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Namaste
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A Mohiniyattam dancer making a Namaste gesture
Namaste (/ˈnɑːməsteɪ/, Devanagari: नमस्ते, Hindi: [nəməsteː] ( listen)), sometimes spoken as Namaskar, Namaskaram is a respectful form of greeting in Hindu custom, found on the Indian subcontinent mainly in India and Nepal and among the Indian diaspora. Also in other parts of south-east Asia where there is little or no Hindu influence. It is used both for salutation and valediction.[1][2] Namaste is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called Añjali Mudrā or Pranamasana.[3] Namaste can be spoken without the bow, however, the bow is more formal and is considered to be respectful, especially when directed towards an elder or a person of importance.
In Hinduism it means "I bow to the divine in you".[4][5][6] The greeting may also be spoken without the gesture or the gesture performed wordlessly, carrying the same meaning.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology, meaning and origins
2 Representations
3 Uses
3.1 Regional variations
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Etymology, meaning and origins[edit]
Statue in a Thai temple
Namaste (Namah + te, Devanagari: नम:+ ते = नमस्ते) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namah and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te.[7] The word namaḥ takes the Sandhi form namas before the sound t.[8][9]
Namaḥ means 'bow', 'obeisance', 'reverential salutation' or 'adoration'[10] and te means 'to you' (singular dative case of 'tvam'). Therefore, Namaste literally means "bowing to you". [11] In Hinduism, it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that "the divine and self (atman, soul) is same in you and me", and connotes "I bow to the divine in you".[4][6]
A less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely Namo vaḥ which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic 2nd person plural pronoun vaḥ.[7] The word namaḥ takes the Sandhi form namo before the sound v.[8]
An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, Namo vām, which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic 2nd person dual pronoun vām.[7]
Representations[edit]
Excavations for Indus civilization have revealed many male and female terracotta figures in Namaste posture.[12][13] These archaeological findings are dated to be between 3000 BC to 2000 BC.[14][15]
Uses[edit]
Pressing hands together with a smile to greet Namaste – a common cultural practice in India.
A side view of man in Namaste pose.
The gesture is widely used throughout India, Nepal, Bangladesh, parts of Asia and beyond where people of South and Southeast Asian origins have migrated.[4] Namaste or namaskar is used as a respectful form of greeting, acknowledging and welcoming a relative, guest or stranger.[2] In some contexts, namaste is used by one person to express gratitude for assistance offered or given, and to thank the other person for his or her generous kindness.[16]
Namaskar is also part of the 16 upacharas used inside temples or any place of formal Puja (worship). Namaste in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,[17][18] has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Taittiriya Upanishad, as Atithi Devobhava (literally, may the guest be god).[19][20]
Namaste is one of the six forms of pranama, and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.[21][22]
Regional variations[edit]
In the Hindi and Nepalese speaking populations of South Asia, Namaste (Hindi: [nəməsteː] ( listen), Devanagari: नमस्ते) and Namaskār are used synonymously. In Nepal, people generally use Namaskāra for greeting and respecting their elders. In Odia namaste is also known as ନମସ୍କାର (namaskār) General greeting[Hello-Namaskar]. In Kannada, Namaskāra (ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ) for singular and Namaskaragalu (ನಮಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು) is used and sharanu (ಶರಣು) is widely used in karnataka for namaste . In Telugu, Namaste is also known as Dandamu (దండము) or namaskaram (నమస్కారం) for singular and Dandaalu or namaskaralu for plural form. Pranamamu (ప్రణామము) is also used in formal Telugu. In Bengali, the Namaste gesture is expressed as Nōmōshkar (নমস্কার), and as Prōnäm (Bengali: প্রণাম) informally. In Assamese, Nômôskar (নমস্কাৰ) is used. In Marathi, Namaskār (नमस्कार) is used. In Tamil, Namaste is known as Vanakkam (வணக்கம்) which is derived from the root word vanangu (வணங்கு) meaning to bow or to greet. In Malayalam, Namaskāram (നമസ്കാരം) is used. The Sinhalese word namaskāra (නමස්කාර) which derived from Pali also has the same meaning as namaskār/namaskāra in Hindi, Nepali, Odia and Kannada languages, or a different greeting word is āyubōvan (ආයුබෝවන්) which has the meaning wishing long life.
See also[edit]
Culture of India
Culture of Nepal
Añjali Mudrā
Pranāma
Sat Sri Akal
Gassho
Sampeah
Wai
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sanskrit English Disctionary University of Koeln, Germany
^ Jump up to: a b Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9, p. 302
Jump up ^ Chatterjee, Gautam (2001), Sacred Hindu Symbols, Google books, pp. 47–48 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adoblescents, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp. 350–363
Jump up ^ Lawrence, J. D. (2007), The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India, Homily Service, 41(2), pp. 1–3
^ Jump up to: a b K V Singh (2015). Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings. Penguin Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0143425106.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 263–268
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 100–102
Jump up ^ Namah Sanskrit Dictionary
Jump up ^ "Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon", Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (search results), University of Cologne, retrieved March 24, 2012 .
