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2018 Rose Bowl
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2018 Rose Bowl
College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 104th Rose Bowl Game
Georgia Bulldogs Oklahoma Sooners
(12–1) (12–1)
SEC Big 12
54 48
Head coach:
Kirby Smart Head coach:
Lincoln Riley
AP Coaches CFP
3 3 3
AP Coaches CFP
2 2 2
1
2
3
4
OT
2OT
Total
Georgia 7 10 14 14 3 6 54
Oklahoma 14 17 0 14 3 0 48
Date
January 1, 2018
Season
2017
Stadium
Rose Bowl
Location
Pasadena, California
MVP
Offensive: Sony Michel, RB
Defense: Roquan Smith, LB
Favorite
Georgia by 2.5
National anthem
United States Army Chorus
Referee
Jeff Heaser (ACC)
Attendance
92,844
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN, ESPN Deportes
Announcers
Chris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor, and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)
Steve Levy, Brian Griese and Todd McShay (ESPN Radio)
Rose Bowl
< 2017 2019 >
2 vs. 3 Seed CFP Semifinal Game
< 2016 Fiesta
The 2018 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Georgia Bulldogs, played on January 1, 2018 at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena, California. The 104th Rose Bowl Game was a semifinal for the College Football Playoff (CFP), matching two of the top four teams selected by the system's selection committee. Georgia and Oklahoma competed for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship game, to be played on January 8, 2018 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. The Georgia Bulldogs won the game with a 27-yard run by Sony Michel, shortly after Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma Sooners' field goal attempt in the second overtime. The game lasted four hours and five minutes. With 26.8 million viewers on ESPN, the game ranked as the fifth most-viewed cable program of all time.[1]
The game was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season. It was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with the kickoff at 5 p.m. ET (2 p.m. local time). The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association organized the game. Sponsored by the Northwestern Mutual financial services organization, the game was officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-game buildup
1.1 Team selection
1.2 Experience in the Rose Bowl
1.3 Georgia
1.4 Oklahoma
2 Game summary
2.1 First quarter
2.2 Second quarter
2.3 Third quarter
2.4 Fourth quarter
2.5 First overtime
2.6 Second overtime
2.7 Scoring summary
2.8 Statistics
3 Rose Bowl records
4 Pre-game activities
4.1 Pre-game Rose Parade
5 References
Pre-game buildup[edit]
Georgia's defense faces Oklahoma's offense.
Team selection[edit]
In the 2018 Rose Bowl, the #2-ranked Oklahoma Sooners, champions of the Big 12 Conference, faced the #3-ranked Georgia Bulldogs, champions of the Southeastern Conference. This was the first meeting between the University of Georgia and the University of Oklahoma football teams.[2]
Traditionally, the Rose Bowl pits the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac-12 Conference. However, any teams may be selected every three years, when the Rose Bowl is a CFP semifinal. The Big 12 and SEC champions traditionally meet in the Sugar Bowl. The 2018 Sugar Bowl was used as the other semifinal this year, allowing any team to be selected.
The matchups for the semifinals are geographically selected to ensure the top two teams do not play in road environments.[3] More than one team from the same conference may participate in the game, and avoiding rematches is not a selection factor.[4]
Experience in the Rose Bowl[edit]
Georgia won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 1942 team, which claims a national championship, beat the Pacific Coast Conference (predecessor to the Pac-12) champion UCLA 9–0 in 1943, a matchup which occurred prior to the Big Nine-PCC agreement. Oklahoma won their only previous Rose Bowl appearance when their 2002 team beat the then Pac-10 champion Washington State 34–14 in 2003, a matchup which occurred since Big Ten champion Ohio State was selected for the Fiesta Bowl, which was being used as that year's BCS National Championship Game, and Oklahoma was selected to replace them.
