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The Color Purple (film)
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For Broadway and touring stage musical, see The Color Purple (musical).
The Color Purple
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Quincy Jones
Kathleen Kennedy
Frank Marshall
Steven Spielberg
Screenplay by
Menno Meyjes
Based on
The Color Purple
by Alice Walker
Starring
Danny Glover
Adolph Caesar
Margaret Avery
Rae Dawn Chong
Whoopi Goldberg
Music by
Quincy Jones
Cinematography
Allen Daviau
Edited by
Michael Kahn
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
December 18, 1985 (1985-12-18)
Running time
153 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million
Box office
$142 million
The Color Purple is a 1985 American period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Menno Meyjes, based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name by Alice Walker. It was Spielberg's eighth film as a director, and was a change from the summer blockbusters for which he had become famous. The film was also the first feature-length film directed by Spielberg for which John Williams did not compose the music. The film starred Danny Glover, Desreta Jackson, Margaret Avery, Oprah Winfrey (in her film debut), Adolph Caesar, Rae Dawn Chong, and featured Whoopi Goldberg (also in her film debut) as Celie Harris-Johnson.
Filmed in Anson and Union counties in North Carolina,[2] the film tells the story of a young African American girl named Celie Harris and shows the problems African American women faced during the early 20th century, including domestic violence, incest, pedophilia, poverty, racism, and sexism. Celie is transformed as she finds her self-worth through the help of two strong female companions.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Box office
4 Accolades
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Set in rural Georgia during the first 40 years of the twentieth century, the film centers on the life of a fictional character named Celie, an oppressed black woman. In the film, Celie endures rape, sexism, the loss of her children at birth, a tyrannical husband, domestic violence, chauvinism, the loss of her sister, and the demoralization of her friend (Sofia), who also loses her freedom to the law. Celie and the other characters tell a story of overcoming racism and misogyny in the rural south during this time period, depicting a struggle for equality. Celie maintains her resolve throughout the story. By the end of the film, the characters have undergone remarkable changes and relationships have begun to heal.[4][5][6]
Cast[edit]
Whoopi Goldberg as Celie Harris Johnson
Desreta Jackson as young Celie
Danny Glover as Albert Johnson ("Mister")
Oprah Winfrey as Sofia Johnson
Margaret Avery as Shug Avery
Táta Vega as Shug's singing voice
Akosua Busia as Nettie Harris
Adolph Caesar as Old Mister (Albert's Father)
Willard Pugh as Harpo Johnson
Rae Dawn Chong as Squeak
Laurence Fishburne as Swain
Grand Bush as Randy
Dana Ivey as Miss Millie
Leon Rippy as Store clerk
Bennet Guillory as Grady
James Tillis as Henry "Buster" Broadnax
Leonard Jackson as Alphonso "Pa" Harris
Gayle King (uncredited) as Churchgoer
Release[edit]
The Color Purple was shown at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival as a non-competing title.[7]
Critical response[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics, receiving praise for its acting, direction, screenplay, score, and production merits, but was criticized by some for being "over-sentimental" and "stereotypical." Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 88% based on reviews from 26 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. The site's consensus states: "A sentimental tale that reveals great emotional truths in American history."[8]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film four stars, calling it "the year's best film." He also praised Whoopi Goldberg, calling her role "one of the most amazing debut performances in movie history" and predicting she would win the Academy Award for Best Actress. (She was nominated but did not win.) Ebert wrote of The Color Purple:
The world of Celie and the others is created so forcibly in this movie that their corner of the South becomes one of those movie places — like Oz, like Tara, like Casablanca — that lay claim to their own geography in our imaginations. The affirmation at the end of the film is so joyous that this is one of the few movies in a long time that inspires tears of happiness, and earns them.[9]
Ebert's long-time television collaborator, Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune, praised the film as "triumphantly emotional and brave," calling it Spielberg's "successful attempt to enlarge his reputation as a director of youthful entertainments." Siskel wrote that The Color Purple was "a plea for respect for black women." Although acknowledging that the film was a period drama, he praised its "... incredibly strong stand against the way black men treat black women. Cruel is too kind a word to describe their behavior. The principal black men in The Color Purple use their women — both wives and daughters — as sexual chattel."[10]
New York Times film critic Janet Maslin noted the film's divergence from Walker's book, but made the case that this shift works:
Mr. Spielberg has looked on the sunny side of Miss Walker's novel, fashioning a grand, multi-hanky entertainment that is as pretty and lavish as the book is plain. If the book is set in the harsh, impoverished atmosphere of rural Georgia, the movie unfolds in a cozy, comfortable, flower-filled wonderland. ... Some parts of it are rapturous and stirring, others hugely improbable, and the film moves unpredictably from one mode to another. From another director, this might be fatally confusing, but Mr. Spielberg's showmanship is still with him. Although the combination of his sensibilities and Miss Walker's amounts to a colossal mismatch, Mr. Spielberg's Color Purple manages to have momentum, warmth and staying power all the same.[11]
Variety found the film over-sentimental, writing, "there are some great scenes and great performances in The Color Purple, but it is not a great film. Steven Spielberg's turn at 'serious' film-making is marred in more than one place by overblown production that threatens to drown in its own emotions."[12]
In addition, some critics alleged that the movie stereotyped black people in general[13] and black men in particular,[14] pointing to the fact that Spielberg, a white man, had directed a predominantly African American story.[15]
Filmmaker Oliver Stone defended The Color Purple as "an excellent movie, and it was an attempt to deal with an issue that had been overlooked, and it wouldn't have been done if it hadn't been Spielberg. And it's not like everyone says, that he ruined the book. That's horseshit. Nobody was going to do the book. He made the book live again."[16]
In 2004, Ebert included The Color Purple in his list of "Great Movies". He stated that "I can see its flaws more easily than when I named it the best film of 1985, but I can also understand why it moved me so deeply, and why the greatness of some films depends not on their perfection or logic, but on their heart."[17]
Box office[edit]
The Color Purple was a success at the box office, staying in U.S. theaters for 21 weeks,[18] and grossing over $142 million worldwide.[19] In terms of box office income, it ranked as the #1 rated PG-13 film released in 1985, and #4 overall.[18]
Accolades[edit]
Alice Walker discusses the film
from the BBC programme Desert Island Discs, 19 May 2013[20]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Color Purple was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress for Goldberg and Best Supporting Actress for both Avery and Winfrey.[21] It failed to win any of them, tying the record set by 1977's The Turning Point for the most Oscar nominations without a single win.[14]
Awards for The Color Purple
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient
Outcome
Academy Awards March 24, 1986 Best Picture Steven Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Quincy Jones Nominated
Best Actress in a Leading Role Whoopi Goldberg
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Margaret Avery
Oprah Winfrey
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Menno Meyjes
Best Cinematography Allen Daviau
Best Art Direction – Set Decoration J. Michael Riva, Bo Welch and Linda DeScenna
Best Costume Design Aggie Guerard Rodgers
Best Makeup Ken Chase
Best Music, Original Score Quincy Jones, Jeremy Lubbock, Rod Temperton, Caiphus Semenya, Andraé Crouch, Chris Boardman, Jorge Calandrelli, Joel Rosenbaum, Fred Steiner, Jack Hayes, Jerry Hey and Randy Kerber
Best Music, Original Song Quincy Jones and Rod Temperton and Lionel Richie
For the song "Miss Celie's Blues"
Golden Globe Awards January 24, 1986 Best Motion Picture – Drama
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Whoopi Goldberg Won
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Oprah Winfrey Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Steven Spielberg
Best Original Score – Motion Picture Quincy Jones
Meyjes was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 40th awards ceremony and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 38th awards ceremony.
