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It Must Have Been Love
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This article is about the song by Roxette. For the song by Magnum, see Wings of Heaven.
"It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)"
Single by Roxette
B-side
"Turn to Me"
Released
2 December 1987
Recorded
November 1987
Genre
Pop
Length
4:48
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Per Gessle
Producer(s)
Clarence Öfwerman
Roxette singles chronology
"I Want You"
(1987) "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)"
(1987) "I Call Your Name"
(1988)
"I Want You"
(1987) "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)"
(1987) "I Call Your Name"
(1988)
"It Must Have Been Love" is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette. The ballad became the duo's third number one hit in the United States,[1] and is one of their best selling releases, being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries.
Four different versions of the song have been officially released. The original 1987 track was followed by the most successful incarnation of the song, a slightly edited version – omitting the Christmas references – which was created for the soundtrack to the 1990 movie Pretty Woman. During the "Join the Joyride! World Tour" in 1991, the band recorded a country music version of the track in Los Angeles, which was included on their 1992 album Tourism. A Spanish-language version of the Pretty Woman recording was released on their 1996 compilation Baladas en español. Finally, an orchestral live performance from the band's 2009 concert at Night of the Proms was included on their 2012 studio album, Travelling.
Contents
[hide]
1 Original release (1987)
1.1 Music video
1.2 Formats and track listings
1.3 Charts
2 Re-release (1990)
2.1 Chart performance
2.2 Accolades
2.3 Music video
2.4 Formats and track listings
2.5 Charts
2.5.1 Weekly charts
2.5.2 Year-end charts
2.5.3 Decade-end charts
2.6 Certifications
3 "No sé si es amor" (1997)
3.1 Formats and track listings
3.2 Charts
4 25th anniversary reissue (2015)
4.1 Formats and track listings
5 Credits and personnel
6 Shirley Clamp version
7 References
8 External links
Original release (1987)[edit]
The song was first released as "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)" in December 1987. It was composed after EMI Germany asked the duo to "come up with an intelligent Christmas single".[2] It became a top five hit in Sweden,[3] but was not released internationally.[2] This version of the song was never included on any Roxette studio album until the 1997 re-release of their debut Pearls of Passion (1986).[4]
Music video[edit]
A performance from a Swedish TV chart show in 1987 acted as the song's first music video. It features Fredriksson and Gessle sitting on a couch on a stage, lip-syncing to the song.[5]
Formats and track listings[edit]
All songs written and composed by Per Gessle, except where noted.
7" single (Sweden 1362887)
"It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)" – 4:48
"Turn to Me" – 2:58 (Music by Marie Fredriksson)
Charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[3]
4
Re-release (1990)[edit]
"It Must Have Been Love"
Single by Roxette
from the album Pretty Woman Soundtrack
Released
20 May 1990
Genre
Soft rock
Length
4:20
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Per Gessle
Roxette singles chronology
"Dangerous"
(1989) "It Must Have Been Love"
(1990) "Joyride"
(1991)
"Dangerous"
(1989) "It Must Have Been Love"
(1990) "Joyride"
(1991)
Music video
"It Must Have Been Love" on YouTube
During a run of increasingly successful singles from the duo's 1988 album Look Sharp!, Touchstone Pictures approached Roxette and their label about contributing a song to the soundtrack of the upcoming romantic comedy release Pretty Woman, starring Richard Gere and then-Oscar nominee Julia Roberts.[6] The film was released in March 1990 and went on to make more than US$460 million at the worldwide box office.[7] The corresponding soundtrack album was also a commercial success,[6] which was certified triple-platinum in the US.[8] The soundtrack went on to sell more than nine million copies worldwide.[9]
Chart performance[edit]
A re-written and edited version of the track – the lyric "It's a hard Christmas day" was changed to "It's a hard winters day", and twenty seconds were removed from the intro[9] – became an international hit during the summer of 1990. It was not the first single released from the Pretty Woman soundtrack, but it became the most successful, spending two weeks at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 in June.[6] The song was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US.[10] At the end of the year, Billboard listed it as the second most successful single of 1990, behind Wilson Phillips' "Hold On".[11]
The single peaked at number three in the UK—their highest peaking single there. It stayed on the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks,[12] and was certified silver by the BPI for sales in excess of 200,000 copies.[13] The song was re-released in the UK and Ireland in September 1993, peaking at number ten in both countries.[12][14] It became Roxette's second of three number one singles in Australia, spending two weeks at the top spot in July 1990.[15] The song was a massive hit in Norway, where it spent twelve weeks at number one.[16] In Switzerland, the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one, and a further five weeks at number two—being held off the top spot in those weeks by Matthias Reim's "Verdammt, ich lieb' dich".[17] It also reached number one in Canada, Poland and Spain, and the top five in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Germany, where it spent nine months in the top 75.[18]
Accolades[edit]
In 2005, Gessle received an award from BMI after the song's four millionth radio play.[19] In 2014, he received an updated award from the same organization after its five millionth radio play.[20]
Music video[edit]
The second video was directed by Doug Freel and was shot in a warehouse. It included clips from Pretty Woman, with Fredriksson singing and playing piano and Gessle playing guitar between various prop changes.[5] There is also an alternate version of the video, without the movie scenes, which was available solely on the VHS The Videos. According to Fredriksson, shooting this video was a surreal experience, as Freel "wanted all movements in slow motion, so I had to lip-sync the vocals at double speed. My first lesson in how to sing an emotional ballad Mickey Mouse style."[2]
As of August 2017, this video has more than 240 million views on YouTube.[21]
Formats and track listings[edit]
All songs were written and composed by Gessle, except "Cry", music by Fredriksson and Gessle.