Jump up ^ Namaste Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ Sharma & Sharma (2004), Panorama of Harappan Civilization, ISBN 978-8174790576, Kaveri Books, page 129
Jump up ^ Origins of Hinduism Hinduism Today, Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3
Jump up ^ Seated Male in Namaskar pose National Museum, New Delhi, India (2012)
Jump up ^ S Kalyanaraman, Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, ISBN 978-0982897102, pp. 234–236
Jump up ^ Joseph Shaules (2007), Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living, ISBN 978-1847690166, pp. 68–70
Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 720
Jump up ^ Fuller, C. J. (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 66–70, ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5
Jump up ^ Kelkar (2010), A Vedic approach to measurement of service quality, Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 420-433
Jump up ^ Roberto De Nobili, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, ISBN 978-1880810378, page 132
Jump up ^ R.R. Mehrotra (1995), How to be polite in Indian English, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 116, Issue 1, Pages 99–110
Jump up ^ G. Chatterjee (2003), Sacred Hindu Symbols, ISBN 978-8170173977, pp. 47–49
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Namaste.
The meaning of Namaste Yoga Journal
Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri, Indian Institute of Language Studies
Ancient Indus Valley Seal print showing Namaste/anjali mudra, CSU Chico
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Marry the Night
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"Marry the Night"
Single by Lady Gaga
from the album Born This Way
Released
November 15, 2011 (2011-11-15)
Format
CD single
digital download
7"
Recorded
2010; Studio Bus
Genre
Dance-pop
synth-pop
electro-rock
Length
4:24
Label
Streamline
Kon Live
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Stefani Germanotta
Fernando Garibay
Producer(s)
Lady Gaga
Fernando Garibay
Lady Gaga singles chronology
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
(2011) "Marry the Night"
(2011) "Applause"
(2013)
"The Lady Is a Tramp"
(2011) "Marry the Night"
(2011) "Applause"
(2013)
"Marry the Night" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lady Gaga for her second studio album, Born This Way (2011). The track was initially released for promotion on Farmville, six days before the release of Born This Way. It was released as the fifth and final single from album on November 15, 2011, by Interscope Records. The song was written and produced by Gaga and Fernando Garibay, and was recorded on the tour bus during The Monster Ball Tour. Revealed in February 2011, "Marry the Night" was inspired by the energy of Gaga's previous songs like "Dance in the Dark" and love for her hometown, New York City.
"Marry the Night" is a dance-pop and synthpop song influenced by electro rock and house music. The track features electronic church bells, a driving electro organ sound, techno beats and a funk rock influenced breakdown. The lyrics are a tribute to Gaga's love of the nightlife and partying, while serving as a homage to her hometown. "Marry the Night" received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised its grand and euphoric dance nature. They furthermore found influences of Italian disco music producer Giorgio Moroder and American rock musician Bruce Springsteen in the song. After the release of Born This Way, "Marry the Night" charted in some nations due to digital sales from the parent album.
Gaga directed the music video, which was filmed in New York City. It tells the story of when she was signed by her label Interscope Records after being dropped from her former record label, Def Jam Recordings, with scenes in a clinic, a dance studio, her own New York apartment and on a car's rooftop at a parking lot. She sports outfits by Calvin Klein Collection, Yves Saint Laurent and Stéphane Rolland. Prior to its release, the music video was teased with video stills and previews. Critics wrote positively on the clip, deeming it creative and ambitious, while lauding its narrative theme. Gaga has performed the song in India's Formula One, the MTV Europe Music Awards, The X Factor, and others. She also recorded an acoustic version for her Thanksgiving Day special, A Very Gaga Thanksgiving.