Spielberg received his first Directors Guild of America Award at the 38th awards ceremony for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures. He became the first director to win the award without even being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director.
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1985
The Color Purple (musical), the musical theatre version of the novel.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE COLOR PURPLE (15)". British Board of Film Classification. April 10, 1986. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Color Purple filming locations". The 80s Movie Rewind. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (Dec 23, 1985). "Cinema: The Three Faces of Steve the Color Purple". Time. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
Jump up ^ Jones, Edward (20 January 1986). "The Color Purple is powerful". The Free Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sanello, Frank (28 February 1986). "Steven Spielburg yields special effect". Ludington Daily News. Ludington, MI. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (18 December 1985). "Film: The Color Purple from Steven Spielburg". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: The". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
Jump up ^ "The Color Purple (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (Dec 20, 1985). "The Color Purple". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ Siskel, Gene (Dec 20, 1985). "Color Purple: Powerful, Daring, Sweetly Uplifting". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (Dec 18, 1985). "Film: 'The Color Purple,' from Steven Spielberg". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
Jump up ^ "The Color Purple". Variety. Dec 31, 1984. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ Clegg II, Legrand H.(Chairman, Coalition Against Black Exploitation, Compton) (Feb 16, 1986). "Bad Black Roles In 'Purple'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-30. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Friendly, David T. (Mar 27, 1986). "Academy Hits Racism Accusation". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Jack (Jan 31, 1986). "3 'Color Purple' Actresses Talk About Its Impact". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Marc. Oliver Stone interview from Playboy Magazine (1988), in Stone, Oliver and Silet, Charles L.P., editors. Oliver Stone—Interviews, University Press of Mississippi (2006), p. 87.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (28 March 2015). "The Color Purple Movie Review (1985)". rogerebert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Color Purple". Box Office Mojo. Accessed Dec. 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Jack (Dec 25, 1985). "A Strong Start for 'Color Purple' in Christmas Box Office Race". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Alice Walker". Desert Island Discs. 19 May 2013. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
Jump up ^ "'Out of Africa' Ties as Oscar Nominees: 11 Citations; Spielberg Not Named". The Los Angeles Times. Feb 5, 1986. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Color Purple (film)
The Color Purple on IMDb
The Color Purple at the TCM Movie Database
The Color Purple at Box Office Mojo
The Color Purple at Rotten Tomatoes
The Color Purple at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Steven Spielberg
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Films directed
Firelight (1964)
Slipstream (1967)
Amblin' (1968)
Night Gallery ("Eyes" segment, 1969)
L.A. 2017 (1971)
Duel (1971)
Something Evil (1972)
Savage (1973)
The Sugarland Express (1974, also wrote)
Jaws (1975)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977, also wrote)
1941 (1979)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Twilight Zone: The Movie ("Kick the Can" segment, 1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
The Color Purple (1985)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Always (1989)
Hook (1991)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Schindler's List (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Amistad (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001, also wrote)
Minority Report (2002)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
The Terminal (2004)
War of the Worlds (2005)
Munich (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
War Horse (2011)
Lincoln (2012)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
The BFG (2016)
The Post (2017)
Ready Player One (2018)
Films written
Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies (1973)
Poltergeist (1982, also produced)
The Goonies (1985)
Films produced
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
Super 8 (2011)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
Television
Amazing Stories (1985–87)
High Incident (1996–97)
Invasion America (1998)
See also
Steven Spielberg bibliography
Amblin Partners
Amblin Entertainment
Amblin Television
DreamWorks Television
Amblimation
DreamWorks
USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education
[show]
v
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Books
The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970)
Meridian (1976)
The Color Purple (1982)
The Temple of My Familiar (1989)
Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992)
Warrior Marks (1993)
Short stories
"Everyday Use" (1973)
Collections
In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens (1983)
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The Color Purple (film)
The Color Purple (musical)
[show]
v
t
e
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture
1972–2000
Lady Sings the Blues (1972)
Let's Do It Again (1976)
The Greatest (1978)
Fame (1980)
Bustin' Loose (1981)
An Officer and a Gentleman (1982)
A Soldier's Story (1985)
The Color Purple (1986)
Lethal Weapon (1987)
Coming to America (1988)
Lean on Me (1989)
Glory (1990)
Boyz n the Hood (1992)
Sister Act (1993)
Malcolm X (1994)
Waiting to Exhale (1996)
A Time to Kill (1997)
Soul Food (1998)
How Stella Got Her Groove Back (1999)
The Best Man (2000)
2001–present
Remember the Titans (2001)
Ali (2002)
Antwone Fisher (2003)
The Fighting Temptations (2004)
Ray (2005)
Crash (2006)
The Pursuit of Happyness (2007)
The Great Debaters (2008)
The Secret Life of Bees (2009)
Precious (2010)
For Colored Girls (2011)
The Help (2012)
Red Tails (2013)
12 Years a Slave (2014)
Selma (2015)
Straight Outta Compton (2016)
Hidden Figures (2017)
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The Affair (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Affair
Television release poster
Genre
Drama
Mystery
Psychological drama
Created by
Sarah Treem
Hagai Levi
Starring
Dominic West
Ruth Wilson
Maura Tierney
Joshua Jackson
Julia Goldani Telles
Jake Siciliano
Jadon Sand
Leya Catlett
Josh Stamberg
Catalina Sandino Moreno
Omar Metwally
Irène Jacob
Sanaa Lathan
Opening theme
"Container" by Fiona Apple[1]
Composer(s)
Marcelo Zarvos
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
42 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Sarah Treem
Hagai Levi
Jeffrey Reiner
Eric Overmyer
Anya Epstein
Production location(s)
Brooklyn, New York City
Long Island City, New York City
Westchester County, New York, Montauk, New York
Los Angeles, California
Cinematography
Steven Fierberg
Tod Campbell
Editor(s)
Louis Cioffi
Todd Desrosiers
Dana Congdon
Agnes Grandits
Pete Beaudreau
Running time
50–60 minutes
Production company(s)
Sheleg
Higlewater
Showtime Networks
Release
Original network