Georgia[edit]
Further information: 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team
Georgia opened the 2017 season as the No. 15 team in both the AP and Coaches Polls.[5] In the season opener, the Georgia Bulldogs faced the Appalachian State Mountaineers.[6] During the first quarter, starting quarterback Jacob Eason was injured in an out-of-bounds hit that strained his knee.[7] Freshman quarterback Jake Fromm replaced Eason.[7] Fromm started as quarterback the rest of the season.[8]
Georgia traveled to its first away and out-of-conference game against the No. 24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish on September 9, 2017.[9] The score was back-and-forth the whole game, until Rodrigo Blankenship scored a field goal with 3:34 to go in the fourth quarter, giving Georgia a 20–19 lead.[10] On 1st-and-10, Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy sacked quarterback Brandon Wimbush, and forced a fumble, which Georgia's Lorenzo Carter recovered. The Bulldogs held the field, winning the game.[11] The Bulldogs returned home for the next two weeks, beating the Samford Bulldogs 42–14 and the No.17 Mississippi State Bulldogs 31–3.[12][13]
On September 30, 2017, No. 7 Georgia traveled to Knoxville to play longtime SEC East rival the Tennessee Volunteers after losing to them at home in 2016.[14][15] The Bulldogs defeated the Volunteers in a 41–0 shutout, which was Tennessee's worst home loss since 1905.[16] The following week, Georgia returned to Tennessee to play the Vanderbilt Commodores, winning 45–14.[17] Undefeated No. 4 Georgia faced the Missouri Tigers back home in Athens, winning 53–28.[18] During that game, Georgia gained 696 total yards, the second-highest in school history.[18] When Georgia faced their biggest rival, the Florida Gators, in the annual neutral-location game, Georgia remained undefeated and beat Florida 42–7, the biggest win in the rivalry since 1982.[19] After Florida's loss to Georgia, they fired head coach Jim McElwain.[20] The following week, Georgia beat the South Carolina Gamecocks 24–10, clinching the SEC East and their spot in the SEC Championship.[21]
On November 11, 2017, Georgia lost to the Auburn Tigers 17–40 in what would be their only loss of the regular season.[22] Georgia wrapped up the regular season by beating the Kentucky Wildcats 42–13 and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 38–7.[23][24] On December 2, 2017, No.6 Georgia joined No. 4 Auburn in the SEC Championship, the only team who beat them during the regular season.[25] In the rematch, Georgia took the lead in the second quarter when Georgia linebacker Davin Bellamy stripped the ball from Auburn quarterback Jarrett Stidham, recovered by Roquan Smith and leading to Georgia's drive that tied the score.[25] Georgia took the SEC title for the first time since 2005, almost certainly securing their spot in the playoffs.[25]
Oklahoma[edit]
Further information: 2017 Oklahoma Sooners football team
In the 2017 preseason polls, Oklahoma was ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll and No. 8 in the Coaches Poll.[5] Oklahoma opened the season against the University of Texas at El Paso Miners, winning 56–7 and showcasing a strong offense.[26] Next, No. 6 Oklahoma traveled to the No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes and won 31–16.[27] In Oklahoma's first meeting with the Tulane Green Wave, No. 2 Oklahoma won 56–14.[28] They went on to play the Baylor Bears, eking out an expected blowout but still winning 44–34.[29]
In Oklahoma's big upset of the season, they lost to the Iowa State Cyclones 31–38.[30] They went on to beat the Texas Longhorns 29–24 after Texas recovered from a 20-point deficit.[31] The Sooners also began the next game against the Kansas State Wildcats with a 14-point deficit in the first half, but in a second-half comeback, Rodney Anderson scored a 22-yard touchdown with seven seconds left in the game, winning 42–35.[32] Against the Texas Tech Red Raiders, Mayfield led the team to a 49–27 victory.[33]
Oklahoma met the Oklahoma State Cowboys for their annual rivalry game, and quarterback Baker Mayfield completed 598 yards, winning 62–52.[34] The No. 5 Sooners beat the No. 8 Texas Christian University Horned Frogs 38–20, taking 1st place in the Big 12.[35] In the next away game against the Kansas Jayhawks, Mayfield accounted for his 127th touchdown, breaking Landry Jones's record as completing the most touchdowns in school history, and they won the game 41–3.[36] During the game, Mayfield lost his captaincy for the following game against the West Virginia Mountaineers when he screamed profanity and grabbed his crotch, which he directed at the Kansas sideline.[37] Mayfield's replacement, Kyler Murray, started the game, but Mayfield returned and won 59–31.[38]
On December 2, 2017, No. 2 Oklahoma joined No. 10 TCU in a rematch in the Big 12 Championship, winning 41–17.[39] The game secured Oklahoma's spot in the College Football Playoff semifinals.[39]
Game summary[edit]
Oklahoma scored on five of six possessions in the first half, and they entered halftime leading Georgia by 14 points.[40][41]
The 54–48 score made this the highest-scoring Rose Bowl, edging out 2017's University of Southern California 52–49 win over Penn State.[42]
First quarter[edit]
Sony Michel scores Georgia's first touchdown
After winning the coin toss, Oklahoma elected to defer and kick off.[43] Georgia was forced to punt the ball on the first drive of the game, giving Oklahoma its first possession. Oklahoma's quarterback Baker Mayfield completed three passes, the third to Marquise Brown in the end zone, scoring the first touchdown of the day.[43]
Second quarter[edit]
Sony Michel rushed for a 75-yard touchdown.[44]
At the end of the second quarter, the Sooners employed a double reverse, and Baker Mayfield caught his first pass in college to score a 2-yard touchdown.[40]
Georgia received its possession with only 6 seconds on the clock, and Rodrigo Blankenship scored a 55-yard field goal.[40] Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal kick.[44][45]
Third quarter[edit]
The Sooners led 31-17 at halftime but the Bulldogs scored fourteen unanswered points in the third quarter.