Australian cassette and 7" single (US2399)
EU cassette and 7" single (Germany 006-1363807 · UK EM141)
"It Must Have Been Love" – 4:20
"Paint" – 3:29
US and Canada cassette (4JM-50283)
"It Must Have Been Love" – 4:20
"Chances" – 4:07
EU 12" single (Germany 060-1363806 · UK EM141)
Japanese 3" CD single (TODP-2194)
"It Must Have Been Love" – 4:20
"Paint" – 3:29
"Cry" (Live from Himmelstalundshallen, Norrköping on 16 December 1988) – 5:42
UK CD single (CDEM141)
"It Must Have Been Love" – 4:20
"Paint" – 3:29
"Cry" (Live from Norrköping) – 5:42
"Surrender" (Live from Norrköping on 16 December 1988) – 3:07
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[22]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[24]
3
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[25]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[26]
7
Germany (Official German Charts)[18]
4
Ireland (IRMA)[14]
5
Italy (FIMI)[27]
13
Japan International (Oricon)[28]
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[29]
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[30]
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31]
2
Poland (ZPAV)[28]
1
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 50)[32]
1
Spain (AFYVE)[33]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[16]
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[3]
6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12]
3
US Billboard Hot 100[34]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[35]
2
US Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay Chart[36]
1
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[14]
10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12]
10
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Canada Hot Digital Songs (Billboard)[37]
67
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
France (SNEP)[38]
117
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Position
Australian Singles (ARIA)[39]
4
Austrian Singles (Ö3)[40]
10
Belgian Singles (Ultratop Flanders)[41]
14
Brazilian Singles (ABPD)[28]
12
Canadian Singles (RPM)[42]
11
Dutch Singles (Top 40)[43]
4
Dutch Singles (Top 100)[44]
17
German Singles (GfK)[45]
15
Italian Singles (FIMI)[27]
48
New Zealand Singles (Recorded Music NZ)[46]
8
Swiss Singles (Schweizer Hitparade)[47]
5
UK Singles (OCC)[48]
19
US Billboard Hot 100[11]
2
US Singles (Cashbox)[28]
6
Chart (1993)
Position
UK Singles (OCC)[49]
100
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990–99)
Position
European Singles (Europarade)[28]
52
German Singles (GfK)[28]
119
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[50]
Platinum 70,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[51]
Gold 25,000*
Germany (BVMI)[52]
Gold 250,000^
Sweden (GLF)[53]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[13]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[10]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
"No sé si es amor" (1997)[edit]
"No sé si es amor"
Single by Roxette
from the album Baladas en español
B-side
"Directamente a ti"
("Run to You")
Released
28 January 1997
Songwriter(s)
Per Gessle & Luis Escolar
Roxette singles chronology
"Un día sin ti"
(1996) "No sé si es amor"
(1997) "Wish I Could Fly"
(1999)
"Un día sin ti"
(1996) "No sé si es amor"
(1997) "Wish I Could Fly"
(1999)
Roxette released a Spanish-language compilation album, Baladas en español, in 1996. It consisted of twelve of their down-tempo singles and album tracks, which were translated by Spanish songwriter Luis Gomez-Escolar, who would later co-write the Ricky Martin hit "Livin' la Vida Loca". The album was only released in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking territories. A translated version of "It Must Have Been Love", titled "No sé si es amor", was released in early 1997 as the album's second and final single.
