at the main article.
[show]
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India squad – 2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20
3 Raj(c)
25 Goswami (vc)
8 Bisht
1 Gayakwad
16 Kamini
84 Kaur
79 Veda
18 Mandhana
99 Niranjana
15 Pandey
82 Patil
6 Sharma
59 Vanitha
5 Verma
24 Yadav
Coach: Rau
[show]
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India squad – 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup (runners-up)
1 Raj (c)
2 Bisht
3 Rajeshwari
4 Goswami
5 Mansi
6 Kaur
7 Krishnamurthy
8 Mandhana
9 Meshram
10 Shikha
11 Parween (wk)
12 Raut
13 Deepti
14 Sushma (wk)
15 Poonam

This biographical article related to an Indian cricket person born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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America's Next Top Model (cycle 24)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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America's Next Top Model (cycle 24)
Cycle 24 cast
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
15
Release
Original network
VH1
Original release
January 9 (2018-01-09) – April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
Additional information
Judges
Tyra Banks
Ashley Graham
Drew Elliott
Law Roach
No. of contestants
15
Winner
Kyla Coleman
Cycle chronology
← Previous
Cycle 23
The twenty-fourth cycle of America's Next Top Model premiered on January 9, 2018 and was the second season to air on VH1. Continuing from cycle 23, this cycle featured an all-female cast. However, in a first for the series, the maximum age limit was removed, allowing contestants of all ages to enter the contest.[1]
Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora. The judging panel, consisting of model Ashley Graham, Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott, and celebrity stylist Law Roach, remained otherwise unchanged.
The prizes for this cycle included a contract with Next Model Management, fashion spread in Paper magazine, a cash prize of US$100,000 from Pantene, and a featured avatar in the new America's Next Top Model Mobile Game.
The winner of the competition was 20 year-old Kyla Coleman from Lacey, Washington.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Contestants
2 Episodes
2.1 The Boss Is Back
2.2 Beauty Is Los Angeles
2.3 Beauty Is a Trademark
2.4 Beauty Is Drama
2.5 Beauty Is Unconventional
2.6 Beauty Is Pride
2.7 Beauty Is Raw
2.8 Beauty Is Social
2.9 Beauty Is Movement
2.10 Beauty Is Real
2.11 Behind The Beauty
2.12 Beauty Is Personality
2.13 Beauty Is a Comeback
2.14 Beauty Is Commercial
2.15 Next Level Fierce
3 Summaries
3.1 Results
3.2 Photo shoot guide
4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Contestants[edit]
(Ages stated are at start of contest)[1][3]
Contestant
Age
Height
Hometown
Finish
Place
Maggie Keating 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Surry, Maine Episode 2 15
Ivana Thomas 23 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Durham, North Carolina Episode 3 14
Liz Woodbury 24 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Greenville, Massachusetts Episode 4 13 (quit)
Rhiyan Carreker 20 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Orange County, California 12
Coura Fall 24 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Eastvale, California Episode 5 11
Liberty Netuschil 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Lava Hot Springs, Idaho Episode 6 10
Christina McDonald 34 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Jenkintown, Pennsylvania Episode 7 9
Sandra Shehab 22 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Cliffside Park, New Jersey Episode 8 8
Brendi K Seiner 22 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Nashville, Tennessee Episode 9 7 (quit)
Erin Green 42 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Riverside, California Episode 10 6
Rio Summers 23 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Detroit, Michigan Episode 13 5
Shanice Carroll 25 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) Murfreesboro, Tennessee Episode 15 4
Khrystyana Kazakova 32 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) New York, New York 3
Jeana Turner 24 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Minneapolis, Minnesota 2
Kyla Coleman 20 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Lacey, Washington 1
Episodes[edit]
The Boss Is Back[edit]
Original air date: January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
The semi-finalists were introduced to the judges for the first time, and were made aware of the new casting process in which any of them could be eliminated at any point during casting week (as opposed to the mass-eliminations in previous cycles), to gradually reduce the pool of contestants. The models then had one-on-one auditions with the judges, which saw several semi-finalists leave the competition.