Fourth quarter[edit]
The game went back and forth in the last quarter. Baker Mayfield threw the first interception of the game, as Dominick Sanders intercepted his pass.[40] Jake Fromm completed a 4-yard pass to Javon Wims, taking the lead for the first time in the game, at 38–31.[40]
Oklahoma tied the game back up, with Dimitri Flowers scoring a touchdown with 8:47 left in the game.[40] Sony Michel fumbled in the next possession, and Oklahoma's Steven Parker recovered the fumble and returned it 46 yards to score a touchdown, putting the Sooners in the lead again.[44]
With fifty-five seconds left in the game, Nick Chubb took a direct snap and rushed for two yards for a game-tying touchdown.[40] Oklahoma did not score on its last drive of regulation game, forcing overtime.
First overtime[edit]
Overtime coin toss between Oklahoma and Georgia
The game went into overtime and was the first Rose Bowl in history to do so.[42] The Sooners won the overtime coin toss and elected to play defense first. The teams traded field goals in the first overtime, sending the game into a second overtime.[41]
Second overtime[edit]
Georgia's Lorenzo Carter blocks Oklahoma kicker Austin Siebert's field goal in 2nd overtime.
Georgia's Lorenzo Carter blocked Oklahoma kicker Austin Seibert's 27-yard field goal attempt, meaning Georgia would win the game with any points during its possession.[44][42] When Georgia had the ball, Sony Michel took a direct snap on a second down and rushed for a 27-yard touchdown, winning the game for the Bulldogs.[46]
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
UGA
OKLA
1 11:31 6 80 2:06 OKLA Marquise Brown 13-yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield, Austin Seibert kick good 0 7
1 8:27 6 75 3:04 UGA Sony Michel 13-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 7
1 6:56 6 75 1:31 OKLA Rodney Anderson 9-yard touchdown run, Austin Seibert kick good 7 14
2 14:12 5 69 2:36 OKLA Rodney Anderson 41-yard touchdown run, Austin Seibert kick good 7 21
2 14:00 1 75 0:12 UGA Sony Michel 75-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 14 21
2 9:12 11 54 4:48 OKLA 38-yard field goal by Austin Seibert 14 24
2 0:06 10 90 3:22 OKLA Baker Mayfield 2-yard touchdown reception from CeeDee Lamb, Austin Seibert kick good 14 31
2 0:00 2 9 0:06 UGA 55-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 17 31
3 12:25 1 50 0:11 UGA Nick Chubb 50-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 24 31
3 0:41 6 71 2:35 UGA Sony Michel 38-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 31 31
4 13:57 2 4 0:51 UGA Javon Wims 4-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 38 31
4 8:47 6 88 1:56 OKLA Dimitri Flowers 11-yard touchdown reception from Baker Mayfield, Austin Seibert kick good 38 38
4 6:52 OKLA Fumble recovery returned 46 yards for touchdown by Steven Parker, Austin Seibert kick good 38 45
4 0:55 7 59 2:27 UGA Nick Chubb 2-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 45 45
OT 4 4 UGA 38-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 48 45
OT 4 9 OKLA 33-yard field goal by Austin Seibert 48 48
2OT 2 25 UGA Sony Michel 27-yard touchdown run 54 48
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
54
48
Statistics[edit]
1
2
3
4
OT
2OT
Total
No. 3 Bulldogs 7 10 14 14 3 6 54
No. 2 Sooners 14 17 0 14 3 0 48
Statistics
UGA
OKLA
First downs 21 24
Plays–yards 63–527 81–531
Rushes–yards 34–317 45–242
Passing yards 210 289
Passing: Comp–Att–Int 20–29–0 24–36–1
Time of possession 27:02 32:58
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
UGA Passing Jake Fromm 20/29, 210 yds, 2 TD
Rushing Sony Michel 11 car, 181 yds, 3 TD
Receiving Javon Wims 6 rec, 73 yds, 1 TD
OKLA Passing Baker Mayfield 23/35, 287 yds, 2 TD, 1 INT
Rushing Rodney Anderson 26 car, 201 yds, 2 TD
Receiving Marquise Brown 8 rec, 114 yds, 1 TD
Rose Bowl records[edit]
In this game, a number of Rose Bowl records were set:
102 combined points scored by both teams is a new record set for the Rose Bowl. The previous record was 101 points set by Penn State and USC in the 2017 Rose Bowl.