Showtime
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1
Original release
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12) – present
External links
Official website
The Affair is an American television drama series created by Sarah Treem and Hagai Levi.[2] The series premiered on Showtime on October 12, 2014. A TV-14 version of the pilot episode was made available online beginning on October 6, 2014, via YouTube, SHO.com, and several other on-demand formats.[3]
A 12-episode second season of The Affair premiered on October 4, 2015.[4] On December 9, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season,[5] which debuted on November 20, 2016.[6] On January 9, 2017, Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season,[7] which premiered on June 17, 2018.[8] On July 26, 2018, Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season to debut in 2019.[9]
The series won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama and Ruth Wilson won for Best Actress – Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015. At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in 2016, Maura Tierney won the award for Best Supporting Actress.
Contents
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
3 Cast
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Awards and nominations
6 Home media
7 International broadcast
8 References
9 External links
Series overview[edit]
The Affair explores the emotional effects of an extramarital relationship between Noah Solloway and Alison Lockhart (Dominic West and Ruth Wilson) after they casually meet at the diner where Alison works. The show begins with the Solloway family packing up the family van to stay in the resort town of Montauk, New York. Noah is happily married with four children, but he resents their dependence on his wealthy father-in-law. Alison is a local waitress trying to piece her life and marriage back together in the wake of her young son's tragic accidental death at the age of four. The story of the affair is depicted from Noah's and Alison's perspectives respectively, complete with memory bias which often results in vastly different scenarios.[10] Each episode has two parts, one as remembered by Noah, the other by Alison. Noah's perspective is of a vibrant, playful, and sexy Alison who comes on to him, while her perspective is more cautious, reserved, with a dulled conservative sense of self, and Noah coming on to her.
In the second season, the narrative is expanded to include the perspectives of Noah and Alison's original spouses, Helen Solloway and Cole Lockhart (Maura Tierney and Joshua Jackson), as they all move forward with the dissolution of their marriages and deal with the ramifications.[11] The subsequent death of Alison's brother-in-law, Scott (Colin Donnell), and the ensuing police investigation and criminal trial, are explored in flashforward scenes at the end of most episodes.
The third season is set three years later, following the culmination of the flashforward trial scenes, after Noah is released from prison. Season 3 introduces an occasional perspective, Juliette Le Gall (Irène Jacob), Noah's new love interest.[12]
In the fourth season, Noah has moved to Los Angeles to be closer to his younger children Trevor (Jadon Sand) and Stacey (Abigail Dylan Harrison), as Helen and Vik (Omar Metwally) have moved there. Cole and Luisa (Catalina Sandino Moreno) are living together in Montauk, while Alison is working as a grief counselor. Season 4 features opening flashforward sequences, featuring Noah and Cole, in its first four episodes, which ultimately lead to the discovery of Alison's death.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Affair episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12) December 21, 2014 (2014-12-21)
2 12 October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04) December 20, 2015 (2015-12-20)
3 10 November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20) January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29)
4 10 June 17, 2018 (2018-06-17) August 19, 2018 (2018-08-19)
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Characters marked "Perspective" have parts of episodes told from their point of view.
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
Dominic West Noah Solloway Perspective
Ruth Wilson Alison Bailey Perspective
Maura Tierney Helen Butler Perspective
Joshua Jackson Cole Lockhart Perspective
Julia Goldani Telles Whitney Solloway
Jake Siciliano Martin Solloway
Jadon Sand Trevor Solloway
Leya Catlett Stacey Solloway Does not appear
Josh Stamberg Max Cadman Does not appear
Catalina Sandino Moreno Luisa León Does not appear
Omar Metwally Vik Ullah Does not appear Perspective
Irène Jacob Juliette Le Gall Does not appear Perspective Does not appear
Sanaa Lathan Jenelle Wilson Does not appear
= Main
= Recurring
= Guest
Recurring cast[edit]
Victor Williams as Detective Jeffries
John Doman as Bruce Butler, Helen's father
Kathleen Chalfant as Margaret Butler, Helen's mother
Mare Winningham as Cherry Lockhart, Cole's mother
Colin Donnell as Scott Lockhart, Cole's brother
Danny Fischer as Hal Lockhart, Cole's brother
Michael Godere as Caleb Lockhart, Cole's brother
Kaija Matiss as Mary-Kate Lockhart, Hal's wife
Deirdre O'Connell as Athena Bailey, Alison's mother
Nicolette Robinson as Jane, waitress at The Lobster Roll
Darren Goldstein as Oscar Hodges, owner of The Lobster Roll
Stephen Kunken as Harry, a publisher
Lynn Cohen as Joan Bailey, Alison's grandmother (season 1)
Jennifer Esposito as Nina Solloway, Noah's sister (season 2–present)
Richard Schiff as Jon Gottlief, Noah's attorney (season 2)
Joanna Gleason as Yvonne, a publisher who, along with her husband Robert, owns the guest house in which Alison and Noah stay (season 2)
Peter Friedman as Robert, Yvonne's husband (season 2)
Abigail Dylan Harrison as Stacey Solloway (season 3–present)
Brendan Fraser as John Gunther, a prison guard (season 3)
Reagan and Savannah Grella as Joanie, Alison and Cole's daughter (season 3–present)
Christopher Meyer as Anton Gatewood, an intelligent student at the school where Noah teaches (season 4)
Emily Browning as Sierra, Helen and Vik's neighbor (season 4)
Ramon Rodriguez as Ben Cruz, a Marine veteran and Alison's love interest (season 4)
Zenobia Shroff as Priya Ullah, Vik's mother (season 4)
Production[edit]
On February 8, 2013, it was announced that Showtime had ordered a pilot for The Affair.[13] The network officially picked up the series on January 16, 2014, with a 10-episode order.[2] On November 10, 2014, Showtime renewed the series for a 10-episode second season;[14] however, it was later changed to 12.[15] On December 9, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season.[16] On January 9, 2017, Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season.[17] On July 26, 2018, Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season.[9]
After the conclusion of the fourth season and prior to the start of production on the fifth and final season, certain series regulars departed the series. Ruth Wilson requested to leave ahead of season four, and her character was killed off at the end of the season.[18] In September 2018, it was reported that Joshua Jackson would not return as a series regular for the final season, but could return as a guest star.[18] In October 2018, it was also confirmed that Catalina Sandino Moreno would not be a series regular for the final season.[19]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Season
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