The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant-garde photo shoot and runway challenge. The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house, and at the end of the week, host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants. Immediately afterwards, Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who'd missed the final cut, Erin Green, would also be allowed to move on to the main competition, bringing the final number of contestants to 15.[4][5]
Featured photographer: Renata Raksha
Special guests: Nicola Formichetti
Beauty Is Los Angeles[edit]
Original air date: January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
The finalists moved into the model home. They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park, where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp. As the winner of the challenge, Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week. On set, the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford, inspired by Hollywood's latest baby boom fashion trends. At elimination, Coura received best picture. Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two, and Maggie was eliminated from the competition.[6]
Featured photographer: Charlotte Rutherford
Special guests: Stacey McKenzie
Beauty Is a Trademark[edit]
Original air date: January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon. After the makeovers were administered, the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors. At elimination, Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot. Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two, and Ivana was eliminated from the competition.[7]
Featured director: Director X
Special guests: Leanne Citrone
Beauty Is Drama[edit]
Original air date: January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips, which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie. Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner. Later on, the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story. After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra, Liz decided to quit the competition. At elimination, Khrystyana received best photo. Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two, and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition.[8]
Featured photographer: Ekaterina Belinskaya
Special guests: B. Akerlund, Anthony Hemingway, Stacey McKenzie, Kevin Phillips
Beauty Is Unconventional[edit]
Original air date: February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools. Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner, and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr's channel. On set, the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken. At elimination, Rio received best picture. Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two, and Coura was eliminated from the competition.[9]
Featured photographer: Tatiana Gerusova
Special guests: Patrick Starr
Beauty Is Pride[edit]
Original air date: February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky's Bar, and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana. The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon, Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova. Khrystyana won best picture at elimination. Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two, and Liberty was eliminated from the competition.[10]
Featured photographer: Katie Levine
Special guests: Valentina, Christian Cowan, Manila Luzon, Stacey McKenzie, Katya Zamolodchikova
Beauty Is Raw[edit]
Original air date: February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X. As the winners of the challenge, Khrystyana, Kyla, and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC. On set, the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra. At elimination Brendi K, Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice received a joint first call-out as a group. Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two, and Christina was eliminated from the competition.[11]
Featured photographer: Tyra Banks
Special guests: Yoko Sakakura, Shigeko Taylor, Director X, Stacey McKenzie
Beauty Is Social[edit]
Original air date: February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
The remaining models received a visit from Tyra, and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie. They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan's clothing brand, LonDunn. Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge. On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus-sized male models covered in gold body paint. At elimination, Kyla received best photo. Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two, and Sandra was eliminated from the competition.[12]
Featured photographer: Tyra Banks
Special guests: Jourdan Dunn, Zach Miko, Miles Dausuel, Kevin Rivers, Michael
Guest judge: Jourdan Dunn
Beauty Is Movement[edit]
Original air date: March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge, which was won by Jeana. They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute. Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel. Shanice received best photo during elimination, while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two. As a result of Brendi K’s departure earlier in the episode, both of them were allowed to stay.[13]
Featured photographer: Pieter Henket
Special guests: Jermaine Browne
Beauty Is Real[edit]
Original air date: March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry. Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge, and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward. On set, the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine. At elimination, Rio received best photo. Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Erin was eliminated from the competition.[14]
Featured photographer: Pieter Henket
Special guests: Chris Mena, Barbara Strasmore, Maggie Barry
Behind The Beauty[edit]
Original air date: March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
This episode featured behind the scenes and never before seen footage of the cycle, and highlighted each contestants journey to the top five.