Contents
1 Writing and recording
2 Composition
3 Release
4 Critical reception
5 Chart performance
6 Music video
6.1 Background and development
6.2 Release
6.3 Synopsis
6.4 Reception and analysis
7 Live performances
8 Cover versions
9 Track listing and formats
10 Personnel
11 Charts
11.1 Weekly charts
11.2 Year-end charts
12 Certifications
13 Release history
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
Writing and recording[edit]
"It's like Whitney, but imagine if Bruce Springsteen had a baby with Whitney Houston — that's what it is. And that was it! We made a baby. Finally. After all that fornication, miserably long and tedious, Fernando [Garibay] and I finally conceived." [1]
—Lady Gaga talking about "Marry the Night" to MTV News
"Marry the Night" was written by Lady Gaga and Fernando Garibay while on the road for The Monster Ball Tour, and was produced by both. It was first mentioned by Gaga as a track from her album, Born This Way, Ryan Seacrest's radio show, where she described it as one of her favorite songs from the album.[2] Gaga and Garibay had worked previously on the song "Dance in the Dark" (2009), from Gaga's previous release, The Fame Monster. Before starting work on "Marry the Night", Gaga listened to "Dance in the Dark" and decided she wanted to top that song's energy with her new collaboration with Garibay. "I remember being backstage and hearing the concert start, so I go out there and hear 'Dance in the Dark' open up the whole concert, and I wanted to outdo that feeling. I wanted to outdo that moment that opens up the show. I'm just that way."[1]
Wanting to have a new style of music, Gaga made it clear she did not want her fans to like the song. She wanted to write a song that could define where she was with Born This Way and her life.[1] In an interview with NME, Gaga explained that the main inspiration behind the song was singer Whitney Houston and also added: "This song is about me going back to New York. I wrote this about the courage it took for me to say 'I hate Hollywood, I just wanna live in Brooklyn and make music'".[3]
As Gaga performed on The Monster Ball Tour, Garibay started working on the music of the song. After the show was over, Gaga came back to her studio bus and asked him about the progress.[1] Garibay then explained that he had concocted a different kind of music for the song, and played the church-bell inspired music to Gaga. After first hearing it, the singer said that she started to cry, noticing the vastness of the music, and she started writing the lyrics for "Marry the Night".[1] "Marry the Night" was originally recorded on the Bus Studio in 2010, but was later mixed at The Mix Room in Burbank, California by Dave Russell, assisted by Paul Pavao.[4] Gaga described the song as a "massive, gas-station, disco record", and she recorded it immediately after completing the lyrics.[1][5] According to Garibay, Gaga meditated for a few minutes and then asked him to hand over a recording microphone to her, completing the process within an hour.[3]
Composition[edit]
"Marry the Night"
A 30 second sample of the song, where Gaga sings the opening lines backed by the electronic church bell sounds. The song changes into the chorus, with dance beats accompanying it.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Marry the Night" is a dance-pop and synthpop song with electro rock and house influences.[6][7] The song starts out with electronic church bells and Gaga softly singing "I'm gonna marry the night/I won't give up on my life/I'm a warrior queen/Live passionately tonight."[1][6] Soon the beat changes into a dance one, accompanied with techno beats, handclaps and funk music, and moves to the chorus, where Gaga stutters the line "Ma-ma-ma-marry/Ma-ma-ma-marry/Ma-ma-ma-marry the night".[8][9] It was compared by Tim Jonze from The Guardian to the Eurodance song, "It's My Life" by Dr Alban,[10] while Nicola James from MTV compared the chorus with Jennifer Lopez's 1999 single "Waiting for Tonight.[11] In a pre-release review of certain album tracks, Peter Robinson from the NME blog wrote that Gaga channels "Whitney Houston-esque pop euphoria" into the song, notably that from the singer's musical peak.[12]
The chorus is followed by a funk-rock influenced breakdown, where Gaga sings the line: "Nothing's too cool/To take me from you/New York is not just a tan that you'll never lose."[9][13] According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, "Marry the Night" was written in the time signature of common time, with a slow tempo of 64 beats per minute for the intro, followed by a driving pop beat of 132 beats per minute.[6] It is composed in the key of A minor with Gaga's vocal range spanning from G3 to E5. It follows a basic sequence of Am–Dm/A–F/A–G as its chord progression.[6] The church bells in the song were meant to draw parallels between Gaga's fans and members of a religion or a cult.[1] The lyrics are about partying and wreaking havoc during the night, and serves as a homage to the New York City downtown music scene.[14] Evan Sawdey from PopMatters described the lyrics as a "'let's take the night' rallying cry."[15]
Release[edit]
"Marry the Night" was planned to be the lead single from Born This Way, but was cancelled in favor of the title track.[5] "Marry the Night" was then supposed to be the third single, but was cancelled yet again, this time in favor of "The Edge of Glory".[16] Gaga first premiered "Marry the Night" on the HBO Monster Ball Special, which aired on May 7, 2011. While backstage, she sang a cappella: "I'm gonna marry the night/ I won't give up on my life/ I'm a warrior queen/ Live passionately tonight."[17] During the promotional appearances for Born This Way, Gaga released "Marry the Night" to the online game Farmville on May 17, 2011. The song was released on Gagaville, a subdivision of Farmville that Gaga helped design with game promotion company Zynga.[18] Four months since the release of Born This Way, "Marry the Night" was confirmed as the fifth single from the album by Gaga herself.[19] In September 2011, Interscope Records, Gaga's label, stated that while "Marry the Night" is sure to be released as the fifth single internationally, they were undecided which song would serve in its place in the US.[20] "Marry the Night" officially impacted Australian radio on October 17, 2011.[21] Gaga confirmed the single's UK release for November 21, 2011, which included remixes.[22] The date was pushed back to December 11, 2011, however.[23] Gaga's label later decided to release "Marry the Night" in the United States as well; it was added to the playlists of rhythmic[24] and mainstream music radio[25] on November 15, 2011.