1 90% (50 reviews) 85 (28 reviews)
2 90% (21 reviews) 78 (15 reviews)
3 79% (19 reviews) 72 (8 reviews)
4 90% (21 reviews) N/A
The first season received praise from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 90%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 8.18/10. The consensus reads: "Thanks to some smart, creative storytelling and spectacular performances, The Affair is a somber, bewitching exploration of truth and desire."[20] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 28 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[21]
The second season received continued positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 90%, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 8.04/10. The consensus reads: "The Affair shifts its emphasis in season two, moving psychological drama to the foreground and expanding the show's central crime story to include two new points of view."[22] On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23] Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave it an "A-" grade and wrote that "With its bold new move to double our number of perspectives, it appears that The Affair will sail over that sophomore slump that has felled so many other Showtime dramas.[24]
The third season received continued positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 79%, based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 7.67/10. The consensus reads: "The Affair adds to its cast of strong characters and deepens the mood, tension, and intrigue, even if the plot sometimes struggles to move forward."[25] On Metacritic, it has a score of 72 out of 100 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[26]
The fourth season received continued positive reviews from critics.[27] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 90%, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The consensus reads: "The Affair's captivating character study returns with fewer kinks than its previous outing, resulting in a more emotionally grounded season that regains much of the show's initial allure."[28]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
72nd Golden Globe Awards[29] Best Actor – Television Series Drama Dominic West Nominated
Best Actress – Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Won
Best Television Series – Drama The Affair Won
19th Satellite Awards[30] Best Actress – Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated
Best Television Series – Drama The Affair Nominated
67th Writers Guild of America Awards[31] Best New Series The Affair Nominated
6th Critics' Choice Television Awards[32] Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated
73rd Golden Globe Awards[33] Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Won
42nd People's Choice Awards[34] Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor Joshua Jackson Nominated
20th Satellite Awards[35] Best Actor – Television Series Drama Dominic West Won
68th Primetime Emmy Awards[36] Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Maura Tierney Nominated
7th Critics' Choice Television Awards[37] Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
21st Satellite Awards[38][39] Best Television Series – Drama The Affair Nominated
Best Actor – Television Series Drama Dominic West Won
Best Actress – Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Maura Tierney Nominated
Location Managers Guild Awards[40] Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary TV Series Sean Ilnseher Nominated
22nd Satellite Awards[41] Best Television Series – Drama The Affair Nominated
Best Actress – Television Series Drama Ruth Wilson Nominated
Home media[edit]
The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 4, 2015. The set contains all 10 episodes, plus special features, including character profiles and costume featurettes.[42] The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 16, 2016.[43] The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 25, 2017.[44]
International broadcast[edit]
In Canada, the series premiered simultaneously with the American broadcast on October 12, 2014, and airs on Movie Central and The Movie Network.[45] The series premiered on Showcase in Australia on February 10, 2015.[46] Sky Atlantic bought the rights to air The Affair in the UK with season one beginning in May 2015.[47]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (October 2, 2014). "'The Affair' opening credits feature new Fiona Apple song: Listen". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (January 16, 2014). "Showtime To Pick Up Drama 'The Affair', Philip Seymour Hoffman Comedy To Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'The Affair' Premiere: Showtime Sneaking Early Look Today". Deadline Hollywood. October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 23, 2015). "'Homeland' Season 5 & 'The Affair' Season 2 to Premiere Sunday, October 4 on Showtime". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (December 9, 2015). "Homeland, The Affair Renewed". TVLine. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel (June 1, 2016). "'Shameless,' 'The Affair,' 'Masters of Sex' Season Premiere Dates Set at Showtime". Variety. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 9, 2017). "'The Affair' Renewed For Season 4 By Showtime Ahead Of Season 3 Finale – TCA". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (January 7, 2018). "Showtime Sets Premiere Dates for 'Billions' and 'The Affair,' Releases Trailer for Benedict Cumberbatch's 'Patrick Melrose'". Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (July 26, 2018). "The Affair to End With Season 5". TVLine. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Showtime(R) Releases Key Art for "The Affair," Premiering Sunday, October 12th at 10 PM ET/PT" (Press release). Showtime. August 26, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (August 11, 2015). "The Affair boss explains how season 2 will work with four perspectives". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (August 11, 2016). "The Affair Unveils Game-Changing Season 3 Twist". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 8, 2013). "Showtime Gives Pilot Order To 'Affair'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (November 10, 2014). "Showtime Renews Homeland for Season 5, The Affair for Season 2". TVLine. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2015 Showtime Fall Programming Overview" (Press release). Showtime. August 21, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (December 9, 2015). "Homeland, The Affair Renewed". TVLine. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (January 9, 2017). "The Affair Renewed for Season 4". TVLine. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldberg, Lesley (September 25, 2018). "Joshua Jackson's Days on 'The Affair' Are Numbered". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (October 19, 2018). "The Affair: Another Series Regular Out". TVLine. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Affair: Season 1 (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Affair - Season 1 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Affair: Season 2 (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Affair - Season 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ihnat, Gwen (October 2, 2015). "Emotional drama The Affair gets even more intimate in season 2". The A.V. Club. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Affair: Season 3 (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Affair - Season 3 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Affair - Season 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Affair: Season 4 (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (January 11, 2015). "Golden Globes 2015: Gina Rodriguez, Transparent, The Affair Win Big". TVLine. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Satellite Awards (2014)". International Press Academy. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (December 4, 2014). "Good Wife, True Detective, Thrones, Louie Among 2015 WGA Nominees". TVLine. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (January 17, 2016). "Critics' Choice Awards: TV Winners Include Fargo, Mr. Robot, Master of None, Rachel Bloom and Carrie Coon". TVLine. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (January 10, 2016). "Golden Globes: Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big; Taraji P. Henson, Lady Gaga, Jon Hamm, Rachel Bloom Grab Gold". TVLine. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards: 42nd People's Choice Awards Nominees". People's Choice Awards. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Actor in a Series, Drama 2015 Nominees". Press Academy. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 14, 2016). "The 68th Annual Emmy Nominations: The Complete List". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Winfrey, Graham (November 14, 2016). "Critics' Choice Television Awards: HBO Leads 22 Nominations". IndieWire. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (November 29, 2016). "Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS" (PDF). International Press Academy. December 18, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (February 22, 2017). "'Hidden Figures,' 'La La Land' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (November 28, 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 19, 2015). "The Affair - Showtime/Paramount Announces 'Season 1' on DVD: Date, Box, Extras". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 31, 2016). "The Affair - 'Season 2' DVDs Announced by Showtime/Paramount ***UPDATE: EXTRAS!***". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 1, 2017). "The Affair - 'Season 3' is Coming to DVD this Spring from Showtime/Paramount". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Showtime's Sexy and Emotionally Gripping Drama THE AFFAIR Premieres on Movie Central and The Movie Network, October 12" (Press release). The Movie Network. August 27, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (January 12, 2014). "Airdate: The Affair". TV Tonight. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (March 20, 2015). "Dominic West drama The Affair to air on Sky Atlantic". The Guardian. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Affair on IMDb
The Affair at TV.com
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Book of Deuteronomy
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Not to be confused with Deuteranomaly.
The Book of Deuteronomy (from Ancient Greek: Δευτερονόμιον, Deuteronómion, "second law"; Hebrew: דְּבָרִים, Devārīm, "[spoken] words") is the fifth book of the Torah (a section of the Hebrew Bible) and the Christian Old Testament. The Hebrew title is taken from the opening phrase Eleh ha-devarim, "These are the words...". The English title "Deuteronomy" comes from the Greek deuteronomion, meaning "second law", taken from the Septuagint's (Greek) phrase to deuteronomion touto, "this second law", in Deuteronomy 17:18. This Greek phrase is itself a mistranslation of the Hebrew mishneh haTorah hazoth, "a copy of this law".[1]
The book consists of three sermons or speeches delivered to the Israelites by Moses on the plains of Moab, shortly before they enter the Promised Land. The first sermon recounts the forty years of wilderness wanderings which had led to that moment, and ends with an exhortation to observe the law (or teachings), later referred to as the Law of Moses; the second reminds the Israelites of the need for monotheism and observance of the laws (or teachings) he has given them, on which their possession of the land depends; and the third offers the comfort that even should Israel prove unfaithful and so lose the land, with repentance all can be restored.[2]
Traditionally seen as the words of Moses delivered before the conquest of Canaan, a broad consensus of modern scholars see its origin in traditions from Israel (the northern kingdom) brought south to the Kingdom of Judah in the wake of the Assyrian conquest of Aram (8th century BC) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of Josiah (late 7th century BC), with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the Babylonian captivity during the late 6th century BC.[3] Many scholars see the book as reflecting the economic needs and social status of the Levite caste, who are believed to have provided its authors.[4]
One of its most significant verses is Deuteronomy 6:4, the Shema Yisrael, which has become the definitive statement of Jewish identity: "Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one." Verses 6:4–5 were also purported to be quoted by Jesus in Mark 12:28–34 as part of the Great Commandment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
1.1 Structure
1.2 Summary
1.3 Deuteronomic code
1.3.1 Laws of religious observance
1.3.2 Laws concerning officials
1.3.3 Civil law
1.3.4 Criminal law
2 Composition
2.1 Composition history
2.2 Sources
2.3 Position in the Hebrew Bible
3 Themes
3.1 Overview
3.2 Israel
3.3 God
3.4 Covenant
4 Weekly Torah portions
5 Influence on Judaism and Christianity
5.1 Judaism
5.2 Christianity
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
8.1 Translations
8.2 Commentaries
8.3 General
9 External links
Contents[edit]
Structure[edit]
Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about.[5] The structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons (chapters 1:1–4:43, 4:44–29:1, 29:2–30:20) followed by a number of short appendices[6] – Miller refers to this as the "literary" structure; alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a ring-structure with a central core (chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code) and an inner and an outer frame (chapters 4–11/27–30 and 1–3/31–34)[6] – Miller calls this the covenantal substructure;[5] and finally the theological structure revealed in the theme of the exclusive worship of Yahweh established in the first of the Ten Commandments ("Thou shalt have no other god before me") and the Shema.[5]
Summary[edit]
Moses receiving the Law (top) and reading the Law to the Israelites
(The following "literary" outline of Deuteronomy is from John Van Seters;[7] it can be contrasted with Alexander Rofé's "covenantal" analysis in his Deuteronomy: Issues and Interpretation.[8])
Chapters 1–4: The journey through the wilderness from Horeb (Sinai) to Kadesh and then to Moab is recalled.
Chapters 4–11: After a second introduction at 4:44–49 the events at Mount Horeb are recalled, with the giving of the Ten Commandments. Heads of families are urged to instruct those under their care in the law, warnings are made against serving gods other than Yahweh, the land promised to Israel is praised, and the people are urged to obedience.
Chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic code: Laws governing Israel's worship (chapters 12–16a), the appointment and regulation of community and religious leaders (16b–18), social regulation (19–25), and confession of identity and loyalty (26).
Chapters 27–28: Blessings and curses for those who keep and break the law.