Formats and track listings[edit]
Music and original lyrics by Per Gessle. Spanish lyrics by Luis G. Escolar.
CD single (EU 8652802)
"No sé si es amor" ("It Must Have Been Love") – 4:41
"Directamente a ti" ("Run to You") – 3:30
Charts[edit]
Chart (1997)
Peak
position
Spain Top 40 Radio (AFYVE)[33]
6
25th anniversary reissue (2015)[edit]
On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the song's release on the Pretty Woman soundtrack,[54] Parlophone released a limited edition red-coloured vinyl on 19 May 2015.[55] This single included the Pretty Woman version of the song, backed with the original 1987 release and the Los Angeles-studio performance (minus the live intro recorded in Santiago, Chile) from their 1992 album Tourism. The latter features pedal steel guitar performed by Greg Leisz, who is best known for his work with k.d. lang. The single was released on digital download stores from 23 March.[56]
Formats and track listings[edit]
All songs written and composed by Per Gessle.
12" single (Sweden 0724386504715)
"It Must Have Been Love" – 4:18
"It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)" – 4:47
"It Must Have Been Love" (L.A. Version) – 4:45
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 25th anniversary vinyl re-release.[57]
Original studio version
Engineered by Per Gessle, Clarence Öfwerman, Anders Herrlin and Alar Suurna
Mixed by Alar Suurna (1987) and Humberto Gatica (1990)
Vocals, piano — Marie Fredriksson
Lyricist, composer, backing vocals — Per Gessle
Guitars — Jonas Isacsson
Synclavier, keyboards, programming, production — Clarence Öfwerman
Drums — Pelle Alsing
L.A. version
Recorded at Ocean Way Recording, Los Angeles in March 1992 and EMI Studios, Stockholm in May 1992
Engineered by Mike Ross and Rail Rogut
Vocals — Marie Fredriksson
Harmonica — Per Gessle
Electric guitar — Jonas Isacsson
Acoustic guitar — Mats MP Persson
Pedal steel guitar — Greg Leisz
Bass — Anders Herrlin
Keyboards — Clarence Öfwerman
Drums — Pelle Alsing
Tambourine — Alar Suurna
Shirley Clamp version[edit]
In 2006, Swedish pop singer Shirley Clamp recorded a cover version of the song called "När kärleken föds" ("When Love is Born"), it peaked at #6 at the Swedish singles chart.[58]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Roxette - Chart History on the Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Digital booklet". Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus (liner notes). Roxette. Stockholm, Sweden: EMI Records. 1995. 7243 836203 2 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "swedishcharts.com - Roxette - It Must Have Been Love". Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pearls of Passion by Roxette on Apple Music". iTunes. Apple Music. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ballad & Pop Hits - The Complete Video Collection (DVD liner notes). Roxette. EMI. 2003. 7243 4 90946 9 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mackie, Drew (25 June 2015). "Roxette's It Must Have Been Love, 25 Years Later". People. Time Inc. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman (1990) - Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roxette Bio | Roxette Career". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 20 April 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard.com Year End Charts - Year End Singles - 1990". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Roxette: Artist Chart History" Official Charts Company. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "British single certifications – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 20 April 2012. Enter It Must Have Been Love in the search field and then press Enter.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Roxette". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (3 August 2013). "ARIA Singles Report: Avicii Is Longest Number One Swedish Act Since Roxette". Noise11. Paul Cashmere. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Norwegiancharts.com – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". VG-lista. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swisscharts.com – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "2005 BMI awards". BMI. 28 November 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Marc (14 October 2014). "Nile Rogers, Ellie Goulding Honored at BMI London Awards". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Roxette (4 March 2009). "Roxette - It Must Have Been Love". Retrieved 11 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 1268." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Finnish Singles Charts 1961-1995: Elokuu 1990 August". Suomen virallinen singlelista. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single: 1990" (in Italian). Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Songs from the Year 1990". tsort.info. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Roxette search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lista Przebojów Trójki | Polskie Radio Online | Notowanie nr438". Polskie Radio. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Roxette – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Roxette. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roxette – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Roxette. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Roxette | Chart History | Canada Hot Digital Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
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Jump up ^ "ARIA End Of Year Singles 1990 | Top 50 Australian Singles Chart". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Roxette – It Must Have Been Love" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 20 April 2012. Enter Roxette in the field Interpret. Enter It Must Have Been Love in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roxette; 'It Must Have Been Love')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Digital booklet". It Must Have Been Love (liner notes). Roxette. London, United Kingdom: Parlophone Records. 2015. 0724386504715.