On October 17, 2011, Gaga revealed the official artwork for "Marry the Night" via TwitPic, citing the lyrics from the bridge of the song, "New York Is Not Just A Tan That You'll Never Lose".[26][27] The artwork shows her sitting atop a rain-soaked car while another vehicle burns in the background.[26][28] She is wearing a pair of over-the-knee leather boots, a sculpted top and shorts while shaking her blond hair.[27][28] AOL's Contessa Gayles described the artwork as a "mysterious night-crawler."[29]
Critical reception[edit]
"Marry the Night" was compared to the work of Giorgio Moroder by some critics.
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the song a positive review, saying it "glistens with a neon pulse".[30] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine named "Marry the Night" a stand-out track on the album and called it "a worthy successor to 'Dance in the Dark'".[31] BBC Music's Mark Savage called "Marry the Night" as perfect as "a straightforward fist-pumping entry into a colossus can be."[32] Christian Blauvelt of Entertainment Weekly compared the song with the work of Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder.[33] Caryn Ganz of Spin was impressed with the track, calling it a "four-on-the-floor banger."[34] Tim Jonze of The Guardian compared the chorus of the song "It's My Life" by Dr Alban and felt that it was easily forgotten compared to some of the bigger dance songs on the album.[10] Rolling Stone's was impressed with the fact that "Marry the Night" just seemed to get "bigger, and bigger" to her, while listing pop and glam metal and artists like Pat Benatar, Bonnie Tyler and Bon Jovi as its influences.[13] According to Kitty Empire of The Observer, "'Marry the Night', is a blowsy carpe [noctem] affair which draws on hi-NRG club-pop for its modus operandi."[35]
Evan Sawdey from PopMatters gave the song a negative review, saying "'Marry the Night' very much wants to be top-notch Justice knockoff, but by adding a bridge of upbeat platitudes and an utterly pointless instrumental section after the 3:30 mark, she ultimately winds up weakening the power of her 'let’s take the night' rallying cry".[15] Kerri Mason from Billboard found influences of gothic rock in it, but went on to call it an "unapologetic disco-powered pop" that could have been a production number on Gaga's debut album, The Fame (2008).[36] Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph gave an analogy with rock musician "Meat Loaf going to the disco", while describing the song.[8] NME's Dan Martin felt that the song, although impressive, was conservative as the opening song of Born This Way. He further found similarities to the work of Moroder and influences of Bruce Springsteen's 1975 single, "Born to Run".[37]
Robert Copsey of the website Digital Spy called the song an "electro-thumping number with euphoric synths and uplifting melody" which according to him further drew comparison to Gaga's own song "Born This Way".[38] Copsey further stated that "This is no bad thing, as it's less in-yer-face, and it's 'M-m-m-marry the night' hook is equally as catchy."[38] Awarding the song with four out of five stars Lewis Corner of the same website wrote: "'I'm gonna marry the night/ I won't give up on my life/ I'm a warrior queen, live passionately, tonight,' GaGa calls out over a suitably grand introduction of deistic bells and rumbling techno synths – the result not to dissimilar, we imagine, to Paul Van Dyk playing an organ at a wedding ceremony. Defiant and epic, the track feeds into Stef's cult-focused fan base like a prophet calling upon their disciples – and given it's the single they've been waiting for, we have no doubt they'll come in their droves."[39]
Chart performance[edit]
Following the release of Born This Way on May 23, 2011, "Marry the Night" debuted at number 57 on the United States Billboard Hot Digital Songs Chart with sales of 35,000 digital downloads, allowing it to enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number 79.[40][41] On the issue dated December 3, 2011, "Marry the Night" re-entered the chart at number 97,[42] and moved to number 59 the second week.[43] For the fourth week on the chart, the song moved to number 32 on the Hot 100.[44] It sold 20,000 digital downloads (up by 163%) and garnered 23 million audience impressions as per Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems.[45] The song has peaked at number 29 on the chart,[43] becoming Gaga's first radio-promoted single not to reach the top ten and ending her streak of eleven consecutive top ten hits.[46]
"Marry the Night" debuted at number 24 on the Pop Songs, which is the third-highest debut on that chart in 2011, following Gaga's "Born This Way" (number 14) and Britney Spears' "Hold It Against Me" (number 16).[47] The following week, it jumped to number 18, becoming Gaga's twelfth consecutive top-twenty on the US pop chart; it has peaked at 14 on the chart.[43][48] "Marry the Night" debuted at numbers 37 and 33 on the Adult Pop Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs chart, and has reached peaks of 27 and the top of the chart respectively.[43][49] The number-one peak of "Marry the Night" on Hot Dance Club Songs was achieved in five weeks, and was tied with Gaga's previous single "Telephone" as her second fastest ascent to the top of that chart. The song was Gaga's twelfth number-one single on Hot Dance Club Songs.[50] In March 2012, "Marry the Night" was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[51] and as of April 2015, it has sold 713,000 copies in the United States.[52]