Chapters 29–30: Concluding discourse on the covenant in the land of Moab, including all the laws in the Deuteronomic code (chapters 12–26) after those given at Horeb; Israel is again exhorted to obedience.
Chapters 31–34: Joshua is installed as Moses's successor, Moses delivers the law to the Levites (a priestly caste), and ascends Mount Nebo or Pisgah, where he dies and is buried by God. The narrative of these events is interrupted by two poems, the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses.
The final verses, Deuteronomy 34:10–12, "never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses," make a claim for the authoritative Deuteronomistic view of theology and its insistence that the worship of the Hebrew God as the sole deity of Israel was the only permissible religion, having been sealed by the greatest of prophets.[9]
Deuteronomic code[edit]
Main article: Deuteronomic Code
Deuteronomy 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code, is the oldest part of the book and the core around which the rest developed.[10] It is a series of mitzvot (commands) to the Israelites regarding how they ought to conduct themselves in Canaan, the land promised by Yahweh, God of Israel. The following list organizes most of the laws into thematic groups:
Laws of religious observance[edit]
The worship of Canaanite gods is forbidden and the order is given to destroy their places of worship. (12:29–31)
Native mourning practices such as deliberate disfigurement are forbidden. (14:1–2)
The worship at Asherah groves and setting up of ritual pillars are forbidden. (16:21–22)
All sacrifices are to be brought and vows are to be made at a central sanctuary. (12:1–28)
Sacrificed animals must be without blemish. (15:21, 17:1)
First-born male livestock must be sacrificed. (15:19–23)
The procedure for tithing produce or donating its equivalent is given. (14:22–29)
The Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot are instituted. (16:1–17)
A catalog of which animals are permitted and which forbidden for consumption is given. (14:3–20)
The consumption of animals which are found dead and have not been slaughtered is prohibited. (14:21)
Laws concerning officials[edit]
Judges are to be appointed in every city. (16:18)
Judges are to be impartial and bribery is forbidden. (16:19–20)
A central tribunal is established. (17:8–13)
Should the Israelites choose to be ruled by a King, regulations for the office are given. (17:14–20)
Regulations of the rights, and revenue, of the Levites are given. (18:1–8)
Concerning the future (unspecified) prophet. (18:9–22)
Regulations for the priesthood are given. (23:1–8)
Civil law[edit]
Debts are to be released in the seventh year. (15:1–11)
Regulations of the institution of slavery and the procedure for freeing slaves. (15:12–18)
Regulations permitting taking slaves and plunder in war (20:14)
Regulations for the treatment of sex-slaves taken in war (21:10-14)
Lost property, once found, is to be restored to its owner. (22:1–4)
Prohibition of mixing kinds, at Deuteronomy 22:9-11
Tzitzit are mandated. (22:12)
Marriages between women and their stepsons are forbidden. (22:30)
The camp is to be kept clean. (23:9–14)
Usury is forbidden except for foreigners. (23:19–20)
Regulations for vows and pledges are given. (23:21–23, 24:6, 24:10–13)
The procedure for tzaraath (a disfigurative condition) is given. (24:8–9)
Hired workers are to be paid fairly. (24:14–15)
Justice is to be shown towards strangers, widows, and orphans. (24:17–18)
Portions of crops are to be given to the poor. (24:19–22)
Criminal law[edit]
See also: Rape in the Hebrew Bible
The rules for witnesses are given. (19:15–21)
The procedure for a bride who has been slandered is given. (22:13–21)
Various laws concerning adultery and rape are given. (22:22–29)
Kidnapping is forbidden. (24:7)
Just weights and measures are mandated. (25:13–16)
Composition[edit]
Moses viewing the Promised Land, Deuteronomy 34:1–5 (Tissot)
Composition history[edit]
Since the evidence was first put forward by W.M.L de Wette in 1805, scholars have accepted that the core of Deuteronomy was composed in Jerusalem in the 7th century BC in the context of religious reforms advanced by King Josiah (reigned 641–609 BC).[11] A broad consensus exists that sees its history in the following general terms:[3]
In the late 8th century both Judah and Israel were vassals of Assyria. Israel rebelled, and was destroyed c.722 BC. Refugees fleeing to Judah brought with them a number of new traditions (new to Judah, at least). One of these was that the god Yahweh, already known and worshiped in Judah, was not merely the most important of the gods, but the only god who should be served. This outlook influenced the Judahite landowning elite, who became extremely powerful in court circles after they placed the eight-year-old Josiah on the throne following the murder of his father, Amon of Judah.
By the eighteenth year of Josiah's reign, Assyrian power was in rapid decline, and a pro-independence movement gathered strength in the court. This movement expressed itself in a state theology of loyalty to Yahweh as the sole god of Israel. With Josiah's support they launched a full-scale reform of worship based on an early form of Deuteronomy 5–26, which takes the form of a covenant (i.e., treaty) between Judah and Yahweh to replace that between Judah and Assyria. This covenant was formulated as an address by Moses to the Israelites (Deut.5:1).
The next stage took place during the Babylonian captivity. The destruction of the Kingdom of Judah by Babylon in 586 BC and the end of kingship was the occasion of much reflection and theological speculation among the Deuteronomistic elite, now in exile in the city of Babylon. They explained the disaster as Yahweh's punishment of their failure to follow the law, and created a history of Israel (the books of Joshua through Kings) to illustrate this.
At the end of the Exile, when the Persians agreed that the Jews could return and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, chapters 1–4 and 29–30 were added and Deuteronomy was made the introductory book to this history, so that a story about a people about to enter the Promised Land became a story about a people about to return to the land. The legal sections of chapters 19–25 were expanded to meet new situations that had arisen, and chapters 31–34 were added as a new conclusion.