This matchup was the first ever Rose Bowl matchup that featured a team from the Southeastern Conference and a team from the Big 12 Conference.
This game was the first ever Rose Bowl game in history to go into overtime.[47]
Georgia overcame a 17-point deficit to win the game, the largest deficit to overcome in Rose Bowl history after breaking last year's deficit comeback record by USC.
Rodrigo Blankenship set a Rose Bowl record for longest field goal made with a 55-yard field goal kicked in the second quarter.[45]
Pre-game activities[edit]
Pre-game activities were held at the Rose Bowl parking lots and at Brookside Golf Course. The 2017 Rose Bowl Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony was held at the Rose Bowl Stadium Lot K on December 30, 2017 from 12:00 to 1:30 PM. The 2017 Class members were Mack Brown (Texas), Cade McNown (UCLA), Charles Woodson (Michigan) and Dr. Charles West (Washington & Jefferson), represented by his daughter.
Pre-game Rose Parade[edit]
The 2018 Rose Parade started at 8:00 a.m. Pacific Time and featured floral floats, marching bands, and equestrian units marching down the 5.5 mile route of the parade down Colorado Boulevard.
The 2018 Rose Parade's theme was “Making A Difference,” and actor Gary Sinise was its Grand Marshal.[48]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Kercheval, Ben (2016-10-01). "Tennessee at Georgia score: Vols fight back again, beat Bulldogs on Hail Mary". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
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Jump up ^ Moriarty, Morgan (2017-10-29). "Florida 'negotiating' terms of McElwain exit, it says". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Jump up ^ "South Carolina vs. Georgia - Game Summary - November 4, 2017 - ESPN". ESPN.com. 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Falls in the Plains, 40-17 - University of Georgia". University of Georgia. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Seniors Lead Georgia Past Kentucky, 42-13 - University of Georgia". University of Georgia. 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
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^ Jump up to: a b Palmateer, Tyler (2018-01-01). "Oklahoma left stunned after 54-48 2OT Rose Bowl loss to Georgia". Norman Transcript. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
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^ Jump up to: a b Saliba, Layne (2018-01-02). "Rodrigo Blankenship sets Rose Bowl record with long field goal kick". The Red and Black. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Seth (2018-01-01). "Georgia-Oklahoma score: Recap for the 2018 College Football Playoff". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
Jump up ^ Conway, Tyler. "Georgia Beats Baker Mayfield, Oklahoma in 2OT Win in 2018 Rose Bowl". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
Jump up ^ Rose Parade 2018 – 129th Rose Parade presented by HONDA
[show]
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Rose Bowl Game
History & conference tie-ins
History
Rose Bowl Stadium
College Football Playoff
Broadcasters
Big Ten Conference
Pac-12 Conference
Games
1902
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
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Notes
No games were held from 1903 to 1915.
The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham, NC, due to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006.
The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions.
