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United States elections, 2018
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2018 United States elections
Mid-term elections
Election day
November 6
Senate elections
Seats contested
33 seats of Class I
Map of the 2018 Senate races
Dem. incumbent retiring
Dem. incumbent running
Rep. incumbent retiring
Rep. incumbent running
Ind. incumbent running
No election
House elections
Seats contested
All 435 seats to the U.S. House in the 116th Congress
Gubernatorial elections
Seats contested
39 (36 states, 3 territories)
Map of the 2018 gubernatorial races
Democratic incumbent eligible for re-election
Term-limited or retiring Democrat
Republican incumbent eligible for re-election
Term-limited or retiring Republican
Independent incumbent eligible for re-election
No election
The 2018 United States elections will mostly be held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018. These midterm elections will take place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trump's term. All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives and 33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate will be contested. 39 state and territorial governorships and numerous other state and local elections will also be contested.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federal elections
1.1 Congressional elections
1.1.1 Senate
1.1.2 House of Representatives
2 State elections
2.1 Gubernatorial elections
2.2 Legislative elections
3 Table of state, territorial, and federal results
4 Notes
5 References
Federal elections[edit]
Congressional elections[edit]
Senate[edit]
Main article: United States Senate elections, 2018
All 33 seats in Senate Class I will be up for election. Additionally, special elections may be held to fill vacancies in the other two Senate Classes.
House of Representatives[edit]
Main article: United States House of Representatives elections, 2018
All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election. Additionally, elections will be held to select the Delegate for the District of Columbia as well as the delegates from U.S. territories, with the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who serves a four-year term.
Prior to the 2018 House election on November 6, there will be at least two special elections:
Special election in Ohio's 12th congressional district following the resignation of Pat Tiberi (date yet to be determined)
Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election, 2018 following the resignation of Tim Murphy, to be held on March 13, 2018.
In November 2017, the rate of Republican congresspeople announcing their retirements or resigning their seats was vastly higher than at similar time-points in the Congresses since 2006.[1] Most of these congresspeople faced tough reelection bids in 2018.[1] The rate of Democratic announcements of retirements was in line with previous Congresses.[1] The disproportionate number of Republican retirements is likely to harm Republican prospects in the 2018 mid-term elections as there will fewer districts where Republicans have the incumbency advantage.[2][3]
State elections[edit]
The 2018 state elections will impact the redistricting that will follow the 2020 United States Census, as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.
Gubernatorial elections[edit]
Main article: United States gubernatorial elections, 2018
Elections will be held for the governorships of 36 U.S. states and three U.S. territories. Special elections may be held for vacancies in the other states and territories, if required by their state/territorial constitutions.
Legislative elections[edit]
87 of the 99 state legislative chambers are holding regularly-scheduled elections in 2018. Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Virginia do not hold regularly-scheduled legislative elections in even years. Kansas, Minnesota, New Mexico, and South Carolina will only hold elections for the lower house. In legislative chambers that use staggered terms, only a portion of the seats in the chamber will be up for election.
Table of state, territorial, and federal results[edit]
See also: Political party strength in U.S. states
This table shows the partisan results of Congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2018. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2018; additionally, the territories and Washington, D.C. do not elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C. and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. In the table, offices/legislatures that are not up for election in 2018 are already filled in for the "after 2018 elections" section, although vacancies or party switching could potentially lead to a flip in partisan control.
Subdivision and PVI
Before 2018 elections[4]
After 2018 elections
Subdivision
PVI[5]
Governor
State leg.
US Senate
US House
Governor
State leg.