Beauty Is Personality[edit]
Original air date: March 20, 2018
The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America's Next Top Model mobile game. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner, and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach. The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X. At elimination, Khrystyana received best performance. Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition.[15]
Featured director: Director X
Special guests: Maejor, David Ortis
Guest judge: Director X
Beauty Is a Comeback[edit]
Original air date: March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
The final four took part in a throwback America's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16. It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants, one of whom would be replacing that week's eliminee at panel. Erin was chosen as the challenge winner, and along with Liberty, Christina, and Jeana, moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return. On set, the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas, shot by former judge Nigel Barker. At elimination, Kyla received best picture. Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Rio was eliminated from the competition. Out of the four comeback contestants, Jeana was chosen to return.[16]
Featured photographer: Nigel Barker
Special guests: Stacey McKenzie, Eva Marcille
Beauty Is Commercial[edit]
Original air date: April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner. On set, the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene, which required them to embody several different products from the brand. At elimination, Kyla won best photo. Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition. In a shocking turn of events, she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein, joining the other three models in the finale.[17]
Featured photographer: Torkil Gudnason
Special guests: Kelly Vanasse, Danilo, Philipp Plein
Guest judge: Philipp Plein
Next Level Fierce[edit]
Original air date: April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition. The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner's spread to be published in Paper magazine. They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show. Immediately following the runway show, Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week. The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists, and at the end of the night, Kyla was crowned as the winner.[18]
Featured photographer: Vijat Mohindra
Special guests: Philipp Plein, Mickey Boardman, Stacey McKenzie
Summaries[edit]
Results[edit]
Order
Episodes
2
3
4[a]
5
6
7[b]
8
9[c]
10
12
13
14[d]
15[e]
1
Coura Liberty Khrystyana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K.
Jeana
Khrystyana
Kyla
Rio
Sandra
Shanice Kyla Shanice Rio Khrystyana Kyla Kyla Kyla
2
Rio Jeana Jeana Khrystyana Shanice Jeana Khrystyana Khrystyana Kyla Khrystyana Khrystyana Jeana
3
Erin Brendi K. Christina Shanice Jeana Shanice Erin Jeana Shanice Shanice Shanice Khrystyana
4
Jeana Rio Liberty Sandra Christina Erin Rio Kyla Rio Rio Jeana Shanice
5
Khrystyana Kyla Brendi K. Kyla Erin Brendi K. Jeana
Kyla Shanice Jeana
6
Christina Christina Erin Brendi K. Sandra Rio Erin
7
Liz Liz Shanice Jeana Rio Khrystyana Brendi K.
8
Kyla Coura Kyla Erin Brendi K. Erin Sandra
9
Ivana Erin Rio Liberty Kyla Christina
10
Rhiyan Khrystyana Sandra Christina Liberty
11
Liberty Sandra Coura Coura
12
Shanice Rhiyan Rhiyan
13
Sandra Shanice Liz
14
Brendi K. Ivana
15
Maggie
The contestant was eliminated from the competition
The contestant quit the competition
The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two
The contestant was originally eliminated but was saved
The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
The contestant won the competition
Jump up ^ In Episode 4, Liz quit the competition before that week's panel and elimination.
Jump up ^ In Episode 7, Brendi K., Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice shared a 7-way tie for first call-out.
Jump up ^ In Episode 9, Brendi K. quit the competition during panel. As a result, no one was eliminated.
Jump up ^ Jeana returned to the competition after Rio’s elimination in episode 13. She was originally eliminated once again in episode 14 when she landed in the bottom two with Shanice, but was saved.
Jump up ^ In episode 15, Shanice was eliminated outside of judging panel after a fitting that took place before the final runway. Khrystyana was eliminated after the first deliberation at the final judging. Following the final deliberation, Kyla was crowned as the winner.