In Canada, the song entered at number 91 on the Canadian Hot 100, while debuting on the Canadian Digital Songs chart at number 50.[53] It has reached a peak of number 11 there.[43] In South Korea, "Marry the Night" reached number eleven on the Gaon International Singles Chart.[54] Its other chart positions included reaching number 38 on the Ultratop 50 chart of Belgium's Walloon region, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.[55][56] In the United Kingdom, "Marry the Night" had initially entered the chart during the release of Born This Way for one week, but later re-entered after its single release.[56] In Ireland, "Marry the Night" debuted at number 34 on the Irish Singles Chart on November 18, 2011, and has reached a peak of number 24.[57][58] In Australia, "Marry the Night" debuted at number 88 on the ARIA Singles Chart[59] and peaked at number 80.[60] In Germany, the song debuted at number 44 on the German Singles Chart on November 23, 2011, and has reached a peak of number 17.[61]
Music video[edit]
Background and development[edit]
A portion of the video was shot at the Snug Harbor Cultural Center.
Gaga filmed parts of the music video for "Marry the Night" in Staten Island and Harlem, New York, from October 10 to 13, 2011.[62][63][64] On October 17, Gaga posted on her Twitter account that she had finished filming and could not "wait to unfold all its secrets and share with you moments from my past I have yet to reveal".[65][27] Talking about the filming of the video, Lynn Kelly, a CEO of the Snug Harbor Cultural Center, where the video was shot said,
We found both her and her crew to be easy to work with and low-key. I think we would have expected a lot of drama, and the truth is, she is probably the most down-to-earth person. It was endearing. She was friendly and kind. ... I think, for us, we're so excited to have someone of her talent, and to have somebody like that shoot here is a sheer honor. What her music does for music is so much more than entertainment. It's connecting to the arts on a much deeper level, and that's what I hope we can do here."[66]
On October 11, 2011, several publications announced that Gaga was seen during the filming of the video in Snug Harbor Cultural Center.[67] She was wearing a custom-made double zip lambskin jumpsuit by New York City designer, Asher Levine which was said to go along with the video's "grungy" and "bloody" theme and with the "nod to New York downtown refinement."[68][69] Dancers and extras were spotted dressed in multiple looks: some as ballerinas and others in leopard print while Gaga's mother was also seen on stage.[62] Later, other photos of the filming were published on several websites and they showed Gaga with blue lipstick and a leather romper with several male dancers, in a long-sleeve red dress with padded shoulders,[66] a big satellite dish[70] and a big black hat.[71] Footage of the video was posted online on October 14, 2011. Gaga is seen dancing on the roof of a car as she sings the bridge from the song.[66] She then slides down the car and begins running around the hood as the chorus starts. She's dressed in black, with a blond bob wig and black heels while rain is visible in the background, but she appears unfazed by the weather.[66] During an interview with NDTV on October 31, Gaga revealed that she directed the video. She also worked with the director of photography Darius Khondji and art director Gideon Ponte.[72]
Release[edit]
Gaga teased on Twitter that the video would be her longest and "the beginning of the story I never told you."[73] On November 11, 2011, she posted a still from the video on Twitter that shows her as she is sent down a hallway on a stretcher by two nurses.[73] The post was accompanied by the message "It's not that I've been dishonest, it's just that I loathe reality."[73] James Montgomery of MTV News compared the scene—known as "The Prelude Pathétique"—to the 1975 drama film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and the 1980 horror film The Shining.[73] Gaga teased a two-minute opening sequence of the music video on November 17, 2011, after her performance at Children In Need Rocks Manchester.[74][74][75][76]
On November 20, Gaga went on Alan Carr: Chatty Man and explained the meaning behind the "Marry the Night" music video. "I know how rejection feels in the business. I got signed, I got dropped, I got signed again. That's actually what the 'Marry the Night' video is about. It's about one of the most horrible days of my life when I got dropped from my first record label and it's the story of what happened that day."[77][78] A second preview of the music video, shot in a dance studio, premiered on November 25, 2011.[79] Gaga told Vanity Fair magazine that the video is "autobiographical" and illustrates "the worst day of my life."[80] The entire video premiered on December 1, 2011 on E! Online at 8.00 pm EST.[81][82] However, the video appeared online several hours before its official release. Gaga took her Twitter to express dissatisfaction with the leak of the video, saying that it was "like an old tampon."[83] The video for the song is 13 minutes long.[82][83]
Synopsis[edit]
Scene from the "Marry the Night" music video, which some critics felt referenced Madonna's Desperately Seeking Susan.