US Senate
US House
Alabama
114 !R+14 Rep Rep RepS !TBD[a] Rep 6–1
Alaska
109 !R+9 Ind Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep
Arizona
105 !R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–4
Arkansas
115 !R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
California
088 !D+12 Dem Dem Dem Dem 39–14
Colorado
099 !D+1 Dem M !Split M !Split Rep 4–3 M !Split
Connecticut
094 !D+6 Dem M !Split Dem Dem 5–0
Delaware
094 !D+6 Dem Dem Dem Dem 1–0 Dem
Florida
102 !R+2 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 16–11
Georgia
105 !R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 10–4 Rep
Hawaii
082 !D+18 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
Idaho
119 !R+19 Rep Rep Rep Rep 2–0 Rep
Illinois
093 !D+7 Rep Dem Dem Dem 11–7 Dem
Indiana
109 !R+9 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 7–2 Rep
Iowa
103 !R+3 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep
Kansas
113 !R+13 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
Kentucky
115 !R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Rep Rep
Louisiana
111 !R+11 Dem Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Dem Rep Rep
Maine
097 !D+3 Rep M !Split M !Split R/I[b] M !Split 1–1
Maryland
088 !D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 7–1
Massachusetts
088 !D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 9–0
Michigan
099 !D+1 Rep Rep Dem Rep 9–5
Minnesota
099 !D+1 Dem Rep Dem Dem 5–3
Mississippi
109 !R+9 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep Rep
Missouri
109 !R+9 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 6–2 Rep
Montana
111 !R+11 Dem Rep M !Split Rep 1–0 Dem
Nebraska
114 !R+14 Rep NP Rep Rep 3–0 NP
Nevada
099 !D+1 Rep Dem M !Split Dem 3–1
New Hampshire
100 !Even Rep Rep Dem Dem 2–0 Dem
New Jersey
093 !D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–5 Dem Dem
New Mexico
097 !D+3 Rep Dem Dem Dem 2–1
New York
089 !D+11 Dem M !Split Dem Dem 18–9
North Carolina
103 !R+3 Dem Rep Rep Rep 10–3 Dem Rep
North Dakota
117 !R+17 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 1–0 Rep
Ohio
103 !R+3 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 12–4
Oklahoma
120 !R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–0 Rep
Oregon
095 !D+5 Dem Dem Dem Dem 4–1 Dem Dem
Pennsylvania
100 !Even Dem Rep M !Split Rep 13–5
Rhode Island
090 !D+10 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
South Carolina
108 !R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–1 Rep
South Dakota
114 !R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep
Tennessee
114 !R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2
Texas
108 !R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 25–11
Utah
120 !R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep
Vermont
085 !D+15 Rep Dem DemS !Split D/I[c] Dem 1–0
Virginia
099 !D+1 Dem TBD Dem Rep 7–4 Dem
Washington
093 !D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 6–4 Dem
West Virginia
120 !R+20 Rep Rep M !Split Rep 3–0 Rep
Wisconsin
100 !Even Rep Rep M !Split Rep 5–3
Wyoming
125 !R+25 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
United States
Even Rep Rep Rep Rep
Washington, D.C.
057 !D+43 Dem[d] Dem[d] N/A Dem N/A
American Samoa
N/A NP NP Rep NP NP
Guam
Rep Dem Dem
N. Mariana Islands
Rep M !Split Ind
Puerto Rico
PNP M !Split PNP/R PNP PNP/R
U.S. Virgin Islands
Ind Dem Dem
Subdivision
PVI
Governor
State leg.
US Senate
US House
Governor
State leg.
US Senate
US House
Subdivision and PVI
Before 2018 elections
After 2018 elections
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ One of Alabama's Senators is a Republican, the other will be determined by the 2017 special election
Jump up ^ One of Maine's Senators is a Republican, the other (Angus King) is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.
Jump up ^ One of Vermont's Senators is a Democrat, the other (Bernie Sanders) was elected as an independent but has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Washington, D.C. does not elect a governor or state legislature, but it does elect a mayor and a city council.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c CNN, Sam Petulla and Jennifer Hansler,. "There is a wave of Republicans leaving Congress". CNN. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (2017-09-12). "The Recent Rush Of GOP Retirements Is Good For Democrats". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Nate (2017-09-29). "Why Retirements May Hold the Key in Whether Republicans Can Keep the House". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
Jump up ^ "State & Legislative Partisan Composition (2016 Election)" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Miles. "2016 State PVI Changes". Decision Desk HQ. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
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(2017 ←) 2018 United States elections (→ 2019)
U.S.
Senate
Arizona
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Hawaii
Indiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
House
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
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Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
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Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
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Mississippi
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Nebraska
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12th (special)
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18th (special)
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Texas
Utah
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Washington
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Wyoming
Governors
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Alaska
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Arkansas
California
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Guam
Hawaii
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Kansas
Maine
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Nebraska
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Pennsylvania
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Texas
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Louisville
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Washington, D.C.
States /
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Alabama
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California
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Louisiana
Maine
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Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
U.S. Virgin Islands
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
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See also
Presidential elections
Senate elections
House elections
Gubernatorial elections
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Drug resistance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about pathogen resistance to the effects of drugs. For human resistance to the effects of drugs, see Drug tolerance.
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.[1] The term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens or cancers have "acquired", that is, resistance has evolved. Antimicrobial resistance and antineoplastic resistance challenge clinical care and drive research. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant. Even the immune system of an organism is in essence a drug delivery system, albeit endogenous, and faces the same arms race problems as external drug delivery.