Photo shoot guide[edit]
Episode 1 photo shoot: Avant-garde couture in a garden (casting)
Episode 2 photo shoot: Bohemian maternity editorial
Episode 3 video shoot: Trademark style in a mirrored room
Episode 4 photo shoot: American Horror Story in a haunted mansion
Episode 5 photo shoot: Stacked beauty shots in groups
Episode 6 photo shoot: Princesses with former RuPaul's Drag Race contestants
Episode 7 photo shoot: Unretouched natural beauty in lingerie
Episode 8 photo shoot: Dripping in gold with plus-size male models
Episode 9 photo shoot: Parachute couture in the desert
Episode 10 photo shoot: Paper magazine cover tries
Episode 12 music video: Mansion madness with Maejor
Episode 13 photo shoot: Posing in pairs with Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas
Episode 14 photo shoot: Pantene ad campaigns
Episode 15 photo shoot: Paper magazine spreads
Ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
cycle
Episode
Air date
Viewers (m)
18–49
Rating/share
Ref.
305 1 "The Boss Is Back" January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) 0.86 0.45 [19]
306 2 "Beauty Is Los Angeles" January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16) 0.96 0.40 [20]
307 3 "Beauty Is a Trademark" January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23) 0.88 0.42 [21]
308 4 "Beauty Is Drama" January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30) 0.79 0.37 [22]
309 5 "Beauty Is Unconventional" February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06) 0.78 0.38 [23]
310 6 "Beauty Is Pride" February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13) 0.79 0.32 [24]
311 7 "Beauty Is Raw" February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20) 0.86 0.40 [25]
312 8 "Beauty Is Social" February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27) 0.83 0.39 [26]
313 9 "Beauty Is Movement" March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06) 0.67 0.30 [27]
314 10 "Beauty Is Real" March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13) 0.73 0.35 [28]
315 11 "Behind The Beauty" March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13) 0.41 0.18 [28]
316 12 "Beauty Is Personality" March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20) 0.78 0.35 [29]
317 13 "Beauty Is a Comeback" March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27) 0.74 0.35 [30]
318 14 "Beauty Is Commercial" April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03) 0.83 0.36 [31]
319 15 "Next Level Fierce" April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10) 0.86 0.35 [32]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nolfi, Joey (December 13, 2017). "Meet the fiercely-aged America's Next Top Model cycle 24 cast". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nolfi, Joey. "'America's Next Top Model' winner on disrupting fashion standards: 'Times are changing'". EW.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Here Are the Models Competing For the Title of America's Next Top Model on Cycle 24". VH1 News. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Orbey, Eren (17 January 2018). "The Enduring Miracle of Tyra Banks on "America's Next Top Model"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' Season 24 premiere: Tyra Banks and experts determine the Top 15 models". Reality TV World. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' ousts Maggie Keating after contestants pose pregnant for photo shoot". Reality TV World. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' eliminates Ivana Thomas after shocking makeovers". Reality TV World. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' recap: Liz Harlan leaves the show, Rhiyan Carreker gets eliminated". Reality TV World. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' ousts Coura Fall and determines Top 10 finalists". Reality TV World. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pro-Trump model gets ousted on 'America's Next Top Model'". Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (February 20, 2018). "'America's Next Top Model' Recap: The Women Expose Themselves and Khrystyana Brings Everyone to Tears". BuddyTV. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'America's Next Top Model' ousts Sandra Shehab after sexy photo shoot with "big, brawny" men". Reality TV World. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (March 6, 2018). "'America's Next Top Model' Recap: An Injury Occurs On Set and Another Woman Quits". BuddyTV. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (March 13, 2018). "'America's Next Top Model' Recap: Shanice Upsets Drew at the Photo Shoot". BuddyTV. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (March 20, 2018). "'America's Next Top Model' Recap: Jeana Gets Pushy at the Photo Shoot". BuddyTV. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (March 27, 2018). "America's Next Top Model Recap: Eliminated Contestants Return for a Second Chance". BuddyTV. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lind-Westbrook, Jennifer (April 3, 2018). "America's Next Top Model Recap: Which Contestants Make It to the Finals?". BuddyTV. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bowen Yang and Matt Rogers (April 11, 2018). "America's Next Top Model Season-Finale Recap: Hangar in There". Vulture.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.9.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.16.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.23.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.30.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.6.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.13.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.20.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.27.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.6.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.13.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.20.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.27.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.3.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.10.2018 Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Related series
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Mass-casualty incident
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Anniston, AL, January 21, 2011: Healthcare workers triage simulated victims during an MCI drill at the Center for Domestic Preparedness.