[show]
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College Football Playoff
Championships
Overview
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Games
2014–15
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Other
List of College Football Playoff games
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Championship games for each season are played in January, while semifinal games are identified by season year, alternating between December and January
[show]
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Georgia Bulldogs bowl games
1942 Orange Bowl
1943 Rose Bowl
1946 Oil Bowl
1947 Sugar Bowl
1948 Gator Bowl
1949 Orange Bowl
1950 Presidential Cup
1960 Orange Bowl
1964 Sun Bowl
1966 Cotton Bowl Classic
1967 Liberty Bowl
1969 Sugar Bowl
1969 Sun Bowl
1971 Gator Bowl
1973 Peach Bowl
1974 Tangerine Bowl
1976 Cotton Bowl Classic
1977 Sugar Bowl
1978 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1981 Sugar Bowl
1982 Sugar Bowl
1983 Sugar Bowl
1984 Cotton Bowl Classic
1984 Florida Citrus Bowl
1985 Sun Bowl
1986 Hall of Fame Bowl
1987 Liberty Bowl
1989 Gator Bowl
1989 Peach Bowl
1991 Independence Bowl
1993 Florida Citrus Bowl
1995 Peach Bowl
1998 Outback Bowl
1998 Peach Bowl
2000 Outback Bowl
2000 Oahu Bowl
2001 Music City Bowl
2003 Sugar Bowl
2004 Capital One Bowl
2005 Outback Bowl
2006 Sugar Bowl
2006 Chick-fil-A Bowl
2008 Sugar Bowl
2009 Capital One Bowl
2009 Independence Bowl
2010 Liberty Bowl
2012 Outback Bowl
2013 Capital One Bowl
2014 Gator Bowl
2014 Belk Bowl
2016 TaxSlayer Bowl
2016 Liberty Bowl
2018 Rose Bowl /
2018 College Football Playoff National Championship #
# denotes national championship game · / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
[show]
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Oklahoma Sooners bowl games
1939 Orange Bowl
1947 Gator Bowl
1949 Sugar Bowl
1950 Sugar Bowl
1951 Sugar Bowl
1954 Orange Bowl
1956 Orange Bowl
1958 Orange Bowl
1959 Orange Bowl
1963 Orange Bowl
1965 Gator Bowl
1968 Orange Bowl
1968 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1970 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl
1972 Sugar Bowl (January)
1972 Sugar Bowl (December)
1976 Orange Bowl
1976 Fiesta Bowl
1978 Orange Bowl
1979 Orange Bowl
1980 Orange Bowl
1981 Orange Bowl
1981 Sun Bowl
1983 Fiesta Bowl
1985 Orange Bowl
1986 Orange Bowl
1987 Orange Bowl
1988 Orange Bowl
1989 Florida Citrus Bowl
1991 Gator Bowl
1993 John Hancock Bowl
1994 Copper Bowl
1999 Independence Bowl
2001 Orange Bowl #
2002 Cotton Bowl Classic
2003 Rose Bowl
2004 Sugar Bowl #
2005 Orange Bowl #
2005 Holiday Bowl
2007 Fiesta Bowl
2008 Fiesta Bowl
2009 BCS National Championship Game #
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De Wallen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Red-light district of Amsterdam by day
De Wallen (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈʋɑlə(n)]) or De Walletjes (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈʋɑləcəs]) is the largest and best known red-light district in Amsterdam. It consists of a network of alleys containing approximately three hundred one-room cabins rented by prostitutes who offer their sexual services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights. These "kamers" are the most visible and typical kind of red light district sex work in Amsterdam and are a large tourist attraction.
De Wallen, together with the prostitution areas Singelgebied and Ruysdaelkade, form the Rosse Buurt (red light areas) of Amsterdam. Of these De Wallen is the oldest and largest area.
The area also has a number of sex shops, sex theatres, peep shows, a sex museum, a cannabis museum, and a number of coffee shops that sell marijuana.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Location
3 Sex work
4 Cannabis coffeeshops
5 Abuses and human rights
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Near the Oude Kerk
The Rokin and Damrak run along the original course of the river Amstel. These two roads meet in Dam Square which marks the spot where a bridge was built across the river in 1270. It had doors which were used to dam the river at certain times to avoid flooding. The Damrak then became a harbor and it was around this area that the red light district first appeared. The walled canals led to the names De Wallen and Walletjes (little walls).
Historically because of proximity to the harbor the area has attracted both prostitution and migrant populations and these are the features it is best known for today.[1]
From late Medieval times the trade started to be restricted. Married men and priests were forbidden to enter the area. In 1578 during the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule a Protestant city board was formed with fornication deemed punishable. Working girls were banned and forced underground. They would work for a madam who provided room and board, protection and advice. Often the madam and girls would venture out at night visiting pubs and inns to pick up clients. Parlours remained illegal but tolerated if kept hidden. Trade remained small scale though spread across the city. Well known areas were De Haarlemmerdijk, De Houttuinen, Zeedijk and around the harbor.