The autobiographical story begins as a brunette Gaga is taken through a clinic on a stretcher, while an inner monologue about her past memories is heard.[84] The nurses wear Calvin Klein Collection uniforms and Giuseppe Zanotti shoes.[84] A nurse awakens Gaga and checks her heart rate and blood pressure. The nurse then tells Gaga how beautiful she is and how she looked just like her mother when she delivered the former. Gaga then claims that her mother was a saint, before taking a cigarette out of her bag. The nurse, startled by this, quickly then takes the cigarette out of her mouth and puts it on a table. Gaga cries and tells the nurse that she will become a star. She asks the nurse to play music and the camera zooms out to show viewers several female patients treated and wandering off. A new scene shows Gaga practicing ballet dancing to piano music, and a following one shows her taken back from the hospital to her New York apartment by her best friend Bo.[84] Ludwig van Beethoven's "Piano Sonata No. 8" plays.[85] Gaga is undressed from an outfit designed by Stéphane Rolland and taken to bed,[84] but is interrupted by a phone call that notifies her of being dropped from her record label. Frustrated, she makes a mess in her apartment, pours breakfast cereal on herself, and jumps in the bath with her heels on. The piano music ends and Gaga is seen bleaching her hair, bathing in a tub, and humming "Marry the Night". The monologue continues as Gaga says, "But I still had my bedazzler and I had a lot of patches, shiny ones from M&J Trimmings, so I wreaked havoc on some old denim. And I did what any girl would do—I did it all over again."[86] According to Jocelyn Vena of MTV News, Gaga resembles pop artist Madonna in the film Desperately Seeking Susan.[86] Gaga's dancers look down at her from a mezzanine as the clock chimes.
The video later shifts to a night scene on a building rooftop, where half of Gaga's body is inside a car, while her legs protrude from the window and onto the roof of the car. She has blonde hair and wears a black plastic leather outfit.[86] She gets her full body into the car, kissing a "Marry the Night" tape and inserting it into the audio player. The song begins playing as Gaga smokes on the driver's seat. As the chorus begins, vehicles in the background explode aflame and Gaga exits the car and dances. In a new dance studio setting as the second verse begins, Gaga enters with her dancers, and warms up to do an intricate choreography during the chorus with her team. During the bridge, she and her dance team take a break and warm up to perform another choreography. The rooftop car parking scene and a bath scene intersperse. Gaga and her dancers repeat the choreography during the final chorus, as one dancers falls and is helped up by Gaga. During the breakdown, Gaga and her team dance on a street while interspersing scenes show her causing chaos, including falling down the stairs, attempting to get into a car with a ridiculously oversized hat and pouring water over herself with a marble plant pot in the bath. She enters a car and reveals "Interscope Records; Hollywood, CA; 4 p.m." written on her palm.[86] The last scene shows Gaga in couture and surrounded by flames.[86] The video ends with Gaga suddenly vanishing.
Reception and analysis[edit]
"It's a succinct summary of Gaga's aesthetic, but the video itself is a sprawling epic, with the song preceded by several minutes of cheeky, artsy psycho-drama set in a mental health clinic. There's ballet, nudity, fashion from the future, French dialogue, cars on fire, a little bit of weeping, and lots and lots of dancing. Even compared to other Gaga video epics, this one seems particularly crazy and ambitious."