A mass casualty incident (often shortened to MCI and sometimes called a multiple-casualty incident or multiple-casualty situation) is any incident in which emergency medical services resources, such as personnel and equipment, are overwhelmed by the number and severity of casualties.[1] For example, an incident where a two-person crew is responding to a motor vehicle collision with three severely injured people could be considered a mass casualty incident. The general public more commonly recognizes events such as building collapses, train and bus collisions, earthquakes and other large-scale emergencies as mass casualty incidents. Events such as the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 and the September 11 attacks in 2001 are well-publicized examples of mass casualty incidents. The most common types of MCIs are generally caused by terrorism or natural disasters.
Contents
[hide]
1 Declaration
1.1 Initial size-up
1.2 Scene size-up
1.2.1 M.E.T.H.A.N.E. method
2 Agencies and responders
2.1 Emergency medical services
2.2 Fire and rescue
2.3 Public safety
2.4 Specialized teams
2.5 Public services
2.6 Hospitals
2.6.1 Trauma centers
3 Flow
3.1 Triage
3.2 Treatment
3.2.1 On-site morgue
3.3 Transport
4 Definitive care
4.1 Interim-care centre
4.2 Mass casualty event
5 Demobilization
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
Declaration[edit]
A mass casualty incident will usually be declared by the first arriving unit at the scene of the incident. However, it may alternately be declared by a dispatcher, based on the information available from people who call their local emergency telephone number about the incident. A formal declaration of an MCI is usually made by an officer or chief of the agency in charge. Initially, the senior paramedic at the scene will be in charge of the incident, but as additional resources arrive, a senior officer or chief will take command, usually using an incident command system structure to form a unified command to run all aspects of the incident.[1] In the United States, the Incident Command System is known as the National Incident Management System (NIMS). According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, "NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents."[2]
Initial size-up[edit]
A size-up needs to be done by the initial person receiving an emergency call regarding a multitude of situations involving a large number of people or potentially involving a large number of people.
Scene size-up[edit]
After the proper agencies have arrived another size-up will be performed with this one involving more detail and following the M.E.T.H.A.N.E method.
M.E.T.H.A.N.E. method[edit]
This method provides an in depth result for the number of responders necessary and it allows for the scene to become clearer for the responders on the exact type of situation they are getting into.
Mass incident declared
Exact location
Type of incident
Hazards present
Access and egress
Number of casualties and severity
Emergency services required[3]
Agencies and responders[edit]
There are a throng of agencies involved in most mass casualty incidents which means many individuals that require training for these specific situations. The most common are listed below.
Emergency medical services[edit]
Certified first responders or emergency medical responders may arrive as part of local emergency medical services, or may arrive on their own. They will assist with all aspects of patient care, including triage and treatment at the scene, and transport from the scene to the hospital.
Paramedic and emergency medical technician (EMT) personnel may arrive in ambulances, in their personal vehicles, or from another agency. They will have control of all aspects of patient care, as assigned by the medical officer or incident commander.
Ground ambulances will be assigned to the transport sector to transport patients and personnel to and from the incident scene, emergency departments of hospitals, and a designated helipad. These ambulances may be municipal services, volunteer services, or from private corporations.
Air ambulances will transport patients from the scene or from designated helipads to receiving hospitals.
Fire and rescue[edit]
Firefighters will perform all initial rescue-related operations, as well as fire suppression and prevention. They may also provide medical care if they are trained and assigned to do so. They may arrive on a fire truck, in their personal vehicles, or from another agency. Many areas near airports will have automatic mutual aid agreements with airport fire departments in the event of a plane crash outside of the airport boundaries.