Jump up ^ Swedishcharts - När kärleken föds (It Must Have Been Love) at the Swedish singles chart[permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
"It Must Have Been Love" music video on YouTube, EMIMUSIC
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Hold On" by Wilson Phillips Billboard Hot 100 number one single
June 16, 1990- June 23, 1990 Succeeded by
"Step by Step" by New Kids on the Block
Preceded by
"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You" by Heart Australian ARIA Singles Chart number one single
July 7–21, 1990 Succeeded by
"U Can't Touch This" by MC Hammer
Preceded by
"Verdammt, ich lieb' dich" by Matthias Reim Swiss number-one single
7 October 1990 - 20 October 1990 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Tom's Diner" by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega
Preceded by
"Tom's Diner" by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Swiss number-one single
28 October 1990 - 3 November 1990 (top again, 1 week) Succeeded by
"I've Been Thinking About You" by Londonbeat
[show]
v
t
e
Roxette
Per Gessle
Marie Fredriksson
Studio albums
Pearls of Passion
Look Sharp!
Joyride
Tourism
Crash! Boom! Bang!
Have a Nice Day
Room Service
Charm School
Travelling
Good Karma
Compilations
Rarities
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
Baladas en español
The Ballad Hits
The Pop Hits
A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs!
The Rox Box/Roxette 86–06
The Biggest Hits XXX
The RoxBox!: A Collection of Roxette's Greatest Songs
Remix albums
Dance Passion
Live albums
Live: Traveling the World
Videography
Sweden Live
Look Sharp Live
The Videos
Live-Ism
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! – Roxette's Greatest Video Hits
Crash! Boom! Live!
All Videos Ever Made & More!
Ballad & Pop Hits
Concert tours
Rock runt riket Tour
Look Sharp! Live Tour
Join the Joyride! Tour
Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour
Room Service Tour
The Neverending World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Clarence Öfwerman
Christoffer Lundquist
Gyllene Tider
The Lonely Boys
Helena Josefsson
Dea Norberg
Book:Roxette
[show]
v
t
e
Roxette singles
Pearls of Passion
"Neverending Love"
"Goodbye to You"
"Soul Deep"
"I Call Your Name"
Look Sharp!
"Dressed for Success"
"Listen to Your Heart"
"Chances"
"The Look"
"Dangerous"
Joyride
"Joyride"
"Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)"
"The Big L."
"Spending My Time"
"Church of Your Heart"
Tourism
"How Do You Do!"
"Queen of Rain"
"Fingertips '93"
Crash! Boom! Bang!
"Sleeping in My Car"
"Crash! Boom! Bang!"
"Fireworks"
"Run to You"
"Vulnerable"
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
"You Don't Understand Me"
"The Look '95"
"June Afternoon"
"She Doesn't Live Here Anymore"
Baladas en español
"Un día sin ti"
"No sé si es amor"
Have a Nice Day
"Wish I Could Fly"
"Anyone"
"Stars"
"Salvation"
Room Service
"The Centre of the Heart"
"Real Sugar"
"Milk and Toast and Honey"
Charm School
"She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio)"
"Speak to Me"
"Way Out"
Travelling
"It's Possible"
Good Karma
"It Just Happens"
"Some Other Summer"
"Why Don't You Bring Me Flowers?"
Soundtrack
"It Must Have Been Love"
"Almost Unreal"
Other
"A Thing About You"
"Opportunity Nox"
"One Wish"
"Reveal"
"The Sweet Hello, the Sad Goodbye" (Bassflow Remake)
"The Look" (2015 Remake)
Related articles
Singles discography
Book: Roxette
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USS Arizona Memorial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
USS Arizona Memorial
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
USS Arizona Memorial
Location
Pearl Harbor
Nearest city
Honolulu, Hawaii
Coordinates
21°21′54″N 157°57′0″W / 21.36500°N 157.95000°W / 21.36500; -157.95000Coordinates: 21°21′54″N 157°57′0″W / 21.36500°N 157.95000°W / 21.36500; -157.95000
Area
10.50 acres (4.25 ha)
Established
May 30, 1962
Visitors
1,556,808 (in 2005)
Governing body
U.S. Navy
National Park Service
Website
World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument
The USS Arizona (BB-39) sinking and burning during the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
The USS Arizona Memorial, at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on USS Arizona (BB-39) during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and commemorates the events of that day. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the island of Oʻahu led to the United States' direct involvement in World War II.