The development of antibiotic resistance in particular stems from the drugs targeting only specific bacterial molecules (almost always proteins). Because the drug is so specific, any mutation in these molecules will interfere with or negate its destructive effect, resulting in antibiotic resistance.[2] Furthermore there is mounting concern over the abuse of antibiotics in the farming of livestock, which in the European Union alone accounts for three times the volume dispensed to humans – leading to development of super-resistant bacteria.[3]
Bacteria are capable of not only altering the enzyme targeted by antibiotics, but also by the use of enzymes to modify the antibiotic itself and thus neutralise it. Examples of target-altering pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and macrolide-resistant Streptococcus, while examples of antibiotic-modifying microbes are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and aminoglycoside-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.[4]
In short, the lack of concerted effort by governments and the pharmaceutical industry, together with the innate capacity of microbes to develop resistance at a rate that outpaces development of new drugs, suggests that existing strategies for developing viable, long-term anti-microbial therapies are ultimately doomed to failure. Without alternative strategies, the acquisition of drug resistance by pathogenic microorganisms looms as possibly one of the most significant public health threats facing humanity in the 21st century.[5]
Resistance to chemicals is only one aspect of the problem, another being resistance to physical factors such as temperature, pressure, sound, radiation and magnetism, and not discussed in this article, but found at Physical factors affecting microbial life.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms
3 Metabolic price
4 Treatment
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Introduction[edit]
Drug, toxin, or chemical resistance is a consequence of evolution and is a response to pressures imposed on any living organism. Individual organisms vary in their sensitivity to the drug used and some with greater fitness may be capable of surviving drug treatment. Drug-resistant traits are accordingly inherited by subsequent offspring, resulting in a population that is more drug-resistant. Unless the drug used makes sexual reproduction or cell-division or horizontal gene transfer impossible in the entire target population, resistance to the drug will inevitably follow. This can be seen in cancerous tumors where some cells may develop resistance to the drugs used in chemotherapy.[6] Chemotherapy causes fibroblasts near tumors to produce large amounts of the protein WNT16B. This protein stimulates the growth of cancer cells which are drug-resistant.[7] Malaria in 2012 has become a resurgent threat in South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum are posing massive problems for health authorities.[8][9] Leprosy has shown an increasing resistance to dapsone.
A rapid process of sharing resistance exists among single-celled organisms, and is termed horizontal gene transfer in which there is a direct exchange of genes, particularly in the biofilm state.[10] A similar asexual method is used by fungi and is called "parasexuality". Examples of drug-resistant strains are to be found in microorganisms[11] such as bacteria and viruses, parasites both endo- and ecto-, plants, fungi, arthropods,[12][13] mammals,[14] birds,[15] reptiles,[16] fish, and amphibians.[16]
In the domestic environment, drug-resistant strains of organism may arise from seemingly safe activities such as the use of bleach,[17] tooth-brushing and mouthwashing,[18] the use of antibiotics, disinfectants and detergents, shampoos, and soaps, particularly antibacterial soaps,[19][20] hand-washing,[21] surface sprays, application of deodorants, sunblocks and any cosmetic or health-care product, insecticides, and dips.[22] The chemicals contained in these preparations, besides harming beneficial organisms, may intentionally or inadvertently target organisms that have the potential to develop resistance.[23]
"Drug resistance develops naturally, but careless practices in drug supply and use are hastening it unnecessarily." - Center for Global Development
"The overuse of antibacterial cleaning products in the home may be producing strains of multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria." - Better Health Channel - Australian Government
"The use and misuse of antimicrobials in human medicine and animal husbandry over the past 70 years has led to a relentless rise in the number and types of microorganisms resistant to these medicines - leading to death, increased suffering and disability, and higher healthcare costs." - World Health Organisation 2010
"Deaths from acute respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis account for more than 85% of the mortality from infection worldwide. Resistance to first-line drugs in most of the pathogens causing these diseases ranges from zero to almost 100%. In some instances resistance to second- and thirdline agents is seriously compromising treatment outcome. Added to this is the significant global burden of resistant, hospital-acquired infections, the emerging problems of antiviral resistance and the increasing problems of drug resistance in the neglected parasitic diseases of poor and marginalized populations." - WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance 2010
Mechanisms[edit]
The four main mechanisms by which microorganisms exhibit resistance to antimicrobials are:[24][25]
Drug inactivation or modification: e.g., enzymatic deactivation of Penicillin G in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of β-lactamases.
Alteration of target site: e.g., alteration of PBP — the binding target site of penicillins — in MRSA and other penicillin-resistant bacteria.
Alteration of metabolic pathway: e.g., some sulfonamide-resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides. Instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to utilizing preformed folic acid.
Reduced drug accumulation: by decreasing drug permeability and/or increasing active efflux (pumping out) of the drugs across the cell surface.
Metabolic price[edit]
Biological cost or metabolic price is a measure of the increased energy metabolism required to achieve a function.