Public safety[edit]
Police officers will secure and control access to the scene, to ensure safety and smooth operations.
Utility services will ensure that utilities in the area are turned off as necessary, in order to prevent further injury or damage at the scene.
Specialized teams[edit]
HazMat specialists in Level II/B protection suits carry a patient out of the incident zone to be decontaminated.
Specialized rescue teams may be part of the local fire department; they may be associated with the state, provincial, or federal governments; or they may be privately operated teams. These teams are specialists in specific types of rescue, such as urban search and rescue (USAR) or confined space rescue.
Hazmat teams are responsible for cleaning up and neutralizing any hazardous materials at the scene. Sometimes these will be specialized CBRNE (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high-yield explosives) teams.
National Guard units have medics specifically trained in mass-casualty triage who may be called in to respond to a disaster-related incident.
Public services[edit]
Railways and transportation agencies will be notified if an incident involves their tracks or right-of-way, or if they are required to cease operations in and through affected areas. Transportation agencies will provide buses to transport lightly injured people to the hospital. Buses can also provide shelter at the scene (for example, "warming buses") if required.
The media play an important role in keeping the general public informed about the incident and in keeping them away from the incident area. However, a Public Information Officer should be assigned as the only designated responder who communicates with the media, to prevent the spread of misinformation.
Non-governmental organizations such as St. John Ambulance, the Order of Malta, the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Medical Reserve Corps, and the Salvation Army will provide assistance with all aspects of a mass casualty incident, including trained medical staff, vehicles, individual registration and tracking, temporary shelter, food service, and many other important services.
Hospitals[edit]
Hospitals with emergency departments will have a mass casualty incident protocol which they initiate as soon as they are notified of an MCI in their community. They will have preparations in place to receive a massive number of casualties, like calling in more staff, pulling extra and spare equipment out of storage, and clearing non-acute patients out of the hospital. Some hospitals will send doctors to the scene of the incident to assist with triage, treatment, and transport of injured persons to the hospital.
Trauma centers[edit]
Trauma centers play a crucial role in the mass casualty incident timeline. They are specific hospitals who have voluntarily applied to complete the verification process which is controlled and selected by the pertinent governmental forces and entities. Trauma centers have a multitude of levels ranging from level 1 all the way to level 5. Each level varying in different responsibilities and resources provided.
Level 1: level 1 facilities are able to offer complete care to the patients they receive from initial care to seeing the individual’s injury all the way out through rehabilitation.
Level 2: level 2 facilities are able to provide almost everything a level 1 facility offers except for tertiary care such as heart surgery.
Level 3: level 3 facilities being the next tier down in the trauma center hierarchy gives them the ability to provide prompt assessment of a patients injuries and respond quickly to decide whether they can perform the surgery or need to transport the individual to a level 1 or 2 facility.
Level 4: level 4 facilities are capable of performing advanced trauma life support and they are also capable of providing a diagnostics assessment of the individual’s injuries and transport them smoothly to a higher level facility.
Level 5: level 5 facilities are the bare minimum in terms of trauma centers but they still serve a vital role in the assessment stage and give the higher level facilities the proper information that they need to react correctly.
This is not an exhaustive list, and many other agencies and groups of people could be involved in a mass casualty incident.[4]
Flow[edit]
Ideally, once an MCI has been declared, a well-coordinated flow of events will occur, using three separate phases: triage, treatment, and transportation.
Triage[edit]
Main article: Triage
In an MCI drill aboard Naval Air Station Oceana, firefighter/EMT Greg Tetro breaks the rear glass of an automobile to rescue a trapped victim.