Sources[edit]
The prophet Isaiah, active in Jerusalem about a century before Josiah, makes no mention of the Exodus, covenants with God, or disobedience to God's laws; in contrast Isaiah's contemporary Hosea, active in the northern kingdom of Israel, makes frequent reference to the Exodus, the wilderness wanderings, a covenant, the danger of foreign gods and the need to worship Yahweh alone; this has led scholars to the view that these traditions behind Deuteronomy have a northern origin.[12] Whether the Deuteronomic code – the set of laws at chapters 12–26 which form the original core of the book – was written in Josiah's time (late 7th century) or earlier is subject to debate, but many of the individual laws are older than the collection itself.[13] The two poems at chapters 32–33 – the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses were probably originally independent.[12]
Position in the Hebrew Bible[edit]
Deuteronomy occupies a puzzling position in the Bible, linking the story of the Israelites' wanderings in the wilderness to the story of their history in Canaan without quite belonging totally to either. The wilderness story could end quite easily with Numbers, and the story of Joshua's conquests could exist without it, at least at the level of the plot; but in both cases there would be a thematic (theological) element missing. Scholars have given various answers to the problem. The Deuteronomistic history theory is currently the most popular (Deuteronomy was originally just the law code and covenant, written to cement the religious reforms of Josiah, and later expanded to stand as the introduction to the full history); but there is an older theory which sees Deuteronomy as belonging to Numbers, and Joshua as a sort of supplement to it. This idea still has supporters, but the mainstream understanding is that Deuteronomy, after becoming the introduction to the history, was later detached from it and included with Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers because it already had Moses as its central character. According to this hypothesis, the death of Moses was originally the ending of Numbers, and was simply moved from there to the end of Deuteronomy.[14]
Themes[edit]
Overview[edit]
Deuteronomy stresses the uniqueness of God, the need for drastic centralisation of worship, and a concern for the position of the poor and disadvantaged.[15] Its many themes can be organised around the three poles of Israel, Israel's God, and the covenant which binds them together.
Israel[edit]
The themes of Deuteronomy in relation to Israel are election, faithfulness, obedience, and God's promise of blessings, all expressed through the covenant: "obedience is not primarily a duty imposed by one party on another, but an expression of covenantal relationship."[16] Yahweh has chosen ("elected") Israel as his special property (Deuteronomy 7:6 and elsewhere),[17] and Moses stresses to the Israelites the need for obedience to God and covenant, and the consequences of unfaithfulness and disobedience.[18] Yet the first several chapters of Deuteronomy are a long retelling of Israel's past disobedience – but also God's gracious care, leading to a long call to Israel to choose life over death and blessing over curse (chapters 7–11).
God[edit]
Deuteronomy's concept of God changed over time. The earliest 7th century layer is monolatrous, not denying the reality of other gods but enforcing the worship of Yahweh in Jerusalem alone. In the later, Exilic layers from the mid-6th century, especially chapter 4, this becomes monotheism, the idea that only one god exists.[19] God is simultaneously present in the Temple and in heaven – an important and innovative concept called "name theology."[20]
After the review of Israel's history in chapters 1 to 4, there is a restatement of the Ten Commandments in chapter 5. This arrangement of material highlights God's sovereign relationship with Israel prior to the giving of establishment of the Law.[21]
Covenant[edit]
The core of Deuteronomy is the covenant that binds Yahweh and Israel by oaths of fidelity (Yahweh and Israel each faithful to the other) and obedience (Israel obedient to Yahweh).[22] God will give Israel blessings of the land, fertility, and prosperity so long as Israel is faithful to God's teaching; disobedience will lead to curses and punishment.[23] But, according to the Deuteronomists, Israel's prime sin is lack of faith, apostasy: contrary to the first and fundamental commandment ("Thou shalt have no other gods before me") the people have entered into relations with other gods.[24]
The covenant is based on seventh-century Assyrian suzerain-vassal treaties by which the Great King (the Assyrian suzerain) regulated relationships with lesser rulers; Deuteronomy is thus making the claim that Yahweh, not the Assyrian monarch, is the Great King to whom Israel owes loyalty.[25] The terms of the treaty are that Israel holds the land from Yahweh, but Israel's tenancy of the land is conditional on keeping the covenant, which in turn necessitates tempered rule by state and village leaders who keep the covenant: "These beliefs", says Norman Gottwald, "dubbed biblical Yahwism, are widely recognized in biblical scholarship as enshrined in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua through Kings)."[26]
Dillard and Longman in their Introduction to the Old Testament stress the living nature of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel as a nation: The people of Israel are addressed by Moses as a unity, and their allegiance to the covenant is not one of obeisance, but comes out of a pre-existing relationship between God and Israel, established with Abraham and attested to by the Exodus event, so that the laws of Deuteronomy set the nation of Israel apart, signaling the unique status of the Jewish nation.[27] The land is God's gift to Israel, and many of the laws, festivals and instructions in Deuteronomy are given in the light of Israel's occupation of the land. Dillard and Longman note that "In 131 of the 167 times the verb "give" occurs in the book, the subject of the action is Yahweh."[28] Deuteronomy makes the Torah the ultimate authority for Israel, one to which even the king is subject.[29]
Weekly Torah portions[edit]
Main article: Weekly Torah portion
Devarim, on Deuteronomy 1–3: Chiefs, scouts, Edom, Ammonites, Sihon, Og, land for two and a half tribes
Va'etchanan, on Deuteronomy 3–7: Cities of refuge, Ten Commandments, exhortation, conquest instructions
Eikev, on Deuteronomy 7–11: Obedience, taking the land, golden calf, Aaron's death, Levites’ duties
Re'eh, on Deuteronomy 11–16: Centralized worship, diet, tithes, sabbatical year, pilgrim festivals
Shofetim, on Deuteronomy 16–21: Basic societal structure for the Israelites
Ki Teitzei, on Deuteronomy 21–25: Miscellaneous laws on civil and domestic life
Ki Tavo, on Deuteronomy 26–29: First fruits, tithes, blessings and curses, exhortation
Nitzavim, on Deuteronomy 29–30: covenant, violation, choose blessing and curse
Vayelech, on Deuteronomy 31: Encouragement, reading and writing the law
Haazinu, on Deuteronomy 32: Punishment, punishment restrained, parting words
V'Zot HaBerachah, on Deuteronomy 33–34: Farewell blessing and death of Moses
Influence on Judaism and Christianity[edit]
Judaism[edit]
Deuteronomy 6:4–5: "Hear, O Israel (shema Yisra'el), the LORD is our God, the LORD is one!" has become the basic credo of Judaism, the Shema Yisrael, and its twice-daily recitation is a mitzvah (religious commandment). It continues, "Thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart and all thy soul and all thy might"; it has therefore also become identified with the central Jewish concept of the love of God, and the rewards that come with this.