Drug resistance has a high metabolic price[26] in pathogens for which this concept is relevant (bacteria,[27] endoparasites, and tumor cells.) In viruses, an equivalent "cost" is genomic complexity.
Treatment[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The chances of drug resistance can sometimes be minimized by using multiple drugs simultaneously. This works because individual mutations can be independent and may tackle only one drug at a time; if the individuals are still killed by the other drugs, then the mutations cannot persist.[citation needed] This was used successfully in tuberculosis.[citation needed] However, cross resistance where mutations confer resistance to two or more treatments can be problematic.
For antibiotic resistance, which represents a widespread problem nowadays, drugs designed to block the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance are used. For example, bacterial resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins and cephalosporins) can be circumvented by using antibiotics such as nafcillin that are not susceptible to destruction by certain beta-lactamases (the group of enzymes responsible for breaking down beta-lactams).[28] Beta-lactam bacterial resistance can also be dealt with by administering beta-lactam antibiotics with drugs that block beta-lactamases such as clavulanic acid so that the antibiotics can work without getting destroyed by the bacteria first.[29] Recently, researchers have recognized the need for new drugs that inhibit bacterial efflux pumps, which cause resistance to multiple antibiotics such as beta-lactams, quinolones, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim by sending molecules of those antibiotics out of the bacterial cell.[30][31] Sometimes a combination of different classes of antibiotics may be used synergistically; that is, they work together to effectively fight bacteria that may be resistant to one of the antibiotics alone.[32]
Destruction of the resistant bacteria can also be achieved by phage therapy, in which a specific bacteriophage (virus that kills bacteria) is used.[citation needed]
There is research being done using antimicrobial peptides.[citation needed] In the future, there is a possibility that they might replace novel antibiotics.
See also[edit]
Antibiotic resistance
Fecal bacteriotherapy
Mass drug administration
Multidrug resistance
Pharmacoepidemiology
Small multidrug resistance protein
Eleftheria terrae
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Drug Resistance at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ "Antibiotic Resistance and Evolution". detectingdesign.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/17/use-of-strongest-antibiotics-rises-to-record-levels-on-european-farms?CMP=share_btn_fb
Jump up ^ Fisher, Jed F.; Mobashery, Shahriar (2010). "Enzymology of Bacterial Resistance". Comprehensive Natural Products II. Volume 8: Enzymes and Enzyme Mechanisms. Elsevier. pp. 443–201. doi:10.1016/B978-008045382-8.00161-1. ISBN 978-0-08-045382-8.
Jump up ^ "Reading: The Resistance Phenomenon in Microbes and Infectious Disease Vectors: Implications for Human Health and Strategies for Containment -- Workshop Summary - The National Academies Press". nap.edu.
Jump up ^ "Tolerance and Resistance to Drugs". Merck Manuals Consumer Version.
Jump up ^ "Chemo 'Undermines Itself' Through Rogue Response",BBC News, 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Resistance spread 'compromising' fight against malaria". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Morelle, Rebecca (20 October 2015). "Drug-resistant malaria can infect African mosquitoes". BBC News. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Molin, S; Tolker-Nielsen, T (2003). "Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 14 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00036-3. PMID 12849777.
Jump up ^ "Mechanisms of drug action and resistance". tulane.edu.
Jump up ^ http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_12-13/15697.pdf
Jump up ^ http://potatobeetle.org/AJPR_Review.html
Jump up ^ Lund, M. (1972). "Rodent Resistance to the Anticoagulant Rodenticides, with Particular Reference to Denmark". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 47 (5): 611–8. PMC 2480843  . PMID 4540680.
Jump up ^ Shefte, N.; Bruggers, R. L.; Schafer, E. W. (1982). "Repellency and Toxicity of Three Bird Control Chemicals to Four Species of African Grain-Eating Birds". Journal of Wildlife Management. 46 (2): 453–457. doi:10.2307/3808656. JSTOR 3808656.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reptiles Magazine, your source for reptile and herp care, breeding, and enthusiast articles". reptilechannel.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ "How household bleach works to kill bacteria". physorg.com.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-03. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "The Dirt on Clean: Antibacterial Soap v Regular Soap". CBC News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Should antibacterial soap be outlawed?". HowStuffWorks.
Jump up ^ Weber, D. J.; Rutala, W. A. (2006). "Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: Is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance?". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 27 (10): 1107–1119. doi:10.1086/507964. PMID 17006819.
Jump up ^ Yoon, K. S.; Kwon, D. H.; Strycharz, J. P.; Hollingsworth, C. S.; Lee, S. H.; Clark, J. M. (2008). "Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Deltamethrin Resistance in the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (6): 1092–1101. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[1092:BAMAOD]2.0.CO;2. PMID 19058634.