In the 18th century wealthy men would meet working girls at gambling houses on De Gelderskade and Zeedijk. The girls would then take the men back to the parlors where they came from. However these were often unappealing to a gentleman of means. A solution to this problem was for the gambling houses to provide board for the girls. This suited everyone including the authorities. The gambling houses invested in luxury furnishings and gradually they became brothels employing up to 30 girls. Famous brothels included De Pijl in Pijlstraat, De Fonteyn in Nieuwmarkt and Madame Therese on the Prinsengracht. For those who could not afford these there were still girls to be found around Oudekerksplein and unofficial policies of tolerance remained although prostitution was technically illegal.
In 1811 the ban on working girls was lifted. In this Napoleonic period, French soldiers were the main customers of prostitutes in De Wallen.[2] Regulation was brought in and there were compulsory health checks to protect soldiers from venereal diseases. They were given a red card which was a permit to work. If found to be infected the card was taken until they could prove they were disease free again. Because there was no reliable treatment for syphilis until the early 20th century this could mean dangerous treatments such as mercury baths to ease symptoms.
In the early 20th century religious organizations ran campaigns to try to end tolerance of prostitution. In 1911 a law was passed banning brothels and pimping. Working girls themselves were not banned though. Once again it was driven underground and tolerated as long it did not cause a disturbance. With the closure of many parlors in De Wallen some girls moved to De Pijp.
In 1935 it was estimated that there were around 150 disguised parlors. Fronts included massage, pedicure, manicure, and beauty treatments. Working girls continued to work around the Oudekerksplein. Instead of being visible as they are today they would stand behind closed curtains and peer through a small crack looking for customers. If they stood in the doorway they would be arrested.
Location[edit]
Prostitution behind the Oude Kerk
De Wallen by night
The total area is approximately 6,500 square metres (1.6 acres), limited by the Niezel in the north, the sea dike/Nieuwmarkt in the east, the Sint Jansstraat in the south and the Warmoesstraat in the west. Prostitution takes place within this area in the following streets: Barndesteeg, Bethlehemsteeg, Bloedstraat, Boomsteeg (now closed), Dollebegijnensteeg, Enge Kerksteeg, Goldbergersteeg, Gordijnensteeg, Molensteeg, Monnikenstraat, Oudekerksplein, Oudekennissteeg, Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Oudezijds Voorburgwal, Sint Annendwarsstraat, Sint Annenstraat, Stoofsteeg and Trompettersteeg.
Between Sint Jansstraat and Sint Annenstraat and running parallel to them are Leidekkerssteeg, Gooijersteeg, Blaauwlakensteeg and Zwartlakensteeg. At least three of these had red light windows which were closed in the 1970s. Today these alleys are blocked by locked gates although the remains of some bricked over windows can be seen in the architecture. In the 1990s Slapersteeg was also closed and a gate now blocks the alley.
In the 1990s parts of Sint Annenstraat and Sint Annendwarsstraat were demolished. The rooms in Goldbergersteeg were opened after this time.
Sex work[edit]
Bronze statue Belle in front of the Oude Kerk by Els Rijerse. Inscription reads "Respect sex workers all over the world."
Sex theater in Amsterdam (red light district)
Prostitution is legal in the Netherlands, with the exception of street prostitution, but work permits are not issued in the form of a green card for prostitution; therefore legally working in the trade is limited mostly to EU citizens or foreign permanent residents. (A non-EU citizen can work legally in Netherlands without a work permit in certain circumstances, for instance, if they are the spouse of a local citizen.) From January 2013 the legal working age of a prostitute in the Netherlands was raised from 18 to 21.[3]
Whilst health and social services are readily available, sex workers are required to undergo regular health checks at the government's expense. Brothel owners and room operators often require health certificates such as the SERVSAFE test before employing or leasing rooms.[4]
To counter negative publicity, Mariska Majoor, founder of the Prostitution Information Center, organized two "open days" in February 2006 and March 2007, allowing visitors access to some window brothels and peep shows and informing them about the working conditions there.[5][6] Majoor was also instrumental in having the world's first monument to sex workers[7] installed in the red light district. The bronze statue was unveiled on the Oudekerksplein in front of the Oude Kerk at the open day in March 2007 and shows a woman standing in a doorway.[7]
Cannabis coffeeshops[edit]
Cannabis coffeeshops in the RLD and elsewhere in the Netherlands are licensed to sell cannabis and serve soft drinks. Food, alcohol, and indoor tobacco smoking are generally not permitted.