—Rolling Stone's Matthew Perpetua talking about the video for "Marry the Night".[87]
Jason Lipshutz of Billboard commented that the video "features the pop star at her most gloriously provocative, with extended dance sequences, explosions, nudity, and a violent attack on a box of Honey Nut Cheerios."[83] Gin Sepre of E! Online compared the video with the book Girl, Interrupted noting that "with equal parts autobiography and pure spectacle, it truly has something for everyone."[88] Sepre also praised the fact that the video is "certainly not hurting for a lack of creativity" with the scenes being shown in a "slightly more straightforward, [and] less metaphorical way".[88] Jocelyn Vena from MTV opined that "with references to everything from Fame and Black Swan to The Bell Jar, the video is a sweeping look into Gaga's psyche.[86] Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky described the video as "quite the trip to Total Crazyville, population: 1, Lady Gaga... Leave it to Lady Gaga to unspool a mini-movie video that’s half the length of a sitcom episode."[89] Eleanor Gower from Daily Mail felt that the video was "no less spectacular than her past offerings."[90] Gilly Ferguson of Daily Mirror noted that the video "still has the shock factor – she's naked for starters."[91] Tim Nixon of The Sun noted that Gaga "shocks in [her] most graphic video to date."[92] Sarah Anne Hughes of The Washington Post commented that the video "is slightly NSFW because of one word and some censored skin."[93] Oscar Moralde of Slant Magazine wrote that the video, "is one of her biggest epics not merely by length (a weighty 14 minutes), but by the breadth of its modes of expression."[94]
Michael Cragg of The Guardian gave a positive review for the video and wrote: "Superstars are at their best when they're simultaneously aware and unaware of their own ridiculousness and that's what Marry the Night delivers for Lady Gaga."[95] Daily News' Kathryn Kattalia compared Gaga with Madonna in several scenes in the video. Kattalia further praised the dancing during the video, describing it as "her best". However, she criticized the scenes of nudity noting: "The rest of the video is pretty tame by Gaga standards."[96] Spin's Marc Hogan wrote that "it's hard to tell where Gaga is winking at us and where she's simply fallen into a foxhole of unrestrained ego."[97] Camille Mann of CBS News described the video as a "avant-garde short film" and noted that Gaga was "pushing [her] boundaries."[98] Leah Collins of Dose compared Gaga's outfits with Christian Louboutin's designs. She further compared the set in the video to the cover artwork of Born This Way and called it a "very fashionable recreation of Girl, Interrupted."[99] A writer of CNN commented, "Lady Gaga is known for creating evocative mini-movies to provide the visuals for her singles, and 'Marry the Night' is no different."[100] Describing the video as "rough" and "enigmatic", Liz Raftery of People further commened that it "will certainly leave fans talking, if not scratching their heads."[101] An editor of ABC News praised Gaga's "interesting perspective in the video."[102] NME's Priya Elan wrote that Gaga sounds like "a lobotomized Carrie Bradshaw" during the introduction. He also commented, "It's definitely an improvement on 'Judas', but could it maybe have been snipped a bit to make it shorter?"[103]
Live performances[edit]
Gaga performing "Marry the Night" during the Born This Way Ball. For this performance she would usually invite members of the audience to dance with her onstage.
On October 31, 2011, Gaga performed a Bollywood version of "Marry the Night" in India during a Formula One after party in Greater Noida.[72] Before the performance, she announced "I feel like I've waited a long time to come here. And I feel very grateful. ... For the first time ever, I'm going to sing 'Marry the Night'."[72] She sat on the piano and played a slow version of the song, accompanied by a sitar.[72] At the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards, Gaga gave her first televised performance of "Marry the Night" dressed as a satellite landing on the moon. Wearing a red bikini, and a large red disc around her, Gaga was perched atop a semi-circular replica of the moon which was covered in silver chains. Flames erupted around the stage as Gaga revealed another circular disc covering her face.[104] She sang the song from that vantage point and near the end of the performance, removed the metal disc and performed a choreographed dance routine with her back-up dancers.[104][105] She also performed the song at the 2011 Bambi Awards in Wiesbaden, Germany, on November 10. The stage included a vintage convertible with a keyboard built into the side of the door and Gaga also won an award later that night at the gala.[106]
Gaga appeared on the eighth series of The X Factor on November 13, 2011, and performed the song. Whilst singing, she emerged from a confessional dressed as a decapitated corpse, carrying her own head. She sang most of the song before returning to the booth and re-appearing in a leotard-like outfit and performed the rest of the song and a dance routine with her dancers.[107][108] At the Children in Need Rocks Manchester concert on November 17, 2011, "Marry the Night" was performed as the final song of her set list, along with "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory". The performance was fast paced and included a dance routine by Gaga with her dancers, for the first time.[109] On the British comedy show, Alan Carr: Chatty Man, Gaga performed a piano version of the song, while decked up in a pink dress and a gigantic bow on her head, which prompted Becky Bain from Idolator website to comment, "It's been some time since we’ve seen Lady Gaga rock a bow on top of her noggin', and though the one she wore during her [performance] wasn't her signature hairbow, it still made a big (as in HUGE) impression."[110]