Jump up ^ http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antibacterial_cleaning_products
Jump up ^ Li, X, Nikadio H (2009). "Efflux-Mediated Drug Resistance in Bacteria: an Update". Drugs. 69 (12): 1555–623. doi:10.2165/11317030-000000000-00000. PMC 2847397  . PMID 19678712. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sandhu, P; Akhter, Y (26 September 2017). "Evolution of structural fitness and multifunctional aspects of mycobacterial RND family transporters". Archives of Microbiology. doi:10.1007/s00203-017-1434-6. PMID 28951954.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, S. H.; McHugh, T. D. (1997). "The biological cost of antimicrobial resistance". Trends in Microbiology. 5 (9): 337–339. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01101-3. PMID 9294886.
Jump up ^ Wichelhaus TA, Böddinghaus B, Besier S, Schäfer V, Brade V, Ludwig A (2002). "Biological Cost of Rifampin Resistance from the Perspective of Staphylococcus aureus". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46 (11): 3381–5. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.11.3381-3385.2002. PMC 128759  . PMID 12384339.
Jump up ^ Barber, Mary; Waterworth, Pamela M. (Aug 8, 1964). "Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins and Cephalosporins". Br Med J. 2 (5405): 344–349. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5405.344. PMC 1816326  . PMID 14160224.
Jump up ^ Bush, K (Jan 1988). "Beta-lactamase inhibitors from laboratory to clinic". Clin Microbiol Rev. 1 (1): 109–123. PMC 358033  . PMID 3060240.
Jump up ^ Webber, M.A.; Piddock, L.J.V. (2003). "The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg050. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Tegos, GP; Haynes, M; Strouse, JJ; Khan, MM; Bologa, CG; Oprea, TI; Sklar, LA (2011). "Microbial efflux pump inhibition: tactics and strategies". Curr Pharm Des. 17 (13): 1291–302. doi:10.2174/138161211795703726. PMC 3717411  . PMID 21470111.
Jump up ^ Glew, Richard H.; Moellering, Jr., Robert C.; Wennersten, Christine (Jun 1975). "Comparative Synergistic Activity of Nafcillin, Oxacillin, and Methicillin in Combination with Gentamicin Against Enterococci". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 7 (6): 828–832. doi:10.1128/aac.7.6.828. PMC 429234  . PMID 1155924.
External links[edit]
BURDEN of Resistance and Disease in European Nations—An EU project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European hospitals
Merck - Tolerance and Resistance
Cosmetics Database
HCMV drug resistance mutations tool
Combating Drug Resistance - An informative article on multidrug resistance
Battle of the Bugs: Fighting Antibiotic Resistance
MDRIpred : A web server for predicting inhibitors against drug tolerant M. Tuberculosis, published in Chemistry Central Journal
CancerDR: Cancer Drug Resistance Database. Scientific Reports 3, 1445
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text:
France in the Seven Years' War
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Montcalm after the Battle of Carillon.
France was one of the leading participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763. France entered the war with the hope of achieving a lasting victory against Prussia, Britain and their German allies and with the hope of expanding its colonial possessions.(1)
While the first few years of war proved successful for the French, in 1759 the situation reversed and they suffered defeats on several continents. In an effort to reverse their losses, France concluded an alliance with their neighbor, Spain, in 1761. In spite of this the French continued to suffer defeats throughout 1762 eventually forcing them to sue for peace. The 1763 Treaty of Paris confirmed the loss of French possessions in North America and Asia to the British. France also finished the war with very heavy debts, which they struggled to repay for the remainder of the 18th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 War in Europe
3 War in North America
4 War in Asia
5 War in Africa
6 Peace treaty and aftermath
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Louis XV ruled France from 1715 to 1774.
The previous major conflict in Europe, the War of the Austrian Succession, ended in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This peace agreement was very unpopular with the French populace who saw the terms as excessively lenient to France's enemies, specifically Britain and the Dutch Republic, and many regarded it as a breathing space before war resumed.[1]
France and Britain were engaged in an intensifying global rivalry after they superseded Spain as the leading colonial powers. Hoping to establish supremacy, both countries engaged in several minor wars in North America. French colonies in Louisiana, Illinois, and Canada had largely surrounded British colonies strung out in a narrow strip along the coast. All the French needed to totally envelop the British was control of the Ohio Country. Attempting to gain control of this territory, France built a complex system of alliances with the area's Native American tribes and brought them into conflict with Britain.[2]
Madame de Pompadour
In the mid-18th century, France was an absolute monarchy: all power resided with the King. Louis XV was a weak personality easily manipulated by his advisors and confidants. Chief amongst them was Madame Pompadour, his mistress who exercised enormous influence over appointments and matters of grand strategy. Other advisors rose and fell with rapid succession, continuing the lack of the stability which had plagued the monarchy in the early 18th century.