Before the onset of coffeeshop licensing, some began openly selling cannabis. The first coffee shops opened in the 1970s. These faced trouble from police and the local councils with frequent closures. In 1976, the government of the Netherlands began to take steps to decriminalize the use and possession of cannabis by changing the law so that possession of up to 30 grams of cannabis was no longer a criminal offense.[8]
The gedoogbeleid or tolerance policy gave rise to coffeeshop licensing which meant that as long as coffeeshops did not sell hard drugs, they were allowed to operate. Coffeeshops were not allowed to operate in certain cities near the borders of Germany and Belgium because it was felt soft drug use might raise crime there.[citation needed]
The government of Netherlands has continually been under pressure from different western countries to rein in coffeeshops, leading to several coffeeshops being shut down for flouting rules, with no licenses issued to new operators. This approach has continued since 1995. In the 1990s, the coffeeshop owners organized themselves into a union, the Bond van cannabis Detaillisten or BCD, set up to represent the interests of the coffeeshops which were under constant pressure from local councils.[citation needed]
A recent policy has ordered that 26 coffeeshops in the De Wallen area will have to close their doors between 1 September 2012 and 31 August 2015.[9]
Abuses and human rights[edit]
Glass doors to rooms rented by prostitutes in the Amsterdam red-light district
Netherlands has been listed by a report of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime as a top destination for victims of human trafficking:[10][11]
According to Job Cohen, the former mayor of Amsterdam, "We've realized this is no longer about small-scale entrepreneurs but that big crime organizations are involved here in trafficking women, drugs, killings and other criminal activities".[12]
Groups of sex workers have also worked to raise awareness of their rights. The Prostitute Information Centre, founded in the 1990s, is a prostitute-led organisation offering tours of the area and information concerning safety and the rights of the people involved.[13] While sex workers in brothels currently have to register, it has been suggested making escorts and kamer workers register, which has been opposed by some sex worker groups out of concern it would favor pimps over the workers themselves.[14] Jan Fisher of Red Thread commented: “The ones who want to work know how devastating the stigma could be, and will be. They will try to work outside this system and they’ll be vulnerable when they’re detected by the police and tax office, and the ones who are trafficked may be forced by their pimps to register so they have a kind of legal status.”[15]
In 2007 a statue called "Belle" was unveiled on the Oudekerksplein with the inscription "Respect sex workers all over the world".[16]
About 75% of Amsterdam's prostitutes are from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, according to a former prostitute who produced a report about the sex trade.[12][17]
European citizens of the 28 member EU states have the legal right under internal market to employment in the Netherlands in any work. Citizens of other countries must already have a valid residence permit (not visitor visa) to work legally in the sex trade as work permits are not issued for the jobs.[18]
TAMPEP research into origin of migrant sex workers records 60% of workers in the Netherlands are foreign born, with the highest proportion of these (43%) from elsewhere in Europe.[19] This represents a decrease from 70% migrants in sex work as recorded in 2006. The report cites high internal mobility within the EU as the reason for this decrease.
Negotiations
In 2004, Amsterdam authorities commissioned research into pimping and human trafficking in Amsterdam. The Willem Plompe institution took up that job. The researchers, under the leadership of professor Frank Bovenkerk,[20] found that women under the control of a pimp can be easily put to work in the legal brothels with the brothel owners being aware that the women are controlled by pimps. The general setup of window prostitution was said to be helpful to pimps, as it facilitates the direct control of the women by their pimp.[21]
A Christian organization of aid workers named the 'Scharlaken Koord’ (in English, Scarlet Cord) has set up a special 'pal'-program for prostitutes in which the pals help the women build a new social network.[22]
Amsterdam Street Post and Advertising
Bronze relief in the cobblestones near the Oude Kerk. Created and installed by artist Rob Hodgson.