The memorial, built in 1962, is visited by more than two million people annually.[1] Accessible only by boat, it straddles the sunken hull of the battleship without touching it. Historical information about the attack, shuttle boats to and from the memorial, and general visitor services are available at the associated USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center, which opened in 1980 and is operated by the National Park Service. The battleship's sunken remains were declared a National Historic Landmark on May 5, 1989.[2]
The USS Arizona Memorial is one of several sites in Hawaii and elsewhere that are part of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument.
Contents
[hide]
1 Memorial
1.1 Conception and funding
1.2 Design
1.3 Description
1.4 History
2 USS Missouri
3 Visiting the memorial
4 Honors
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Memorial[edit]
Arizona in the 1950s.
Conception and funding[edit]
During and following the end of World War II, the Arizona's wrecked superstructure was removed and efforts began to erect a memorial at the remaining submerged hull. The Pacific War Memorial Commission was created in 1949 to build a permanent memorial in Hawaii. Admiral Arthur W. Radford, commander of the Pacific Fleet attached a flag pole to the main mast of the Arizona in 1950 and began a tradition of hoisting and lowering the flag. In that same year a temporary memorial was built above the remaining portion of the deckhouse.[3] Radford requested funds for a national memorial in 1951 and 1952 but was denied because of budget constraints during the Korean War.
The Navy placed the first permanent memorial, a ten-foot-tall basalt stone and plaque, over the mid-ship deckhouse on December 7, 1955.[4] President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the creation of a National Memorial in 1958. Enabling legislation required the memorial budgeted at US$500,000 be privately financed; however, $200,000 of the memorial cost was government subsidized.
Principal contributions[5] to the memorial included:
$50,000 Territory of Hawaiʻi initial contribution in 1958
$95,000 privately raised following a 1958 This Is Your Life television segment featuring Rear Admiral (ret.) Samuel G. Fuqua,[6] Medal of Honor recipient and the senior surviving officer from USS Arizona
$64,000 from March 25, 1961 benefit concert by Elvis Presley [7]
$40,000 from the sale of plastic models of the Arizona in a partnership between the Fleet Reserve Association and Revell Model Company
$150,000 from federal funds in legislation initiated by Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye in 1961
During planning stages, the memorial's purpose was the subject of competing visions. Some were eager to keep it a tribute to the sailors of the Arizona, while others expected a dedication to all who died in the Pacific theater.[8] In the end, the legislation authorizing and funding the memorial (HR 44, 1961) declared that the Arizona would "be maintained in honor and commemoration of the members of the Armed Forces of the United States who gave their lives to their country during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941."[9][8]
Design[edit]
The national memorial was designed by Honolulu architect Alfred Preis who was detained at Sand Island at the start of the war as an enemy of the country because of his Austrian birth.[10] The United States Navy specified the memorial be in the form of a bridge floating above the ship and accommodating 200 people.[citation needed]
The 184-foot-long (56 m) structure has two peaks at each end connected by a sag in the center of the structure. It represents the height of American pride before the war, the nation's sudden depression after the attack and the rise of American power to new heights after the war. Critics initially called the design a "squashed milk carton".[11]
The architecture of the USS Arizona Memorial is explained by Preis as, "Wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory ... The overall effect is one of serenity. Overtones of sadness have been omitted to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses ... his innermost feelings."[12]
Description[edit]
"To the Memory of the Gallant Men Here Entombed and their shipmates who gave their lives in action on December 7, 1941, on the U.S.S. Arizona"
— inscription in marble with the names of Arizona's honored dead
The national memorial has three main parts: entry, assembly room, and shrine. The central assembly room features seven large open windows on either wall and ceiling, to commemorate the date of the attack. Rumor says the 21 windows symbolically represents a 21-gun salute or 21 Marines standing at eternal parade rest over the tomb of the fallen, but guides at the site will confirm this was not the architect's intention. The memorial also has an opening in the floor overlooking the sunken decks. It is from this opening that visitors can pay their respects by tossing flowers in honor of the fallen sailors. In the past, leis were tossed in the water, but because string from leis poses a hazard to sea life, leis now are placed on guardrails in front of the names of the fallen.