War in Europe[edit]
While the war began in North America, in 1756 France became drawn into a major war in Europe. Allied to Austria, Sweden and Russia the French tried to defeat the Prussians who had only the British as major allies. Despite repeated attempts between 1757 and 1762, the French and their allies failed to win the conclusive victory against Prussia despite a constant war of attrition. They were partly frustrated by an army led by the Duke of Brunswick made up of British forces and troops from the smaller German states which operated in West Germany.
The Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759 destroyed French hopes of invading Britain
France had opened the war against Britain in Europe by capturing Menorca and until 1759 they believed they held the upper hand. The British navy, however, had initiated a tight blockade of the French coast which prevented supplies and troops moving freely and sapped morale. Realizing that Prussia was unlikely to be defeated until its ally Britain was, the French foreign minister, Choiseul developed a plan to invade Britain in three separate places at Portsmouth, Essex and Scotland. He oversaw the construction of a massive fleet of transports to convey the troops during 1759. Defeats of the French navy at Lagos and Quiberon Bay put an end to these plans and he was forced to call off the invasion in the late autumn. A diversionary force under François Thurot had managed to land in Northern Ireland before he was hunted down and killed by the British navy. In the wake of the disaster at Quiberon, Thurot was lionised as a hero in France.[3]
By this stage France's finances were in a poor state, despite the efforts of Silhouette to keep down expenditure, and France was only kept afloat by a major loan from neutral Spain. Despite the Spanish government's official policy of neutrality, they were slowly shifting towards supporting an outright pro-French position, encouraged by Choiseul. In December 1761, war finally broke out between Britain and Spain - but the Spanish involvement did not provide the relief to the French that had been hoped. Instead French troops were needed to bolster Spanish efforts to invade Portugal, and became bogged down there.[4] Spain also suffered defeats in Cuba and the Philippines in 1762, and by the end of the year both Spain and France were urgently seeking peace.[5]
War in North America[edit]
Main article: French and Indian War
France began asserting control over the Ohio Country as early as 1749, issuing warnings and threats to British colonial traders active in the region. When the French began constructing a series of forts in the Ohio River watershed in 1753, the British responded with claims and demands of their own. In 1754, George Washington sparked the beginning of the war with an attack on a French scouting party near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When they learned that the British were planning to send regular army troops to the area for the 1755 campaign, the French sent a large body of troops to New France before the British could blockade their ports. These troops, combined with a strong alliances with native tribes and poor British military administration, gave France a string of victories from 1755 to 1757; its only significant loss was Acadia, whose remaining territories fell into British hands after the 1755 Battle of Fort Beauséjour, inaugurating the expulsion of the Acadians. France was able to maintain control of the Ohio Country as well as the strategically important Great Lakes. After their initial successes in North America, however, France began to starve the theatre of forces and supplies, preferring to concentrate on the war in Europe rather than risk large numbers of troops on expeditions across the British-dominated Atlantic Ocean.
Montcalm leading his troops into battle during the failed attempt to defend Quebec in 1759.
This contrasted sharply with the British, who put great emphasis on the war for control of North America. In 1758 the British launched several major offensives, capturing Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne, and Fort Frontenac, although they were stopped at Fort Carillon. The following year a large force under General Jeffery Amherst took Carillon and Fort Niagara, while a second large force under General Wolfe sailed up the St Lawrence River to besiege Quebec City. The French commander in Quebec, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, had orders to try to hold out until the winter spell, with the promise that major reinforcements would arrive from Europe the following year. Montcalm almost achieved this, delaying British attempts to capture Quebec until the autumn, when the British finally won the Battle of Quebec and captured the city. In spite of this, a large force of French escaped westwards, intent on resuming the campaign the following year.
In 1760 the French launched a surprise effort to re-capture Quebec, which succeeded in blunting one British advance on Montreal. Other British armies advanced on Montreal from the south and west, completing the Conquest of Canada. In the West Indies the French saw the valuable sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique captured by British forces. A final attempt to capture Newfoundland from the British failed in late 1762.
War in Asia[edit]
Main article: Third Carnatic War
The French position in India had been severely weakened following the Second Carnatic War, which had ended in 1754 with the Treaty of Pondicherry.[6] In spite of this they held several strong trading posts, particularly that at Pondicherry and they maintained relations with several major Indian Princes who were also enemies of the British.