On the ABC special, A Very Gaga Thanksgiving, the singer performed an acoustic version of "Marry the Night". Her look, consisting of a shoulder-less black dress with matching hand gloves, was compared by James Dinh of MTV News to actress Audrey Hepburn. The performance was shot on top of a balcony, with Gaga giving poses while holding the microphone.[111] On the CBS special titled The Grammy Nominations Concert Live! – Countdown to Music's Biggest Night—where the nominations for the 54th Grammy Awards were revealed—Gaga opened the show with "Marry the Night", performing in a zombie-like costume. Todd Martens from Los Angeles Times described it as a "dance-meets-hair metal mix-up", while comparing the choreography of the dance to Michael Jackson's music video for "Thriller", and complimented Gaga's vocals.[112] At the 2011 Jingle Ball in Los Angeles, Gaga performed the song in an imitation of the music video, by perching atop a hospital bed and singing from there.[113] She also headlined Z100's Jingle Ball at Madison Square Garden. Her set included current hits from Born This Way and a hospital gown-clad "Marry the Night" finale that paid tribute to her music video.[114] On December 9, 2011 she gave a ballet-themed performance of the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[115][116] Gaga also performed "Marry the Night" on the 2011 Music Station Super Live in Japan[117] and she performed a medley of "Heavy Metal Lover/Marry the Night/Born This Way" on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2011.[118] The song was performed as the second encore on the Born This Way Ball.[119]
Cover versions[edit]
In 2013, pop singer Adam Lambert performed a cover version on Glee's fifth season episode "A Katy or a Gaga" as his character Elliot "Starchild" Gilbert.[120] Lambert's cover would later chart at number 39 on the US Pop Digital Songs chart.[121]
Track listing and formats[edit]
Marry the Night – The Remixes[122]
"Marry the Night" (Zedd Remix) – 6:14
"Marry the Night" (Sander van Doorn Remix) – 5:38
"Marry the Night" (Afrojack Remix) – 9:18
"Marry the Night" (John Dahlback Remix) – 5:19
"Marry the Night" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 4:44
"Marry the Night" (R3hab Remix) – 4:54
"Marry the Night" (Lazy Rich Remix) – 5:43
"Marry the Night" (Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike Remix) – 5:58
"Marry the Night" (Quintino Remix) – 5:52
"Marry the Night" (Danny Verde Remix) – 7:45
CD single[123][124]
"Marry the Night" (Album Version) – 4:24
"Marry the Night" (David Jost & Twin Radio Remix) – 3:31
UK 7" Picture Disc[125]
"Marry the Night" (The Weeknd & Illangelo Remix) – 4:04
"Marry the Night" (Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs 'Marry Me' Remix) – 5:49
Personnel[edit]
Recording and management
Recorded at Studio Bus in Europe (during The Monster Ball Tour)
Mixed at The Mix Room (Burbank, California)
Mastered at Oasis Mastering (Burbank, California)
Published by Stefani Germanotta P/K/A Lady Gaga (BMI) Sony ATV songs LLC / House of Gaga Publishing Inc. / GloJoe Music Inc. (BMI) Sony ATV / Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. (BMI) and Garibay Music Publishing (BMI)
All rights on behalf of itself and Garibay Music Publishing administered by Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp.
Personnel
Lady Gaga – vocals, songwriter, producer, background vocals
Fernando Garibay – songwriter, producer, programming, keyboards
DJ White Shadow – drum programming
Dave Russell – recording, audio mixing
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering
Eric Morris – assistant
Paul Pavao – assistant
Credits adapted from Born This Way album liner notes.[4]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2011–12)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[60]
80
Australia Dance (ARIA)[60]
18
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[126]
13
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[127]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[55]
38
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100)[128]
24
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[43]
11
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[129]
8
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[130]
9
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[131]
37
Finland Download (Latauslista)[132]
28
France (SNEP)[133]
50
Germany (Official German Charts)[61]
17
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[134]
9
Ireland (IRMA)[58]
24
Italy (FIMI)[135]
42
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[43]
51
Lebanon (The Official Lebanese Top 20)[136]
16
Russia Airplay (Tophit)[137]
183
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[138]
8
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[139]
7
South Korean International Singles Chart[54]
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[140]
34
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[56]
16
US Billboard Hot 100[43]
29
US Adult Pop Songs[43]
27
US Dance Club Songs[50]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[141]
12
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[142]
14
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2011–13)
Position
Brasil Billboard Hot Pop Songs[143]
7
Canadian Hot 100[144]
84
Finnish Singles Chart[145]
17
Hungarian Airplay Chart[146]
95
UK Singles Chart[147]
161
US Dance Club Songs[148]
47
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[149]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[51]
Gold 713,000[52]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Australia[21]
October 17, 2011 Contemporary hit radio Interscope Records
United States[24][25]
November 15, 2011 Rhythmic contemporary
Mainstream radio
United Kingdom[125]
November 30, 2011 7" picture disc
Germany[150]
December 2, 2011 CD single
Germany[151]
December 20, 2011 Digital download – The Remixes
United Kingdom[152]
United States[122]
Luxembourg[153]
Norway[154]
Finland[155]
Belgium[156]
Spain[157]
Switzerland[158]
Italy[159]
Austria[160]
Netherlands[161]
Singapore[162]
Portugal[163]
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance singles of 2012 (U.S.)
List of number-one pop hits of 2012 (Brazil)
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External links[edit]
"Marry the Night" (music video) on YouTube
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