One of the three 19,585-pound (8,884 kg) anchors of the Arizona is displayed at the visitor center's entrance. (One of the other two is at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix.) One of the two ship's bells is in the visitor center. (Its twin is in the clock tower of the Student Memorial Center at the University of Arizona in Tucson.)
The shrine at the far end is a marble wall that bears the names of all those killed on the Arizona, protected behind velvet ropes. To the left of the main wall is a small plaque which bears the names of thirty or so crew members who survived the 1941 sinking. Any surviving crew members of the Arizona (or their families on their behalf) can have their ashes interred within the wreck, by U.S. Navy divers [13]
History[edit]
The USS Arizona Memorial was formally dedicated on May 30, 1962 (Memorial Day) by Texas Congressman and Chairman of Veteran Affairs Olin E. Teague and Governor John A. Burns.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. While the wreck of USS Arizona was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989, the memorial does not share this status. Rather, it is listed separately from the wreck on the National Register of Historic Places. The joint administration of the memorial by the United States Navy and the National Park Service was established on September 9, 1980.
The "tears of the Arizona". Oil slick visible on water's surface above the sunken battleship.
Oil leaking from the sunken battleship can still be seen rising from the wreckage to the water's surface. This oil is sometimes referred to as "the tears of the Arizona"[14][15] or "black tears."[16] In a National Geographic feature published in 2001, concerns were expressed that the continued deterioration of the Arizona's bulkheads and oil tanks from saltwater corrosion could pose a significant environmental threat from a rupture, resulting in a significant release of oil.[17] The National Park Service states it has an ongoing program that closely monitors the submerged vessel's condition.
The Park Service, as part of its Centennial Initiative celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2016, is developing a "mobile park" to tour the continental United States to increase exposure of the park. The mobile park will also collect oral histories of the attack on Pearl Harbor.[18]
USS Missouri[edit]
The USS Missouri and USS Arizona memorials.
Upon the deck of the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, the Japanese surrendered to United States General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, ending World War II. In 1999, Missouri was moved to Pearl Harbor from the United States west coast and docked behind, and in line, with the USS Arizona, placing it perpendicular to the USS Arizona Memorial. The pairing of the two ships became an evocative symbol of the beginning and end of the United States' participation in the war.
USS Arizona Memorial staff initially criticized the placement of the Missouri, saying the large battleship would "overshadow" the Arizona Memorial. To guard against this perception, Missouri was placed well back of the Arizona Memorial, and positioned in Pearl Harbor to prevent those participating in military ceremonies on Missouri's aft decks from seeing the Arizona Memorial. The decision to have Missouri's bow face the Memorial was intended to convey that the Missouri now watches over the remains of the Arizona so that those interred within the Arizona's hull may rest in peace. These measures have helped preserve the identities of the Arizona Memorial and the Missouri Memorial, thereby improving the public's perception of having Arizona and Missouri in the same harbor.[19]
Visiting the memorial[edit]
An observation site with interpretive materials; Battleship Row is in the distance
Dec 2006: 65 years after the attack on Pearl Harbor, retired Lieutenant Commander Joseph Langdell, a USS Arizona survivor, recalls the experience at the memorial
The Visitor Center operated by the National Park Service is free to the public and has a museum with exhibits about the Pearl Harbor attack, such as the ship's bell from the Arizona.
Access to the USS Arizona Memorial is by U.S. Navy boat, for which a numbered ticket, obtained at the Visitor Center and valid for a designated departure time, is required. More than one million people visit the memorial each year.[1] Because of the large number of visitors and the limited number of boat departures, the 4,500 tickets available each day are often fully allocated by mid-morning.[20] Before boarding the boat for the short trip to the Memorial, visitors view a 23-minute documentary film depicting the attack on Pearl Harbor. Touring of the Memorial is self-guided. The National Park Service Web site provides visitor information, including hours of operation and ticketing advisories.