Christianity[edit]
Main article: Christian views on the Old Covenant
In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus cited Deuteronomy 6:5 as a Great Commandment. The earliest Christian authors interpreted Deuteronomy's prophecy of the restoration of Israel as having been fulfilled (or superseded) in Jesus Christ and the establishment of the Christian Church (Luke 1–2, Acts 2–5), and Jesus was interpreted to be the "one (i.e., prophet) like me" predicted by Moses in Deuteronomy 18:15 (Acts 3:22–23). While the exact position of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated, a common view is that in place of the elaborate code of laws (mitzvah) set out in Deuteronomy, Paul the Apostle, drawing on Deuteronomy 30:11–14, claimed that the keeping of the Mosaic covenant was superseded by faith in Jesus and the gospel (the New Covenant).[30]
See also[edit]
613 commandments
Deuteronomist
Documentary hypothesis
Kashrut
Mosaic authorship
Old Deuteronomy
Papyrus Rylands 458 – the oldest Greek manuscript of Deuteronomy
Tanakh
Torah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller, pp.1–2
Jump up ^ Phillips, pp.1–2
^ Jump up to: a b Rogerson, pp.153–154
Jump up ^ Sommer, Benjamin D. (June 30, 2015). Revelation and Authority: Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition. Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library. p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, p.10
^ Jump up to: a b Christensen, p.211
Jump up ^ Van Seters, pp.15–17
Jump up ^ Rofé, pp.1–4
Jump up ^ Tigay, pp.137ff.
Jump up ^ Van Seters, p.16
Jump up ^ Rofé, pp.4–5
^ Jump up to: a b Van Seters, p.17
Jump up ^ Knight, p.66
Jump up ^ Bandstra, pp.190–191
Jump up ^ McConville
Jump up ^ Block, p.172
Jump up ^ McKenzie, p.266
Jump up ^ Bultman, p.135
Jump up ^ Romer (1994), p.200-201
Jump up ^ McKenzie, p.265
Jump up ^ Thompson, Deuteronomy, 112.
Jump up ^ Breuggemann, p.53
Jump up ^ Laffey, p.337
Jump up ^ Phillips, p.8
Jump up ^ Vogt, p.28
Jump up ^ Gottwald
Jump up ^ Dillard & Longman, p.102.
Jump up ^ Dillard & Longman, p.104.
Jump up ^ Vogt, p.31
Jump up ^ McConville, p.24
Bibliography[edit]
Translations[edit]
Deuteronomy in NIV
Commentaries[edit]
Craigie, Peter C (1976). The Book of Deuteronomy. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825247.
Miller, Patrick D (1990). Deuteronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780664237370.
Phillips, Anthony (1973). Deuteronomy. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780521097727.
Plaut, W. Gunther (1981). The Torah: A Modern Commentary. ISBN 0-8074-0055-6
Avigdor Miller (2001). Fortunate Nation: Comments and notes on DVARIM.
General[edit]
Ausloos, Hans, The Deuteronomist’s History: The Role of the Deuteronomist in Historical-Critical Research into Genesis–Numbers (Old Testament Studies, 67), Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2015.
Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth. ISBN 9780495391050.
Block, Daniel I (2005). "Deuteronomy". In Kevin J. Vanhoozer. Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible. Baker Academic.
Braulik, G (1998). The Theology of Deuteronomy: Collected Essays of Georg Braulik. D&F Scott Publishing. ISBN 9780941037303.
Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664222314.
Bultman, Christoph (2001). "Deuteronomy". In John Barton; John Muddiman. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
Christensen, Duane L (1991). "Deuteronomy". In Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.
Clements, Ronald (1968). God's Chosen People: A Theological Interpretation of the Book of Deuteronomy. In series, Religious Book Club, 182. London: S.C.M. Press.
Gottwald, Norman, review of Stephen L. Cook, The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism, Society of Biblical Literature, 2004
Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays; David L. Petersen; Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567292896.
Laffey, Alice L (2007). "Deuteronomistic Theology". In Orlando O. Espín; James B. Nickoloff. An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658567.
Markl, Dominik (2013). "Moses' Praise and Blame – Israel's Honour and Shame: Rhetorical Devices in the Ethical Foundations of Deuteronomy". Verbum et Ecclesia. Verbum et Ecclesia. 34. 34. doi:10.4102/ve.v34i2.861.
Mendenhall, George E (September 1, 1954). Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition. Biblical Archeology 3/17.
McConville, J.G (2002). "Deuteronomy". In T. Desmond Alexander; David W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament: The Pentateuch (PDF). Eisenbrauns.
McKenzie, Steven L (1995). "Postscript". In Linda S. Schearing; Steven L McKenzie. Those Elusive Deuteronomists: The Phenomenon of Pan-Deuteronomism. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567563361.
Richter, Sandra L (2002). The Deuteronomistic History and the Name Theology. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110173765.
Rofé, Alexander (2002). Deuteronomy: Issues and Interpretation. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567087546.
Rogerson, John W (2003). "Deuteronomy". In James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Romer, Thomas (2000). "Deuteronomy In Search of Origins". In Gary N. Knoppers; J. Gordon McConville. Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060378.
Romer, Thomas (1994). "The Book of Deuteronomy". In Steven L. McKenzie; Matt Patrick Graham. The history of Israel's Traditions: The Heritage of Martin Noth. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9780567230355.
Tigay, Jeffrey (1996). "The Significance of the End of Deuteronomy". In Michael V. Fox; et al. Texts, Temples, and Traditions: A Tribute to Menahem Haran. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060033.
Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie; Matt Patrick Graham. The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Vogt, Peter T (2006). Deuteronomic Theology and the Significance of Torah: a reappraisal. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061078.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Deuteronomy (Bible)
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Book of Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
Deuteronomy at Bible Gateway
Paterson, James Alexander (1911). "Deuteronomy". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Jastrow, Morris (1905). "Deuteronomy". New International Encyclopedia.
Jewish translations:
Deuteronomy at Mechon-Mamre (modified Jewish Publication Society translation)
Deuteronomy (The Living Torah) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
Devarim – Deuteronomy (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
דְּבָרִים Devarim – Deuteronomy (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (King James Version)
oremus Bible Browser (New Revised Standard Version)
oremus Bible Browser (Anglicized New Revised Standard Version)
Deuteronomy at Wikisource (Authorized King James Version)
Deuteronomy public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
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