The first-arriving crew will conduct triage. Pre-hospital emergency triage generally consists of a check for immediate life-threatening concerns, usually lasting no more than one minute per patient. In North America, the START system (simple triage and rapid treatment) is the most common and is considered the easiest to use. Using START, the medical responder assigns each patient to one of four color-coded triage levels, based on their breathing, circulation, and mental status. The triage levels are:
Immediate: Patients who have major life-threatening injuries, but are salvageable given the resources available
Delayed: Patients who have non-life-threatening injuries, but are unable to walk or exhibit an altered mental status
"Walking wounded": Patients who are able to ambulate out of the incident area to a treatment area
Deceased or expectant: Used for victims who are dead, or whose injuries make survival unlikely.
Triage personnel do not conduct treatment, with the exception of:[5]
Airway maneuvers;
Tourniquets for life-threatening hemorrhage; and
Where allowed by local protocols, needle decompressions for tension pneumothoraces
Generally, a small group of responders, usually the first two or three crews on scene, can complete triage.[5]
When responding to a chemical, biological, or radiological incident, the first-arriving crew must establish safety zones prior to entering the scene.[1] Safety zones include:
The hot zone: The contaminated area
The warm zone: The area where HazMat specialists will decontaminate patients and fellow responders
The cold zone: The safe zone, where any personnel who are not specially trained in HazMat and do not have chemical or biological protection gear must remain at all times. Depending on the contaminant, the cold zone should be roughly 200–300 yards from the incident, uphill and upwind. It should also be at least 50 yards uphill and upwind from the warm zone.
These zones should be clearly identified and with engineer tapes, lights, or cones. All responders and patients must leave the hot zone in designated pathways into the warm zone where they will be decontaminated. A designated officer should be posted at the hot zone and warm zone to make sure all contaminated personal are treated and decontaminated before entering the cold zone.
Treatment[edit]
Once casualties have been triaged, they can be moved to appropriate treatment areas. Unless a patient is green-tagged and ambulatory, litter bearers will have to transport patients from the incident scene to safer treatment areas located nearby. These treatment areas must always be within walking distance, and will be staffed by appropriate numbers of properly certified medical personnel and support people. The litter bearers do not have to be advanced medical personnel; their role is to simply place casualties onto carrying devices and transport them to the appropriate treatment area. Casualties should be transported in order of treatment priority: red-tagged patients first, followed by yellow-tagged, then green-tagged, and finally black-tagged.
Each colored triage category will have its own treatment area. Treatment areas are often defined by coloured tarpaulins, flagging tape, signs, or tents. Upon arrival in the treatment area, the casualties are re-assessed and they are treated with the goal of stabilizing them until they can be transported to hospitals; transported to the morgue or medical examiner's office; or released.
On-site morgue[edit]
Some mass-casualty incidents require an on-site morgue, for several reasons:
To await transfer of these victims to a permanent morgue;
When the deceased must be removed to access injured victims;
To keep the deceased out of public sight and prevent heightening distress, fear, or panic in an already emotionally-charged scene
Most often, on-site morgues are set up on the far side of the incident, is in an enclosed area such as a temporary tent or nearby building.
Transport[edit]
Ambulance on scene with emergency lights on
The final stage in the pre-hospital management of a mass-casualty incident is the transport of casualties to hospitals for more definitive care. If there the number of ambulances available is inadequate, other vehicles may transport patients, such as police cars, firetrucks, air ambulances, transit buses, or personal vehicles. As with treatment, transport priority is determined based on the severity of the patient's injuries. Usually, the most seriously injured are transported first, with the least serious transported only after all the critical patients have been transported.
However, in an effort to remove as many lightly injured civilians as possible, an incident commander may choose to have those least seriously injured transported to local hospitals or interim-care centers in order to provide more room for emergency personnel to work. It is also possible that lightly-injured casualties will be transported first when access to those who are more severely injured will be delayed due to heavy or difficult rescue efforts.
Definitive care[edit]
The care that is rendered at the scene of an MCI is usually only temporary and is designed to stabilize the casualties until they can receive more definitive care at a hospital or an interim-care centre.