The French war in India started badly, with the loss of the Chandalore which saw the last French trading post in Bengal destroyed.[7] A major French force under the Comte De Lally was despatched from Europe, and it threatened to turn the balance in India. However, an attempt to seize Madras failed, while Lally's force was unable to prevent the eventual British capture of Pondicherry and a comprehensive British victory in India. In the wake of Britain's domination of India, they were able to launch an expedition from Madras to the Philippines which captured Manila from France's ally Spain - further weakening the Bourbon position in Asia.
The Mughals led by Shah Alam II were joined by Jean Law and 200 Frenchmen and waged a campaign against the British during the Seven Years' War.[8]
Lally at Pondicherry.
Jean Law's Memoire: Mémoires sur quelques affaires de l’Empire Mogol 1756-1761 contains detailed information about the campaign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and his French allies against the British East India Company.[9]
War in Africa[edit]
Further information: Capture of Senegal
In April 1758 a British expedition conceived by the merchant Thomas Cumming and authorised by Pitt captured the French settlement of Saint-Louis in Senegal. The scheme had been so successful and profitable that two further expeditions were despatched the same year which captured the island of Gorée and the French trading station on the Gambia.
The loss of these valuable colonies further weakened France's finances. In 1762 a force was prepared to retake the Senegal territories, but had to be abandoned.
Peace treaty and aftermath[edit]
Main article: Treaty of Paris (1763)
Choiseul took much of the blame for the French defeat in the war, although he later masterminded French successes in the American War of Independence.
The French began negotiations in Paris in late 1762. Because of a change in the British government, they were offered more lenient terms than might otherwise have been expected. While they lost Canada to the British, Martinique and Guadeloupe were returned to them in exchange for Menorca.
The French defeat had a devastating impact on French political life, and a number of senior figures were forced out of public office. Realizing the deficiency in the French navy, Louis XV began a massive rebuilding programme to match British naval strength. Choiseul drew up a long-term plan to gain victory over the British which was partially put into action during the American War of Independence after France joined the conflict in 1778.
See also[edit]
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
France in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McLynn 2005, pp. 6–7
Jump up ^ Anderson, pp. 12–32
Jump up ^ McLynn 2005, p. 387
Jump up ^ Anderson, pp. 497–98
Jump up ^ Anderson, pp. 498–502
Jump up ^ Harvey 1998, pp. 104–05
Jump up ^ Harvey 1998, pp. 185–91
Jump up ^ L.S.S. O`malley (1924). Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-81-7268-121-0. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRK1x3GSmYk
Bibliography[edit]
Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. Faber and Faber, 2001.
Anderson, Fred and Cayton, Andrew. The Dominion of War: Empire and Liberty in North America 1500-2000. Penguin Books, 2005.
Black, Jeremy. Pitt the Elder. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Browning, Reed. The Duke of Newcastle. Yale University Press, 1975.
Harvey, Robert. Clive: The Life and Death of a British Emperor. Sceptre, 1998.
Horne, Alastair. Friend or Foe: An Anglo-Saxon History of France. Phoenix, 2005.
Longmate, Norman. Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603-1945. Harper Collins, 1993.
McLynn, Frank. 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Pimlico, 2005.
Palmer, Alan. Northern Shores: A History of the Baltic Sea and its peoples. John Murrtay, 2006.
Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire. Penguin Books, 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War&oldid=824007993"
Categories:
Seven Years' War
Wars involving France
Military history of France
18th century in France
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text:
Field of Dreams (Dubuque County, Iowa)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Home Plate
The Field of Dreams is a baseball field and pop-culture tourist attraction built originally for the movie of the same name. It is in Dubuque County, Iowa, near Dyersville.
Contents
1 Site history
1.1 Rolling Roadshow
1.2 Consolidation of land and Go the Distance operation
1.3 Additional development
2 Dimensions and capacity
3 Gallery
4 References
5 External links
Site history[edit]
The studio built the baseball diamond on two farms, a few miles outside Dyersville. When production completed, the baseball diamond created for the movie was left behind. Most of the baseball field, including the diamond and the adjacent house, was on one farm owned by the Lansing family, but the left and center field were on an adjacent property owned by the Ameskamp family. The field was built on the two properties because the producers wanted the field in a location where sunset shots would be uninhibited.
After filming completed, the Lansing family kept their portion of the field intact, and added a small hut where visitors could buy souvenirs. The Ameskamp family returned their land to farming for a year, but then restored the remainder of the field and opened up their own souvenir stand. The two owners had operated separate tourist facilities and had also been at odds regarding commercialization of the site.