USS Arizona and museum (center left) and the Admiral Clarey Bridge
A one-hour audio tour of the Memorial and Center exhibits, narrated by actress Jamie Lee Curtis, whose father, Tony Curtis was a World War II and Navy veteran, is available for rent at the Visitor Center. On the Center's grounds along the shoreline are more exhibits and a "Remembrance Circle". Nearby is USS Bowfin, a World War II Diesel submarine, which may be toured with separate, paid admission. The battleship USS Missouri and the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor may also be visited, but require a bus ride to Ford Island.
Honors[edit]
Crew of USS Abraham Lincoln (left) manning the rails near Missouri and the USS Arizona Memorial
Every United States Navy, Coast Guard, and Merchant Marine vessel entering Pearl Harbor participates in the tradition of "manning the rails." Personnel serving on these ships stand at attention at the ship's guard rails and salute the USS Arizona Memorial in solemn fashion as their ship slowly glides into port.
USPACOM Commander ADM Harry Harris, U.S. President Barack Obama, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, and a U.S. Navy sailor render honors at the USS Arizona Memorial, 27 December 2016.
The Arizona is no longer in commission, but is an active U.S. military cemetery. As survivors of the attack on the Arizona pass away, many choose either to have their ashes scattered in the water over the ship, or to have their urns placed within the well of the barbette of Turret No. 4.[21] As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the United States flag flies from the flagpole, which is attached to the severed mainmast of the sunken battleship.[22] The Arizona memorial is one of the nine major historical sites incorporated into the wide-ranging World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, established by Congress in 2008 and dedicated on December 7, 2010.[10]
Since it was formally dedicated in 1962, every U.S. President has made a pilgrimage to the memorial, presenting a wreath and scattering flowers over the Arizona in honor of the Americans who perished there.[23] On 27 December, 2016, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe visited the memorial with President Barack Obama and paid respects to fallen service members there. Abe is the first Prime Minister of Japan to visit the USS Arizona memorial, 75 years after the Japanese attack. The visit was hailed by President Obama as "a historic gesture of reconciliation."[24]
See also[edit]
USS Utah (BB-31) wreck of ship lost at Pearl Harbor and memorial
U.S. Navy memorials
U.S. Navy museums (and battleship museums)
USS Arizona salvaged artifacts
University of Arizona – Student Union Memorial Center
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Arizona, USS (battleship) (shipwreck)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ After The Battle magazine, Issue 38
Jump up ^ Bergman, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Arizona Memorial Museum Association. "Creating the Memorial". AMMA website. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Glenn Fuqua". Recipients, World War II (A-F). Medal of Honor. United States Army Center of Military History. July 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "How Elvis Helped Save the USS Arizona Memorial" USNI https://news.usni.org/2016/12/07/elvis-helped-save-uss-arizona-memorial
^ Jump up to: a b Bergman, Teresa (2013). Exhibiting Patriotism: Creating and Contesting Interpretations of American Historic Sites. Left Coast Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781598745979.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 87–201
^ Jump up to: a b Bergman, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Treena Shapiro (May 27, 2002). "Arizona Memorial seen as a dedication to peace". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^ "USS Arizona Memorial - History & Culture". National Park Service. September 18, 2006.
Jump up ^ "USS Arizona Interments". USS Arizona Preservation Project 2004. December 18, 2007. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Horst Bendzulla. "The Tears of the Arizona". Artist's website. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Christine Hansen (September–October 2007). "Little Big Store". Hana Hou! Vol. 10, No. 4. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tritten, Larry (December 7, 2003). "`Black Tears' Still Shed For U.S.S. Arizona". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Oil and Honor at Pearl Harbor". National Geographic. June 2001. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bomar, Mary A. (August 2007). "Summary of Park Centennial Strategies" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Gregg K. Kakesako (October 15, 1997). "Will 'Mighty Mo' be too much?". Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
Jump up ^ "Plan Your Visit (USS Arizona Memorial)". National Park Service. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ Interment of veterans within USS Arizona: https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/ussarizonainterments.htm
Jump up ^ "USS Arizona Memorial (National Park Service website)". Retrieved May 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Adamski, Mary (22 Oct 2003). "Isles a stopover and vacation spot for presidents". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Obama, Abe remember Pearl Harbor dead in historic Arizona Memorial visit". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Arizona Memorial.
Official website
Interactive USS Arizona Memorial, search the memorial for names
USS Arizona Memorial Museum Association
Battleship Missouri Memorial
Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor
"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
High resolution, zoomable panorama taken inside the Arizona Memorial
A Memorial Day to Remember
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. HI-13, "USS Arizona, Submerged off Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI"
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