Interim-care centre[edit]
An interim-care centre is a temporary treatment centre which allows for the assessment and treatment of patients until they can either be discharged or transported to a hospital. These are often placed in gymnasiums, schools, arenas, community centres, hotels, and or other locations that can support a field hospital setup. Permanent buildings are preferred to tents as they provide shelter, power, and running water, but many governments maintain complete field hospital setups that can be deployed anywhere within their jurisdiction within 12–24 hours. While full field hospitals require a significant amount of time to deploy (in relation to the length of most incidents), emergency personnel can set up temporary interim-care centres fairly quickly if needed using the personnel and resources they have on-hand. These centres are usually staffed by a combination of doctors, nurses, paramedics/emergency medical technicians, first responders, and social workers (for example, from the Red Cross), who work to get families reunited after a disaster.
Mass casualty event[edit]
Generally, in the healthcare field, the term "mass casualty event" (MCE) is used when hospital resources are overwhelmed by the number or severity of casualties.[6] During these incidents, hospitals can discharge all fit patients, dedicate more resources to the emergency department, and expand their intensive care unit to accommodate anticipated long-term care needs.[7] While up to 80% of victims will be transported from the scene to hospitals, others who are less injured might walk themselves to these facilities and increase the load at the closest facility to the incident.[7]
MCEs can include bioterrorism attacks, chemical emergencies, radiation emergencies, and natural disasters like weather.[8]
Demobilization[edit]
The final product of an MCI that happens to link up with the M.E.T.H.A.N.E. method is the act of demobilization which is crucial to the entire process. The demobilization process has to be in place from the beginning, once an area has been mobilized. This is so critical because with a mass casualty incident it can get out of hand in a quick way and having everything planned out step by step can alleviate these concerns and help cover for the unexpected. The demobilization process also gives the local community and the corresponding agencies an idea for how long their city and specific areas will be consumed with emergency personnel and essentially blocked off. In many events such as hurricane Katrina the demobilization process is not taken into account from the beginning and the process goes on much longer than necessary which exacerbates financial costs and puts a burden on local agencies such as law enforcement to uphold their everyday duties while also maintaining some grasp on the mass casualty incident.[9]
See also[edit]
ETHANE (mnemonic for the information to include when declaring an MCI)
Incident Command System (ICS)
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Orsec-Novi plan (French MCI plan)
Pentagon MASCAL (an MCI drill in 2000)
START triage
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mistovich, Joseph J.; Karren, Keith J.; Hafen, Brent (2013). Prehospital Emergency Care. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0133369137.
Jump up ^ National Incident Management System (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Homeland Security. p. 13. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Activating A Mass Casualty Response". DelValle Institute Knowledge Base. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trauma Center Levels Explained". American Trauma Society. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sanders, Mick J.; McKenna, Kim D.; Lewis, Lawrence L.; Quick, Gary (December 1, 2011). Mosby’s Paramedic Textbook. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780323072755.
Jump up ^ Mattox, Kenneth (2013). Trauma (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 123. ISBN 978-0071663519.
^ Jump up to: a b Trunkey, Donald (2008). Current Therapy of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-323-04418-9.
Jump up ^ Niska RW; Shimizu IM 2011. "Hospital Preparedness for Emergency Response: United States, 2008". National Health Statistics Reports. 37: 1–16. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MCI Demobilization". DelValle Institute Knowledge Base. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Marx, John A. Marx (2014). Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and clinical practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. Chapter. ISBN 1455706051.
Mattox, Kenneth (2013). Trauma (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0071663519.
Trunkey, Donald. Current Therapy of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-04418-9.
"Activating A Mass Casualty Response". DelValle Institute Knowledge Base. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
FEMA https://web.archive.org/web/20170430004259/https://www.fema.gov/incident-command-system-resources. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
"Trauma Center Levels Explained". America Trauma Society. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
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