Keith Rahe, a neighboring farmer, put together a baseball team dubbed the "Ghost Players" to entertain the visitors at the field. The team's presence at the field on Sunday afternoons once a month attracted thousands of additional fans to the field. In 1991 and 1992, the Upper Deck Company sponsored a celebrity game at the field. Executive producer Tony Loiacono, who later received the key to the city, brought Hall of Famers like Bob Gibson, Reggie Jackson and Bob Feller to take on Hollywood stars like Kelsey Grammer and Meatloaf in a charity game. The two games raised over $100,000 for local charities.
Rolling Roadshow[edit]
The Kevin Costner Band
On August 11, 2006, Austin, Texas' Alamo Drafthouse "Rolling Roadshow" (which screens films in locations unique to each film) showed Field of Dreams at the Field of Dreams Site in Dyersville. A giant, outdoor screen was set up adjacent to the field with seating, concession, and parking along left and center field. Only the property owned by the Ameskamp family was allowed to be used for this event; the Lansing property was closed to the public. Before the screening of the film, Kevin Costner and his band (unnamed at the time, now known as Kevin Costner and Modern West) performed for two hours for the attending crowd of close to 1,000 people. Costner and his band played a selection of original songs and popular covers, including a song about Iowa that he wrote during the filming of Field of Dreams 17 years earlier. The event was sponsored by Netflix[1] and hosted by Lisa Loeb.[citation needed]
Consolidation of land and Go the Distance operation[edit]
In August 2007, Rita Ameskamp sold the land containing her portion of the baseball field to Don and Becky Lansing - the owners of the remainder of the field. As a result the movie site was, for the first time, entirely owned by the Lansing family.[2] On May 13, 2010, the Lansings announced they were putting the farm used for the movie up for sale.[3] On October 30, 2011, it was reported that a sale had been agreed upon with a private partnership called Go the Distance Baseball, headed by Denise Stillman.[4] Go the Distance has owned and preserved the movie site since December 28, 2012.
Under Go the Distance, new events have been held at the venue. The Ghost Players returned in 2013. Over Father's Day weekend 2014, the field was home to a series of events to commemorate its 25th anniversary, including an exhibition game featuring Kevin Costner, Dwier Brown and others.[5] The events drew an estimated 12,000 fans.[6]
Under new ownership, visitor traffic has increased from 65,000 to 100,000 visitors per year, according to Go the Distance.[7] Additionally, in March 2018, Go the Distance began renting the house and ballfield to tourists at a cost of $2,200 per night on weekdays and $2,500 per night on weekends.[8]
Additional development[edit]
Not long after buying the movie site, Go the Distance Baseball announced plans for a 24-field youth baseball and softball complex known as All-Star Ballpark Heaven. The project was initially intended to open in 2014, coinciding with the film's 25th anniversary, but confronted difficulties finding funding and legal action from neighboring property owners, who objected to the commercial rezoning of the site.[7] Additionally, the cost has ballooned from the initially proposed $38 million to more than $70 million; while the Iowa state legislature passed a tax incentive for the project, developers failed to meet deadlines to secure it. The project still has not materialized.
Dimensions and capacity[edit]
The ballpark is 281 feet (86 m) to left field, 314 feet (96 m) to center and 262 feet (80 m) to right field. With additional temporary bleachers, the venue held nearly 6,000 spectators for the 2013 Team of Dreams celebrity ball game.
Gallery[edit]
View from behind home plate
View from the pitcher's mound
Ray loves Annie
Two signs, two entrances
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference dmr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Hogstrom, Erik (2007-08-18). "Left & Center Field of Dreams sold". Telegraph Herald. Woodward Communications, Inc. Retrieved 2007-08-18. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "For sale: 'Field of Dreams' farm". Associated Press. May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Mike (October 30, 2011). "Field of Dreams movie site in Iowa is sold". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Munson, Kyle (14 June 2014). "Cast, fans gather again at Field of Dreams". Des Moines Register/USA TODAY. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Munson, Kyle (13 June 2014). "Field of Dreams: Kevin Costner, other stars reminisce". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kruse, John (20 March 2016). Telegraph Herald http://www.telegraphherald.com/news/business/article_ef100d47-7fde-5c5d-bc38-0e32db9173fd.html. Retrieved 29 April 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Kruse, John (8 March 2018). "For rent: Tourists now can book iconic Field of Dreams ballfield, home". Telegraph Herald. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field of Dreams (baseball field).
The website from the Lansing family,
Kevin Costner returns to Field of Dreams. Netflix will sponsor an outdoor showing of "Field of Dreams" at the namesake Iowa ballfield on August 11, 2006. Kevin Costner, star of the movie, will also appear in person.
Field of Dreams Movie Site at Google Maps
Coordinates: 42°29′52″N 91°03′18″W / 42.49778°N 91.05500°W / 42.49778; -91.05500
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