In September 2007, the city council of Amsterdam at the behest of mayor Job Cohen, concerned about trafficking and pimping in the area, forced the owner Charlie Geerts to close 51 prostitution windows, reducing the total number of windows in De Wallen by a third. Amsterdam authorities bought 18 properties from Geerts, with the aim of developing the area with fashion designers and other upscale businesses.[23]
Mariska Majoor of the Prostitution Information Center and representatives of the sex worker rights group De Rode Draad have decried the decision, claiming it would not reduce crime but would only lead to higher rent and more competition for the remaining windows.[24][25]
In January 2008, the city council announced plans to close the Rosso live sex theatre and the Banana bar strip club in the area.[26] Local business owners have formed the group "Platform 1012" (named after the zipcode of the area) to oppose the efforts of the Amsterdam government.[23] In the end, the actions of the city government resulted in the closure of the Yab Yum brothel.
At the end of 2008, mayor Job Cohen announced plans to close half of the city’s 400 prostitution windows because of suspected criminal gang activity; part of the city's 70 marijuana cafes and sex clubs will also be closed. Mayor Job Cohen: "It is not that we want to get rid of our red-light district. We want to reduce it. Things have become unbalanced and if we do not act we will never regain control".[17]
In 2009, the Dutch justice ministry announced plans to close 320 prostitution "windows" from Amsterdam.[27]
A former Amsterdam prostitute who is now a city councillor said: "There are people who are really proud of the red light district as a tourist attraction. It's supposed to be such a wonderful, cheery place that shows just what a free city we are. But I think it's a cesspit. There's a lot of serious criminality. There's a lot of exploitation of women, and a lot of social distress. That's nothing to be proud of."[28]
But in 2013 Metje Blaak, who worked in the sex trade for 25 years before turning to film making, says closing legal brothels will push women out onto the streets. “In the window is safe, open. You can see your clients. You can see everything,” she says.[29]
See also[edit]
Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum
Prostitution in the Netherlands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ditmore, Melissa (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 782. ISBN 0313329699.
Jump up ^ de Waard, Marco (2012). Imagining Global Amsterdam, History, Culture, and Geography in a World City. Amsterdam University Press. p. 316. ISBN 9089643672.
Jump up ^ Legal age for prostitution raised in Amsterdam | Dutch News
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam to raise prostitution age, bring in brothel closing hours". DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Mutsvairo, Bruce (23 February 2006). "Amsterdam Red Light District turns spotlight on its practice". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Red Light District holds 2nd annual Open Day". Dutchamsterdam.nl. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Statue in honor of prostitutes unveiled, DutchAmsterdam.nl. Accessed 21 September 2007
Jump up ^ accessed 17 March 2014 Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Straatgerichte aanpak" [Street-oriented approach] (in Dutch). Amsterdam.nl. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Special Reports - UN highlights human trafficking". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "With reference to the citation index, ten countries in the Trafficking Database score very high as reported destinations for trafficked victims. Five of these countries are in Western Europe (in alphabetical order): Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy and the Netherlands. Among Asian countries that score very high are Israel and Turkey (Western Asia and Turkey); Japan (Eastern Asia); Thailand (South-Eastern Asia). The other very highly reported destination country is the United States (North America)" (pg 63).[1]
^ Jump up to: a b "Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime". The New York Times. 24 February 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "PIC". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sex workers say 'no' to licensing law". RNW Media. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ http://rodedraad.nl/nieuws/de-wet-regulering-prostitutie.html[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "History of Amsterdam's Red Light District". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Login". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Work". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
Jump up ^ "The page cannot be found" (PDF). 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Slavenhandel op de wallen Archived 2013-07-29 at the Wayback Machine., NRC-handelsblad, Ruth Hopkins, 1 October 2005. (in Dutch)
Jump up ^ Super User. "home algemeen". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b RadioNetherlands.nl
Jump up ^ Amsterdam Cuts Prostitute Displays, Spiegel Online, 21 September 2007
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam closes a window on its red-light tourist trade" by Anushka Asthana, The Observer, September 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Casa Rosso is next red light target, DutchNews.nl, 17 January 2008
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam courts ready to clean up red light district". Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ RNW.nl[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Sean Mallen (6 May 2013). "Amsterdam turns out the red lights in famed district". Global News. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Media related to Red-light district (Amsterdam) at Wikimedia Commons
Prostitution Information Centre
Coordinates: 52°22′24.3″N 4°53′53.0″E / 52.373417°N 4.898056°E / 52.373417; 4.898056
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Wallen&oldid=799334944"
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